diff options
Diffstat (limited to '29878-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 29878-h/29878-h.htm | 41002 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 29878-h/images/v5-172.jpg | bin | 0 -> 29375 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 29878-h/images/v5-336-1.jpg | bin | 0 -> 37223 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 29878-h/images/v5-336-2.jpg | bin | 0 -> 42443 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 29878-h/images/v5-526.jpg | bin | 0 -> 36299 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 29878-h/images/v5-632.jpg | bin | 0 -> 56515 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 29878-h/images/v5-frontis.jpg | bin | 0 -> 20969 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 29878-h/images/v5-xxiv.jpg | bin | 0 -> 6895 bytes |
8 files changed, 41002 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/29878-h/29878-h.htm b/29878-h/29878-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba2e176 --- /dev/null +++ b/29878-h/29878-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,41002 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The History of Woman Suffrage, Volume V, by Ida Husted Harper</title> + <style type="text/css"> + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + text-align: justify;} + /* Author ---------------------------------------------- */ + p.author {font-variant: small-caps; text-align: right; + margin-right: 10%; margin-top: 0;} + /* Letter ----------------------------------------------- */ + p.ltr-date {text-align: right; margin-right: 5%; margin-bottom: -0.5em;} + p.ltr-closing {margin-right: 35%; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;} + p.ltr-from {font-variant: small-caps; text-align: right; + margin-right: 10%; margin-top: 0em;} + p.ltr-from2 {text-align: right; margin-right: 10%; margin-top: 0em;} + p.ltr-title {text-align: right; margin-top: 0; margin-right: 5%;} + p.ltr-to {text-indent: -5em; padding-left: 5em; margin-top: 0;} + p.ltr-clear {clear: both;} + p.ltr-right {float: right; margin: 1em; width: 30%; text-align: right; + margin-right: 10%;} + p.ltr-right1 {float: right; margin: 1em; width: 40%; text-align: right; + margin-right: 10%;} + p.ltr-left0 {margin-left: 0%;} + p.ltr-left {text-align: right;} + /* Text Blocks ------------------------------------------ */ + blockquote {text-align: justify; font-size: 0.9em;} + .blockquot {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; + text-align: justify; font-size: 0.9em;} + pre.note {font-size: 1.0em;} + .note,.noteBox {margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 0.9em;} + .noteBox {border-style: solid; + border-width: thin;} + .noteBox p {margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;} + div.trans-note {margin: 5%; + padding: 0.25em; + font-size: 0.9em; + background-color: #E6F0F0; + color: inherit;} + div.small {font-size: 80%;} + div.appendix {font-size: 90%;} + /* Headers ---------------------------------------------- */ + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center; clear: both; font-weight: normal;} + h1 {letter-spacing: 0.1em;} + h1.pg,h3.pg {text-align: center; clear: both; + font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: 0em;} + h4 {font-variant: small-caps;} + h4.normal {font-variant: normal;} + /* Horizontal Rules ------------------------------------- */ + hr {width: 65%; + margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; + margin-top: 2.0em; margin-bottom: 2.0em; + clear: both;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + hr.short {width: 20%;} + hr.tiny {width: 10%;} + hr.tight {margin-top: 1.0em; margin-bottom: 1.0em;} + /* General Formatting ---------------------------------- */ + .sc {font-variant: small-caps;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .allsc {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;} + .lowercase {text-transform: lowercase;} + .spacious {letter-spacing: 0.25em;} + .ws {word-spacing: 4em;} + .bold {font-weight: bold;} + .big {font-size: 250%;} + .big1 {font-size: 150%;} + .nowrap {white-space: nowrap;} + span.pagenum {position: absolute; + right: 1%; + color: gray; background-color: inherit; + letter-spacing:normal; + text-indent: 0em; text-align:right; + font-style: normal; + font-variant:normal; + font-weight: normal; + font-size: 8pt;} + p.right {text-align: right; margin-right: 5%;} + p.close {margin-top: 0.0em;} + p.center {text-align: center;} + p.hang {text-indent: -2.0em; padding-left: 2.0em;} + p.heading {text-align: center;} + p.nobreak {margin-top: 0.0em;} + p.break {margin-top: 2em; clear: both;} + p.chronology {text-indent: -6.0em; padding-left: 6.0em; + margin-top: 0em;} + sup {vertical-align: 0.25em;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + /* Table of Contents ------------------------------------ */ + .TOC-chapter {margin-top: 2.5em; text-align: center;} + .chapter-summary p {text-indent: -2em; padding-left: 2em; + margin: 1em auto 2em auto; + font-size: 0.9em; + width: 85%;} + span.ralign {position: absolute; right: 5%; top: auto;} + /* Index ------------------------------------------------- */ + div.index {font-size: 90%; text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em;} + ul.IX {list-style-type: none; font-size:inherit;} + ul ul {list-style-type: none; font-size:inherit;} + .IX.li {margin-top: 0;} + /* Footnotes -------------------------------------------- */ + .footnotes {border: none;} + .footnote .label {float:left; text-align:left; width:2.5em;} + .fnanchor {font-size: smaller; text-decoration: none; + font-style: normal; font-variant:normal; + font-weight: normal; vertical-align: 0.25em;} + .footnote {font-size: 0.9em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + /* Poems ------------------------------------------------ */ + .poem {margin-left:25%; margin-right:10%; + margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem span.i0 {display: block; + margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i1 {display: block; + margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; + margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; + margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i8 {display: block; margin-left: 8em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i16 {display: block; margin-left: 16em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i36 {display: block; margin-left: 36em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} + /* Figures ---------------------------------------------- */ + .figure, .figcenter + {padding: 1em; + margin: 0; + text-align: center; + font-size: 0.8em;} + .figure img, .figcenter img {border: none;} + .figure p, .figcenter p + {margin: 0; + text-indent: 1em;} + .figcenter {margin: auto; + clear: both;} + /* Tables ---------------------------------------------- */ + .center table {margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; text-align: left;} + table {margin-top: 1em; /* space above the table */ + caption-side: top; /* or bottom! */ + empty-cells: show; /* usual default is hide */ + border-spacing: 0.0em 0.0em; + font-size: 100%;} + td {padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;} + td.right {text-align: right;} + td.left {text-align: left;} + td.indent {padding-left: 2.0em;} + td.center {text-align: center;} + td.mustache {vertical-align: middle; font-size: 150%;} + td.valignm {vertical-align: middle;} + td.bt {border-top: solid thin; border-color: #D3D3D3; background-color: inherit;} + td.bb {border-bottom: solid thin; border-color: #D3D3D3; background-color: inherit;} + table.dense {border-spacing: 0em 0.0em; + padding-left: 0.0em; padding-right: 0.0em; + border-collapse: collapse; + border-color: #D3D3D3; background-color: inherit; + line-height: 1.0em; + font-size: 80%;} + table.smallprint {font-size: 90%;} + table.engravings {line-height: 1.5em; + font-size: 90%; + width: 60%;} + table.authors {width: 60%;} + table.authors td {padding-left: 0.0em; padding-right: 0.0em;} + /* Links ------------------------------------------------ */ + a:link {color: blue; background-color: inherit; text-decoration: none} + link {color: blue; background-color: inherit; text-decoration: none} + a:visited {color: blue; background-color: inherit; text-decoration: none} + a:hover {color: red; background-color: inherit} + + hr.pg { width: 100%; + margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + height: 4px; + border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ + border-style: solid; + border-color: #000000; + clear: both; } + pre {font-size: 85%;} + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, The History of Woman Suffrage, Volume V, +Edited by Ida Husted Harper</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: The History of Woman Suffrage, Volume V</p> +<p>Editor: Ida Husted Harper</p> +<p>Release Date: August 31, 2009 [eBook #29878]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE, VOLUME V***</p> +<p> </p> +<h3 class="pg">E-text prepared by Richard J. Shiffer<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3> +<p> </p> + +<div class="trans-note"> +<p class="heading">Transcriber's Note</p> +<p>Every effort has been made to replicate this text as +faithfully as possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other +inconsistencies. Text that has been changed to correct an obvious error +is noted at the <a href="#END">end</a> of this ebook.</p> +<p>Also, many occurrences of mismatched single and double quotes remain +as they were in the original.</p> + +<p>This book contains links to individual volumes of "History of Woman Suffrage" +contained in the Project Gutenberg collection. Although we verify the correctness +of these links at the time of posting, these links may not work, for various reasons, +for various people, at various times.</p> +</div> +<hr class="pg" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<h1 class="sc">THE HISTORY<br /><br /> +<small>of</small><br /><br /> +<big>Woman Suffrage.</big></h1> + +<p><br /></p> + +<h5>EDITED BY</h5> + +<p><br /></p> + +<h4>IDA HUSTED HARPER</h4> + +<p><br /></p> + +<h5>ILLUSTRATED WITH COPPERPLATE AND PHOTOGRAVURE<br /> +ENGRAVINGS</h5> + +<p><br /></p> + +<h4><i>IN SIX VOLUMES</i></h4> + + +<h4>VOLUME V</h4> + +<h4>1900-1920</h4> + +<hr class="tiny" /> + +<h4>AFTER SEVENTY YEARS CAME THE VICTORY</h4> + +<p><br /></p> + +<h4>NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION</h4> + +<p><br /></p> + +<h5>Copyright, 1922, by<br /> +National American Woman Suffrage Association</h5> + +<hr /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 288px;"> +<img src="images/v5-frontis.jpg" width="288" height="500" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="caption">DR. ANNA HOWARD SHAW.<br /> +Vice-President-at-Large of the National American Woman Suffrage +Association 1892-1904 and President 1904-1915.</span> +</div> + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2> + + +<p>The History of Woman Suffrage is comprised in six volumes averaging +about one thousand pages each, of which the two just finished are the +last. While it is primarily a history of this great movement in the +United States it covers to some degree that of the whole world. The +chapter on Great Britain was prepared for Volume VI by Mrs. Millicent +Garrett Fawcett, leader of the movement there for half a century. The +accounts of the gaining of woman suffrage in other countries come from +the highest authorities. Their contest was short compared to that in +the two oldest countries on the globe with a constitutional form of +government—the United States and Great Britain—and in the former it +began nearly twenty years earlier than in the latter. The effort of +women in the "greatest republic on earth" to obtain a voice in its +government began in 1848 and ended in complete victory in 1920. In +Great Britain it is not yet entirely accomplished, although in all her +colonies except South Africa women vote on the same terms as men.</p> + +<p>Doubtless other histories of this world wide movement will be written +but at present the student will find himself largely confined to these +six volumes. This is especially true of the United States and many of +the documents of the earliest period would have been lost for all time +if they had not been preserved in the first three volumes. These also +contain much information which does not exist elsewhere regarding the +struggle of women for other rights besides that of the franchise. That +the materials were collected and cared for until they could be +utilized was due to Miss Susan B. Anthony's appreciation of their +value. The story of the trials and tribulations of preparing those +volumes during ten years is told in Volume II, page 612, and in the +Preface of Volume IV. They were written and edited principally by Miss +Anthony and Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and covered the history from +the beginning of the century to 1884. The writers expected when they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span>began in 1877 to bring out one small volume, perhaps only a large +pamphlet. When these three huge volumes were finished they still had +enough material for a fourth, which never was used.</p> + +<p>Miss Anthony continued her habit of preserving the records and in +1900, when at the age of 80 she resigned the presidency of the +National American Woman Suffrage Association, she immediately +commenced preparations for another volume of the History. She called +to her assistance Mrs. Ida Husted Harper, who had recently finished +her Biography, and in her home in Rochester, N. Y., they spent the +next two years on the book, Mrs. Stanton, who was 85 years old, taking +the keenest interest in the work.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> When the manuscript was completed +hundreds of pages had to be eliminated in order to bring it within the +compass of one volume of 1,144 pages.</p> + +<p>Miss Anthony then said: "Twenty years from now another volume will be +written and it will record universal suffrage for women by a Federal +Amendment." Her prophecy was fulfilled to the letter. She put upon +younger women the duty of collecting and preserving the records and +this was done in some degree by officers of the association. In 1917, +after the legacy of Mrs. Frank Leslie had been received by Mrs. Carrie +Chapman Catt, president of the association, she formed the Leslie +Suffrage Commission and established a Bureau of Suffrage Education, +one feature of which was a research department. Here under the +direction of an expert an immense amount of material was collected +from many sources and arranged for use. After the strenuous work for a +Federal Suffrage Amendment had brought it very near, Mrs. Catt turned +her attention to the publishing of the last volume of the History of +Woman Suffrage while the resources of the large national headquarters +in New York and the archives of the research bureau were available, +and she requested Mrs. Harper to prepare it. The work was begun Jan 2, +1919, and it was to be entirely completed in eighteen months. No +account had been taken of the enormous growth of the suffrage +movement. It had entered every State in the Union and it extended +around the world. It was occupying the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span> attention of Parliaments and +Legislatures. In the United States conventions had multiplied and +campaigns had increased in number; it had become a national issue with +a center in every State and defeats and victories were of constant +record.</p> + +<p>To select from the mass of material, to preserve the most important, +to condense, to verify, was an almost impossible task. A comparison +will illustrate the difference between the work required on Volume IV +and that on the present volumes. The Minutes of the national +convention in 1901 filled 130 pages of large type; those of the +convention of 1919 filled 320 pages, many of small type; reports of +congressional hearings increased in proportion. Of the State chapters, +describing all the work that had been done before 1901, 29 contained +less than 8 pages, 18 of these less than 5 and 7 less than 3; only 6 +had over 14 pages. For Volume VI not more than half a dozen State +writers sent manuscript for less than 14 and the rest ranged from 20 +to 95 pages. The report on Canada in Volume IV occupied 3½ pages; +in this volume it fills 18. The chapter on Woman Suffrage in Europe +outside of Great Britain found plenty of room in 4 pages; in this one +it requires 32.</p> + +<p>The very full reports of the national suffrage conventions, the +congressional documents, the files of the <i>Woman's Journal</i> and the +<i>Woman Citizen</i> and the newspapers furnished a wealth of material on +the general status of the question in the United States. It was, +however, the evolution of the movement in the States that gave it +national strength and compelled the action by Congress which always +was the ultimate goal. The attempt to give the story of every State, +in many of which no records had been kept or those which had were lost +or destroyed; the difficulty in getting correct dates and proper names +upset all calculations on the amount of material and length of time. +As a result the time lengthened to three and a half years and the one +volume expanded into two, with enough excellent matter eliminated to +have made a third. In each of these chapters will be found a complete +history of the effort to secure the franchise by means of the State +constitution, also the part taken to obtain the Federal Amendment and +the action of the Legislature in ratifying this amendment.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span></p> + +<p>The accounts of the annual conventions of the National American +Suffrage Association demonstrate as nothing else could do the +commanding force of that organization, for fifty years the foundation +and bulwark of the movement. The hearings before committees of every +Congress indicate the never ceasing effort to obtain an amendment to +the Federal Constitution and the extracts from the speeches show the +logic, the justice and the patriotism of the arguments made in its +behalf. The delay of that body in responding will be something for +future generations to marvel at. In <a href="#CHAPTER_XX">Chapter XX</a> will be found the full +history of this amendment by which all women were enfranchised.</p> + +<p>In one chapter is a graphic account of the effort for half a century +to get a woman suffrage "plank" into the national platforms of the +political parties and its success in 1916, with one for the Federal +Amendment in 1920. A chapter is devoted to the forming of the National +League of Woman Voters after the women of the United States had become +a part of the electorate. All questions as to the part taken in the +war of 1914-1918 by the women who were working for their +enfranchisement are conclusively answered in the chapter on War +Service of Organized Suffragists. In one chapter will be found an +account of other organizations besides the National American +Association that worked to obtain the vote for women and of those that +worked against it. A full description is given of the organizing of +the International Woman Suffrage Alliance and its congresses in the +various cities of Europe.</p> + +<p>Volumes V and VI take up the history of the contest in the United +States from the beginning of the present century to Aug. 26, 1920, +when Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby proclaimed that the 19th +Amendment, submitted by Congress on June 4, 1919, had been ratified by +the Legislatures of three-fourths of the States and was now a part of +the National Constitution. This ended a movement for political liberty +which had continued without cessation for over seventy years. The +story closes with uncounted millions of women in all parts of the +world possessing the same voice as men in their government and +enjoying the same rights as citizens.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> See Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, pages 1210, 1256, +1269. Placing in libraries, 1279 to 1282. Bequeathed to National +Suffrage Association, History of Woman Suffrage, Volume V, page 205.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2> + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a><span class="ralign sc">page</span></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">Founding of National Association</span><span class="ralign">3</span><br /> +Work of the National American Woman Suffrage Association for an +amendment to the Federal Constitution, to State constitutions and +for other reforms—Annual convention in Minneapolis in 1901—Mrs. +Stanton's address on the Church, the Bible and Woman +Suffrage—Miss Anthony's and others' opinions—President's +address of Mrs. Catt on obstacles—Dr. Shaw's vice-president's +address on Anti-suffragists—Plan for national work—Miss +Anthony's report on work with Congress—Protest against +"regulated vice" in Manila—New York <i>Sun</i> and Woman +Suffrage—Discriminating against women in government +departments—A tribute to the national suffrage conventions.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">The National Suffrage Convention of 1902</span><span class="ralign">23</span><br /> +Meeting in Washington, D.C., of committee to form an +International Woman Suffrage Alliance—Greeting of Clara Barton +to foreign delegates—Letters from Norway and Germany—Response +of Mrs. Friedland of Russia—Mrs. Catt's president's address on +World Progress leading to the International Alliance—Mrs. +Stanton's address on Educated Suffrage—Miss Anthony's +introduction of Pioneers—Addresses on The New Woman and The New +Man—Women in New York municipal election—Miss Anthony's 82d +birthday—Mr. Blackwell on Presidential suffrage for +women—Hearings before committees of Congress—Addresses of +Norwegian and Australian delegates before Senate Committee—Dr. +Shaw's plea for a committee to investigate conditions in Equal +Suffrage States—Speeches of Russian, Swedish and English +delegates—Mrs. Catt's insistence on a Congressional Committee to +investigate the working of woman suffrage where it exists.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">National Suffrage Convention of 1903</span><span class="ralign">55</span><br /> + +Very successful meeting in New Orleans—Description of +<i>Picayune</i>—Ovation to Miss Anthony and Mrs. Caroline E. +Merrick—Dr. Shaw's response—Mrs. Catt's president's +address—<i>Times Democrat</i> brings up Negro Question, official +board of the association states its position—Visit to colored +women's club—Reports of officers—Presidential suffrage for +women—Mrs. Colby's report on Industrial Problems relating to +Women and Children—Addresses of Dr. Henry Dixon Bruns, M. J.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span> +Sanders, president of Progressive Union—Memorial service for +Mrs. Stanton—Speeches on Educational Qualification for +voting—"Dorothy Dix" on The Woman with the Broom—Address of +Edwin Merrick—Belle Kearney on Woman Suffrage to insure White +Supremacy—Tribute to Misses Kate and Jean Gordon.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">National Suffrage Convention of 1904</span><span class="ralign">86</span><br /> + +Letter of greeting to the convention in Washington from Mrs. +Florence Fenwick Miller, suffrage leader in Great +Britain—Delegates appointed to International Alliance meeting in +Berlin—Mrs. Catt's president's address on an Educational +Requirement for the Suffrage—Address of Mrs. Watson Lister of +Australia—Charlotte Perkins Gilman's biological plea for woman +suffrage—Report from new headquarters—Addresses on Women and +Philanthropy by the Rev. Anna Garlin Spencer and Dr. Samuel J. +Barrows—Mrs. Mead on Peace and Mrs. Nathan on The Wage Earner +and the Ballot—Miss Anthony's 84th birthday—A Colorado Jubilee, +speeches by Governor Alva Adams, Mrs. Grenfell and Mrs. +Meredith—Mrs. Terrell asks for moral support of colored +women—Declaration of Principles adopted—Mrs. Catt Resigns the +Presidency, tributes—Hearings before Congressional +Committees—Distinguished testimony from Colorado—Mrs. Catt's +strong appeal for a report even if adverse.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">National Suffrage Convention of 1905</span><span class="ralign">117</span><br /> + +The convention in Portland, Ore., first held in the +West—Enthusiastic welcome and great hospitality—Miss Anthony +speaks of her visit in 1871—Speech of Jefferson Myers, president +of the Exposition—Mrs. Duniway on the Pioneers—Dr. Shaw's +president's address, answers ex-President Cleveland and Cardinal +Gibbons—Committee appointed to interview President +Roosevelt—Protest to committee of Congress against statehood +constitution for Oklahoma and other Territories—Fine work of +Press Committee—Woman's Day at Exposition—Unveiling of +Sacajawea statue—Convention adopts Initiative and +Referendum—Decision to have an amendment campaign in +Oregon—Tribute to Mr. Blackwell—Mrs. Catt's noble +address—Memorial resolutions for eminent members—Speeches by +prominent politicians.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">National Suffrage Convention of 1906</span><span class="ralign">151</span><br /> + +The convention held in Baltimore one of the most notable—Miss +Anthony, Julia Ward Howe and Clara Barton on the +platform—Welcome by Governor Warfield and Collector of the Port +Stone—Dr. Shaw scores President Roosevelt's reference<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span> to Women +in Industry in his message to Congress—Ridicules Cardinal +Gibbons' and Dr. Lyman Abbott's recent pronouncements on woman +suffrage—Organization of College Women's League—Florence Kelley +speaks on Child Labor—College Women's Evening—Women professors +from five large colleges speak—Week of hospitality by Miss Mary +E. Garrett—Speeches on Women in Municipal Government by Wm. +Dudley Foulke, Frederick C. Howe, Rudolph Blankenburg, Jane +Addams—Miss Anthony speaks her last words to a national suffrage +convention—Mrs. Howe's farewell address—President Thomas and +Miss Garrett decide to raise large fund for woman +suffrage—Delegates go to Washington for hearings before +Congressional Committees—Miss Anthony's 86th birthday +celebrated—Her last words on the public platform.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">National Suffrage Convention of 1907</span><span class="ralign">193</span><br /> + +Bishop Fallows welcomes convention to Chicago—Professor +Breckinridge on Municipal Housekeeping—Florence Kelley on +same—Mary McDowell, Anna Nicholes and others on Workingwomen's +Need of a Vote—Addresses by Professor C. R. Henderson, Hon. +Oliver W. Stewart—Memorials and service for Miss +Anthony—Organizations for Woman Suffrage—Farewell letter of +Mary Anthony—Rabbi Hirsch on woman suffrage—Near victories in +many States.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">National Suffrage Convention of 1908</span><span class="ralign">213</span><br /> + +Celebrates 40th anniversary in Buffalo—Emily Howland on Spirit +of '48—Kate Gordon describes interview with President +Roosevelt—Widespread work of national headquarters—Program of +1848 convention—Responses to its Resolutions by Mrs. Gilman, +Miss Blackwell, Mrs. Blatch, the Rev. Caroline Bartlett Crane and +others—The Scriptures and St. Paul analyzed by Judith Hyams +Douglas—Discussion on the Social Evil led by the Rev. Anna +Garlin Spencer—College Women's Evening; addresses by Dr. M. +Carey Thomas, Professor Frances Squire Potter, Professor +Breckinridge and others—Mrs. Kelley on Laws for Women and Wage +Earners—Stirring speech by Jean Gordon, factory inspector—Maude +Miner on Night Courts for women—Mrs. William C. Gannett on +Woman's Duty—Katharine Reed Balentine on Disfranchised +Influence—Mrs. Philip Snowden describes English situation—Legal +Phases of Disfranchisement by Harriette Johnson Wood—Progress +since 1848—Mrs. Catt's inspiring address.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">National Suffrage Convention of 1909</span><span class="ralign">243</span><br /> + +Annual meeting held in Seattle—Delightful journey across +continent—Reception in Spokane—Mrs. Villard tells of opening<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span> +of Northern Pacific R. R.—Welcomed to Seattle by +Mayor—Elizabeth J. Hauser's report of headquarters work—Mrs. +Belmont's offer of headquarters in New York City—Mrs. Mead urges +association to work for Peace—Professor Potter's address on +College Women and Democracy—Mr. Blackwell's last suffrage +convention—Mrs. Avery reports on National Association's petition +to Congress—Mary E. Craigie tells of suffrage work with the +churches—Professor Potter elected corresponding +secretary—Political work for suffrage before elections urged, +Illinois cited—Suffrage Day at the Exposition.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">National Suffrage Convention of 1910</span><span class="ralign">266</span><br /> + +Convention returns to Washington after six years—President Taft +makes speech of welcome—Delegates show displeasure—Exchange of +letters between national officers and the President—Official +resolution of regret—Comment of <i>Woman's Journal</i>—Report of +association's vast work from New York headquarters—Great +Petition officially received by Congress—Mrs. Upton resigns as +treasurer—Memorial addresses for Mr. Blackwell and Wm. Lloyd +Garrison—Alice Paul on "militant" suffrage in Great +Britain—"Dorothy Dix" on The Real Reason why Women can not +Vote—Max Eastman on Democracy and Woman—Mrs. Harper's report as +chairman of National Press Committee—Hearings before Committees +of Congress; speeches by Dr. Shaw, Mrs. McCulloch, Eveline Gano +of New York on teachers' need of the vote; Dr. Anna E. Blount of +Chicago on professional women's need; Minnie J. Reynolds on +writers signing petitions—U. S. Senator Shafroth's notable +speech to Senate Committee—House Committee: Mrs. Raymond Robins, +Elizabeth Schauss, factory inspector; Laura J. Graddick of a +District Labor Union and Florence Kelley argue for the working +women's need of vote—Speeches of Mrs. Upton and Laura Clay.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">National Suffrage Convention of 1911</span><span class="ralign">310</span><br /> + +Convention in Louisville, Ky., celebrates victories in Washington +and California—Welcomed by Laura Clay—Mr. Braly tells of +California campaign—Mary Ware Dennett, new corresponding +secretary, reports world wide work—Caroline Reilly, new +chairman, describes press work in 41 States—Jane Addams, on +College League's Evening shows what women might accomplish with +the franchise—Dr. Thomas what the suffrage means to college +women—Dr. Harvey W. Wiley speaks on Women's Influence in Public +Affairs—Katharine Dexter McCormick on Effect of Suffrage Work on +Women themselves—Mrs. McCulloch on Equal Guardianship +Laws—Church needs Woman Suffrage—Mrs. Desha Breckinridge +discusses Prospect for Woman Suffrage in the South—Mrs. +Pankhurst receives ovation.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">National Suffrage Convention of 1912</span><span class="ralign">332</span><br /> + +Three victories celebrated at convention in Philadelphia, +suffrage gained in Oregon, Arizona and Kansas—Welcomed by Mayor +Blankenburg—Rally in Independence Square—Reports show wonderful +progress—An Evening by Men's Suffrage League—Discussion on +officers of the association taking part in political +campaigns—Great meeting in Metropolitan Opera House, speeches by +Julia Lathrop, Miss Addams and Dr. Burghardt DuBois—On last +evening addresses by Bishop Darlington, Baroness von Suttner and +Mrs. Catt—Hearings before Congressional Committees, Dr. Shaw and +Miss Addams presiding—Speeches on Senate side by James Lees +Laidlaw, president of Men's League; Jean Nelson Penfield, +speaking for women in civic work; Elsie Cole Phillips and +Caroline A. Lowe for the wage-earning women—On the House side, +Representatives Raker, Taylor, Lafferty and Berger; Mary E. +McDowell, Ida Husted Harper—Colloquy with committee—Ella C. +Brehaut speaks for anti-suffrage women.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">National Suffrage Convention of 1913</span><span class="ralign">364</span><br /> + +Convention opened in Washington Sunday afternoon with mass +meeting—Women's trade unions represented by speakers—Victories +in Illinois and Alaska—Dr. Shaw's account of Democratic National +convention in Baltimore—President Wilson urged to put woman +suffrage in his Message—He receives a delegation—Report of +year's work for the Federal Amendment by Alice Paul, chairman of +association's Congressional Committee—Objection to Congressional +Union—New Congressional Committee appointed—Vote on Federal +Amendment in Senate—Three days' hearings by House Committee on +Rules on appeal for a Committee on Woman Suffrage, Dr. Shaw +presiding—Speeches by Mrs. Catt, Mrs. Gardener, Mrs. Harper, +Jane Addams, Mrs. Breckinridge, Mary R. Beard and Representative +Raker—Women's Anti-Suffrage Associations out in force—In +rebuttal Miss Blackwell, Mrs. McCulloch and Mrs. +Mondell—Representative Mondell closes—Rules Committee refuses +the appeal.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">National Suffrage Convention of 1914</span><span class="ralign">398</span><br /> + +Convention met in House of Representatives at Nashville, welcomed +by Mayor Howse—Dr. Shaw eulogizes Southern women—Governor +Hooper welcomes to State—Anne Martin tells of victory in Nevada, +Jeannette Rankin in Montana—National Association's work in +campaigns—Dr. Shaw on the War—Tribute of convention to +her—Address by U. S. Senator Luke Lea—Heated controversy over +Shafroth Federal Amendment—Defense by Ruth Hanna +McCormick—Antoinette Funk<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> before Judiciary Committee—Her +"brief" for amendment—Her report of the campaigns—Miss Clay's +and Mrs. Bennett's bill—Committee Hearings: speakers, Mrs. Funk, +Mrs. Colby, Mrs. Beard, Crystal Eastman Benedict, Dr. Cora Smith +King, Mrs. Gardener—National Anti-Suffrage Association headed by +Mrs. Arthur M. Dodge, with array of men and women speakers.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV">CHAPTER XV.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">National Suffrage Convention of 1915</span><span class="ralign">439</span><br /> + +At the convention in Washington defeats and victories to +consider—First vote in House on Federal Amendment—President +Wilson receives delegates—All reports show progress—Dr. Shaw +refuses to stand for reelection—Her farewell address—Beautiful +ceremonies—Mrs. Catt elected—Ethel M. Smith's report on +political work—Congressmen card-indexed—Ruth Hanna McCormick on +first House vote—Shafroth Amendment dropped—Conference with +Congressional Union, its policy of fighting party in power +condemned—Hearing before friendly Senate Suffrage +Committee—House Committee controversies with "antis" and +Congressional Union—Men "antis" grilled.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI">CHAPTER XVI.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">National Suffrage Convention of 1916</span><span class="ralign">480</span><br /> + +Great meeting in Atlantic City—President Wilson attends and +announces his allegiance—His address—Dr. Shaw responds—Mrs. +Catt on State campaigns—Shall association work for Federal and +State amendments?—Mrs. Catt sounds key-note in speech on The +Crisis—Mrs. Dudley, Mrs. Cotnam and Mrs. Valentine represent +South—The "golden flier"—Sharp debate on endorsing +candidates—Speeches of Owen Lovejoy, Julia Lathrop and Katherine +Bement Davis—Important report of Mrs. Roessing on work in +Congress; woman suffrage planks in national conventions at +Chicago and St. Louis; interviewing presidential candidates; +revised plan for work of association—Dr. Shaw on Americanism and +the Flag.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII">CHAPTER XVII.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap"><i>National Suffrage Convention of 1917</i></span><span class="ralign">513</span><br /> + + +Convention in Washington under war conditions—Distinguished +reception committee—Delegates interview their Congressmen; +Association pledges loyalty to Government; its officers in +service—New York victory celebrated—Secretary Lane brings +President Wilson's greetings—Mrs. Catt's great address to +Congress—Maud Wood Park's full report of work with Congress—New +Washington headquarters—Report of Leslie Bureau of Suffrage +Education—Speech of Secretary of War Baker—Dr. Shaw on Woman's +Committee of Council of National Defense—Miss Hay on New York's +Socialist vote—"Suffrage Schools"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span> begun—Last Hearing before +Senate Committee.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII">CHAPTER XVIII.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">National Suffrage Convention of 1918-1919</span><span class="ralign">550</span><br /> + + +Convention of 1918 first ever omitted—War conditions—Many +suffrage gains—Jubilee Convention in St. Louis in 1919—Mrs. +Catt calls for League of Women Voters—Mrs. Shuler's secretary's +report of greatest year's work, State campaigns, war service, +work with Congress—Missouri Legislature gives Presidential +suffrage—Mrs. Park's report on congressional work—Votes in +House and Senate—President Wilson asks Congress for woman +suffrage—Tributes to Pioneers—League of Women Voters +formed—Work with Editors—Non-partisanship reaffirmed—In +Washington: Hearing before new Committee on Woman Suffrage—Dr. +Shaw on association's war record—Mrs. Catt's survey of +situation; urges committee to talk with President—Ex-Senator +Bailey's anti-suffrage speech—Mrs. Catt and Mrs. Park +answer—Last suffrage hearing.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIX">CHAPTER XIX.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">National Suffrage Convention of 1920</span><span class="ralign">594</span><br /> + + +Call to convention in Chicago the last—Mrs. Catt's Jubilee +speech—Executive Council's recommendations—Mrs. Shuler's, +secretary's report of year's gains and losses, work in southern +States, great effort for Ratification—Mrs. Rogers' last +treasurer's report—Smithsonian Institution gives space for +suffrage mementoes—Memorial meeting for Dr. Shaw, college +foundations—Miss Anthony's centennial celebrated—League of +Women Voters perfected.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_XX">CHAPTER XX.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">Story of Federal Suffrage Amendment</span><span class="ralign">618</span><br /> + +The "war amendments" discriminate against women—National +Association formed for Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment—Women +vote under the 14th—Supreme Court decides against them—Fifty +years' struggle with Congress for woman suffrage +amendment—Hearings before committees—Stubborn opposition—Votes +and defeats—Support of parties finally gained—Planks in their +platforms—Amendment submitted to Legislatures—Strenuous efforts +for ratification—Victory at last.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXI">CHAPTER XXI.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">Various Woman Suffrage Associations</span><span class="ralign">656</span><br /> + +Federal Suffrage Association—U. S. Elections Bill—College +Women's League—Friends' Equal Rights Association—Mississippi +Valley Conferences—Southern Women's Conference—International +and National Men's Leagues—National Woman's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span> Party—Women's +Anti-Suffrage Association—Man Suffrage Association.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXII">CHAPTER XXII.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">League of Women Voters</span><span class="ralign">683</span><br /> + +Formed in St. Louis—Mrs. Catt outlines its work—Its eight +departments presented—Perfected and officers elected at +Chicago—Reports from department chairmen—Laws for women +demanded—Citizenship Schools—League asks planks in national +political conventions—Visits presidential candidates.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIII">CHAPTER XXIII.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">Woman Suffrage in Presidential Conventions</span><span class="ralign">702</span><br /> + +Long struggle for planks in national platforms—Refused for +nearly fifty years—Woman suffrage by State action approved in +1916—Federal Amendment endorsed in 1920—Graphic story of +opposition.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIV">CHAPTER XXIV.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">War Service of Organized Suffragists</span><span class="ralign">720</span><br /> + +Mrs. Catt calls Executive Council of One Hundred to +Washington—It sends letter to President Wilson offering services +of National American Association—Organizes four departments of +work—Mass meeting held, Secretary of War Baker speaks—President +expresses approval of the association's work—Woman's Committee +of Government Council of National Defense formed, Dr. Shaw +appointed chairman, Mrs. Catt and other leading suffragists made +members—Reports of department heads at National Suffrage +convention—Report of association's Oversea Hospitals, their +important work—Anti-suffrage women attack suffrage +leaders—After Armistice Mrs. Catt calls meeting in New York, +which requests President Wilson to appoint women delegates to +Peace Conference in Paris—Woman's Committee of National Defense +ends work—Secretary Baker's tribute to Dr. Shaw.</p></div> + + +<p class="TOC-chapter"><a href="#APPENDIX">APPENDIX.</a></p> + +<div class="chapter-summary"> +<p><span class="smcap">Appendix</span><span class="ralign">741</span><br /> + +Moncure D. Conway's address at Mrs. Stanton's funeral—Miss +Anthony's last letter to her—National American Association's +Declaration of Principles—Memorial building in Rochester for +Miss Anthony—Speech of Mrs. Catt at Senate hearing in 1910—Same +in 1915—Review of Shafroth Federal Suffrage Amendment—Different +National headquarters—Bequest of Mrs. Frank Leslie—Memorial +tributes to Dr. Shaw—Present Status of National American +Association.</p></div> + +<div class="noteBox"> +<p class="center">Contents of Illustrations added by Bank of Wisdom</p> +</div> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table class="engravings" summary="Illustrations"> +<tr><td align="left">Pioneers of Woman Suffrage</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_172">172+</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Court House of Warren, Ohio & Home of Susan B. Anthony</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_336">336+</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">A Lecture in Banquet Hall of Suffrage Headquarters</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_526">526+</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">National Suffrage Headquarters in Washington</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_636">632+</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2> + + +<p>A voice in the Government under which one lives is absolutely +necessary to personal liberty and the right of a whole people to a +voice in their Government is the first requisite for a free country. +There must be government by a constitution made with the consent and +help of the people which guarantees this right. It is only within the +last century and a half that a constitutional form of government has +been secured by any countries and in the most of those where it now +exists, not excepting the United States, it was won through war and +bloodshed. Largely for this reason its principal advantage was +monopolized by men, who made and carried on war, and who held that +such government must be maintained by physical force and only those +should have a voice in it who could fight for it if necessary. There +were many other reasons why those who had thus secured their right to +a vote should use their new power to withhold it from women, which was +done in every country. Women then had to begin their own contest for +what by the law of justice was theirs as much as men's when government +by constitution was established.</p> + +<p>Their struggle lasted for nearly three-quarters of a century in the +United States and half a century in Great Britain, the two largest +constitutional governments, and a shorter time in other countries, but +it was a peaceful revolution. Not a drop of blood was spilled and +toward the end of it, when in Great Britain the only "militancy" +occurred, its leaders gave the strictest orders that human life must +be held sacred. Although at the last the women of Central Europe were +enfranchised as the result of war it was not of their making and their +part in it was not on the battlefield. This was the most unequal +contest that ever was waged, for one side had to fight without +weapons. It was held against women that they were not educated, but +the doors of all institutions of learning were closed against them;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span> +that they were not taxpayers, although money-earning occupations were +barred to them and if married they were not allowed to own property. +They were kept in subjection by authority of the Scriptures and were +not permitted to expound them from the woman's point of view, and they +were prevented from pleading their cause on the public platform. When +they had largely overcome these handicaps they found themselves facing +a political fight without political power.</p> + +<p>The long story of the early period of this contest will be found in +the preceding volumes of this History and it is one without parallel. +No class of men ever strove seventy or even fifty years for the +suffrage. In every other reform which had to be won through +legislative bodies those who were working for it had the power of the +vote over these bodies. In the Introduction to Volume IV is an +extended review of the helpless position of woman when in 1848 the +first demand for equality of rights was made and her gradual emergence +from its bondage. No sudden revolution could have gained it but only +the slow processes of evolution. The founding of the public school +system with its high schools, from which girls could not be excluded, +solved the question of their education and inevitably led to the +opening of the colleges. In the causes of temperance and anti-slavery +women made their way to the platform and remained to speak for their +own. During the Civil War they entered by thousands the places vacated +by men and retained them partly from necessity and partly from choice.</p> + +<p>One step led to another; business opportunities increased; women +accumulated property; Legislatures were compelled to revise the laws +and the church was obliged to liberalize its interpretation of the +Scriptures. Women began to organize; their missionary and charity +societies prepared the way to clubs for self-improvement; these in +turn broadened into civic organizations whose public work carried them +to city councils and State Legislatures, where they found themselves +in the midst of politics and wholly without influence. Thus they were +led into the movement for the suffrage. It was only a few of the clear +thinkers, the far seeing, who realized at the beginning that the +principal cause of women's inferior position and helplessness<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span> lay in +their disfranchisement and until they could be made to see it they +were a dead weight on the movement. Men fully understood the power +that the vote would place in the hands of women, with a lessening of +their own, and in the mass they did not intend to concede it.</p> + +<p>The pioneers in the movement for the rights of women, of which the +suffrage was only one, contested every inch of ground and little by +little the old prejudice weakened, public sentiment was educated, +barriers were broken down and women pressed forward. At the opening of +the present century, while they had not obtained entire equality of +rights, their status had been completely transformed in most respects +and they were prepared to get what was lacking. None of these gains, +however, had required the permission of the masses of men but only of +selected groups, boards of trustees, committees, legislators. It was +when women found that with all their rights they were at tremendous +disadvantage without political influence and asked for the suffrage +that they learned the difficulty of changing constitutions. They found +that either National or State constitutions had to be amended and in +the latter case the consent of a majority of all men was necessary. In +Volume VI the attempt to obtain the vote through State action is +described in 48 chapters and their reading is recommended to those who +insisted that this was the way women should be enfranchised. Fifty-six +strenuous campaigns were conducted, with their heavy demands on time, +strength and money, and as a result 13 States gave suffrage to women! +Wyoming and Utah entered the Union with it in their constitutions. +Compare this result with the proclamation of the adoption of a Federal +Amendment, which in a moment and a sentence conferred the complete +franchise on the women of all the other States.</p> + +<p>The leaders recognized this advantage and the National Suffrage +Association was formed for the express purpose of securing a Federal +Amendment in 1869, as soon as it was learned through the +enfranchisement of negro men that this method was possible. A short +experience with Congress convinced them that there would have to be +some demonstration of woman suffrage in the States before they could +hope for Federal action and therefore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span> they carried on the work along +both lines. The question had to be presented purely as one of abstract +justice without appeal to the special interests of any party, but from +1890 to 1896 woman suffrage had been placed in the constitutions of +four States and there was hope that it was now on the way to general +success. From this time, however, such idealism in politics as may +have existed in the United States gradually disappeared. The +Republican party was in complete control of the Government at +Washington and was largely dominated by the great financial interests +of the country, and this was also practically the situation in the +majority of the States. The campaign fund controlled the elections and +the largest contributors to this fund were the corporations, which had +secured immense power, and the liquor interests, which had become a +dominant force in State and national politics, without regard to +party. Both of these supreme influences were implacably opposed to +suffrage for women; the corporations because it would vastly increase +the votes of the working classes, the liquor interests because they +were fully aware of the hostility of women to their business and +everything connected with it.</p> + +<p>This was the situation faced by those who were striving for the +enfranchisement of women. Congress was stone deaf to their pleadings +and arguments and from 1894 to 1913 its committees utterly ignored the +question. When a Legislature was persuaded to submit an amendment to +the State constitution to the decision of the voters it met the big +campaign fund of the employers of labor and the thoroughly organized +forces of the liquor interests, which appealed not only to the many +lines of business connected with the traffic but to the people who for +personal reasons favored the saloons and their collateral branches of +gambling, wine rooms, etc. They were a valuable adjunct to both +political parties. The suffragists met these powerful opponents +without money and without votes. A reading of the State chapters will +demonstrate these facts. From 1896 for fourteen years not one State +enfranchised its women.</p> + +<p>These were years, however, of marvelous development in the status of +women, which every year brought nearer their political recognition. +Girls outnumbered boys in the high schools; women<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[Pg xix]</a></span> crowded the +colleges and almost monopolized the teaching in the public schools. +Their organizations increased in size until they numbered millions and +stretched across the seas. In 1904 the International Woman Suffrage +Alliance was formed which soon encircled the globe. This year the +International Council of Women, the largest organized body of women in +existence, formed a standing committee on woman suffrage with branches +in every country. In 1914 the General Federation of Women's Clubs, the +largest organization in the United States, declared for woman suffrage +and this was preceded or followed by a similar declaration by every +State Federation. National associations of women for whatever purpose, +with almost no exceptions, demanded the franchise as an aid to their +objects, until the stock objection that women do not want to vote was +silenced. Women who opposed the movement became alarmed and undertook +to organize in opposition, thereby exposing their weakness. Their +organization was largely confined to a small group of eastern States +and developed no strength west of the Allegheny mountains. Its leaders +were for the most part connected with corporate interests and did not +believe in universal suffrage for men. There was no evidence that they +exercised any considerable influence in Congress or in any State where +a vote was taken on granting the franchise to women.</p> + +<p>An outstanding feature of the present century has been the entrance of +women into the industrial field, following the work which under modern +conditions was taken from the homes to the factories. Thus without +their volition they became the competitors of men in practically every +field of labor. Unorganized and without the protection of a vote they +were underpaid and a menace to working men. In self-defense, +therefore, the labor unions were compelled to demand the ballot for +women. They were followed by other organizations of men until hundreds +were on record as favoring woman suffrage. Men trying to bring about +civic or political reforms in the old parties or through new ones and +feeling their weakness turned to women with their great organizations +but soon realized their inefficiency without political power. The old +objections were losing their force. The lessening size of families and +the removal of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[Pg xx]</a></span> old time household tasks from the home left women +with a great deal of leisure which they were utilizing in countless +ways that took them out into the world, so that there was no longer +any weight in the charge that the suffrage would cause women to +forsake their domestic duties for public life. Women of means began +coming into the movement for the suffrage and relieving the financial +stringency which had constantly limited the activities of the +organized work. The opening of large national headquarters in New +York, the great news center of the country, in 1909, marked a distinct +advance in the movement which was immediately apparent throughout the +country. The friendly attitude of the metropolitan papers extended to +the press at large. Following the example of England, parades and +processions and various picturesque features were introduced in New +York and other large cities which gave the syndicates and motion +pictures material and interested the public. Woman suffrage became a +topic of general discussion and women flocked into the suffrage +organizations.</p> + +<p>Politicians took notice but they remained cold. This political +question had not yet entered politics. The leaders of the National +Suffrage Association strengthened its lines and established its +outposts in every State, but they still made their appeals to +unyielding committees of Congress. The Republican "machine" was in +absolute control and woman suffrage had long been under its wheels +with other reform measures. Then came in 1909-10 the "insurgency" in +its own ranks led by members from the western States, and in those +States the voters repudiated the railroad and lumber and other +corporate interests and instituted a new régime. One of its first acts +was the submission of a woman suffrage amendment in the State of +Washington and with a free election and a fair count it was carried in +every county and received a majority of more than two to one. The +revolt extended to California, whose Legislature sent an amendment to +the voters in 1911 after having persistently refused to do so for the +past 15 years, and here again there was victory at the polls. With the +gaining of this old and influential State the extension of the +movement to the Mississippi was assured.</p> + +<p>The insurgency in the Republican party resulted in a division<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">[Pg xxi]</a></span> at the +national convention in 1912 and the forming of the Progressive party +headed by Theodore Roosevelt. The Resolutions Committee of the regular +party gave the suffragists seven minutes to present their claims and +ignored them. The new party needed a fresh, live issue and found it in +woman suffrage, which was made a plank in its platform. The leaders of +the National Suffrage Association were required by its constitution to +remain non-partisan and with one exception did so, but thousands of +women rallied to the standard of the new party. As most of them were +disfranchised they brought little voting strength but the other +parties were forced to admit them and for the first time they gained a +foothold in politics. The division in Republican ranks resulted in +putting into power the Democratic party, with an unfavorable record on +woman suffrage and a President who was opposed to it, but "votes for +women" was now a national political issue.</p> + +<p>When the suffrage leaders went to the new Congress for a Federal +Amendment they met a Senate Committee every member but one of which +was in favor of it. The vote in the Senate on March 14, 1914, resulted +in a majority but not the required two-thirds, and it was a majority +of Republicans. The history of the struggle for this amendment for the +next six years, through Democratic and Republican administrations, +will be found in <a href="#CHAPTER_XX">Chapter XX</a>. Speaker Champ Clark was a steadfast +friend. In 1914 William Jennings Bryan declared for it and thenceforth +spoke for it many times. In 1915 President Woodrow Wilson announced +his conversion to woman suffrage and in 1918 to the Federal Amendment +and never wavered in his loyalty, rendering every assistance in his +power. His record will be found in these volumes. In 1916, after +Justice Charles Evans Hughes was nominated by the Republicans for the +presidency, he announced his adherence to the Federal Amendment, being +in advance of his party. This year the Republican and Democratic +national platforms for the first time contained a plank in favor of +woman suffrage but by State and not Federal action. A remarkable +feature of the progress of this amendment in Congress was the increase +of its advocates among members from the South, who for the most part +believed it to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">[Pg xxii]</a></span> an interference with the State's rights. In 1887, +when the first vote was taken in the Senate not one southern member +voted for it. On the second occasion in 1914 Senators Lea of +Tennessee, Ransdell of Louisiana, Sheppard of Texas, Ashurst of +Arizona and Owen of Oklahoma voted in favor. In 1919 on the final +vote, if Arizona, New Mexico and Delaware are included, 17 Senators +from southern States cast their ballots for the Federal Amendment, and +four from northern States who did so were born in the South. It +received the votes of 75 Representatives from southern States. The +women of every southern State suffrage association worked for this +amendment, believing that it was hopeless to expect their +enfranchisement from State action, and the above members took the same +view. It received a large Republican majority in Senate and House.</p> + +<p>While this contest was in progress many events were taking place which +had an influence on it. The movement for woman suffrage was +progressing in Europe but when the war broke out in 1914, involving +all countries, it was thought that all advance was lost. On the +contrary the splendid service of the women obtained the franchise for +them in Great Britain, The Netherlands and other countries, and at the +close of the war the revolution in the Central countries resulted in +the suffrage for men and women alike. The war work of Canadian women +brought full enfranchisement to them. When the United States entered +the war the patriotic response of the women to every demand of the +Government and the magnificent service they rendered swept away +forever the objection to their voting because they could not do +military duty.</p> + +<p>Stimulated by the action of Washington and California other western +States gave suffrage to their women and its practical working +effectually disproved every charge that had been made against it. At +the close of 1915 Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt became president of the +National Association and bringing to bear her great executive and +organizing ability she re-formed it along the lines followed by the +political parties, created a large, active working force and prepared +for intensive State and national campaigns. Soon afterwards she +received a legacy of almost a million dollars from Mrs. Frank Leslie +to be used for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">[Pg xxiii]</a></span> promoting the cause of woman suffrage and thus she was +equipped for carrying the movement to certain victory.</p> + +<p>In 1917 the voters of New York State by an immense majority gave the +full suffrage to women, guaranteeing probably 45 votes in Congress for +the Federal Amendment. In 1917 and 1918 the great "drive" was made on +the Legislatures to give women the right to vote for Presidential +electors and this was done in 14 States, granting this important +privilege to millions of women. In several States the Legislature +added the franchise for municipal and county officers. In 1917 the +Legislature of Arkansas gave them the right to vote at all Primary +elections and in 1918 that of Texas conferred the same, which is +equivalent to the full suffrage, as the primaries decide the +elections. By 1918 in 15 States women had equal suffrage with men +through amendment of their constitutions.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<p>In January, 1918, the Federal Prohibition Amendment went into effect, +putting an end to the powerful opposition of the liquor interests to +woman suffrage. All political parties were committed to the Federal +Amendment. In January, 1918, it passed the Lower House of Congress but +the opposition of two Senators and finally of one prevented its +submission. Meanwhile the Democratic administration of eight years had +been succeeded by a Republican. This party during 44 years in power +had refused to enfranchise women but now it atoned for the wrong and +with the help of Democratic members the Amendment was submitted to the +Legislatures on June 4, 1919. Nearly all had adjourned for two years +and if women were to vote at the next presidential election special +sessions would be necessary. One of the most noteworthy political +feats on record was that of the president of the National Suffrage +Association, with the assistance of others, in managing to have the +Governors of the various States call these sessions. It is told in the +State chapters with the dramatic ending in Tennessee.</p> + +<p>The certificate was delivered to Secretary of State Bainbridge<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">[Pg xxiv]</a></span> Colby +at 4 o'clock in the morning on August 26, 1920, and at 9 he issued the +official proclamation that the 19th Amendment having been duly +ratified by 36 State Legislatures "has become valid to all intents and +purposes as a part of the Constitution of the United States." It reads +as follows:</p> + +<p>"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be +denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of +sex.</p> + +<p>"Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate +legislation."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/v5-xxiv.jpg" width="300" height="69" alt="signature (Eda Husted Harper.)" title="" /> +</div> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> It is worthy of note that these fifteen States offer the +only instance in the world where the voters themselves granted the +complete suffrage to women. Those of British Columbia, Can., gave the +Provincial franchise but had not the power to give it for Dominion +elections. In all countries both the State and National suffrage was +conferred by a simple majority vote of their Parliaments. The U. S. +Congress had not this authority but a two-thirds majority of each +House was necessary to send it to the 48 Legislatures for final +decision. The Federal Suffrage Amendment had to be passed upon by +about 6,000 legislators.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="THE_NATIONAL_AMERICAN_WOMAN_SUFFRAGE_ASSOCIATION" id="THE_NATIONAL_AMERICAN_WOMAN_SUFFRAGE_ASSOCIATION"></a>THE NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION</h2> + +<h3>FOREWORD</h3> + + +<p>The National Woman Suffrage Association was organized in New York +City, May 15, 1869, with Elizabeth Cady Stanton president and Susan B. +Anthony chairman of executive committee. [<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28039/28039-h/28039-h.htm#Page_400">History of Woman Suffrage, +Volume II, page 400.</a>] It held annual conventions for the next half +century, always in Washington, D.C., until 1895, after which date they +were taken in alternate years to other cities, meeting in the national +capital during the first session of each Congress. The object of the +association from its beginning was to obtain an amendment to the +Federal Constitution which would confer full, universal suffrage on +the women of the United States, and its work for amending the +constitutions of the States to enfranchise their women was undertaken +as one means to achieve this main purpose. The American Woman Suffrage +Association was organized in Cleveland, Ohio, Nov. 24, 1869, with +Henry Ward Beecher president and Lucy Stone chairman of executive +committee, principally for action through the States, and it also held +annual conventions. [<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28039/28039-h/28039-h.htm#Page_756">Volume II, page 756</a>.] In 1890 the two united in +Washington under the name National American Woman Suffrage Association +[<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29870/29870-h/29870-h.htm#Page_164">Volume IV, page 164</a>], and the work was continued by both methods. +Full reports of conventions may be found in preceding volumes of the +History of Woman Suffrage, the list ending in Volume IV with that of +1900. This convention was especially distinguished by the public +celebration of the 80th birthday of Susan B. Anthony and her +retirement from the presidency of the association which she had helped +to found and in which she had continuously held official position, and +by the election of Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt as her successor.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> + +<p>The assertion is frequently made that the enfranchisement of women was +due to a natural evolution of public sentiment. A reading of the +following chapters, which give the history of the work of the National +American Woman Suffrage Association, will show how largely the +creation of this sentiment was due to this organization to which all +the State associations were auxiliary. It represented the organized +movement during half a century to secure the vote for women—a +struggle such as was never made by men for this right in any country +in the world. It was the only large organization for this purpose that +ever existed in the United States and its efforts never ceased in the +more than fifty years. At each annual convention some advance was +recorded. These chapters show that, while the principal object of the +association was a Federal Amendment, it gave valuable assistance to +every campaign for the amendment of State constitutions and that it +was responsible for the granting of the Presidential franchise, which +was so important a factor in gaining the final victory. The reports of +its officers each year show the large amount of money raised and +expended, the hundreds of thousands of letters written, the millions +of pieces of literature circulated, the thousands of meetings held, +the many workers in the field. The committee reports and the +resolutions adopted show that all reforms vital to the welfare of +women and children and many of a wider scope were included in the work +of the association. The names of the speakers at the national +conventions and at the hearings before the committees of Congress +during all these years prove that this cause was championed by the +leaders among the men and women of their generation. Such quotations +from their speeches as space has permitted show that in eloquence, +logic and strength they were unsurpassed and that their arguments were +unanswerable.</p> + +<p>If this volume contained only the first nineteen chapters the reader +could not fail to be convinced that principally to the efforts of the +National American Woman Suffrage Association the women of the United +States owe their enfranchisement, but it shows too that in the +forty-eight auxiliary States they also fought their own hard battles.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29870/29870-h/29870-h.htm#CHAPTER_XX">History of Woman Suffrage, Volume IV, Chapters XX</a> and +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29870/29870-h/29870-h.htm#CHAPTER_XXI">XXI</a>.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<h3>THE NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1901.</h3> + + +<p>The Thirty-third annual convention opened on the afternoon of May 30, +1901, in the First Baptist Church of Minneapolis, with the new +president, Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, in the chair, and continued +through June 4, with 144 delegates from twenty-six States present.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<p>Miss Anthony was present at this Minneapolis convention, alert and +vigorous but happy to relinquish her official duties to one in whose +ability and judgment she had implicit confidence; and the rest of the +official board were there ready to give the same allegiance and +loyalty to the new chief which they had rendered for many years to the +supreme leader. The <i>Minneapolis Journal</i> said: "The formal opening of +the suffrage convention yesterday afternoon was an impressive affair. +Among the national officers seated on the platform were women who saw +the first dawn of the suffrage movement, those who came into its fold +midway of its life and those whose earnest endeavors are of more +recent record. Among the first was the most honored member of the +body, Miss Susan B. Anthony, and among the latter is the president, +Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt. When the delegates rose and the Rev. Olympia +Brown of Wisconsin stepped to the front of the platform<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> and turned +her face heavenward, saying, "In the name of liberty, Our Father, we +thank thee," the impression even upon an unbeliever must have been +that of entire consecration and one was reminded of when the early +Christians met and consulted, fought and endured for the faith that +was in them."</p> + +<p>Although this was the first convention in many years over which Miss +Anthony had not presided she was the first to speak, as Mrs. Catt at +once presented her to the audience. With the loyalty which had +characterized her life Miss Anthony first read a letter from the +honorary president, Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, then in her 86th +year, which she prefaced by saying: "It is fitting that I should read +this greeting from her, as I have stood by Mrs. Stanton's side for +fifty years." The letter urged the same vigorous work in the church +for woman's emancipation as had been kept up in the States and said: +"The canon law, with all the subtle influences that grow out of it, is +more responsible for woman's slavery today than the civil code. With +the progressive legislation of the last half century we have an +interest in tracing the lessons taught to women in the churches to +their true origin and a right to demand from our theologians the same +full and free discussion in the church that we have had in the State, +as the time has fully come for women to be heard in the ecclesiastical +councils of the nation. To this end I suggest that committees and +delegates from all our State and national associations visit the +clergy in their several localities and assemblies to press on their +consideration the true position of woman as a factor in Christian +civilization."</p> + +<p>Press reports of Mrs. Stanton's paper were as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Woman today, as ever, supplies the enthusiasm that sustains the +church and she has a right in turn to ask that the church sustain +her in this struggle for liberty and take some decided action +with reference to this momentous and far-reaching movement. It +matters little that here and there some clergyman advocates our +cause on our platform, so long as no religious organization has +yet recognized our demand as a principle of justice. Discussion +is rarely held in their councils but it is generally treated as a +speculative, sentimental question unworthy of serious +consideration. Neither would it be sufficient if they gave their +adhesion to the demand for political equality, so long as by +scriptural teachings they perpetuate our racial and religious +subordination." Mrs. Stanton would demand that an expurgated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +Bible be read in churches. "Such parables as refer to woman as +'the author of sin,' 'an inferior,' 'a subject,' 'a weaker +vessel,'" she says, "should be relegated to the ancient +mythologies as mere allegories, having no application whatever to +the womanhood of this generation. It is not civil nor political +power that holds the Mormon woman in polygamy, the Turkish woman +in the harem, the American woman as a subordinate everywhere. The +central falsehood from which all these different forms of slavery +spring is the doctrine of original sin and woman as a medium for +the machinations of Satan, its author. The greatest block today +in the way of woman's emancipation is the church, the canon law, +the Bible and the priesthood. Canon Charles Kingsley said not +long ago: 'This will never be a good world for woman till the +last remnant of canon law is stricken from the face of the +earth.'"<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p></div> + +<p>After finishing Mrs. Stanton's letter Miss Anthony presented her own +greeting, in the course of which she said:</p> + +<p>"If the divine law visits the sins of the parents upon the children, +equally so does it transmit to them the virtues of the parents. +Therefore if it is through woman's ignorant subjection to man's +appetites and passions that the life current of the race is corrupted, +then must it be through her intelligent emancipation that it shall be +purified and her children rise up and call her blessed.... I am a full +and firm believer in the revelation that it is through woman the race +is to be redeemed. For this reason I ask for her immediate and +unconditional emancipation from all political, industrial, social and +religious subjection. It is said, 'Men are what their mothers made +them,' but I say that to hold mothers responsible for the characters +of their sons while denying to them any control over the surroundings +of the sons' lives is worse than mockery, it is cruelty. +Responsibilities grow out of rights and powers. Therefore before +mothers can rightfully be held responsible for the vices and crimes, +for the general demoralization of society, they must possess all +possible rights and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> powers to control the conditions and +circumstances of their own and their children's lives."</p> + +<p>The audience then listened with keen appreciation to the president's +address, during which she said: "If I were asked what are the great +obstacles to the speedy enfranchisement of women I should answer: +There are three; the first is militarism, which once dominated the +entire thought of the world and made its history. Although its old +power is gone and its influence upon public thought grows constantly +less, it still molds the opinions of millions of people and holds them +to the old ideals of force in government and headship in the family. +The second obstacle is the unconscious, unmeasured influence upon the +estimate in which women as a whole are held that emanates from that +most debasing of our evil institutions, prostitution.... The third +great cause is the inertia in the growth of democracy which has come +as a reaction following the aggressive movements that with possibly +ill-advised haste enfranchised the foreigner, the negro and the +Indian. Perilous conditions, seeming to follow from the introduction +into the body politic of vast numbers of irresponsible citizens, have +made the nation timid. These three influences, born of centuries of +tradition, shape every opinion of the opponents of woman suffrage. Not +an objection, argument or excuse can be urged against the movement +which may not be traced to one of these causes."</p> + +<p>At the close of Mrs. Catt's address Mrs. Mary C. C. Bradford of Denver +presented her with a handsome gavel in behalf of the suffrage +association of Colorado. The gavel was made of Colorado silver and the +settings and engravings of Colorado gold. In one side was a Colorado +amethyst, and the Colorado flower, the columbine, was burned into the +gavel by a Colorado girl. Mrs. Bradford said she wished Mrs. Catt the +good luck said to follow the possessor of an amethyst, who "shall +speak the right word at the right time." She presented it as an +expression of gratitude for her aid in their successful suffrage +campaign of 1893. "We are apt to attribute everything good in Colorado +to woman suffrage," said Mrs. Catt in response, "but in my secret mind +I think much of it is due to the progressiveness of the Colorado men. +They must be better than other men or they would not have enfranchised +their women. I cannot love Colorado<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> any better than I do but I shall +always value this gavel as a precious souvenir of that wonderful +campaign."</p> + +<p>In her report as vice-president at large the Rev. Anna Howard Shaw +said regarding her many suffrage speeches during the year: "The +manager of a bureau lately said to me: 'If you would only give up for +a time the two reforms in which you are most interested, woman +suffrage and prohibition, you could earn enough money on the regular +lecture platform in a few years to live on for the rest of your life.' +Any woman who does not live for unselfish service is a useless +cumberer of the earth. I would rather be known as an advocate of equal +suffrage and starve than to speak every night on the best-paying +platforms in the United States and ignore it."</p> + +<p>The first evening of the convention was opened with prayer by the Rev. +Marion H. Shutter.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> The audience was far beyond the seating capacity +of the large church and in presenting the official speakers Mrs. Catt +said: "This is a great contrast to the early days when we did not use +to be welcomed because we were not welcome. Now we are welcomed +wherever we go but not often, as here, by the representative of a +whole State." Governor Samuel R. Van Sant gave a hearty western +greeting, which, he said, he wanted to make as cordial as he could +express it and as broad as the State he lived in. He made this point +among others: "You are doing a splendid work and the reason you do not +get the ballot sooner is because you do not convert your own sex. I +know for I have been a member of the Legislature. If you wanted to +vote as much as you want other things you would go there and block the +legislators so they couldn't get to their seats." Mayor Albert A. Ames +extended the welcome of the city and declared his belief in woman +suffrage. Former Mayor William Henry Eustis ended his address in +behalf of the Commercial Club and Board of Trade by saying: +"Commercial bodies are temporary but a great movement like this is +eternal." Former Mayor James Gray, representing the press, assured +them of its coöperation and said that from a dozen to twenty women +were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> doing important work on the papers of the city. Mrs. Maud C. +Stockwell, president of the State Suffrage Association, welcomed them +to "the hearts of the women of Minneapolis."</p> + +<p>Dr. Shaw closed the evening with a stirring address on An Invisible +Foe, in which she referred to the many refusals they had had from the +anti-suffrage leaders to come to the convention and debate the +question. She accused them of wearing a khaki-colored uniform to +conceal themselves from the foe and declared they were always careful +to make their attacks when the enemy was not present, saying: "The +anti-suffragists are not fighting woman suffrage, they are fighting +the ideals of democracy and leaning toward an aristocracy. Take note +of the words they use to designate the people, 'mob,' 'hordes,' etc. +They look at the people as not only incapable and ignorant now but so +for all time and they never learn that in the heart of every +individual in the mob lie the forces which make for martyrs or for +brutes." "From point to point through long and close argument the +brilliant speaker moved with lightning velocity," said a press report. +"She called up the anti-suffrage arguments made by the Rev. Samuel G. +Smith of St. Paul, in his recent series of sermons on women, and +laughed to scorn their plea for 'the days of chivalry,' which, she +said, were a man's protection of his own women against other men. +Woman must work out God's ideal of what a woman should be and she +cannot do it until she is absolutely free as man is free."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt brought to the presidency a definite belief that Congress +would not submit a Federal Suffrage Amendment nor would important +States be gained on referendum until national and State officers and +workers were better trained for the work required. The increasing +evidence of a united and politically experienced opposition as +manifested in legislative action and referendum results had convinced +her that the cause would never be won unless its campaigns were +equipped, guided and conducted by women fully aware of the nature of +opposition tactics and prepared to meet every maneuver of the enemy by +an equally telling counteraction. She had been appointed by Miss +Anthony chairman of a Plan of Work Committee at the convention of 1895 +and assembling the practical workers they agreed upon recommendations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +which proved a turning point in the association's policy. These were +presented to that convention and adopted. A Committee on Organization +was established with Mrs. Catt as chairman and contrary to the usual +custom the convention voted that she be made a member of the National +Board. For the last five years her committee had held conferences in +connection with each convention which discussed and adopted plans for +more efficient work. As president, she now determined to link more +closely the work of national and State auxiliary organizations and in +the pursuance of this aim and as ex-officio chairman of the convention +program committee, she appointed the Executive Committee (consisting +of the Board of Officers, the president and one member from each +auxiliary State) to be the Committee on Plan of Work. For two entire +days preceding this convention the Executive Committee had discussed +methods of procedure, as presented by the Board of Officers, who had +prepared these recommendations at a mid-year meeting held in Miss +Anthony's home at Rochester in August.</p> + +<p>The convention accepted the report which included the following: (1) +Organization. That organization be continually the first aim of each +State auxiliary as the certain key to success; that each State keep at +least one organizer employed and endeavor to establish a county +organization in each county or at least to form an organization in +each county seat and at four other points; that organization work be +done among women wage earners and that definite work be undertaken to +win the endorsement and cooperation of other associations, chiefly the +General Federation of Women's Clubs and the National Education +Association. (2) Legislation. That each auxiliary State association +appeal to Congress to submit to the Legislatures a 16th Amendment to +the Federal constitution prohibiting the disfranchisement of U. S. +citizens on account of sex; that the plan initiated by Miss Anthony be +continued, namely, that all kinds of national and State conventions be +asked to pass resolutions in favor of this amendment, to be sent to +Congress; that State societies also ask their Legislatures to pass +resolutions in favor of a 16th Amendment, these also to be sent to +Congress; that auxiliaries whose States offer a reasonable possibility +of a successful referendum try to secure the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> submission of State +suffrage amendments to the voters, with assurance of national +cooperation; that auxiliaries whose State constitutions present +obstacles to such procedure work to secure statutory suffrage, such as +School, Municipal or Presidential; that auxiliaries not strong enough +to attempt a campaign work for the removal of legal discriminations +against women and attempt to secure co-guardianship of children, equal +property rights, the raising of the age of consent, the appointment of +police matrons, etc.; that a leaflet be prepared by Mrs. Laura M. +Johns advising best methods for successful legislative work. To carry +out this plan the Committees on Congressional Work, Presidential +Suffrage and Civil Rights found their work for the year. (3) Press. +Recommendations were made for rendering this department of work more +efficient in the States; enrollment of persons believing in woman +suffrage to be continued in order to secure evidence of the strength +of general favorable sentiment; the literature of the association to +include a plan of work for local clubs.</p> + +<p>Work conferences were interspersed during the convention; one on +Organization presided over by Miss Mary Garrett Hay; one by Mrs. +Priscilla D. Hackstaff, chairman Enrollment Committee; one by Mrs. +Babcock, chairman Press Committee. A chart showing the date of the +opening of the Legislature in each State; the provision for amending +its constitution; the suffrage and initiative and referendum laws and +all other information bearing upon the technical procedure of securing +the vote State by State was carefully drawn by the Organization +Committee. With this in hand each State was given its legislative +task. It was voted to urge the auxiliaries of Kansas, Indiana, New +York, Washington and South Dakota to ask for submission of State +constitutional amendments. It was voted that the corresponding +secretary be elected with the understanding that she would serve at +the national headquarters and be paid a salary.</p> + +<p>The Executive Committee at a preliminary meeting repeated the +resolution of the preceding year against the official regulation of +vice in Manila, which was under United States control. It closed: "We +protest in the name of American womanhood and we believe that this +represents also the opinion of the best American<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> manhood.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> This +resolution was unanimously adopted by the delegates after strong +addresses, and Miss Anthony, Dr. Shaw, Mrs. Catt, Mrs. Avery and Miss +Blackwell were deputized to ask a hearing and present it to the +American Medical Association meeting in St. Paul at this time. That +body allowed them ten minutes to state their earnest wish that it +would endorse the resolution but it took no action.</p> + +<p>Miss Anthony had consented to act as chairman of the Congressional +Committee and her report was heard with deep interest. Her work during +the year was upon two distinct lines, the old familiar petition to +Congress to pass the 16th Amendment granting full suffrage to women, +and another brought about by new conditions—a petition that the word +"male" should not be inserted in the electoral clause of the +constitutions proposed by Congress for Hawaii and Porto Rico. These +petitions were secured from every State and Territory, a tremendous +work, and were laid before the members of Congress from each State. +The most interesting petition for the amendment was from Wyoming, +where one sheet was signed by every State officer, several U. S. +officials and other prominent citizens. They had signed in duplicate +several petitions and thus Miss Anthony had an autograph copy with +her. The work of securing this petition was done chiefly by Mrs. +Joseph M. Cary, wife of the Senator. Miss Anthony was chairman also of +the Committee on Convention Resolutions and believed strongly that to +present the question of woman suffrage to conventions of various kinds +and secure resolutions from them was an efficacious means of +propaganda. Her interesting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> report for 1900 made at this time will be +found in full in the <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29870/29870-h/29870-h.htm#Page_439">History of Woman Suffrage, Volume IV, page 439</a>.</p> + +<p>In introducing Mr. Blackwell (Mass.), Mrs. Catt said: "The woman +suffrage movement has known many women who have devoted their lives +and energies to it. I know of only one man. Years ago when Lucy Stone +was a sweet and beautiful girl he heard her speak and afterwards +proposed to her to form a marriage partnership. When she said that +this might prevent her from doing the large work she wanted to do for +equal rights he promised to help her in it and loyally and faithfully +all through their married life he did so, as constantly and earnestly +as Lucy Stone herself; and even after her death he continues to give +his time, his money and his effort to the same end. I am glad to +introduce Henry B. Blackwell." Mr. Blackwell was the pioneer in urging +the suffragists of every State to try to obtain from their Legislature +a law giving them a vote for presidential electors. Their authority +for this action was conferred by the National Constitution in Article +2, Section 2: "Each State shall appoint in such manner as the +Legislature thereof may direct a number of electors equal to the whole +number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be +entitled in the Congress." His comprehensive report made to this and +other conventions was an unanswerable argument in favor of the right +of a Legislature to confer this vote on women and eventually it was +widely recognized.</p> + +<p>The treasurer, Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton (O.), reported the total +receipts of the year $22,522. Mrs. Catt stated the needs of the +association for the coming year and under the skilful management of +Miss Hay subscriptions of $5,000 were soon obtained. On motion of Dr. +Shaw a vote of thanks was given to Miss Hay for her "able and +efficient work in securing these pledges." The report for the Federal +Suffrage Committee was given by Mrs. Sallie Clay Bennett (Ky.)<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<p>The corresponding secretary, Mrs. Avery of Philadelphia, made the +report of the great bazaar which had been held before the Christmas +holidays in Madison Square Garden, New York City,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> and netted about +$8,500. It was accompanied by the carefully prepared report of its +treasurer, Mrs. Priscilla D. Hackstaff of Brooklyn. An exact duplicate +of a beautiful vase three feet high which had been presented to +Admiral Dewey by the citizens of Wheeling, West Virginia, at a cost of +$250, with the exception that his face on it was replaced by Miss +Anthony's, was presented to the bazaar by Mrs. Fannie J. Wheat of that +city. As no "chances" were allowed at suffrage fairs it was purchased +by subscriptions and presented to Miss Anthony.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> + +<p>A letter to Miss Blackwell from Mrs. Mary A. Livermore, then past 80 +years of age, expressing her regret at not being able to attend the +convention, closed: "It is not for lack of interest in our great cause +or indifference to the dear western women with whom I was associated +so many years ago and who, like myself, have grown gray in the work +for women.... God bless you all and give you an ennobling season +together, harmonious and uplifting in its results. Remember me in love +to the old friends and pledge my affectionate regard to the new +friends with whom I will try to keep step here on the Massachusetts +coast. Yours with a thousand good wishes." A telegram of greeting was +sent to Mrs. Stanton and others to Mrs. Cornelia C. Hussey of New +Jersey, Mrs. Jane H. Spofford of Maine and Mrs. Abigail Scott Duniway +of Oregon, all pioneer workers for the cause. Miss Laura Clay (Ky.) +gave a strong, logical address on Counterparts, "the dualism of the +race," in which she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Any social system founded on a theory designed for the elevation +of one sex alone, regardless of the other, is altogether false +and delusive to the expectations built upon it, for the human +race is dual and heredity keeps the stock common from which both +men and women spring. Since the common stock is improved and +invigorated by the acquired qualities of individuals, without +regard to sex, it is to the advantage of both that all +possibilities of development shall be extended to both sexes. In +animals acquired qualities can be imparted to the stock only by +parenthood; in the human family they are imparted even more +widely and permanently through the influence of ideas. All that +woman has lost by social systems which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> denied to her education +and the free expression of her genius in literature, art or +statesmanship, has been lost to man also, because it has +diminished the inheritable riches of the nature from which he +draws his existence. He has been less, though unhampered by the +shackles which bound her, because she was less. The world is not +more called upon to rejoice in the triumphs of his genius in +freedom than to mourn over the wasted possibilities of hers in +bonds....</p> + +<p>The forward movement of either sex is possible only when the +other moves also and the obstacles to progress exist in the +attitude of both sexes to it, not in that of one alone. So in +this woman suffrage movement we have learned that the apathy of +women to their own political freedom is as great an obstacle to +our success as the unwillingness of men to grant our claims. It +is of the same importance to us to educate women out of their +indifference as it is to educate men out of their unwillingness. +If it should happen that this education shall come to women +first, they will never need the argument of force to induce men +to remove the legal obstacles, for men and women cannot long +think unlike on any subject.</p></div> + +<p>One of the most interesting reports was that of the Press Committee, +made by its efficient chairman, Mrs. Elnora Monroe Babcock (N. Y.). +Illustrating its work she said: "About 50,000 suffrage articles have +been sent out from the press headquarters since our last annual +convention; 2,400 of these were specials; 5,155 articles and items +advertising the Bazaar; many articles on prominent women were +furnished to illustrated papers and newspaper syndicates; a page of +plate matter was issued every six weeks and seven large press +associations were supplied with occasional articles." The names of +State chairmen were given and the number of papers they supplied—New +York, 500; Pennsylvania, 336; Iowa, 237; Massachusetts, 97; Indiana, +91; Illinois, 85; Ohio, 63, etc. Mrs. Babcock asked for a vote of +thanks, which was unanimous, to Paul Dana, proprietor and editor of +the New York <i>Sun</i>, for having given during the past two and a half +years and for still giving two columns of its Sunday issue to an +article by Mrs. Ida Husted Harper, an unprecedented concession by a +great metropolitan paper. Miss Anthony added her words of praise to +Mr. Dana and to the department which she herself had been largely +instrumental in securing.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + +<p>One of the most popular addresses of the convention was made by Mrs. +Ellis Meredith of Denver—The Menace of Podunk—a clever satire +showing that narrow partisanship and dishonest politics were to be +found alike in New York and Podunk, Indiana.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Podunk is the place where the country is nothing, the caucus +everything; where patriotism languishes and party spirit runs +riot. It is the centre of intelligence where they hold back the +returns until advices are received from headquarters as to how +many votes are needed. The Podunkians believe it is a good thing +to have a strong man at the head of the ticket, not because they +care about electing strong men but because by putting a good +nominee at the head of the ballot it is possible they may be able +to pull through the seven saloon keepers and three professional +politicians who go to make up the rest of the ticket.... But +there lives in Podunk another class that is a greater menace to +the life of the nation, the noble army of Pharisees. They have +read Bryce's American Commonwealth and have an intellectual +understanding of the theory and form of our government but they +do not know what ward they live in, they are vague as to the +district, have never met their Congressman and do not know a +primary from a kettle drum....</p> + +<p>The politician and the shirk of Podunk are the creatures who are +doing their noble best to blot out the words of Lincoln and make +it possible for the government he died to save to perish from the +earth. And between these two evils the least apparent is the most +real. The man who votes more than once is nearer right than the +man who refuses to vote at all. The activity of the repeater in +the pool of politics may be wholly pernicious but is no worse +than the stagnation caused by the inertia of his self-righteous +brother. The republic has less to fear from her illiterate and +venal voters than from those who, knowing her peril, refuse to +come to the rescue.</p></div> + +<p>The resolutions were presented by Mr. Blackwell, who, at conventions +almost without number, served as chairman of this important committee, +and the first ones set forth the political status of the women in the +year 1901 as follows:</p> + +<p>"We congratulate the women of America upon the measure of success +already attained—school suffrage in twenty-two States and +Territories; municipal suffrage in Kansas; suffrage on questions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> of +taxation in Iowa, Montana, Louisiana and New York; full suffrage in +Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and Idaho—States containing more than a +million inhabitants, with eight Senators and nine Representatives in +Congress elected in part by the votes of women.</p> + +<p>"We rejoice in important gains during the past year; the extension of +suffrage upon questions of taxation to 200,000 women in the towns and +villages of New York and to the tax-paying women of Norway; the voting +of women for the first time for members of Parliament in West +Australia; the almost unanimous refusal of the Kansas Legislature to +repeal municipal woman suffrage and the acquittal in Denver of the +only woman ever charged with fraudulent voting."</p> + +<p>A tribute was paid to the tried and true friends of woman suffrage who +had died during the year, many of them veterans in the cause: Sarah +Anthony Burtis, aged 90, secretary of the first Woman's Rights +Convention in 1848 when adjourned to Rochester, N.Y.; Charles K. +Whipple, aged 91, for many years secretary of the Massachusetts and +New England Woman Suffrage Associations; Zerelda G. Wallace of +Indiana, the "mother" of "Ben Hur"; Paulina Gerry, the Rev. Cyrus +Bartol, Carrie Anders, Dr. Salome Merritt, Matilda Goddard and Mary +Shannon of Massachusetts; Mary J. Clay of Kentucky; Eliza J. Patrick +of Missouri; Fanny C. Wooley and Nettie Laub Romans of Iowa; Eliza +Scudder Fenton, the widow of New York's war governor; Charlotte A. +Cleveland and Henry Villard of New York; John Hooker of Connecticut; +Giles F. Stebbins and George Willard of Michigan; Ruth C. Dennison, D. +C., Theron Nye of Nebraska; Elizabeth Coit of Ohio; Major Niles +Meriwether of Tennessee; M. B. Castle of Illinois; John Bidwell of +California; Wendell Phillips Garrison of New Jersey.</p> + +<p>On the evening when Miss Anthony presided she introduced to the +audience with tender words Mrs. Charlotte Pierce of Philadelphia, as +one of the few left who attended the first Woman's Rights Convention +at Seneca Falls, N. Y., in 1848; Mrs. Eliza Wright Osborne of Auburn, +N. Y., niece of Lucretia Mott and daughter of Martha Wright, two of +the four women who called that convention; Miss Emily Howland, a +devoted pioneer of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> Sherwood, N. Y.; the Rev. Olympia Brown of Racine, +second woman to be ordained as minister; Mrs. Ellen Sulley Fray, a +pioneer of Toledo, O., and Mrs. Caroline E. Merrick, wife of a Chief +Justice of Louisiana, who organized the first suffrage club in New +Orleans.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Rachel Foster Avery, who had been the corresponding secretary of +the association for twenty-one years, had insisted that she should be +allowed to resign from the office. A pleasant incident not on the +program took place one morning during the convention when Miss Anthony +came to the front of the platform and said: "I have in my hand a +thousand dollars for Rachel Foster Avery. It has been contributed +without her knowledge by about four hundred different persons; most of +you are on the list. I asked for this testimonial because I felt that +you would all rejoice to show your appreciation of her long and +faithful services and her great liberality to the cause. I should +never have been able to carry on the work of the society as its +president for so many years but for her able coöperation. She thinks +she cannot talk but we know that she can work. She has done the +drudgery of this association for more than twenty years and I hope the +woman who will be chosen in her place, whoever she may be, will be as +consecrated and free from all self-seeking."</p> + +<p>Miss Kate M. Gordon, president of the Era Club of New Orleans, was +almost unanimously elected as corresponding secretary. The only other +change in the official board was the retirement of Mrs. Catharine +Waugh McCulloch as second auditor and the election of Dr. Cora Smith +Eaton in her place. In referring later to Dr. Eaton, Mr. Blackwell +said: "In my attendance upon thirty-three successive annual national +conventions I have never seen one with such complete and faithful +preparation by the local committee and such abundant and cordial +welcome.... It seemed natural to recognize the generous hospitality +thus extended to the convention by the people of Minnesota by choosing +Dr. Eaton of Minneapolis, chairman of this local committee, as one of +the auditors for the coming year."<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> + +<p>A closely reasoned address on the Ethics of Suffrage was made by Louis +F. Post of Chicago, in the course of which he said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Suffrage is a right, not a privilege. That it is a right of every +individual is the only basis for women's demanding it. If it is +not a right but a privilege that may be granted to men and +withheld from women, be granted to the white and withheld from +the black, be given to those who have red hair and kept from +those with black hair; if it may be rightfully given to the +millionaire and kept from the day laborer; rightfully extended to +those who can read and withheld from those who cannot, or to +those with a college education and from those who have only a +common-school education—if these are the only bases on which +women claim a share in government, then the fundamental argument +for woman suffrage disappears.</p> + +<p>Reason back far enough on the privilege line of argument and you +soon come to that fetish of tradition, the divine right of kings. +So if you cannot put your claim on any better ground than +privilege you would better not go on.... Being a right, it is +also a duty. He who has a right to maintain has a duty to +perform. This is the firm rock upon which woman suffrage must +rest. It must be demanded because women are members of the +community, because they have common interests in the common +property and affairs of the community; in a word, they have +rights in the community and duties toward it which are the same +as the rights and duties of every other sane person of mature age +who keeps out of the penitentiary.</p></div> + +<p>An unexpected pleasure was a brief address by Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi, +a veteran suffragist and prominent physician of New York, who was +attending the convention of the American Medical Association. She +based her argument for equal suffrage on the injustice practiced +toward women physicians when they seek the opportunity for hospital +practice. Mrs. F. W. Hunt, wife of the Governor of Idaho, testified to +the good results of woman suffrage in that State for the past five +years. Others who gave addresses were the Rev. Alice Ball Loomis +(Wis.), The Feminine Doctor in Society; Mrs. Lydia Phillips Williams, +president of the Minnesota Federation of Clubs, Growth and Greetings; +Mrs. Elizabeth Boynton Harbert (Ill.), For the Sake of the Child; Miss +Frances Griffin (Ala.), A Southern Tour; the Rev. Olympia Brown +(Wis.), The Tabooed Trio; Mrs. Annie L. Digges (Kas.), The Duty of the +Hour; Miss Laura A. Gregg (Neb.), Who Will Defend the Flag?; the Rev. +Celia Parker Woolley (Ill.), Woman's Worth in the Community; the Rev.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +William B. Riley (Minn.), Woman's Rights and Political +Righteousness.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> + +<p>An inadequate newspaper account of the very able address of Miss Gail +Laughlin (N. Y.), on The Industrial Laggard, said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Miss Laughlin described the nineteenth as the industrial century +of which the factory was a notable product and co-operation the +spirit. Men were trained to do one thing well and by division of +labor the maximum result was attained with the minimum +expenditure of labor and capital. This principal of division of +labor has been applied everywhere except in the household, the +field which especially concerns women. Household labor is outside +the current of industrial progress. It is not even recognized as +an industrial problem because it is not a wealth-producing +industry. Students of economics will sometime understand that the +industries which consume wealth should receive attention as well +as those which produce it. Business principles are not applied to +the domestic service problem. There are no business hours. The +person is hired, not the labor. One woman described the +situation: "If you have a girl, you want her, no matter at what +time." There is no standard of work and the result is confusion +worse confounded. The servant's goings-out and comings-in are +watched and she has no hours to herself. Is it any wonder that so +many women prefer to go into factory life at less pay but where +they can have some hours of their own?</p></div> + +<p>The report of the Committee on Legislation for Civil Rights, Mrs. +Laura M. Johns (Kans.), chairman, showed that it had been in +correspondence with many State associations which were working for the +repeal of bad laws and the enactment of good ones; for raising the age +of consent; for child-labor bills; for women physicians in State +institutions; for women on school boards and in high educational +positions and for many other civil and legal measures. Mrs. Clara +Bewick Colby's report on Industrial Problems affecting Women and +Children showed much diligent research into the discriminations +against women in the business and educational world and gave many +flagrant instances. "In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> Government positions," she said, "this was +clearly due to their lack of a vote."</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Government departments at Washington are almost entirely +governed by politics and women are greatly discriminated against, +notwithstanding civil service rules. The report of A. R. Severn, +chief examiner for the Civil Service Commission, shows that +during the last ten years less than ten per cent. of the women +who have passed the examinations have been appointed, while more +than 25 per cent. of the men who passed obtained positions. To +prevent the possibility of women obtaining high-class positions +the examinations for these are not open to women. Of the 58 +employments for which examinations were held, women were admitted +to only 22. The per cent. of women employed of those who had +passed was 13 in 1898; 6 per cent. in 1899, and lower in 1900, +not a woman being appointed to a clerk's position from the +waiting list. The Post Office Department in the last year sent +out an order that women should not be made distributing clerks +wherever it was possible to appoint men.... Legislation for the +protection of children has been defeated in Georgia, Alabama and +South Carolina. In the factories of Birmingham, it is stated, +children of six and seven are obliged to be at work by 5:30 a.m. +and to work twelve hours daily, attending spindles for ten cents +a day. Jane Addams says she knows from personal observations that +in certain States the conditions of child labor are as bad as +they were in England half a century ago. In the great cotton +mills at Columbia, S. C., she found a little girl scarcely five +years old doing night work thirteen hours at a stretch, for three +days in the week.</p></div> + +<p>Sunday afternoon the Rev. Olympia Brown gave the convention +sermon—The Forward March—in the First Baptist Church, with scripture +reading by Mrs. Catt, prayer by the Rev. Margaret T. Olmstead, hymns +by the Rev. Kate Hughes and the Rev. Mrs. Woolley; responsive reading +by the Rev. Alice Ball Loomis. The Rev. Anna Howard Shaw preached in +the Church of the Redeemer in the morning and Louis F. Post in the +evening. Dr. Shaw preached in the evening at the Hennepin Avenue +Methodist Church; Miss Laura Clay spoke at the Central Baptist; Dr. +Frances Woods at the first Unitarian; Miss Laura Gregg at Plymouth; +Mrs. Mary C. C. Bradford at the Wesley Methodist in the morning and +the Rev. Olympia Brown in the evening; Mrs. Elizabeth Boynton Harbert +in the Chicago Avenue Baptist; the Rev. Margaret F. Olmstead at All +Souls; the Rev. Alice Ball Loomis at Tuttle Universalist; Mrs. Mariana +W. Chapman at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> the Friends' Church; Miss Ella Moffatt at the +Bloomington Avenue Methodist, and Mr. and Miss Blackwell at the +Trinity Methodist.</p> + +<p>An official letter was sent by request to the Constitutional +Convention of Alabama asking for a woman suffrage clause. An +invitation to hold a conference in Baltimore was accepted. +Arrangements were made to have a National Suffrage Conference +September 9, 10, in Buffalo, N. Y., during the Pan-American +Exposition. It was decided also to accept an invitation from the +Inter-State and West Indian Exposition Board to hold a conference +during the Exposition in Charleston, S. C. Official invitations were +received from various public bodies to hold the next convention in +Washington, Atlantic City, Milwaukee and New Orleans.</p> + +<p>The president made the closing address to a large audience on the last +evening, a keen, analytical review of the demand for woman suffrage. +"Its fundamental principle," she said, "is that 'all governments +derive their just power from the consent of the governed.' It is the +argument that has enfranchised men everywhere at all times and it is +the one which will enfranchise women." As it was extemporaneous no +adequate report can be given.</p> + +<p>Nothing was left undone by this hospitable city for the success and +pleasure of the convention. Very favorable reports and commendatory +editorials were given by the newspapers. An excellent program by the +best musical talent was furnished at each session under the direction +of Mrs. Cleone Daniels Bergren. An evening reception in honor of the +national officers, to which eight hundred invitations were sent, took +place in the beautiful home of Mr. and Mrs. W. D. Gregory. The +Business Woman's Club, Martha Scott Anderson, president, gave an +afternoon reception in its rooms, the invitations reading: "The club +desires to show in a measure its appreciation of the labor by the +members of the National Suffrage Association in behalf of women." +Trolley rides through the handsome suburbs and a visit to the big +flouring mills were among the diversions.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> + +<p>This chapter has tried to picture the first convention of the National +American Suffrage Association in the new century, typical of many +which preceded and followed. If it and other chapters seem +overburdened with personal mention it must be remembered that it is a +precious privilege to those who assisted in this great movement, and +to their descendants, to have their names thus preserved in history. +In the biography of Susan B. Anthony (page 1246) may be found the +following tribute to these conventions, which were held annually for +over fifty years.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It can be said without fear of contradiction that the National +Suffrage Conventions will go down in history as the most notable +held by women during the present age, excepting, of course, those +of an international nature. The lofty character of their demands, +the courage, ability and earnestness of their speakers, the +unswerving fidelity to one central idea, give them a dominating +position which they will hold for all time. They are pervaded by +a remarkable spirit of democracy and fraternity. Those who come +to scoff remain—not to pray but to have a good time. The +reporters are all converted during the first two or three +meetings and become members of the family. The delegates never +wait for an introduction to each other; all have come together on +the same mission and that is a sufficient guarantee. Nobody can +remember afterwards what her neighbor wore and this proves that +all were well dressed. The meetings are so systematic and +business-like that one never feels she has wasted a minute. If +points of serious difference arise they are taken up and settled +by the Business Committee, out of sight of the public, but in all +matters directly connected with the association every delegate +has a voice and vote.</p> + +<p>These are trained and disciplined women. There is nothing +hysterical, nothing fanatical about them. They are animated by +the most serious and determined purpose, and, in order to effect +this, all sectarian bias, all political preference, all fads and +hobbies in any direction are rigidly barred. Woman suffrage—that +is the sole object. The offices all represent hard work and no +salary, therefore no unseemly scramble takes place to secure +them, and the association has the most profound confidence in its +National Board. Every dollar subscribed has a definite channel +designated for its expenditure and so there is no big treasury +fund to quarrel over. There is always a sufficient number of +experienced members to hold the younger and more impulsive +recruits in check. Being one of the oldest women's organizations +in existence it has accumulated a large store of wisdom and +judgment. Even where people disapprove its purposes they cannot +fail to respect its dignified, orderly methods.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Part of Call: The first years of the new century are +destined to witness the most strenuous and intense struggle of the +movement. Iniquity has become afraid of the votes of women. Vice and +immorality are consequently organized in opposition, while +conservative morality stands shoulder to shoulder with them, blind to +the nature of the illicit partnership. Believers in this cause are +legion, but many, satisfied that victory will come without their help, +do nothing. We are approaching the climax of the great contest and +every friend is needed. If the final victory is long in coming, the +responsibility rests with those who believe but who do not act. +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="authors" summary="authors"> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Honorary Presidents.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Susan B. Anthony</span>,</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Carrie Chapman Catt</span>, President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anna Howard Shaw</span>, Vice-president.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Rachel Foster Avery</span>, Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Alice Stone Blackwell</span>, Recording Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Harriet Taylor Upton</span>, Treasurer.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Laura Clay</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Auditors.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Catharine Waugh McCulloch</span>,</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Miss Anthony had entreated Mrs. Stanton to send instead +of this letter to the convention one of her grand, old-time arguments +for woman suffrage but she refused, saying the time was past for these +and the church must be recognized as the greatest of obstacles to its +success. Miss Anthony felt that it would arouse criticism and +prejudice at the very beginning but declared that no matter what the +effect she would give what would probably be Mrs. Stanton's last +message. A number of the officers and delegates were interviewed for +the press and none was found who fully agreed with Mrs. Stanton's +views. The Rev. Olympia Brown and the Rev. Anna Howard Shaw believed +the obstacles to be in the false interpretation of the Scriptures and +its application to women. The Methodist General Conference had this +year admitted women delegates.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Invocations were pronounced at different sessions by the +resident ministers, C. B. Mitchell, George F. Holt and Martin D. +Hardin, and by the visiting ministers, Alice Ball Loomis, Celia Parker +Woolley, Kate Hughes and Margaret T. Olmstead.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, Judge William Howard Taft and the Philippine +Commissioners in a telegram to Secretary Root dated January 17, 1901, +affirm that ever since November, 1898, the military authorities in +Manila have subjected women of bad character to "certified +examination," and General MacArthur in his recent report does not deny +this but defends it; and whereas the Hawaiian government has taken +similar action; therefore +</p><p> +<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>, That we earnestly protest against the introduction of the +European system of State-regulated vice in the new possessions of the +United States for the following reasons: +</p><p> +1. To subject women of bad character to regular examinations and +furnish them with official health certificates is contrary to good +morals and must impress both our soldiers and the natives as giving +official sanction to vice. +</p><p> +2. It is a violation of justice to apply to vicious women compulsory +medical measures that are not applied to vicious men. +</p><p> +3. Official regulation of vice, while it lowers the moral tone of the +community, everywhere fails to protect the public health. +</p><p> +Examples were given from Paris, garrison towns of England and +Switzerland, and St. Louis, the only city in the United States that +had ever tried the system.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> The question of giving to women a vote for +Representatives by an Act of Congress is considered in <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29870/29870-h/29870-h.htm#CHAPTER_I">Chapter I, +Volume IV, History of Woman Suffrage</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Among the donations which brought in the largest sums +were the locomobile from Mr. and Mrs. A.L. Barber of New York; the +Kansas consignment of fine flour and butter secured by Miss Helen +Kimber of that State; the carload of hogs from Iowa farmers obtained +by Mrs. Eleanor Stockman of Mason City; the handsomely dressed doll +from Mrs. William McKinley and a fine oil painting by the noted +landscape painter, William Keith of California.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> At Miss Anthony's request Mrs. Harper had sent her a +letter to read to the convention giving some details as to the scope +of the <i>Sun</i> articles, in which she said: "I consider the success of +this department due above all else to the fact that it deals with +current events. Its text each Sunday is taken from the occurrences of +the preceding week as they relate to women.... Letters of commendation +and of criticism have been received from all parts of the United +States and from London, Paris, Copenhagen, Berlin, Dresden, Zurich and +Rome and from Melbourne. Among the writers are bishops and ministers, +publishers, educators, authors, college presidents, physicians, +women's societies, workingmen's organizations and scores of men and +women in the private walks of life. One article brought twenty-five +pages of legal cap from lawyers in New York and Brooklyn. It is a +noteworthy fact that it is the first metropolitan daily paper to make +a woman suffrage department a regular feature." +</p><p> +The articles were published until the autumn of 1903, almost five +years. Mr. Dana then sold the paper and it went under the control of +William A. Laffan, an anti-suffragist, who discontinued them.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Other local chairmen were Irma Winchell Stacy, Mrs. A. +T. Anderson, J. Bryan Bushnell, Dr. Margaret Koch, Mrs. James Harnden, +Mrs. H. A. Tuttle, Mrs. Marion D. Shutter, Lora C. Little, Nellie +Keyes, Mrs. Sanford Niles, Martha Scott Anderson, Josie A. Wanous, +Gracia L. Jenks, Dr. Corene J. Bissonette, Mrs. Stockwell and Mrs. +Gregory.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Among those who took part in conferences and on +committees were Helen Rand Tindall (D. C.); Annie R. Wood (Cal.); +Ellen Powell Thompson (D. C.); Mariana W. Chapman, Lila K. Willets and +Florence Gregory (N. Y.); Clara Bright and Jean Gordon (La.); Etta +Dann (Mont.); Emily B. Ketcham and Maud Starker (Mich.); Maude I. +Matthews (N. D.); Eleanor M. Hall (O.); Helen Kimber (Kas.); Eleanor +C. Stockman, Dr. Frances Woods and Dollie R. Bradley (Ia.); Emily S. +Richards (Utah); Bertha G. Wade (Ind.); Clara A. Young (Neb.); Evelyn +H. Belden (Ia.); Addie N. Johnson (Mo.); Mrs. E. A. Brown (Minn.); +Cornelia Cary (Brooklyn); Ida Porter Boyer (Penn.). Valuable reports +were made by all of the State presidents.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> At the close of the convention twenty-seven of the +visitors made a trip in a special car to Yellowstone Park, which was +arranged by Mrs. Catt and Miss Hay. They had a most interesting time +which was graphically described by Miss Blackwell in the <i>Woman's +Journal</i> of June 22. It also published some of the humorous poems +written en route by the gay excursionists.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<h3>THE NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1902.</h3> + + +<p>The association held its Thirty-fourth annual convention, which was +especially distinguished by the presence of visitors from other lands, +in the First Presbyterian Church, Washington, D. C., Feb. 12-18, +1902.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> There was special significance in this meeting place, as the +pastor of the church for many years was the Rev. Byron Sutherland,<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> +who from its pulpit had more than once denounced woman suffrage and +its advocates; but it was now under the liberal ministry of the Rev. +T. DeWitt Talmage, their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> strong and valued advocate. The Washington +<i>Post</i> said: "More than a thousand visitors were present yesterday +afternoon at the first session of the National American Suffrage +Convention and the first International Woman Suffrage Conference. +Perhaps no other meeting of its kind ever has occasioned as much +interest on the part of Washington women generally.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> The large +audience room was packed to the doors ... and it has been arranged to +hold overflow meetings in the church parlors." The platform was banked +with flowers over which waved the flags of thirty nations, lent by +Miss Clara Barton, founder of the Red Cross, to whom they had been +presented by representatives of each individual nation. Above them all +hung the "suffrage flag" with four golden stars on its blue ground for +the four States where women were fully enfranchised—Wyoming, +Colorado, Utah and Idaho. The president, Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, was +in the chair.</p> + +<p>This convention will be ever memorable because under its auspices the +First International Woman Suffrage Conference was held which resulted +later in the founding of the International Alliance. The proceedings +of this conference are described in the chapter devoted to the +Alliance. Ten countries were represented and their delegates took part +in the convention, which was welcomed on the opening afternoon by the +Hon. Henry B. F. McFarland, president of the board of commissioners of +the District of Columbia. He addressed the delegates as "stockholders +in the national capital" and said: "Personally I welcome not only you +but your cause. In common, I believe, with the majority of intelligent +men I think you have won your case on the argument. Equal suffrage is +equal justice and there is no reason why such women as you should be +classed in the States with idiots and criminals." Mrs. May Wright +Sewall, who was to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> greet the foreign guests in the name of the +International Council of Women, of which she was president, was +detained until later. Mrs. Catt with words of highest eulogy +introduced Miss Barton, who said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Madam President, Ladies and Delegates: Among many honors which +from time to time have been tendered me by my generous country +people, not one has been more appreciated than the privilege of +giving this word of public welcome to the honored delegation of +women present with us.</p> + +<p>Ladies of Europe, if a hundred tongues were mine they could not +speak the glad welcome in our hearts. It is an epoch in the +history of the world that your coming marks. For the first time +within the written history of mankind have the women of the +nations left their homes and assembled in council to declare the +position of women before the world, bringing to national and +international view the injustice and the folly of the barriers +which ignorance has created and tradition fostered and preserved +through the unthinking ages until they came to be held not only +as a part of the natural laws and rights of man but as the +immutable decrees of Divinity itself.... If woman alone had +suffered under these mistaken traditions, if she could have borne +the evil by herself, it would have been less pitiful, but her +brother man, in the laws he created and ignorantly worshipped, +has suffered with her. He has lost her highest help; he has +crippled the intelligence he needed; he has belittled the very +source of his own being and dwarfed the image of his Maker.</p> + +<p>Ladies, there is a propriety in your crossing the seas to hold +the first council in America, for it was in this new untrammeled +land of freedom, free birth, free thought and free speech that +the first outspoken notes were given, the first concerted action +taken toward the release of woman, the enlightenment of man as a +lawmaker, and the attention of the world directed to the +injustice, unwisdom and folly of the code under which it lived. +It was here that the first hard blows were struck. It was here +the paths were marked out that have been trodden with bleeding +feet for half a century, until at length the blows no longer +rebound and the hands of the grateful, loving womanhood of the +world struggle for a place to scatter roses in the paths which +erstwhile were flint and thorns; and an admiring world of women +and men alike breathe in tones of respect, gratitude and love the +names of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony.</p> + +<p>Miss Anthony, I am glad to stand beside you while I tell these +women from the other side of the world who has brought them here. +This, ladies of Europe, is your great prototype—this the woman +who has trodden the trackless fields of the pioneer till the +thorns are buried in roses; this, the woman who has lived to hear +the hisses turn to dulcet strains of music; the woman who has +dared to plead for every good cause under heaven, who opened her +door to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> fleeing slave and claimed the outcast for a brother; +the woman beloved of her own country and honored in all +countries.</p> + +<p>Although a slow lesson to learn it has always proved that the +grandeur of a nation was shown by the respect paid to woman. The +brightest garlands of Spain, linked with immortelles, twine about +the name of Isabella. The highest glory of England today is not +that she placed her crown on the brow of her trusted and beloved +new monarch, a man whom the nations of the earth welcome to their +galaxy of rulers, but that she lays her mantle of fifty years' +rule through war and peace and progress such as never was known +before, upon the grave of a woman—that mantle on which no stain +has ever rested and on which the sunlight of happiness is +shadowed and dimmed only by the tears of a sorrowing nation, as +it is reverently borne to its honored rest. England, thank God +you had no Salic law! America has none, and, Miss Anthony, the +path which you have trodden through these oft painful years leads +to that goal; and, though your eyes will have opened upon the +blessed light of the heaven beyond, verily there may be some +standing here who shall not taste death until these things come.</p> + +<p>Ladies and Delegates: In the name of the noble leader who has +called you, we welcome you. In the name of our country, its great +institutions of learning and equal privileges to all, we welcome +you. In the name of the brotherhood of man, we welcome you. In +the name of our never-forgotten pioneers, a Mott, a Stone, a +Gage, a Griffing, a Garrison, a May, a Foster, a Douglass, a +Phillips, we reverently welcome you. In the name of God and +humanity, in the name of the angels of earth and the angels of +heaven, we welcome you to our shores, to our halls, to our homes +and to our hearts.</p></div> + +<p>Miss Susan B. Anthony, honorary president of the association, who was +next presented and enthusiastically received, closed her brief welcome +by saying that Mrs. Stanton and herself conceived the idea of holding +an International Suffrage Conference in 1883 when they were in Europe +but the time was too early for it, and now, twenty years later, +European women had come as delegates to one in the United States and +henceforth the women of the two countries would go forward together in +this cause. Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, vice-president-at-large, referred to +the fact that she was born in England and transplanted to America, and +said: "While you are divided from us by geographical lines, which are +imaginary, and by a language which is not the same, you have not come +to an alien people or land. In the realm of the heart, in the domain +of mind, there are no geographical lines dividing the nations. You +come to us as members of one family.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> You come that we may all stand +on one plane of freedom. I wish we could take you to our four 'star +States' where women vote. We mean to give you of our best but we +expect to get from you much more than we give. You will show us that +those who speak English are not the only ones whose hearts are alive +to the great flame of liberty."</p> + +<p>The national corresponding secretary, Miss Kate Gordon, read a +telegram from Dr. Augusta Stowe Gullen, leader of the suffrage +movement in Canada: "Greetings and best wishes from your sisters +across the line"; a cablegram from Christiana: "Success to your work, +from the National Woman Suffrage Association of Norway." A letter was +read by the delegate from Norway, Mrs. Gudrun Drewsen, from the +president of the association, Miss Gina Krog, which said in part: "The +woman suffrage movement! I know of no movement, no cause that is at +the same time so national and so international. The victory now gained +in Norway, municipal suffrage and eligibility to municipal office for +a great many women, will no doubt in time influence every home in our +country; but we could not have won this victory without receiving +impulses from other civilized nations. We are indeed indebted to men +and women in several European countries for the privileges which we +now possess, but from no other country in the world have we received +the inspiration in our work which we have had from the United States; +to no women in the world are we so indebted as to the women of this +country. Those great and noble pioneers and their fervent +struggle—how they have inspired us and awakened our enthusiasm! That +assiduous work, year after year—how it has strengthened our hands! +That glorious example, those results attained in your country—how we +have brought them before our legislators to awaken their sense of +justice! I sincerely wish that the news of the victory achieved in our +country may prove an impetus to you in your work. To be assured of +this would give us the great satisfaction of feeling that at all +events a small fraction of our great debt to you was paid."</p> + +<p>Miss Gordon read a letter from the Federation of Progressive Women's +Societies in Germany which declared that its first and foremost object +was to secure for German women full political<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> rights and continued: +"We watch with especial interest and sympathy the effort of those who +persistently and courageously work for the full citizenship of women. +The women of the United States have, in this struggle, set a noble +example to the women of Europe. In Germany we recall with tender +veneration such names as Lucy Stone, Frances Willard, Elizabeth Cady +Stanton, the Rev. Anna Howard Shaw and Susan B. Anthony. The women of +Germany are without political rights. It is far easier to fight for +equality and freedom in a young country, like the United States, than +in an old civilization, cumbered with traditions—a country that looks +back on a history of many centuries, that only a few decades ago +fought its way through severe conflicts and painful changes to +political unity and is now slowly growing into responsibilities which +social and political problems impose on a modern State."</p> + +<p>"The Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Tasmania sends hearty +greetings and trusts that the International Suffrage Conference may be +successful and that it will bring nearer that day when man and woman +shall sit 'side by side, full summed in all their powers,'" was the +message signed by Jessie S. Rooke, its president, which was given by +Miss Anna Gordon, president of the W. C. T. U. of the United States. +The response to the addresses of welcome was made by Madame Sofja +Levovna Friedland of Russia, who said in beautiful English:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I am a loyal daughter of a friendly country, who thanks you for +your welcome and brings greetings from her distant home. Russia +and the United States have been friends for many a year and are +friends today, proven friends, who have stood by each other in +the hour of need. In 1863 the French ambassador at the court of +St. Petersburg laid before the Czar the proposition of Napoleon +III, to interfere in your civil war for the purpose of +perpetuating the division between the North and the South. After +listening to this bold proposal of the French Emperor, Czar +Alexander, the man who had freed twenty-five million slaves in +one stroke of his pen, replied: "Tell your Emperor that the +United States is our friend and tell him also that it has the +same right to maintain a republican form of government as we have +to choose a monarchy. Tell him also that he must keep his hands +off and not meddle in its affairs for I will not allow anyone to +interfere on the other side of the Atlantic. He who strikes my +friend, strikes me." This answer in diplomatic language went the +same day to Paris and soon after Russian battleships<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> arrived in +the harbors of New York and San Francisco. There are still men +and women who remember them. They used to wonder why the Russian +men-of-war were lying peacefully in American waters. President +Lincoln could have given the answer, for in a private message +from the Czar he had been assured of the friendship of the great +Eastern Empire. He knew that the commanders of the Russian ships +had secret orders to act in case of necessity.</p> + +<p>But the American people have done more, for there came a morning +when the glorious winter sun of Russia greeted the Star-Spangled +Banner, when American ships landed on Russian shores ready to +protect us from a more cruel enemy—hunger. The cry of distress +from our famine-stricken villages had found an echo in American +hearts and the ships which came did not bear government orders, +they bore the tokens of love from one brother to another; they +brought us wheat and corn to feed our people.</p></div> + +<p>Madame Friedland told of the visit of the Grand Duke Alexis to this +country and of the poem read by Oliver Wendell Holmes at a banquet +given in his honor, and closed: "Thus an American poet has expressed +the feelings of his countrymen and women. God bless the United States! +Long life to President Roosevelt and prosperity to you all! In the +days to come and the years to follow may our two great nations stand +side by side in harmony and peace. May the Star-Spangled Banner and +the Russian Double Eagle soar aloft, not on battlefields, not against +any nation, but for a brotherhood of men in the federation of the +world." The opening session ended with the president's address by Mrs. +Catt, in the course of which she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In ready response to growing intelligence and individualism the +principle of self-government has been planted in every civilized +nation of the world. Before the force of this onward movement the +most cherished ideals of conservatism have fallen. Out of the +ashes of the old, phœnix-like has arisen a new institution, +vigorous and strong, yea, one which will endure as long as men +occupy the earth. The little band of Americans who initiated the +modern movement would never have predicted that within a century +"Taxation of men without representation is tyranny" would have +been written into the fundamental law of all the monarchies of +Europe except Russia and Turkey and that even there +self-government would obtain in the municipalities. The most +optimistic seer among them would not have prophesied that +Mongolian Japan, then tightly shutting her gates against the +commerce of the world and jealously guarding her ancient customs, +would before the century closed have welcomed Western +civilization and established universal suffrage for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> its men. He +would not have dreamed that every inch of the great continent of +South America, then chiefly an unexplored region over which bands +of savages roved at will, would be covered by written +constitutions guaranteeing self-government to men inspired by +Declarations of Independence similar to that of this country; +that the settlements in Mexico and Central America and many +islands of the ocean would grow into republics, and least of all +that the island continent of Australia, with its associates of +New Zealand and Tasmania, then unexplored wildernesses, would +become great democracies where self-government would be carried +on with such enthusiasm, fervor and wisdom that they would give +lessons in methods and principles to all the rest of the +world....</p> + +<p>Hard upon the track of the man suffrage movement presses the +movement for woman suffrage, a logical step onward. It has come +as inevitably and naturally as the flower unfolds from the bud or +the fruit develops from the flower. Why should woman suffrage not +come? Men throughout the world hold their suffrage by the +guarantee of the two principles of liberty and for these reasons +only: One, "Taxation without representation is tyranny"; who +dares deny it? And are not women taxed? The other, "Governments +derive their just powers from the consent of the governed." How +simple and unanswerable that petition of justice!... Woman +suffrage must meet precisely the same objections which have been +urged against man suffrage and in addition it must combat +sex-prejudice, a prejudice against the rights, liberties and +opportunities of women.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Catt closed her address with these words: "Yet before the +attainment of equal rights for men and women there will be years of +struggle and disappointment. We of a younger generation have taken up +the work where our noble and consecrated pioneers left it. We in turn +are enlisted for life and generations yet unborn will take up the work +where we lay it down. So through centuries if need be the education +will continue, until a regenerated race of men and women who are equal +before God and man shall control the destinies of the earth. It will +be the proud duty of the new International Alliance, if one shall be +formed, to extend its helping hand to the women of every nation and +every people and its completed duty will not have been performed until +the last vestige of the old obedience of one human being to another +shall have been destroyed."</p> + +<p>The presence of the foreign visitors and the greetings from abroad +made an original and pleasing variation of the usual program at +national conventions. The Evening with the Pioneers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> opened with the +singing by the audience of The Battle Hymn of the Republic, written by +one of them, Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, led by another, John Hutchinson, a +member of the famous family of singers, who the day before had +celebrated his 90th birthday. Miss Anthony presided and the Washington +<i>Times</i> said that she "was greeted with a storm of applause, the +convention rising as one woman and with waving handkerchiefs cheering +her to the echo for several minutes." The Loyal Legion of Women +through its president gave her an armful of red roses and in accepting +them she observed smilingly: "I can only say what I have often said in +late years—it is much pleasanter to be pelted with roses than stones! +The National Suffrage Association stands like a Mother Church with her +arms wide open to those who want to come in and we are especially glad +to receive loyal women."<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> + +<p>Mrs. Florence Fenwick Miller, a member of the London School Board for +nine years, brought greetings from Mrs. Priscilla Bright McLaren, 87 +years old, of whom Miss Anthony said: "She is an elder sister of John +and Jacob Bright. John was the great champion of manhood suffrage but +Jacob was still greater, for he was a champion of suffrage for women +also. Mrs. McLaren sent a loving and appreciative message to "the dear +American women who have so steadfastly held up the banner of woman +suffrage and especially to the octogenarians, Elizabeth Cady Stanton +and Susan B. Anthony," and closed it with a Christmas poem. Miss +Anthony recalled her last visit to Mrs. McLaren in Edinburgh three +years before and said: "I wish you could see how beautiful she looked +as she lay on the bed in her pretty white cap and blue dressing sack. +She is an inspiration to the women of Great Britain and she has been +to me."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Clara Bewick Colby (D. C.), gave a greeting from Mrs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> Stanton, +in her 87th year, and read her paper on Educated Suffrage.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> In this +able and scholarly document Mrs. Stanton said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The proposition to demand of immigrants a reading and writing +qualification on landing strikes me as arbitrary and equally +detrimental to our mutual interests. The danger is not in their +landing and living in this country but in their speedy appearance +at the ballot-box, there becoming an impoverished and ignorant +balance of power in the hands of wily politicians. While we +should not allow our country to be a dumping-ground for the +refuse population of the old world, still we should welcome all +hardy, common-sense laborers here, as we have plenty of room and +work for them.... The one demand I would make for this class is +that they should not become a part of our ruling power until they +can read and write the English language intelligently and +understand the principles of republican government.... To prevent +the thousands of immigrants daily landing on our shores from +marching from the steerage to the polls the national Government +should prohibit the States from allowing them to vote in less +than five years and not then unless the applicant can read and +write the English language.... To this end, Congress should enact +a law for "educated suffrage" for our native-born as well as +foreign rulers, alike ignorant of our institutions. With free +schools and compulsory education, no one has an excuse for not +understanding the language of the country. As women are governed +by a "male aristocracy" we are doubly interested in having our +rulers able at least to read and write.</p> + +<p>The popular objection to woman suffrage is that it would "double +the ignorant vote." The patent answer to this is, abolish the +ignorant vote. Our legislators have this power in their own +hands. There have been various restrictions in the past for men. +We are willing to abide by the same for women, provided the +insurmountable qualification of sex be forever removed.... +Surely, when we compel all classes to learn to read and write and +thus open to themselves the door of knowledge not by force but by +the promise of a privilege all intelligent citizens enjoy, we are +benefactors, not tyrants. To stimulate them to climb the first +rounds of the ladder that they may reach the divine heights where +they shall be as gods, knowing good and evil, by withholding the +citizen's right to vote for a few years will be a blessing to +them as well as to the State....</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Stanton had made her last address in person to a national +convention in 1892, when she resigned the presidency of the +association—that incomparable essay on The Solitude of Self—but she +never had failed to send her annual battle cry. The one to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> this +convention, which began the fulfilment of her dream of a world-wide +movement for woman suffrage, was written with all her old-time logic +and forceful argument and it proved to be her last, as her long and +valuable life was ended the next November.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton (O.) read the paper of Mrs. Caroline +Hallowell Miller (Md.), detained at the last moment, on Why We Come +Again, in which she explained why the suffragists would continue to +come to Washington and haunt Congress until their object, a Federal +Amendment, had been attained. The humor for which Mrs. Miller, a staid +"Quaker," was noted sparkled in its sentences although she protested +that she was entirely serious. Miss Anthony introduced Henry B. +Blackwell (Mass.) with the quaint remark: "He was the husband of Lucy +Stone; I don't think he can quite represent her but he will do the +best he can!" Mr. Blackwell briefly reviewed the agitation for women +suffrage during the first half of the 19th century. He told of meeting +Lucy Stone in 1850 and being so charmed he advised his elder brother +to make her acquaintance; of hearing her address a Massachusetts +constitutional convention in 1852 with William Lloyd Garrison and +Wendell Phillips; of making his own first suffrage speech in +Cleveland, O., in 1853 and of his marriage in 1855. In presenting the +next speaker Miss Anthony said: "Mr. Blackwell alluded to his brother, +who did not marry Lucy but Antoinette—the Rev. Antoinette Brown +Blackwell, the first ordained woman minister—who will now address +you." Her paper on Chivalry was a clear analysis of the changed ideas +of this word, touching with sarcasm on that of the days when the +effort for the rights of women began, a chivalry which gave the person +and property of the wife, the guardianship of the children, all her +legal privileges, to the husband. She traced the evolution from the +early privations of the pioneer suffragists to the honors that are now +showered upon them and drew a striking contrast between "the dying old +chivalry, which made itself the sole umpire of the benefits to be +granted, and the increasing new chivalry, which consults the +beneficiaries themselves as to their needs and desires."</p> + +<p>Miss Anthony then introduced the first woman ordained by the +Universalist Church, the Rev. Olympia Brown, who struck<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> the keynote +of her address in saying: "When we are vexed by the seeming +irrationality of some of our Congressmen, may we not explain it as due +to the fact that they are thinking of the kind of men who elected +them? The United States debars intelligent American women from voting +and says to the riffraff of Europe, 'Come over and help govern us.' It +is an experiment which no other country in the world ever did make and +no other ever will make and I predict that it will be a failure. It +will be necessary to call in the aid of the intelligent American women +and soon or late this will be done."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Elizabeth Smith Miller, daughter of the noted Abolitionist, +Gerrit Smith, was asked to rise and Miss Anthony paid glowing tribute +to him and to many men and women who had stood by the cause of woman +suffrage in its early days. The audience were pleased to enjoy once +more her informal and unique method of presiding, as glancing over the +audience she singled out veteran suffragists who had come to hear and +not to speak, calling them by name with some reminiscent comment. Her +eye fell upon William H. Bright, who sponsored the bill in the +Legislature of Wyoming which gave the first equal suffrage ever +granted anywhere to women. In answering the demand of the audience for +a speech he told how Mrs. Esther Morris had come from New York State +to Wyoming in 1867 and how she and his wife had persuaded him to +prepare the bill, which was passed by a Democratic Legislature and +signed by a Republican Governor. In response to a general request Miss +Anthony told the story, of which audiences never seemed to tire, of +that historic occasion when she broke all precedents by addressing a +Teachers' Convention in 1853. This interesting session closed with the +singing of Auld Lang Syne led by the venerable John Hutchinson.</p> + +<p>During a morning session Miss Gordon made her report as corresponding +secretary, saying that although it covered only the seven months since +the last convention it showed that 6,500 letters had been sent out +from the headquarters during this period. In 1895, when Mrs. Catt +became chairman of the Organization Committee, she had established +headquarters for her work in one little room in the New York <i>World</i> +building, that was really an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> annex of her husband's offices, and +begun the publication of a Bulletin, which was the organ of the +committee. In 1897 it became the organ of the National Association and +had now expanded into a quarterly paper called <i>Progress</i>, which was +edited by Alice Stone Blackwell, Ellis Meredith and Laura Gregg. A +preliminary edition of 100,000 had been sent out from the +headquarters, the expense borne by Boston women, and later 16,000 +copies of the October and 20,000 of the January editions had gone to +the 14,000 newspapers of the country, to members of Congress and +others. A monthly series of Political Equality Leaflets was also +commenced and a Course of Study for Clubs and individuals was +established for which a dozen or more books were published. These two +valuable features were carried on without any expense to the +association, as they paid for themselves.</p> + +<p>Miss Gordon described the National Conference held in Charleston, S. +C., February 3-4, at the invitation of the board of the Inter-State +and West Indian Exposition; told of the conference in Baltimore<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> +and said of the one in Buffalo: "The far-reaching effect and impetus +given to the woman's movement by the Congress of Women held in +connection with the Chicago Exposition, determined the Business +Committee's acceptance of an invitation to hold a National Conference +during the Pan-American Exposition. Too late did we learn that the +invitation extended included no responsibility whatever upon the +Exposition to further the success of the conference. Buffalo did not +represent an organized center and after several fruitless attempts to +form a local committee, the headquarters realized that every little +detail essential to success must be attended to by the board. From all +sides reports of the most discouraging nature were received as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> to the +absolute failure attending all conferences there but nevertheless we +started a vigorous correspondence and for five preceding weeks every +Sunday paper in Buffalo was supplied with matter from headquarters. To +make a long story short, September 9-10 witnessed our conference well +attended, with the night sessions crowded and success acknowledged on +all sides, even though we labored under the disadvantage of its being +held during the season of sorrow and distress in that city while +President McKinley's life hovered in the valley of the shadow of +death."</p> + +<p>Miss Gordon said that during the year Mrs. Catt had made a tour of +nine States and taken part in forty meetings. Referring to the efforts +made to have a woman suffrage clause put into new constitutions that +were being framed in several States she said: "The clause which lived +twenty-four hours in the Alabama Constitution, granting to taxpaying +women owning $500 worth of property the suffrage on questions of +bonded indebtedness, was killed by a disease peculiar to the genus +homo known as chivalry. In the case in point, the diagnosis revealed +that the fairest, purest and brightest jewels that ever shone under +the brilliant rays of God's shining sun would be immeasurably lowered +by voting upon questions relating to the taxation of their own +property. Yet, under the vagaries of this disease, this same +convention conferred on husbands the right to vote on their wives' +property. This is the same character of chivalry which gives the wages +of the brightest, fairest jewels to the husband, which makes +impossible equal pay for equal work and which classes the jewels with +the idiots, insane and criminals in that and other States."</p> + +<p>The program was so crowded with attractions that it left no time for +the usual conferences on work and campaigns, so they were placed at +9:30 a.m. As they had been so largely attended by visitors the +preceding year as to call forth a rule from the Board of Officers that +thereafter delegates only should be permitted to attend them, this was +not disastrous. Early morning conferences therefore were held on +Organization and Press and two others took the form of State +presidents' councils. The Plan of Work recommended again by the +Executive Committee and adopted by the convention urged work in +Congressional districts for the 16th Amendment; an attempt to secure +tax-paying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> suffrage; more resolutions by national and State +conventions; a campaign to secure suffrage speakers at Chautauqua +assemblies and State and county fairs; prizes for essays on woman +suffrage in schools and colleges; circulating suffrage libraries and +the general use of a suffrage stamp on letters.</p> + +<p>Two novel evening programs were devoted to The New Woman and The New +Man, the first with the following speakers: Mrs. Helen Adelaide Shaw +of Boston; Mrs. Elizabeth M. Gilmer of New Orleans, known far and wide +as "Dorothy Dix," said to receive the highest salary of any woman +journalist; Dr. Cora Smith Eaton, a prominent physician and surgeon of +Minneapolis; Miss Gail Laughlin (N. Y.) who had taken the highest +honors in the Law Class of Cornell University; the Rev. Ida C. Hultin, +a successful Unitarian minister of Boston. Miss Margaret Haley of +Chicago, who led the great fight of the Teachers' Federation of that +city to compel the big corporations to pay their taxes in order that +the public schools should not be crippled for lack of funds, could not +be present because of a crisis in the legal proceedings. Each of the +women representing the four professions of law, medicine, theology and +journalism, in addresses scintillating with humor, reviewed the early +prejudices which had been overcome, told of the large number of women +who had entered the field when the opportunity came but showed that +they could never have an even chance until there was complete +obliteration of sex prejudice. Little idea of their interest could be +obtained from fragmentary paragraphs.</p> + +<p>The house was crowded to hear about The New Man,<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> represented first +on the program by Oswald Garrison Villard, grandson of William Lloyd +Garrison and owner and editor of the New York <i>Evening Post</i>, who gave +a spirited and effective account of Women in the New York Municipal +Campaign. This was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> the first in which women ever had taken a +prominent part and it had attracted wide attention, a revolt against +Tammany corruption under Richard Croker. Mr. Villard told of the +remarkable work done by the Women's Municipal League under direction +of the Citizen's Union for the election of Seth Low as Mayor and a +reform ticket. He paid a sarcastic tribute to the assistance of the +women anti-suffragists. "To have been really consistent," he said, +"they should have urged upon their more emancipated sisters that +woman's sphere is the home and any steps that lead beyond it tend in +the long run to the destruction both of the home and of the eternal +feminine." He closed by declaring that "the Titanic struggle between +right and wrong in the great cities can not be won without the +cooperation of that half of the nation's citizens in whose hearts are +ever found the truest ideals of family and society, of city life and +State life and of national existence." At its conclusion Mrs. Catt +said: "And yet after Mr. Low was elected Mayor of Greater New York a +large number of the women who had helped him win the victory urged him +to appoint some women on the school board and he refused. So we must +suppose that he is willing to have women pull the chestnuts out of the +fire for men but is not willing to give them a share of the +chestnuts."</p> + +<p>A feature of the evening was the scholarly address of the Hon. William +Dudley Foulke (Ind.), president of the U. S. Civil Service Commission. +He objected to being classed as a "new man," since long ago he was for +several years president of the American Suffrage Association. "Men +would not be satisfied with indirect influence," he declared and +continued: "It is often said that woman suffrage is just but that +there is no need of it, because women have no interests separate from +those of men. That argument was used to me only lately by an eminent +political economist. I said: 'Suppose a railroad runs through a town +and a woman owns a large property in that town and yet cannot vote on +the question of raising a subsidy; are her interests necessarily the +same as those of every man in the town?' My friends, that case is +universal. Suppose a widow is trying to bring up her son in the +principles of morality and a saloon is opened on the corner opposite +her home. I do not speak as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> an advocate of prohibition but I do say +that the interest of the mother is different from that of the man who +sells liquor. Or suppose she is bringing up a daughter; she has a +sacred right to protect that daughter from a libertine. Her interest +is certainly different from that of the tempter.... We do not realize +what an immense waste there is in denying woman entrance to political +life. She ought to have free access to anything she is qualified to do +and where she is not qualified she will drop out."</p> + +<p>John S. Crosby, a prominent Democratic leader of New York, made a +thorough analysis of the functions of the State and the Government, +showed the utter fallacy of constituting men the governing and women +the governed class and closed as follows: "Attempt to prove that +woman's claim to the right of suffrage is as valid as any that man can +make would be like trying to demonstrate the truth of a self-evident +proposition.... We ask the ballot for woman not merely because she has +a right to it but quite as much because it is her duty to exercise +that right. The irresistible power of that all-embracing organization, +the State, holds you and me and all that are dear to us as its +helpless and often hopeless subjects. The combined wisdom of all of us +would be none too great for its intelligent administration and we +demand for our own sake and for the sake of those that shall come +after us that the wisdom of woman shall be included; not only that her +delicate, intuitional sense of justice shall leaven the lump of public +opinion but that her deft hand shall help to knead it into the bread +of righteous law. We ask as one of the rights that government is bound +to secure that in the administration of its power it shall make use of +the fullest wisdom of the whole people; that the entire popular brain +and social conscience shall take cognizance of and be responsible for +all acts of government. Not until then shall we see true democracy; +not until then shall we indeed have a government of the people, by the +people and for the people."</p> + +<p>The next day was one always commemorated by suffragists—the birthday +of Susan B. Anthony—this time the 82nd. The <i>Woman's Journal</i> began +its account: "As Miss Anthony sat at breakfast on February 15, with +one of the jars of delicious cream<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> before her that were sent her +daily by the president of the Maryland Woman Suffrage Association, she +was unexpectedly surrounded by the foreign delegates in a body. A +birthday greeting drawn up and signed by them was read aloud by Mrs. +Florence Fenwick Miller of England, while the rest, grouped behind +her, bent forward listening with attentive faces—a pretty picture. +Among the gifts which she received during the afternoon session were a +canoe full of flowers from 'one of the girls' with a poem; a handsome +feather boa from Mrs. Swift and Mrs. Sperry of California; a cup made +from the wood of the floor under the table on which the Declaration of +Independence was signed, presented in the name of Mrs. General Geddes; +a bouquet of red roses from Prof. Theodosia Ammons of Colorado +Agricultural College; potted plants from the Swedish and Norwegian +delegates; over $500 from Mrs. Fanny Garrison Villard, Miss Emily +Howland, Mrs. Kenyon, Mrs. W. W. Trimble, Miss Nettie Lovisa White, +Mrs. William M. Ivins and other friends; also quantities of fruit and +flowers. The address was as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We, the undersigned, Foreign Delegates to the first International +Woman Suffrage Congress, gladly take the opportunity of your 82nd +birthday to express to you our love and reverence, our gratitude +for your lifelong work for women, and are rejoicing that you have +lived to see such great steps onward made by the world at large +in the direction in which you led at first under such prejudice. +Praying that you may enjoy years of health, cheered by every +fresh advance, we remain, your loving friends,</p> + +<p>Florence Fenwick Miller, England; Sofja Levovna Friedland, +Russia; Carolina Holman Huidobro, Chili; Gudrun Drewsen, Norway; +Vida Goldstein, Australia; Emmy Evald, Sweden; Antonie Stolle, +Germany.</p></div> + +<p>[Later the foreign delegates gave Mrs. Catt a handsomely engraved +silver card case.]</p> + +<p>The Washington <i>Times</i> said of the occasion:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Rev. Anna Howard Shaw presented a large basket of fruit from +some of the principal suffrage workers with these touching words: +"Miss Anthony, you have been more than a leader to us of your own +country, more than a teacher, more than a counselor, you have +been our beloved friend. Take this with our love for you, dear, +dear friend." This completed Miss Anthony's conquest and she +almost broke down. There has been very little emotionalism in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> +this convention but for some minutes there was ample proof all +over the hall that being delegates to a suffrage convention had +not made any woman forget how to cry. Mrs. Catt finally came to +Miss Anthony's rescue in a little speech full of tender +appreciation: "The greatest thing about Miss Anthony to my mind +is her utter unselfishness and lack of self-consciousness. As we +came up the aisle the other night and the audience broke into a +thunder of applause for her whom all love, Miss Anthony looked +about to see what caused it and then asked: 'What are they +applauding for?' She credits all attentions to herself as for the +cause and it is dearer to her than life. Last night at an hour +when all respectable women suffragists should have been in bed, +the treasurer and I put our heads together and decided that we +would ask all of you to give a present to the association on Miss +Anthony's birthday instead of giving it to her. We know her well +enough to be sure this is what she would like best."</p></div> + +<p>Miss Mary Garrett Hay, the champion money raiser, then made the appeal +to the audience, who quickly responded with over $5,000 and she +received an appreciative vote of thanks from the convention. Mrs. +Harriet Taylor Upton, the treasurer, reported the receipts of the +preceding year as $13,581, with a carefully itemized and audited +statement.</p> + +<p>Among the most interesting and valuable features of all national +conventions are the reports of the work in the various States and yet +because of the large number it is impossible to give specific mention +or quotations. They were varied on this occasion by the reports from +foreign countries—Venezuela, Chili, Japan, China, Australia, New +Zealand, the Philippines, Porto Rico, Canada, Great Britain, Norway, +Sweden, Russia, Turkey, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium and +France. These had been obtained at the request of Mrs. Catt from +ambassadors, consuls or persons appointed by them and represented +months of labor. Several evenings were largely devoted to addresses by +delegates from other countries; one by Public School Inspector James +L. Hughes, Toronto; the English Woman in Politics, Florence Fenwick +Miller; the Australian Woman in Politics, Vida Goldstein; Women in +South American Republics, Carolina Huidobro; Women in Porto Rico, +Resident Commissioner Federico Degetau; Women in the Philippines, +Harriet Potter Nourse; Deborah, Emmy Evald, Sweden; Women in Egypt and +Jerusalem, Lydia von Finkelstein Mountford; Women in Turkey,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> Florence +Fensham, Dean of American College for Girls in Constantinople; Women +in Germany, Antoine Stolle.</p> + +<p>When the report for Porto Rico was made Miss Shaw supplemented it with +a graphic account of a trip to the West Indies with Mrs. Lydia Avery +Coonley Ward of Chicago, which she had just finished, telling of the +position of women, the marriage laws, etc. The work of the National +Council of Women was presented by the Rev. Anna Garlin Spencer (R. +I.); the report of the affiliated Friends' Equal Rights Association by +Mrs. Mariana W. Chapman (N. Y.), its president.</p> + +<p>The Sunday afternoon services in the church were conducted by the Rev. +Anna Garlin Spencer, assisted by the Rev. Olympia Brown and the Rev. +Anna Howard Shaw.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> Mrs. Spencer first defined the ideal of womanly +character held by the older poets and philosophers, quoting Milton's +line describing Adam and Eve: "He for God only; she for God in him," +and the expression used by the hard, old father of Tennyson's +"Princess": "Man to command and woman to obey." She then expressed the +modern ideal as that of devotion to the same essentials but different +in expression. "Woman is not called to a new kingdom but to a larger +occupancy of that which has been hers from the beginning. The woman +with the child in her arms was the beginning of the family; the hearth +fire and the altar fire grew from this; the elder child teaching the +younger was the beginning of the school. We are making over all these +inherited traditions and inherited tendencies and socializing them.... +The ideal woman is no longer a far-away Madonna with her feet on the +clouds; she is as divine but she is human. What means the humanizing +of religion and the passing of harsh, old creeds but that a greater, +more human, more womanly influence is felt in all the relations of +life."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> + +<p>Mr. Blackwell, chairman of the committee on Presidential suffrage, +said in his report: "This is the open door for woman suffrage in every +State in the Union. Any Legislature at any session by a majority vote +of both Houses, either separately or in joint session, without any +change of State constitution, can empower women to help select the +presidential electors on the same terms as male citizens. The power is +absolute and unqualified. Let women in every State petition their +Legislature to enable women to take part in this most important form +of suffrage known to the American people. It is objected to our demand +for woman suffrage that women do not want it and will not exercise it +if granted. This is now the only method of testing women's wish to +take part in their government. If by a general exercise of the right +they show their public spirit, the Legislature by submitting an +amendment to the State constitution can afterwards extend suffrage to +its citizens in State and local elections. This step will be the most +conservative way of procedure. The control will remain, as now, in the +hands of a Legislature elected by men alone. If it prove +unsatisfactory to the men of the State any subsequent Legislature can +repeal the law."</p> + +<p>A report of the International Suffrage Conference, which had been in +progress during the convention, and the forming of a committee to +further permanent organization, was made by its secretary, Miss +Goldstein, and the convention voted that the National American Woman +Suffrage Association should cooperate with this committee. The +nominations for office were made as usual by secret ballot and as +usual were so nearly unanimous that the secretary was instructed to +cast the vote. The only change in the present board was the election +of Mrs. Mary J. Coggeshall, for many years prominent in the work in +Iowa, as second auditor in place of Dr. Eaton, whose professional +duties required all her time. Invitations for the next convention were +received from Niagara Falls, Detroit, St. Louis, Denver, Baltimore and +New Orleans. The Board of Trade, the Era Club and the Progressive +Union united in the one from New Orleans, which was accepted and +cordial thanks returned for the others.</p> + +<p>The resolutions presented by Mr. Blackwell, chairman of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +committee, rejoiced in the suffrage already gained and the securing in +the past year of laws in various States giving equal guardianship of +their children to mothers and increased property rights to wives. They +called the attention of the Civil Service Commission to +discriminations made against women and emphasized the protest of the +preceding year against government regulation of vice in the +Philippines. Later at an executive meeting of the board a vigorous set +of resolutions was prepared, stating that the reports of Governor +William H. Taft and General McArthur admitted and defended "certified +examinations of women" in the new possessions of the United States. It +showed at length the results of government regulation in other +countries which had caused it to be abandoned and declared that "such +things ought not to be permitted under the American flag."<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p> + +<p>Mrs. Colby's report on Industrial Problems Relating to Women cited as +one example of discrimination: "An effort is now being made in +Congress to do away with the annual sick leave of employees, because, +it is claimed, women take so much advantage of it. Investigation +shows, however, that the per cent. of sick leave is highest in the +Inter-State Commerce Commission, where not a woman is employed—twelve +per cent.—and only seven per cent. in the Agricultural Department, +where a very large number are employed." She gave numerous instances +of unfairness against women on the civil service lists, said that +women wage earners must find a forum on the suffrage platform where +they can plead their cause and carefully analyze the industrial +problems especially affecting women. Mrs. Elnora M. Babcock, chairman +of the Press Committee, gave a comprehensive report stating that while +50,000 news stories and articles had been sent to the papers in 1900 +the number had increased to 175,000 during the last year and there was +reason to believe that three-fourths of them had been used. The +largest city papers freely accepted the articles.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p> + +<p>Former U. S. Senator Henry W. Blair of New Hampshire came in for one +session and was called to the platform for a speech. He was much loved +by the suffragists, as he had been one of the strongest champions of +woman suffrage during his many years in the Senate and had brought the +Federal Amendment to a vote on Jan. 25, 1887. (<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29870/29870-h/29870-h.htm#CHAPTER_VI">History of Woman +Suffrage, Volume IV, chapter VI</a>.) Letters of affectionate greeting +were sent to the pioneers and veteran workers, Mrs. Stanton, Isabella +Beecher Hooker, Mary S. Anthony, Jane H. Spofford, Sallie Clay +Bennett, Caroline Hallowell Miller and Abigail S. Duniway. The deaths +among the older and more prominent members during the year had been +many and fifty were mentioned in the memorial resolutions.</p> + +<p>The notable social features of the week were the afternoon receptions +given by Mrs. Julia Langdon Barber at her beautiful home, Belmont, and +by Mrs. John B. Henderson at Boundary Castle, the latter followed the +next day by a dinner for the officers of the association and the +delegates from abroad. Both of these well-known Washington hostesses +were early suffragists and had often extended the hospitality of their +spacious homes to the individual leaders and to the conventions.</p> + +<p>A very interesting address was given on the last evening by Madame +Friedland on Russian Women of Past Centuries. U. S. Senator Thomas M. +Patterson of Colorado presented a vigorous and convincing endorsement +of the practical working of woman suffrage in that State for the past +nineteen years and its benefits to women and to civic life. U. S. +Senator John F. Shafroth of Colorado, always a strong and loyal +supporter of suffrage for women, was on the platform. Dr. Shaw, +introduced by Mrs. Catt as "the Demosthenes of the movement," +delivered for the first time her impressive speech, The Power of an +Incentive, in which she showed how laws, customs and lack of +opportunity took away the incentive for great work from the life of +women. Until they can have the same that inspires men, she said, they +never can rise to their highest capabilities. No adequate reports of +any of these addresses exist.</p> + +<p>The audience waited to hear from Miss Anthony, who was thus described +by a writer present: "The picture that Miss Anthony<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> made during the +evening was one which the delegates will carry away with them to keep. +She wore a black satin gown with a handsome point lace fichu and +draped over her shoulders a soft, white shawl, while close by was a +large jar of lavender hyacinths. Her expressive face reflected every +mood of the evening and it now spoke pride, satisfaction and sorrow. +She told of the joy and gratification she felt in the wonderful galaxy +of women at the convention and the progress of her loved cause, and +when she voiced the wish that she might be with them at the next +convention her words were almost lost in a whirlwind of applause."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt in closing with a brief address one of the most noteworthy +conventions on record, called attention to what had been the key-note +of her speech before the House Judiciary Committee and said: "We have +asked of Congress the most reasonable thing a great cause ever +demanded—an investigation of conditions in the equal suffrage +States—and on its results we rest our case."</p> + +<p>Under the heading Impressions of a Non-combatant a writer in the +Washington <i>Times</i> gave the following opinion:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>If there is one convention among the many Washington has seen +which may be called unique, it is that of the National Suffrage +Association. There is nothing like it in the world. There is only +one Susan B. Anthony and there is practically only one suffrage +fight.... In the old days the power of an idea was the only thing +that could have waked up an interest and held the suffragists +together. It took faith and zeal and lots of other things to be a +believer in woman suffrage then. Now it only takes executive +ability and vim and a general interest in public affairs.... The +problems discussed were almost purely legal and economic, dealing +with the suffrage question proper, the wages of women and their +occupations. There was very little empty rhetoric but a good deal +of fun. In short, there are two extra senses with which most of +the delegates seem to be provided—common sense and a sense of +humor—excellent substitutes for emotion when it comes to +practical affairs. If the association ever loses the idealism +which is still its backbone it will be a political machine of +much power; it seems likely to be for the present a decided force +in the direction of civic reform.</p></div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>For a quarter of a century during the first session of each Congress +committees of Senate and House had given a hearing to representatives +of the National Suffrage Association to present<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> arguments for the +submission of an amendment to the Federal Constitution which would +enfranchise women, and at an earlier date to advocate other suffrage +measures. Because of the distinguished speakers from abroad the +hearings at this time were of unusual interest. The convention +adjourned for them on the morning of February 18 and the Senate and +House Committee rooms were crowded.</p> + +<p>All the members of the Senate Committee were present—Augustus O. +Bacon (Ga.) chairman; James H. Berry (Ark.); George P. Wetmore (R. +I.); Thomas R. Bard (Calif.); John H. Mitchell (Ore.). Miss Susan B. +Anthony, honorary president of the association, presided and said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, this is the +seventeenth Congress that has been addressed by the women of this +nation, which means that we have been coming to Congress +thirty-four years. Once, in 1887, the Senate brought the measure +to a discussion and vote and defeated it by 34 to 16, with 26 not +wishing to go on record. We ask for a 16th Amendment because it +is much easier to persuade the members of a Legislature to ratify +this amendment than it is to get the whole three million or six +million, as the case may be, of the rank and file of the men of +the State to vote for woman suffrage. We think we are of as much +importance as the Filipinos, Porto Ricans, Hawaiians, Cubans and +all of the different sorts of men that you are carefully +considering. The six hundred teachers sent over to the +Philippines are a thousand times better entitled to vote than are +the men who go there to make money. The women of the islands are +quite as well qualified to govern and have charge of affairs as +are the men. I do not propose to talk. I am simply here to +introduce those who are to address you.</p></div> + +<p>Miss Anthony then presented Miss Harriet May Mills (N. Y.), who spoke +from the standpoint of tax paying women, who in the towns and villages +alone of her State paid taxes on over $5,000,000 worth of property; +Mrs. Lucretia L. Blankenburg, president of the Pennsylvania Suffrage +Association, who showed the connection between politics and conditions +in Philadelphia; the Rev. Olympia Brown, president of the Wisconsin +association, who pointed out the need of both the reason and the +intuition in the country to govern it wisely. Mrs. Mariana W. Chapman, +president of the New York association, called for a Federal Amendment +to enfranchise women because of the principles on which this +Government was founded. Miss Gail Laughlin, a graduate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> of Wellesley +College and Cornell University Law School, made a strong argument on +the effect enfranchisement would have on woman's economic independence +and greater efficiency. Mrs. Jennie A. Brown, of Minneapolis, told of +the unlimited opportunities allowed to the women of the great +northwest which were largely counteracted by their political +restrictions. Mrs. Mary Wood Swift of California, president of the +National Council of Women, declared that the countless thousands of +the educated, developed women of today were fully equal to the +responsibilities of citizenship. Mrs. Lucy Hobart Day, president of +the Maine association, demonstrated the inferior and unfortunate +position of disfranchised women. Miss Alice Stone Blackwell, editor of +the <i>Woman's Journal</i> (Boston), indicated how every step of the +progress of women had been opposed by the same objections now made to +woman suffrage and submitted these objections and the answers to them +in a convincing statement which filled ten pages of the printed report +of the hearing.</p> + +<p>Miss Anthony introduced Mrs. Gudrun Drewsen, one of the foreign +delegates to the convention, who said in part: "Norwegian women look +back to the 25th of May, 1901, as a day of great victory, for on that +day a bill was passed in our Parliament which granted Municipal +suffrage to all women paying taxes on a certain limited income, about +$100 a year, or whose husbands paid on such income. This law has +thoroughly changed the position of the married woman and from having +always been a minor she has suddenly become of age. It may be of +interest to you of the United States, who can show so many tax paying +women without any right to vote, to know that we were not able to get +our Parliament interested in tax paying woman suffrage until the bill +included wives also. The immediate result of this law has been the +election of several women to important municipal positions; for +instance, members of the common council in the capital; members of the +board of aldermen; at one place chief assessor. Women may serve on +juries and grand juries and have been appointed members of special +congressional commissions. Several women doctors have been appointed +in public institutions, on boards of health as experts for the +Government, etc. Matrons have been employed at prisons<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> where women +are and special prisons for women in charge of a matron have been +established. On the whole we begin to see the glory of the rising sun +which will give us in a little while the bright, clear day."</p> + +<p>Miss Vida Goldstein, a delegate from Australia, began her address: "I +am very proud that I have come here from a country where the woman +suffrage movement has made such rapid strides. The note was first +struck in America and yet women today are struggling here for what we +have had in Australia for years, and we have proved all the statements +and arguments against woman suffrage to be utterly without foundation. +It seems incredible to us that the women here have not even the School +and Municipal suffrage except in a very few States. We have had this +for over forty years and we have never heard a word against it. It is +simply taken as a matter of course that the women should vote. They +say that as soon as women get this privilege they are going to lose +the chivalrous attentions of men. Let me assure you that a woman has +not the slightest conception of what chivalry means until she gets a +vote...." Miss Goldstein told of woman suffrage in New Zealand and +produced the highest testimony as to its good results in both +countries.</p> + +<p>In closing the hearing Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, national vice president, +said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Our association desires you not only to report the resolution for +this amendment favorably but to recommend the appointment of a +committee to investigate this subject. Years ago when our women +came before you we had nothing but theory to give you, what we +believed would be the good results of woman suffrage if it were +granted. The opponents had their theories and they stated the +evils they believed would follow. The theory of one person is as +good as that of another until it has been put to the test, but +after that both sides must lay aside all theory and stand or fall +upon facts. In four States women have the full suffrage. For more +than thirty years they have been exercising it in Wyoming equally +with men; in Colorado for nine years and in Utah and Idaho for +six years. We do believe that from six to thirty years is long +enough time to measure its effect. What we would like better than +anything else is that Congress should appoint a committee of +investigation, and that such a committee should investigate the +result of woman suffrage in the States where it has already been +granted.... So sure are we its report would be favorable that we +are perfectly willing to stake our future on it. While we do not +claim that only good would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> come from woman suffrage, we do +believe that among all the people of a community or of a nation +there are more good men and women than there are bad men and +women, and that when we unite the good men and good women they +will be able to carry measures for the general welfare and we +will have better laws and conditions.</p></div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>At the hearing before the House Judiciary Committee, Representative +John J. Jenkins, in the chair, expressed regret that George W. Ray of +New York, the chairman, was unavoidably absent and said: "He is very +much in sympathy with what the ladies desire to say this morning—much +more so than the present occupant of the chair." Mrs. Carrie Chapman +Catt, president of the National American Suffrage Association, who had +charge of the hearing, said: "Mr. Chairman, we have just been holding +an International Woman Suffrage Conference in the city of Washington, +eight nations having sent official delegates from woman suffrage +organizations, and several others have cooperated through +correspondence, and we have invited representatives of these nations +to come to you this morning and present some facts concerning the +practical operation of suffrage in countries other than our own. Our +first speaker will be Miss Vida Goldstein of Australia." Miss +Goldstein gave in substance the address which will be found in the +report of the Senate hearing, after which Mrs. Catt said: "Although I +have been a resident and taxpayer in four different States and able to +qualify as a voter I have never been permitted any suffrage whatever. +I now have the privilege of introducing a Russian woman who has been a +voter in her country ever since she was 21." Madame Friedland said in +part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Committee: In a country like +Russia, with an absolute government, there is but little suffrage +for either men or women but the little there is is equally shared +by both. We do not, of course, vote for Czars; neither do we vote +for Governors but the municipal officers are elected by the votes +of the real estate owners regardless of sex. The woman, however, +does not vote in person but transfers her vote to her husband, +her son or her son-in-law and in case these are unable to vote +for her she has the right to delegate her vote to an outsider. He +simply has the proxy and votes as the woman dictates.</p> + +<p>Russia, whose political institutions are the least liberal in +Europe, has the most liberal laws in regard to the civil capacity +of her women.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> Every woman, married or single, if she is of age, +enjoys complete civil capacity. Marriage does not in any way +change the rights of husband and wife over the property they +possess or may acquire. The husband has no legal right whatever +over the property of his wife and she is by no means under his +guardianship. This may account for the fact that we have less +divorce than in many other countries. We have different laws for +the different social classes. A nobleman will pay his taxes +according to the law for the nobility, while his wife may be a +commoner and have to pay hers according to the laws for the +commoners, but both are taxpayers and consequently both are +voters. It is quite a common thing to see a woman of the people, +a peasant woman, take her place and often her husband's place, as +he has a right to delegate his vote to her at elections, and she +may also take it at county meetings and assemblies of every kind. +Lately the government of the peasantry have made an effort to +deprive the women of the right to hold office but the Senate has +prevented them on the ground that if women share the hard +struggle for existence with the men, as they do in our remote +rural districts, they must also share the privileges. Gentlemen, +I hope I have your sympathy with the ideas practiced in my +country for our women.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Catt said of her next speaker: "It is eminently proper that a +woman of Sweden should address you, where women have voted longer than +anywhere else in the world."</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mrs. Emmy Evald. I stand before this legislative power of America +representing a country where women have voted since the 18th +century, sanctioned in 1736 by the King. The men gave suffrage to +the women without their requesting it, because they believed that +taxation without representation is tyranny. The taxpayer's vote +is irrespective of sex. Women vote for every office for which +their brothers do and on the same terms, except for the first +chamber of the Riksdag. They have the Municipal and School +suffrage, votes for the provincial representatives and thus +indirectly for members of the House of Lords.</p> + +<p>Women are admitted to the postal service on equal salaries with +men. In the railway service, which is controlled by the +Government, women have ever since 1860 been employed in the +controlling office and ticket department and in the telegraph and +telephone service, which are owned by the Government. In 1809 +women were given the rights of inheritance and in the same year +equal matrimonial rights. The colleges and universities are open +to them and they receive degrees the same as men. All professions +are open except the clerical. Women teachers are pensioned +equally with men. Tax paying women have voted in church matters +since 1736. Every woman is taxed in the Lutheran Church in +America but has no vote and the women blame the Americans because +the clergy educated here imbibed the false spirit of liberty and +justice.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> + +<p>You can not trust the ballot into the hands of women teachers in +the public schools but you give it to men who can not read or +write. You can not trust the ballot to women who are controlling +millions of money and helping support the country but you give it +to loafers and vagabonds who know nothing, have nothing and +represent nothing. You can not trust the ballot in the hands of +women who are the wives and daughters of your heroes but you give +it to those who are willing to sell it for a glass of beer and +you trust it in the hands of anarchists. Oh, men, let justice +speak and may the public weal demand that this disfranchisement +of the noble American women shall be stopped.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Catt then introduced to the committee Miss Isabel Campbell, +daughter of former Governor Campbell of Wyoming, who in 1869 signed +the bill which enfranchised the women of the Territory; Prof. +Theodosia Ammons of the Colorado University of Agriculture and Mrs. +Ida M. Weaver, a resident of Idaho. Each gave a comprehensive report +of the practical working of woman suffrage in her State; the large +proportion of women who voted; their appointment on boards and +election to offices; the result in improved polling places, better +candidates and cleaner politics; higher pay for working women; the +advantages to the community; the comradeship between men and women and +the general satisfaction of the people with the experiment. Their +reports as a whole offered unimpeachable testimony in favor of the +enfranchisement of women.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Florence Fenwick Miller in her address said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I have been asked to direct especially my attention to the +position of women in England. I hope you, as members of a +republic, will be ashamed to hear that the monarchy of England +gives its women citizens a great many rights which you deny to +yours, that we have had those rights for so many years that +nobody talks about them. When I am asked to give you testimony as +to the smooth working of the women's vote in all local affairs, I +am at a loss to know what to say, because it runs along so easily +and naturally, so like breathing the air in a thoroughly healthy +state of the lungs, that there is absolutely nothing to be said. +Men and women vote on equal terms and the woman's vote is as much +a matter of course as the man's.</p> + +<p>The local government of England is divided among a number of +different bodies. We have the school boards, established in 1870, +which have managed the elementary education of the country, now +compulsory and free. They spend very large sums of the taxpayers' +money and for them every woman who pays taxes has a vote. Any +woman whom the electors choose is entitled to take a seat on +them.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> There are at present not only hundreds of thousands of +women voting for the school boards but there are 276 women +sitting as representatives upon those of England alone. I myself +have for nine years been a member of the school board of London, +sitting for one of the great divisions called Hackney, which has +60,000 voters. My election committee was composed of men and +women. Men worked for me very hard indeed!... The next great +local governing bodies are the boards of guardians of the poor. +These bodies spend annually about $127,000,000, which they raise +from the taxpayers, men and women. These are huge organizations. +Many of the workhouses contain over 1,000 persons; besides which, +outside relief in money or food or medical aid is given. Every +woman who is a taxpayer can vote for a member of these boards. +Women are eligible to sit on them the same as men. There are +nearly 1,000 women on the boards.</p> + +<p>Women may vote for the municipalities, for the town councils. I +can not offer you any illustration of how the women's vote has +improved them for the simple reason that when those councils were +instituted in 1869 the Parliament of a monarchy was sufficiently +large-minded to perceive that women ought to vote for them; that +they have to pay their taxes and where a woman stands at the head +of a household she is not only equally entitled to representation +in regard to the spending of her money but also she is as much +concerned with the work that the councils have to do as any man. +This was so obviously just that women were given the right to +vote on them and have exercised that right ever since.... The +women vote as fully as the men do.</p> + +<p>We have district, parish and county councils, which have to a +considerable extent the moral and the intellectual government of +the cities under them, licensing of places of amusement, public +parks, technical education for young people over school age and +so on. The building of homes for the poor, the oversight of +lunatic asylums and matters of that kind, they have under their +authority. These were established in 1884 and the women who had +voted so well for many years for school boards and town councils +of course were given the right to vote for the new county +councils.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Miller went fully into the work of women on borough and county +councils and closed her valuable address by saying: "Gentlemen, the +work of women in English public life has not only been unattended with +any mischief but has been a great force for service and benefit. +Surely American men can trust their sisters as our men have for the +past generation trusted us, to their own as well as our advantage."</p> + +<p>In closing the hearing to which the committee gave the strictest +attention, Mrs. Catt said in part:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I have a favor to ask of this committee in an official capacity; +it is something we have never asked before.... We have brought to +you testimonials of the success of woman suffrage in operation +throughout the world and I think that if any man among you were +called to stand before a committee and give in five or ten +minutes some proof of the favorable results of man suffrage, he +would find it a very difficult thing to do. What I now ask in +behalf of our association is that this committee will request the +House of Representatives to appoint a commission to investigate +the results of woman suffrage in operation. This has never been +done....</p> + +<p>We ask you in the interest of fairness to see that this +commission is appointed to investigate woman suffrage in exactly +the same spirit it would use if it were investigating man +suffrage in Cuba. We ask you to chase down to its lair every +single charge and objection that has been made and if when an +honest commission has made an honest investigation you discover +that woman suffrage has proved a good thing, if you find that it +has proved as beneficial to women as man suffrage has proved to +men, then we shall expect that another Judiciary Committee will +give a favorable report and ask Congress to submit a 16th +Amendment. And if you discover that it is not a good thing, then +I promise you in behalf of our association that we will turn our +guns into those States and see that it is made a good thing; for +never so long as there are women who are educated, women who +think for themselves, will they rest content until they have the +only weapon that governments can give them for defending liberty +and pursuit of happiness. We stand before you as citizens of the +United States, qualified, intelligent, taxpaying women, who +demand for ourselves the same right to make the Government under +which we live that has been given to men.</p></div> + +<p>No commission was appointed, no report was made by Senate or House +Committee and there were no definite results of such appeals as never +had been made by men for the franchise in this or any other country.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Part of Call: An International Woman Suffrage Conference +will be held in connection with this annual convention, to which +suffrage associations of fourteen countries have been invited to send +delegates. +</p><p> +The principles which for a century have stood as the guarantee of +political liberty to American men, "Taxation without representation is +tyranny," and "Governments derive their just powers from the consent +of the governed," can no longer be claimed as belonging to the United +States alone for they have been adopted by all civilized nations. The +steadily increasing acceptance of the belief that self-government is +the highest form of government has revolutionized the popular thought +of the world within the last fifty years. During that period all newly +established governments have been fashioned after the model of a +Republic; while in most European nations and their colonies the +suffrage has been so largely extended that the mere skeleton of a +monarchy remains. +</p><p> +Logical thinkers the world over have been led in consequence to ask: +Are not women equally capable with men of self-government? What +necessary qualification fits men for the exercise of this sacred right +which is not likewise possessed by women? Are they less intelligent? +The statistics of schools, colleges and educational bureaus answer +"No." Are they less moral, peaceful and law-abiding than men? The +statistics of churches, police courts and penitentiaries answer "No." +Are they less public spirited and patriotic than men? The labors of +millions of organized women in noble reforms, in helpful charities and +wise philanthropies answer "No." ... +</p><p> +An International Woman Suffrage Conference for the exchange of +greetings, reports and methods forms a natural milestone on the march +of progress. All persons believing that the fundamental principles of +self-government contained in the Declaration of Independence and the +Constitution of the United States apply to women as well as to men, +are invited to visit the convention and to unite in welcome to our +foreign guests. +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="authors" summary="authors"> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Honorary Presidents.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Susan B. Anthony</span>,</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Carrie Chapman Catt</span>, President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anna Howard Shaw</span>, Vice-president-at-Large.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Kate M. Gordon</span>, Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Alice Stone Blackwell</span>, Recording Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Harriet Taylor Upton</span>, Treasurer.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Laura Clay</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Auditors.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Cora Smith Eaton</span>,</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28020/28020-h/28020-h.htm#Page_543">History of Woman Suffrage, Volume I, page 543</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> "February could be appropriately marked on the calendar +as woman's month at the national capital. For many years one or more +national bodies of women have met in Washington some time in February. +This year an unusually large number are assembling. On February 17, +the day before the National Suffrage Convention ends, the Continental +Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution will open to +continue five days. The fourth triennial of the National Council of +Women of the United States will begin on February 19 and extend over +the 25th. The National Congress of Mothers will convene February 25 +and be in session until the 28th."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> The following pioneer workers for woman suffrage were +seated on the platform, their ages averaging more than 75 years: Mrs. +Virginia Clay Clopton, Ala.; A. E. Gridley, the Hon. Simon Wolf, Mrs. +S. E. Wall, Mrs. Olive Logan, Mrs. Belva A. Lockwood, Dr. A. D. Mayo, +Miss Eliza Titus Ward, D. C.; Mrs. Mary B. Trimble, Ky.; Mrs. Caroline +E. Merrick, La.; Mrs. Helen Coffin Beedy, Dr. Abbie M. Fulton, Mrs. +Charlotte Thomas, Me.; Mrs. Harriet Jackson, Md.; Mrs. William Lloyd +Garrison, Mass.; Mrs. Helen P. Jenkins, Mrs. Emily B. Ketcham, Mich.; +Mrs. Phœbe Wright, N. J.; Mrs. H. E. Burger, Miss Mary Anthony, +Mrs. Elizabeth Smith Miller, N. Y.; Mrs. Harriet B. Stanton, O.; Dr. +Jane V. Meyers, Mrs. G. M. S. P. Jones, Dr. Agnes Kemp, John K. +Wildman, Dr. and Mrs. C. Newlin Pierce, Penn.; Mrs. Virginia D. Young, +S. C.; Mrs. Emmeline B. Wells, Utah; Miss Laura Moore, Vt.; Mrs. M. H. +Grove, W. Va.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Miss Anthony had objected strongly to Mrs. Stanton's +letter to the convention of 1901 criticising the church, and she did +not approve of demanding an educational requirement for the suffrage +when women would have to obtain it by consent of men of all classes. +Mrs. Stanton's letter, therefore, was sent for Mrs. Colby to read, who +was in sympathy with its sentiment.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> The Charleston conference was held in the Assembly Room +of the Woman's Building, welcomed by Mayor Smyth, Mrs. S. C. Simons, +president of the women's department, and Mrs. Virginia D. Young in +behalf of the State Press Association. Mrs. Catt responded and later +Mr. Blackwell made an address. Among the speakers here and in German +Artillery Hall was the Hon. R. R. Hemphill (S. C.), always a staunch +advocate of woman suffrage. An afternoon reception was given by the +Woman's Board. The <i>News and Courier</i> and other papers had long and +excellent reports. +</p><p> +The Baltimore conference was held a few days later in the main +auditorium of the Central Y. M. C. A. Hall, with the Rev. Anna Howard +Shaw presiding. It was welcomed by Dr. E. O. Janney of Johns Hopkins +Medical School, and the national speakers were Miss Laura Clay, +president of the Kentucky Equal Rights Association; Dr. Cora Smith +Eaton, Judge J. G. Flenner of Idaho; the Rev. Olympia Brown, Mrs. +Colby, Miss Gordon and Mr. and Miss Blackwell.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> A Washington paper said: "There were a good many men in +the audience and they did not look much as they do in the comic +papers. The suffragists' husbands in caricature are consumptive, +cadaverous, insignificant mortals, trailing around in the wake of +rambunctious and overwhelming wives; but most of the men who mixed +themselves up with this convention looked as if they could not very +easily have been dragged there if they had not wanted to come. Some of +them were six feet tall and broad in proportion and none of them +looked as if they had been in the habit of asking their wives for +permission to think. They did not act like cats in a strange garret +either but as if they were having the time of their lives. No wonder; +when a man does make up his mind to come out for woman suffrage he can +depend upon it he is going to be appreciated."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Besides the women ministers mentioned in this chapter +sessions were opened by the Rev. Ulysses G. B. Pierce, the Rev. John +Van Schaick, Jr., the Rev. Alexander Kent and the Rev. Donald C. +McLeod, all of Washington. +</p><p> +The excellent musical program was in charge of Miss Etta Maddox of +Baltimore. She was a graduated lawyer but the courts of Maryland had +refused her permission to practice, as contrary to law. After the +convention she was accompanied to Baltimore by Miss Laura Clay, Mrs. +J. Ellen Foster, an attorney of Iowa; Miss Gail Laughlin, a New York +lawyer; Dr. Cora Smith Eaton and Mr. Blackwell. The Judiciary +Committee of the State Senate granted a hearing conducted by Miss +Maddox. By the end of March both Senate and House had passed a bill +giving women the right to practice law.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Miss Anthony, Mrs. Catt, Mrs. Upton and Miss Blackwell +were made a committee to present the matter to President Roosevelt. +Protests arose from all parts of the country and before they had time +to call on him he declared himself opposed to "regulated vice." The +dispatches of March 22 announced that a general order signed by +Secretary Root had gone from the War Department to Manila that no more +"certificates" would be issued but that soldiers as well as women +would be inspected and cases of disease would be sent to the +hospital.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<h3>THE NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1903.</h3> + + +<p>In 1903 the National American Suffrage Association for the second time +took its annual convention to a southern State and held it in New +Orleans, March 15-25, in Athenaeum Hall.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> The <i>Woman's Journal</i> +said: "To the northern delegates there was something almost magical in +the sudden change from snowdrifts and nipping winds to balmy air and a +temperature like June. The delicious climate of Louisiana in spring +has not been exaggerated and it seems wonderful to find roses in bloom +in March, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> wistaria vines in a cloud of purple blossom and the +grass an emerald green.... The delegates were enthusiastic over the +quaint houses surrounded by palms, bananas and great live oaks, a +pleasing novelty to most of them."</p> + +<p>The hostess of the convention was the Era Club, the largest +organization of women in the city, its title—<span class="smcap">era</span>—cleverly concealing +Equal Rights Association. It was founded in 1896; Miss Kate Gordon, +the present secretary of the National Association, was formerly its +president and her sister, Miss Jean M. Gordon, now filled that office. +On the first afternoon the spacious and beautiful home of Mrs. Reuben +Bush, prominent in club and civic work, was opened for the club to +entertain the officers, delegates and a large number of invited +guests. Sunday evening all were received informally in the charming +home of Misses Kate, Fanny and Jean Gordon.</p> + +<p>The excellent convention program was prepared by Miss Kate Gordon. The +first evening session was opened with prayer by the Right Reverend +Davis Sessums, Episcopal Bishop of Louisiana, who said in the course +of it: "Prosper, we beseech thee, the deliberations of this +association whose representatives are here assembled and direct and +rule their judgment and actions in all things to the furtherance of +truth and justice, so that their work may be an abiding work and +contribute to the growth of true religion and civilization, to the +happiness of homes and to the advancement of Thy Kingdom."</p> + +<p>The <i>Picayune</i> thus described the occasion: "In the presence of a +magnificent audience that packed the Athenæum to its utmost capacity, +the thirty-fifth annual convention of the National American Woman +Suffrage Association was formally opened last night, with the +president, Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, in the chair. Seldom perhaps in +its history has the association received such a greeting, for the +audience was not only deeply interested and sympathetic but it was +representative of the finest culture in the city and State. +Distinguished jurists, physicians and teachers, staid men of business +and leaders in many lines united with women of the highest social +standing in giving the convention a hearty and earnest welcome. Many +were no doubt attracted by the memory of the former visits of Miss +Susan B.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> Anthony and Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt and the remarkable +personality of the pioneer suffrage workers, but whether they came +from pure interest in these famous leaders or deep sympathy with the +cause, all were generous in giving to both the credit and applause +they justly deserved....</p> + +<p>Mayor Paul Capdeville, who was to welcome the convention, was ill and +this was very acceptably done by "Tom" Richardson, secretary of the +Progressive Union, an important commercial body of 1,600 members that +had joined in the invitation for it to come to New Orleans and +contributed the rent of the Athenæum. He expressed his pleasure at +being associated with the suffragists of the city, "who had never +neglected any opportunity to promote its best interests," and said: +"No other class of our citizens have done it so much good." He was +followed by the Hon. Edgar H. Farrar, an eminent lawyer, author of the +Drainage and Sewerage plan, who told of the valuable assistance of +women in the strenuous fight against the State lottery ten years +before and described the splendid work of the women since the +constitutional convention of 1898 had given them taxpayers' suffrage. +Miss Gordon read a poem of welcome by Mrs. Grace G. Watts and gave the +Era Club's welcome and then Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, who was presiding, +introduced Miss Anthony to respond. The <i>Picayune</i> said in its report:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Seated upon the platform was Miss Susan B. Anthony, the woman who +for two-score years stood the brunt of ridicule, sarcasm and +cartooning and never once was deterred from the course that she +fully believed to be the just and true one. Of the great leaders +in this movement she alone remains.... Spanning a distance of +forty years stood at her side Mrs. Catt, the younger woman who +has taken up the battle, and grouped around were earnest young +girls and middle-aged women fired with her enthusiasm and looking +up to her with a reverence that was very beautiful and a most +gracious tribute from youth to old age. When Miss Jean Gordon +advanced to present her with a great cluster of Maréchal Neil +roses and took her so sweetly by the hand and in the name of the +young women of today and of the Era Club thanked her for the +battles she had fought, the scene was most touching, representing +as it did the two extremes of the suffrage workers, those of +half-a-century ago and those of today.</p> + +<p>There was another there, a woman who has been very near to the +hearts of New Orleans people, who has never been aggressive in +her advocacy of the cause but whose quiet approval, whose +earnest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> sympathy, whose expenditure of time and money and whose +high social standing gave to it a strength even in those early +days that one of less ability and social position and more +pronounced opposition could not have secured. Mrs. Caroline E. +Merrick, the pioneer suffragist of Louisiana and the lifelong +friend of Miss Anthony, came in for her share of the honors of +the evening. With equal grace and tenderness Miss Gordon advanced +to her and offered her too the fragrant expressions of more +youthful workers. For a moment Miss Anthony and Mrs. Merrick +stood together, and the audience, rising to its feet in a great +wave of enthusiasm, waved handkerchiefs and fans in greeting. +Perhaps that precious hour of triumph, away down here in this old +southern State, as she stands nearing the border land of another +world, recompensed the great pioneer for much that she had borne +when life was young and audiences, as she said, less sympathetic. +Mrs. Merrick's remarks, also, touched a deep chord and roused the +audience to a state of earnest sympathy.</p></div> + +<p>Miss Anthony told of her visit to New Orleans in 1884 during the +Centennial Exposition, when she was the guest of Mrs. Merrick, and +spoke of Mrs. Eliza J. Nicholson, owner and editor of the <i>Picayune</i>, +paying a tribute to her and to the gifted writer, "Catharine Cole," of +its editorial staff, both now passed from earth. In Dr. Shaw's +eloquent response to the greetings she said: "Nothing has given me +greater hope for women and has made me prouder of women than the +splendid reserve power shown by southern womanhood for the last +twenty-five years. When your hearthstones were left desolate and your +bravest and strongest had gone forth never to come back, your women, +who had been cared for as no other women ever were cared for, who were +uneducated to toil, unacquainted with business requirements, averse to +them by instinct and tradition—when they had to face the world they +went out uncomplaining and worked with sublime heroism.... I am glad +to come among you southern women and to say that you have been an +inspiration to the women of the North and to whole world. The +daughters of those women of twenty-five years ago are the ones who +have made this splendid convention possible. Over our country now +there floats only one flag but that is a flag for women as well as +men. If there are any men who ought to have faith in women and in +their power to dare and do it is southern men, who owe so much to +southern women."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt then gave her president's address of which an extended<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> +press notice said: "Never was there a more masterly exposition of a +theme, never a more earnest or cogent argument. A distinguished +Justice of the Supreme Court who was present remarked to the writer: +'I have heard many men but not one who can compare with Mrs. Catt in +eloquence and logical power.' So the entire audience felt and at the +close of her magnificent discourse she was the recipient of an ovation +that came spontaneously from their hearts. The scene presented in the +Athenæum was indeed a remarkable one." The address was not written and +no essential part of it can be reproduced from fragmentary newspaper +reports.</p> + +<p>A discordant note in the harmony was struck by the <i>Times-Democrat</i>, +which, in a long editorial, Woman Suffrage and the South, assailed the +association because of its attitude on the race question. The board of +officers immediately prepared a signed statement which said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The association as such has no view on this subject. Like every +other national association it is made up of persons of all shades +of opinion on the race question and on all other questions except +those relating to its particular object. The northern and western +members hold the views on the race question that are customary in +their sections; the southern members hold the views that are +customary in the South. The doctrine of State's rights is +recognized in the national body and each auxiliary State +association arranges its own affairs in accordance with its own +ideas and in harmony with the customs of its own section. +Individual members in addresses made outside of the National +Association are of course free to express their views on all +sorts of extraneous questions but they speak for themselves as +individuals and not for the association....</p> + +<p>The National American Woman Suffrage Association is seeking to do +away with the requirement of a sex qualification for suffrage. +What other qualifications shall be asked for it leaves to each +State. The southern women most active in it have always in their +own State emphasized the fact that granting suffrage to women who +can read and write and who pay taxes would insure white supremacy +without resorting to any methods of doubtful constitutionality. +The Louisiana association asks for the ballot for educated and +taxpaying women only and its officers believe that in this lies +"the only permanent and honorable solution of the race question." +...</p> + +<p>The suffrage associations of the northern and western States ask +for the ballot for all women, though Maine and several other +States have lately asked for it with an educational or tax +qualification. To advise southern women to beware of lending +"sympathy or support" to the National Association because its +auxiliary societies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> in the northern States hold the usual views +of northerners on the color question is as irrelevant as to +advise them to beware of the National Woman's Christian +Temperance Union because in the northern and western States it +draws no color line; or to beware of the General Federation of +Women's Clubs because the State Federations of the North and West +do not draw it; or to beware of Christianity because the churches +in the North and West do not draw it....</p></div> + +<p>The <i>Times-Democrat</i> published this letter in full and endeavored by +its press reports afterwards to atone for its blunder. It had been +feared that trouble over this question would arise but no other paper +referred to it. The <i>Picayune</i>, <i>Item</i> and <i>States</i> were most generous +with space and complimentary in expression throughout the +convention.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p> + +<p>The reports at the executive sessions were possibly of more interest +to the delegates than the public addresses. Miss Gordon in her +secretary's report spoke of the 12,000 or 13,000 letters which had +been sent out since the last convention, many of them made necessary +by the International Conference of the preceding year, and of the +ending of its proceedings. To the 14,000 newspapers on the list to +receive the quarterly <i>Progress</i> the names of legislators in various +States had been added, and to the latter leaflets attractively +prepared by Miss Blackwell also were sent. She described the new +suffrage postage stamp, a college girl in cap and gown holding a +tablet inscribed: "In Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and Idaho women vote on +the same terms as men," to offset the prevailing ignorance of this +fact. Resolutions endorsing woman suffrage had been secured from the +National Grange, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> American Federation of Labor and a number of +large labor unions. For the first time in the history of the National +Education Association, three-fourths of whose members are women, a +woman had been invited to address their annual convention and the one +selected was the president of the National American Suffrage +Association. Mrs. Catt was cordially received by them in July at +Minneapolis.</p> + +<p>Four of the five morning sessions were given over completely to Work +Conferences. The usual ones on Organization and Press were held with +Miss Mary Garrett Hay and Mrs. Elnora Babcock respectively presiding. +The conference on Enrollment gave way to one on Literature, Dr. Mary +D. Hussey presiding, and a new one on Legislation was added. A +president's and a delegates' conference completed the list. The Plan +of Work again presented by the Executive Committee emphasized the line +of action adopted in the first year of Mrs. Catt's presidency and +urged that the States endeavor to secure recommendations of their +Legislatures asking the submission of a 16th Amendment; that special +efforts be made to secure the appointment of a Commission to +investigate the working of full suffrage in States where it now +exists; that correspondence be taken up vigorously with all members of +Congress giving them the arguments in favor of a Federal Amendment and +of a Commission on Investigation; that the association aim to double +its membership the coming year and that a catalogue of woman suffrage +literature be prepared for libraries.</p> + +<p>Only $3,000 in pledges were called for and $3,200 were quickly +subscribed.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> The treasurer, Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton, announced +receipts during the year of $18,310 with a balance of $6,183 now in +the treasury. "New York has always been the largest contributor and +paid the largest auxiliary fee," she said, "and it never has any aid +from the national treasury. Its temper<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> is always sweet and its +methods always business-like but to be sure it has always been blessed +by having one of its citizens as national president. This year, +however, Massachusetts has won the place at the head of the list." +Mrs. Catt reported for the Congressional Committee that Congress had +entirely ignored the urgent appeals of last year for a committee to +investigate the effects of woman suffrage in the equal franchise +States. Mrs. Sallie Clay Bennett (Ky.) made her usual strong plea for +an effort to secure from Congress Federal suffrage or the right to +vote for members of Senate and House Representatives. For many years +Mrs. Bennett, as chairman of the committee, had appealed to the +association for action but while it considered that the measure would +be perfectly valid it believed it to be hopeless of attainment. +[<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29870/29870-h/29870-h.htm#Page_6">History of Woman Suffrage, Volume IV, page 6</a>.] Mrs. Elnora M. Babcock +(N. Y.), chairman of the Press Committee, made a comprehensive report +of the constantly increasing favorable comment of the newspapers. Mrs. +Boyer, chairman for Pennsylvania, had placed 5,700 suffrage articles +and the chairmen of various other States had a proportionate record. +Miss Blackwell gave as a recipe for finding favor with editors: "Make +your articles short; make them newsy; don't denounce the men." Mrs. +Priscilla D. Hackstaff (N. Y.), chairman of the Enrollment Committee, +reported a good start on the nation-wide enrollment of men and women +who believe in woman suffrage.</p> + +<p>Henry B. Blackwell, chairman of the Presidential Suffrage Committee, +urged the southern women to petition their Legislatures, seven of +which would meet during the year, to give women the right to vote for +presidential electors. "The choice of President and Vice-president of +the United States," he said, "is the most important form of suffrage +exercised by an American citizen.... The King of England and the +Emperor of Germany are practically possessed of no greater political +power than our President during his official term," and he continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Here then is an open door to equal suffrage. Once let the women +of any State take their equal part in this great national +election and their complete equality is assured. Without change +of State or Federal Constitution, without ratification by the +individual voters, a simple majority of both houses of any +Legislature at any time in any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> State can confer upon women +citizens this magnificent privilege, which will carry with it a +certainty of speedy future concessions of all minor rights and +privileges. It is amazing that no concerted effort has been made +until recently to secure this right, so easily obtained and of so +much transcendent importance. Especially is it strange that in +States where iron-bound constitutional restrictions forbid any +exercise whatever of local or municipal woman suffrage and where +the social conditions make an amendment of State constitution +almost impossible, suffragists allow year after year to elapse +without any effort to get the only practical thing possible, +action by the State Legislature conferring Presidential suffrage +on women. Suffrage in school or municipal elections cannot give +us a full and fair test of the value of equal suffrage or of +woman's willingness to participate. Suffrage in State elections +cannot be had without amendment of State constitutions, always +difficult and usually impossible of attainment in the face of +organized opposition. Why not then avail ourselves of this +unique, this providential opportunity?</p></div> + +<p>Among other committees reporting was that on Church work, Miss Laura +De Merritte (Me.) chairman, and her recommendations were adopted that +the committee on National Sunday School lessons be asked to prepare +one each year on the rights and duties of women citizens; that +ministers of all denominations be urged to preach one sermon each year +on this topic; that all women's missionary societies be requested to +make it a part of their regular program at their annual conventions +and that a place be sought on the program of national conventions of +the Epworth League and Christian Endeavor Societies to present the +question of woman's enfranchisement. The valuable report of the +Committee on Industrial Problems Relating to Women and Children by the +chairman, Mrs. Clara Bewick Colby (D. C.) said: "Everyone can recall +instances of discrimination against women by factories, business +firms, school boards and municipalities, making it plain that women +are at a disadvantage as non-voting members of the community. As a +recent fact in regard to the government I would cite the order by +Postmaster-General Payne that a woman employee must give up her +position if she marries." The report continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Nearly all the appointments in the departments obtained last year +by women were as printers' assistants at a small salary. Not a +woman has been selected by the Pension Office in six years. In +1902 twenty-seven women were chosen as typewriters and +stenographers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> and 114 men. The Civil Service Commissioners are +compelled by law to keep separate lists of men and women who have +passed examinations and must certify to the appointing officers +from either list as specified by the heads of the bureaus, so +that it is quite possible for these to keep women out and fill +the places with voters. Commissioner W. D. Foulke not long ago +called the attention of the chiefs of bureaus to the fact that by +taking from the men's list down to the lowest point of +eligibility, while women who passed with a rank of 90 and over +were not chosen, the Government was not getting the skilled labor +to which it was entitled.</p> + +<p>The continued defeat of child labor protection laws in some of +the southern States and the conditions of children working in the +mines of Pennsylvania, as shown in testimony before the Coal +Strike Commission, show the need of woman's help in shaping +social economics and her powerlessness without the ballot.... How +can we get hold of the wage-earning women in mass and convince +them that from their own selfish and personal standpoint, if from +no other, they should join the ranks of those that are working +for the ballot? Talented speakers from the ranks of wage-earners +have thrilled audiences with their impetuous oratory but there +has been no general rally of working women to secure the ballot +for themselves....</p> + +<p>How can we stimulate in women of wealth and opportunity, whose +influence would be invaluable and whose support might give the +movement the financial backing it needs, a consciousness of the +solidarity of human interests, so they will see that from an +impersonal, unselfish standpoint, if they have no personal need, +they are under the most commanding obligation to add their +strength to ours to make better conditions for working women? We +might despair of reaching either the overworked, underpaid and +unresponsive wage-earner, or the indifferent, irresponsible and +almost inaccessible woman of fortune, were it not that all along +the social line we are linked by one common possession, our +womanhood, which, when awakened, is the Divine Motherhood and it +is to this we must appeal.</p></div> + +<p>Miss Anthony presided at the Friday evening public meeting, which was +opened with prayer by the Rev. Gilbert Dobbs, who said: "We invoke Thy +divine blessing, O God, upon this assembly and we rejoice that Thou +hast always opened the way for Thy consecrated servants—women—to do +well from the time of Miriam and of Deborah to the present. While not +often has the call been to women to don armor and press on to battle, +yet it may be that Thou hast reserved them for the battle of ballots, +in which they can secure victory for all moral good and aid in the +overthrow of every organized vice and infamy, so that there shall be a +higher type of public morals and nobler methods of government."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> + +<p>Mrs. Bennett spoke in her humorous and inimitable way on The Authority +of Women to Preach the Gospel of Christ in Public Places. Mrs. Rachel +Foster Avery (Penn.) under the title What's in a Name? told of the +efforts that were being made by the conservative women of Philadelphia +to reform municipal conditions through Civic Betterment Clubs, not by +the ballot in the hands of women but through the men voters. "Yet, +after all," she said, "are not these clubs doing good work for woman +suffrage under another name? For as these earnest but conservative +women find themselves in contact with life at so many new points they +are getting so used to all the things which go to make up that awful +bugaboo, 'politics,' that they will soon begin to realize that +politics affects for good or evil all the things which touch the daily +lives of every one of them. After awhile, perhaps sooner than most of +us think, they will join the ranks of the wiser women who are now +suffragists and who know that they want the vote and why they want +it."</p> + +<p>Miss Frances Griffin (Ala.) kept the audience in a gale of laughter +from the first to the last of her speech, which began: "My address is +put down on the program as 'A Song or a Sermon.' It is going to be +neither, I have changed my mind. Mrs. Catt's address last night +furnished argument enough to lie three feet deep all over Louisiana +for three years."</p> + +<p>The talented young lawyer, Miss Gail Laughlin (Me.), gave an address +entitled The Open Door, during which she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Suffrage is not the ultimate end but it is the golden door of +opportunity. Through the open door of suffrage the mother may +follow her child and still guard him after he passes the +threshold of home, and through it she can extend a helping hand +to mothers whose children toil in the mills of Alabama, the +factories of the eastern States and the sweat-shops of New York. +Through this door the protected women of the world may go out to +bind up the wounds of those who have fallen in the battle of +life.... The old-fashioned Chinese man thought his wife was not +beautiful unless she had little feet on which she could not walk. +Some of the young Chinese are learning that it is pleasanter for +a man to have a wife who can walk by his side. Formerly men +thought it desirable that a woman's mind should be cramped. The +modern man is beginning to find that it is more satisfactory to +have for a wife a woman whose mind can keep pace with his.... It +is more womanly and dignified for women to sit in legislative +halls than to stand around the lobbies.... This exclusion of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> +woman from the government today is a relic of the dark ages when +they were regarded as appendages to men and it was even doubted +if they had a soul. Men and women must rise or fall together and +travel the pathway of life side by side. We shall not attain to +the heights of freedom unless we have free mothers as well as +free fathers, free daughters as well as free sons.</p></div> + +<p>One of the notable addresses of the convention was that of the eminent +physician, Dr. Henry Dixon Bruns—a lifelong advocate of woman +suffrage—on Liberty, Male and Female, a part of which was as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I can conceive of but one watchword for a free people. It is +written between the lines of our own constitution and underlies +the institutions of every liberal government: "Equal rights and +opportunities for all; special privileges to none," understanding +by this that the Government shall protect all in the enjoyment of +their natural rights—life, liberty and the pursuit of +happiness—and that all who measure up to a certain standard +shall have a voice in shaping the policy and choosing the agents +of the government under which they live. I can imagine none +better than that now accepted by a majority, I believe, of the +American people, namely, evidence of intelligence and the +possession of a certain degree of education and of character +evidenced by the acquirement of a modicum of property and the +payment of a minimum tax. It was for regulation of the full +suffrage in this manner that I contended in our constitutional +convention of 1898, to wit: the admission to the franchise of all +women possessing these qualifications. I still believe that this +would have afforded the best solution of our peculiar +difficulties and have spared us the un-American subterfuge of +"mother tongue" and "grandfather" clause. If a vote could have +been taken immediately after the notable address made by your +distinguished president before the convention, I feel confident +that women would have been admitted to the suffrage in this +State....</p> + +<p>Keep ever in your mind that the professional politician is your +implacable enemy. To him an election is not a process for +ascertaining the will of the majority but a battle to be won by +any strategy whose maneuvers do not end within the walls of a +penitentiary. He knows that yours would be an uninfluenceable +vote, that you do not loaf on street corners or spend your time +in barrooms and he could not "get at" you; therefore he will +never consent to your enfranchisement until compelled by the +gathering force of public opinion; then, as usual, he will +probably undergo a sudden change of heart and be found in the +forefront of your line of battle.... Do not rely upon wise and +eloquent appeals to Legislatures and conventions. It is in the +campaigns for the election of the legislative bodies that you +should marshal your forces and use to the full the all-sufficient +influence with which your antagonists credit you. Secure the +election of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> men who do not give up to party all that was meant +for mankind and your pleas are not so likely to be heard in vain.</p></div> + +<p>The nomination and election of officers, both by secret ballot, were +almost unanimous and no change was made. A cordial letter was received +from Miss Clara Barton. Fraternal greetings from the Baltimore Yearly +Meeting of Friends (Quakers) were given by Mrs. Mary Bentley Thomas +(Md.); from the Supreme Hive of the Ladies of the Maccabees, the +largest business organization of women in the world, by Mrs. Emma S. +Olds, (O.); and from the Central Socialist Club of Indiana. The report +from the Friends' Equal Rights Association, an affiliated society, was +made by its president, Mrs. Mariana W. Chapman (N. Y.). In the report +for New York by its president, Mrs. Ella Hawley Crosset, she called +attention to the completion of the Fourth Volume of the History of +Woman Suffrage by Miss Anthony and Mrs. Ida Husted Harper. During the +convention word was received that the Territorial Legislature of +Arizona had given full suffrage to women but before they had time to +rejoice a second telegram announced that the Governor had vetoed it!</p> + +<p>The resolutions presented by Mr. Blackwell, chairman of the committee, +and adopted, rejoiced over the extension of national suffrage to all +the women of the newly federated Australian States; noted the granting +to Kansas women of the right to vote on issuing bonds for public +improvement and of an equal guardianship law in Massachusetts; +protested against "the recent action of the Cincinnati board of health +in introducing without legal warrant the European system of +sanctioning the social evil ... the object of a strong and growing +opposition wherever it prevails and favored the settlement of all +national and international controversies by arbitration and +disapproved of war as a relic of barbarism." Mrs. May Wright Sewall +(Ind.), president of the International Council of Women, who had come +to New Orleans to attend the executive meeting of the National Council +of the United States, as chairman of the International Committee on +Peace and Arbitration, spoke earnestly in favor of this resolution. +Miss Nettie Lovisa White (D. C.) was appointed a delegate to represent +the association at the Council meeting.</p> + +<p>The Saturday evening public session, with Mrs. Catt presiding,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> was +opened with prayer by the Rev. R. Wilkinson, in which he said: +"Almighty God, Thou hast always been pleased with consecration. We +pray Thee to look down upon these people gathered here—the women +whose lives have been devoted to a great cause. Send forth Thy light +so that they may achieve still more for Thee. In this work, men and +women, animated with a noble purpose, are combining their forces to +bring about the reign of righteousness and when that comes it will +take all that both can do to eradicate the great evils which men have +already wrought.... God bless this organization and may the +realization of its hopes be not far off! God bless the women engaged +in this work! God knows that if this city has in any way been lifted +up, it has been through the efforts of noble women. God bless them! We +want to feel that men and women are actuated by righteousness and are +working together to bring about its social and political +regeneration."</p> + +<p>Dr. Cora Smith Eaton (Minn.) thus began her address, Westward Ho: "The +geologists tell us that Louisiana and her sister State Mississippi are +built up of the particles of earth brought down by the great river +through the Mississippi valley," and after a picturesque description +she said: "Coming from the source of this river, travelling 1,500 +miles to its mouth, I find myself still on my native soil and I feel +at home; so all who have joined me on the way down the valley claim +kinship with you of New Orleans." She then paid tribute to the State +and its people and closed: "O, men of the South, your saviour is the +southern woman! Put into her hand the ballot of full enfranchisement, +like that you carry in your own hand on election day. Her interests +are identical with your own and she will hold your ideals sacred even +more loyally than you do yourselves." Mr. Blackwell gave one of his +customary logical and carefully reasoned addresses on Domestic +Imperialism.</p> + +<p>The Rev. Marie Jenney (Iowa) discussed the question Why Women do Not +Vote. She compared them to some wild ducks that were born in a +farmyard and as they were stepping timidly about the farmer said: +"Them ducks can fly, they can fly miles, but they don't know it." "One +reason why women do not vote," she said, "is the entire +self-effacement of many, and another is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> the kindness of many men. +These are lovely traits but they may be misapplied. Women sometimes +efface themselves to an extent that is bad for their men as well as +themselves, and men out of mistaken kindness shield their women from +responsibilities that it would be better for them to have." Mrs. +Virginia D. Young (S. C.), owner, manager and editor of a weekly paper +in Fairfax, announced her speech From the Most Conservative State, but +she did not say, as she might have done, that she had leavened the +State with woman suffrage sentiment. Her address was bubbling over +with the humor which seems inherent with Southern women.</p> + +<p>The Sunday services were held at 4 o'clock in the Athenæum, which was +crowded. The Rev. Anna Howard Shaw gave the sermon from the text: +"Hold fast that which thou hast, that no man take thy crown." The Rev. +Kate Hughes and the Rev. Marie Jenney assisted in the services. That +morning the latter had preached in the Unitarian church and Mr. and +Miss Blackwell had spoken in the handsome Temple Sinai to a cultured +Jewish audience by invitation of Rabbi Max Heller. A fine musical +service was arranged by Cantor Julius Braunfels. The next day they +received from the Council of Jewish Women a large bouquet of bride +roses and red carnations. Miss Blackwell spoke on A Righteous Reform +and Mr. Blackwell on A Modern Deborah. He paid a splendid tribute to +the Jewish race and declared that "the Hebrew history as recorded in +the Old Testament has been the principal source of our nobler +conception of woman's nature and destiny." He spoke of the prophetess +Miriam, of the daughters of Zelophehad, described the great work of +Deborah and said: "If, therefore, Divine Providence, for the guidance +of mankind, selected a married woman to be the supreme judge, the +supreme executive, the commander-in-chief of the army; to lead the +chosen people in war and peace, to rescue the nation from enslavement +and to rule over it in peace and prosperity for forty years, may we +not hope that He will raise up in your race modern Deborahs to +cooperate with the men of their race in the redemption of American +democracy from political corruption and misrule?"</p> + +<p>The interest did not diminish during the eight evening sessions. In +his invocation Monday night the Rev. Wallace T. Palmer said:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> "O Lord, +we account it a high honor and privilege to take part in this grand +work.... May those who are to speak tonight speak for Thy glory and +honor."<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> Dr. Shaw presided Monday and thus introduced the first +speaker: "Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch of Chicago is an attorney and +the wife of an attorney. The sign on the door is 'McCulloch and +McCulloch.' My interest in the firm dates from the time when I +performed the ceremony that united them for life." Mrs. McCulloch +began her address on Woman's Privileges by saying: "One of the +principal reasons why women do not obtain the ballot is because there +is rooted in the popular mind the notion that now the laws in all +respects are so favorable to women and grant them such great +privileges that they would gain nothing more by a vote but instead +might lose these privileges. A careful investigation of laws relating +to women's property, earnings, rights of action, eligibility to paying +positions, selection of family home, guardianship of children and many +others where women's interests are involved shows that these so-called +privileges usually give women less than men enjoy in the same States +and that the vote in their own hands is the only assurance of equal +privilege." After referring to the laws in other States Mrs. McCulloch +made a thorough analysis of those relating to women in Louisiana, +showing them to be archaic and unjust and wholly without special +privileges.</p> + +<p>The address of M. J. Sanders, president of the Progressive Union, was +enthusiastically received as representing the best thought of advanced +Southern men. He said in beginning: "I believe my own state of mind on +the woman suffrage question when I attended your first public meeting +last Thursday evening represented fairly the average male opinion in +this city—one of moderate ignorance and considerable indifference. +Since listening to the addresses here I have had my ignorance largely +dispelled and my indifference dissipated, I hope forever. It has been +my lot to attend meetings all over the country but never in my life +have I heard such eloquence, such logic and such glorious oratory as +in this hall during this convention. A cause that can<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> bring forth +such talent and devotion must have in it a great truth.... I have come +now to see that the franchise is not an end but a means to an end; +that the object of these women is not merely to escape injustice done +to themselves but to be able to take part in the great work of reform +which is calling for the best energies of the nation. I have seen +sufficient of the women who are working in this fight for suffrage to +believe that hand-in-hand with earnest men, as co-workers and equals, +in no way subordinate, they can furnish brains and power to remove a +vast load of the iniquities and inequalities of life and even in our +generation lift this country to a plane of civilization wherein the +masses shall have a chance for happiness and freedom."</p> + +<p>In explaining the absence of Dr. Julia Holmes Smith of Chicago Dr. +Shaw said: "She is detained because of illness of her husband and like +a good wife she puts him first and the convention second." Mrs. +Charlotte Perkins Gilman (N. Y.) spoke on the Duties of Today, +outlining her address by saying: "The strongest feeling of most women +is the sense of duty. The reason they do not see the practicability +and immediate need of suffrage is because they do not see the duty of +it. There is a gradual development of the sense of duty. The first +duty that we recognize is that of self-preservation—our duty to +ourselves. Then comes duty to our own, to our family, to those dear to +us, before which duty to self must and does go down unfailingly. These +two duties to one's self and to one's family are the foundation but +they are the beginning of life, not the end of it. Next comes social +duty.... In America we rank high in personal and family virtues but +not in public virtues. Our great need is for the deep and broad civic +virtues...."</p> + +<p>An interesting symposium took place one afternoon on The Need of Women +in Municipal Politics, with the following speakers: Mrs. Marie Louise +Graham (La.), City Politics is but a Broader Housekeeping; Mrs. Carrie +E. Kent (D. C.), The Home—the Ballot the Only Weapon for its Defence; +the Rev. Kate Hughes (Ill.), Justice Dictates, Expediency Confirms; +Dr. Sarah M. Siewers (O.), Men's and Women's Votes the Only True Basis +of Reform; Miss Laura E. Gregg (Kans.), The Stepping Stone to a Yet +Untried System of Government; Mrs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> Lucretia L. Blankenburg (Penn.), +Municipal Corruption under the Present System a National Disgrace. +Each topic was treated in a keen, incisive manner. Miss Gregg +described the practical benefit that the women's municipal vote had +been to Kansas. Dr. Siewers gave a dramatic illustration of the need +of women's votes in her own city of Cincinnati, which applied with +equal force to all cities. Mrs. Blankenburg emphasized all that had +been said by an account of conditions in Philadelphia, saying:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Franchises worth millions of dollars are given away to the +faithful. Contracts are let to those who will divide with high +officials; they are granted to the highest "responsive" and not +to the lowest "responsible" bidder. Merchants of vice are +licensed and protected. The police are ordered to be blind when +they should see keenest. Nearly every office has its price. Even +school teachers are blackmailed and forced to pay for their +appointment and civil service fades before political influence. +The assessors' lists are padded by tens of thousands of dollars +and majorities are returned to keep the "machine" and the party +it represents in power, regardless of the actual vote cast.... +The cry of the reformer is, "We must waken the better element to +save our cities. We must make honesty and morality the supreme +question in our politics." Who represents these if not women?... +Let us for the moment think of a great city where the mothers +have a voice in the laws which are designed to protect the +children and the interests of the home. Imagine the burdens of +city housekeeping being shared with the women who by training are +expert housekeepers. Picture a council meeting composed of +fathers and mothers discussing ordinances to promote honesty and +virtue, prevent vice and extinguish corruption. When this time +comes, we shall have less municipal depravity and shall prove to +the world that our experiment in democracy is not a failure.</p></div> + +<p>Dr. Augusta Stowe-Gullen, a prominent physician of Toronto and an +early suffragist, who had come as a fraternal delegate from the +Canadian Association, spoke of the excellent results of the School and +Municipal vote in the hands of women. "We have better officials," she +said, "and therefore less dishonesty but the greatest gain has been in +the educative and broadening effect on women and men. The polls, which +used to be even in old stables, are now in the school houses and the +general tone of elections has been improved." Later Dr. Stowe-Gullen +gave a long and thoughtful address at an evening session on The +Evolution of Government.</p> + +<p>The Memorial Service on March 21 was opened with prayer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> by the Rev. +Marie Jenney and the singing of "The Lord is my shepherd," by Miss +Gordon. Mrs. Catt, who presided, paid eloquent tribute to those who +had died during the year, among them Mrs. Esther Morris, to whom the +women of Wyoming were principally indebted for the suffrage in 1869; +to the Hon. Thomas B. Reed of Maine, one of the most distinguished +Speakers of the lower House of Congress and always a staunch supporter +of woman suffrage; to Madame Sophie Levovna Friedland, delegate from +Russia to the International Woman Suffrage Conference the preceding +year, who died soon after returning home; to Dr. Hannah Longshore, the +first woman physician in Philadelphia, and told of the bitter +opposition she had to overcome, adding: "She gave to the Pennsylvania +Association its splendid president, her daughter, Mrs. Blankenburg." +Mrs. Catt spoke also of Mrs. Cornelia Collins Hussey of New Jersey and +her boundless generosity, saying: "Often and often she sent a hundred +dollars to our treasury with a note: 'I have just sold a piece of real +estate and I want to give a part of the proceeds to the suffrage +cause.'" Miss Blackwell added to the tribute: "A quiet woman of Quaker +blood, never seeking office or prominence, she came to the relief of +our distressed officers on innumerable occasions. She once told me +that there were many who could write and speak for equal suffrage but +that the Lord seemed to have given her only one talent, that of making +money, and she meant to use it for the cause.... She was a great +believer in preaching the gospel of reform through the printed page +and she and her daughter, Dr. Mary D. Hussey, who was like-minded with +her, have sent out probably more equal suffrage literature than any +other two women in the United States. She placed the <i>Woman's Journal</i> +in a great number of college reading-rooms and sent it far and wide. +During the thirty-three years that the paper has been published—and +published always at a financial loss—she has been one of its most +steadfast and generous friends."<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> + +<p>"The palm of victory has come this year to Elizabeth Cady Stanton," +said Mrs. Catt, "but though she has gone it is still our privilege to +have her friend and co-worker, Susan B. Anthony,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> and I echo the +prayer of every heart that she may be here till all women are +enfranchised." Miss Anthony was most affectionately greeted and said: +"I feel indeed as if a part of my life had gone. Mrs. Stanton always +said that when the parting came she wanted me to go first, so that she +might write my eulogy. I am not a 'word-artist,' as she was, and I can +not give hers in fitting terms." She read from the last volume of the +History of Woman Suffrage extracts from her great speeches and related +a number of instances showing her characteristics. Dr. Shaw then began +a eulogy, which can only be marred in quoting from memory, by saying: +"Mrs. Stanton, Miss Anthony and Lucy Stone held up the standard of +truth and when they were urged to lower it in order to suit the ideas +of the world they answered: 'We will not lower our standard to the +level of your world; bring the world up to the standard.' ... I shall +always be thankful that I lived in the present age and knew these +women who never quailed in the face of danger. The side of Mrs. +Stanton that I like best to think of is her home life, her family +affections and her friendships. I was once a guest for several days in +the same house with her and other leaders and she was so vivacious, so +fresh, so full of joy of life that it was delightful to be with her. +She was so witty that no one wanted to leave the room a minute for +fear of losing something she might say. I used to love to see her +after she took a nap; though so advanced in years she would always +awaken with a look of wonder and pleasure like a child just gazing out +upon life."<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p> + +<p>Tributes also were paid to Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer of Massachusetts; +Mrs. Thomas M. Patterson of Colorado; the Hon. Albert H. Horton of +Kansas; Mrs. Addie M. Johnson of Missouri; Miss Anna C. Mott of Ohio; +the Hon. Lester H. Humphrey and Mrs. Hannah L. Howland of New York; +Dr. Marie Zakrzewska of Massachusetts and other workers in the cause. +Mrs. Gilman closed the services by reading her beautiful memorial +poem, In Honor, written for the occasion.</p> + +<p>A unique feature of the convention which lightened its serious tone +was Dr. Shaw's "question box," into which any one might drop a +question and at intervals she would take them out and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> answer them on +the spur of the moment to the delight of her audience. "If women +voted," was one of them, "would they not have to sit on juries?" "Many +women would be glad of a chance to sit on anything," she answered with +a smile. "There are women who stand up and wash six days in the week +at 75 cents a day who would like to take a vacation and sit on a jury +at $1.50. Some women would like to sit on a jury at the trial of the +sharks that live by corrupting boys and girls. It would be easier for +a woman to sit on a jury and send to the penitentiary the men who are +trying to ruin her boy than to be always watching the boy." Another +question was: "Have not men a better right to the suffrage because +they have to support the family?" She answered: "It is fallacy to say +that the men support the women. The men by their industry provide the +raw material and the women by their industry turn it into clothing and +nourishment. When my father sent home a barrel of flour my mother did +not lead us eight youngsters up to that barrel of raw flour at +mealtime and say, 'Children, here is your dinner.' When he bought a +bolt of cloth she did not take that bolt of cloth and wind it around +us and say, 'Children, here are the clothes your father has sent you.' +The woman has always done her full share of supporting the family. In +the South under the old régime she bore more than an equal part of the +care, for the planter could hire an overseer for the plantation work +but the wife could not hire one for the work of the house."</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding the utmost care and tact on the part of those who had +the convention in charge the "color question" kept cropping out. +Finally Dr. Shaw said: "Here is a query that has been dropped in the +box again and again and now I am asked if I am afraid to answer it: +'Will not woman suffrage make the black woman the political equal of +the white woman and does not political equality mean social equality?' +If it does then the men by keeping both white and black women +disfranchised have already established social equality!" The question +was not asked again.</p> + +<p>One of the able addresses during the convention was that of Mrs. Hala +Hammond Butt, president of the Mississippi Suffrage Association, +entitled, Restricted Suffrage from a Southern Point<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> of View. After +referring to the man's all-mastering desire for liberty from the early +history of the race the speaker said: "Did women not share with men +this craving for freedom, then would they justly be reckoned as +unnatural and unworthy members of the human family, but the same red +blood pulses in our veins as in yours, fathers, sons, brothers; we are +alive to the same impulses, our souls are kindled by the same +aspirations as are yours. Why should this, our ambition, be held in +leash by the same bond that holds the ignorant, the illiterate, the +vicious, the irresponsible in the human economy? What does the idea of +government imply? The crystallized sentiments of an intelligent +people? Then do we meet it with but half a truth."</p> + +<p>The speaker denounced with much severity the 14th and 15th Amendments +and said that by the restrictive educational qualifications now so +generally adopted in the southern States the spirit of the amendments +had been practically set at naught. "It was born of the instinct of +self-preservation," she said, but she deplored the political crimes it +made possible and continued: "There is an undercurrent of thought that +recognizes in its true proportions the value of an educated suffrage +to the South, a restriction based not upon color, race or previous +condition of servitude, not upon sex, not upon the question of taxable +property, but its sole requirement is the ability to perform worthily +the functions of citizenship. This is the only honorable solution of +those questions that are vexing not only the body political but the +body social of this Southern country."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Butt's speech was one of a symposium on the question: Would an +educational qualification for all voters tend to the growth of +civilization and facilitate good government? Mrs. Hackstaff discussed +The Relation which Government Bears to Civilization, saying: "The +government which will increase social and individual development most +is the best. Progress depends on whether the government will give the +opportunity for such development. The one that serves the people best +is the one that strengthens them by letting them take part in it." +Mrs. Eleanor C. Stockman (Iowa) spoke strongly on Suffrage a Human +Right, not a Privilege; Mrs. Clara B. Arthur (Mich.) on A +Disfranchised Class a Menace to Self Government; Mrs. Mary Wood<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> Swift +(Calif.) on Abolishment of Illiteracy, Its Ultimate Influence. After +calling attention to "the mass of ignorant immigrants who almost go +from the steerage to the polls"; to the enfranchisement of the +half-civilized Indian; to that of paupers, delinquents and defectives, +she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>All this great mass of ignorance goes into the electoral hopper +and the marvel is that no worse quality of grist is turned out. +It is true that the chief political schemers are by no means +illiterate but it is upon illiteracy in the mass that they must +depend to carry out their plans. An ignorant voter may be an +honest one but unless he is intelligent enough to study public +questions for himself he is an easy prey for the political +sharper. It is beyond the power of the pen to portray what a +magnificent government would be possible with an educated +electorate. The idea can be approximated only when we consider +how much we have been able to accomplish even with all the +inefficiency, vice and ignorance which are permitted to express +their will at the polls.</p> + +<p>It is because we have a noble ideal for the future of our +government that we make our demand for woman suffrage. We point +to the official statistics for proof that there are more white +women in the United States than colored men and women together; +that there are more American-born women than foreign-born men and +women combined; that women form only one-eleventh of the +criminals in the jails and penitentiaries; that they compose more +than two-thirds of the church membership, and that the percentage +of illiteracy is very much less among women than among men. +Therefore we urge that this large proportion of patriotism, +temperance, morality, religion and intelligence may be allowed to +impress itself upon the government through the medium of the +ballot-box.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Ida Porter Boyer substituted for her own address on Universal +Suffrage a Pretence a paper sent by Rudolph Blankenburg, one of +Philadelphia's most distinguished citizens, entitled: Not Sex but +Intelligence, in which he said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>That universal suffrage—an arrant misnomer—has fallen short of +its well-meant original purpose is beyond dispute. We see its +baneful effect in municipal, State and national government. The +unparalleled political corruption in most of our large cities, +the narrowness of public men in State and nation, whose horizon +is bounded by the limits of their home districts or their own +sordid purposes, regardless of public interests, find their +culmination in the highest legislative body of our land. They +crowd seats of mental giants and honored statesmen of former days +with golden pigmies or political highwaymen of recent growth and +can be directly traced to our defective franchise system. It +permits the vote of the intelligent, law-abiding,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> industrious +and public-spirited to be overcome by that of the ignorant, +vicious, purchasable, lazy and indifferent. The ranks of the +latter are largely reinforced by the "stay-at-homes," who are a +permanent menace to good government.... Thinking people agree +that some qualification should be exacted from all voters. The +absurdity of the intelligent, tax paying but disfranchised woman +being governed by the vote of the illiterate, shiftless loafer or +pauper would be laughable were it not so serious. An educational +qualification should be a paramount requisite....</p></div> + +<p>Mr. Blankenburg gave statistics of the illiterates in the United +States and said: "An educational qualification, wisely considered, +would within a few years entirely obliterate the whole mass of this +species of undesirable voters. The right of suffrage can not and +should not be taken from those who at present legally enjoy it. All +women of legal age with the proposed educational requirements should +be enfranchised without delay but laws should be enacted demanding +that all citizens, men and women alike, presenting themselves to cast +their ballot after 1910 must be able to read and write. If the women +suffragists will base their claim to vote upon the broad ground of +good government and not demand suffrage for the ignorant woman because +it is exercised by the ignorant man, they will make ten friends where +they now have one."</p> + +<p>The audience had the northern and the southern point of view on +Educated Suffrage. Mrs. Gilman, who spoke on whether it would serve +the best interests of the laboring classes, was alone in objecting to +it. "Will exclusion from the suffrage educate and improve the +illiterate masses more quickly than the use of it?" she asked. "We +shall educate them sooner if we dread their votes and this is our work +in common." A great deal of sentiment was developed in favor of an +educational requirement for the suffrage and an informal rising vote +showed only five opposed, but most of the officers were absent. This +vote was due largely to the southern delegates and to the arguments +which had been made for its necessity in this section of the country. +The policy of the association had always been and continued to be to +ask and work only for the removal of the sex qualification.</p> + +<p>One of the most popular speakers was Mrs. Elizabeth M. Gilmer, known +far and wide as "Dorothy Dix," whose home was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> in New Orleans. Her +address, quaintly entitled The Woman with the Broom, filled more than +four columns of the <i>Woman's Journal</i> and an adequate idea of its wise +philosophy illuminated with the sparkling wit for which she was +renowned cannot be conveyed by quotations. "A few years ago," she +said, "a famous poet roused the compassion of the world by portraying +the tragedy of hopeless toil by the Man with the Hoe. He might have +found nearer home a better illustration of the work that is never +done, that has no inspiration to lighten it and looks for no +appreciation to glorify it, in the Woman with a Broom." "She is +understudy to a perpetual motion machine," was one of her epigrams. +She referred to the many successful business and professional women at +the convention and said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>But I am not here to speak for the wage-earning woman, she can +speak for herself. My plea is not for justice for her but for the +domestic woman—the woman who is the mainstay of the world, who +is back of every great enterprise and who makes possible the +achievements of men—the woman behind the broom, who is the +hardest-worked and worst-paid laborer on the face of the +earth....</p> + +<p>Of the housekeeper we demand a universal genius. We don't expect +that our doctor shall be a good lawyer or our lawyer understand +medicine; we don't expect a preacher to know about stocks or a +stockbroker to have a soul; but we think the woman who is at the +head of a family is a rank failure unless she is a pretty good +doctor and trained nurse and dressmaker and financier. She must +be able to settle disputes among the children with the inflexible +impartiality of a Supreme Justice; she must be a Spurgeon in +expounding the Bible to simple souls and leading them to heaven; +she must be a greater surgeon than Dr. Lorenz, for she must know +how to kiss a hurt and make it well; she must be a Russell Sage +in petticoats, who can make $1 do the work of $2, and when she +gets through combining all of these nerve-wrecking professions we +don't think that she has done a thing but enjoy herself. It is +only when something happens to the housekeeper we realize that +she is the kingpin who holds the universe together.</p></div> + +<p>"Every injustice is the prolific mother of wrongs," said Mrs. Gilmer, +"and the fact that the woman with the broom is neither sufficiently +appreciated nor decently paid brings its own train of evils. It is at +the bottom of the distaste girls have for domestic pursuits and the +frantic mania of women for seeking some kind of a 'career.'" She thus +concluded:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Always, always it is the frantic cry for financial independence, +the demand of the worker for her wage; the futile, bitter protest +of the woman with the broom against the injustice of taking her +work without pay. Men will say that in supporting their wives, in +furnishing them with houses and food and clothes, they are giving +the women as much money as they could ever hope to earn by any +other profession. I grant it; but between the independent +wage-earner and the one who is given his keep for his services is +the difference between the free-born and the chattel.... The +present state of affairs brings about a disastrous condition in +the woman's world of labor, so that the woman wage-earner must +not only compete with the man worker but with the domestic woman +who has her home and clothes supplied her and who does things on +the side in order to get a little money that she may spend as she +pleases.... When men grow just enough to abandon the idea that +keeping house and doing the family sewing and rearing children is +a "snap" and not a profession; when they grow broad enough to +realize that the woman with the broom is a laborer just as much +worthy of her hire as a typewriter, we shall have fewer women +yearning to go out into the world and earn a few dollars of +spending money.</p></div> + +<p>Edwin Merrick, the son of a Chief Justice of Louisiana and Mrs. +Caroline E. Merrick, its pioneer suffragist, began his address on A +Political Anomaly by referring to the distinguished women he had been +privileged to meet in his home. He spoke of the constitution drawn up +on the Mayflower to give equal liberty to all without the slightest +conception of what true liberty really meant, and of the larger +conception of it which was imbedded in the Declaration of Independence +and the Constitution of the United States. "But," he said, "while the +words were there, slavery still existed and the people of the Union +were slowly led to see the handwriting on the wall and slavery had to +go. Had the great leader of his day, Abraham Lincoln, been preserved +to help shape the destinies of this country, what followed would not +have happened." He then spoke of the crime of enfranchising "a horde +of ignorant negro men when at that time there were nearly 4,000,000 +intelligent white women keenly alive to the interests of their country +to whom the ballot was denied." He sketched the steady degeneration of +national and State politics and exposed the conditions in Louisiana. +He showed how the reforms that had been accomplished had been largely +aided by women and concluded:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>If we concede that women have any moral strength, and it has been +conceded from the time whereof the memory of man runneth not to +the contrary, I now ask the question: Is there any one place in +the universe where moral strength and moral character are more +needed than in modern politics under a republican form of +government? In some of our western States we have already seen +what the women can do and the day will come when they will vote +with us just as they read with us, talk with us, ride with us and +consult with us. The most important object of our Government is +education. The most important part of education is the education +of the young. The most important factor in education of the young +is woman's influence, and when it comes to saying who shall +decide upon the proper laws for the education of children, the +women of Louisiana or the intelligent wiseacres who have in this +State emasculated civil service, massacred the Australian ballot +and assaulted with intent to kill each and every measure which +looks to the improvement of the State, we give our answer in no +uncertain terms.</p></div> + +<p>Miss Mary N. Chase, president of the New Hampshire Suffrage +Association, made an earnest plea for the enfranchisement of women, +"the natural guardians and protectors of the home. It will strengthen +their minds and broaden their intellects and render them more fit for +its government," she said, "and until women join with men in +exercising the sacred right of the franchise we cannot hope for the +dawn of the kingdom of God on the earth." A letter was read from Mrs. +Harriot Stanton Blatch urging that for a year the organization should +be used nationally and locally to pursue and punish political +corruption. "The women in our association," she said, "are trained to +political action; we have had long experience in self-control; defeat +has taught us its lessons of poise; devotion to a great principle has +given us a faith almost religious in its optimism." The men were +taking no concerted action to protect the republic against this +menace, she thought, and the task seemed to be left to the women.</p> + +<p>The formal address of Dr. Shaw on The Modern Democratic Ideal made a +profound impression but no record of it exists except in newspaper +clippings. She began by saying: "It is impossible to discuss the woman +question without discussing also the man question. What is fundamental +to one is fundamental to the other. It is argued by some that on +account of the difference in characteristics between men and women it +is the man who ought to govern. They are mistaken. It is now +recognized that the best<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> and noblest men and women are those in whom +the different characteristics of each sex are most harmoniously +blended. The modern democratic ideal illustrates this fact. It is +greatly different from the ancient democratic ideal, as neither Plato +nor Aristotle nor Dante had a place in their ideals for the common +people, but when the French Revolution startled the world with the +idea of human rights, of natural rights common to all, there sprang +into life the conception of the same ideal among the men of our own +country." Dr. Shaw traced the progress of democratic ideals in this +country from the early days of the republic when property and not +manhood constituted the prerequisite for representation. She spoke in +glowing terms of the pure democracy of Thomas Jefferson, who extended +its privileges to the great masses of the people. "This ideal has been +growing," she said, "it will never stop growing, developing, widening +and changing and it must ultimately extend to women citizens the same +rights in the government that men have. This is the 20th century idea +of democracy."</p> + +<p>The address of Miss Belle Kearney, Mississippi's famous orator, was a +leading feature of the last evening's program—The South and Woman +Suffrage. It began with a comprehensive review of the part the South +had had in the development of the nation from its earliest days. +"During the seventy-one years reaching from Washington's +administration to that of Lincoln," she said, "the United States was +practically under the domination of southern thought and leadership." +She showed the record southern leaders had made in the wars; she +traced the progress of slavery, which began alike in the North and +South but proved unnecessary in the former, and told of the enormous +struggle for white supremacy which had been placed on the South by the +enfranchisement of the negro. "The present suffrage laws in the +southern States are only temporary measures for protection," she said. +"The enfranchisement of women will have to be effected and an +educational and property qualification for the ballot be made to apply +without discrimination to both sexes and both races." The address +closed as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The enfranchisement of women would insure immediate and durable +white supremacy, honestly attained, for upon unquestioned +authority it is stated that in every southern State but one there +are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> more educated women than all the illiterate voters, white +and black, native and foreign, combined. As you probably know, of +all the women in the South who can read and write, ten out of +every eleven are white. When it comes to the proportion of +property between the races, that of the white outweighs that of +the black immeasurably. The South is slow to grasp the great fact +that the enfranchisement of women would settle the race question +in politics. The civilization of the North is threatened by the +influx of foreigners with their imported customs; by the greed of +monopolistic wealth and the unrest among the working classes; by +the strength of the liquor traffic and encroachments upon +religious belief. Some day the North will be compelled to look to +the South for redemption from those evils on account of the +purity of its Anglo-Saxon blood, the simplicity of its social and +economic structure, the great advance in prohibitory law and the +maintenance of the sanctity of its faith, which has been kept +inviolate. Just as surely as the North will be forced to turn to +the South for the nation's salvation, just so surely will the +South be compelled to look to its Anglo-Saxon women as the medium +through which to retain the supremacy of the white race over the +African.</p></div> + +<p>Miss Kearney's speech was enthusiastically received and at its end +Mrs. Catt said she had been getting many letters from persons +hesitating to join the association lest it should admit clubs of +colored people. "We recognize States' rights," she said, "and +Louisiana has the right to regulate the membership of its own +association, but it has not the right to regulate that of +Massachusetts or vice versa," and she continued: "We are all of us apt +to be arrogant on the score of our Anglo-Saxon blood but we must +remember that ages ago the ancestors of the Anglo-Saxons were regarded +as so low and embruted that the Romans refused to have them for +slaves. The Anglo-Saxon is the dominant race today but things may +change. The race that will be dominant through the ages will be the +one that proves itself the most worthy.... Miss Kearney is right in +saying that the race problem is the problem of the whole country and +not that of the South alone. The responsibility for it is partly ours +but if the North shipped slaves to the South and sold them, remember +that the North has sent some money since then into the South to help +undo part of the wrong that it did to you and to them. Let us try to +get nearer together and to understand each other's ideas on the race +question and solve it together."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Maud Wood Park (Mass.), who was introduced to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> audience as "a +very unpopular woman with the anti-suffragists," did not prove to be +so with her audience, as in her brief address she charmed every one +with her beauty and womanliness and convinced by her delicate wit and +keen logic. The last address was made by the Rev. Ida C. Hultin +(Mass.), an eloquent summing up of the arguments for woman suffrage, +given with a dignity of manner and sweetness of words which thoroughly +eliminated any unpleasant feelings that might have been created and +diffused a spirit of forgiveness and consecration.</p> + +<p>At the conclusion of the program, Mrs. Upton came forward and in the +name of the officers of the association presented to Miss Kate Gordon +a handsome loving cup with the injunction to "handle it carefully as +it is filled to the brim with love"; and to Miss Jean Gordon a large +bouquet of roses, "in appreciation of the perfect arrangements that +had been made for the convention." The <i>Picayune</i> said: "The two +sisters stood side by side on the stage, a picture of feminine +loveliness and grace. They tried to speak but their hearts were too +full and Miss Kate could only express in a few words their thanks for +these tokens of affection and esteem."</p> + +<p>All the expenses of the convention had been met by the citizens and +the collections had more than paid the travelling expenses of the +officers. Nothing had been left undone for the entertainment of the +visitors. The New Orleans Street Railway Company gave a trip of +several hours in special cars, taking them to Audubon Park and +Horticultural Hall, through the handsome residence sections, to the +Esplanade, City Park and famous cemeteries. They visited the Howard +and Fisk libraries, the Southern Yacht Club, the Exposition and the +antiquarian shops. An unusual experience was the boat trip on the +Mississippi, tendered by the Progressive Union. On a fine sunshiny +morning the several hundred visitors assembled in the palm garden of +the St. Charles Hotel, walked to the rooms of the Union and from there +to the steamer Alice. They crossed to Algiers, passed the French +quarter with the Ursuline Convent, the Stuyvesant Docks, the historic +houses and monuments, and saw the great Naval Docks, the large sugar +plantations with their big live oaks and magnolias, the immense sugar +and oil refineries and met a fleet of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> huge ocean steamers. Lunch was +served on board and the occasion was most interesting, especially to +the delegates from the North.</p> + +<p>Although this was the longest suffrage convention ever held and the +sessions were crowded, the people wanted more. The Progressive Union +arranged for meetings Thursday night, to be addressed by Mrs. Catt on +The Home and the Municipality, and Friday night by Dr. Shaw on The +Fate of Republics. The Athenæum Hall, seating 1,200, was overflowing +and as many were gathered on the outside. It was a ten days never to +be forgotten by the visitors or the residents, and the convention +undoubtedly gave a decided impetus to favorable sentiment for woman +suffrage in that section of the South.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Part of Call: The association goes to New Orleans in +response to an invitation from the Progressive Union, the Era Club of +women and many prominent individuals. It is especially appropriate +that the advocates of this important reform should assemble in +Louisiana in honor of the action taken by this State in 1898, when its +constitutional convention incorporated a clause giving to tax-paying +women a vote on all questions of taxation submitted to the electors; +and in commemoration of the splendid use they made of this privilege +at the election held to secure to New Orleans the completion of its +drainage and the establishment of a sewerage system and free water +supply.... +</p><p> +Never in the fifty years of this movement have its advocates had such +a victory to record as was achieved in Australia in June, 1902, when +almost the first act of Parliament of the new Federation of States was +to confer the full national suffrage with the right to a seat in the +Parliament on all qualified women of the entire commonwealth. This one +act enfranchised about 800,000. These added to those of New Zealand +and of Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and Idaho, it will be found that +1,125,000 English-speaking women are at the present time in possession +of the complete suffrage and all except those of Wyoming have been +enfranchised within the past ten years. By adding to these the women +of Great Britain and Ireland, who have all except the Parliamentary +vote, those of Kansas with Municipal, of Louisiana, Montana, and New +York with the Tax-payers' and of over one-half of the States with the +school ballot, the 1,125,000 will be multiplied several times.... +</p><p> +It is, therefore, with courage and hope inspired by the glorious +promise of the new century for greater material and moral progress in +all directions than the world has ever known, that the advocates of +this measure, which ultimately will affect the destinies of the whole +American people, are called in convention to review the labor of the +past year, to plan that of the future, to strengthen the old +comradeship and greet new workers and friends. +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="authors" summary="authors"> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Susan B. Anthony</span>, Honorary President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Carrie Chapman Catt</span>, President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anna Howard Shaw</span>, Vice-president-at-Large.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Kate M. Gordon</span>, Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Alice Stone Blackwell</span>, Recording Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Harriet Taylor Upton</span>, Treasurer.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Laura Clay</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Auditors.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Mary J. Coggeshall</span>,</td></tr> +</table></div> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> The colored women had some excellent organizations in +New Orleans, the most notable being the Phyllis Wheatley Club, which +in addition to its literary and social features maintained a training +school for nurses, a kindergarten and a night school. It invited Miss +Anthony, Miss Blackwell and Mrs. Elizabeth Smith Miller to address it +and they were accompanied by "Dorothy Dix," the well-known writer, a +New Orleans woman. In the large assemblage were some of the teachers +from the four colleges for colored students—Methodist, +Congregational, Baptist and the State. "Dorothy Dix" said in her brief +address that no woman in the city was more respected or had more +influence than Mrs. Sylvanie Williams, the club's president, and gave +several instances to illustrate it. After the addresses Mrs. Williams +presented Miss Anthony with a large bouquet tied with yellow satin +ribbon and said: "Flowers in their beauty and sweetness may represent +the womanhood of the world. Some flowers are fragile and delicate, +some strong and hardy, some are carefully guarded and cherished, +others are roughly treated and trodden under foot. These last are the +colored women. They have a crown of thorns continually pressed upon +their brow, yet they are advancing and sometimes you find them further +on than you would have expected. When women like you, Miss Anthony, +come to see us and speak to us it helps us to believe in the +Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of Man, and at least for the +time being in the sympathy of woman."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> The important decision was made at this convention to +remove the headquarters on May 1 from New York to Warren, O., the home +of the national treasurer, Mrs. Upton. The burden of having charge of +them had borne heavily upon Mrs. Catt for the past three years and it +grew more difficult as each year she had to spend more time in field +work. Miss Gordon, the corresponding secretary, wished to remain in +New Orleans because of her mother's failing health and it was +necessary to have a national officer in charge. Mrs. Upton consented +reluctantly to assume the responsibility and only on the assurance of +Miss Elizabeth Hauser, a capable executive, that she would manage the +details of the office. The arrangement was to be temporary but it +continued for six years.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Quotations are given from each of the opening prayers +because each of them endorsed woman suffrage.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Mrs. Hussey left a bequest of $10,000 to the National +American Woman Suffrage Association.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> For appreciations of Mrs. Stanton see Appendix.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<h3>THE NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1904.</h3> + + +<p>The Thirty-sixth annual convention opened the afternoon of Feb. 11, +1904, in National Rifles' Armory Hall, Washington, D. C., and closed +the evening of the 17th.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> There was a good attendance of delegates +from thirty States and the audiences were large and appreciative. Mrs. +Carrie Chapman Catt, the president, was in the chair at the opening +session. The delegates were welcomed by Mrs. Carrie E. Kent in behalf +of the District Equal Suffrage Association and the response was made +by Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, vice-president-at-large, who began by saying: +"If the women here welcome us after we have been coming for thirty +years it must be because we deserve it; the men welcome us because in +the District they are in the same disfranchised condition as we are." +A cordial letter of greeting was read from Samuel Gompers, president +of the American Federation of Labor, whose headquarters were in +Washington.</p> + +<p>Greetings were received from Mrs. Florence Fenwick Miller<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> of London, +whose letter commenced: "Beloved Friends: As president of the British +National Committee of the International Woman Suffrage Committee, I +write to send you greetings from English, Scotch, Irish and Welsh +fellow-workers in the woman's cause. It seems but a short time since +the convention of 1902, which I attended as the delegate appointed by +the British United Women's Suffrage Societies and also of the Scottish +National Society. The admiration and affection that the ability, the +earnestness and sincerity, the sisterliness and the sweetness of +temper and manners of the American suffragists then aroused in me, are +unabated at this moment." She told of the progress that had been made +by the various societies toward uniting in an International Woman +Suffrage Alliance, gave a glowing forecast of the ultimate triumph of +their common cause and ended: "With admiring and abiding love for +America's grand women, the suffrage leaders." The convention sent an +official answer. Mrs. Mary Bentley Thomas (Md.) read an interesting +paper, Our Four Friends, compiled from the answers by the Governors of +Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and Idaho to a letter from Miss Anthony asking +for a summary of the results of woman suffrage after a trial of from +eight to thirty-five years. A Declaration of Principles, which had +been prepared by Mrs. Catt, Dr. Shaw, Miss Alice Stone Blackwell and +Mrs. Ida Husted Harper, was read by Mrs. Harper and adopted by the +convention as expressing the sentiment of the association. [See +Appendix, chapter IV.] Mrs. Rachel Foster Avery (Penn.) and Dr. Shaw +were appointed delegates to the International Suffrage Conference at +Berlin in June in addition to the International Suffrage Committee +from the United States, Miss Anthony, Mrs. Catt, Mrs. Lucretia L. +Blankenburg (Penn.), with three others yet to be selected.</p> + +<p>In her report as corresponding secretary Miss Kate M. Gordon (La.) +told of the interest which the convention of the preceding year in New +Orleans had awakened in the South and of the generous donation of a +month of Dr. Shaw's valuable time which she had given to a Southern +tour. This included the State Agricultural, State Normal and State +Industrial Colleges of Louisiana and various places in Texas, +Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and Tennessee. "While it might be said +of her addresses, 'She came,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> she spoke, she conquered,'" declared +Miss Gordon, "it was clearly shown that the South was not ready for +organization." Miss Gordon said of attending the National Conference +of Charities and Corrections as a State delegate appointed by the +Governor of Louisiana: "I found that resolutions of endorsement were +contrary to the policy of the conference, yet, except in our own +organization, I have never met such a unanimity of opinion upon the +justice of woman suffrage as well as upon the expediency of the +woman's vote to secure intelligent and preventive legislation as a +remedy for the many evils they were seeking to combat."</p> + +<p>The program for the first evening included short addresses by the +general officers and in opening the meeting Mrs. Catt said: "You will +all be disappointed not to have the promised addresses from Miss +Anthony and Mrs. Upton. It has been suggested that I might say that +Miss Anthony has been unavoidably detained but I can't see why I +should not tell the truth. Miss Anthony is out in society tonight. She +was invited by President and Mrs. Roosevelt to the Army and Navy +reception at the White House and Mrs. Upton is with her.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> Our +vice-president-at-large will speak to you on What Cheer?"</p> + +<p>Dr. Shaw said that once when she was travelling about the prairies of +Iowa she met a woman who was always referring to her home town "What +Cheer," and when she was asked to give a title to her address she +could think of nothing better. She continued: "There are no problems +so difficult to understand as those of our own time, because of the +lack of perspective. The arrogant and insistent and noisy things press +to the front and the silent and eternal fall into the rear. But as +time passes it is as when we climb a mountain—we gradually rise to +where we can see over the foothills and everything appears in its +proper place and proportion. Out of the present, its arrogant +militarism, its sordid commercialism and worship of gold, is there +anything to give us cheer and hope for tomorrow? There never was +greater<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> reason for hope for humanity. Underlying all the tumult and +disorder of our time is one grand, golden thought, that of the human +brotherhood of the world. There never was a democracy comparable to +ours, faulty as it is and hopeless as it appears to some. Though the +ideal does not seem to impress itself upon the world, yet in the +silence it is there.... Today is the best this world has ever seen. +Tomorrow will be still better."</p> + +<p>Miss Gordon spoke on A Sustaining Faith, showing that from labor, from +all forms of social service and from countless sources was converging +the demand for the reform which the suffrage association was seeking. +Miss Blackwell (Mass.) talked briefly as always but clearly and +convincingly on The New Woman. Miss Laura Clay (Ky.) began her address +on Dimes: "As an auditor I have been going over our treasurer's books. +Usually such books are mere debits and credits but in ours those stiff +rows of figures tell many beautiful things—the sacrifices of the poor +and the generosity of the rich—but best of all are the 'dimes' +because they are the dues paid to the association. They bear the +figure of Liberty and they stand for it.... These dimes are inspiring, +for they represent our membership when we gather here from the four +corners of the nation. Therefore I rejoice over these thousands and +thousands, each with a human heart behind it."</p> + +<p>"No woman has a record of greater faithfulness in this cause," Mrs. +Catt said in introducing Mrs. Mary J. Coggeshall, who began her +remarks on Precedents by saying: "I come from Iowa where things are +very different from those in this beautiful capital. We do not see +Senators and Representatives on every hand but we have lent to +Washington, Secretary of Agriculture Wilson, Secretary of the Treasury +Shaw, Speaker of the House Henderson and also Mrs. Catt to lead the +suffrage clans."</p> + +<p>The evening closed with Mrs. Catt's presidential address, the full +report of which filled eleven columns of the <i>Woman's Journal</i>. The +subject was the vital necessity of an educational qualification for +the use of the ballot in a country which opens its gates to +immigration from the whole world. Little idea of its logic and +virility can be conveyed by detached quotations. Referring to the +necessity for enfranchising women she said: "Despite the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> fact that +education even yet is not so generally advocated for girls as for boys +among our foreign and ignorant classes of society, the census of 1900 +reveals that between the ages of ten and twenty-one, representing +school years, there are 117,362 more illiterate males than females. If +men and women had been entitled to the franchise upon equal terms in +1900, the political parties, which always make their appeals to the +young man just turned twenty-one to cast his first vote for 'the party +of right and progress,' would of necessity have made the same appeal +to young women, but they would have appealed to 20,000 fewer +illiterates among the women than the men of from twenty-one to +twenty-four. If the same conditions continue for the next twenty +years—that is, if there is no restriction in the suffrage for men and +women still remain disfranchised, and if the proportionate increase of +women over men in the output of our public schools continues, we shall +witness the curious spectacle of the illiterate sex governing the +literate sex."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt did not, however, attribute all the evils of universal +suffrage to the ignorant vote but said: "It may be that an +investigation would reveal the fact that a very important source of +difficulty is to be found in the failure of intelligent men to +exercise their citizenship. If this proves true it may be found +necessary to turn a leaf backward in our history and adopt the plan in +vogue in some of the New England colonies which made voting +compulsory, and it may be found feasible to demand of every voter who +absents himself on election day an excuse for his absence, and when he +has absented himself without good excuse for a definite number of +elections, he may be made to suffer the punishment of +disfranchisement...." She called attention to the record that at the +last presidential election more than 7,000,000 men over twenty-one +years of age did not vote and asked: "What is to be done about it? Are +qualified women citizens to wait in patience until influences now +unseen shall sweep away the difficulties and restore the lost +enthusiasm for democracy? Or shall they attempt to determine causes, +apply remedies and clear the way for their own enfranchisement? That +is our problem. For myself, I will say I prefer not to wait. I prefer +to do my part, small as it must be, in the great task of the removal +of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> obstructions which clog the wheels of the onward movement of +popular government."</p> + +<p>The convention was especially fortunate in having among its speakers a +charming and gifted young woman, Mrs. A. Watson Lister of Melbourne, +Australia, a country whose first national Parliament had two years +before conferred on women full suffrage and eligibility to all +offices. She showed a remarkable knowledge of laws and conditions +affecting women and was thoroughly informed on every phase of the +suffrage movement. The second evening she spoke on Woman's Vote in +Australia to an audience that was not willing to have her stop, saying +in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Australia does lead the world in democratic government, a +government by the whole people, women as well as men, but we +realize the great debt that we owe to your brave pioneer women. +We are reaping the harvest which they planted. To us the names of +Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone and Elizabeth Cady Stanton are +household words. It seems strange to me to be asked to come here +to tell you anything about suffrage, for with us the American +woman has been supposed to know and have everything.</p> + +<p>Australia is as large as the United States and women have +national and municipal suffrage and in four of our six States +they have State suffrage—South and West Australia, New South +Wales and Tasmania. In Victoria and Queensland they do not yet +possess it. When the six States became federated it was provided +that federal suffrage throughout Australia should be on the same +basis as State suffrage where it was the most liberal. South and +West Australia had it in full, so the women obtained it +throughout Australia in national elections. There was so little +opposition or discussion, it was regarded so completely as an +accepted fact and foregone conclusion, that most women did not +even know the measure had passed. It was not an experiment, as +our men had seen its working in South and West Australia for +years and also in New Zealand, which is the most democratic and +best governed country in the world.</p> + +<p>In Australia women are eligible to all offices, even that of +Prime Minister. At the last elections five stood for Parliament. +Miss Vida Goldstein was a candidate in Victoria. Although both +our large newspapers ignored her meetings she got 51,000 votes, +while the man highest got about 100,000. Not one of the five +women came out at the bottom of the poll....</p> + +<p>After we had worked for years with members of Parliament for +various reforms without avail because we had no votes, you can +not imagine the difference the vote makes. When we held meetings +to advocate public measures that women wanted, we used to have to +go out into the highways and hedges and compel the members of +Parliament to come in; now the difficulty is to keep them out. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> +have seen seven Senators at one small meeting. A prominent man +who, by an oversight, was not invited to the one held to welcome +Miss Goldstein on her return from the United States was decidedly +offended. Chivalry has not been destroyed but increased. On the +platform at one of our meetings the secretary happened to drop +her pencil and I saw the Premier and several members of +Parliament scrambling to pick it up. A woman is never allowed to +stand in a street car in Australia....</p></div> + +<p>A good deal of light was shed on the inside history of the organized +anti-suffrage movement, which if turned on in other countries would +disclose a similar situation. "Our Anti-Suffrage Association," she +said, "died three months after it was born. It was formed by two of +our leading manufacturers, who hid behind their daughters. They had +plenty of money, took a large office on a main street, employed +several paid secretaries and spent more in three months than we had +done in all our years of work. They paid little boys and girls to +circulate their petition and got many signatures under false +pretences.... Much was made of their petition though it was not half +as large as ours. The daughters of these manufacturers drove up in +their carriages to their fathers' factories at the lunch hour and made +the working girls sign their petition."</p> + +<p>A scholarly review of Morley's Life of Gladstone was given by Mrs. +Harriot Stanton Blatch (Eng.). Mrs. Charlotte Perkins Gilman turned A +New Light on the Woman Question, saying:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>My subject is a scientific theory as to the origin and relation +of the eternal duo. It was started by our greatest living +sociologist, Lester Ward—the explanation of the order in which +the sexes were developed. What is it that this suffrage movement +has had to meet, as it has plowed along up hill for fifty years, +with its tremendous battery of arguments which it discharges into +thin air? What it has to overcome is not an argument but a +feeling, which rests at bottom on the idea expressed in the "rib +story." As a parable this fairly represents the old belief that +man was created first, that he was the race, was "it," and that +woman was created, as modern jokers put it, for "Adams Express +Company." The poet expressed the same idea when he called woman +"God's last, best gift to man." ... Ward gives the biological +facts. In the evolution of species the earliest periods were the +longest. During ages of the world's history, while animal life +was slowly evolving, the female was the larger, stronger and more +representative creature; the male was small, often a parasite, +told off for the sole purpose of reproduction. By natural +selection, the female choosing always the best male, the male +was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> gradually developed until he became bigger and stronger than +the female. For a time natural selection continued to work, the +males competing for the favor of the female. Then the male +reduced the female to subjection. It occurred to him that it was +easier to fight one little female once and subjugate her than to +fight a lot of big males over and over.</p> + +<p>The feminine ideal with many is the bee-hive—lots of honey, lots +of young ones and nothing else. It was necessary that the male +should become dominant for a time if the race was to progress. +Now women are ceasing to be subjugated and we are approaching a +state of equal rights. It was through a free motherhood and the +female's constant selection of the best mate that she brought +into the world power and brain enough to enable man to do what he +has done. That free motherhood, reinstated, choosing always the +best and refusing anything less, will bring us a higher humanity +than we have yet known.</p></div> + +<p>The usual Work Conferences were held and the Executive Committee +presented the Plan of Work which was adopted. In addition to the usual +recommendations it urged that a Memorial Organization Fund be +established to perpetuate the memory of pioneers and that a legal +adviser for the association be appointed from its women lawyer +members. The morning meetings as always were given up to business and +reports of officers, chairmen of committees and field workers and the +afternoons to State reports. The latter, made for the most part by the +presidents, showed faithful work going on in every State and progress +in many. Miss Helen Kimber reported that the Legislature of Kansas had +added to the School franchise, which the women had possessed ever +since the State came into the Union, the right to vote on all public +expenditure of money for issuing of bonds, waterworks, sewerage, +libraries, etc. Miss Elizabeth J. Hauser, office secretary, told of +the removal of the national headquarters from New York, where they had +first been established, to Warren, O., where they occupied two large +rooms on the lower floor of an old vine-covered family residence in +the heart of town. From here 35,000 pieces of literature had been sent +out and here had been printed 2,000 each of Lucy Stone and Mrs. +Stanton birthday souvenirs, a booklet to be used on Miss Anthony's +birthday; 10,000 suffrage stamps, Christmas blotters, etc., and 10,000 +letters written. The subscription list of <i>Progress</i> had been +increased from 950 to 4,000 and a weekly headquarters'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> letter had +been sent to the <i>Woman's Journal</i>. Resolutions for woman suffrage had +been obtained in international, national and a large number of State +conventions.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton, the treasurer, reported the receipts, +$21,117, the largest in the history of the association. It contributed +$3,255 to the New Hampshire campaign. Neither Mrs. Upton nor any of +the national officers received a salary (except the secretary, who had +a nominal one), and in referring to the immense amount of unpaid work +done by them and by women in the different States, she said: "People +outside of the association often ask why it is that women can be found +who are willing to give their time to a work without recompense. We +can not answer such inquiries and yet we ourselves know that, through +this devotion to a just and holy cause, we rise to a higher plane, we +see with larger eyes, we feel the presence of the real self of our +fellow-worker. We can no more explain why this is so than we can +analyze 'mother love,' or the love of a daughter for a father but we +know it. It is for this reason your treasurer rejoices over the day +she was so placed, either by design or chance, and so blessed with +perfect health that she was able to serve in the cause of woman's +political freedom." Mrs. Upton referred to Mrs. Cornelia C. Hussey's +bequest of $10,000 and that of Mrs. Henrietta M. Banker, from which +the association realized $3,000.</p> + +<p>Detailed and valuable reports were made by the chairman of committees +on Presidential Suffrage, Federal Suffrage, Congressional Work, Civil +Rights, Church Work, Enrollment and others. Mrs. Catt reported for the +Committee on Literature. Mrs. Catt with Mrs. Blankenburg (Penn.), Mrs. +Lucy Hobart Day (Me.) and Mrs. Minola Graham Sexton (N. J.), +presidents of their State associations, presided over Work +Conferences. Mrs. Ida Porter Boyer, in her report on Libraries and +Bibliography, brought to light the lax manner in which many State +libraries are conducted. In that of New Jersey no catalogue had been +printed for fifty years. In Montana the collection of books was +thirty-five years old and had never been catalogued or classified. +Various librarians reported no works on woman suffrage and women from +those States rose in the audience and said that they had themselves +presented the History of Woman Suffrage—four<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> large volumes. Mrs. +Elnora M. Babcock (N. Y.), chairman of the Press Committee, reported +93,600 general articles sent out; 3,665 special articles, much plate +matter, many personal sketches, photographs, etc., and a number of new +papers added to her list.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Maud Nathan read the report of Mrs. Florence Kelley, chairman of +the Committee on Industrial Problems Affecting Women and Children. As +executive secretary of the National Consumers' League Mrs. Kelley was +well qualified to speak and she gave an account of the labor laws in +the southern States affecting girls between 16 and 21, who are neither +children nor women, which was heartbreaking. Pennsylvania was equally +guilty but most of the northern States had improved their laws, +Illinois leading; in none, however, were they wholly adequate. She +urged the appointment of more women factory inspectors, who were now +employed in only eight States, and scored "the default of the +prosperous women of the country," saying: "It may be said that women +are not morally responsible for this unfortunate state of affairs, +since they do not make the laws, but the facts do not altogether +justify this excuse. The child-labor legislation which has been +achieved through the efforts of women during the past ten years shows +that women can do very much even without the ballot in the way of +securing legislation on behalf of women and children, and it remains +true that women buy the product of the work of women and children far +more than do men.... It is my hope that this great and influential +national suffrage organization may so influence public opinion that a +series of beneficent results will soon become visible."</p> + +<p>An Evening with the Philanthropists was one of the most enjoyable +during the week. The Rev. Anna Garlin Spencer, of whom Felix Adler, +head of the Ethical Culture Society of New York, was quoted as saying: +"She is the only woman with whom I would share my platform," was the +first speaker. In considering New Professions in Philanthropic Work +for Women, she said: "Charity is old but social science is new and it +is the uniting of the two that makes modern philanthropy and that is +what opens these new professions. Charity is supposed to come by +nature but the knowledge of how to deal with its problems does not.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> +Society is divided into three groups. First, the reformers—a group +never too large, often seemingly too small—who make the way for those +that come after. They are often like the artist whose daughter, being +asked if her father had been successful, answered that he was +'successful after he was dead.' Then comes the great group, the +'middle-of-the-road' people, who walk along, slowly developing, +supporting the churches and schools, holding today's standards and +ideals—the people who live in today and who make up the fabric of the +world. They are sometimes irritating but they hold what has been +gained and they gradually grow. Then there is a group behind, what the +French call the 'unfinished' infants—the defectives, the moral and +physical imbeciles, the backward and incompetent. We must study how to +reduce this social burden in an intelligent way. This has started a +new class of vocations as sacred as the ministry was of old."</p> + +<p>A very convincing address was given by Dr. Samuel J. Barrows (Mass.), +secretary of the National Prison Reform Association, on Women and +Prison Reform. In referring to the progress of prison reform he said: +"In this array of apostles and prophets and expositors of the new +penology we find men and women standing side by side." He described +the work in this reform by eminent women in Europe and the United +States and concluded: "In the field of penology woman needs the ballot +as she needs it in other fields, not as an end but as a means, as an +instrument through which she can express her conviction, her +conscience, intelligence, sympathy and love. Questions in philanthropy +are more and more forcing themselves to the front in legislation. +Women are obliged to journey to the Legislature at every session to +instruct members and committees at legislative hearings. Some of these +days the public will think it absurd that women who are capable of +instructing men how to vote should not be allowed to vote themselves. +If police and prison records mean anything they mean that, considered +as law-abiding citizens, women are ten times as good as men. Why debar +the better and enfranchise the worse? In the field of commercial and +political competition, woman may demand the ballot as a right but in +the field of philanthropy and reform she needs it for the fulfillment +of her duties."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Nathan, president of the New York Consumers' League,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> considered +the Wage Earner and the Ballot, her handsome presence, fine humor and +long experience rendering her an unusually attractive speaker. "The +opponents of our cause," she said, "whether they be of the fair sex or +the unfair sex, seem to think that we regard the extension of the +suffrage to women as a panacea for all evils in this world and the +next. No honest suffragist has ever taken that ground. I can not +endorse any such general or sweeping statement but I feel that my +experience in investigating the condition of women wage-earners +warrants the assertion that some of the evils from which they suffer +would not exist if the women had the right to place their votes in the +ballot-box." She compared the industrial and educational situation +where women voted with that of States where they did not and showed +how women were excluded from official positions because disfranchised, +giving conclusive instances of the discrimination in her own State. "I +feel that not only on account of the women wage-earners should women +be accorded the ballot," she said, "but also because they are very +largely the spenders of all family incomes and as such they have the +right to the assurance that what they buy is free from adulteration +and has been produced under clean, wholesome and humane conditions. +For this right the Consumers' League persistently contends but it can +be only partially successful, in my opinion, so long as it depends +entirely upon moral suasion, while manufacturers and merchants have +the voting power to hold in terror over its administration."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Lucia Ames Mead, president of the Massachusetts State Suffrage +Association and a leader in the movement for peace and arbitration, +was on the program to talk of Woman's Work for Peace. "I am not going +to speak of any philanthropy," she began, "but of something much more +far-reaching and radical, which will make three-fourths of our +philanthropy needless." She then made an impassioned plea for a world +organization of the forces that would conduce to peace. Representative +government was the first step, she said, and the establishment of a +World Court was the next. The achievement of an International Advisory +Congress might be the third. "A simultaneous effort must be made," she +declared, "to arrange arbitration treaties with every nation on earth, +referring all questions that cannot be settled by diplomacy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> to the +Hague Court. Questions of 'honor' must not be excluded. Carnegie well +said in his plea for this plan, 'No word has been so dishonored as the +word honor.' Such treaties and the use of the economic boycott upon +European enemies would be vastly more efficient than battleships to +keep the peace.... We need to convert the church. There are many of +our Christian ministers who believe they are living under the +dispensation of Joshua and not of Jesus."</p> + +<p>At the conclusion of Mrs. Mead's address Mrs. Catt said: "Sometimes +the cause of peace and arbitration seems to me the greatest of all. To +help working women was the motive that determined me to devote my life +to obtaining woman suffrage. How hard it is that women must spend so +many years just to get the means with which to effect reforms! But we +who believe that behind them all is the ballot are chained to the work +for that until it is gained."</p> + +<p>Religious services were conducted Sunday afternoon by the Rev. Mary A. +Safford of Des Moines, assisted by Dr. Shaw and the Rev. Marie Jenney +Howe. The subject of the sermon was The Goal of Life and the text: +"The Spirit itself beareth witness with our spirit that we are the +children of God, and, if children, than heirs—heirs of God and joint +heirs with Christ." "In the preaching of the Gospel of all nations," +she said, "it has been recognized that in Christ there is neither Jew +nor Gentile; while in breaking the fetters of millions of slaves it +also has been recognized that in Him there is neither bond nor free. +The world still awaits the time when it will be proclaimed that in Him +there is neither male nor female."<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p> + +<p>Monday, February 15, was Miss Anthony's 84th birthday and it was a +coincidence that on the morning of that day the convention should be +opened with prayer by the Rev. Edward Everett<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> Hale, chaplain of the +Senate, a life-long opponent of woman suffrage. When he was invited to +come he asked definite assurance that it would not be interpreted that +he had changed his opinion.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> The air of the hall was fragrant with +the flowers that had been sent in honor of the birthday, and, as the +usual tribute of the convention, it made its pledges of money for the +expenses of the coming year. Mrs. Upton asked for $4,000 and nearly +$5,000 were quickly subscribed.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p> + +<p>The preceding day Mrs. John B. Henderson had given a 12 o'clock +birthday breakfast for Miss Anthony at her handsome home, Boundary +Castle, attended by the national officers and a number of invited +guests. In the evening a social reunion for the officers, delegates +and speakers was held in the banquet room of the Shoreham Hotel, which +was the convention headquarters. On the afternoon of the birthday +President and Mrs. Roosevelt received the members of the convention +with much cordiality. From the White House they went to a reception +given by Miss Clara Barton in her interesting home at Glen Echo, near +Washington. The nearly five hundred visitors received a warm welcome +and enjoyed wandering through the unique house built of lumber left +after the Johnstown flood, unplastered and the walls draped with the +flags of many nations that had been presented to her by their rulers. +At urgent request Miss Barton brought forth the laces, jewels, medals +and decorations given to her by the dignitaries and crowned heads of +Europe for her distinguished services<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> in behalf of the Red Cross, +such a collection, it was said, as no other woman possessed.</p> + +<p>The convention was largely in the nature of a Colorado jubilee, as its +women ten years before had cast their first vote, having been +enfranchised in the autumn of 1893. The program for two evenings was +given up to men and women from that State under the heading, Colorado +Speaks for Itself, and it was most appropriate that Miss Anthony +should preside. In presenting her Mrs. Catt said: "This is Miss +Anthony's 84th birthday. We might have had a program filled with +tributes to her and no doubt you would all have enjoyed them but +instead we have what she will like better, a program to show, not that +woman suffrage would be a good thing but that it has been a good +thing. When Miss Anthony was born no woman in America could vote; no +woman in modern times had been a lawyer. Tonight our ushers are seven +women graduates of the Washington Law School, in the cap and gown +which used to be forbidden to women. But there is something else going +on tonight that is a more noteworthy celebration of her birthday. A +measure to grant suffrage to women is pending in Denmark with the +backing of the government and the women of that country have arranged +a great demonstration in favor of the bill and have fixed the date for +today because it is the birthday of Susan B. Anthony. Opponents of +woman suffrage pay almost their whole attention to Colorado, so we +have asked Colorado to come and talk for itself and it has responded +magnificently. All the speakers pay their own expenses and have come +this long way for the pleasure of saying a word for woman suffrage."</p> + +<p>The Washington <i>Post</i> commented, "Miss Anthony received an ovation and +it was delightful to see the pride with which she introduced the +speakers—a former Governor, a woman State Superintendent of Public +Instruction, chairmen of women's political committees and clubs, a +woman county superintendent." Mrs. Katharine Cook, president of the +Jane Jefferson Club, a Democratic organization of over a thousand +women, spoke on The Ideals We Cherish and strongly emphasized that +politics did not impair true womanliness or lower high ideals. "A +nation can be no more free or pure or beautiful than the homes of +which it is composed," she said. "Our country is but a greater home +and no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> mother whose love for her fireside is more than an instinct or +a sentiment can fail to see that the welfare of her home and family is +vitally connected with an unstained ballot and an honest government. +We women who believe in the right of suffrage and exercise it with the +utmost wisdom with which we are gifted, use it for the preservation +and defense and love of our homes ... and it is this spirit which is +needed at the polls."</p> + +<p>An entirely different but equally effective note was struck by Mrs. +Ellis Meredith, a prominent journalist of Denver, who said during her +address on Colorado Women and Legislation:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>If I regarded the ballot merely as a right or a privilege or an +end; a divine, far-off event toward which the whole creation +moves and which, once attained, obviates its ever having to move +afterward, I should say it does not make a bit of difference what +we have done with it. If it is a right, who can question it? If +it is a privilege, it is beyond question. If it is an end, it is +achieved. But I do not regard it as any of these. To my mind the +ballot is simply one of our many modern labor-saving inventions. +It is the easiest way.... In the ten years that women have been +voting in Colorado, I believe they have done at least five times +as much as all the rest of the non-voting women in the United +States together, and I base this modest claim upon the record of +our statute books as compared with those of other States. Women +stand relatively for the same thing everywhere and their first +care is naturally and inevitably for the child. Whatever we have +done, other women wish to do. In many States they have tried and +failed. The difference is they are using stone-age methods while +we have those of the 20th century."</p> + +<p>No one who knows anything about our laws will attempt to deny +that women have revolutionized the attitude of our State toward +the child. Two-thirds of their work has been for the children.... +These laws mean that in Colorado there are no children under 14 +out of school; we have no child beggars nor street musicians and +no girls vending anything. We have the best child labor law in +the world. We have the strictest laws for the prevention of the +abuse, moral, mental or physical of children, of any country, and +the best enforced, not merely in our cities but throughout the +entire State. We have the strongest compulsory school law and the +most enlightened law concerning delinquent children of any, save +where our laws have been copied.... What we have done has not +been for ourselves but for the very least of these. It has been +not for our fading today but for the dawning tomorrow. We have +gone to our legislators with new ideas and have set a little +child in the midst of them, and they have not been unmindful of +the heavenly vision.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Mary C. C. Bradford of Denver, president of the State Federation +of Women's Clubs and county superintendent of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> schools, began her +address, A Message to Garcia, by referring to the noted pamphlet of +that title by Elbert Hubbard, "which," she said, "was translated into +fourteen languages and called out a response from the hearts of the +civilized world, because it set forth the duty and necessity of doing +a thing yourself if you want it well done," and she made the +application: "The women of Colorado have learned by experience the +advantage of a direct vote over direct influence." She then told in a +graphic manner the vast amount of good work the Federation of Clubs +had been able to do through the power of the ballot and said: "During +the last Legislature a department of the federation had to sit one day +each week to confer with the many members who wanted its endorsement +for their bills. Clubwomen in non-suffrage States do not have this +experience. It is because we can carry the message to Garcia +ourselves." "Mrs. Catt helped to win our mountain republic for +suffrage," Mrs. Bradford said in conclusion, "and we women of Colorado +pledge ourselves to Susan B. Anthony to work until death to help get +it in other States."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Isabella Churchill of Greeley spoke from the standpoint of the +women outside the cities. "To the women in the small towns and country +districts," she said, "it is a privilege and a pleasure to go to the +polls on election day with the men of their family and vote for the +candidates and measures they have had time to consider with care. In +such places the question next day is not, 'Did the election go +Democratic or Republican?' but 'Was it license or no license?' or else +concerning some candidate or issue that they believe of importance to +their community." Mrs. Helen Belford, chairman of the Women's State +Democratic Committee, devoted her address largely to the development +of the young women through the use of the ballot and the study of +political questions. Mrs. Ina Thompson, chairman of the Republican +Women's State Committee, gave a very interesting account of the way +campaigns are conducted by women.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Helen Loring Grenfell, as State Superintendent of Education, +spoke with high authority and by her dignified and beautiful presence +no less than by her ability made a deep impression on all who heard +her. She pointed out that Colorado came into the Union in 1876 with +School suffrage for women and through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> this they had always been able +to keep the schools on a non-partisan basis. She showed that it paid +more per capita for public schools than any other State, leaving even +New York and Massachusetts behind; described its advanced position +from kindergartens to training schools and colleges, with especial +care in guarding the welfare of children, and continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In the East we hear of "the question of coeducation." It is not a +question west of the Mississippi River, it never has been, it +never will be. The eastern arrangement seems to us merely a +curious survival of antiquated ideas, a kind of sex-consciousness +which we have lost sight of in our care for the human being.... +The place of State Superintendent has always been held by a woman +since women became eligible. The first superintendent elected was +a Republican, the second a Democrat, each holding the place for +one term; the third, who is now serving her third term, was +nominated as a Silver Republican but has really been elected and +twice re-elected without regard to politics—an example of the +independence of the vote where school affairs are concerned. +There are 59 counties in Colorado and 33 of them, including most +of those with the largest population, have women county +superintendents....</p> + +<p>I have found Colorado women much like their sisters elsewhere +save that they have a broader view of public affairs and they +take naturally a more active interest in the world's work. They +have learned to think and to say what they think simply and +freely in gatherings where men and women meet to discuss the +vital concerns of life. They have not forgotten that they are +women but they have come to know that they are also human beings, +and, like Terence, they find nothing that concerns humanity +foreign to them. Surely had we not been faithful in the smaller +things, we should not have had these large opportunities given to +us.... I can not help thinking that my sisters elsewhere have +lost something rare and precious from their lives through the +lack of that complete citizenship which has been bestowed upon +the women of Colorado, and I hope the day may be near when those +sisters may be made man's equal under the law of the land as they +have always been under the law of God.</p></div> + +<p>The Hon. Isaac N. Stevens, a pronounced suffragist, who had the topic +After Ten Years, was detained elsewhere. The Hon. Alva Adams, who had +twice been Governor of the State, in his strong and comprehensive +speeches before the convention and the Judiciary Committee of the +House of Representatives, answered for all time the misrepresentations +in regard to woman suffrage in Colorado which for years had been +persistently made by the anti-suffragists, and he also answered +conclusively the many objections<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> that had been conjured up. In the +convention he discussed it From the Colorado Point of View, beginning +as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Colorado does not go into mourning when a girl is born. Equal +suffrage has not taken Colorado out of the Union. She stands an +example of what a sovereign State should be—a model to those +self-righteous States that preach equal rights in press, pulpit +and forum and deny it in the law. The statue of Justice that +crowns her city hall, court house and Capitol is not a lie. For +the Capitol in Washington and in 41 States of the Union the +figure of St. Paul would be more fitting than that of the Goddess +of Liberty. Unfettered by tradition and prejudice Colorado has +dared to do right. She has given to woman what Solomon gave to +Sheba—"whatsoever she asked"—and has no regrets and no desire +to recall the gift. After ten years of experience, equal suffrage +needs neither apology nor defense. No harm has come to either +woman, man or the State. Justice never harmed any one. If +Colorado women were not angels before, the ballot has brought no +wings. Suffrage has not elevated them, it has simply placed them +where they belonged but it has raised the men who have dared to +be just. Woman has not yet conquered iniquity nor has it +conquered her. Suffrage is not a revolution, it is but a step and +not the end of the journey....</p> + +<p>If women have not overthrown the entrenched political machines +the failure is due to the so-called respectable Christian men. +The women are ready but the men are chained to partisanship.... +No single disaster, no backward step in politics or family morals +can be charged to woman suffrage. It has added nothing to the +business of the divorce court, no family has been disrupted, no +children neglected; but the prayers of hundreds of homeless +children and orphans have invoked a benediction upon the voting +women for the home and education that their influence has induced +the State to provide. Suffrage has sent no girl astray but it has +gathered many wanderers and turned their feet into paths of +safety and built for them a model State home. Through the age of +consent law many a seducer has ended his career in jail. The most +efficient members of the State Board of Charities and Correction +are women and this is true of other boards. Their influence has +sent rays of light and hope into darkened cells and established +reforms in asylums and prisons.</p></div> + +<p>In answer to the continued charges that the people of the State would +like to repeal the law he said: "I have too high a regard, too sincere +a faith in Colorado manhood to believe that any of the men who +voluntarily conferred the ballot upon their wives, sisters and mothers +would now repeal that just act. Common sense refutes the statement +regarding women themselves. Not 75 per cent., not 10 per cent., not 1 +per cent. would today vote to relinquish that which belongs to them. +It is not an American<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> trait to give up rights.... I challenge any one +to find 100 intelligent women in Colorado who will voluntarily request +that the word 'male' be restored in the constitution and statutes of +the State. Many women may not go to the polls but the man who would +try to take away their right to do so would need a bombproof conning +tower. There will be no repeal, it stands for all time. There never +will be less than four woman suffrage States—there should be +forty-five.... Since 1876 school affairs have practically been in the +hands of women. They have voted at school elections, held the office +of superintendent in a majority of the counties and taught most of the +schools. In these twenty-eight years neither politics nor scandals +have impaired our public school system and in efficiency we challenge +comparison with any State in the Union. What the women have done for +our schools they can do for our civic government. They have introduced +conscience into educational affairs and they will do the same in city +and State. That is the fear of those who make politics a +profession...."</p> + +<p>Henry B. Blackwell was introduced and spoke briefly of having gone to +Colorado in 1876 to assist in getting full suffrage for women into the +constitution for statehood, but it was left for the voters to decide. +Mrs. Catt closed the meeting with references to the successful +campaign of 1893, seventeen years later.</p> + +<p>A resolution presented by Mrs. Mead was adopted urging Congress to +take the initial steps toward inviting the governments of the world to +establish an International Advisory Congress, and impressing upon +equal suffragists that they should create local public sentiment in +favor of arbitration treaties between the United States and all +countries with which it has diplomatic relations. On motion of Mrs. +Grenfell the convention endorsed the bill before Congress for a +national board of child and animal protection. It rejoiced in the +voting of 850,000 women in Australia and in the fact that woman +suffrage existed throughout 300,000 square miles of United States +territory and eight Senators and nine Representatives were sent to +Congress by votes of both men and women. Mrs. Mary Church Terrell (D. +C.), a highly educated woman, showing little trace of negro blood, +said: "A resolution asks you to stand up for children and animals; I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +want you to stand up not only for children and animals but also for +negroes. You will never get suffrage until the sense of justice has +been so developed in men that they will give fair play to the colored +race. Much has been said about the purchasability of the negro vote. +They never sold their votes till they found that it made no difference +how they cast them. Then, being poor and ignorant and human, they +began to sell them, but soon after the Civil War I knew many efforts +to tempt them to do so which were not successful. My sisters of the +dominant race, stand up not only for the oppressed sex but also for +the oppressed race!"</p> + +<p>Resolutions of regret were adopted for the death of many pioneer +suffragists during the year, among them Sarah Knox Goodrich of +California; Sarah Burger Stearns of Minnesota; Judge J. W. Kingman of +Iowa; Ellen Sully Fray of Ohio; Eliza Sproat Turner and Samuel Pennock +of Pennsylvania; Henrietta L. T. Wolcott, Lavina A. Hatch, Alice +Gordon Gulick, Richard P. Hallowell and the Hon. Henry S. Washburn of +Massachusetts. Telegrams of remembrance were sent to the veteran +workers, Mrs. Martha S. Root of Michigan and Mrs. Caroline E. Merrick +of Louisiana, and a letter to Mrs. Ellen Powell Thompson of the +District. Mrs. Kate Trimble Woolsey of Kentucky, author of Republics +vs. Women, was introduced to the convention and showed how republics +disfranchised half of their citizens.</p> + +<p>The Declaration of Principles, prepared by Mrs. Catt, Dr. Shaw, Miss +Blackwell and Mrs. Harper remained a permanent platform of the +association.</p> + +<p>Dr. Shaw made the delegates smile at one morning session after they +had sung "America" by moving that hereafter the line, "Our Father's +God to Thee," should be printed on their program, "Our Father, God, to +Thee." She said the preachers and poets had a habit of talking so +exclusively about "the God of our fathers" that there was danger of +forgetting that our mothers had any God! Mrs. Mary Wood Swift +(Calif.), its president, brought the greetings of the National Council +of Women. The report from the Friends Equal Rights Association, an +affiliated society, was made by Mrs. Anne W. Janney (Md). Fraternal +greetings were given by Mrs. Olive Pond Amies for the Pennsylvania<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> W. +C. T. U.; by Mrs. Arabella Carter (Penn.) for the Universal Peace +Union, and by Mrs. Emma S. Olds (O.) for the Ladies of the Maccabees +of the World. Mrs. Catt warmly complimented this last organization for +its fine business principles and the high character of its leaders. +The association appointed as its legal adviser Mrs. Catharine Waugh +McCulloch, a prominent lawyer of Chicago, for years the superintendent +of legislative work for the Illinois Suffrage Association and part of +the time its president. It is needless to say that it was not a +salaried position. One morning Mrs. Catt called the "pioneers" to the +platform and presented them to the convention, among them Miss Mary S. +Anthony, who had attended the first Woman's Rights Convention in 1848, +of whom her sister always said: "She has looked after the home and +made it possible for me to do my work."</p> + +<p>Miss Emily Howland of Sherwood, N. Y., one of the early Abolitionists, +said in her few words of reminiscence: "I remember Lucy Stone holding +a series of meetings through New York State in my youth. My uncle came +home and reported that a young woman was lecturing and putting up her +own posters; that she was very bright and he was not sure but that she +was right and what she advocated would have to come. As I think of +those three great leaders, Lucy Stone, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and +Susan B. Anthony, I know what heroism is.... We women did not fully +realize at first that militarism was our greatest foe. We are always +told that women must not vote because they can not fight. I believe +they could—I see many women who have more fight in them than many +men.... Our cause came straight from the anti-slavery cause. All its +early advocates were also advocates of freeing the despised race in +bondage. Let us not forget them now. Neither a nation nor an +individual can be really free till all are free."</p> + +<p>It had been known for some months that Mrs. Catt would not accept a +re-election to the presidency. For the past nine years she had given +her entire time to work for woman suffrage, speaking in many States, +attending conventions, serving as chairman of the Committee on +Organization for five years and as president for four years. During +this time she had had charge of the national headquarters and under +the combined strain found her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> health breaking. The first measure of +relief was the removal of the national headquarters to Warren, Ohio, +in May, 1904, where Mrs. Upton took it in charge, but this was not +sufficient and she announced her determination to retire from the +presidency, much to the regret of the association. The delegates +naturally turned to Dr. Shaw and urged the presidency upon her but she +was most reluctant to accept. It was an unsalaried position; she was +entirely dependent on her lectures and she felt that in the field she +could best serve the cause but she finally yielded to Miss Anthony's +earnest entreaties. She was almost unanimously elected and Mrs. Catt +consented to remain in official position as vice-president-at-large. +The convention adopted the following resolution: "We tender to our +retiring president our hearty thanks for her years of faithful and +efficient labor in behalf of our cause and for her self-sacrificing +devotion to its interests. We congratulate ourselves that we shall +continue to have her wise counsel and cooperation and we express our +earnest hope for her health and prosperity." No other change was made +except that Mrs. Coggeshall retired as second auditor and Dr. Cora +Smith Eaton again became a member of the board.</p> + +<p>The <i>Evening Star</i> had this description: "As the afternoon session was +about closing Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, retiring national president, +who has endeared herself to all by her gracious courtesy, her firm yet +gentle sway, presented to the convention its choice for her successor. +Miss Shaw was not as clear-eyed as usual when she faced the cheering +audience and her voice trembled and choked a little as she declared +she had accepted the office only to give Mrs. Catt a rest. As the +convention continued to applaud she said, trying to smile: 'Don't do +that or I shall surely cry!' The Rev. Anna Howard Shaw is probably the +first woman distinguished by having taken both theological and medical +degrees. She won her way into and through college by teaching and paid +for her theological training by preaching on Sundays.... After filling +one parish for seven years she found her widest opportunities in the +broad parish of the lecture field and is one of the ablest speakers on +the public platform."</p> + +<p>Detroit sent an invitation for the next convention and Mrs. Richard +Williams of Buffalo, N. Y., presented one from that city<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> with a +guarantee from the State Suffrage Association of $1,000 toward the +expenses. While these were appreciated the invitation from Portland, +Ore., was the choice. It was presented by Dr. Annice Jeffreys for the +association and by the Hon. Jefferson Myers in behalf of the Lewis and +Clark Exposition to be held in 1905, which the convention gave a +hearty endorsement.</p> + +<p>The last evening found the large armory filled to the doors. Mrs. +Evelyn H. Belden (Ia.) made a delightful address on The Main Line, +which thoroughly disproved the assertion that women have no sense of +humor, as the audience testified by frequent laughter and applause. +Mrs. L. Annis Pound (Mich.) discussed the Problem of the Individual. +"A woman's value to society," she said, "will increase in direct ratio +as her value as an individual increases. Woman as the potential mother +of the race owes it to posterity to develop the noblest, strongest +type of individualism. She must be first a human being, a personality, +a member of society." Mrs. J. Ellen Foster, president of the National +Women's Republican Association, who had made political speeches from +ocean to ocean, told in a most entertaining manner of Campaigning in +Free States and paid a glowing tribute to the beneficial effects of +woman suffrage in the States where it existed.</p> + +<p>Towards the end of the evening Mrs. Catt presented Miss Anthony and as +she came forward she brought Miss Barton with her and the audience +rose in heartfelt recognition of the two great leaders. "It seemed +unable quite fully to express its pleasure," said the <i>Evening Star</i>, +"and applauded again and again, as Miss Barton bowed and Miss Anthony +looked smilingly and benignly out over the enthusiastic crowds." She +expressed in words of affection and esteem her pleasure in appearing +on that platform with one who had stood by her from the beginning of +her work and Miss Barton responded in the same strain, giving then as +always her adherence to Miss Anthony and the cause of woman suffrage.</p> + +<p>A national suffrage convention never seemed to be properly ended +unless Dr. Shaw made a speech at the close and for this one she chose +the subject, Woman without a Country, and with her matchless eloquence +described the position of women under the flag of a Government in +which they had no voice. Mrs. Catt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> spoke the president's inspiring +farewell words and the convention adjourned to meet next time in the +far northwest.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>The usual hearings were granted by the Senate and House Committees on +February 16 at 10:30 a.m. Miss Anthony presided at the Senate hearing +and the speakers in the Marble Room were Mrs. Watson Lister, +Australia; Mrs. Harriot Stanton Blatch, England; Dr. Anna Howard Shaw +and Mrs. Ida Porter Boyer, Pennsylvania; Miss Laura A. Gregg, +Nebraska; Miss Harriet May Mills, Miss Emily Howland, Mrs. Maud +Nathan, Mrs. Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Mrs. Ida Husted Harper, New +York. In introducing Mrs. Gilman Miss Anthony said quaintly: "This is +one of the Beecher tribe," referring to her relationship, and she said +of Dr. Shaw, the last speaker, "She will wind us up!" In telling of +the first congressional hearing on woman suffrage ever granted—in +1869—she said: "Of all those who spoke here then I am the only one +living today and I shall not be able to come much longer." Her words +were prophetic, as this was the last hearing she ever attended.</p> + +<p>Each speaker considered the question from a different standpoint: Miss +Mills showed that the high schools everywhere were graduating more +girls than boys and women were increasing in the colleges at a higher +ratio than men and said: "If only you would fix an educational +qualification for the franchise we might hope to attain it." Mrs. +Swift described the great campaign that had been made by California +women for the suffrage in 1896 and yet they could not now even vote +for school officers and she told of the unjust laws for women. Mrs. +Boyer spoke for the millions of women wage-earners and declared that +the present form of government was a sex-aristocracy. Mrs. Gilman said +that to have intelligent men there must be educated mothers and that +America could be made greater but not out of little people. Mrs. +Harper reviewed the Senate hearings of the past, the favorable and +unfavorable reports and the many times when no reports were made and +said: "We represent no vested interests, no constituency: we cannot +help or harm you politically; we can only appeal to you in the name of +abstract justice."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p> + +<p>Mrs. Blatch, American by birth, told of the feelings of women arriving +in this country by steamer and seeing the men land from the steerage +who would soon have the right of suffrage which was denied to women +born in the United States. Mrs. Watson Lister was introduced as +representing over 800,000 women voters in Australia and said in part: +"It seems very odd to me to come to America to speak on +self-government. In Australia woman suffrage is not an experiment but +a long experience and one effect has been to disprove all the things +that were said against it." Dr. Shaw spoke of the hardships women had +endured to make this country what it is and of the injustice of +denying them any voice in its government.</p> + +<p>Miss Anthony closed by saying that she had appealed to committees of +seventeen Congresses and she urged that this one would make a +favorable report. Senator Mitchell of Oregon responded: "I introduced +this resolution for woman suffrage. I am earnestly in favor of +it—have been for many years—and if I live you will get a report. I +have been more instructed and interested by the magnificent speeches I +have heard today than by any in the Senate of the United States during +the twenty-one years I have attended it." Others expressed themselves +in the same strain. Senator Mitchell's own personal affairs, however, +soon became much involved and no report was made.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>Mrs. Catt conducted the hearing before the Judiciary Committee of the +House. Its chairman, Representative John J. Jenkins of Wisconsin, who +was presiding, made no secret of his hostility to woman suffrage but +some members of the committee were favorable. Colorado had been the +storm center of attack and defense for many years while Denver was the +only city of considerable size where women could vote. In opening the +hearing Mrs. Catt said: "Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Committee: +Last year when we appeared before the committee to speak in behalf of +the bill asking the submission of the 16th Amendment we called +attention to the fact that Congress had appointed a great many +commissions for investigation of the conditions, political and +otherwise, of various classes of people, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> inasmuch as we have come +here year after year claiming that woman suffrage had wrought none of +the ills which its enemies said it would and that it had brought many +benefits, we asked that Congress, through a commission, should +investigate it in the western States. You are aware that no such +commission resulted from our petition. When Mahomet commanded the +mountain to come to him and the mountain did not come he said: 'Then +Mahomet will go to the mountain.' We have therefore this year brought +Colorado to you and the speakers who will address you this morning are +all from that State."</p> + +<p>The speeches largely followed the lines of those given before the +convention. Mrs. Katherine Cook showed the relation between the +women's vote and the home and family welfare. Mrs. Ellis Meredith, +introduced as on the editorial staff of the <i>Rocky Mountain News</i> of +Denver, gave a summary of the excellent legislation that had been +effected since women began voting in 1894 and said: "I have read a +compilation of the laws in regard to the protection of children in +every State and I know that in no other have they such ample +protection and in no other are the laws so well enforced. This is +partly due to the fact that our Humane Society is a State institution +and has the free voluntary services of six hundred men and women +acting as agents over this big State of 104,000 square miles." +Answering questions she said: "In my district, one of the best, 571 +women registered and 570 voted. There are as many men as women in the +district but only 235 voted. Men form 55 per cent. of our population +and women 45. Women cast over 43 per cent. of the total vote."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Mary C. C. Bradford, president of the State Federation of Women's +Clubs, extended the account of the remarkable work it had accomplished +as described to the convention, a success, she said, due to the fact +that it represented a large body of well-informed voters. She +ridiculed the danger at the polling places. "Who are the evil +creatures we are supposed to meet there on election day? We vote in +the precinct in which we live and we meet our husbands, our brothers, +our sons.... In Colorado the environment in which the supreme right of +citizenship is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> performed has been improved to harmonize with the +improved character of the constituency."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Helen Loring Grenfell was introduced by Mrs. Catt as "the State +Superintendent of Public Instruction now serving her third term, the +only successful candidate on her ticket at the last election." She +began by saying: "Gentlemen, this is a very peculiar position for a +Colorado woman. It seems just as strange to me as it would be to my +husband to be coming here before a body of women and saying: 'We men +ask from you equal rights under the Constitution of the United +States.'" After showing the interest felt in elections by women she +said: "I have been an office-holder, which has involved running for +office, and I think it is right for me to tell you a little of my +experiences. My campaigns have taken me through almost every county in +Colorado, the farming counties, the roughest mining communities, and +let me say to you that if there could be any more chivalry in the +States where you think it would be unchivalrous to let your women +vote, I would like to see it. I have met with the greatest courtesy +from men all over the State. I have been treated just as kindly, just +as politely by the men when I appeared as a political candidate as by +the men with whom I am associated in my school work, in my home and +society life. We have come to the time when we must feel that the word +chivalry belongs to the past. It is connected with a period when +woman's position before the law and in her home was far from a +desirable one; and so I believe you will not misunderstand me when I +say that if you will give us justice we feel that it will mean a great +deal more than chivalry ever did."</p> + +<p>There had just been an exposition of fraud at the recent Congressional +election where Representative John F. Shafroth had been re-elected and +he at once resigned the office in order to disclaim all connection +with it. Nearly every speaker was interrogated about it by members of +the committee. Mrs. Grenfell answered, as did all of them: "The frauds +upon which this election was decided were committed in the city of +Denver alone and in the worst precincts in the city. We will admit +that they were committed. Is that a reason for considering that woman +suffrage is a mistake? I have heard reports from the cities of +Philadelphia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> and New York by which, if I should judge male suffrage, +I should say it was an utter failure in the States of Pennsylvania and +New York. We have tens of thousands of women voters in Colorado. We +have indictments out against many dishonest voters and with the utmost +searching they have found one woman who is charged with 'repeating' in +the election. Our State penitentiary has five women prisoners today +and 600 men. That surely cannot be used as an argument for woman +suffrage having injured the women, whatever it may have done to the +men."<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p> + +<p>The committee were particularly interested in the speech of former +Governor Alva Adams, which gave much information on the voting of +women and called out many questions from the committee. Representative +Littlefield of Maine inquired: "What do you say, Governor, about Miss +McCracken's article in the <i>Outlook</i>?" and he answered: "I call it +infamous, to use the proper term. It was an absolute falsehood. It was +based upon no facts, because no decent women in Colorado would make +the statements that she quotes. She may have found one woman who would +say that they were using philanthropy and charity for political +purposes but to admit that the women of the State would do a thing of +that kind—would so debase themselves—would be an impeachment of the +decency and honesty of womankind everywhere. I am not prepared to make +that admission and the citizens of Colorado cannot make it. There are +100,000<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> honest women in the State who are voters and there are not +100 who will subscribe to the sentiments she gave voice to."<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt closed the hearing with an earnest appeal for action, saying +in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When the constitution of Colorado was first made in 1876 a +provision was placed in it that at any time the Legislature might +enfranchise the women by a referendum of a law to the voters. +That was done in 1893 and it was passed by 6,000 majority. Last +year an amendment to the constitution was submitted to the +electors, now both men and women, concerning the qualifications +for the vote and in it there was included, of course, the +recognition of the enfranchisement of women quite as much as that +of men, so that it was virtually a woman suffrage amendment. It +received a majority of 35,000, showing certainly that after ten +years of experience the people were willing to put woman suffrage +in the constitution, where it became an integral part of it and +permanent.</p> + +<p>When the American constitution was formulated it was the first of +its kind and this was the first republic of its kind. Man +suffrage was an experiment and it was considered universally a +very doubtful one. We find overwhelming evidence that the +thinkers of the world feared that if this republic should fail to +live it would come to its end through the instability of the +minds of men and that revolutionary thought would arise to +overturn the Government. We find it in George Washington and +Benjamin Franklin and all of our statesmen as well as those who +were watching the experiment here so anxiously from across the +sea. What was the result? The result was they made a constitution +just as ironclad as they could, so as to prevent its amendment. +They made it as difficult for the fundamental law of the nation +to be changed as they knew how to do.... Those of us who wish to +enter the political life, who believe that we have quite as good +a right to express ourselves there as any man—what is our +position? Within the last century there has been extension after +extension of the suffrage, and every one has put suffrage for +women further off....</p> + +<p>Do you not see that while in this country there are millions of +people who believe in the enfranchisement of women, while there +is more sentiment for it than in any other, yet we are restricted +by this stone wall of constitutional limitations which was set at +a time when a republican form of government was totally untried? +Because of this we find ourselves distanced by monarchies and the +women enfranchised in other lands are coming to us to express +their pity and sympathy.... So I ask that you will this time make +a report to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> House of Representatives and if you do not +believe that we are right, for Heaven's sake make an adverse +report. Anything will be more satisfactory than the indifference +with which we have been treated for many years. Do at least +recognize that we have a cause, that there are women here whose +hearts are aching because they see great movements to which they +desire to give their help and yet they are chained down to work +for the power that is not yet within their hands.... If you, Mr. +Chairman, feel that you can not offer a favorable report because +the majority of the committee is not favorable, then I beg of +you, in behalf of the women of the United States, to show where +you stand and to give an adverse report.</p></div> + +<p>The Senate Committee presented the National Association with 10,000 +and the House Committee with 15,000 copies of these hearings, which +they could use as a part of their propaganda literature. There was +not, however, enough political influence back of the appeals for the +submission of the Federal Amendment for woman suffrage to compel the +committees to make reports which would bring the subject before +Congress.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Part of Call: In our own country the advocates of our +cause know no discouragement or disappointment. The seed planted by +the pioneers of the woman's rights movement is continuously bearing +fruit in the educational, industrial and social opportunities for the +women of today; these in turn presage the full harvest—political +enfranchisement. Under the stimulus of an educated intelligence and +awakened self-respect women daily grow more unwilling that their +opinions in government, the fundamental source of civilization, should +continue to be uncounted with those of the defective and criminal +classes of men. +</p><p> +In the industrial world organized labor is recognizing in the +underpaid services of women an enemy to economic prosperity and is +making common cause with woman's demand for the ballot with which to +protect her right to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness, avowed to +be inalienably hers by the Declaration of Independence. Time, +agitation, education and organization cannot fail to ripen these many +influences into a general belief in true democratic government of the +people, without distinctions in regard to sex. +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="authors" summary="authors"> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Susan B. Anthony</span>, Honorary President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Carrie Chapman Catt</span>, President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anna Howard Shaw</span>, Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Kate M. Gordon</span>, Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Alice Stone Blackwell</span>, Recording Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Harriet Taylor Upton</span>, Treasurer.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Laura Clay</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Auditors.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Mary J. Coggeshall</span>,</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> A ticket was sent with the invitation which took her +carriage to the private entrance and enabled her to avoid the crowd. +She was constantly surrounded by distinguished people and Miss Alice +Roosevelt left a party of friends, saying, "I must speak to Miss +Anthony, she is my father's special guest." The next day she told the +convention in her inimitable way that when she was presented to Mr. +Roosevelt she said: "Now, Mr. President, we don't intend to trouble +you during the campaign but after you are elected, then look out for +us!"</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Clergymen who opened the various meetings with prayer +were Dr. Edward Everett Hale, chaplain of the U. S. Senate; the Rev. +J. L. Coudon, chaplain of the House of Representatives; the Reverends +A. D. Mayo, D.D.; S. M. Newman, D.D., of the First Congregational +Church; U. G. B. Pierce, All Souls Unitarian Church; John Van Schiack, +Jr., Universalist Church; Alexander Kent, People's Church; the women +ministers at the convention, Anna Howard Shaw, Anna Garlin Spencer, +Mary A. Safford, Marie Jenney Howe, and laywomen Laura Clay, Lucy +Hobart Day, Mrs. Clinton Smith, president District W. C. T. U. The +congregational singing was arranged and led by Miss Etta V. Maddox of +Baltimore and the evening musical programs were in charge of Herndon +Morsell and his pupils.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> The Washington <i>Post</i> of that date contained an amusing +little incident. Miss Anthony came into the morning session while Mrs. +Upton was raising the money and the audience rose to their feet waving +their handkerchiefs. She was about to sit down on the front seat when +Mrs. Upton insisted she should come to the platform. "Must I do that?" +she said sotto voce. "I have on my travelling dress." "How we do put +on airs as we grow older," said Mrs. Upton jokingly, assisting her to +the platform. The applause continuing Miss Anthony smiled, reached out +her hand with a deprecating gesture and said: "There now, girls, +that's enough."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> The Washington <i>Times</i> said: "Mrs. Upton is one of the +most popular women in the suffrage movement and her energy is a matter +of many years' history. If financial support is to be obtained from +States, societies or individuals there is no one more capable of +extracting generous subscriptions...." The <i>Star</i> said: "Mrs. Upton +has served as treasurer many years. She is energetic, zealous, +tactful, possesses a remarkable insight of human nature and is greatly +admired. She is president of the Ohio Suffrage Association and member +of the Warren board of education. Before she became so engrossed in +suffrage she did a great deal of literary work. Her father, Ezra B. +Taylor, succeeded Garfield in Congress and she was with him during his +thirteen years in office. Miss Anthony always relied on him for advice +and assistance."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> There was a large amount of unimpeachable testimony that +the women had no part in these election frauds. Mr. Shafroth himself +said: "The frauds were committed in a bad part of Denver where few +women live. To represent them as characteristic of women's election +methods in Colorado is an outrage." A prominent Denver lawyer, who was +then in Washington, was interviewed on the subject and said: "That +'Exhibit 64' (relating to the alleged frauds by women) was not +competent evidence and would have been thrown out by any court. The +woman who accused herself and other women of cheating did not stay to +be cross-examined; she simply made her affidavit and 'skipped out.' +Everything tends to the belief that she was in the employ of the +opposite party." +</p><p> +The president of the League for Honest Elections in Denver, when +stating that about thirty arrests had been made in connection with the +frauds, said: "Of those arrested and bound over, only one is a woman. +We believe that she is the least guilty of all and whatever connection +she had with the election in her precinct was as the passive +instrument of the men in charge of the fraudulent work at that place. +Of the persons for whom warrants have been issued but not yet served, +only one is a woman. She was a clerk in one of the lower precincts and +we understand has left the city. I may say, as a result of my own +experience in connection with this League, I find that women have +practically nothing to do with fraudulent work."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> A Miss Elizabeth McCracken had been sent to Colorado by +the <i>Outlook</i> to prepare an article on woman suffrage, which it +published. The statements in it were universally repudiated by the +press and the people of that State. Mrs. Grenfell said of it at this +convention: "It is as absurd to refute her assertions as to reply to +Baron Munchausen or to insist that Alice's Adventures in Wonderland +never happened. Such conditions as she describes do not exist in +Colorado."</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<h3>NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1905.</h3> + + +<p>Until 1905 the national suffrage conventions had never been held +further west than Des Moines, Ia. (1897), but this year the innovation +was made of going to the Pacific Coast for the Thirty-seventh annual +meeting, June 28-July 5,<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> at the invitation of the managers of the +Lewis and Clark Exposition held in Portland, Ore. It was a delightful +experience from the beginning, as the delegates from the East and +Middle West met in Chicago and had three special cars from there. The +Chicago Woman's Club gave a large reception in the afternoon of June +23 for Miss Anthony, the officers and delegates. They took the train +that night; Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt joined them in Iowa and others +along the way, as it sped westward. The newspapers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> had given it wide +publicity and they were greeted by suffragists at many places. The +Political Equality Club of Boone, Ia., brought large bouquets for Miss +Anthony, Dr. Shaw and Mrs. Catt, who made brief speeches from the rear +platform. The colored porter listened attentively and said: "Well, +that settles me; I am for woman suffrage," and afterwards diligently +circulated copies of the <i>Woman's Journal</i> on the train. Another +ovation awaited them at Council Bluffs. The train waited half an hour +at Omaha and the women of the Political Equality Club, the W. C. T. U. +and the Woman's Club united in a demonstration. A platform had been +improvised and their presidents expressed a welcome to which responses +were made by Miss Anthony, Mrs. Catt, Dr. Shaw, the Rev. Antoinette +Brown Blackwell, Miss Laura Clay and Mr. and Miss Blackwell, editors +of the <i>Woman's Journal</i>, while reporters were busy getting +interviews. They returned to the train laden with flowers, which they +distributed, sending buttonhole bouquets to the engineer, fireman and +all the crew.</p> + +<p>The train was delayed two hours at Cheyenne and former U. S. Senator +Joseph M. Carey and his wife, staunch suffragists and old friends of +Miss Anthony, took her for a drive while the officers and delegates +walked about the pleasant little city and went to see the handsome +State House. Miss Blackwell wrote of the occasion: "Everything in +Wyoming was surrounded by a sort of halo. The sky seemed of a more +vivid blue, the grass of a brighter emerald than in the States where +women do not enjoy equal rights. The leaves of the many cottonwood +trees twinkled pleasantly in the clear sunlight, the air was fresh and +bracing and the snow mountains looked down upon the city like a +visible realization of ideals." The presence of the visitors soon +became known and an impromptu reception was held in the large waiting +room of the station, which was beautified by potted ferns and palms.</p> + +<p>Sunday services were held on the train and during the week days +business meetings in the stateroom of Miss Anthony and Dr. Shaw. As +the journey neared the end the porter confided to Lucy E. Anthony, the +railroad secretary, who arranged the trip: "I ain't never travelled +with such a bunch of women before—they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> don't fuss with me and they +don't scrap with each other!" Monday morning they entered the +magnificent scenery along the Columbia River and at The Dalles were +met by Mrs. Duniway and a party of friends. By noon they had reached +the City of Roses and were comfortably settled in the Portland Hotel +and the hospitable homes of the city.</p> + +<p>The convention, held in the First Congregational Church, was planned +for a very full program of ten days instead of the usual week. +Notwithstanding the Exposition was in progress and conventions were a +matter of daily occurrence, none of the national suffrage conventions +ever had fuller or more satisfactory reports. <i>Journal</i>, <i>Telegram</i> +and <i>Oregonian</i> vied with each other and the Associated Press sent out +whatever was requested of it. <i>The Oregonian</i> said of the first +executive session: "Room 618 in the Portland Hotel was the scene of a +notable gathering yesterday afternoon. Lawyers, doctors, ministers of +the gospel, lecturers of renown and expert auditors were in close +conference, mapping out a plan of campaign by which they will fight +for their rights in this land of the free and home of the brave. That +they have not had the rights accorded by the Declaration of +Independence to all American citizens they attribute to the fact that +they are women and it is to convince unseeing mankind that women who +are intelligent enough to obey laws are capable of helping frame them, +that the most profound and representative women of the country are +gathered here in the interests of equal suffrage." Miss Blackwell +presented this interesting picture in her letter to the <i>Woman's +Journal</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The convention has opened magnificently, with glorious sunshine, +great audiences, full and friendly press reports and the +suffragists of the Pacific Coast outdoing themselves in cordial +hospitality. The beautiful city of Portland is so full of flowers +at this season that the whole city might be thought to have +decorated in honor of the coming of the national convention. As +the yellow-ribboned delegates go through the streets they +constantly utter exclamations of delight over the enormous roses, +the curtains of dark blue clematis draping the verandas, the +luxuriant masses of ivy and the majestic trees rising above the +velvet lawns and casting their shade upon the many handsome +residences.... Hospitable Oregonians send in presents to the +officers of huge red and yellow apples and baskets of mammoth +cherries nestling in their green leaves....<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p> + +<p>The large gray stone church has its auditorium hung with American +flags and bunting of the suffrage color; portraits of Lucy Stone +and Susan B. Anthony stand back of the pulpit and along its front +runs the word "progress" in large letters made of flowers.... A +splendid bouquet of white lilies has just been sent to the +convention as a greeting from the Oregon State Federation of +Women's Clubs and another of rich red roses from the Portland +Woman's Club, and the platform is imbedded in carnations from +local florists. All sorts of organizations seem to vie with each +other in welcoming their happy guests.</p></div> + +<p>The convention was opened with prayer by the Rev. Elwin L. House, +pastor of the church. The president, Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, was in the +chair and greetings were given from the Oregon Suffrage Association by +its president, Mrs. Henry Waldo Coe; the National Council of Women by +the president, Mrs. Mary Wood Swift (Calif.), who called attention to +the fact that it was organized by suffragists; the National Woman's +Christian Temperance Union by Mrs. Lucia Faxon Additon; the National +Grange by Mrs. Clara H. Waldo, who said: "The basic principle of the +Grange is equal rights for men and women and it practices what it +preaches, all the offices being open to women." Greetings from the +National Federation of Labor were offered by Mrs. F. Ross; the Ladies +of the Maccabees by Mrs. Nellie H. Lambson; the Federation of Women's +Clubs by Mrs. Sarah A. Evans; the Forestry Association by Mrs. Arthur +H. Breyman; the Women's Henry George League by Dr. Mary H. Thompson, +the pioneer woman physician of Oregon. The National Conference of +Charities and Corrections, then in session in Portland, sent greetings +by Mrs. Lillie R. Trumbull, who said: "If woman suffrage means +anything it means the protection of children, therefore we march under +the same banner."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Abigail Scott Duniway, the pioneer suffragist of the northwest, +presented to Dr. Shaw a gavel from the Oregon Historical Society with +a letter from its secretary, Dr. George H. Himes, describing the six +kinds of wood out of which it was made, each of important historical +value. It was accepted with thanks and used by her to preside over the +convention. A Centennial Ode, composed by Mrs. Duniway, was finely +read by Mrs. Sylvia W. McGuire. The response to all these greetings +was made by Miss Anthony, of whom the <i>Oregonian</i> said: "The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> +appearance of Susan B. Anthony was the signal for a wild ovation. The +large audience rose to its feet and cheered the pioneer who has done +so much for the cause of equal suffrage and who is still the life of a +great work. At the close of the session men and women rushed forward, +eager to clasp her hand and pay homage to her. There are many famous +delegates present at this convention, women whose names are known in +every civilized nation on the globe, but none shines with the luster +which surrounds Miss Anthony." She began by recalling her visit in +1871, when Mrs. Duniway and she made a speaking tour of six weeks in +the State; the long stage rides over the corduroy roads, the prejudice +encountered but personal friendliness and large audiences everywhere, +and continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I am delighted to see and hear in this church today the women +representatives of so many organizations and it is in a measure +compensation for the half-century of toil which it has been my +duty and privilege to give to this our common cause. The sessions +of this convention will be treated by the press of America +exactly as it would treat any national gathering which was +representative in character and had an object worthy of serious +attention. The time of universal scorn for woman suffrage has +passed and today we have strong and courageous champions among +that sex the members of which fifty years ago regarded our +proposals as part of an iconoclasm which threatened the very +foundation of the social fabric.... Elizabeth Cady Stanton and I +made our first fight for recognition of the right of women to +speak in public and have organizations among themselves. You who +are younger cannot realize the intensity of the opposition we +encountered. To maintain our position we were compelled to attack +and defy the deep-seated and ingrained prejudices bred into the +very natures of men, and to some of them we were actually +committing a sin against God and violating His laws. Gradually, +however, the opposition has weakened until today we meet far less +hostility to equal suffrage itself than then was manifested +toward giving women the right of speaking in public and +organizing for mutual advantage.</p></div> + +<p>The opening exercises closed with an address by the Rev. Thomas L. +Eliot, a Unitarian minister, who with his wife had encouraged Miss +Anthony during that visit of 1871. He said his mother's great-aunt, +Abigail Adams, had probably uttered the first declaration for woman +suffrage on American soil, and paid a warm tribute to Mrs. Duniway's +long and earnest labors<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> for this cause as he had seen them during his +thirty-seven years in Oregon.</p> + +<p>At the insistence of Dr. Shaw Miss Anthony presided at the first +evening session. It was said that she had wielded the gavel at more +conventions than any other woman and she had presided over national +suffrage conventions for nearly forty years, but this proved to be the +last at which she filled that honored position. A press report said: +"Her voice is more vigorous than that of many a woman half her age and +she speaks with fluency and ease." The <i>Oregonian</i> thus described her +appearance on this occasion: "A rare picture she made in the +high-backed oaken chair, her snowy hair puffed over her ears in +old-time fashion and the collar of rose point lace, which seems to +belong to dignified old age, forming a frame for her gentle but +determined face. When she rose to call the meeting to order she was +deluged with many beautiful floral tributes and drolly peering over +the heap of flowers she said: "Well, this is rather different from the +receptions I used to get fifty years ago. They threw things at me +then—but they were not roses—and there were not epithets enough in +Webster's Unabridged to fit my case. I am thankful for this change of +spirit which has come over the American people."</p> + +<p>Governor George E. Chamberlain gave the welcome of the State, +declaring himself unequivocally and emphatically in favor of woman +suffrage and expressing the hope that Oregon was now ready to grant +it. T. C. Devlin extended the welcome of the city as proxy for the +Mayor, who addressed the convention later. The Hon. Jefferson Myers, +president of the State Commission for the Exposition, paid eloquent +tribute to Miss Anthony and her co-workers and said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I hope that you may yet live to see many victories for the +principles which you have so nobly advocated in behalf of the +women of our land. These principles are not new to the American +people. There are many differences of opinion, but, after all the +argument for and against, it hardly seems possible that any one +who is entitled to the privilege which you request can afford to +deny that privilege to his mother. There is no question but that +the women of our land bear today as great, if not greater, +burdens in the affairs of a good and honorable government than +our men. The raising of the children, their education and +protection from the vices of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> world, are cares that mothers +have which no man's responsibility equals....</p> + +<p>You are today among a citizenship on this coast that is very +fair, broad-minded and ready to assist your cause whenever +convinced that it will be an advantage and a betterment to our +present government. If it is fairly placed before the voters of +this commonwealth with a reasonable argument in its favor, there +is no doubt in my mind of its success. We are the only State that +has adopted the broad principle of government which permits the +citizens of the commonwealth to prepare and vote its own +legislation, by its own people, without aid or consent of any +other power. I refer to the Initiative and Referendum.... I +sometimes doubt whether this great western country would ever +have had the Stars and Stripes without the influence of the +American mother. Therefore my sympathies are with you in your +cause and all others supported by the mothers of our government +for the liberties of themselves and families.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Duniway spoke on The Pioneers of the Northwest as one of them, +introduced by Miss Anthony as "the woman with whom I went gipsying +thirty-four years ago," and the audience grew enthusiastic at the +sight of these two brave veterans, the one 85 and the other 71. The +press commented: "Mrs. Duniway's talk will be remembered as one of the +best of the session. She said she had been electrified by the +Governor's speech and her own fairly scintillated with the result of +the shock. Her anecdotes were capital and her reminiscences of the +cabbage and rotten-egg days convulsed the audience." Mrs. Catt, +vice-president-at-large, responded to the greetings and expressed the +pleasure of the delegates at being in "this most beautiful city of the +United States and of the world." She spoke in highest praise of the +free, independent spirit of the West, quoting the man who said: "Out +here we don't ask who your grandfather was but everybody stands on his +own hypothenuse!"</p> + +<p>Dr. Shaw was so impressed with the responsibility of her new office +that for the first time she wrote her president's address and it was +published in twelve columns of the <i>Woman's Journal</i>. A Portland paper +thus prepared the audience: "The event of the evening will be the +address of the president, the Rev. Anna Howard Shaw. She is easily the +best and foremost woman speaker in the world and in her appearance +Portland will enjoy a rare treat. Her eloquence is seldom equalled and +she is a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> woman of deep learning, a cogent reasoner and a brilliant +thinker.... She has wonderful magnetism and a rare voice of round, +rich tones and great carrying capacity. An unusual combination of +dignity and wit is hers and many brilliant remarks intersperse the +numbers on the program, keeping the audience in fine humor and +constant interest." After a glowing word-picture of the natural beauty +of Portland and Oregon Dr. Shaw turned her attention to Sacajawea, the +young Indian woman who guided Lewis and Clark through thousands of +miles of trackless wilderness on their expedition to the great +northwest.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Others will speak of that brave band of immortals whose +achievements your great Exposition commemorates, while we pay our +tribute of honor and gratitude to the modest, unselfish, enduring +little Shoshone squaw, who uncomplainingly trailed, canoed, +climbed, slaved and starved with the men of the party, enduring +all that they endured, with the addition of a helpless baby on +her back. At a time in the weary march when the hearts of the +leaders had well nigh fainted within them, when success or +failure hung a mere chance in the balance, this woman came to +their deliverance and pointed out to the captain the great Pass +which led from the forks of the Three Rivers over the mountains. +Then silently strapping her papoose upon her back she led the +way, interpreting and making friendly overtures to powerful +tribes of Indians, who but for her might at any moment have +annihilated that brave band of intrepid souls.... The Pass +through which she led the expedition has long borne the name of a +French explorer who had not seen it until many years after +Sacajawea had been gathered to her rest, but tardy +acknowledgements of this heroine's services have at last been +partially made. The U. S. Geological Survey has recently named +one of the finest peaks in the Bridge range in Montana "Sacajawea +Peak." ...</p> + +<p>Forerunner of civilization, great leader of men, patient and +motherly woman, we bow our hearts to do you honor! Your tribe is +fast disappearing from the land of your fathers. May we, the +daughters of an alien race who slew your people and usurped your +country, learn the lessons of calm endurance, of patient +persistence and unfaltering courage exemplified in your life, in +our efforts to lead men through the Pass of justice, which goes +over the mountains of prejudice and conservatism to the broad +land of the perfect freedom of a true republic; one in which men +and women together shall in perfect equality solve the problems +of a nation that knows no caste, no race, no sex in opportunity, +in responsibility or in justice! May "the eternal womanly" ever +lead us on!...</p></div> + +<p>Referring to the convention and the delegates Dr. Shaw said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>What does our coming mean to us, who gather in this 37th annual +convention where sits the woman whose chair has never been +vacant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> in all these years of hope deferred; whose heart has +continually glowed with perennial youth; whose soul has burned +with a vivid flame of love and freedom; whose brain has been the +inspirer of herculean service; whose industry has never flagged; +whose quenchless hope for humanity has carried us from victory to +victory? May her spirit of devotion to freedom ever lead us on!</p> + +<p>It means fifty-seven years nearer to victory than when the first +invincible band of pioneers of universal freedom met in that +little church in Seneca Falls, N. Y., in 1848. It means that in +this body are women from four States of our Union already crowned +with full citizenship; that delegates from more than two-score +States have crossed the borderland of freedom, and that +representatives from nearly every State and Territory are banded +together in an unfaltering purpose to become politically free. It +also means that more has been accomplished for the betterment of +the condition of women, for their physical, economic, +intellectual and religious emancipation, by these fifty-seven +years of evolutionary progress, than by all the revolutions the +world has known; and it means that in every civilized nation of +the earth, more and more the most patriotic, the most +law-abiding, the most intelligent and the most industrious people +are coming to see the justice of our claim, that in a +representative government "the people who bear the burdens and +responsibilities should share its privileges also—not excepting +women." ...</p></div> + +<p>The recent attacks of Cardinal Gibbons and former President Cleveland, +who had protested against women taking part in the Government lest it +interfere with the home, she answered with keen analysis, saying in +part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The great fear that the participation of women in public affairs +will impair the quality and character of home service is +irrational and contrary to the tests of experience. Does an +intelligent interest in the education of a child render a woman +less a mother? Does the housekeeping instinct of woman, +manifested in a desire for clean streets, pure water and +unadulterated food, destroy her efficiency as a home-maker? Does +a desire for an environment of moral and civic purity show +neglect of the highest good of the family? It is the "men must +fight and women must weep" theory of life which makes men fear +that the larger service of women will impair the high ideal of +home. The newer ideal that men must cease fighting and thus +remove one prolific cause for women's weeping, and that they +shall together build up a more perfect home and a more ideal +government, is infinitely more sane and desirable. Participation +in the larger and broader concerns of the State will increase +instead of decrease the efficiency of government and tend to +develop that self-control, that more perfect judgment which are +wanting in much of the home training of today.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p> + +<p>A comprehensive review was made of the great events in the world's +history during the past year and the work of the National American +Suffrage Association was described. "Whatever others may say or do," +she declared, "our association must not accept any compromises. We +must guard against the reactionary spirit which marks the present time +and stand unfalteringly for the principle of perfect equality of +rights and opportunities for all.... Never was there a time when +heroic service was more needed—not the spectacular heroism marching +with flying banners and weapons of destruction but the quiet, earnest +heroism of men and women standing steadfastly by that which seems +right and rigidly adhering in daily intercourse to that sterling +honesty of purpose which ennobles character and develops the best in a +nation's life." This inspiring address, all of which was on the same +high level as the portions quoted, thus concluded:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We are told that to assume that women will help purify political +life and develop a more ideal government but proves us to be +dreamers of dreams. Yes, we are in a goodly company of dreamers, +of Confucius, of Buddha, of Jesus, of the English Commons +fighting for the Magna Charta, of the Pilgrims, of the American +Revolutionists, of the Anti-slavery men and women. The seers and +leaders of all times have been dreamers. Every step of progress +the world has made is the crystallization of a dream into +reality. To look forward to a time when men shall be just, when +"fair play and a square deal for all" will include women, when +our republic shall in truth become what its dreamers have hoped +it would be, a government "of the people, by the people and for +the people,"—this <i>is</i> a dream but it is a dream which we are +helping to make real, and the result will come not alone because +a vision has been revealed but by following it steadfastly to its +fruition. The idealists dream and the dream is told, and the +practical men listen and ponder and bring back the truth and +apply it to human life, and progress and growth and higher human +ideals come into being and so the world moves ever on.</p></div> + +<p>During the several business sessions the following action was taken: +It was directed that a letter be sent to the President-elect, Theodore +Roosevelt, asking him to recommend the submission of a 16th Amendment +in his message to Congress; that as many organizations of women as +possible be secured to unite in urging him to do so, following the +methods employed by the Protest Committee (a committee appointed to +wait upon him to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> present this request); that the Banker, Starr, +Underwood and Green bequests amounting to $3,801 be appropriated for +campaign work in Oregon and the Territories. Miss Clay announced that +Miss Laura Bruce had bequeathed $5,000 to her in trust for the +National American Woman Suffrage Association.</p> + +<p>The work conferences established by Mrs. Catt during her +administration were held with the following among the questions +discussed: Must we supplement our present form of organization to +achieve our "argument of numbers"? How can we best spread our ideas in +other organizations? The field in 1904 and 1905. Our request in 1904 +for a plank in the national platforms. These conferences, which had +been a feature of the conventions for eight years, were dropped after +this one but many of the practical subjects formerly discussed in such +conferences were placed on the regular program. Mrs. Catharine Waugh +McCulloch presided at the conference on How can we nationalize our +request for a 16th Amendment? At its conclusion it was voted to refer +to the Business Committee the idea of asking the suffragists of the +four free States to instruct their Senators and Representatives in +Congress to move for the submission of a 16th Amendment. It was her +thought that all the State suffrage associations should send petitions +to their respective Congressmen asking for a 16th Amendment to the +National Constitution enfranchising women; that earnest efforts should +be made to have other organizations take similar action and every +means employed to bring the question before them.</p> + +<p>The reports of the standing and special committees and those from the +various State presidents, which occupied the morning and afternoon +sessions, were excellent and valuable as usual. Miss Kate M. Gordon +(La.) in her corresponding secretary's report called attention to the +conspicuous triumph for woman suffrage when the great International +Council of Women, whose delegates represented practically the whole +civilized world, at its meeting in Berlin the preceding year +unanimously endorsed woman suffrage and appointed a standing committee +on Citizenship and Equal Rights, with Dr. Shaw as its chairman. She +read letters from the Governors of the four equal suffrage States<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> +regretting their inability to be present for Woman's Day at the +Exposition and giving the strongest possible endorsement of the +practical working of woman suffrage.</p> + +<p>The report of Miss Elizabeth J. Hauser, headquarters secretary, of the +first year's work in its new home at Warren, O., was most interesting. +The letters sent out numbered 14,000 and included three during the +year to the president of every local club, giving information, plans +of work and encouragement. The bureau had over 1,200 individual +correspondents. Nearly 44,000 copies of <i>Progress</i> went to newspapers, +public men, delegates to the political conventions and subscribers. +About 65,000 pieces of literature exclusive of <i>Progress</i> were +distributed, going to every State and Territory, to Canada, England, +Holland and Australia. In addition thousands of booklets, political +equality leaflets and souvenirs of various kinds were sent forth as +propaganda. The report of Mrs. Catt, chairman of the Committee on +Literature, showed that it had provided 62,000 of these pieces and had +printed about 100,000 during the year. Miss Anthony had presented to +the association ten sets of the History of Woman Suffrage and eighty +copies of the new Volume IV to be sold, Miss Hauser said. Headquarters +were maintained at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis. The +work inaugurated by Miss Anthony of securing resolutions for woman +suffrage from conventions of various kinds was successfully continued. +Fraternal delegates were sent to national conventions and the U. S. +National Council of Women had created a Committee on Political +Equality. Nineteen State organizations adopted resolutions endorsing +woman suffrage; fraternal delegates from suffrage associations were +sent to eighteen other State gatherings and the question was given a +hearing at six Territorial conventions; greetings were sent to three, +literature distributed in four and woman suffrage day observed in +three State gatherings. Add to these the 283 societies (not suffrage) +which reported adopting resolutions on the Statehood Protest and there +is positive knowledge that the question was before and received +favorable action from 339 societies in 1904. A full report was given +of the effort to obtain woman<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> suffrage planks in the platforms of the +political parties, delegates from the association being sent to all. +[See <a href="#CHAPTER_XXIII">Chapter XXIII.</a>]</p> + +<p>An outstanding feature of the year's achievements was what was known +as the Statehood Protest. At the beginning of the 58th Congress a bill +passed the Lower House providing for the admission to Statehood of +Oklahoma, Indian, Arizona and New Mexico Territories under the names +of Oklahoma and Arizona. It contained a clause saying that "the right +of suffrage should never be abridged except on account of illiteracy, +minority, <i>sex</i>, conviction of felony or mental condition." The +association's legal adviser, Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch of +Chicago, was consulted by Mrs. Upton and Miss Hauser the preceding +June as to how the word "sex" could be eliminated. She took the matter +under consideration and laid her plan before the Business Committee in +September. It called for a nation-wide protest from women's +organizations and individuals. The committee approved but did not feel +able to make a sufficient appropriation. The report continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When the result was communicated to Mrs. McCulloch by letter she +answered post-haste: "We dare not let this work go undone. I will +raise the money for it myself." The headquarters undertook to do +the work. We appealed to the president or the corresponding +secretary for directories of associations and as fast as names +were secured copies of the circular letter of the Woman's Protest +Committee, written by Miss Blackwell, were sent out. This letter +was signed by twenty-six women, among them presidents of the +following national organizations: Council of Women, Council of +Jewish Women, Woman Suffrage Association, Teachers' Federation, +Catholic Women's League, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, +Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic, Lutheran Women's +League, Congress of Mothers, etc., and 34,000 were sent out with +28,000 leaflets, "Why Women Should Protest." Perhaps no more +spontaneous response was ever given to anything than to this +letter. All sorts of societies, not of women only but of men and +of men and women, protested. More than 400 reported their action +to headquarters. The number of individuals who reported that they +had written to Senator Albert J. Beveridge (Ind.), chairman of +the Committee on Territories, and to their own Senators was so +great that we could not keep a record. Newspapers the country +over commented on the matter, hundreds of clippings on the +subject sometimes being received in one mail.</p> + +<p>What was the result? Under date of Dec. 16, 1904, Senator +Beveridge notified headquarters that the Senate Committee had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> +unanimously voted to strike out the objectionable word "in +accordance with your very reasonable request." It was a great +victory and more than paid for the labor. Mrs. McCulloch was as +good as her word and raised the money to defray all the expenses, +giving $100 herself and securing from her friend and ours, Mrs. +Elmina Springer of Chicago, $500; Mrs. Mary Wood Swift of +California, president of the National Council of Women, +contributed $50; our own president, Miss Shaw, gave $25 and there +were some small contributions. The work was most economically +done, the printing and envelopes costing $118, the postage over +$300 and a balance was left.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p></div> + +<p>The report of Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton, national treasurer, showed +receipts for the year to be $14,662, including bequests of $4,237 from +Mrs. Henrietta L. Banker of New York and $500 from Mrs. Armilla J. +Starr of Michigan; $2,000 from Mrs. Charlotte A. Cleveland of New York +and $100 each from Mrs. Jonas Green of Virginia and Mrs. Helen J. +Underwood of California. The disbursements were $12,437. Miss Hauser +asked for the money for the next year's work and $4,614 were quickly +subscribed. A large number of $50 life memberships were taken. One +hundred one-dollar pledges were made in memory of Sacajawea. Mrs. Catt +guaranteed that Mrs. Upton and herself would raise $3,000 for the +Oregon campaign.</p> + +<p>Henry B. Blackwell, chairman of the Presidential Suffrage Committee, +gave the welcome information that the U. S. Supreme Court through +Chief Justice Fuller had rendered a decision that "the power of every +State Legislature in the appointment of presidential electors is +plenary, exclusive and final." The report of Mrs. Ida Porter Boyer, +chairman of the Libraries Committee, was read by Mrs. Blankenburg and +showed that thus far a bibliography of 823 books, pamphlets, etc., on +woman suffrage had been compiled. One book bore the date of 1627. +Another had the title "No Female Suffrage; Theology, Logic, Anatomy, +Physiology and Philology United to Establish the Truism that Woman is +No Human Being." Mrs. Blankenburg went as fraternal delegate to the +convention of the National Libraries Association meeting in Portland +at this time and gave<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> part of this report, which was received with +much interest and cooperation was promised.</p> + +<p>The report of Mrs. Elnora M. Babcock, chairman of the Press Committee, +was as complete and valuable as usual. It said that 80,000 general +suffrage articles had been sent out and 6,000 papers supplied by the +chairman and committee since the last convention. Each paper in +Portland had been furnished with personal sketches of every officer +and speaker connected with the convention and copies of all the +reports and speeches that could be obtained, as was customary wherever +a convention was held. In referring to special articles she said that +5,000 copies from members of the association and residents of Colorado +had been sent out in answer to the charges that woman suffrage was +responsible for the recent election frauds in that State, which seemed +to be made by every opponent who could wield a pen. Answers were +widely distributed to the report of the Mosely Educational Commission +sent here from Great Britain, and the Male Teachers' Association of +New York, to the effect that women should not be employed to teach +boys over ten years of age and that teaching was interfering with the +marriage of many women and keeping them from their proper place in the +world. The article of former President Grover Cleveland in the +<i>Ladies' Home Journal</i> denouncing women's clubs and particularly +suffrage clubs had been almost universally commented on by the press +and required extensive attention. A reply to Cardinal Gibbons's +address to the women graduates of Trinity College, Washington, by Mrs. +Ida Husted Harper was sent to eighty metropolitan papers and hundreds +of shorter ones were scattered broadcast. The excellent work of the +various State press chairman was described.</p> + +<p>One afternoon was devoted to a conference on How Can We Best Utilize +the Press? Mrs. Harper presided and nearly twenty speakers took part. +One of the Portland papers commented: "If the great political organs +of the United States knew how well these women have the tricks of the +trade at their fingers' ends they would employ special detectives to +watch for suffrage literature in disguise." Mr. Lathrop, editor of the +Portland <i>Journal</i>, said: "A newspaper man in his official capacity is +not an educator<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> but a seller of news. One who would treat a suffrage +convention as a negligible quantity would lose his job. The question +is not how you can get matter about women into the papers but how you +can keep it out." Mrs. Florence Kelley added: "We all know to our +sorrow that women cannot keep out of the papers but the question is +how to get our subject in them in a way to promote it. I can recommend +the following method: Write something in editorial style just about as +you want it to appear and send it to the editor with a deprecatory +note to the effect that it is only raw material but perhaps it could +be whipped into an editorial by his able pen. The chances are that the +first time he is hard up for one he will use it—probably beheaded or +with the end off or the middle amputated to show that the editor is +editing, but it will be published."</p> + +<p>Miss Anthony was asked for reminiscences of her famous paper, the +<i>Revolution</i>, published in New York in 1868-70. Mrs. Duniway gave an +interesting account of her paper, the <i>New Northwest</i>, begun in 1871 +in Portland and continued for a number of years with the help of her +five young sons. She expressed her love for the <i>Woman's Journal</i>, +"the dear, reliable, old paper started by Lucy Stone and kept going by +the heroic efforts of her husband and daughter," and many joined in +this expression. Mrs. Clara Bewick Colby (D. C.), editor of the +<i>Woman's Tribune</i>, told of the press conference at the International +Council of Women. Mrs. Julia B. Nelson (Minn.) and Miss Amanda Way +(Ind.) were among the veteran writers who spoke. Miss Blackwell gave +experienced advice and a number of younger women made brief but clever +suggestions.</p> + +<p>An interesting part of the convention was Woman's Day at the +Exposition on June 30 and this day had been chosen for the dedication +of the statue of Sacajawea, the Indian woman who led the Lewis and +Clark Expedition thousands of miles through the wilderness unknown to +white men. It was thus described: "The statue, a beautiful creation in +bronze, was the work of Miss Alice Cooper of Denver, a pupil of Lorado +Taft, the figure full of buoyancy and animation, a shapely arm +suggestive of strength pointing to the distant sea, the face radiant, +the head thrown back, the eyes full of daring." The exercises<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> were in +charge of the Order of Red Men and the Women's Sacajawea Association, +Mrs. Eva Emery Dye, president, and on the platform facing the statue +prominent members of the convention sat with President Goode, of the +Exposition, Mayor Lane and other dignitaries. Miss Anthony and Mrs. +Duniway spoke during the unveiling and presentation ceremonies and Dr. +Shaw pronounced the benediction. [See Oregon chapter.]</p> + +<p>The afternoon session of the convention was held in Festival Hall on +the grounds and greetings were offered for organizations, including +the Young Woman's Christian Association by Mrs. L. E. Rockwell and +Women's Medical Association by Dr. Esther C. Pohl. Dr. Sarah A. +Kendall of Washington responded. The Los Angeles Suffrage Club sent a +greeting and Mrs. Helen Secor Tonjes brought one from the New York +City Equal Suffrage League. Mrs. Charlotte Perkins Gilman gave an +original poem. Mrs. Mabel Craft Deering, a graduate of California +State University and the Hastings Law School of San Francisco, read an +able paper on Coeducation. Its sentiments were strongly endorsed by +Professor William S. Giltner, president of Eminence College, Kentucky, +one of the earliest women's colleges, from its beginning in 1858 to +its close in 1894. Miss Alice Stone Blackwell, under the title, Sowing +the Seed, gave an interesting account of the early trials of her +mother and two aunts, the pioneer doctors, Elizabeth and Emily +Blackwell. The Rev. Antoinette Brown Blackwell, an aunt by marriage, +the pioneer woman minister, who was on the platform, said: "Ever since +I made my first suffrage speech in 1848 I have believed that the cause +of woman suffrage was the cause of religion and vice versa." Mrs. Maud +Wood Park read the eloquent address of Mrs. Lucia Ames Mead on The +Organization of the World.</p> + +<p>Mrs. May Arkwright Hutton (Idaho), who spoke for the equal suffrage +States, gave this unique reminiscence of her early life in Ohio when +William McKinley, a young lawyer, after speaking in the town hall, was +a guest of her grandfather. She said in part: "Mr. McKinley carried +the lantern, leading me by the hand, while I led grandfather, we +little dreaming that the kindly young man guiding a child and an old, +blind man through the wintry night would some day guide the destiny +of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> the nation. On reaching home, I brought cider, apples and +doughnuts from the cellar that we might have what grandfather called a +'schold check' before going to bed. The fire roared in the wide +chimney place; grandfather sat in his armchair, Mr. McKinley opposite +and I on a low stool between them. They talked of the late war, +reconstruction and woman's rights. Then it was that I learned that +women were denied rights enjoyed by men. Mr. McKinley deplored the +fact and contended that woman was the intellectual equal of man and +should be his political equal. Patting my head he said: 'I believe +when this lassie grows up she will be a voter.'"</p> + +<p>At the close of the session a reception for Miss Anthony and the +officers, speakers and delegates was given in the Oregon building by +its hostess, Dr. Annice Jeffreys (Mrs. Jefferson) Myers, assisted by +Mrs. Coe, the State president. The big reception hall and the parlors +were filled with visitors from all parts of the country. The +<i>Oregonian</i> said: "When Miss Anthony, the honored guest, reached the +Oregon building the band played Auld Lang Syne and the crowds became +so dense that it was with difficulty Dr. Myers could escort her to the +parlors. Here she stood in line for more than an hour, women and men +pressing around her wanting just a word and they got it! She declared +that it did not make her nearly so tired as she used to feel when +nobody wanted to take her hand." In a letter to the <i>Woman's Journal</i> +Miss Blackwell said: "Both in the convention and at all the social +functions Miss Anthony has been the central figure, the object of +general admiration and affection. It is the strongest possible +contrast to the unpopularity and persecution of her early days. All +these attentions were most gratifying to the members of the +convention, who appreciated her courage and devotion in making this +long journey at the age of 85, and afterwards they were remembered +with especial pleasure because it was the last in which she was able +to take an active part."</p> + +<p>The social courtesies during the convention were unbounded. The +Woman's Club gave a large evening reception in the rooms of the +Commercial Club and Mrs. Arthur H. Breyman, its president, opened her +handsome residence for an afternoon tea. Mrs. Coe gave a dinner party +of about thirty, her lovely home<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> decorated in yellow flowers, the +suffrage color. Mrs. Hutton had a handsome dinner of thirty covers at +the Portland Hotel and the Ode which she had written and dedicated to +the convention was sung by Mrs. Alice Mason Barnett of San Francisco +here and at the convention. Private dinners and teas were of daily +occurrence and the drives around this beautiful city and its environs +were a never failing delight.</p> + +<p>At one evening session C. E. S. Wood (Ore.) spoke on The Injustice of +Majority Rule in a cynical strain, believing that woman suffrage was +right but fearing it would not do as much good as its advocates hoped +for. Now suffrage meant "little stuffed men going to a little stuffed +ballot box" and he was afraid "women would take their place on the +chess board to be moved in the game by some power they did not see." +After he had finished Dr. Shaw observed: "I would rather be a little +stuffed woman having my own say than to be ruled by a little stuffed +man without my consent, and the only way we will cease to have little +stuffed men is for them to be born of free mothers."</p> + +<p>Dr. Harriet B. Jones of Wheeling, W. Va., told of the unsuccessful +campaign to have Municipal suffrage for women included in its new +charter. "The anti-suffrage women of New York and Massachusetts," she +said," flooded the newspapers with literature and the heaviest +opposing vote came from the lowest and most ignorant sections of the +city." In answer to the request of the Wheeling women the National +Association had sent Miss Hauser to take charge of the campaign and +appropriated funds for it. A telegram to Dr. Shaw from Samuel Gompers, +president of the American Federation of Labor, was read, saying: +"Kindly convey fraternal greetings to the officers and delegates of +your convention and the earnest expression of our hope for the +enfranchisement and disenthrallment of women." A telegram of greeting +was received from Mrs. Frederick Schoff, president of the National +Congress of Mothers. One came from the National Suffrage Association +of Denmark.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Harper gave an address under the subject Facing the Situation, +showing the satire of the disfranchisement of one-half the citizens in +a Government boasting of being founded on individual representation. +In closing she said: "Eastward the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> star of woman's empire takes its +way. She does not look for the star in the East but for the star in +the West. Her sun of political freedom rose not in the East but in the +West. It is to the strong, courageous and progressive men of the +western States that the women of this whole country are looking for +deliverance from the bondage of disfranchisement. It is these men who +must start this movement and give it such momentum that it will roll +irresistibly on to the very shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Today the +eyes of the whole country are on this beautiful and progressive State. +This magnificent Exposition has been a revelation of its splendid +powers. It is an anomaly, a contradiction, a reproach indeed that in +the midst of these wonderful achievements one-half of its citizens +should be in absolute political subjection, without voice or share in +affairs of State. Are you not ready now to wipe out that paltry 2,000 +majority which five years ago voted to continue this unjust condition? +Would it not add the crowning glory to this greatest period in your +history if the free men of Oregon should decree that this shall be, +henceforth and forever, the land also of free women?" The Rev. J. +Burgette Short expressed regret that his church, the Methodist +Episcopal, had refused to ordain Dr. Shaw and said it was much poorer +in consequence. "You represent the brains of the world," he said to +the delegates, "and you have my hearty interest and support in your +work."</p> + +<p>A noteworthy address was made by the Hon. W. S. U'Ren, known as "the +father of the Initiative and Referendum," which was then in its early +stages but had been adopted by Oregon and some other States. The +convention was much impressed by this innovation, as the suffragists +had long struggled against the refusal of Legislatures to submit their +question to the voters, and Mrs. Catt offered a resolution that "the +convention affirms its belief in the Initiative and Referendum as a +needed reform and a potent factor in the progress of true democracy." +It was enthusiastically received and later adopted by the convention, +contrary to the habit of the association to consider only subjects +relating directly to women and children.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> + +<p>Under the pen name of Lucas Malet, Mrs. Mary St. Leger Harrison, a +daughter of Charles Kingsley who was a strong believer in woman +suffrage, had published an article in the London <i>Fortnightly Review</i> +attacking it and quoting President Roosevelt as an opponent. A long +resolution giving his favorable record for the past twenty-five years +on questions relating to women was presented and adopted, against the +judgment of many delegates. A committee was appointed to ask him for a +more definite expression on woman suffrage.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p> + +<p>Telegrams of greeting were sent to veterans in the cause—Mrs. Laura +de Force Gordon, Mrs. Caroline M. Severance, Mrs. Ellen Clark Sargent +of California; Mrs. Caroline E. Merrick of Louisiana; Mrs. Julia Ward +Howe, Col. T. W. Higginson, Mrs. Judith W. Smith of Massachusetts; +Mrs. Armenia S. White of New Hampshire; Miss Laura Moore of Vermont; +Mrs. Margaret W. Campbell of Iowa.</p> + +<p>The Committee on Legislation for Civil Rights, Mrs. Blankenburg, +chairman, reported that among measures the suffragists had worked for, +the child labor laws had been strengthened in New York, Pennsylvania +and California; the "age of consent" had been raised in Illinois and +Oregon; laws had been passed in several States requiring that women +should be appointed to public boards and women physicians to public +institutions, California<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> leading. In Massachusetts a petition that +women might take part in nominating candidates for the school board, +for which they were allowed to vote, signed by 100,000 women, was +refused by the Legislature. School suffrage was granted to women in +the first class cities of Oklahoma.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Mead, chairman of the Committee on Peace and Arbitration seems to +outshine the preceding one but last night's was the one in Portland; +of the series of articles published in preparation for the +International Peace Congress in Boston in 1904 and the work she had +done in connection with it; of the many lectures given to universities +and clubs and of the arrangements to have the public schools observe +the anniversary of the first Hague Conference.</p> + +<p>The <i>Oregonian</i> said: "Each program given by the convention seems to +outshine the preceding one but last night's was the best thus far." +The speakers were Mrs. Ella S. Stewart, former president of the +Illinois Suffrage Association; the Rev. Antoinette Brown Blackwell (N. +J.); Mrs. Mary J. Coggeshall (Ia.); Miss Gail Laughlin (N. Y.); Judge +Stephen A. Lowell, one of Oregon's leading jurists. Judge Lowell +reviewed the political situation, the evils that had crept into the +Government and the remedies that had been tried and failed and he +summed up his conclusion by saying: "The reforms of the last century +have come from women. Man has few to his credit because he could not +measure them by the only standard he had mastered, that of the dollar. +Witness the movement for female education led by Mary Lyon, the birth +of the Red Cross in the work of Florence Nightingale, the institution +of modern prison methods under the inspiration of Elizabeth Fry and +the campaigns for temperance and social purity under the leadership of +Frances Willard. The electorate needs the inspiring influence of women +at the ballot box and the full mission of this republic to the world +will never be met until she is admitted there. Not color or creed or +sex but patriotic honesty must be the test of citizenship if the +republic lives."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Stewart took up the objections made by many of the clergy to +woman suffrage and applied these to the ministers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> themselves. "They +should not vote," she said with fine sarcasm, "because like women they +are exempt from jury duty. They seldom go to war—some of them are too +old, others too delicate, some too near-sighted, some too far-sighted. +Ministers as a rule are not heavy tax-payers. Many of them do not want +to vote and do not use the vote they have. A preacher has not time to +vote. It might lead him to neglect his pastoral duties. Political +feeling often runs high and if he voted it might make quarrels in the +church. The minister has a potent indirect influence. He would be +contaminated by the corruption of politics. He is represented by his +male relations; they are not as good and pure as he is and are +probably immune from contamination by politics."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt, who presided, in presenting the Rev. Mrs. Blackwell, one of +the first to make the fight for the right of women to speak in public, +said: "The combination of her sweet personality and her invincible +soul has won friends for woman suffrage wherever she has gone." Her +address on Suffrage and Education showed the evolution in woman's +work. "My grandmother taught me to spin," she said, "but the men have +relieved womankind from that task and as they have taken so many +industrial burdens off of our hands it is our duty to relieve them of +some of their burdens of State." Introducing Mrs. Coggeshall of Iowa +Mrs. Catt said: "When I get discouraged I think of her and for many a +year she has been one of my strongest inspirations." A Portland paper +commented: "Her snow-white hair and demure face give no indication of +the brilliant repartee and sharp argument of which she is capable." In +her Word from the Middle West she said: "Its women are determined to +have the ballot if they have to bear and raise the sons to give it to +them. This scheme is in active operation. I myself have raised +three—eighteen feet for woman suffrage—and others have done better. +No bugle can ever sound retreat for the women of the Middle West." The +<i>Oregonian</i> said of Miss Laughlin's address:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Her arguments are the straight, convincing kind that leave +nothing for the other fellow to say. She comes to Oregon a lawyer +of New York who is proudly boasted of, and justly, by her fellow +workers as the woman who carried off the oratorical honors of +Cornell and won<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> for that institution the championship in +intercollegiate debating contests.... In asking for a "Square +Deal" Miss Laughlin said:</p> + +<p>"'A square deal for every man.' These words of President +Roosevelt were more discussed during our last presidential +campaign than was any party platform plank. The growing +prominence of the doctrine of a square deal is of vital +significance to us who stand for equal suffrage, as we ask only +for this. It has been invoked chiefly against 'trusts.' We invoke +the doctrine of a square deal against the greatest 'trust' in the +world—the political trust—which is the most absolute monopoly +because entrenched in law itself and because it is a monopoly of +the greatest thing in the world, of liberty itself. The exclusion +of women from participation in governmental affairs means the +going to waste of a vast force, which, if utilized, would be a +great power in the advance of civilization.... But there depends +on the success of the equal suffrage movement something more +valuable even than national prosperity and that is the +preservation of human liberty. Now, as in 1860, 'the nation +cannot remain half slave and half free,' and either women must be +made free or men will lose the liberty which they enjoy."</p></div> + +<p>Sunday services were conducted at 4:30 in the First Congregational +church by the Rev. Eleanor Gordon, pastor of the First Unitarian +church of Des Moines, Ia., assisted by Dr. Shaw and the Rev. Eliza +Tupper Wilkes of Los Angeles, with a special musical program. Miss +Gordon had filled the Unitarian pulpit in the morning, giving an +eloquent sermon on Revelations of God. Mrs. Charlotte Perkins Gilman +had preached in the Congregational church in the morning and the Rev. +Mrs. Blackwell in the evening. Miss Laura Clay gave a Bible reading +and exposition in the Taylor Street Methodist Episcopal church in the +evening. The Rev. J. Whitcomb Brougher, pastor of the White Temple, +the large Baptist church, invited Miss Anthony to occupy its pulpit +and expound "any doctrine she had at heart." The <i>Oregonian</i> said: +"She took him at his word and got in some of the best words for +suffrage that have been put before the Portland public. There was such +enthusiasm over the venerable founder and leader of the suffrage +movement that when she appeared on the rostrum the applause was as +vigorous as though it had not been Sunday and the place a church. +There was not room in the big Temple for another person to squeeze +past the doors." The papers quoted liberally from the sermons of all +and the Portland <i>Journal</i> said: "Each preached to a congregation that +taxed the capacity of the church.... The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> welcome accorded the women +by the Portland pastors was sharply in contrast with the hostility +shown by the clergy when equal suffrage conventions began in the +middle of the last century.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p> + +<p>The Monday evening session was opened by Willis Duniway, who gave a +glowing appreciation of the work of the National American Suffrage +Association and said in the course of a strong speech that he wanted +to see woman suffrage because it was right and because he wanted the +brave pioneer women who had worked for it so long to get it before +they passed away. "I want my mother to vote," he declared amid +applause.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> "The basis of safe and sane government is justice, which +has its roots in constitutional liberty and means equal rights and +opportunities.... I claim no right or privilege for myself that I +would not give to my mother, wife and sister and to every law-abiding +citizen." When he had finished his mother rose and said dryly: "That, +dear women from the north, east, south and west, is one of Mrs. +Duniway's poor, neglected children!"</p> + +<p>Miss Mary N. Chase, president of the New Hampshire Association, spoke +convincingly on The Vital Question, taking as the keynote: "A republic +based on equal rights for all is not the dream of a fanatic but the +only sane form of government." I. N. Fleischner, who had just been +elected to the school board largely by the votes of women, assured the +convention of his approval and support of the measures it advocated +and said he hoped to see the women enjoying the full right of suffrage +in Oregon in the very near future.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Florence Kelley, executive secretary of the National Consumers' +League, spoke with deeper understanding than would be possible for any +other woman of The Young Bread-winner's Need. "We have in this +country," she said, "2,000,000 children under the age of sixteen who +are earning their bread. They vary in age from six and seven in the +cotton mills of Georgia, eight, nine and ten in the coal-breakers of +Pennsylvania and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> fourteen, fifteen and sixteen in more enlightened +States.... In some of the States children from six to thirteen may +legally be compelled to work the whole night of twelve hours," and she +described the heart-breaking conditions under which they toil. She +urged the need of woman's votes to destroy the great evil of child +labor and said: "We can enlist the workingmen on behalf of our +enfranchisement just in proportion as we strive with them to free the +children."</p> + +<p>In introducing Mr. Blackwell, Dr. Cora Smith Eaton, who was presiding, +said: "As we came across the continent what impressed me most was the +mountains. First came the foothills, then the high mountains and then +the grand, snow clad peaks. Some of us are like the foothills, just +raised a little above the women who have all the rights they want; +then come those on a higher level of public spirit and service, who +are like the mountains; and then the pioneers rising above all like +the snow covered peaks." Taking the ground that "the perpetuity of +republican institutions depends on the speedy extension of the +suffrage to women," Mr. Blackwell said in his sound, logical address: +"How can we reach the common sense of the plain people, without whose +approval success is impossible?... A purely masculine government does +not fully represent the people, the feminine qualities are lacking. It +is a maxim among political thinkers that 'every class that votes makes +itself felt in the government.' Women as a class differ more widely +from men than any one class of men differs from another. To give the +ballot to merchants and lawyers and deny it to farmers would be class +legislation, which is always unwise and unjust, but there is no class +legislation so complete as an aristocracy of sex. Men have qualities +in which they are superior to women; women have qualities in which +they are superior to men, both are needed. Women are less belligerent +than men, more peaceable, temperate, chaste, economical and +law-abiding, with a higher standard of morals and a deeper sense of +religious obligation, and these are the very qualities we need to add +to the aggressive and impulsive qualities of men."</p> + +<p>The <i>Journal</i> in commenting on this address said: "A venerable and +historical figure is that of Henry B. Blackwell, who in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> company with +his daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell, is in attendance upon the +national suffrage convention. This snowy-haired, white-bearded +patriarch embodies in his voice, his presence, his interest in every +passing event, in his appreciation of every beauty of earth and sky, +in the shifting panorama of nature, the loyal spirit of freedom, the +true spirit of manhood that has dominated his passing years."<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p> + +<p>A valuable report on Industrial Problems Relating to Women and +Children was made by Mrs. Kelley, chairman of the committee, which she +began by saying that during 1905 eleven States had improved their +Child Labor Laws or adopted new ones and in every State suffragists +had helped secure these laws. She said that wherever woman suffrage +was voted on its weakness proved to be among the wage-earners of the +cities and she urged that the association submit to the labor +organizations its bill in behalf of wage-earning women and children +with a view to close cooperation. To the workingmen woman suffrage +meant chiefly "prohibition" and an effort should be made to convince +them that it includes assistance in their own legislative measures. +Mrs. Kate S. Hilliard (Utah) answered the question, Will the Ballot +Solve the Industrial Problem? Wallace Nash spoke on the work of the +Christian Cooperative Federation. The leading address of the afternoon +was made by Rabbi Emil G. Hirsch of Chicago on The Educational +Problem. "It is a strange anomaly in American public life," he said, +"that we have given our schools largely into the hands of women who +must teach history and patriotism but are not considered competent to +vote. I plead for the same education for boys and girls and I urge you +to take a deep interest in the public schools." He gave testimony to +the excellent legislative work women had done along many lines and +declared that "women pay taxes and do public service and hold up +before men the standard of righteousness and they ought to have a +vote," and closed by saying: "We need appeals to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> the heart and +conscience in our schools and a revival of conscience. We need a +standard of character and conscience and women can bring it into the +schools much better than men can. The woman, because she is a woman, +is less easily corrupted than the man who has forgotten that he had a +mother. If we must disfranchise somebody, it would better be many of +the men than the women."</p> + +<p>At one meeting Judge Roger S. Greene, who was Chief Justice of the +Territory of Washington when the majority of the Supreme Court gave a +decision which took away the suffrage from women and who loyally tried +to preserve it for them, was invited to the platform and received an +ovation. At another time Judge William Galloway, a veteran suffragist, +was called before the convention, and after referring to his journey +to Oregon by ox-team in 1852 told of his conversion by Mrs. Duniway +when he was a member of the Legislature at the age of 21. National +conventions were of daily occurrence during the Exposition and a +number of them called for addresses by Mrs. Catt, Dr. Shaw and other +suffrage speakers. At the evening session preceding the last Miss Mary +S. Anthony, 78 years old, read in a clear, strong voice the +Declaration of Sentiments adopted at the famous first Woman's Rights +Convention in 1848, which she had signed. The rest of the evening of +July 4 was given to what the <i>Woman's Journal</i> spoke of as "Mrs. +Catt's noble address," The New Time, beginning:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>This is a glorious Fourth of July. In a hundred years the United +States has grown into a mighty nation. This last has been a +century of wonderful material development, but we celebrate not +for this. July 4 commemorates the birth of a great idea. All over +the world, wherever there is a band of revolutionists or of +evolutionists, today they celebrate our Fourth. The idea existed +in the world before but it was never expressed in clear, +succinct, intelligible language until the American republic came +into being.... Taxation without representation is tyranny, it +always was tyranny, it always will be tyranny, and it makes no +difference whether it be the taxation of black or white, rich or +poor, high or low, man or woman.... The United States has lost +its place as the leading exponent of democracy. Australia and New +Zealand have out-Americanized America. Let us not forget that +progress does not cease with the 20th century. We say our +institutions are liberal and just. They may be liberal but they +are not just for they are not derived from the consent of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> +governed. What is your own mental attitude toward progress? If +you should meet a new idea in the dark, would you shy? +Robespierre said that the only way to regenerate a nation was +over a heap of dead bodies but in a republic the way to do it is +over a heap of pure, white ballots.</p></div> + +<p>"Mrs. Catt was awarded the Chautauqua salute when she appeared on the +platform," said the <i>Oregonian</i>, "and it was some minutes before the +former president of the association could proceed. She spoke +eloquently and at considerable length and in this assemblage of +remarkably bright women it was plain to be seen that she was a star of +the first magnitude." It was hard for the convention to accede to Mrs. +Catt's determination to retire from even the vice-presidency of the +association because of her continued ill health but they yielded +because this was so evident. Mrs. Florence Kelley was the choice for +this office and in accepting she said: "I was born into this cause. My +great-aunt, Sarah Pugh of Philadelphia, attended the meeting in London +which led to the first suffrage convention in 1848. My father, William +D. Kelley, spoke at the early Washington conventions for years." Dr. +Eaton was again obliged to give up the office of second auditor on +account of her professional duties and Dr. Annice Jeffreys Myers, who +had so successfully planned and managed the convention, was almost +unanimously elected. No other change was made in the board.</p> + +<p>Among the excellent resolutions presented by the chairman of the +committee, Mr. Blackwell, were the following:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Whereas, the children of today are the republic of the future; +and whereas two million children today are bread-winners; and +whereas the suffrage movement is deeply interested in the welfare +of these children and suffragists are actively engaged in +securing protection for them; and whereas working-men voters are +also vitally interested in protection for the young +bread-winners; therefore,</p> + +<p>Resolved, That it is desirable that our bills for civil rights +and political rights, together with the bills for effective +compulsory education and the proposal for prohibiting night work +and establishing the eight-hour day for minors under eighteen +years of age, be submitted to the organizations of labor and +their cooperation secured.</p> + +<p>The frightful slaughter in the Far East shows the imperative need +of enlisting in government the mother element now lacking; +therefore we ask women to use their utmost efforts to secure the +creation of courts of international arbitration which will make +future warfare forever afterwards unnecessary.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> + +<p>We protest against all attempts to deal with the social evil by +applying to women of bad life any such penalties, restrictions or +compulsory medical measures as are not applied equally to men of +bad life; and we protest especially against any municipal action +giving vice legal sanction and a practical license.... We +recommend one moral standard for men and women.</p></div> + +<p>The list of Memorial Resolutions was long and included many prominent +advocates of woman suffrage. Among those of California were Mrs. +Leland Stanford, Judge E. V. Spencer and the veteran workers, Mrs. E. +O. Smith and Sarah Burger Stearns, the latter formerly of Minnesota; +Jas. P. McKinney and Jas. B. Callanan of Iowa; Helen Coffin Beedy of +Maine. Twenty-two names were recorded from Massachusetts, among them +the Hon. George S. Boutwell, President Elmer H. Capen, of Tufts +College; the Hon. William Claflin, the Rev. George C. Lorimer, Mrs. +Ednah D. Cheney; Mrs. Martha E. Root, a Michigan pioneer; Grace Espey +Patton Cowles, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Montana. The Rev. +Augusta Chapin, D. D., Dr. Phoebe J. B. Waite, Bishop Huntington, +James W. Clarke, Dr. Cordelia A. Greene, were among the ten from New +York; Mayor Samuel M. Jones, among seven from Ohio. Five pioneers of +Pennsylvania had passed away, John K. Wildman, Richard P. White, Mrs. +Mary E. Haggart, Miss Matilda Hindman, Miss Anna Hallowell. Cyrus W. +Wyman of Vermont and Orra Langhorne of Virginia were other deceased +pioneers; also Mrs. Rebecca Moore and Mrs. Margaret Preston Tanner, +who were among the earliest workers in Great Britain.</p> + +<p>Special resolutions were adopted for Mrs. Mary A. Livermore and U. S. +Senator George F. Hoar of Massachusetts; Col. Daniel R. Anthony of +Kansas; Mrs. Louisa Southworth of Ohio. The eloquent resolutions +prepared by Mr. Blackwell ended: "Never before in a single year have +we had to record the loss of so many faithful suffragists. Let the +pioneers who still survive close up their ranks and rejoice in the +accession of so many young and vigorous advocates, who will carry on +the work to a glorious consummation." The California delegation +presented the following resolution, which was enthusiastically +adopted: "Resolved, That we remember with the deepest gratitude the +one man who has stood steadfast at the helm, notwithstanding<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> constant +ridicule and belittlement on the part of the press during the early +years of the work, unselfishly and unceasingly devoting his life to +the self-imposed task year after year, never faltering, never seeking +office or honors but always a worker; one who has grown gray in the +service—Henry B. Blackwell."</p> + +<p>Invitations were received to hold the next convention in Washington, +Chicago and Baltimore. The by-law requiring that every alternate +convention must be held in Washington during the first session of +Congress was amended to read "may be held." The <i>Woman's Journal</i> +said: "Miss Anthony favored the change and Mr. Blackwell opposed +it—an amusing fact to those who remember how strongly he used to +advocate a movable annual convention and Miss Anthony a stationary one +in Washington. Evidently neither of them is so fossilized as to be +unable to see new light." The invitation of the Maryland Woman +Suffrage Association was accepted.</p> + +<p>The dominant interest of the convention had been in a prospective +campaign for a woman suffrage amendment to the constitution of Oregon. +The Legislature had refused to submit it but under the Initiative and +Referendum law this could be done by petition. Public sentiment +throughout the State seemed to indicate that it was now ready to +enfranchise women and officials from the Governor down believed an +amendment could be carried. All the officers of the State Suffrage +Association had joined in the invitation to the National Association +to hold its convention of 1905 in Portland and inaugurate the campaign +and to assist it in every possible way. After the report of the State +vice-president, Dr. Annice Jeffreys Myers, had been read to the +convention of 1904 a resolution had been moved by Mrs. Catt, seconded +by Miss Anthony and unanimously adopted, that the association accept +this invitation and a pledge of $3,000 had been made. Throughout the +present convention the speeches of public officials and the pledges +made on every hand encouraged the members to feel that the association +should give all possible help in money and workers.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p> + +<p>The public was much impressed at the last session by the appearance on +the platform of four prominent politicians of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> State representing +the different parties and this was generally regarded as the opening +of the campaign for woman suffrage. They were introduced by State +Senator Henry Waldo Coe, M. D., who spoke in highest praise of homes +and housekeepers as he had seen them in his practice and said: "The +woman who takes an interest in the affairs of her country has the +highest interest in her home, and the suffrage will not lessen her +fitness as wife and mother." He introduced Mayor Harry Lane as the +Democrat who carried a Republican city and who was the best mayor +Portland ever had. Mr. Lane declared that women were as much entitled +to the suffrage as men and that the enfranchisement of women would +tend to purify politics. Dr. Andrew C. Smith, a Republican, was +introduced as "the man who presented the names of thirteen women +physicians to the State Medical Association and got them admitted." +The press report said: "The prospective women voters were informed +that they saw before them the next Governor of Oregon." Dr. Smith +declared that he had been for woman suffrage twenty-five years and +that "the United States was guilty of a national sin in not giving +women equal rights." Thomas Burns, State Secretary of the Socialist +party, asserted that it was the only one which had a plank for woman +suffrage in its platform and the Socialists had fought for it all over +the world. "Men have made a failure of government," he said, "now let +the women try it." O. M. Jamison, of the Citizens' movement, said: "We +have found women the strongest factor in our work for reform and I +think 99 per cent. of us are for woman suffrage." B. Lee Paget, who +spoke for the Prohibitionists, declared himself an old convert to +woman suffrage and said: "I think intelligent women far better fitted +to vote on public measures than the majority of men who take part in +campaigns and are wholly ignorant of the issues."</p> + +<p>L. F. Wilbur of Vermont told of its improved laws for women and +advancing public sentiment for woman suffrage and paid a glowing +tribute to the early work in that State of Lucy Stone, Mr. Blackwell +and Julia Ward Howe. Mrs. Maud Wood Park, president of the +Massachusetts College Women's Suffrage League, gave a scholarly +address on The Civic Responsibility of Women, which she began by +saying that the first "new woman" was from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> Boston—Anne Hutchinson. +Dr. Marie D. Equi, candidate for inspector of markets, spoke briefly +on the need of market inspection for which women were especially +fitted. Mrs. Charlotte Perkins Gilman (N. Y.) in discussing Woman's +World said in part: "Ex-President Cleveland, after warning women +against the clubs which are leading them straight to the abyss of +suffrage, told us that 'the hand that rocks the cradle is the hand +that rules the world.' ... Is it true? The Indian woman rocks the +cradle; does she rule the world? The Chinese woman—the woman of the +harem—do they rule it? An amiable old gentleman in opening a suffrage +debate said: 'My wife rules me and if a woman can rule a man, why +should she care to rule the country?' He seemed to think he was equal +to the whole United States! Women have been taught that the home was +their sphere and men have claimed everything else for themselves. The +fact that women in the home have shut themselves away from the thought +and life of the world has done much to retard progress. We fill the +world with the children of 20th century A. D. fathers and 20th century +B. C. mothers."</p> + +<p>Miss Blackwell lightened the proceedings with some of her clever +anecdotes with a suffrage moral, and Mrs. Gilman with several of her +brilliant poems. Mrs. Catt gave a concise review of the International +Woman Suffrage Alliance, formed at Berlin in 1904, and told of the +progress of woman suffrage in other countries. Greetings to all of +them were sent by the convention. Dr. Shaw gave an impressive +peroration to this interesting session by pointing out the +responsibility resting on the men and women of Oregon to carry to +success the campaign which they had now begun, and Miss Anthony closed +the convention with a fervent appeal to all to work for victory.</p> + +<p>The delegates and visitors greatly enjoyed the Exposition, which had +such a setting as none ever had before, looking out on the dazzling +beauty of the snowclad peaks of Mt. Hood and the Olympic Range, and +now they had to select from the many opportunities for travel and +sight-seeing. The Rev. Mrs. Blackwell, Emily Howland, Mrs. Cartwright +of Portland and others from seventy to eighty years of age, took a +steamer for Alaska. Mr. and Miss Blackwell and others went to +Seattle,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> Vancouver and home through the magnificent scenery of the +Canadian Pacific Railroad. Mrs. Catt and another party returned east +by way of the Yellowstone Park. Dr. Cora Smith Eaton with a few daring +spirits went for a climb of Mt. Hood. Miss Anthony with a group of +friends started southward, stopping at Chico, California, for her to +dedicate a park of 2,000 acres, which Mrs. Annie K. Bidwell had +presented to the village. They went on to San Francisco where they +were joined by Dr. Shaw, who had remained in Portland for the Medical +Convention and spoken at several places en route. Here they were +beautifully entertained in the homes of the suffrage leaders, Mrs. +Mary Wood Swift, Mrs. Ellen Clark Sargent, Mrs. Mary S. Sperry, Mrs. +Emma Shafter Howard and others, and mass meetings crowded to the doors +were held in San Francisco and Oakland. From here they went to Los +Angeles for other meetings, except Dr. Shaw, who started eastward for +her round of Chautauqua engagements.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Part of Call: A government of men and women—not by +women alone, not by men alone, but a government of men and women by +men and women for men and women—this is the aim and ideal of our +association. +</p><p> +One hundred years ago Oregon was an untrodden wilderness. The +transformation of that primeval territory into prosperous communities +enjoying the highest degree of civilization could not have been +accomplished without the work of women. No restriction should be +placed upon energies and abilities so potent for good. The extension +of the right of suffrage would remove a handicap from the efforts of +women and give them an opportunity to work for the welfare of the +State. We do not claim that woman's voice in the government would at +once sound the death knell to all social and political evils but we do +believe that a government representing the interests and beliefs of +women and men would prove itself, and is proving itself where it now +exists, to be a better government than one which represents the +interests and beliefs of men alone. +</p><p> +The movement for the enfranchisement of women is based upon the +unchanging and unchangeable principles of human liberty, in accordance +with which successive classes of men have won the right of +self-government. On such a foundation ultimate victory is assured and +in truth is conceded even by those who oppose. The day is ever drawing +nearer when the nation will apply to women the principles which are +the very foundation of its existence; when on every election day there +will be re-affirmed the immortal truths of our Declaration of American +Independence. Then will this indeed be a just government, "deriving +its powers from the consent of the governed." +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="authors" summary="authors"> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Susan B. Anthony</span>, Honorary President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anna Howard Shaw</span>, President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Carrie Chapman Catt</span>, Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Kate M. Gordon</span>, Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Alice Stone Blackwell</span>, Recording Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Harriet Taylor Upton</span>, Treasurer.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Laura Clay</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Auditors.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Cora Smith Eaton</span>,</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> If this request was so "reasonable" why was the word +"sex" included in the first place? Although it was omitted from the +Act of Congress which admitted these Territories to Statehood under +the names of Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma, each one adopted a +constitution whose suffrage clause absolutely barred women and those +constitutions were approved by Congress. (See their special +chapters.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> In later years woman suffrage amendments were submitted +to the voters through the Initiative and Referendum after the +Legislature had refused to do it and were carried in Oregon and +Arizona and defeated in Nebraska and Missouri. Still later by this +method the ratification of the Federal Suffrage Amendment in Ohio by +the Legislature was sent to the voters after they had defeated the +ratification of the Prohibition Amendment. This was attempted in +several other States and both prohibitionists and suffragists were in +great distress, which was relieved by a decision of the U. S. Supreme +Court that this action was unconstitutional. They learned, however, +that the Initiative and Referendum has its harmful as well as its +beneficial side.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Miss Anthony and Mrs. Upton went to Washington in +November, where Mrs. Harper joined them, and on the 15th President +Roosevelt received them cordially and granted them a long interview. +Miss Anthony was the principal spokesman and made these requests: 1. +To mention woman suffrage in his speeches when practicable. 2. To put +experienced women on boards and commissions relating to such matters +as they would be competent to pass upon. 3. To recommend to Congress a +special committee to investigate the practical working of woman +suffrage where it exists. 4. To see that Congress should not +discriminate against the women of the Philippines as it had done +against those of Hawaii. 5. To say something that would help the +approaching suffrage campaign in Oregon. 6. To speak to the national +suffrage convention in Baltimore in February, as he did to the +Mothers' Congress. 7. To recommend to Congress a Federal Suffrage +Amendment before he left the presidency. +</p><p> +These requests were given to him in typewritten form but President +Roosevelt did not comply with one of them and did not communicate +further with the committee who called upon him. For full account of +this occurrence see Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, page 1375.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Different sessions were opened with prayer by Rabbi +Stephen S. Wise, Father Black and the Reverends Elwin L. House, H. M. +Barden, E. S. Muckley, J. Burgette Short, J. Whitcomb Brougher, E. +Nelson Allen, Edgar P. Hill, W. S. Gilbert, A. A. Morrison, T. L. +Eliot, Asa Sleeth, J. F. Ghormley, George Creswell Cressey, +representing various denominations. Nearly all of them pledged their +support to the suffrage movement. The fine musical programs throughout +the convention were in charge of Mrs. M. A. Dalton.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Oregon gave suffrage to women in 1912 and Mrs. Duniway +received full recognition. See Oregon chapter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Mr. Blackwell, then 80 years old, used to rise early in +the morning and take a trolley ride of thirty or forty miles in +various directions to enjoy the beauties of nature. "Feeling unwilling +to return east without bathing in the Pacific," he said in one of his +letters, "and wishing to visit Astoria, the ancient American fur-post +so charmingly immortalized by Washington Irving, I left Portland after +the convention closed and had a beautiful voyage of nine hours down +the river to where it meets the ocean.... After an early morning +plunge into the big waves we chartered an auto and sped over the hard +sands to the fir-crowned cliffs."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> For results the following year see Oregon chapter.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<h3>NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1906.</h3> + + +<p>The Thirty-eighth annual convention held in Baltimore Feb. 7-13, 1906, +was notable in several respects. It had gone into the very heart of +conservatism and a larger number of eminent men and women took part in +its proceedings than had ever before been represented on a single +program.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> There were university presidents and professors, men and +women; office holders, men and women; representatives of other large +movements, men and women, and more distinguished women than had ever +before assembled in one convention. It was especially memorable +because of the presence on the platform together for the first and +only time of the three great pioneers, Susan B. Anthony, Clara Barton +and Julia Ward Howe, and never to be forgotten by suffragists as the +last ever attended by Miss Anthony. Here was sung the Battle Hymn of +the Republic in the presence of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> the woman who wrote it, Mrs. Howe; +and the Star Spangled Banner in the home of its author, Francis Scott +Key.</p> + +<p>The meetings were held in the beautifully decorated Lyric Theater with +appreciative and enthusiastic audiences. The arrangements had been +made by the Maryland Suffrage Association and its president, Mrs. Emma +Maddox Funck. Ministers of nearly all denominations asked blessings on +the various sessions and the best musical talent in the city gave its +services. The papers were most generous with space and fair and +friendly in their reports. Through the influence and efforts of Dr. M. +Carey Thomas, president of Bryn Mawr College, the remarkable +representation of Women's Colleges was secured. Baltimore's most +prominent woman, Miss Mary E. Garrett, was largely responsible for the +social prestige which is especially necessary to success in a southern +city. It was a convention long to be remembered by those who were so +fortunate as to be a part of it.</p> + +<p>The convention opened on the afternoon of February 7 with Dr. Anna +Howard Shaw, president of the association, in the chair and was +welcomed by Mrs. Funck, who said in a graceful speech: "You have come +to the conservative South. Conservative—what a sweet-sounding word, +what an ark for the timid soul! So you must expect to find a good many +folks who mean well but who have not discarded their silver buckles +and ruffles, but nothing will more clearly indicate the development of +our people from provincialism and bigotry than their generosity of +spirit and kindly intent towards the gathering of our clans in this +convention. Most people have come to realize that to be a great nation +we must have that catholicity of spirit which embraces all ologies and +all isms.... From the suffrage pioneers we have learned the lessons of +fair play and equal rights."</p> + +<p>Fraternal greetings were offered by Mrs. Albert L. Sioussat, president +of the State Federation of Women's Clubs; Mrs. Hattie Hull Troupe, +president of the Women's Twentieth Century Club of Baltimore; Mrs. +Rosa H. Goldenberg, president of the Maryland section Jewish Council +of Women, and Mrs. Mary R. Haslup, president of the Baltimore Woman's +Christian Temperance Union. As the vice-president of the association, +Dr. Annice<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> Jeffreys Myers of Oregon, who was to respond, had been +delayed en route. Dr. Shaw took her place, saying in answer to certain +of the greetings: "In all my experience I have observed that those +people are most likely to have their prayers answered who do +everything they can to help God answer them; so while we may try by +prayer to bring about the highest good not only in the State but in +education and philanthropy, we hope to add to our prayers the +citizen's power of the ballot.... We have never had a more generous +welcome or a warmer hospitality offered to us and we thank you with +all our heart. Whatever may happen while we are here, nothing can take +away from us the beauty of the sunshine and the kindliness of your +welcome."</p> + +<p>The first evening session was opened with prayer by the Rev. John B. +Van Meter, dean of the Woman's College, Baltimore, and music by a +chorus of two hundred voices under the direction of William R. Hall. +Governor Edwin Warfield made an eloquent address in which he said: "A +man who would not extend a welcome to such a body of women would not +be worthy the name of Maryland, which we consider a synonym of +hospitality. Our doors are always wide open to friends and strangers, +especially strangers. We are delighted to have you here. While I may +not agree with all your teachings, I recognize one fact, that there +never has been assembled in Baltimore a convention composed of women +who have been more useful in this country and who have done more for +the uplift of humanity. It was proper for you to come to Maryland, a +State that was named for a woman, whose capital was named for a woman +and whose motto is 'Manly deeds and womanly words.'" He paid glowing +compliments to the splendid public service of Maryland women and said +he would not have been elected Governor but for their kindly +influence. He declared that he had been almost persuaded by the +charming words of Mrs. Howe and said his wife was a "convert" and he +"had been voting as a proxy for some time." He believed "the final +solution of the question would be a referendum to the women +themselves."</p> + +<p>Dr. Shaw could not resist saying when she rose to introduce the next +speaker: "So many have told us, as the Governor has, about being +proxy-voters, that we think it is time they should be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> relieved of +that rôle and have an opportunity to do their own voting while we +women attend to ours." Mayor Timanus was indisposed and the welcome +for the city was given by the Hon. William F. Stone, Collector of the +Port. He vied with the Governor in the warmth of his greeting and his +splendid tributes to women and acknowledged his indebtedness for "all +that he was or expected to be to his sainted mother and beloved wife," +but, like the Governor, he could not give his full sanction to woman +suffrage. When he had finished Dr. Shaw said with her winning smile +and melodious voice: "We have the testimony of Governor Warfield and +of Collector Stone that the best each has been able to accomplish has +been due to the influence of good women. Now if a good woman can +develop the best in an individual man, may not all the good women +together develop the best in a whole State? I am glad of this strong +point in favor of enfranchising women."</p> + +<p>Miss Anthony was to have presided at this meeting and in referring to +her absence on account of illness Dr. Shaw said: "I am not taking Miss +Anthony's place this evening—there is only one Susan B. Anthony, but +it is also true that there is only one Clara Barton and but one Julia +Ward Howe and these grand women we have with us." Miss Barton, who, in +her soft plum-colored satin with fichu of white lace, her dark hair +parted smoothly over her forehead, did not seem over sixty although +she was eighty-four, was enthusiastically received and said in part: +"What greater honor and what greater embarrassment than to be asked to +take ever so small a step on a platform that Susan B. Anthony had +expected to tread. As I stand here tonight my thoughts go back to the +time when Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Miss Anthony were pioneers +struggling for this righteous cause. I think the greatest reforms, the +greatest progress ever made for any reforms in our country have been +along the lines on which they worked. Miss Anthony's has been a long +life. She has trod the thorny way, has walked through briars with +bleeding feet, but it is through a sweet and lovely way now and the +hearts of the whole country are with her. A few days ago some one said +to me that every woman should stand with bared head before Susan B. +Anthony. 'Yes,' I answered, 'and every man as well.'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> I would not +retract these words. I believe that man has benefited by her work as +much as woman. For ages he has been trying to carry the burden of +life's responsibilities alone and when he has the efficient help of +woman he will be grateful. Just now it is new and strange and men +cannot comprehend what it would mean but the change is not far away. +The nation is soon to have woman suffrage and it will be a glad and +proud day when it comes."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Howe in the dignity of her eighty-seven years made a lovely +picture in a gown of mauve satin with a creamy lace scarf draped about +her head and shoulders. She was escorted to the front of the platform +by the Governor and said in her brief response: "Madam president and +you dear suffrage friends, and the rest of you who are going to become +suffrage friends before we leave this city, I give you thanks for this +friendly greeting. I am very, very glad to meet you all. I am not +going to preach a sermon but I have a text from the New Testament, a +question that the Lord asked when the crowd came to see him, 'What +came ye out to see? A reed shaken with the wind?' No, it was a prophet +that they came to see and hear. When you come to these suffrage +meetings you do not come to see reeds shaken by the wind. We do not +any of us claim to be prophets but you do come to hear a prophecy, a +very glad prophecy which some of us have believed in and followed for +years, and all the way of that following has been joyous and bright +though it has not been popular. I remember many years ago going with +Mrs. Livermore and Lucy Stone to a meeting in New England and the +report was sent out that 'three old crows were coming to disturb the +town with their croakings.' I can never forget that evening. When Mary +Livermore looked the audience over in her calm and dignified manner +they quieted down as if by magic. When reasonable measures are +proposed in a reasonable way there are always some people who will +respond and be convinced. We have no desire to put out of sight the +difficulties of government. When we talk about woman suffrage people +begin to remember how unsatisfactory manhood suffrage is, but I should +like to see what men would do if there was an attempt to take it away. +We might much improve it by bringing to it the feminine mind, which +in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> a way complements the masculine. I frankly believe that we have +half the intelligence and good sense of humanity and that it is quite +time we should express not only our sentiments but our determined will +to set our faces toward justice and right and to follow these through +the thorny wilderness if necessary—follow them straight, not to the +'bitter end,' for it will not be bitter but very sweet and I hope it +will come before my end comes."</p> + +<p>For the second time Dr. Shaw had written her president's address but +although it was a statesmanlike document the audience missed the +spontaneity, the sparkle of wit, the flashes of eloquence that +distinguished her oratory above that of all others, and there was a +general demand that hereafter she should give them the spoken instead +of the written word. She complied and while it was a gain to the +audiences of her day and generation it was a great loss to posterity. +Even extended quotations can give little idea of this address which +filled over ten columns of the <i>Woman's Journal</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>For the first time in the history of our association we meet to +protest against the disenfranchisement of women in a State in +which the first public demand for a part in the conduct of our +government was made by a woman. It was in an impassioned appeal +to your Assembly, that in 1647 Mistress Margaret Brent demanded +"a part and voyce" as representative of the estate of her +kinsman, Lord Baltimore, whose name your city bears. Here Mary +Catherine Goddard published Baltimore's only newspaper through +all the severe struggle of the Revolutionary War, and it is +stated upon good authority that when Congress, then in session in +Baltimore, sent out the official Declaration of Independence, +with the names of the signers attached, it was published by +official order in Miss Goddard's paper; that her name was on the +sheet which was officially circulated throughout the country; +but, although a memorial sheet was afterwards placed in the Court +House, Miss Goddard's name was not left on it. This omission is +but one of many evidences that in the compilation of the world's +historic events it has been customary to overlook the part +performed by women.</p></div> + +<p>Dr. Shaw took up the section on Labor in President Roosevelt's recent +message to Congress in which he recommended a thorough investigation +of the condition of women in industry, saying: "There is an almost +complete dearth of data on which to base any trustworthy conclusions," +and then drawing this one:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> "The introduction of women into industry +is working change and disturbance in the domestic and social life of +the nation; the decrease in marriage and especially in the birth-rate +have been coincident with it." Dr. Shaw's comment was in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>This is unquestionably true but it is also true that this has +been coincident with the wider discovery of gold and the +application of steam and electricity to mechanics ... and to draw +sweeping and universal conclusions in regard to a matter upon +which there is an "almost complete dearth of data" is never wise. +Is it true that there is a lower birth-rate among working women +than among those of the wealthy class? Are not the effects of +over-work and long hours in the household as great as are those +of the factory or the office? Is the birth-rate less among women +who are engaged in the occupations unknown to women of the past? +Or is the decline alike marked among those who are pursuing the +ancient occupations but under different conditions?... If +conditions surrounding their employment are such as to make it a +"social question of the first importance" it is unfortunate the +President had not seen that women should constitute at least a +part of any commission authorized to investigate it.</p> + +<p>One can not but wish that with his expressed desire for "fair +play" and his policy of "a square deal" it had occurred to the +President that, if five million American women are employed in +gainful occupations, every principle of justice would demand that +they should be enfranchised to enable them to secure legislation +for their own protection. In all governments a subject class is +always at a disadvantage and at the mercy of the ruling class. It +matters not whether its name be Empire, Kingdom or Republic, +whether the rulers are one or many; and in a democracy there is +no way known for any class to protect its interests or to be +secure in its most sacred rights except through the power of the +ballot....</p></div> + +<p>There had been about this time in high places an outburst of attacks +on woman suffrage and predictions as to its dangerous possibilities. +Dr. Shaw referred to their authors as Oracles and said: "The great +difficulty is that when one Oracle claiming to be divinely inspired +has laid down a specific line of conduct which if implicitly followed +would lead to the proper development of woman, the happiness of man, +the good of the family and the well-being of the State, another Oracle +also divinely enlightened lays out a different path by which these +ends may be secured, and then another and another until poor women if +they should try to follow these self-appointed divine revealers would +not only have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> to be hydra-headed to see these devious paths but +hydra-footed to walk in them." Referring to Cardinal Gibbons, she +said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Oracle of Baltimore tells us that the education and culture +of women are good up to a certain point, no further, but he +sagely fails to define the point, simply declaring that "too much +education of the head is apt to cool the heart; the cultivation +of the soul is too much neglected in the higher education; the +head and the heart and the body should all be educated together; +then they develop equally." There certainly can be no +disagreement among us as to the latter statement but why is it +more applicable to women than to men? The Oracle does not leave +us in doubt as to his view, for in response to the question, +"What do you think of the societies and club organizations which +attract women so largely just now?" he replies: "A society like +the Daughters of the American Revolution I heartily approve of, +for it tends to foster patriotism and keep it alive, but other +clubs of all kinds for women I strictly disapprove of."</p> + +<p>The Oracle of Princeton, ex-President Cleveland, who has gained +the most notoriety for his heavy diatribes against women's clubs, +also admits that there are a few societies which it might be well +for women to encourage and keep alive—religious organizations +and those which administer to the needs of the heathen in a +foreign land. The Oracle of Brooklyn, Dr. Lyman Abbott, adds a +few more to the list and includes philanthropic, reform and +social clubs. Would it be unwomanly to ask why there should have +been such wide divergence in the Divine Illumination which each +Oracle received?</p></div> + +<p>Dr. Shaw quoted from Mr. Roosevelt: "The President of the United +States does not absent himself from the country during the term of his +presidency, it is his domain. So should it be with woman; she is queen +of her empire and that empire is the home," and after reminding him +that the President's term lasts but four or eight years she asked: +"What do men mean by saying that women should remain contentedly in +their homes? They do not intend us to understand that we are never to +leave them, for they are frequently calling us forth when conditions +become so intolerable that even men can no longer endure them. Then +they call upon women to come out from the seclusion and protection of +their homes and aid them to 'save the city and the State.'" She +pointed out the difference between the time when the home was "a +protective and industrial center" and now when "the results of +electricity and steam have scattered the households," but in picturing +the advance that women had made in their own domain she said: "There +never was a time when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> there was as large a number of good +housekeepers and homemakers; when there was as much intelligence shown +in the scientific preparation of food; such knowledge of household +sanitation; such reverence for individual life; such painstaking study +of the needs and rights of childhood; when there was so much thought +given to the development of the finer and more permanent qualities of +character; when such good comradeship existed between children and +their parents; when marriage had so deep a spiritual and human meaning +as at the present time. The home ideal of today is the best the world +has yet known and it will continue to develop as larger freedom and +broader culture come to all who share in its life...."</p> + +<p>The manner in which politics enters the modern home was pointed out +and the contempt which was shown for the political opinions of women +and then in a rousing appeal to women the speaker said: "A few days +since I was asked by a compiler of other people's thoughts to express +for him my opinion of the greatest need of American women and I +replied, 'self-respect.' ... The assumption that woman have neither +discernment nor judgment and that any man is superior in all the +qualities that make for strength, stability and sanity to any woman, +simply because he is a man and she is a woman, is still altogether too +common. The time has come when women must question themselves to learn +how far they are personally responsible for this almost universal +disrespect and then set about changing it."</p> + +<p>Dr. Shaw told of the organization of the College Women's Equal +Suffrage League and asked: "Who can compute the loss sustained by our +country every year by the addition of unrestricted, ignorant and often +criminal male voters and the exclusion of the vast number of college +and high-school graduates through the disfranchisement of women? If +the stability of a government depends upon the morality and +intelligence of its voting citizens, how long can the foundations of +ours remain secure if we continue to enfranchise ignorance and vice +and disfranchise intelligence and virtue?" The action of Legislatures +in past years was depicted as "playing shuttlecock and battledore with +the amendment, passing it in one House to defeat it in another, in a +hypocritical desire to appear favorable and inspire<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> us with hope in +order to retain the small amount of influence they think we possess, +and yet compelling us to begin the work all over again." After +reviewing the long struggle of American women for political freedom +she ended with an impassioned peroration of which only a portion can +be quoted:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>No class of men in any nation have ever been compelled to wage +such an arduous and difficult struggle for their political +freedom. Through the influence of the Democratic party, without +an effort on their own behalf, white working men were +enfranchised; and by an Act of Congress under Republican +leadership the newly emancipated men slaves were protected in +their right of suffrage. The same Act placed in the Constitution +of the United States for the first time the word "male," which +robbed women of the protection guaranteed to every other class of +citizens in the most sacred right of citizenship—the right to a +voice in the Government.</p> + +<p>Such is the boasted chivalry of the Land of Freedom, which has +left its women to strive against tradition, prejudice, +conservatism, self-interest, political power and in addition all +the forces of corruption combined, to secure the privilege which +was conferred upon vast numbers of men who never even demanded it +and many of whom knew nothing of its significance after it was +granted. I claim, and fear no contradiction, that the women of +this land are better qualified to exercise the suffrage with +intelligence, honesty and patriotism than were any other class of +citizens in the world at the time when it was conferred upon +them.</p> + +<p>Must women, unaided, continue the struggle for forty years longer +until they have rounded out a century, assailing the bulwarks of +prohibitive constitutions in the forty-one States yet to be won? +Or will not some brave, consistent and freedom-loving President, +recognizing the duty the Government owes to the disfranchised +millions of patriotic women, recommend to Congress to submit an +amendment to the Federal Constitution forbidding disfranchisement +on account of sex? And will not the time speedily come when +Congress, recognizing the great injustice which was inflicted +upon the women of the land when by enfranchising a race of slave +men they riveted the fetters of disfranchisement upon educated +and patriotic women, redeem the nation from this stigma? It was +the most ungrateful and unjust act ever perpetrated by a republic +upon a class of citizens who had worked and sacrificed and +suffered as did the women of this nation in the struggle of the +Civil War only to be rewarded at its close by such unspeakable +degradation as to be reduced to the plane of subjects to +enfranchised slaves....</p> + +<p>I stand here tonight to say that we have never known defeat; we +have never been vanquished. We have not always reached the goal +toward which we have striven, but in the hour of our greatest +disappointment we could always point to our battlefield and say: +"There we fought our good fight, there we defended the principles +for which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> our ancestors and yours laid down their lives; there +is our battlefield for justice, equality and freedom. Where is +yours?"</p></div> + +<p>While the eminent speakers attracted the largest audiences that ever +had attended the conventions of the association, according to the +opinions of the older suffragists, the delegates themselves were +equally interested in the morning meetings devoted to the reports and +other business. The corresponding secretary, Miss Kate M. Gordon, a +keen student of politics and organization, in speaking of factors in +success, said: "There is great necessity for a personal acquaintance +between the leaders in our suffrage work in the States and the +prominent politicians in the States; the personal acquaintance also of +the editors and managers of our great public-opinion-forming +newspapers; a pleasant working relation in women's clubs and all +movements for better social conditions in our respective communities; +a more intimate acquaintance with the educational influences, the +teachers in our public schools and the college life of our +communities."</p> + +<p>Miss Gordon made a special plea for cooperation in the efforts for +Child Labor legislation and she ended by saying: "But means and +methods for the future of our work pale into insignificance in the +need of the hour, which is Oregon. Funds for this campaign must be a +matter of conscience with every believer. In proportion to the +gratitude you feel for the comfortable position which women occupy +today, measure your contribution; no sacrifice can be too great at +this crucial moment in our onward history." Throughout the convention +the work in Oregon, where an amendment to the State constitution would +be voted on in November, was the uppermost thought. The treasurer made +a special appeal for funds; the chairman of the Press Committee told +of it; it was discussed and planned for in the business meetings and +different speakers referred in hopeful words to its probable success.</p> + +<p>An amendment to the constitution abolishing proxies empowered to cast +the full vote to which the State was entitled and providing that +delegates present should cast only their own vote caused a spirited +discussion, with Mrs. Catt and eastern delegates in favor and Dr. Shaw +and western delegates opposed and was lost by a vote of 68 to 11. No +change of officers was made at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> this convention. Reports of Committees +on Libraries, Literature, Enrollment, Presidential Suffrage, etc., +were presented by their chairmen. A lively discussion on the use of +the union label on literature, stationery, etc., resulted in an almost +unanimous decision to retain it. Very interesting reports of work in +the States were made by their respective presidents. Invitations for +the next convention were received from the Chamber of Commerce of +Wheeling, W. Va., the Chamber of Commerce, Bar Association and +Suffrage Club of Oklahoma City and the Commission for celebrating the +founding of Jamestown, Va.</p> + +<p>Miss Antoinette Knowles (Cal.), chairman of the Committee on Church +Work, said that by standing for temperance many churches could be +obtained for meetings that would not be opened for those purely on +suffrage. She gave a list of orthodox churches which had been thus +secured; told of successful addresses she had made on the relation +between woman suffrage and temperance and urged the appointment of a +church committee in every State. The report of Miss Elizabeth J. +Hauser, headquarter's secretary, told of the usual large amount of +work, which included the distribution of 62,000 copies of the +quarterly publication, <i>Progress</i>; 106,753 pieces of literature and +many thousands of suffrage stamps, picture postals and souvenirs. +Speakers and fraternal delegates had been sent to a large number of +national conventions throughout the country and cordially received. +Many of these had adopted resolutions for woman suffrage including the +American Federation of Labor, National Association of Letter Carriers, +National Grange, National Council of Jewish Women, Supreme Commandery +Knights of Temperance, National Associations of Universalists and of +Spiritualists. The State conventions of various kinds that had +endorsed it were almost without number and excellent work had been +done at county fairs, granges, farmers' institutes, summer assemblies +and educational and religious societies. It was voted to make +<i>Progress</i> the official organ of the association and issue it monthly. +The national headquarters in Warren, O., had been removed to a +spacious room on the ground floor of the county court house, formerly +used for a public library.</p> + +<p>The chairman of the Press Committee, Mrs. Elnora M. Babcock,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> made her +last report, as the press work was henceforth to be done at the +national headquarters with its excellent staff and facilities. For +twelve years Mrs. Babcock had carried on this work, which in her +capable hands had reached an immense volume and become a leading +feature of the National Association. She reported that over 5,000 +papers were now using the material sent out from the press bureau and +that it was very difficult to respond to all the calls for it. In +answer to the second broadside of former President Cleveland in the +<i>Ladies' Home Journal</i>, which refused to publish anything from anybody +on the other side, 2,000 copies of articles by different persons and +1,000 of the excellent refutation by Representative John F. Shafroth +of Colorado had been distributed. The report stated that Mrs. Ida +Porter Boyer, the efficient chairman of Pennsylvania, had been sent by +the National Association to supervise the press work of the Oregon +campaign. It urged that grateful recognition should be shown to papers +that favor woman suffrage saying: "Editors are called upon for help +and are not thanked for the kindness and good they do nearly as much +as they should be." The convention gave Mrs. Babcock a rising vote of +thanks for her long and faithful work.</p> + +<p>The Executive Committee recommended in its Plan of Work that the +States work for a uniform resolution in favor of a Sixteenth +Amendment; that they endeavor to secure Initiative and Referendum +laws; that in each Legislature measures be introduced for full +suffrage or for some form of suffrage; that efforts be continued to +obtain equalization of property and intestate laws, also +co-guardianship of children; that the working forces of the +association be concentrated where there are State campaigns for +suffrage; that each club organize one new one and each individual +member secure one more; that all present lines of work be continued +and extended; that there be a more systematic and liberal distribution +of literature; that hearings be obtained before all kinds of +organizations. It was voted that "the Board of Officers consider the +propriety of recommending all the States to make a concerted effort to +secure Presidential suffrage for women in the election of 1908." But +one work conference was held, that on Press, Miss Hauser presiding. +One of the most important conferences of the week was that of State +presidents, at which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> each told of the most effective work within the +year, and the discussion which followed gave much practical and +helpful information.</p> + +<p>At the second afternoon session Dr. Shaw read a number of letters from +Governors of the equal suffrage and other States answering favorably +an appeal from the California Suffrage Association that they would +appoint one or more women to the national commission soon to meet to +consider uniform marriage and divorce laws. She had emphasized this +necessity in her president's address. The report of Mrs. Florence +Kelley, chairman of the Committee on Industrial Problems Affecting +Women and Children, was heard with deep interest and feeling. As +executive secretary of the National Consumers' League for many years +and a close student of labor conditions, she spoke with accurate +knowledge when she told of the employment of children. A Baltimore +woman in her welcome to the convention had said that Maryland women +were satisfied with what they could secure by petition without the +ballot, and Mrs. Kelley, referring with fine sarcasm to the "sadly +modest results of their petitions," said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Last night while we slept after our evening meeting there were in +Maryland many hundred boys, only nominally fourteen years old, +working all night in the glass-works; and here in Baltimore the +smallest messenger boys I have ever seen in any city were +perfectly free to work all night. No law was broken in either +case, for the women of Maryland have not yet by their right of +petition brought to the children of the State protection from +working all night. Here in this city children must go to school +until they are nominally twelve years old but outside of +Baltimore and three other counties there is no limit whatever to +the work of any child. Moreover, here in Baltimore where the law +nominally applies children are free to work at any age if they +have a dependent relative or if they are liable to become +dependent themselves!</p> + +<p>It is five years since the first delegation of women went to +Atlanta to ask for legislation on behalf of the working children +of Georgia, carrying petitions with them, and they have gone in +vain every year since. Each year the number of women joining in +the protest has been greater and, alas, the number of little +girls under ten years old, who work in Georgia cotton mills all +night, has also been greater. The number of working children +grows faster than the number of petitioning women.... In New +York, where women can vote on school questions in the country +only, not in the city, children five, six, seven and eight years +old, who ought to be in the kindergarten<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> and public schools, are +working in cellars and garrets, under the sweating system, sewing +on buttons and making artificial flowers. So many such children +are not in the schools that no city administration in the last +ten years has dared to make a school census; and we are striving +in vain, (all the philanthropic bodies), to induce the present +Tammany administration just to count the children of school age +but they dare not reveal the extent to which they are failing to +provide for them....</p> + +<p>We Americans do not rank among the enlightened nations when we +are graded according to our care of our children. We have, +according to the last census, 580,000 who cannot read or write, +between the ages of ten and fourteen years, not immigrant but +native-born children, and 570,000 of them are in States where the +women do not even use their right of petition. We do not rank +with England, Germany, France, Switzerland, Holland or the +Scandinavian countries when we are measured by our care of our +children, we rank with Russia. The same thing is true of our +children at work. We have two millions of them earning their +living under the age of sixteen years. Legislation of the States +south of Maryland for the children is like the legislation of +England in 1844.... Surely it behooves us to do something at once +or what sort of citizens shall we have?</p></div> + +<p>Miss Gertrude Barnum, secretary of the Women's National Trade Union +League, followed with an earnest address on Women as Wage Earners. She +began by saying that although this would be called a representative +audience, wage-earning women were not present. "A speaker should have +been chosen from their ranks," she said. "We have been preaching to +them, teaching them,'rescuing' them, doing almost everything for them +except knowing them and working with them for the good of our common +country. These women of the trade unions, who have already learned to +think and vote in them, would be a great addition, a great strength to +this movement. The working women have much more need of the ballot +than we of the so-called leisure class. We suffer from the insult of +its refusal; we are denied the privilege of performing our obligations +and we have as results things which we smart under. The working women +have not only these insults and privations but they have also the +knowledge that they are being destroyed, literally destroyed, body and +soul, by conditions which they cannot touch by law...." Miss Barnum +discussed "strikes," the "closed shop," conditions under which factory +women work, the domestic problem, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> trade unions, and said: "I hope +that this body, which represents women from all over the country, will +take this matter back to their respective States and cities and try to +make the acquaintance of this great half of our population, the +working people. You must bring them to your conferences and +conventions and let them speak on your platform. They will speak much +better for themselves than you can get any one to speak for them...."</p> + +<p>An animated discussion took place, many of the delegates asking +sympathetic questions. Mrs. Ella S. Stewart (Ill.) followed with a +delightfully caustic address on Some Fallacies; Our Privileges. The +reporters were so carried away by her "sweetness and beauty" that they +almost forgot to make notes of her speech, of which one of them said: +"She picked up Grover Cleveland, Lyman Abbott and other +anti-suffragists from the time of Samuel Johnson and figuratively spun +them around her finger, to the joy of the audience." In paying her +tribute to chivalry she said: "Of what benefit was the chivalry of the +knights toward their ladies of high degree to the thousands of peasant +women and wives of serfs hitched up with animals and working in the +fields? Of no more value now is the protection given to the wives and +daughters of the rich by men who are grinding down and taking +advantage of those of the poor. In Chicago women have no vote except +once in four years for a trustee of the State university, yet every +day if we try to take a street car we are overrun and trampled down by +men who get on the cars before they stop, and when we finally limp in +we see them comfortably seated reading the papers while we dangle from +the straps. We are crowded in stores and smoked in restaurants; in +fact the only place of late where I was not crowded was at the polls +when I went to cast my vote!"</p> + +<p>Mrs. Mary E. Craigie (N. Y.) closed the session with a serious, +impressive address on Our Real Opposition; Ignorance and Vice, the +Silent Foe. She pointed out the "indirect alliance between the +anti-suffragists and the vicious elements, opponents of all reform, +fearful that if women vote good will prevail over evil." "The chief +foes of woman suffrage," she said, "are the saloon keepers, scum of +society, barred from fraternal organizations, social clubs and even +from some of the insurance societies."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Biography of Miss Anthony contains this paragraph.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When Miss Anthony had visited President M. Carey Thomas, of Bryn +Mawr College, and Miss Mary E. Garrett the last November she had +talked of the approaching convention, expressed some anxiety as +to its reception in so conservative a city and urged them to do +what they could to make it creditable to the National Association +and to Baltimore. They showed much interest, asked in what way +they could be of most assistance and talked over various plans. +Both belonged to old and prominent families in that city, Miss +Garrett had the prestige of great wealth also, and Dr. Thomas of +her position as president of one of the most eminent of Women's +Colleges. Miss Anthony was desirous of having the program in some +way illustrate distinctly the new type of womanhood—the College +Woman—and eventually Dr. Thomas took entire charge of one +evening devoted to this purpose, which will ever be memorable in +the history of these conventions. A day or two after Miss +Anthony's visit she received a letter from Miss Garrett saying: +"I have decided—really I did so while we were talking about the +convention at luncheon yesterday—that I must open my house in +Baltimore for that week in order to have the great pleasure of +entertaining you and Miss Shaw under my own roof and to do +whatever I can to help you make the meeting a success."</p></div> + +<p>At a good-bye reception given for Miss Anthony in Rochester the +evening before she left home for Baltimore she took cold and +immediately after reaching Miss Garrett's she became very ill and was +under the care of physicians and trained nurses. On the second night, +however, the College Evening for which elaborate preparations had been +made, she summoned the will power for which she had always been noted, +rose from her bed, put on a beautiful gown and went to the convention +hall. Quoting again from the Biography: "When she appeared on the +stage and the great audience realized that she actually was with them +their enthusiasm was unbounded. She was so white and frail as to seem +almost spiritual but on her sweet face was an expression of ineffable +happiness; and it was indeed one of the happiest moments of her life +for it typified the intellectual triumph of her cause."</p> + +<p>The Baltimore <i>American</i> thus began its account: "With the great +pioneer suffrage worker, Susan B. Anthony, on the platform, surrounded +by women noted in the college world for their brilliant attainments, +as well as those famed for social work and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> in other professions, and +with a large audience, the session of the woman suffrage convention +opened last evening in the Lyric Theater. If the veteran suffragist +thought of more than the pleasure of the event it must have been the +contrast of this occasion with the times past, when, unhonored and +unsung, she fought what must have often seemed a losing fight for +principles for which the presence of these women proclaimed +victory.... It had been announced as 'Colloge evening' but it might +just as well have been called 'Susan B. Anthony evening,' for, while +the addresses dealt with various phases of the woman question, all +evolved into one strong tribute to Miss Anthony."</p> + +<p>The following remarkable program was carried out:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="center"> +<span class="smcap">College Evening</span><br /> +<br /> +February 8, 1906</p> +<p class="center"><i>Presiding Officer</i></p> +<p class="close">Ira Remsen, Ph.D., LL.D., <i>President of Johns Hopkins University</i>.</p> +<p class="center"><i>Ushers</i></p> +<p class="close">Students of the Woman's College of Baltimore in Academic Dress.</p> +<p class="center"><i>Addresses</i></p> +<p class="close">Mary E. Woolley, A.M., Litt.D., L.H.D., <i>President of Mount Holyoke College</i>.<br /> +Lucy M. Salmon, A.M., <i>Professor of History</i>, <i>Vassar College</i>.<br /> +Mary A. Jordan, A.M., <i>Professor of English</i>, <i>Smith College</i>.<br /> +Mary W. Calkins, A.M., <i>Professor of Philosophy and Psychology</i>, <i>Wellesley College</i>.</p> +<p class="hang close">Eva Perry Moore, A.B., <i>Trustee Vassar College</i>; <i>President of the Association of Collegiate Alumnæ</i> +(<i>over three thousand college women</i>).</p> +<p class="hang close">Maud Wood Park, A.B. (<i>Radcliffe College</i>), <i>President of the Boston Branch of the Equal Suffrage League in Women's Colleges +and Founder of the League</i>.</p> +<p class="close">M. Carey Thomas, Ph.D., LL.D., <i>President of Bryn Mawr College</i>.</p> +<p>A tribute of gratitude from representatives of Women's Colleges.</p> +<p class="hang">What has been accomplished for the higher education of women by +Susan B. Anthony and other woman suffragists.</p> +</div> + +<p>The statement is sometimes questioned that all of the advantages which +women enjoy today had their inception in the efforts of the pioneers +suffragists. The addresses made on this occasion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> by some of the most +distinguished women educators of the country certainly should sustain +this claim so far as the higher education is concerned. It seems a +sacrilege to use only brief quotations from these important +contributions to the literature of the movement for woman suffrage.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">President Woolley</span>: It will not be possible in the limited time +given to the representatives of colleges for women to do more +than suggest what has been accomplished for the higher education +of women by Miss Anthony and other suffragists, but it is a +pleasure to have this opportunity to add our tribute of +appreciation....</p> + +<p>At a meeting called in 1851 at Seneca Falls, N. Y., to consider +founding a People's College, Miss Anthony, Lucy Stone and Mrs. +Elizabeth Cady Stanton were determined that the constitution and +by-laws should be framed so as to admit women on the same terms +as men and finally carried their point. The college, however, +before it was fairly started was merged in Cornell University. +Five years later Miss Anthony's lecture on "Co-education" brought +that subject most forcibly to the attention of the public.... It +was no part of Miss Anthony's plan to have work given to women +for which they were not fitted but rather that they should be +prepared to do well whatever they attempted. There were not to be +two standards of efficiency, one for the man and another for the +woman. "Think your best thoughts, speak your best words, do your +best work, looking to your own conscience for approval," was her +charge to women forty years ago.... The higher education of women +should be added to the list of causes for which she and other +women struggled. She has lived to see the work of her hands +established in the gaining of educational and social rights for +women which might well be called revolutionary, so momentous have +been the changes....</p> + +<p>It seems almost inexplicable that changes surely as radical as +giving to women the opportunity to vote should be accepted today +as perfectly natural while the political right is still viewed +somewhat askance.... The time will come when some of us will look +back upon the arguments against the granting of the suffrage to +women with as much incredulity as that with which we now read +those against their education. Then shall it be said of the +woman, who with gentleness and strength, courage and patience, +has been unswerving in her allegiance to the aim which she had +set before her, "Give her of the fruit of her hands and let her +own works praise her in the gates."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Salmon</span>: The personal experience will perhaps be +pardoned if it is considered representative of the possibly +changing attitude of other college women toward the subject. The +natural stages in the development seem to have been, opposition, +due to ignorance; rejection, due to conscientious disapproval; +indifference, due to preoccupation in other lines of work; +acceptance, due to appreciation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> of what the work for equal +suffrage has accomplished. It has been a work positive rather +than negative, active rather than destructive, and thus it is +coming to appeal to the judgment and reason of college women. +They are coming to realize that they have been taught by these +pioneers, both by precept and example, to look at the essential +things of life and to ignore the unessential and for this they +are grateful....</p> + +<p>The college woman is beginning to wonder whether it is worth +while to reckon the mint, anise and cummin while the weightier +matters of the law are forgotten. For a larger outlook on life we +are all indebted to Miss Anthony, to Mrs. Howe and to their +colleagues. We are indebted to them in large measure for the +educational opportunities of today. We are indebted to them for +the theory, and in some places for the reality, of equal pay for +men and women when the work performed is the same. We are +indebted to them for making it possible for us to spend our lives +in fruitful work rather than in idle tears. We are indebted to +these pioneer women for the substitution of a positive creed for +inertia and indifference. From them we also inherit the weighty +responsibility of passing on to others, in degree if not in kind, +all that we have received from them.</p></div> + +<p>Professor Jordan, after considering the woman's college, said: "The +suffragists lent us Maria Mitchell and they felt severely the loss +they sustained in her increasing absorption in the class room and in +the requirements of modern scientific work. When we had taken Maria +Mitchell they turned to us in friendship, Mrs. Livermore, Mrs. Julia +Ward Howe, Miss Anthony, Miss Elizabeth Peabody, Mrs. Cady Stanton, +Lucy Stone, Mrs. Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Lois Anna Green, Mary +Dame—and never failed to stir our minds with their urgent appeals for +our thoughtful consideration of the causes they presented and the +interest they took for granted. The last was their strong point. They +simply implicated us in whatever was good and true. Their enthusiasm +was infectious and we 'caught' it—to our own lasting spiritual +benefit.... I do not believe that I was over-fanciful when I used to +feel that Lucy Stone and you, Miss Anthony, looked at us as if you +would say, 'Make the best of your freedom for we have bought it with a +great price.'"</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Professor Calkins</span>: I wish to indicate this evening the definite +form in which I think the gratitude of all college women might be +expressed to Miss Anthony and to the other leaders of the equal +suffrage movement for their service to the cause of women's +education. In other words, I wish to ask what have these veteran +equal suffrage leaders a right to expect from university and +college students, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> in particular from the students and +graduates of our women's colleges?... Equal suffragists, if I may +serve as interpreter, demand just this, that women trained to +scientific method shall make equal suffrage an object of +scientific analysis and logic and ask of college women that they +cease being ignorant or indifferent on the question; that they +adopt, if not an attitude of active leadership or of loyal +support, at least a position of reasoned opposition or of +intelligent hesitation between opposing arguments. To ask less +than this really is an insult to a thinking person, man or +woman.... The student trained to reach decisions in the light of +logic and of history will be disposed to recognize that, in a +democratic country governed as this is by the suffrage of its +citizens and given over as this is to the principle and practice +of educating women, a distinction based on difference of sex is +artificial and illogical, and thus suspicious.... For myself, I +believe that the probabilities favor woman suffrage.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mrs. Moore</span>: The women of today may well feel that it is Miss +Anthony who has made life possible to them; she has trodden the +rough paths and by unwearied devotion has opened to them the +professions and higher applied industries. Through her life's +work they enjoy a hundred privileges denied them fifty years ago; +from her devotion has grown a new order; her hand has helped to +open every line of business to women. She has spoken at times to +thousands of girls on the public duties of women.... Her life +story must epitomize the victorious struggle of women for larger +intellectual freedom in the last century.... The world does move. +Those who are aware of the great and beneficent changes made in +the laws relating to the rights of property, in the civil and +industrial laws pertaining to women and children, may estimate +the good accomplished by these pioneers.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mrs. Park</span>: I suppose it is true that all through history +individual women have been able, sometimes by cajolery, sometimes +by personal charm, sometimes by force of character, to get for +themselves privileges far greater than any that the most radical +advocates of woman's rights have yet demanded. But in the case of +Miss Anthony and the other early suffragists all that force of +character was turned not to individual ends, not to getting large +things for themselves, but to getting little gains, step by step, +for the great mass of other women; not for the service of +themselves but for the service of the sex and so of the whole +human race.... The object of the College Women's League is to +bring the question of equal suffrage to college women, to help +them realize their debt to the women who have worked so hard for +them and to make them understand that one of the ways to pay that +debt is to fight the battle in the quarter of the field in which +it is still unwon; in short, to make them feel the obligation of +opportunity.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Thomas</span>: In the year 1903 there were in the United +States 6,474 women studying in women's colleges and 24,863 women +studying in co-educational colleges. If the annual rate of +increase<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> has continued the same, as it undoubtedly has, during +the past three years, there are in college at the present time +38,268 women students. Although there are in the United States +nearly 1,800,000 less women than men, women already constitute +considerably over one-third of the entire student body and are +steadily gaining on men. This means that in another generation or +two one-half of all the people who have been to college in the +United States will be women; and, just as surely as the seasons +of the year succeed one another or the law of gravitation works, +just so surely will this great body of educated women wish to use +their trained intelligence in making the towns, cities and States +of their country better places for themselves and their children +to live in; just so surely will the men with whom they have +worked side by side in college classes claim and receive their +aid in political as well as home life. The logic of events does +not lie. It is unthinkable that women who have learned to act for +themselves in college and have become awakened there to civic +duties should not care for the ballot to enforce their wishes.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 347px;"> +<img src="images/v5-172.jpg" width="347" height="500" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="dense" summary="photos"> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="3">PIONEERS OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">ELIZABETH CADY STANTON.<br />Born, 1815.</td><td> </td><td align="center">LUCY STONE.<br />Born, 1818.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="center">SUSAN B. ANTHONY.<br />Born, 1820.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">LUCRETIA MOTT.<br />Born, 1793.</td><td> </td><td align="center">MILLICENT GARRETT FAWCETT.<br />Born, 1846.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The same is true of every woman's club and every individual woman +who tries to obtain laws to save little children from working +cruel hours in cotton mills or to open summer gardens for +homeless little waifs on the streets of a great city. These +women, too, are being irresistibly driven to desire equal +suffrage for the sake of the wrongs they try to right.... It +seems to me in the highest degree ungenerous for women like these +in this audience, who are cared for and protected in every way, +not to desire equal suffrage for the sake of other less fortunate +women, and it is not only ungenerous but short-sighted of such +women not to desire it for their own sakes. There is nothing +dearer to women than the respect and reverence of their children +and of the men they love. Yet every son who has grown up +reverencing his mother's opinion must realize, when he reaches +the age of twenty-one, with a shock from which he can never +wholly recover, that in the most important civic and national +affairs her opinion is not considered equal to his own....</p> + +<p>I confidently believe that equal suffrage is coming far more +swiftly than most of us suspect. Educated, public-spirited women +will soon refuse to be subjected to such humiliating conditions. +Educated men will recoil in their turn from the sheer unreason of +the position that the opinions and wishes of their wives and +mothers are to be consulted upon every other question except the +laws and government under which they and their husbands and +children must live and die. Equal suffrage thus seems to me to be +an inevitable and logical consequence of the higher education of +women. And the higher education of women is, if possible, a still +more inevitable result of the agitation of the early woman +suffragists....</p> + +<p>We who are guiding this educational movement today owe the +profoundest debt of gratitude to those early pioneers—Elizabeth +Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe and, above and beyond +all, to Susan B. Anthony. Other women reformers, like other men +reformers, have given part of their time and energy. She has +given<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> to the cause of women every year, every month, every day, +every hour and every moment of her whole life and every dollar +she could beg or earn, and she has earned thousands and begged +thousands more.</p></div> + +<p>Turning to the honored guest of the evening Dr. Thomas said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>To most women it is given to have returned to them in double +measure the love of the children they have nurtured. To you, Miss +Anthony, belongs by right, as to no other woman in the world's +history, the love and gratitude of all women in every country of +the globe. We, your daughters in the spirit, rise up today and +call you blessed.</p> + +<p>In those far-off days when our mothers' mothers sat contented in +the darkness, you, our champion, sprang forth to battle for us, +equipped and shining, inspired by a prophetic vision of the +future like that of the apostles and martyrs, and the heat of +your battle has lasted more than fifty years. Two generations of +men lie between the time when, in the early fifties, you and Mrs. +Stanton sat together in New York State, writing over the cradles +of her babies those trumpet calls to freedom that began and +carried forward the emancipation of women—and the day eighteen +months ago when that great audience in Berlin rose to do you +honor, thousands of women from every country in the civilized +world, silent, with full eyes and lumps in their throats, because +of what they owed to you. Of such as you were the lines of the +poet Yeats written:</p> + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"They shall be remembered forever,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They shall be alive forever,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They shall be speaking forever,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The people shall hear them forever."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +</div> + +<p>Miss Anthony was profoundly moved. This wonderful scene—the +magnificent audience in one of the oldest and most conservative of +cities; this group of the most distinguished women educators; the +president of one of the leading universities of the world in the +chair; the large number of college women in the audience, free, +independent, equipped for life's highest work—represented the +culmination of what she had striven for during half a century. Her +Biography gives this account: "After the applause had ended there was +a moment of intense silence and then, as Miss Anthony came forward, +the entire audience rose and greeted her with waving handkerchiefs, +while tears rolled down the cheeks of many who felt that she would +never be present at another convention. 'If any proof were needed of +the progress of the cause for which I have worked,' she said, in +clear, even tones, distinctly heard by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> all, 'it is here tonight. The +presence on the stage of these college women, and in the audience of +all those college girls who will some day be the nation's greatest +strength, will tell their own story to the world. They give the +highest joy and encouragement to me. I am not going to make a long +speech but only to say thank you and good night.' It was all she had +the strength to say but she never would publicly confess it."</p> + +<p>Interesting State reports, conferences and addresses filled the +mornings, afternoons and evenings of this unparalleled week. The +Initiative and Referendum was presented by an acknowledged authority, +George H. Shibley of Washington, director of the department of +representative government in the bureau of economic research. He +congratulated the association on having endorsed the new experiment +that would rapidly further the woman suffrage cause, in which he had +long believed. The system of questioning candidates and publishing +their replies, developed by the Anti-Saloon League, was now being used +with great success, he said, by many organizations. He described the +carefully worked-out system in detail and declared that this, with the +Initiative and Referendum, would terminate "machine" rule in politics, +and whatever did this would promote the advance of woman suffrage. The +address called forth an animated discussion in which it was shown that +when women questioned a candidate they had no constituency back of +them to influence his answers.</p> + +<p>A valuable conference was opened with a comprehensive paper by Mrs. +Mary Kenney O'Sullivan (Mass.), prominently identified with the +women's trade unions, on the best methods of securing from Congress +the submission of the Federal Suffrage Amendment. The question, if +each State should secure an endorsement from its Legislature of a +uniform resolution calling for this submission would it not influence +Congress and also compel favorable recommendation in the national +platforms of the dominant political parties, was unanimously answered +in the affirmative.</p> + +<p>Miss Hauser, the new chairman, presided over the press conference, +which was opened with a paper by Miss Jane Campbell, a veteran +suffragist, president of the Philadelphia County Suffrage Club of 600 +members, on The Unbiased Editor, which bristled with the humorous +sarcasm in which she was unsurpassed.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> She said in the course of it: +"As the result of close observation I may state that the calm, +judicial mind of the unbiased editor is never more in evidence than +when he bends his energies to a consideration of the woman +question—that is, the woman question in reference to politics. Then +he is on sure ground and he always is actuated by a desire to serve +the best interests of women. Does it come under his ken that a woman +has the temerity to suggest even in faint tones the advisability and +feasibility, the common sense and justice of being allowed to cast a +ballot, then the opportunity of the unbiased editor has come and the +rash claimant is admonished in fatherly, protecting tones to 'Remember +that only in the Home'—he always spells home with a capital in this +connection—'should a woman be in evidence.' He almost weeps when he +pictures the dire consequences that would inevitably result should +women enter the uncleanly pool of politics. Chivalry would become +extinct—chivalry being the guiding principle, according to the +unbiased editor, on which men act—and then would tired men no longer +give up their seats in trolley cars to masculine women and no longer +would they accord equal pay for equal work, as they chivalrously do +now!"</p> + +<p>Turning her shafts on Mr. Bok, editor of the <i>Ladies' Home Journal</i>, +and ex-President Cleveland's articles in it, Miss Campbell evoked so +much laughter and applause that Miss Hauser became anxious as to the +effect on the representatives of the press who were there and called +on Mrs. Upton to calm the tempestuous waters, who offered some "golden +precepts" for dealing with editors, among them the following: "Keep +the paper fully informed of all suffrage news. If there is something +unpleasant in it and the reporter tells you that the editor and not +himself is responsible for it, smile and believe him. Take the +reporter into your confidence and let him absorb the impression that +you trust him implicitly. The result will be that you and your cause +will get the best of it. In a word, treat the newspaper reporter as +you would any other gentleman and in the long run you will profit by +it. If you are the press representative of your local organization try +to have from time to time items of news pertaining to matters other +than that of woman suffrage. Use the telephone lavishly and let<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> your +home be a sort of stopping place for the reporter in his routine work. +When you present such an attitude toward the press the editors cannot +find it in their hearts to refuse if you want a little space for +yourself and your cause." The Baltimore <i>Evening Herald</i> commented: +"From the foregoing it will be observed that in the dark and devious +avocation of working the unsophisticated editor, Mrs. Upton is truly a +past mistress, entitled to wear the regalia and jewels of the +superlative degree."</p> + +<p>Mrs. May Arkwright Hutton of Idaho told of the excellent results of +woman suffrage on the politics of that State. Mrs. Lucia Ames Mead, +chairman of the Committee on Peace and Arbitration, gave her usual +able report describing her extensive work during the past year, which +neither in this or any other year was exceeded by that of any one +individual. After her return from the International Peace Congress in +London she succeeded in having the presidents of the suffrage +associations in fifteen States appoint supervisors of peace work and +others were about to do so. The educational authorities in every State +had been requested to arrange celebrations for May 18, the anniversary +of the first Hague Conference, and she should notify the suffrage +clubs to do this. Equal suffragists will aid the cause of justice for +themselves in the nation by working also for justice between the +nations. The abolition of war will do more than anything else to make +women respected and influential. It will substitute moral force for +brute force, reason for passion and will forever remove one of the +most popular arguments against giving political power to those who are +incapable of military service."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Isabel C. Barrows (Mass.), the well known writer on social and +economic subjects, took part in the symposium that followed. Miss +Alice Stone Blackwell presided over the conference on What the Home +Needs for its Protection—Women on Health Boards, School Boards and in +the Police Department, and these subjects were considered by Mrs. +Susan S. Fessenden (Mass.), Mrs. Upton and Mrs. Barrows. It closed +with a paper by the Rev. Marie Jenney Howe on Woman's Municipal Vote.</p> + +<p>One of the most important evening sessions was devoted to the question +of Municipal Government, with Dr. William H. Welch, Professor of +Pathology in Johns Hopkins University, presiding.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> A leading feature +was the address of the Hon. Frederick C. Howe of Cleveland, O., The +City for the People. He reviewed the mismanagement and political +corruption of the large cities, "controlled by great financial +interests and yet filled with eager, energetic people, struggling to +organize a good democratic movement of humanity focused on a +democratic ideal." In voicing the hope for the future he said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>There is an upward movement in all our cities. We are endeavoring +to work out democracy and are doing amazingly well. When it is +possible to organize the ideals of this new democratic movement +it will be a city not for men alone but for men and women. It is +business which has made our cities take the illogical position +that women should not participate in municipal affairs as the +chief corrective of the evils which underlie most of our +municipal problems. I believe in woman suffrage not for women +alone, not for men alone, but for the advantage of both men and +women. Any community, any society, any State that excludes half +of its members from participating in it is only half a State, +only half a city, only half a community. So, you see, woman +suffrage does not interest me so much because woman is a taxpayer +or because of justice as because of democracy; because I believe +in the fullest, freest, most responsible democracy that it is +possible to create. The city of the people will be a man and +woman city. It will elect its officials for other than party +reasons and will keep men and women in office who give good +service.</p></div> + +<p>The Hon. Rudolph Blankenburg, Philadelphia's noted reformer, who was +to speak on Municipal Regeneration, was detained at home and his wife, +Mrs. Lucretia L. Blankenburg, president of the Pennsylvania Suffrage +Association, told of the big campaign of the preceding autumn for +better government in that city and the important part women had in it +and said: "The men claimed that the women helped them a great deal but +when the day came for the jubilation after the election, not a woman +was invited to sit on the platform or to take part in the jubilee, +except in the audience. In one of our suburbs the successful people +gave a banquet and they did condescend to invite the women who had +helped them win the election to sit in the gallery after the banquet +and hear the speeches.... We are to have an election very soon and +when I left home to come to this convention our city party was holding +meetings in churches and halls and parlors and the chairman of the +committee chided me for deserting my 'home<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> work.' I told her that it +was a greater work to try to get the right to vote and increase my +influence."</p> + +<p>The Hon. William Dudley Foulke, president of the National Civil +Service Commission, spoke informally on An Object Lesson in Municipal +Politics, describing the revolution of the citizens against the +corrupt government of his home city, Richmond, Ind., and the valuable +assistance rendered by the women, and, as always, demanding the +suffrage for them.</p> + +<p>It was at this meeting that Miss Jane Addams of Hull House, Chicago, +made the address on The Modern City and the Municipal Franchise for +Women, which was thenceforth a part of the standard suffrage +literature. Quotations are wholly inadequate.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It has been well said that the modern city is a stronghold of +industrialism quite as the feudal city was a stronghold of +militarism, but the modern cities fear no enemies and rivals from +without and their problems of government are solely internal. +Affairs for the most part are going badly in these great new +centres, in which the quickly-congregated population has not yet +learned to arrange its affairs satisfactorily. Unsanitary +housing, poisonous sewage, contaminated water, infant mortality, +the spread of contagion, adulterated food, impure milk, +smoke-laden air, ill-ventilated factories, dangerous occupations, +juvenile crime, unwholesome crowding, prostitution and +drunkenness are the enemies which the modern cities must face and +overcome, would they survive. Logically their electorate should +be made up of those who can bear a valiant part in this arduous +contest, those who in the past have at least attempted to care +for children, to clean houses, to prepare foods, to isolate the +family from moral dangers; those who have traditionally taken +care of that side of life which inevitably becomes the subject of +municipal consideration and control as soon as the population is +congested. To test the elector's fitness to deal with this +situation by his ability to bear arms is absurd. These problems +must be solved, if they are solved at all, not from the military +point of view, not even from the industrial point of view, but +from a third, which is rapidly developing in all the great cities +of the world—the human-welfare point of view....</p> + +<p>City housekeeping has failed partly because women, the +traditional housekeepers, have not been consulted as to its +multiform activities. The men have been carelessly indifferent to +much of this civic housekeeping, as they have always been +indifferent to the details of the household.... The very +multifariousness and complexity of a city government demand the +help of minds accustomed to detail and variety of work, to a +sense of obligation for the health and welfare of young children +and to a responsibility for the cleanliness and comfort of other +people. Because all these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> things have traditionally been in the +hands of women, if they take no part in them now they are not +only missing the education which the natural participation in +civic life would bring to them but they are losing what they have +always had.</p></div> + +<p>The Sunday afternoon service was held in the Lyric Theater, whose +capacity was taxed with an audience "representing every class of +society, every creed and no creed," according to the Baltimore papers. +It was preceded by a half-hour musical program by Edwin M. Shonert, +pianist, and Earl J. Pfonts, violinist. The Rev. Antoinette Brown +Blackwell made the opening prayer; the Rev. Anna Howard Shaw read the +Scripture lesson and gave the day's text: "Be strong and very +courageous; be not afraid, neither be thou dismayed, for the Lord thy +God is with thee whithersoever thou goest." The Battle Hymn of the +Republic was beautifully read by the Rev. Olympia Brown and sung by +Miss Etta Maddox, the audience joining in the chorus. Mrs. Maud +Ballington Booth gave the principal address on the work of the +Volunteers of America for the men and women in prisons and after they +are discharged. At its beginning she said: "I have never before stood +on the platform with these leaders in the struggle for woman suffrage +but I sympathize with any movement whose motive is, like theirs, the +uplifting of humanity." Her beauty, her sweet voice and her rare +eloquence made a deep impression on the audience, who responded with a +generous collection for her Hope Halls. The meeting closed with the +congregational singing of America and the benediction by the Rev. +Marie Jenney Howe. All of the women ministers occupied the pulpits of +various churches in the morning or evening, and, according to the +reporter for the <i>News</i>, "astonished the large congregations which +assembled to do them honor with their facility of expression and the +soundness of their logic!"<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p> + +<p>The resolutions offered by Henry B. Blackwell, chairman of the +committee, covered a wide and rather unusual range of subjects,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> +showing the broad scope of the work of the association and expressing +its pleasure at the world-wide indications of progress. Deep regret +was expressed for the death of the friends of the cause during the +year, among them George W. Catt of New York, husband of Mrs. Carrie +Chapman Catt; Mrs. Josephine Shaw Lowell of New York; Mrs. Jane H. +Spofford of Maine; Mrs. Caroline Hallowell Miller of Maryland; Mrs. +Sarah M. Perkins of Ohio; John K. Wildman of Pennsylvania, and Speaker +Frederick S. Nixon of the New York Legislature.</p> + +<p>Fraternal greetings were brought from the Ladies of the Maccabees by +Mrs. Melva J. Caswell, State Commander of the District of Columbia, +Maryland and Delaware; from the National W. C. T. U., by Miss Marie C. +Brehm, president for Illinois, and from the American Purity Alliance +by its president, Dr. O. Edward Janney of Baltimore. A letter was read +by Mrs. Mary Bentley Thomas (Md.), from Governor Warfield expressing +his thanks for the opportunity of meeting so many distinguished women +and his enjoyment of the convention. Letters and telegrams were read. +A letter of greeting was sent to Mrs. Ellen Clark Sargent, a veteran +suffragist of San Francisco, and letters to Miss Laura Clay and Mrs. +Harriet Taylor Upton, regretting their absence. A special vote of +appreciation was given to Dr. and Mrs. William Funck and a letter of +thanks was sent to Dr. Thomas and Miss Garrett for their part in the +unsurpassed success of the convention.</p> + +<p>A comprehensive report of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, +organized in Berlin in 1904, was given by its president, Mrs. Carrie +Chapman Catt, showing that "the agitation throughout Europe for a +broader democracy has naturally opened the way for the discussion of +woman suffrage and the subject is being considered as never before in +Europe." [See Chapter on the Alliance.] The Evening with Women in +History was opened by Mrs. Catt, who said: "One idea is the mainspring +of the opposition to woman suffrage—that women are by nature of the +inferior sex. Even Darwin, so scientific that he tried to see all +things fairly, entertained this unjust view. When women have had the +same inspiration and opportunity as men their work has been equal in +merit."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p> + +<p>The program assuredly showed no inferiority of mental power. Mrs. +Belle de Rivera (N. Y.) depicted Women of Genius, quoting Sappho, +Margaret of Navarre, Vittoria Colonna, Angelica Kauffman and others +eminent in the annals of history. A newspaper report said of Mrs. +Oreola Williams Haskell (N. Y.): "The thoroughness of her address gave +the lie to any intimation of frivolity made by her youth and beauty, +the pink crêpe de chine dress and the giddy pink bow in her fluffy +brown hair." In discussing Women in Politics she said that, "even +though debarred from Parliaments and Congresses women will take part +in politics because political situations and public events vitally +affect their lives" and concluded:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The student, remembering the laws that strove to make women +nonentities, the tremendous force of adverse public opinion, the +lack of training and preparation, must repudiate forever the +usual query of the scoffer. "Why have there not been more eminent +women?" and in amazement ask himself, "How does it happen that +there have been any?" To those women who would do great things, +who sigh for the old days, when the political queen ruled from +the salon or the throne, we may say that today woman stands on +the threshold of a broader and more real political life than she +has ever known. In the future there may be no Sarah Jennings or +Mme. de Maintenons, but when to the million-and-a-quarter of the +women of our time, who in the United States, in Australia and in +New Zealand are exercising the mighty power of the ballot as +fully and freely as their brothers, we shall be able to add other +enfranchised women of the world, we will have a mighty political +sisterhood, free to realize their patriotic dreams and powerful +to bring about better conditions for humanity.</p></div> + +<p>Miss Campbell described in an able and interesting manner Women +Scholars of the Middle Ages. Miss Brehm pictured Heroes and Heroines. +Mrs. Maud Nathan, who had as a subject Women Warriors, according to +the reporter, "remarked as she took off her long white kids that she +could not handle it with gloves." Declaring that she did not approve +of war, she said that nevertheless whenever there was a fight for +municipal reform in New York she was in the thick of it. After showing +how women had led wars and fallen in battles she concluded:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In the middle ages, when the electors were called upon to defend +their cities at the point of the bayonet, we can understand why +men considered that women should be debarred from the privilege +of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> citizenship; but today our cities are not walled, our foes +are not without the gates trying to scale the walls. The enemies +are within, often found sitting in high places. Today citizens +are called upon to fight, not warriors, but vice and corruption +and low standards. Are not our mothers quite as capable as our +fathers to wage warfare against these, the enemies in our midst?</p> + +<p>When I was in The Hague last summer I visited the only kind of +battleground which any intelligent, progressive, self-respecting +nation ought to show with pride.... There in the peaceful little +House in the Wood national disputes are settled, not by +sacrificing the lives of thousands of innocent, helpless young +men, not by creating thousands of widows and orphans, but by +threshing out all matters relating to the dispute in a rational, +calm, judicial and honorable way.... It seemed to me that this +20th century battleground, this quiet, peaceful House in the +Wood, augured well for a new era, one in which our swords will +indeed be turned into ploughshares and our spears into pruning +hooks, and the angels of peace and righteousness will hover over +us.</p></div> + +<p>The social features of the convention were of an unusually interesting +character. The Garrett family mansion had been closed for the winter +but Miss Garrett opened it completely, invited as home guests Miss +Anthony, Mrs. Howe, Miss Addams, Dr. Thomas and other distinguished +visitors and gave a series of entertainments that conferred on the +convention a prestige which added much to its influence in that +conservative city. In order that its representative men and women +might meet the officers and delegates Miss Garrett had a luncheon and +dinner every day, the formal invitations reading: "To meet Miss Susan +B. Anthony and Governor and Mrs. Warfield"; "To meet Miss Anthony and +the speakers of the College Evening," etc.,—on each invitation Miss +Anthony's name preceding those of the other guests of honor. All of +the speakers on the College Women's evening were her house guests and +after the meeting she gave a large reception. To quote again from the +Biography: "No one present will ever forget the picture of Miss +Anthony and Mrs. Howe sitting side by side on a divan in the large bay +window, with a background of ferns and flowers. At their right stood +Miss Garrett and Dr. Thomas, at their left Dr. Shaw and the line of +eminent college women, with a beautiful perspective of conservatory +and art gallery.... There was nothing in the closing years of Miss +Anthony's life that offered such encouragement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> and hope as to see +women possessing the power of high intellectual ability, wealth and +social position taking up the cause which she had carried with patient +toil through poverty and obscurity to this plane of recognition."</p> + +<p>While Miss Anthony was a guest in the home of Miss Garrett she and Dr. +Thomas asked her what was the greatest service they could render to +advance the movement for woman suffrage. She answered that the +strongest desire of her later years had been to raise a large fund for +the work, which was constantly impeded for the lack of money, but her +impaired health had prevented it. This need was frequently discussed +during the week, and before the convention closed they promised her +that they would try to find a number of women who, like themselves, +were unable to take an active part in working for woman suffrage but +sincerely believed in it, who would be willing to join together in +contributing $12,000 a year for the next five years to help support +the work and to show in this practical way their gratitude to Miss +Anthony and her associates and their faith in the cause.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p> + +<p>The officers, speakers and delegates accepted invitations of President +Remsen to visit Johns Hopkins University and received every possible +attention; to a special exhibit at the Maryland Historical Art +Gallery; to a handsome afternoon tea at the Arundel Club, welcomed by +its president, Mrs. William M. Ellicott; to a large reception by the +Baltimore Woman Suffrage Club and to other pleasant functions.</p> + +<p>The report of Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton called attention to the +receipts of $2,000 for 1893 and $12,150 during the past year, a period +of thirteen years during which she had been treasurer. "The fact that +nowadays the association always has funds," she said, "gives us a +standing with the bankers and business men which works largely to our +credit." She spoke of the bequests,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> which had been put at interest, +and told of persons who refused to contribute a dollar while they +remained unspent. It was the hope of the officers, she said, that they +could be used for campaigns and other emergencies and that +contributions should pay the running expenses, which was now nearly +accomplished. The disbursements during the year, including money +advanced for the Oregon campaign, had been $16,565, the amount above +receipts being taken from the bequests.</p> + +<p>The College Women's meeting took place on Thursday and Miss Anthony +was unable to attend the convention the next day. "At the Saturday +morning session," the Biography relates, "Dr. Shaw expressed the great +regret of all at her enforced absence and their gratitude for the +excellent care she was receiving at the home of Miss Garrett; but when +the afternoon session opened, in she walked! She had learned that the +money was to be raised at this time and she knew she could help, so +she conquered her pain and came. When contributions were called for +she was first to respond and holding out a little purse she said: 'I +want to begin by giving you my purse. Just before I left Rochester my +friends gave me a birthday party and made me a present of eighty-six +dollars. I suppose they wanted me to do as I liked with the money and +I wish to send it to Oregon.'" Under this inspiration the pledges soon +reached $4,000. Afterwards Miss Anthony's seventeen five dollar gold +pieces were sold for $10 each, and later some of them for $25.</p> + +<p>Miss Anthony was not able to leave the house for the next two days, to +her great sorrow. The leading feature of the Monday evening session +was to be an address by Mrs. Howe but she also was too ill to appear, +and realizing the intense disappointment this would be to the audience +Miss Anthony made another heroic effort and took her place on the +platform. The Rev. Herbert S. Bigelow came from Cincinnati to give an +address on The Power of an Idea, in which he said: "If the world were +never again to get another new idea, progress would be at an end.... +The birth and growth and struggle and triumph of one great idea after +another—this is the story of human progress. For more than half a +century the men and women who championed the idea of woman suffrage +were made the butt of ridicule, yet in the light<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> of history how +ridiculous are the enemies of this idea. Fifty years ago no American +college but Oberlin was open to women. Now a third of the college +students in the United States are women." Mrs. Fessenden of Boston +spoke eloquently on The Mount of Aspiration, and Mrs. Lydia A. Coonley +Ward of Chicago represented the strong, practical side in her address +on The Nearest Duty. Miss Alice Henry of Melbourne gave an interesting +account of woman suffrage in Australia, where women now possessed the +complete franchise, which had been followed by very advanced laws.</p> + +<p>It was not supposed that Miss Anthony would be able to speak, but, +stimulated by the occasion and longing no doubt to say what she felt +might be her last words, she came forward near the close of the +meeting. A report of the occasion in the New York <i>Evening Post</i> said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The entire house arose and the applause and cheers seemed to last +for ten minutes. Miss Anthony looked at the splendid audience of +men and women, many of them distinguished in their generation, +with calm and dignified sadness. "This is a magnificent sight +before me," she said slowly, "and these have been wonderful +addresses and speeches I have listened to during the past week. +Yet I have looked on many such audiences and in my lifetime I +have listened to many such speakers, all testifying to the +righteousness, the justice and the worthiness of the cause of +woman suffrage. I never saw that great woman, Mary +Wollstonecraft, but I have read her eloquent and unanswerable +arguments in behalf of the liberty of womankind. I have met and +known most of the progressive women who came after her—Lucretia +Mott, the Grimké sisters, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone—a +long galaxy of great women. I have heard them speak, saying in +only slightly different phrases exactly what I heard these newer +advocates of the cause say at these meetings. Those older women +have gone on and most of those who worked with me in the early +years have gone. I am here for a little time only and then my +place will be filled as theirs was filled. The fight must not +cease; you must see that it does not stop."</p></div> + +<p>There were indeed Miss Anthony's last words to a woman suffrage +convention and they expressed the dominant thought which had directed +her own life—the fight must not stop!</p> + +<p>The address of Mrs. Howe was read at a later session by her daughter, +Mrs. Florence Howe Hall, who expressed her mother's extreme +disappointment at not being able to be present in person<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> and said: +"She regarded this convention as probably the last she should attend +and she hoped to clasp hands with many whom she has known in former +years and with many whom she has not known. She has heard with joy of +its success and sends you her affectionate greeting and glad +congratulations." In the course of this scholarly address Mrs. Howe +said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I can well recall the years in which I felt myself averse to the +participation of women in political life. The feminine type +appeared to me so precious, so indispensable to humanity, that I +dreaded any enlargement of its functions lest something of its +charm and real power should therein be lost. I have often felt as +if some sudden and unlooked for revelation had been vouchsafed to +me, for at my first real contact with the suffragists of, say, +forty years ago, I was made to feel that womanhood is not only +static but also much more dynamic, a power to move as well as a +power to stay. True womanliness must grow and not diminish, in +its larger and freer exercise. Whom did I see at that first +suffrage meeting, first in my experience? Lucy Stone, sweet faced +and silver voiced, the very embodiment of Goethe's "eternal +feminine"; William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, Thomas +Wentworth Higginson, noble advocates of human freedom; Lucretia +Mott, eloquent and beautiful in her holy old age. What did I +hear? Doctrine which harmonized with my dearest aspirations, +extending as it did the hope which I had supposed was for an +elect and superior few to all the motherhood of the human race. +The new teaching seemed to me to throw the door open for all +women to come up higher, to live upon a higher plane of thought +and to exercise in larger and more varied fields the talents, +wonderful indeed, to which such limited scope had hitherto been +allowed. I felt, too, that the new freedom brought with it an +identity of interest which formed a bond of sisterhood and that +the great force of cooperation would wonderfully aid the +promotion of objects dear to all true women alike....</p> + +<p>I have sat in the little chapel in Bethlehem in which tradition +places the birth of the Saviour. It seems fitting that it should +be adorned with offerings of beautiful things but while I mused +there a voice seemed to say to me, "Look abroad! This divine +child is no more, he has grown to be a man and a deliverer. Go +out into the world. Find his footsteps and follow them. Work, as +he did, for the redemption of mankind. Suffer as he did, if need +be, derision and obloquy. Make your protest against tyranny, +meanness and injustice!"</p> + +<p>The weapon of Christian warfare is the ballot, which represents +the peaceable assertion of conviction and will. Society +everywhere is becoming converted to its use. Adopt it, oh, you +women, with clean hands and a pure heart! Verify the best word +written by the apostle; "In Christ Jesus there is neither bond +nor free,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> neither male nor female, but a new creature," the +harbinger of a new creation!</p></div> + +<p>On the last evening Señorita Carolina Holman Huidobro told of The +Women of Chili and Argentina in the Peace Movement. Mrs. Mead spoke on +The World's Crisis, and, with an unsurpassed knowledge of her subject, +pointed out the vast responsibility of the United States in the cause +of Peace and Arbitration, saying in part: "Protected by two oceans, +with not a nation on the hemisphere that dares to attack her; with not +a nation in the world that is her enemy, rich and with endless +resources, this most fortunate nation is the one of all others to lead +the world out of the increasing intolerable bondage of armaments. If +the United States will take a strong position on gradual, proportional +disarmament the first step may be made toward it at the second Hague +conference soon to be held.... Of all women the suffragists should be +alert and well informed upon these momentous questions. Our battle cry +today must be 'Organize the world!' War will cease when concerted +action has removed the causes of war and not before."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Pauline Steinem, an elected member of the Toledo (O.) school +board, showed convincingly the need for Women's Work on Boards of +Education. Miss Harriet May Mills (N. Y.) made a clear, logical +address on The Right of Way, and Mr. Blackwell (Mass.) discussed from +his knowledge of politics The Wooing of Electors.</p> + +<p>In closing the convention Dr. Shaw expressed the hope that if it had +brought no other truth to the people of Baltimore it had shown that +women want the ballot as a means for accomplishing the things that +good men and women wish to accomplish. She made an earnest appeal for +a deeper interest in the highest things of life and more consecrated +work for all that contributes to the progress of humanity.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>In order to have the usual hearings before committees of Congress on +the submission of a woman suffrage amendment to the Federal +Constitution a large delegation went to Washington on February 14, the +next day after the convention closed, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> hearing was held the +morning of the 15th, Miss Anthony's birthday. She was not able to +attend, greatly to her own disappointment and that of the older +speakers, whose inspiration she had been for so long on these +occasions. She had arranged the first one ever held in 1869 and had +missed but two in thirty-seven years.</p> + +<p>The hearing before the Senate Committee on Woman Suffrage took place +in the Marble Room, as usual, Senator Augustus O. Bacon of Georgia in +the chair and Dr. Shaw presiding. The speakers were Señorita Huidobro +of Chili; Mrs. Elizabeth D. Bacon, president of the Connecticut +Suffrage Association; Mrs. Mary Bentley Thomas (Md.); the Rev. +Antoinette Brown Blackwell (N. J.); Miss Anne Fitzhugh Miller (N. Y.); +Mrs. Upton, Mrs. Steinem and Mrs. Fessenden.</p> + +<p>The hearing before the House Judiciary Committee, the Hon. John J. +Jenkins (Wis.), chairman, was in charge of Mrs. Florence Kelley, first +vice-president of the association. Mrs. Blankenburg told of the +herculean efforts of over 2,000 women at the last November election of +Philadelphia. Mrs. Harriet A. Eager spoke of the work of a woman's +Committee of Moral Education in Boston where there was no law +prohibiting the circulation of any kind of literature. They went to +the Legislature for such a law with a petition from 32,000 of the +representative women of Massachusetts and stayed there six weeks +working for it only to have it refused. She told how the women of the +State petitioned fifty-five years for a law giving mothers equal +guardianship of their children and pointed out the helpless position +of women without political power.</p> + +<p>Miss Kate M. Gordon of New Orleans, corresponding secretary of the +association, began: "My message this morning was particularly for the +southern members of the committee but I shall have to ask others +present to carry it to them, as I do not believe any of them are here +although seven are members." She protested against the attitude of +southern members of Congress toward woman suffrage and expressed the +deep resentment of southern women at their classification with the +disfranchised, saying that their men more than all others should feel +the responsibility of lifting them from their present humiliating +position.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> Mrs. Ella S. Stewart, president of the Illinois Suffrage +Association, based her argument on simple justice, and said in +conclusion: "Your power is absolute and your responsibility +correspondingly great. Humiliating as it is for me to beg for what is +mine from strangers, I would a thousand times rather be a defrauded +mendicant than to hold in my hand the rights, the destiny and the +happiness of millions of human beings and have the heart to deny their +just claims."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Mary Kenney O'Sullivan (Mass.) spoke "as one representing +3,000,000 women who have been forced out of the home through +necessity," and said in the course of her strong speech: "I know that +the working women of this country are not receiving the highest wages +because they have not a vote. Right here in Washington, in your big +bindery of the Government, a trade to which I gave the larger part of +my life, the women who do equal work with the men do not receive equal +pay. The Government more than any other employer has taken advantage +of women of my class because they have not a vote.... The workmen, +more than any other men, even more than those who are supposed to be +statesmen, have seen the necessity for women to have a vote. Ever +since 1890 the convention of the American Federation of Labor has +unanimously adopted a resolution favoring woman suffrage. I do not +believe that any one will deny that the workingmen are the thinking +men of the country. I am asking you, in the name of the women I +represent at least, to do for us what our working brothers are trying +to do—give us our rights."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Lucia Ames Mead said in the course of a long address: "The man +who talks about home today as if it still gave ample opportunity for +woman's productive activity as it once did, is talking about a +condition which is as obsolete as the conditions before we had +railroads and telegraphs. Woman's educational opportunities and +productive capacity are so altered as to require her political status +to be altered.... There is a class of women who do not need to earn +their living and have a large leisure. They are not idle, they are as +active as fireflies, but they are not obliged to be productive as +every human being should be.... They have more time than men to study +and to apply the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> principles of justice and mercy and to do that +preventive, educational work which is a better defense of country than +a squadron of battleships. The suffrage has done much to develop man; +the woman of leisure needs it to develop her; the working woman needs +it to obtain salutary conditions under which to earn her living; the +woman working for reforms needs it so as to accomplish in a year what +otherwise she may wait for twenty-five years of pleading and +'influence' to obtain."</p> + +<p>Miss Alice Stone Blackwell began her address: "We are not here to ask +you to extend suffrage to women but to give to the State Legislatures +an opportunity to vote on it, and probably some practical +considerations should be offered to show that public sentiment has +arrived at a point where it seems to be timely and worth while that +this question should be submitted to them. We would like to convince +you that this is only right. If three-fourths of them are not prepared +to give us suffrage, we shall not get it. If three-fourths of them are +prepared, then public sentiment has arrived at a point where we ought +to have it." She reviewed the advance of the movement and said: "We +could keep this committee here until next week reading to them +testimony from representative men and women as to the good results of +woman suffrage where it is in operation." The unimpeachable testimony +which she then presented from the equal suffrage States filled several +pages of the printed record.</p> + +<p>Introducing Mrs. Kelley, Chairman Jenkins had spoken of her father, +William D. Kelley, known as the Father of the House, and she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It is quite true that my father, Judge Kelley of Pennsylvania, +came to Congress in the year in which President Lincoln was first +elected and for twenty-five years he patiently introduced at +every session a resolution preliminary to a hearing for the woman +suffragists. Through all that period of ridicule, when the +hearings were not conducted so respectfully or in so friendly a +manner as this one has been, he continued to introduce that +resolution. In 1890 death removed him from the House of +Representatives and I come here as the second generation. I +assure you that I and the rest of the women throughout the +country will come from generation to generation, just so long as +it is necessary. Next year my oldest son will vote and that +generation will take up the task on behalf of the enfranchisement +of the women of this country.... Every time we come there is some +gain to record, but, between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> the times, at least 1,000,000 new +immigrants have come into this country who will have to be +brought to the American way of thinking about women before they +will vote to give the ballot to those who are born here and whose +forefathers have asked that we be enfranchised.</p> + +<p>It is an ignominious way to treat us, to send us to the Chinaman +in San Francisco, to the enfranchised Indians of other western +States, to the negroes, Italians, Hungarians, Poles, Bohemians +and innumerable Slavic immigrants in Pennsylvania and other +mining States to obtain our right of suffrage. There yet remain +forty-three States in which women are not enfranchised and it +looks as if it might take us a hundred years, at the present rate +of progress, before we can relieve you and your successors from +these annual hearings. What we are asking today is that you shall +take a short cut and not oblige our great-grandchildren to come +here and ask for a Federal Amendment.</p></div> + +<p>Although the women received courteous treatment and a respectful +hearing from both committees no report was made by either, and the +only advantage gained was that as usual thousands of franked copies of +the hearings were sent to the national suffrage headquarters to be +distributed throughout the States.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>For some time arrangements had been under way to celebrate the +birthday of Miss Anthony in the city where this had been so often done +and which she loved above all others. By carefully conserving her +strength she was able to attend the evening ceremonies in the Church +of Our Father (Universalist) where many suffrage conventions had been +held and where six years before, at the age of 80, she had resigned +the presidency and laid down the gavel for the last time. Letters of +congratulation were read from President Roosevelt, Vice-President +Fairbanks, members of Congress and other prominent men; from Mrs. +Russell Sage, Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker, Mrs. Caroline E. Merrick +and other eminent women, and from organizations in this and other +countries. Well known men and women brought their greetings in person. +To quote again from her Biography:</p> + +<p>"On account of her extreme weakness it was not expected that Miss +Anthony would speak but at the close of the evening she seemed to feel +that she must say one last word, and rising, with a tender, spiritual +expression on her dear face, she stood beside Miss Shaw and explained +in a few touching words how the great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> work of the National +Association had been placed in her charge; turning to the other +national officers on the stage she reached out her hand to them and +expressed her appreciation of their loyal support, and then, realizing +that her strength was almost gone, she said: 'There have been others +also just as true and devoted to the cause—I wish I could name every +one—but with such women consecrating their lives'—here she paused +for an instant and seemed to be gazing into the future, then dropping +her arms to her side she finished her sentence—'failure is +impossible!' These were the last words Miss Anthony ever spoke in +public and from that moment they became the watchword of those who +accepted as their trust the work she laid down." One month later to +the day she was laid to rest with her loved ones.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Part of Call: Never have we had so much cause to issue a +thanksgiving proclamation. Never has it been so easy to love our +enemies, for they have combined to fight for us in their courses. +</p><p> +The inevitable logic of events is with us. All over the world +intelligent women are interested in securing better protection for +their homes and their children.... They are called upon to take part +in civic affairs, and social and economic conditions force them into +the world's broad field of battle where there is no place for +non-combatants. The time has gone by for subterfuge and +indirection.... The American Republic settles its questions in the +light of day at the ballot box. No one, man or woman, has ever lost +influence by the possession of power. We do not ask the ballot simply +as a right, though if it be a right it cannot be rightfully denied us; +we do not ask it as a privilege, though if it be a privilege it must +be ours unless we admit the existence of a privileged class. We demand +it because it is a duty and one which no good citizen has a right to +shirk. +</p><p> +If you are indifferent come and be convinced. What we ask is not +revolutionary but is the reasonable and just demand of every being +living under a democratic form of government. If you are opposed, come +and let us reason together, consider our points of agreement and waive +for a moment those of difference.... Let us have the truth for +authority and we shall not need authority for truth.... +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="authors" summary="authors"> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Susan B. Anthony</span>, Honorary President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anna Howard Shaw</span>, President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Florence Kelley</span>, Vice-President-at-Large.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Kate M. Gordon</span>, Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Alice Stone Blackwell</span>, Recording Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Harriet Taylor Upton</span>, Treasurer.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Laura Clay</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Auditors.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Annice Jeffreys Myers</span>,</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, by Ida Husted Harper, +Volume III, page 1383.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> The clergymen of the city gave cordial assistance to the +convention and among those who opened different sessions with prayer +were the Reverends Dr. Van Meter of the Woman's College; George +Scholl, D.D., Lutheran Church; Lloyd Coblentz, St. Paul's Reformed +Church; John Y. Dobbins, Grace M. E. Church; E. L. Watson, Harlem Park +M. E. Church; Alfred R. Hussey, First Independent Church; Peter +Ainslee, Christian Temple; Oliver Huckel, Associate Congregational +Church; Rabbi Adolf Guttmacher, Madison Avenue Temple; Marshall V. +McDuffie, North Avenue Baptist Church; Ezra K. Bell, First English +Lutheran Church; Edward W. Wroth, All Saints' Episcopal Church.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Although Miss Anthony lived only one month longer every +day was made happy by the thought that those who would carry on the +work would have the great assistance of this fund. A committee was +formed the following summer with Miss Garrett as chairman and Dr. +Thomas as treasurer and the work of securing subscriptions was begun +on Miss Anthony's birthday the next year, 1907. By May 1 the $60,000 +had been subscribed and put at the disposal of the national board of +officers. The sum was completed by a subscription of $20,000 from "a +friend" and not until after the death of Mrs. Russell Sage, who had +headed the list with $5,000, was it known that she was the donor. Mrs. +Sage had made generous subscriptions at other times. The full list of +donors will be found in Miss Anthony's Biography, page 1401.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<h3>NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1907.</h3> + + +<p>The six preceding chapters have described at length and in detail the +annual conventions of the National American Woman Suffrage Association +in order to show that those who took part in them were the +representative women and men of the day. Their addresses, reports of +committees, resolutions adopted and other proceedings demonstrate the +wide scope of the activities of this organization, which from 1869 was +the foundation and the bulwark of the vast movement to obtain equality +of rights for women. The Thirty-ninth convention met in Music Hall, +Fine Arts Building, Chicago, Feb. 14-19, 1907, and received a cordial +welcome to the State of Lincoln, who in 1836 was almost the first +public man in the United States to declare in favor of suffrage for +women.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> Lorado Taft's bust of Susan B. Anthony, its pedestal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> +draped in the Stars and Stripes, adorned the platform and a portrait +of Lucy Stone looked down on the speakers in serene benediction. The +national president, Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, was in the chair and +addresses of welcome were made for Illinois by Mrs. Ella S. Stewart, +president of the State Equal Suffrage Association; for the churches by +the Right Rev. Samuel E. Fallows, Presiding Bishop of the Reformed +Episcopal Church; for the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union +by Mrs. Susanna M. D. Fry, its corresponding secretary. Mrs. Fannie J. +Fernald, president of the Maine Suffrage Association, and Mrs. Mary S. +Sperry, president of that of California, responded and in introducing +them Dr. Shaw said: "These responses from the Atlantic and the Pacific +Coasts represent greetings from all the women between them." The +presidents of the Chicago North Side, the South Side and the Evanston +Political Equality Clubs were presented and received with applause. +Bishop Fallows expressed the wish that what he should say could be +voiced by the ministers of all the churches in the land and said: "I +am proud that from the period of the Civil War and a little before, +when the cause of the emancipation of the slave was the foremost +question of the time and was only settled by the horrors of a long +struggle—from that time I espoused the cause of woman suffrage. I +hope there will be no need to fight for it as we fought during those +long years but at least there should be a war of words until women +have the power to deposit a ballot, until they have complete +enfranchisement. Your case is just; yours is a righteous cause. I +cannot help believing that the exercise of the suffrage by women is +necessary to the welfare and growth of the nation. Your cause stands +for the home; it stands for political purity, for civic righteousness, +for everything that is for the betterment of the State, and I should +be guilty of high treason to my deepest convictions if I did not bid a +hearty God-speed to your efforts until every State shall recognize the +equality of woman before the great law of civic redemption, as God has +recognized her right before the great law of human redemption."</p> + +<p>The appointment of the usual committees was followed by a symposium on +Municipal Suffrage, at this time a vital issue in Chicago, as a +spirited campaign was in progress to secure a clause<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> giving it to +women in the new city charter which a convention was preparing.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> +Mrs. Ellen M. Henrotin was to preside but she yielded to Mrs. Florence +Kelley, who had to leave the city, and later took Mrs. Kelley's place +in presiding over the symposium on Industrial Conditions. Professor +Sophonisba Breckinridge (Ky.), of Chicago University, gave an able +address on Municipal Housekeeping, saying in the course of it:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In all the things that make the city a good place in which to +work, the woman is as much concerned as any one. When it comes to +the questions which affect women, she has of course a peculiar +ability to speak, a peculiar responsibility and an obligation to +assume every right necessary to carry out that responsibility. It +is incumbent upon her to secure the power to move in the most +direct way upon the obstacles which lie in her path in the +controlling of conditions.... It is to the housekeeper that I +want to call your attention, rather than to the working woman. +She has to decide how she will use her time, energy and money to +promote the life, health, comfort and welfare of her family. The +little group must live in a house. If she resides in a city, it +is a matter of concern what shall be the structure of it, whether +made of material endangering the household or not; if in an +apartment house, she is concerned in the regulations under which +such houses are built and controlled, in the fire escapes, the +sort of gas, the dimensions of the apartments, the order of the +rooms, the plumbing, etc.</p> + +<p>It is obvious that today no woman can be a competent housekeeper +unless she has an intelligent knowledge of these subjects. She +must exercise a control over the ordinances and have something to +say about the men who make these ordinances and who enforce them. +She has not the power she needs as a housekeeper unless she feels +that the officials of the city are as much responsible to her, +although they are not chosen by her alone, as are the domestic +servants whom she does select. Her collective responsibility is +just as great as her individual responsibility.... Women cannot +stop either at the bottom or the top by asking for Municipal +suffrage. If woman is going to be a complete housekeeper she must +be a member of a political group and that leads to the demand for +Municipal, State and Federal suffrage.</p></div> + +<p>Miss Kate M. Gordon (La.) told of the remarkable work the women of New +Orleans had been able to do with their taxpayers' right to vote on +matters of special taxation. "If the women of one part of the country +more than another need the suffrage," she<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> declared, "it is those of +the South." The Chicago <i>Tribune</i> commented: "As Miss Gordon sat down +all the women clapped, many waved handkerchiefs and the applause +continued several minutes." Mrs. Lilla Day Monroe described the +excellent effects of the Municipal suffrage enjoyed by all women in +Kansas, the only State where it existed in full. She called attention +to the fact that the next day, February 15, would be the 20th +anniversary of its granting by the Legislature. Miss Anna E. Nicholes +of Chicago spoke on The Ballot for Working Women, saying in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The women who work in our city have a special claim to Municipal +enfranchisement, inasmuch as they not only help create Chicago's +wealth but are subject to the industrial conditions regulated by +the city voters....</p> + +<p>Legislation is becoming more and more industrial in its aspect. +Abating sweating and its evils, inspection of toilets, hygienic +conditions in shops are now matters frequently controlled by our +city fathers. Women are more and more coming into the industrial +field. The 5,000,000 now gainfully employed in the United States +represent one-fifth of the total number of wage-earners and this +number are non-voters. This is a serious handicap to labor in its +efforts to secure humane industrial legislation.... To these +working women this matter of suffrage is an economic question—a +bread-and-butter necessity. It is a fact, acknowledged by many +large employers of labor and stated also by Carroll D. Wright in +Government bulletins, that one of the leading reasons for the +preference of women wage-earners to men is that they can be +secured more cheaply. Employers are frank in acknowledging that +the women work for less, that they are more reliable, more +temperate, less inclined to strike and more faithful.</p> + +<p>It was quite as much for the industrial opportunity as for +maintaining personal liberty that Lincoln insisted on the +necessity of enfranchising the negroes. Such prominent economists +as the Webbs of England, Carroll D. Wright and Richard T. Ely of +our own country state that woman's lack of the ballot is one of +the determining causes in placing her in the ranks of the cheap +laborer with all its attending evils. So placed she becomes a +menace in industry and drags down the wages of the men. At the +last convention of the American Federation of Labor this +necessity of the ballot for the working woman was recognized when +the resolution was adopted stating that woman would never come +into the full wage scale until she came into her full rights of +citizenship.... To the large body of women in our city who have +to shift for themselves as completely as men do Municipal +suffrage would mean a higher rating industrially, a fairer +compensation for their labor and more possible living conditions.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p> + +<p>Mrs. Kelley, who, as executive secretary of the National Consumers' +League for years and before that as State Factory Inspector of +Illinois, had an unsurpassed knowledge of the conditions that affect +women and children, gave a scathing review of the failure of Congress +to enact protective laws and of the reactionary decisions of Supreme +Courts. "Do we ask what this has to do with Municipal suffrage?" she +inquired and answered:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>If we are not to be given power to help determine our own laws by +electing men to Congress in the larger field of the republic; and +if, one by one, the States are to repeal or annul the legislation +that once gave some slender protection to women and youth, there +remains at least the city. It should be our immediate demand that +in all matters of the life of a city we shall have a word. The +greatest numbers of working people are in the cities. If our +boards of health, our school boards, our street-cleaning +departments, our water boards—if all these local bodies which +have most to do with the health of working people, as with the +health of other people, in the great centers of population—can +be given the additional stimulus which comes from the lively +interest of women, (both those who support themselves and those +who have more leisure), then a very large proportion of the +working women can have more adequate care for life and health and +the children will have education beyond that which we have as yet +achieved.</p> + +<p>Does any one here believe that if the women had power to make +themselves felt in the administration of school affairs we should +have 80,000 children on half-time in New York City? Truly, if the +mothers of these school children, as well as their fathers, spoke +in the elections, the interest in the schools would be quite a +different one. Does any one believe that if the women of this +community could make themselves felt more effectively than by +"persuasion," if they could make their will felt, we should have +such a smoky sky as characterizes Chicago? Does any one believe +that we should have to boil all the water before we dared to +drink it? It would make a vast difference if women in American +cities could enforce their will and conscience by the ballot +instead of by the indefinitely slow work of persuasion.</p></div> + +<p>The first evening was devoted to a more extended welcome and to the +president's address. On behalf of the city Dr. Howard S. Taylor +represented Mayor Edward F. Dunne and in an eloquent speech he +reviewed the various epochs in the country's history. "Take, for +instance," he said, "the first chapter, when the old Liberty Bell +clanged out to the world the doctrine that 'all men are created equal +and endowed with certain inalienable rights to life, liberty and the +pursuit of happiness, and to secure these rights<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> governments are +established among men deriving their just powers from the consent of +the governed.' There is no casuistry, however dextrous, that can take +woman out of that charter." He referred to pioneer days and the heavy +part borne by women and said: "But when the foundations had been +established and the pioneer fathers got down to writing the +constitutions they left the pioneer mothers out." He spoke of the time +in the '50's when "the Government invited the people from all over the +world to come and help us settle our political, social and commercial +questions but did not invite American mothers, sisters, wives and +daughters." "Then came the Civil War," he said, "and the large part +taken in it by women and when the war was over the Government made the +great army of emancipated slaves citizens and gave the men the ballot +but forgot the patriotic white women of the country." "I know," he +said in conclusion, "that if the women of Chicago and Illinois were +enfranchised the corruption of the city council and the Legislature +would be much less than it is. We should have a higher state of morals +among public men and better laws on the statute books."</p> + +<p>When the speaker finished Dr. Shaw observed: "We ought to thank Mayor +Dunne for substituting a man like Dr. Taylor for himself." This +brought Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch to her feet to say: "Mayor +Dunne would have made just as good a suffrage speech as Dr. Taylor." +"I did not intend any reflection on the Mayor," answered Dr. Shaw with +a quiet smile, "but I think he showed excellent judgment."</p> + +<p>The Chicago Woman's Club of over a thousand members, a recognized +force in the great city, sent its greetings through its president, +Mrs. Gertrude E. Blackwelder. Mrs. Minnie E. Watkins, as president of +the State Federation of Women's Clubs, gave a welcome in the name of +its membership of 294 clubs and told of the increasing growth of +suffrage sentiment among them. "Through the work of our Industrial, +Civil Service and Legislative Committees," she said, "we have learned +our need of the ballot." The Rev. Charles R. Henderson, Professor of +Sociology, an earnest suffragist, welcomed the convention, saying in +part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As I am to represent the University of Chicago, it will not do +for me to make a speech on either side. No one person can +represent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> the sentiments of four hundred men, who all the time +are in an attitude of friendly hostility to anything that comes +up. I think, however, there is one point of sympathy with us who +are engaged in the work of investigation, trying to get beyond +the frontier of present knowledge of all the sciences. It is +this: As soon as anything comes to be in the possession of the +majority, it loses interest for us; as long as there is something +to do, we are interested in it. When the effort for woman +suffrage is a thing of the past, then the people will take care +of it. Our duty is to make the public sentiment and let some one +else put it into legal form....</p> + +<p>They say that women cannot manage the great questions of +government. That has yet to be submitted to the final scientific +test of experiment. As a matter of fact, today the one highest, +finest, noblest task of society, if not of government, is the +task of education and the inculcation of religion and of ideals; +and in this land, which in most respects leads all lands, woman +has the first word in this matter, as hers is the strongest and +the wisest word, and her influence, her thought and her character +lead upward and on. I need not, in this presence, argue the +question.</p> + +<p>I do not speak merely for the University of Chicago. I am proud +to belong to a university of letters, a republic that has its +branches in all parts of the civilized world. And I am glad that, +from the time I started to learn to read, in my own education in +this Middle West, from my childhood with my mother, through the +church, the Sunday school, the elementary and secondary schools, +the college and now the university, I have seen women side by +side with men, sharing the same teaching and having the same +teachers. That is what we stand for in the Middle West.... The +foundation of our institutions throughout the West is this +fundamental law, not to be changed, that if there is any +advantage to be had, women shall have it now and forever.</p></div> + +<p>Miss Alice Stone Blackwell, national recording secretary, and Miss +Jane Campbell, secretary of the Pennsylvania Association, responded. +The Hon. Oliver W. Stewart spoke on The Logic of Popular Government. +He pointed out that there has been a steady movement of mankind toward +government by the people for the people and said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In our own country we can see this growth clearly. Take the +election of the President. There was at first no thought that the +people should elect him but do you not see how quickly they +assimilated the machinery which was provided? We have not changed +the machinery but we have changed the spirit, so that instead of +the electoral college deliberating and choosing a President, it +is scarcely more than a stenographer to take the dictation of the +public. The people have absorbed the power themselves, and you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> +can write it as true that they do not surrender any power which +they have acquired as the result of their own struggles. If any +change should come it would be to give the people a more direct +voice rather than a more indirect voice. Take the change in the +convention system toward direct primaries. Do you not see how, in +spite of politicians, the people have been writing direct primary +laws? It is a part of the general movement toward popular +government....</p> + +<p>There is a steady drift in this direction the world over and it +would be an anomalous condition if that movement could exist and +there could be at the same time a retrograde movement as to the +rights of women.... I have grown philosophical with reference to +the temporary defeats that we suffer. The thing to do is to +commiserate those who bring about the defeats. I look at the +black disgrace with which they will live in history who said they +would die for their own rights and yet were tyrants enough to +deny the rights of others.... The hour is quickly coming when the +genius of our government, where it is true to itself, will have +to give the ballot to womankind. May that day come speedily!</p></div> + +<p>This was Dr. Shaw's 60th birthday and many pleasant references had +been made to it by the delegates. She began her president's address by +saying: "We have never before been more enthusiastic than today. +Victory has not come in the United States but we are not working for +ourselves alone. Wherever freedom comes to any woman that is our +victory and when the new constitution of Finland granted absolute +equality to its woman citizens, that was our victory." Municipal +suffrage had been given to the women of Natal, South Africa, she said: +"and now at the foot of Mt. Ararat, where the ark rested, the +Catholicos, or High Priest of that conservative people and religion, +the Armenians, has issued an edict that the women of the church shall +not only have a voice in the election of its officers but also shall +be eligible to official position." She referred to the recent defeat +of the suffrage amendment in Oregon and said: "All honor to those +37,000 men who voted for it; their descendants will not be ashamed of +their fathers' act. There are today organizations of Sons and +Daughters of the American Revolution and there will some day be one of +'Sons and Daughters of the Evolution of Women's Freedom,' but there +will never be one of the Tories who fought against that Revolution or +this Evolution," and she continued:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>This year I took for my motto those splendid words: "Truth loses +many battles but always wins its war." We did not win save as +those who fight for the truth are always the people who win. +There never was, there never will be greater defeat in any human +life than the victory which comes to the man or woman who is +fighting against the truth, and there never can be a greater +victory to any human soul than the fact that it is fighting for +the truth, whether it wins or not.... This has been a year of +victory in that more women have been enfranchised than in any +preceding year. We have the largest membership that we have ever +had. We come together in hope and in the firm determination that +we will fight it out on this line if it takes all summer and all +the summers of our life, and then the battle will not be finished +unless the victory is absolutely won for all women.... While we +have cause to rejoice we have also cause for sorrow. As an +organization it has been the saddest year we have known or ever +can know, for there has gone out from among us the visible +presence of her who was our leader for over fifty years, and I +have just come with others directly from the home in Rochester +where we attended the funeral services of the dear sister Mary, +who was the first of the two to enter the movement and was always +the faithful co-worker and home-maker. Both have folded their +hands in rest since our last convention. Each gave her whole life +to the cause of woman and each in passing away left all she had +to this cause. The sorrow is ours, the peace and the triumphal +reward of loving service are theirs. I hope we shall spend no +time in mourning and turning to the past but with our faces +toward the future, strengthened by the inspiration we have +received from our great leader, go on fighting her battle and +God's battle until the complete victory is won.</p></div> + +<p>With two exceptions this was the only national convention during the +thirty-nine years that had not been animated by the presence of Miss +Anthony and the second day—February 15, her 87th birthday—was +largely devoted to her.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> There were three reports on Memorials. One +was presented by Mrs. May Wright Sewall (Ind.) for the Executive +Committee of the National Council of Women and contemplated a bust to +be executed in marble by the sculptor, Adelaide Johnson, who had made +the one in the Metropolitan Museum, New York. A second was presented +by Mrs. Mary T. Lewis Gannett of Rochester, N. Y., for an Anthony +Memorial Building for the women students of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> university of that +city, who had been admitted largely through the effort of Miss +Anthony. [Life and Work, page 1221.] A third was for a $100,000 +Memorial Fund for the work of the National American Association. The +report of the committee for this third fund, which was presented by +Mrs. Avery, stated that the nearness of success for woman suffrage now +depended on securing the money to do the necessary work of propaganda, +organization, publicity, etc., and that the most fitting memorial to +Miss Anthony would be a fund of not less than $100,000 to be used +exclusively for "the furtherance of the woman suffrage cause in the +United States in such amounts and for such purposes as the general +officers of the association shall from time to time deem best." It +also provided that the officers should be permitted to select eleven +women to act as trustees of this fund, six of whom should be from the +official board. This report was unanimously adopted. Mrs. Upton, the +national treasurer, at once appealed for pledges and the delegates +responded with about $24,000. The business committee of the +association elected as its six members Dr. Shaw, Mrs. Avery, Mrs. +Upton, Miss Blackwell, Miss Gordon and Miss Clay. Mrs. Henry Villard +of New York; Mrs. Pauline Agassiz Shaw of Boston and Miss Jane Addams +of Chicago were the only others selected.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p> + +<p>According to the custom for a number of years Miss Lucy E. Anthony was +requested to present in the name of the association framed portraits +of Miss Anthony to various institutions—in this instance to Hull +House and the Chicago Political Equality League. Telegrams were +received from the Mayor of Des Moines, Ia.; from the Utah Council of +Suffrage Women; from the Interurban Woman Suffrage Council of Greater +New York, saying they had observed the day by opening headquarters, +and from a number of other sources telling that the birthday was being +celebrated in ways that would have been pleasing to Miss Anthony.</p> + +<p>The evening memorial services were beautiful and impressive.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> Mason +Slade at the organ rendered the great chorus—Guilmant; +Cantilene—Wheeldon; Marche Militaire—Schubert. The Rev. Mecca Marie +Varney of Chicago offered prayer. During the evening Miss Marie Ludwig +gave an exquisite harp solo and Mrs. Jennie F. W. Johnson sang with +deep feeling Tennyson's Crossing the Bar, a favorite poem of Miss +Anthony's. A telegram of greeting from the International Woman +Suffrage Alliance was sent through its president, Mrs. Carrie Chapman +Catt. A tribute of an intimate and loving nature was paid by Miss +Emily Howland of Sherwood, a friend of half a century, in which she +said: "The first time I ever met Miss Anthony was at an anti-slavery +meeting in my own shire town of Auburn, N. Y., which was broken up by +a mob and we took refuge with Mrs. Martha Wright, a sister of Lucretia +Mott." She spoke of Miss Anthony's "genius for friendship" and quoted +the lines: "The bravest are the tenderest, the loving are the daring." +Mrs. Rachel Foster Avery gave a number of instances during their +travel in Europe which showed Miss Anthony's strong humanitarianism.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Fannie Barrier Williams of Chicago paid touching tribute in +behalf of the colored people, in which she said: "My presence on this +platform shows that the gracious spirit of Miss Anthony still survives +in her followers.... When Miss Anthony took up the cause of women she +did not know them by their color, nationality, creed or birth, she +stood only for the emancipation of women from the thraldom of sex. She +became an invincible champion of anti-slavery. In the half century of +her unremitting struggle for liberty, more liberty, and complete +liberty for negro men and women in chains and for white women in their +helpless subjection to man's laws, she never wavered, never doubted, +never compromised. She held it to be mockery to ask man or woman to be +happy or contented if not free. She saw no substitute for liberty. +When slavery was overthrown and the work of reconstruction began she +was still unwearied and watchful. She had an intimate acquaintance +with the leading statesmen of the times. Her judgment and advice were +respected and heard in much of the legislation that gave a status of +citizenship to the millions of slaves set free."</p> + +<p>The principal address was made by the Rev. Jenkin Lloyd Jones<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> of +Chicago, a devoted friend, with whose courageous and independent +spirit Miss Anthony had been in deep sympathy.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> Tributes were paid +to other devoted adherents to the cause who had died during the year +and Henry B. Blackwell in closing his own said: "The workers pass on +but the work remains." Dr. Shaw took up the words, making them the +text of a beautiful memorial address, calling the long list one by +one, beginning with the Anthony sisters and Mrs. Isabella Beecher +Hooker and naming among the other veteran workers: Rosa L. Segur, +Ohio; Emily B. Ketcham, Michigan; the Hon. H. S. Greenleaf, Professor +Henry A. Ward, Eliza Thayer, Emogene Dewey and Mrs. James Sargent, New +York; Virginia Durant Young, South Carolina; Ellen Powell Thompson, +District of Columbia; Laura Moore, Vermont; Mrs. Henry W. Blair and +Mrs. Oliver Branch, New Hampshire; Susan W. Lippincott, New Jersey, +and many others.</p> + +<p>The all-pervading spirit of the convention was that of carrying +forward Miss Anthony's work. The board of officers was re-elected +almost unanimously except that Dr. Jeffreys Myers, who wished to +retire as second auditor, was replaced by Mrs. Mary S. Sperry of San +Francisco. Mrs. Avery, for twenty-one years corresponding secretary, +had returned from a long sojourn in Europe and the desire was so +strong to have her on the board again that the office of second +vice-president was created. At Mrs. Florence Kelley's insistence she +was allowed to yield the first vice-presidency to Mrs. Avery and take +the second place as having less responsibility.</p> + +<p>The report of the headquarters secretary, Miss Elizabeth J. Hauser, +told of the sending out of 19,000 letters and 182,264<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> pieces of +literature within the year. It gave the names of many eminent men and +women who were contributors to this literature, much of which first +appeared in prominent magazines and newspapers, and spoke of the +excellent propaganda work of <i>The Public</i>, edited by Louis F. Post. It +emphasized the important accession of the <i>North American Review</i> and +the Harper publications, which had come under the management of +Colonel George Harvey. The report told of the bequest of Miss Anthony +to the National American Association of all the remaining bound +volumes of the History of Woman Suffrage, which had been sent to the +headquarters and weighed ten tons.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> Fifty sets had been sold during +the year. Files of the Reports of the national conventions from 1900 +to 1906 inclusive had been placed in one hundred of the largest +libraries in the United States. The association arranged with Mrs. +Harper for the exclusive sale of the Life and Work of Susan B. +Anthony. The convention voted that <i>Progress</i>, edited by Mrs. Upton, +should be changed to a weekly and enlarged, and every suffrage club +was urged to subscribe for <i>Jus Suffragii</i>, the official paper of the +International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Thousands of copies of new and +valuable literature had been sold. After the press work was turned +over to the headquarters 1,200 copies of articles of national interest +were supplied each week to the fifty-eight State chairmen of the press +committee from July to January and 28,875 copies of 118 news items and +50 special articles were sent to prominent newspapers.</p> + +<p>The important work with organizations and their conventions was not +neglected and during the past year they were asked specifically for a +resolution calling on Congress to submit a Federal Woman Suffrage +Amendment, with the following result:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The American Federation of Labor at its annual meeting in +Minneapolis covered this request in a series of carefully worded +resolutions. Other important organizations which gave official +endorsement within the year are the World's Woman's Christian +Temperance Union, National Purity Conference, National Free +Baptist Woman's Missionary Society, Spiritualists of the United +States and Canada,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> Ladies of the Modern Maccabees, International +Brotherhood of Bookbinders, International Brotherhood of +Teamsters, Patrons of Husbandry, National Grange, and the United +Mine Workers of America. To these we may add the fourteen other +national organizations reported in previous years which have +received fraternal delegates from our association or given formal +endorsement, making a total of twenty-five large associations +which responded favorably to our "convention resolutions" +requests.</p> + +<p>For the first time the General Federation of Women's Clubs +invited our president to take part in the program at the +Biennial. Resolutions have been reported to headquarters from the +State W. C. T. U.'s of seven States; the Letter Carriers' +Associations of Illinois, Ohio, New York and Pennsylvania; the +State Granges of thirteen States; the State Federations of Labor +of fifteen States. The Prohibitionists of eight States have had +woman suffrage in their party platforms; the Socialists always +declare for it and in California the Democrats, the Independence +League and the Union Labor parties incorporated planks in their +State platforms. The State Teachers' Associations of California +and Illinois, the Sons of Temperance of Connecticut and Illinois, +the Good Templars of Maine, the Congress of Mothers and the +Federations of Women's Clubs of Illinois and New Hampshire are +among other organizations which have acted favorably on some +phase of the woman suffrage question.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p></div> + +<p>Saturday afternoon was devoted entirely to social affairs. They began +with a luncheon given at Hull House by Miss Jane Addams to officers, +delegates and alternates, after which the activities of this +remarkable institution were explained. Systematic sight-seeing was +carried out, groups of the guests being personally conducted to the +Field Columbian Museum, the Art Museum, the big department stores and +other points of interest. One group went to Chicago University, where +Dr. Shaw addressed the students of the Women's Union and the College +Girls' Suffrage Club. Afterwards they were entertained by the Dean of +Women, Miss Marian Talbot. In the evening the Chicago Woman's Club +gave a large reception, its president, Mrs. Blackwelder, and the +chairman of the Social Committee, Miss Clara Dixon, being assisted in +receiving by the officers of the association. Its handsome club rooms +in the Fine Arts Building were placed at the service of the delegates +throughout the convention.</p> + +<p>Ministers of Chicago who opened the sessions with prayers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> were Dr. J. +A. Rondthaler of the Normal Park Presbyterian Church; Dr. Austin K. de +Blois of the First Baptist Church, and the Rev. Jean F. Loba of the +First Congregational Church, Evanston. A number of pulpits in the city +were filled by officers and delegates Sunday morning. The Studebaker +Theater was taken for the regular service of the convention in the +afternoon in order to accommodate the large audience. The Rev. Kate +Hughes of Chicago offered prayer. Dr. Shaw presided and read a message +from Miss Mary S. Anthony dictated a few days before her death, when +Miss Shaw asked her what word she would like to send to the +convention. It said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Until we, a so-called Christian nation, put into practice those +principles of justice which we claim are the foundation of our +national greatness, we cannot hope to inspire confidence in the +people of the world in our lofty pretensions of freedom and fair +play for all. The wrong which today outranks all others is the +disfranchisement of the mothers of the race. So long as this +injustice toward women continues, just so long will men fail to +recognize justice in its application to each other. This one +question puts all else into the background and until we can +establish equality between men and women we shall never realize +the full development of which manhood and womanhood are capable. +Because I believe this so thoroughly I have given the best of +myself and the best work of my life to help obtain political +freedom for women, knowing that upon this rests the hope not only +of the freedom of men but of the onward civilization of the +world. I therefore urge upon the delegates and members of the +National Association not to lose courage, no matter what befalls, +but to work on in hope and faith, knowing well that the time of +the coming of woman's political liberty depends largely upon the +zeal and unwearying service of those who believe in its justice.</p></div> + +<p>The Rev. Herbert S. Bigelow of Cincinnati in a strong address showed +the Value of the Ballot. Miss Addams told with much feeling of the +recent campaign for the Municipal franchise, the objections they had +to meet, the character of the opposition and how hard it was for women +to be patient.</p> + +<p>Rabbi Emil G. Hirsch gave an able address under the title "Why Not?" a +study in Prejudice and Superstition, reviewing the objections to woman +suffrage and finding their origin in Orientalism, in the military +ideal, in political expediency. He ended his refutation of all of them +by saying: "All our American institutions will be protected and +benefited when we open the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> doors and give women, who never should +have been denied it, the right to govern themselves, to govern the +country in conjunction with men and to decide the issues that affect +their own interests. Men have had this right for themselves alone too +long. The day will come, my sisters, when the conscience of the world +will be aroused to such a degree that no one will dare question the +justice of your movement."</p> + +<p>Many greetings were received through letters, telegrams and fraternal +delegates. Prof. John A. Scott, representing president A. M. Harris of +Northwestern University, Evanston, brought an invitation for speakers +to address the students and Miss Gordon and Miss Caroline Lexow +responded. In his greeting Professor Scott said: "I believe in woman +suffrage because I believe in the home.... I don't care a whit for the +argument that women with property should have a vote. Property will +always be represented and it does not so much matter whether the +property-holding women have a vote or not but it is of immense +importance to those women who work for their living. That they have no +representation is a great menace to those who are nominally free but +who must compete with slaves. Women are economic entities and they +should be represented. Labor without representation is as wrong as +taxation without representation."</p> + +<p>E. M. Nockels, fraternal delegate from the American Federation of +Labor, addressed the convention and read a letter from its president, +Samuel Gompers, expressing the hope of universal suffrage for women. +Mrs. Emma S. Olds brought greetings from the Ladies of the Maccabees +of the World, and Mrs. Martin Barbe, the first vice-president, from +the National Council of Jewish Women. A letter from Mrs. Mary Wood +Swift (Calif.), president of the National Council of Women, gave its +fraternal greetings. A cordial letter was read from Mrs. Mary B. Clay +of Kentucky and telegrams from Mrs. Mary C. C. Bradford, Dr. Frances +Woods, Mrs. Ida Porter Boyer and the Canadian Woman Suffrage +Association. Telegrams of appreciation were sent to Julia Ward Howe, +Clara Barton, Caroline E. Merrick, Emily P. Collins, Col. T. W. +Higginson, Margaret W. Campbell, Judith W. Smith, Caroline M. +Severance, Emma J. Bartol, Armenia S. White, Elizabeth Smith Miller, +Ellen S. Sargent,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> Sarah L. Willis and Charlotte L. Pierce, all old +and beloved suffrage workers.</p> + +<p>The symposium on Industrial Conditions of Women and Children, with +Mrs. Henrotin presiding, occupied one afternoon. She pointed out the +revolution in the work of women by its being taken from the home into +the open market where they had to follow; described their handicaps, +the immense importance of their labor, the business ability that many +had developed, the property they had accumulated, the taxes they pay; +she said if they had a voice in deciding how these taxes should be +spent it would not only be a splendid thing for the city financially +but morally, and urged that they should have the power of the +suffrage. Graham Romeyn Taylor of Chicago paid high tribute to the +work of women's organizations in all movements for civic improvement +and described that of the Women's Clubs in Chicago; spoke of the +Consumer's League also and declared the Women's Trade Union League +most effective of all in bettering the condition of working women. He +predicted close cooperation between this League and the National +Suffrage Association. Miss Alice Henry of Australia spoke very +effectively from her knowledge of the conditions of labor in her own +country and the investigation she was making in the United States. +Miss Casey, president of the Chicago Working Women's Suffrage +Association, gave facts from personal knowledge showing their need of +the vote. James C. Kelliher, former president of the National Letter +Carriers' Association, spoke briefly and to the point. Miss Mary +McDowell of Chicago made the principal address entitled The Working +Women as a National Asset, in which she showed how little conception +Congress and the Courts had of the legislation needed in their behalf +and the sins of omission and commission that had resulted. In closing +she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We need a body of facts so strong that the Judiciary will see the +light. We need a body of facts that will teach housekeepers not +to scorn these women because they can not get a cook. We need a +body of facts to teach working men that this work of women is +something which has come to stay. There are going to be more +women earning their living in the future than in the past. These +girls are pioneers in a movement that we do not yet quite +understand. I do not believe that our Heavenly Father permits so +large<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> a movement as these five million women in one country +earning their own living without there being in it something that +is for the best.... As a means to our work we want the suffrage. +We all get very tired of the woman question. I will discuss the +human question with any one but I will not discuss the woman +question, because I think that is past. If women are going into +industry, if they are going to have their places of +responsibility, then they must more and more meet the +responsibility that their brothers have with whom they work. It +is not fair to the working brother to let the girls come in and +cut down the wages and have no sense of responsibility, no +feeling of permanency. It is a very great danger. Therefore, +working women should have the ballot to make them feel that they, +too, are responsible citizens....</p> + +<p>All reverence to the work that the suffragists have done! We have +always honored dear Miss Anthony and we all owe gratitude to you +women who have been so long in this cause making a way for the +rest of us. The working women are joining your ranks because they +know that they must do so.</p></div> + +<p>The report of the Congressional Committee, Mrs. Catt chairman, was +read by Mrs. Kelley. It said that after the excellent hearings before +the committees of Congress the preceding winter had no effect it was +decided to ask the cooperation of the General Federation of Women's +Clubs. This was done and its Industrial Advisory Board agreed to send +out a circular letter. The association's Congressional Committee +prepared one which the federation's board sent to 4,000 individual +clubs asking them to question the members of Congress from their +districts as to their opinion of a Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment +and the request was largely complied with. A resolution was adopted +that the association urge concerted action among the State auxiliaries +to secure the submission by Congress of a Sixteenth Amendment +forbidding disfranchisement on account of sex and that they be +recommended to make it a feature of their work to obtain from their +Legislatures a resolution in favor of such an amendment. A telegram of +greeting was sent to Mrs. Catt and she was appointed fraternal +delegate to the Peace Conference in New York in April.</p> + +<p>Hard and conscientious work was shown in the reports of the chairmen +of all the committees: Legislation for Civil Rights, Mrs. Lucretia L. +Blankenburg; Peace and Arbitration, Mrs. Lucia Ames Mead; Presidential +Suffrage, Henry B. Blackwell; Libraries, Mrs. Ida Porter Boyer; +Literature, Miss Alice Stone Blackwell;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> Enrollment, Mrs. Oreola +Williams Haskell; Membership, Miss Laura Clay, and others. Miss Clay +urged that the organization of the political parties be taken as a +model by the suffrage societies. As usual the State reports were among +the most interesting features of the convention, for they gave in +detail the nation-wide work that was being done for woman suffrage. At +this time that of Oklahoma, Mrs. Kate L. Biggars, president, had a +prominent place, as the association had been helping its women during +the past year in an effort to have the convention which was framing a +constitution for statehood put in a clause for woman suffrage. A corps +of able national workers was there for months while the most strenuous +work was done but the only result was the franchise on school matters.</p> + +<p>The report on Oregon was read by the corresponding secretary, Miss +Gordon. The campaign there for a woman suffrage amendment to the State +constitution was possibly the most strenuous that had ever been made +for this purpose and the National Association had given more +assistance, financial and otherwise, than to any other, a number of +its officers going there in person. Among them were Miss Clay and Miss +Gordon, who made full reports.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p> + +<p>The report of Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton, national treasurer, showed +that the receipts of the association for 1906 had been $18,203 and it +had expended on the Oregon campaign $18,075, a sum equal to its year's +income. A portion of the money, however, was taken from the reserve +fund and $8,000 had been subscribed directly for this campaign by +individuals and States. The total disbursements for the year had been +$25,933. The power of the association to rise above defeat and its +courage and determination,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> so many times shown, were strikingly +illustrated on this occasion when the convention voted to raise a fund +of $100,000 and pledged $24,000 of this amount before it adjourned.</p> + +<p>The Resolutions presented by Mr. Blackwell, chairman of the committee, +covered a wide range of subjects, among them the following:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In view of the fact that in only 14 of our States have married +mothers any legal right to the custody, control and earnings of +their minor children, we urge the women of the other States to +work for laws giving to mothers equal rights with fathers.</p> + +<p>The traffic in women and girls which is carried on in the United +States and in other countries is a heinous blot upon civilization +and we demand of Congress and our State Legislatures that every +possible step be taken to suppress the infamous traffic in this +country.</p> + +<p>We urge upon Congress and State Legislatures the enactment of +laws prohibiting the employment of children under 16 years of age +in mines, stores or factories.</p> + +<p>We favor the adoption of State amendments establishing direct +legislation by the voters through the initiative and referendum.</p> + +<p>Inasmuch as in the second Hague Peace Conference there will be +offered the greatest opportunity in human history to lessen the +burden of militarism, therefore we request the President of the +United States to approve the recommendations for the action of +that conference which were presented by the Inter-Parliamentary +Union, to-wit: (1) An advisory world congress; (2) a general +arbitration treaty; (3) the limitation of armaments; (4) +protection of private property at sea in time of war; (5) +investigation by an impartial commission of difficulties between +nations before declaration of hostilities.</p></div> + +<p>The convention at one evening session listened to interesting +addresses by Mrs. Mary E. Coggeshall, president of the Iowa Suffrage +Association, Then and Now; Professor Emma M. Perkins of Western +Reserve University (Ohio), Educational Ideals; Louis F. Post, editor +of <i>The Public</i>, The Denatured Woman. Mrs. Avery gave a much enjoyed +report of the Congress of the International Suffrage Alliance in +Copenhagen the preceding August. On the last evening addresses were +made by John Z. White of Chicago; Mrs. Upton on What Next? Miss Lexow +on The Place of Equal Suffrage in Higher Education. Dr. Shaw closed +the convention with a few eloquent words of encouragement, hope and +prophecy for the success of the cause to which they gladly gave to the +utmost their time, their labor and the best of everything they +possessed.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Part of Call: The friends of equal rights will come +together on this occasion with an outlook even more than usually +bright. During the last year full suffrage has been granted to the +women of Finland, the greatest victory since full national suffrage +was given to the women of Federated Australia in 1902. Within the past +year the Municipal franchise has been given to women in Natal, South +Africa; national associations have been organized in Hungary, Italy +and Russia and the reports at the recent meeting of the International +Alliance at Copenhagen showed a remarkable increase in the agitation +for woman suffrage all over Europe. In England, out of the 670 members +of the present House of Commons, 420 are pledged to its support. +</p><p> +In the United States widely circulated newspapers and magazines +representing the most opposite political views have lately declared +for woman suffrage; the National Grange and the American Federation of +Labor have unanimously endorsed it. In Chicago 87 organizations with +an aggregate membership of 10,000 women have petitioned for a +Municipal suffrage clause in the new charter and the men and women +most prominent in the city's good works are supporting the plea. +</p><p> +Men and women are natural complements of one another. American +political life today is marked by executive force and business +ability, qualities in which men are strong, but it is often lacking in +conscience and humanity. These a larger infusion of the mother element +would supply. We believe that men and women in co-operation can +accomplish better work than either sex alone.... +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="authors" summary="authors"> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anna Howard Shaw</span>, President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Florence Kelley</span>, Vice-President-at-Large.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Kate M. Gordon</span>, Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Alice Stone Blackwell</span>, Recording Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Harriet Taylor Upton</span>, Treasurer.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Laura Clay</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Auditors.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Annice Jeffreys Myers</span>,</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> The proposition was defeated during the suffrage +convention by a tie, with the chairman, Milton J. Foreman, giving the +deciding vote against it. [See Illinois, Volume VI.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Miss Anthony helped arrange for the first National Woman +Suffrage Convention and it was held in Washington in January, 1869. +From that time to 1906 she missed but two of these annual meetings, +when she was speaking in the far West under the auspices of a lecture +bureau, and each time she sent the proceeds of a week's lectures as +her contribution.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Through lack of initiative and effort the money for the +bust was never raised. For Mrs. Gannett's report and other matter +about the Memorial Building see the Appendix to this chapter. See also +page 442, Volume VI. Reports on the Memorial Fund were made to the +convention year after year. The intention at first was to create a +fund and use only the interest but immediate demands were so urgent +that the money subscribed was appropriated as needed and an audited +account given by the national treasurer at each annual convention.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> In the Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony Chapter LXXIV +begins: "The death of no woman ever called forth so wide an editorial +comment as that of Miss Anthony, except possibly that of Queen +Victoria, whose years in public life numbered about the same. On the +desk where this is written are almost one thousand editorials, +representing all the papers of consequence in the United States and +many in other countries, and they form what may be accepted without +reserve as the consensus of thought in the early years of the +twentieth century in regard to Miss Anthony and the work she +accomplished." +</p><p> +Over eighty pages of extracts from these editorials are given and +several memorial poems. A large number of magazines in this and other +countries contained sketches and articles from which quotations are +made. Tributes of her biographer were published in the April numbers +of the <i>Review of Reviews</i> and the North American <i>Review</i>, and on the +week following her death in <i>Collier's</i> and the New York +<i>Independent</i>. +</p><p> +In Chapter LXXI and following in the Biography are full accounts of +Miss Anthony's death and funeral services.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> By vote of the convention these volumes were to be +presented to the club or individual member under whose auspices a new +club of not less than twenty paid up members had been formed and +remained in active existence for not less than a year and was properly +certified. The following year the Executive Committee voted to place +300 sets in public libraries.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> This work was continued year after year until the list +became far too large to publish. Not one organization, save a few +connected with the liquor business, ever adopted a resolution against +woman suffrage except the anti-suffrage societies themselves.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> One of the striking features of the recent national +suffrage convention in Chicago was the large number of very close +votes on woman suffrage bills that were announced from different +States, all taking place at about the same time. While the convention +was in session, the Chicago charter convention defeated woman suffrage +by a tie vote. The Nebraska delegates got word that it had been lost +in their Lower House by a vote of 47 to 46, with a tie in the Senate. +In the Oklahoma constitutional convention, where the gambling and +liquor forces as usual lined up against woman suffrage, it came so +near passing that a change of seven votes would have carried it. In +the West Virginia Legislature, where the last time it was smothered in +committee, the House vote this time stood 38 yeas to 24 nays. In South +Dakota the measure passed the Senate and came so near passing the +House that a change of seven votes would have carried it. In the +Minnesota House the vote showed a small majority for suffrage but not +the constitutional one required. All these close legislative votes +followed hard upon the remarkable vote in Vermont, where the suffrage +bill passed the House 130 to 25 and came so near passing the Senate +that a change of three votes would have carried it.—<i>Woman's +Journal.</i></p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<h3>NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1908.</h3> + + +<p>The Fortieth annual convention, Oct. 15-21, 1908, celebrated a notable +event, as it was the 60th anniversary of the first Woman's Rights +Convention, that famous gathering of July 19-20, 1848, in Seneca +Falls, N. Y., the home of Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The celebration was +appropriately held in Buffalo, the largest city in the western part of +the State, and was one of the most interesting and successful of the +organization's many conventions.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> The evening before it opened the +president and directors of the Buffalo Fine Arts Academy gave a large +reception to the officers, delegates, members and friends of the +association.</p> + +<p>The convention met in the Young Men's Christian Association building +but this proved to be entirely too small for the evening sessions, +which were held in the large Central Presbyterian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> Church. The +excellent program was the work of Miss Kate Gordon, national +corresponding secretary, and the admirable arrangements were due to +Mrs. Richard Williams, president for the past eight years of the +Political Equality Club, with a corps of local helpers, but an +accident on the first day prevented her from welcoming the convention +or taking part in its proceedings. With the national president, Dr. +Anna Howard Shaw, in the chair, it was opened with prayer by the Rev. +Antoinette Brown Blackwell.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> Mrs. Helen Z. M. Rodgers, a lawyer of +Buffalo, extended a welcome from women in the professions, who, she +said, "had only penetrated the ante-rooms and the annexes—the +teachers never able to reach the salaries paid to men; the doctors +shut out from the advantage of hospital positions; the lawyers allowed +to help interpret the laws but not to help make them." "To get much +further," she said, "we must be invested with full citizenship."</p> + +<p>Mrs. John Miller Horton gave a cordial welcome for the City Federation +of Women's Clubs, of which she was president, and for the Buffalo +Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the Niagara +Frontier Chapter of the Daughters of 1812 and the Nellie Custis Branch +of the Children of the Revolution, as regent of each of them. She +presented to Dr. Shaw a large cluster of American Beauty roses tied +with the blue and gold of the federation and the blue and white of the +D. A. R., which was accepted in the name of Susan B. Anthony and +reverently laid over her portrait that stood on an easel. Dr. Ida C. +Bender, president of the Women Teachers' Association, spoke earnestly +in behalf of "the army of teachers who are training the future +citizens of the republic," and Dr. Shaw commented: "Political +nonentities can hardly be expected to inspire a political entity with +enthusiasm."</p> + +<p>The Western Federation of Women's Clubs gave its welcome through its +president, Mrs. Nettie Rogers Shuler, of whom the <i>Woman's Journal</i> +said: "She spoke with an accent of unaffected sincerity and +self-forgetfulness that recalled the spirit of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> pioneers." She +referred with pride to the fact that this organization, with nearly +100 clubs and about 32,000 members, was the first Federation of +Women's Clubs to admit suffrage societies. Mrs. Lucretia L. +Blankenburg, president of the Pennsylvania Suffrage Association and +officer of the General Federation, brought its greeting, the first it +had ever sent to a national suffrage convention. Mrs. Frances W. +Graham, president of the New York State Woman's Christian Temperance +Union, gave its greeting and spoke of the close cooperation which had +always existed between the workers for temperance and suffrage. Dr. +Shaw asked that she would convey the cordial greetings and best wishes +of the association to the National W. C. T. U., to whose convention in +Denver she was en route. Mrs. Ella Hawley Crossett, for the sixth term +president of the New York State Suffrage Association, united with Dr. +Shaw in responding to the welcoming addresses and spoke with deep +feeling of the courage and persistence of the pioneers and of the +pride with which the State where the movement for woman suffrage had +its birth welcomed the convention to celebrate the event.</p> + +<p>Miss Emily Howland of Sherwood, N. Y., reformer, educator and +philanthropist, a co-worker and friend of the early suffragists, gave +a delightful address on The Spirit of 1848, "herself a living +embodiment of that spirit," in which she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Greater love hath no man than this, that he lay down his life +for his friends!" These are the words that come to me as I essay +to speak of the Spirit of '48! Was it not something of this love +which inspired that immortal Declaration made at the Woman's +Rights Convention on July 19-20, 1848? "This," says Mrs. Stanton +in her autobiography, "was the initial step in the most momentous +reform that has yet been launched upon the world—the first +organized protest against the injustice which had brooded for +ages over the character and destiny of one-half of the race. No +words could express our astonishment on finding a few days +afterward that what seemed to us so timely, so rational and so +sacred should be a subject for sarcasm and ridicule in the entire +press of the nation. The anti-slavery papers alone stood by us +manfully."</p> + +<p>The Declaration had been signed by many, the audiences being +large, but when pulpit and press ridiculed and reproved do we +marvel that one by one the women withdrew their names and "joined +the persecutors?" Much I fear that our own organization would +shrivel to pitiful proportions if today submitted to the ordeal +from which they recoiled. Indeed even Mrs. Stanton confessed that +if<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> she had had the slightest premonition of all that would +follow this convention, she feared her courage would not have +been equal to it. Fortunate ignorance, if she did not underrate +her bravery, for she and a goodly number of the other signers +were steadfast. They chose to side with truth and take the +consequences.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Rachel Foster Avery (Penn.), corresponding secretary of the +International Woman Suffrage Alliance, presented a long and valuable +report of its recent congress in Amsterdam. [See chapter on Alliance.] +The convention then adjourned for the reception given by Mrs. Horton, +whose handsome home on Delaware Avenue was decorated with American +Beauty roses, the dining room with yellow chrysanthemums. She was +assisted in receiving by Dr. Shaw, Mrs. Crossett and Mrs. Allison S. +Capwell, president of the Erie County Suffrage Association.</p> + +<p>At the evening session Mrs. Elizabeth Smith Miller (N. Y.), presided, +daughter of Gerrit Smith, who was a staunch advocate of woman suffrage +from the time the movement for it began. Hundreds were turned away for +lack of room. The convention was officially welcomed to the city by +Mayor J. N. Adams and the welcome on the part of the State was +expressed by Senator Henry W. Hill, a consistent supporter of the +legislative work for suffrage. The principal feature of the evening +was the president's address of Dr. Shaw, of whom the report in the +Buffalo <i>Express</i> said: "The Rev. Anna Howard Shaw has set a new +standard for womanhood. She is one of the most wonderful women of her +time, alert, watchful, magnetic, earnest, with a mind as quick for a +joke as for the truth. She points her arguments with epigrams and tips +the arrows of her persuasion with a jest.... Even the unbelievers are +carried away with her brilliancy, eloquence and mental grasp." There +was no adequate report of her address but she began by saying:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We are scarcely able today to understand what those brave +pioneers endured to secure the things which we accept as a matter +of course. They started the greatest revolution the world has +ever witnessed. During these last sixty years more changes have +been wrought for the benefit of women, more opportunities for +education have been secured and more all-round enlightenment than +in the 6,000 years preceding. There are women who accept these +advantages and the positions that have been obtained because of +this early movement who have no conception of what it has meant +to open the highways<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> of progress for them. Some of those who +oppose the suffrage say: "These things would have come; men would +have given woman these opportunities as civilization advanced." +Why did they not come sooner if men were so willing? Why should +they have grown more in the last sixty years than in all the +years before?... But the women in all this long time of struggle +have not stood entirely alone. There have always been some men to +stand by their side and they owed it to do so, for ever since the +world began women have stood by men in their efforts to achieve +the right. Never was there a great leader who had not some woman +by his side. Woman was first at the cradle, last at the cross and +first at the tomb. Women have stood shoulder to shoulder with men +always in their efforts.... Some tell us that we have not made +great progress. It is impossible to change the attitude of all +the conflicting elements of humanity in three-score years. If +Christianity in 1900 years, with the teaching of such a Leader, +has not yet made Peace Congresses unnecessary, what can be +expected of other reforms?</p></div> + +<p>The secretary's report of Miss Gordon contributed this bit of history:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>At this junction of the work a question arising upon the +advisability of securing a petition of a million signatures to +present to President Roosevelt in order to influence a +recommendation of suffrage for women in his annual message, a +request was made that he receive at Oyster Bay a committee from +our association. The President reasonably declined to have his +vacation interrupted with committees but offered to receive our +request in writing. Your secretary accordingly wrote him to the +effect that we wished to know—before going to the labor and +expense involved in securing such a petition—whether its +influence would have any weight in leading him to recommend woman +suffrage in his message. Courteously but emphatically came the +reply that it would not, but at the same time extending an +invitation for the National Association to appoint a committee to +see him on his return to Washington. The committee appointed was +composed of your national treasurer, Mrs. Upton, Mrs. Henry +Dickson Bruns of New Orleans, Mrs. Katharine Reed Balentine of +Maine and your corresponding secretary, and at the appointed time +it was received by the President, who again reiterated his +opinion on the absolute valuelessness of such a petition. In so +doing he ignored what for the women of this republic is their +only right—the right of petition. The interview was fruitful of +no suggestion beyond the time-honored recommendation to "get +another State." Women who worship as a fetish the power of this +right to petition may well catalogue this fallacy with those +other American fallacies that "taxation without representation is +tyranny"; that "governments derive their just powers from the +consent of the governed," and that the Government guarantees +"equal rights for all and special privileges for none."</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span></p> + +<p>Miss Gordon told how the last convention had changed the plan for +forty years of holding the national convention in Washington during +the first session of a new Congress and therefore the corresponding +secretary had been obliged to arrange for representative women to go +there and have a hearing before the committees of Senate and House. +Mrs. Balentine, who was staying in Washington, and Miss Emma Gillett, +a lawyer of that city, took charge and hearings were granted March 3. +They lacked the inspiration of the presence of delegates from all +parts of the country and the convention lost the pleasure and benefit.</p> + +<p>The Work Conferences were continued under the name of Round Table +Conferences. The subjects considered were: Increase of membership; +press work; 16th Amendment as a line of policy; finance; State +legislative methods. An organizers' symposium discussed "A comparison +of conditions today with those of ten years ago; the building of a +State association; the personal touch; preliminary arrangements for +meetings."</p> + +<p>The usual comprehensive report was made by the headquarters secretary, +Miss Elizabeth J. Hauser, who told of the vast amount of work done, +which included the sending out of 13,000 letters and 207,410 pieces of +literature, exclusive of matter for the press. <i>Progress</i> had been +issued monthly, the Political Equality Leaflets and twenty other kinds +had been published and a card catalogue of 5,696 names completed; the +convention reports edited and distributed, the sales of the Life of +Miss Anthony and the History of Woman Suffrage looked after and an +endless amount of other work done. Miss Hauser told also of the +extensive effort with organizations. Ten great national associations +during 1907, twenty-four State associations and ninety-three labor +unions had passed resolutions for woman suffrage, and thus far in 1908 +nine national and thirty-six important State associations had done so. +She gave an equally encouraging report of the work with the press, +which was done through committee chairmen in thirty-two States, who +had furnished thousands of articles to hundreds of newspapers. Part of +this material was local but the national headquarters had supplied +69,244 pages. Suitable matter had been sent to religious, educational +and other specialized papers and over a thousand letters to editors. A +long list was given of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> the leading magazines which had published +articles on woman suffrage by prominent writers during the year. The +reason was that things were happening in all parts of the world +directly related to this question.</p> + +<p>Miss Hauser's report was accepted by a rising vote. She presided at +the Press Conference on how to secure the publication of woman +suffrage in country and in city papers; character of material; what is +the greatest need in press work; should "anti" articles be answered, +etc. Interesting addresses were made on Woman's Share in Productive +Industry by Mrs. Anna Cadogan Etz (N. Y.); A Square Deal, by Mrs. +Grace H. Ballantyne (Ia.); and one by Mrs. Clara B. Arthur, president +of the Michigan State Association, reviewing the extensive work that +had been done in its recent constitutional convention to secure a +woman suffrage clause. Henry B. Blackwell (Mass.) began his report on +Presidential Suffrage by saying: "It was the maxim of Napoleon +Bonaparte to concentrate his military forces upon the point in his +enemy's lines of the greatest importance and least resistance and by +so doing he conquered Europe. This point in the woman suffrage battle +is, under our form of government, the Presidential Suffrage, the vote +for presidential electors."</p> + +<p>The great evening of the week was the one devoted to the Commemorative +Program in Honor of the 1848 Convention. This convention was called by +Mrs. Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Mary Ann McClintock and Martha C. +Wright—the last three Friends, or Quakers—to consider a Declaration +of Sentiments and set of Resolutions which they had prepared and it +adopted both.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> Those resolutions of sixty years ago were now +discussed by women who represented the two succeeding generations, +still in the midst of the contest which the women who began it +expected to see ended during their lifetime. The session was opened +with prayer by the Rev. Olympia Brown, a veteran suffragist, and the +presiding officer was Mrs. Eliza Wright Osborne (N. Y.), daughter of +Martha C. Wright and niece of Lucretia Mott. Each resolution was +presented and commented on in a brief, pungent speech, the speakers +including Mr. Blackwell, husband of Lucy Stone, both pioneers, and +another pioneer, the Rev. Antoinette Brown<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> Blackwell, the first +ordained woman minister; Mrs. Harriot Stanton Blatch, daughter of Mrs. +Stanton; Mrs. Fanny Garrison Villard, daughter of William Lloyd +Garrison, a pioneer; the Rev. Anna Garlin Spencer, an early leader in +Rhode Island, and Miss Laura Clay, at the head of the movement in +Kentucky almost from its beginning. Among the later generation were +the Rev. Caroline Bartlett Crane (Mich.), Miss Julie R. Jenney (N. +Y.), Mrs. Ella S. Stewart (Ill.), Mrs. Charlotte Perkins Gilman (N. +Y.) and Mrs. Judith Hyams Douglas (La.).</p> + +<p>Of most of these addresses there is no printed record. Mrs. Gilman +commented on the resolution that "the laws which place woman in a +position inferior to that of man are contrary to the great precept of +nature," saying in part: "Woman has the same right to happiness and +justice as an individual that man has and as the mother of the race +she has more.... Women have a right to citizenship and to all that +citizenship implies, not only for their own sake but especially +because the world needs them. We have the masculine and the feminine +but above them both is the human, which has nothing to do with sex. +The argument for equal freedom and equal opportunities for women rests +not on the law of the worthy Mr. Blackstone but on the law of nature, +which is the law of God...."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Blackwell said in response to the resolution that "as man accords +to woman moral superiority it is his pre-eminent duty to encourage her +to speak and teach in religious assemblies": "You cannot realize how +serious a thing it was to be a minister in early days when St. Paul +was taken literally. I know from personal experience that nearly all +the religious world in those days believed it to be a sin for a woman +to try to preach. My own mother urged me to become a foreign +missionary instead; she was willing to send her daughter away to other +lands rather than have her become a minister at home. At 18 I was +considered as well-fitted for college as the half dozen young men +among my schoolmates who were going to take a college course. At that +time Oberlin, O., was the only college that admitted women. When I +arrived there Lucy Stone had pretty well stirred up the whole +institution. I was warned against her in advance but we soon became +warm friends. One beautiful evening we walked<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> out together and as we +stood in that glorious sunset I told her that I meant to be a +minister. She said: 'You can't do it; they will never let a woman be a +public teacher in the church.' ... One other woman and I graduated +from the theological school. For three years the authorities of the +school put our names into the catalogue with a star and then they +dropped us out and it took forty years to get us reinstated."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Spencer said of the resolution that "the same transgressions +should be visited with equal severity on man and woman." "Of all the +notable pronunciamentos at Seneca Falls no resolutions shows a finer +spiritual audacity than this. A delicious flavor of transcendentalism +from beginning to end marks the phraseology. Like the Brook Farm +experiment the Seneca Falls Convention was the outcome of a great wave +of idealism sweeping over the world. It was seen in England and in +Europe. Germany was stirring things up and Italy was seething with +revolution. This new world was eager to put its idealism into +immediate practical living.... Women were looking after their woman's +share of it. They felt that it must be founded on spiritual ideas and +this was a spiritual Declaration of Independence. We honor these +pioneers because women who had been trained to follow and not to lead, +and taught that wives and mothers should buy their security at the +cost of a discarded fragment of their sex, dared to summon men to an +equal bar and to declare that in purity, as in justice, there is no +sex."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Stewart treated with delicious wit and sarcasm the resolution of +protest against "the objection of indelicacy and impropriety which is +so often brought against women who address a public audience by those +who encourage their appearance in the theatre and the circus." Miss +Clay discussed with dignity and seriousness the resolution that +"equality of human rights necessarily follows identity in capabilities +and responsibilities." Mrs. Villard spoke of the great privilege of +being the daughter of a reformer and said: "The cause of woman is so +intimately connected with that of man that I think the men will be the +gainers by its triumph even more than women." Mrs. Douglas, a +brilliant young speaker from New Orleans, new to the suffrage +platform, took up the resolution, "Woman has too long rested +satisfied<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs and a +perverted application of the Scriptures have marked out for her, and +it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere which her great +Creator has assigned to her," and said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Only one thing can make me see the justness of woman being +classed with the idiot, the insane and the criminal and that is, +if she is willing, if she is satisfied to be so classed, if she +is contented to remain in the circumscribed limits which corrupt +customs and perverted application of the Scriptures have marked +out for her. It is idiotic not to want one's liberty; it is +insane not to value one's inalienable rights and it is criminal +to neglect one's God-given responsibilities. God placed woman +originally in the same sphere with man, with the same +inspirations and aspirations, the same emotions and intellect and +accountability.... The Chinamen for centuries have taken peculiar +means for restricting women's activities by binding the feet of +girl babies and yet there remains the significant fact that, +after centuries of constraint, God continues to send the female +child into the world with feet well formed, with a foundation as +substantial to stand upon as that of the male child. As in this +instance, so in all cases of restriction put upon women—they do +not come from God but from man, beginning at birth.... For +thousands of centuries woman has heard what sphere God wanted her +to move in from men, God's self-ordained proxies. The thing for +woman to do is to blaze the way of her sex so thoroughly that +sixteen-year-old boys in the next generation will not dare ask a +scholarly woman incredulously if she really thinks women have +sense enough to vote. Woman can enter into the larger sphere her +great Creator has assigned her only when she has an equal voice +with man in forming public opinion, which crystalizes customs; +only when her voice is heard in the pulpit, applying Scripture to +man and woman equally, and when it is heard in the Legislature. +Only then can be realized the full import of God's words when He +said, "It is not well for man to be alone."</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Douglas analyzed without mercy the pronouncements of Paul +regarding women and said: "The pulpits may insist that Paul was +infallible but I prefer to believe that he was human and liable to +err." When she had finished Dr. Shaw remarked dryly: "I have often +thought that Paul was never equalled in his advice to wife, mother and +maiden aunt except by the present occupant of the Presidential chair" +[Roosevelt].</p> + +<p>To Mrs. Blatch was given the privilege of speaking to the resolution +so strenuously insisted upon by her mother: "It is the duty of the +women of this country to secure to themselves their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> sacred right to +the elective franchise." In the course of an animated speech she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mrs. Stanton was quick to see and, what is greater, quick to +seize the psychological moment, and in that July of 1848 she had +not only the inspiration but the determination to grasp the +opportunity to set forth a resolution asking "votes for women." +How clear was her vision, how perfect her sense of balance! +Property rights might be gained, rights of person protected, +guardianship of children achieved, but without the ballot she saw +all would be insecure. What was given today might be taken away +tomorrow unless women themselves possessed the power to make or +remake laws. Women are getting the sense of solidarity by being +crowded together in the workshop; they are learning the lesson of +fellowship. Brought side by side in the college and in the +business world, they are beginning to learn that they have a +common interest. They know now that they form a class. The +anti-suffragist is the isolated woman, she is the belated product +of the 18th century. She is not intentionally, viciously selfish, +she has merely not developed into 20th century fellowship. She is +unrelated to our democratic society of today.... How shallow, in +the face of that idea of duty in fulfilling our obligations of +citizenship, sound the words of Governor Hughes that "when women +want the vote they will get it!" Want it? That is no measure of +social need. It was death to the nation to have slavery within +its bounds but no one advised waiting until the enslaved negroes +wanted to be free before this dire disease should be cured. The +State needs the attention of women, their thought, their service, +and so it becomes the duty of all who have the best interests of +the State at heart to seek to bind women to it in closest bonds +of citizenship.</p></div> + +<p>In response to Resolution Eleven that, being held morally responsible, +woman had therefore a right to express herself in public on all +questions of morals and religion, the Rev. Mrs. Crane began with fine +sarcasm: "To women has always unquestionably been allowed the being +good. They are called too good to enter the slimy pool of politics. +They are complimented often in the spirit of the man who said to his +wife: 'Angelina, you get up and make the fire; it will seem so much +warmer if laid by your fair hands!' To women is also conceded the +right to be religious and unfortunately it often happens that all the +religion a man has is in his wife's name. Ruskin said: 'If you don't +want the kingdom of heaven to come, don't pray for it but if you do +want it to come you must do more than pray for it.' Women<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> must vote +as well as pray. Whoever is able to make peace in this distracted +world is the one who should be allowed to do it."</p> + +<p>A full report of the work among the churches was made at a morning +meeting by Mrs. Lucy Hobart Day (Me.), chairman of the committee, +which showed that eighteen States had appointed branch committees. +These had organized suffrage circles in different churches, encouraged +debates among the young people, arranged meetings, distributed +literature, obtained hearings before many kinds of religious bodies, +secured resolutions and tried to have official recognition of women in +the churches. Ministers had been requested to preach sermons in favor +and many had done so, twenty-five in San Francisco alone. Mrs. Pauline +Steinem (Ohio), chairman of the Committee on Education, reported on +its efforts in organizing Mothers' and Parents' Clubs and working +through these for suffrage; putting pictures of the pioneers in +schools and securing the cooperation of the teachers for brief talks +about them; supplying books containing selections from suffrage +speeches, poems, etc., to be used in the schools. It was also proposed +to see that text books on history and civics are written with a proper +appreciation of the work of women.</p> + +<p>Part of an afternoon was devoted to a discussion led by Dr. Rosalie +Slaughter Morton (N. Y.), delegated representative of Prince Morrow +and the American Society for Sanitary and Moral Prophylaxis. In an +eloquent address she described the terrible devastation, especially +among women and children, from diseases which until lately had been +concealed and never mentioned. She attributed these conditions partly +to the fact that boys and girls were left in ignorance and this was +often because the mothers were ignorant. The chief cause of the wide +prevalence of these diseases was the double standard of morals, the +belief that a chaste life for a man is incompatible with health and +that the consequences of immorality end with themselves and will not +be transmitted. She urged women to unite in the demand for a higher +standard of morals among men. Mrs. Gilman spoke strongly on the +necessity for more vigorous measures for a quarantine of the infected +and health certificates for every marriage and she laid a large share +of the cause of immorality at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> the door of the economic dependence of +women. Mrs. Florence Kelley, executive secretary of the National +Consumers' League, whose life was being spent in improving the +economic position of women, said: "How are we dealing with this +monstrous evil? Are we going to wait patiently and rear a whole +generation of children and grandchildren and trust to their gradual +increase in strength of character?" She told of the mothers who bring +up children in the best and wisest manner but the environment outside +the home, which they have no power to shape, nullifies all their +teaching. "That is a very slow way of dealing with a cancer," she +said. "Women have tried for forty years to get the power to have the +laws enforced and that is our greatest need today." A principal +feature of this important discussion was the strong, analytical +address of the Rev. Anna Garlin Spencer, in the course of which she +said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The formation of the New York Society for Sanitary and Moral +Prophylaxis marked an important era. For the first time the +physicians as a whole assumed a social duty to promote purity. +They had done it as individuals, but this was the first instance +of their banding themselves together on a moral as well as a +sanitary plane to enlighten the public as to the causes of social +disease.... Dr. Prince Morrow should be everlastingly honored by +every woman.... I consider no woman guiltless, whether she lives +in a suffrage State or not, if she does not hold herself +responsible for guarding less fortunate women. Corrupt custom has +rent the sacred, seamless robe of womanhood and cast out part of +the women, abandoning them to degradation. We must learn to +recognize the responsibility of pure women for the fallen women, +of the woman whose circumstances have enabled her to stand, for +the woman whom adverse conditions have borne down. We should +oppose the sacrifice of womanhood, whether of an innocent girl +sacrificed with pomp and ceremony in church, or of a poor waif in +the street; and the great protection is the ability of young +girls to earn their living by congenial labor. All the social +purity societies do not equal the trade schools as a +preventive....</p> + +<p>We must not look at this matter from only one point of view or +say that we can do nothing about it until we are armed with the +ballot. I am a suffragist but not "high church," I am a +suffragist and something else. We ought to have the ballot, we +are at a disadvantage in our work while we are deprived of it, +but even without it we have great power. We must stamp out the +traffic in womanhood, it is a survival of barbarism. Womanhood is +a unit; no one woman can be an outcast without dire evil to +family life. What caused the doctors to come together in a +Society for Sanitary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> and Moral Prophylaxis? It was because the +evil done in dark places came back in injury to the family +life.... We must make ourselves more terrible than an army with +banners to despoilers of womanhood.... Men are no longer to be +excused for writing in scarlet on their foreheads their +incapacity for self-control. None of us is longer to be excused +for cowardice and acquiescence in the sacrifice of womanhood. Not +even that woman—vilest of all creatures on the face of the earth +I do believe—the procuress, shall be beyond the pale of +sympathy, for she is merely the product of the feeling on the +part of men that they owe nothing to women or to themselves in +the way of purity, and the feeling on the part of women that they +have no right to demand of men what men demand of them. If women +are going to amount to anything in government, they would better +begin to practice here and now and band themselves together with +noble men to bring about this reform.</p></div> + +<p>Of equal interest with Pioneers' Evening and in striking contrast with +it was the College Evening. One commemorated the first efforts to +obtain a college education for women, the other the full fruition of +these efforts in the announcement of a National College Women's Equal +Suffrage League with branches in fifteen States. Dr. Shaw, possessing +three college degrees, opened the session, and the founder of the +League, Mrs. Maud Wood Park, a graduate of Radcliffe College, +presided. "With the exception of Oberlin and Antioch," she said, "not +one college was open to women before the organized movement for woman +suffrage began." She gave statistics of the large number now open to +them and said: "Such facts as these help us to understand the service +which the leaders of the suffrage movement performed for college women +and it is fitting that these should make public recognition of their +debt. It was with this idea of responsibility for benefits received +that the first branch of this League was formed in Massachusetts in +1900. The League realizes that the best way to pay our debt to the +noble women who toiled and suffered, who bore ridicule, insult and +privation, is for us in our turn to sow the seed of future +opportunities for women."</p> + +<p>In introducing Dr. Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, dean of the Junior +Women's College of the University of Chicago, Mrs. Park said that she +had half the letters of the alphabet attached to her name representing +degrees. Dr. Breckinridge also paid a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> tribute of gratitude to the +National Suffrage Association and began her address: "My faith has +three articles. I believe it is the right and the duty of the +wage-earning woman to claim the ballot and to have her claim +recognized to participate in the political life of her community. Her +status as a worker depends in part upon it and only thus can she +protect the interests of her group. I believe it is the right and duty +of the wife and mother to claim the ballot, for as a housekeeper and +carer of her children she cannot do her work economically and +satisfactorily without it. It is easy to see why the wage-earning +women and the housekeepers need the ballot; but why should we, who do +not belong to either of those groups, want it? Every woman should want +it because tasks lie before the public so difficult that they can not +be fulfilled without the cooperation of all the trained minds in the +community, and these problems can be met only by collective action. We +want to get hold of the little device that moves the machinery."</p> + +<p>Miss Caroline Lexow, president of the New York branch of the league, a +graduate of Barnard College, a part of Columbia University, "charmed +the audience with her girlish simplicity and with the tribute she paid +to the women who more than half a century ago sowed the seeds which +have yielded so rich a harvest for the women of today," to quote from +an enthusiastic reporter. Of another young speaker the Buffalo +<i>Express</i> said: "To the front of the platform stepped a sweet-faced, +bright-eyed, rosy English girl, Miss Ray Costello, a graduate of +Newnham College, Cambridge University, who spoke on Equal Suffrage +among English University Women. She had captured her audience before +she started to describe the energetic work of the college women." "In +England as in the United States," Miss Costello said, "the pioneers in +the demand for higher education were also pioneers in the demand for +votes. When the action of the 'militant' suffragettes brought the +question into such prominence that the opponents began to state their +objections, the college women were aroused and became more and more +active, but as a whole they were in favor of peaceful rather than +militant tactics." She told also of the growth of favorable sentiment +in the men's colleges.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p> + +<p>This was the first appearance at a national suffrage convention of +Mrs. Frances Squire Potter, professor of English in the University of +Minnesota, and her address on Women and the Vote was one of the ablest +ever given before this body which was accustomed to superior +addresses. Limited space forbids extended quotation:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Louis XIV said an infamous thing when he declared: "I am the +State," but he announced his position frankly. He was an autocrat +and he said so. It was a more honest and therefore less harmful +position than that of a majority of voters in our country today. +Can it help but confuse and deteriorate one sex, trained to +believe and call itself living in a democracy, to say silently +year by year at the polls, "I am the State"? Can it help but +confuse and deteriorate the other sex, similarly trained to +acquiescence year after year in a national misrepresentation and +a personal no-representation? This fundamental insincerity of our +so-called democracy is as insidious an influence upon the minds +and morals of our franchised men, our unfranchised women and our +young Americans of both sexes, as hypocrisy is to a church member +or spurious currency to a bank. It is to be remembered that the +evils which are pointed out in our commonwealth today are not the +evils of a democracy but of an amorphous something which is +afraid to be a democracy. Whether the opposition to women's +voting be honestly professed or whether it is concealed under +chivalrous idolatry, distrust and skepticism are behind it.... +When pushed to the wall, objectors to woman suffrage now-a-days +take refuge behind one of two platitudes: The first is used too +often by women whose public activities ought logically to make +them suffragists—the assertion that equal suffrage is bound to +come in time but that at present there are more pressing needs. +"Let us get the poor better housed and fed," these women say. +"Let us get our schools improved and our cities cleaned up and +then we shall have time to take up the cause of equal suffrage." +Is not this a survival of that old vice of womankind, +indirection?... The suffrage issue should not be put off but +should be placed first, as making the other issues easier and +more permanent....</p> + +<p>This brings me to the other platitude. How often we are told, +"Women themselves do not want it; when they do it will be given +to them." That is to say, when an overwhelming majority of women +want what they ought to have, then they can have it. Extension of +suffrage never has been granted on these terms. No great reform +has gone through on these terms. In an enlightened State wanting +is not considered a necessary condition to the granting of +education or the extension of any privilege. Such a State confers +it in order to create the desire; unenlightened States, like +Turkey and Russia, hold off until revolution compels a reluctant, +niggardly abdication of tyranny.... We have the conviction that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> +that which has come in Finland and Australia, which is coming in +Great Britain, will come in America, and there is a majesty in +the sight of a great world-tide which has been gathering force +through generations, which is rising steadily and irresistibly, +that should paralyze any American Xerxes who thinks to stop it +with humanly created restraints.</p></div> + +<p>Dr. M. Carey Thomas, president of Bryn Mawr College, received an +ovation. "The formation of this National College League," she said, +"indicates that college women will be ready to bear their part in the +stupendous social change of which the demand for woman suffrage is +only the outward symbol," and she continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Sixty years ago all university studies and all the charmed world +of scholarship were a man's world, in which women had no share. +Now, although only one woman in one thousand goes to college even +in the United States, where there are more college women than in +any other country, the position of every individual woman in +every part of the civilized world has been changed because this +one thousandth per cent. have proved beyond the possibility of +question that in intellect there is no sex, that the accumulated +learning of our great past and of our still greater future is the +inheritance of women also. Men have admitted women into +intellectual comradeship and the opinions of educated women can +no longer be ignored by educated men.... Women are one-half of +the world, but until a century ago the world of music and +painting and sculpture and literature and scholarship and science +was a man's world. The world of trades and professions and work +of all kinds was a man's world. Women lived a twilight life, a +half-life apart, and looked out and saw men as shadows walking. +Now women have won the right to higher education and to economic +independence. The right to become citizens of the State is the +next and inevitable consequence of education and work outside the +home. We have gone so far; we must go farther. Why are we afraid? +It is the next step forward on the path toward the sunrise—and +the sun is rising over a new heaven and a new earth.</p></div> + +<p>The National College Women's Equal Suffrage League was formally +organized as auxiliary to the National American Association, with Dr. +Thomas president, Miss Lexow secretary; Dr. Margaret Long, of Smith +College, treasurer; Mrs. Park chairman of the organization committee; +Dr. Breckinridge, Mrs. C. S. Woodward, adviser to women in the +University of Wisconsin, and Miss Frances W. McLean of the University +of California were among the vice-presidents. Three thousand dollars +were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> appropriated for its work the first year from the Anthony +Memorial Fund. The following day Mrs. George Howard Lewis gave a +beautiful luncheon at the Twentieth Century Club in honor of Dr. Shaw, +Dr. Thomas and the college women and it included the officials of the +national and State suffrage associations. The tables were decorated +with orchids and yellow chrysanthemums and there were corsage bouquets +of violets for the guests of honor.</p> + +<p>The women ministers in attendance and some of the delegates spoke in +various churches Sunday morning. A departure was made from the usual +custom of holding religious services in the afternoon and they were +replaced by an industrial meeting. One of the city papers thus +introduced its account: "Any theatre after a packed house had better +advertise a woman's meeting with the Rev. Anna Howard Shaw presiding. +At the Star Theatre, where an industrial mass meeting was held under +the auspices of the National Suffrage Association yesterday afternoon, +when Dr. Shaw stepped to the front of the stage to call it to order, +men, as well as women, filled all the seats on the ground floor and +packed the galleries and boxes, while many stood during the entire +program and many more were turned away. It was the largest meeting in +the cause of equal suffrage that Buffalo has ever known. After prayer +by the Rev. Robert Freeman and a musical selection by the choir of the +First Unitarian Church, Dr. Shaw announced that the audience would +rise while Julia Ward Howe's Battle Hymn of the Republic was sung. She +stood with bowed head as she listened. "Some one asked me this morning +if I am very happy," said Dr. Shaw, "and I said yes, for I have +everything in the world that is necessary to happiness, good faith, +good friends and all the work I can possibly do. I think God's +greatest blessing to the human race was when He sent man forth into +the world to earn his bread by the sweat of his face. I believe in +toil, in the dignity of labor, but I also believe in adequate +compensation for that toil."</p> + +<p>The report of the committee on Industrial Problems Affecting Women and +Children was given by its chairman, Mrs. Kelley, executive secretary +of the National Consumers' League, in which she said: "In New York +woman can not be deprived of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> sacred right to work all night in +factories on pain of dismissal. Such is the recent decision of the +Court of Appeals. On the other hand the same Court has within a week +held that the law is constitutional which restricts to eight hours the +work of men employed by the State, the county or the city. I wish the +women who think that 'persuasion' is all-sufficient might have our +experience in New York City; we worked for twelve years to get +inspectors who should look after the women and children in stores and +mercantile establishments. At last an act was passed by which +inspectors were to be appointed and for about a year and a half they +really inspected and looked after the children and young girls in the +stores. Then a great philanthropist, Nathan Straus, who was connected +with an establishment employing many young people, got himself +appointed, as he frankly said, in order to get the salaries of the +inspectors stricken out of the budget and to get sterilized milk put +into it. He got the salaries out and the sterilized milk in and then +he resigned. The next year his successor got the sterilized milk out +and there we were, back just where we had been at the beginning. We +had to set to work again and labor for years longer, petitioning all +the changing and kaleidoscopic officials who have to do with the +finances of New York; and one mayor said frankly to us—to the +Consumers' League: "Ladies, why do you keep on coming? You know you +will never get anything—there isn't a voter among you!..." Mrs. +Kelley said the Consumers' League had been investigating the condition +of girls working in stores, away from home, and she gave a +heartbreaking account of their destitution and semi-starvation. "Only +nineteen States protect grown women at all," she said. "I am very +tired of 'persuasion' and from this time on I mean to try other +methods."</p> + +<p>Intense interest was manifested in the address entitled Noblesse +Oblige by Miss Jean Gordon, factory inspector for New Orleans, in +which she said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>One of the strongest and truest criticisms brought against our +American leisure class is that they are absolutely devoid of a +proper appreciation of what is conveyed in the expression, +"Noblesse Oblige." In no country in the world are there so many +young women of education, wealth and leisure, free as the winds +of heaven<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> to do as they wish. In no country are there more +interesting problems to be solved and one would think such work +would appeal to this very class, especially as most of them are +the daughters of men who by their large constructive minds have +created conditions and opportunities and developed them into the +great industries for which America is justly famous; and it would +seem by the law of cross inheritance that these daughters would +inherit some of the great creative ability of their fathers and +fairly burn to apply their leisure and education to working out +the social problems which are besetting more and more this great +country. But unfortunately, with a few exceptions, they rest +contented with playing the Lady Bountiful and their only +appreciation of the spirit of Noblesse Oblige has been the old, +aristocratic idea of charity....</p> + +<p>Think what it would mean to bring their trained minds and great +wealth and leisure to the study of the economic conditions which +are represented in the underpaid services and long hours of their +less fortunate sisters in the mills and factories throughout this +broad land! Think what it would mean if from the protection with +which their wealth and position surround them they took their +stand on the great question of the dual code of morality! Think +what it would mean to the little children being stunted mentally +and physically in our mills and factories, if these thousands of +young women, many of them enjoying the wealth made out of these +little human souls, refused to wear or buy anything made under +any but decent living conditions! Think what it would mean if +they decided that every child should have a seat in school, that +every neighborhood should have a play-ground and a public bath!</p> + +<p>Too long the men and women of leisure and education in America +have left the administration of our public affairs to fall into +the hands of a class whose conception of the duties involved in +public service is of the lowest order.... Instead of being +regarded as only fitted for women of ordinary position and +intellect, all offices such as superintendents of reformatories, +matrons and women factory inspectors, should be filled by women +of standing, education, refinement and independent means. Such +women would be above the temptation of graft or the fear of +losing their positions. They are on a social footing with the +manufacturers and no mill or factory owner likes to meet the +factory inspector at a reception or dining in the home of a +mutual friend if he is trying to evade the law. American women of +leisure must awaken to an appreciation of the democratic idea of +Noblesse Oblige.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Blatch was introduced as "president of the Self-Supporting +Women's Suffrage League and the only one in it who was not +self-supporting in the accepted sense of the term." "When I hear that +there are 5,000,000 working women in this country," said Dr. Shaw, "I +always take occasion to say that there are 18,000,000 but only +5,000,000 receive their wages." Mrs. Blatch traced the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> changes of the +years which have made it necessary for women to go out of the home to +earn their bread in factory, shop and mercantile establishments. +"Cooperation is the only way out of the present condition of the +working women," she asserted. "President Thomas said last night that +the gates of knowledge had swung wide open for women. They have not +done so for the working girls." She pointed out the many opportunities +for the boys to learn the trades which are denied to the girls. "There +is only one way to redress their wrongs and that is by the ballot," +she declared, and in closing she said: "Of all the people who block +the progress of woman suffrage the worst are the women of wealth and +leisure who never knew a day's work and never felt a day's want, but +who selfishly stand in the way of those women who know what it means +to earn the bread they eat by the sternest toil and who, with a voice +in the Government, could better themselves in every way."</p> + +<p>The last address was made by Dr. Shaw and even the cold, prosaic +official report of the convention said: "It was one of the greatest +speeches of the entire week." She began by telling of the immense +demonstration in London during the past summer when 10,000 women +marched through the streets to prove to the Government that women did +want to vote, and then she proceeded to tell why American women wanted +it and how they were determined to compel some action by the +Government. In the evening the officers held a reception for the +delegates, speakers and friends in the Lenox Hotel, convention +headquarters.</p> + +<p>In the Monday afternoon symposium the stock objections to woman +suffrage were considered by Miss Lexow, Miss Laura Gregg (Kans.), Mrs. +William C. Gannett (N. Y.), Mrs. Kelley and Miss Maude E. Miner, a +probation officer in New York. Miss Miner said in answering the +objection to "the immoral vote": "Is the fact that immoral women would +have the vote a real objection? I do not believe that it is. In the +first place such women are a very small proportion of the whole. Fifty +to one hundred a night are brought into the night court but we see the +same faces over and over again. There are perhaps 5,000 such women in +New York City in a population of four million but there is less reason +against enfranchising the woman<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> than for disfranchising some of the +men, as there are at least 4,000 men who are living wholly or in part +on these women's earnings.... I do not believe that all women who have +fallen would use their votes for evil. I have dealt with 250 of them +and I am often surprised to see how much sense of honor some of them +have and how intelligent they are. At present they are the slaves of +the saloon-keepers, and the Raines law hotels and the saloons are at +the root of the evil. We ought to do more to protect them from such a +life.... It seems to be women's work to deal with such problems and to +secure legislation along these lines and we can only do this by having +the ballot. With it we can do much more in the way of breaking up the +power of the saloon in politics, which is at the bottom of all."</p> + +<p>Dr. Shaw was quickly on her feet to say that Miss Miner had touched +upon the vital spot in the whole suffrage movement; that the liquor +interests were at the bottom of the opposition to it and that in the +States where it had been defeated they were responsible. Mrs. Kelley +spoke for The Woman at the Bottom of the Heap, who had even greater +need of the ballot than her more fortunate sisters. Mrs. Gannett, wife +of the Unitarian minister, William C. Gannett of Rochester, N. Y., +both loving friends of Miss Anthony, considered the assertion that +"women do not want to vote," saying in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>They tell us that women can bring better things to pass by +indirect influence. Try to persuade any man that he will have +more weight, more influence, if he gives up his vote, allies +himself with no party and relies on influence to achieve his +ends! By all means let us use to its utmost whatever influence we +have, but in all justice do not ask us to be content with this. +Facts show that a large body of earnest, responsible women do +want the ballot, a body large enough to deserve very respectful +hearing from our law-makers, but there certainly are many women +who do not yet want to vote. We think they ought to want it; that +women have no more right than men to accept and enjoy the +protection and privileges of civilized government and shirk its +duties and responsibilities. They say they do not thus shirk, +that woman's sphere lies in a different place, and we answer: +"This is true but only part of the truth." ... Municipal +government belongs far more to woman's sphere than to man's, if +we must choose between the two; it is home-making and +housekeeping writ large, but just as the best home is that where +father<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> and mother together rule, so shall we have the better +city, the better State, when men and women together counsel, +together rule. No mother fulfills her whole mother duty in the +sight of God who is not willing to do her service, to take her +share of direct responsibility for the good of the whole. She can +not fully care for her own without some care for all the children +of the community. Her own, however guarded, are menaced so long +as the least of these is exposed to pestilence or is robbed of +his birthright of fresh air and sunshine.</p> + +<p>The hard struggle and toil of our honored pioneers was for +Woman's Rights. We of the coming day must take up the cry of +Woman's Duty. We live in the new age; new obligations are laid +upon us. We must labor until no woman in the land shall be +content to say, "I am not willing to pay the price I owe for the +comfort and safety of my life"; until every woman shall be +ashamed not to demand equal duties and equal responsibilities for +the common weal; until none can be found of whom it can with +truth be said, "They do not want to vote."</p></div> + +<p>Miss Gregg discussed The Real Enemy, and, while endorsing all that had +been said, asserted that "this enemy is among our own sex." "It is not +the anti-suffragist," she said, "she is our unwilling ally, for when +there is danger that we might fall asleep she arouses us by buzzing +about our ears with her misrepresentations. It is not the indifferent +suffragist, she can be galvanized into life. Our real enemy is the +dead or dormant suffragist," and then she preached a stirring sermon +on the necessity for hard, incessant, faithful work by all who were +enlisted heart and soul in this cause.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Upton, the treasurer, called attention to the mistaken idea +conveyed through the newspapers that the association had unlimited +funds. The report that it intended to raise $100,000 had been made to +read that it had raised it, and the Garrett-Thomas fund of $12,000 a +year had caused many to cease their subscriptions.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> The new +opportunities for effective work caused larger demands for money than +ever before and the year 1907 had been the most anxious the board had +known. The expenditures had been larger than the receipts and most of +the balance that was in the treasury had been used. Even this strong +statement,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> backed by an appeal from Dr. Shaw, brought pledges only to +the amount of $3,600, a less amount than for years, the delegates, +many of small means, still feeling that their former subscriptions +were not necessary. Dr. Shaw then read to the convention a letter to +herself from Mrs. George Howard Lewis of Buffalo, who expressed the +pleasure of the New York State suffrage clubs that the 60th +anniversary of the first Woman's Rights Convention had been held in +this city, at Miss Anthony's expressed wish, and ended: "In memory of +Susan B. Anthony will you accept the enclosed check for $10,000 to be +used as the national officers deem best in the work, so dear to her +and to all true lovers of justice, for the enfranchisement of women?" +As she showed the enclosure Dr. Shaw said: "This is the largest check +I ever held in my hand." The convention rose in appreciation of Mrs. +Lewis's generous gift.</p> + +<p>The report of Mrs. Ida Porter Boyer, chairman of the Libraries +Committee, the result of a month's research in the Library of Congress +in Washington and another month in the Public Library of Boston, was +most interesting, as it dealt with old manuscripts and books on the +Rights of Women written in the 16th and 17th centuries. The valuable +report of Mrs. Lucretia L. Blankenburg, chairman of the Committee on +Legislation and Civil Rights, embodied those of presidents of +twenty-three State Suffrage Associations, covering school, labor, +factory and temperance laws, mercantile inspection, juvenile courts, +educational matters, protection of wives and many others relating to +the welfare of women and children, most of them showing advance.</p> + +<p>The speakers at the Monday evening session were Miss Harriet Grim, +winner of the Springer prize for the best essay written by an Illinois +college student, who described "The Womanly Woman in Politics"; Mrs. +Katharine Reed Balentine (Me.), daughter of Thomas B. Reed, the famous +Speaker of the lower house of Congress and a staunch suffragist, and +the brilliant orator, Mrs. Philip Snowden of England. Mrs. Balentine +said in beginning her address that now women were voting in Russia she +had the courage to hope that they would sometime obtain the suffrage +in New York, Massachusetts and Maine, and continued in part:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In England the last final argument, that women do not themselves +want the franchise, has in the light of recent events become +ridiculous. On June 13, 15,000 suffragists paraded through the +streets of London and it is said that the woman suffrage meeting +of June 21 was the largest public meeting ever held for any +cause. Fifty thousand women have just stormed Parliament.... No +one now doubts that the women of England want and intend to have +votes. It is said that history repeats itself but this particular +phenomenon—the world-wide claim of women to political equality +with men—has never appeared before; it has no historic +precedent....</p> + +<p>Does disfranchised influence, unsteadied by the responsibility of +the ballot and the broadening experience of public service, make +for the greatest good to the greatest number, which is the aim of +true democracy? Can women, and do the average, every-day women in +their present condition as subjects take a very lively interest +in the real welfare of the State? Hardly, and are not men and +children affected by this indifference? It could scarcely be +otherwise. It may be said that average men, notwithstanding their +possession of the ballot, are indifferent to the public weal, but +are they not rendered doubly so by continually associating with a +class that feels no allegiance to the State?... In the political +subjection and consequent political ignorance and indifference of +women, men are unconsciously forging their own fetters. They can +not retain their rights unless they share them with women. This +is the true significance of the woman suffrage movement +throughout the world. It is a vast attempt at the establishing of +real government by the people of republics which, being real, +shall endure; and as such it is as much a movement for men's +rights as for women's.</p></div> + +<p>The "militant" suffrage movement in Great Britain, at this time in its +early stage, was attracting world-wide attention and Mrs. Snowden +devoted much of her address to explaining it, saying in part: "Our +methods may seem strange to you, for perhaps you do not fully +understand. We have the Municipal vote and have used it for many +years. Today an Englishwoman may vote for every official except a +member of Parliament; she may sit in every political body except the +Parliament and we are after that last right. We have 420 members out +of 670 of its members pledged to this reform. When the full suffrage +bill went to its second reading the votes stood three to one in favor. +We want that vote put through but it is the British Cabinet we must +get at to approve finally the act when it has passed the two Houses. +It is the Government we are trying to annoy. Our Government never +moves in any radical way until it is kicked.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> Sir Henry Campbell +Bannerman, when prime minister, advised the women to harass the +Government until they got what they wanted and that is just what we +are doing today. The Liberal Government, helped into power by at least +80,000 tax-paying women, promised to grant their rights. How have they +kept that promise?"</p> + +<p>Speaking of the two "militant" societies Mrs. Snowden said: "Our +policy of aggressiveness has been justified by its results. When we +began almost every newspaper in England was against us. Now, with one +exception, the <i>Times</i>, the London papers are all for us. The +'militancy' thus far has consisted chiefly in 'heckling' speakers; +assembling before the House of Commons in large numbers; getting into +the gallery and into public meetings and calling out 'Votes for Women' +and breaking windows in government buildings, a time-honored English +custom of showing disapproval. Many suffragists in the United States, +knowing the contemptuous manner in which those of Great Britain and +Ireland have been treated by the Government, have felt a good deal of +sympathy with these measures." At this convention and the one +preceding sympathy was expressed by Dr. Shaw and others and +resolutions to this effect were adopted.</p> + +<p>One of the Buffalo papers said in regard to the election of officers: +"If the way the women vote at the national convention may be taken as +a criterion of what they will do when they gain the ballot, there will +be very little electioneering. Yesterday's election was characterized +by entire absence of wire-pulling. The balloting was done quickly and +there was no contest for any office, the women voting as they wished +and only a few scattered ballots going for particular friends of +voters. The election of the president, first vice-president, +corresponding secretary and treasurer was unanimous and the others so +nearly so that there was no question of result by the time half the +ballots had been counted." Mrs. Sperry retired from the office of +second vice-president and Mrs. Ella S. Stewart, president of the +Illinois suffrage association, was chosen in her place.</p> + +<p>The paper on Some Legal Phases of the Disfranchisement of Women by +Mrs. Harriette Johnston Wood, a New York lawyer, was regarded as so +important that it was ordered to be printed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> for circulation. She +quoted from Federal and State constitutions and court decisions to +prove that "if properly construed the laws specify the rights and +privileges of 'persons' and no distinction is made as to 'sex' in +provisions relating to the elective franchise." She encouraged women +to try to register for voting and qualify for jury service and urged +that bills be presented to legislative bodies covering the following +points: First, that citizens shall equally enjoy all civil and +political rights and privileges; second, that in the selection of +jurors no discrimination shall be made against citizens on account of +sex; third, that representation be based on the electorate and that +non-voters be non-taxpayers; fourth, that husband and wife have equal +right in each other's property; fifth, equal rights in the property of +a child; sixth, in case of separation, equal rights to the custody of +the children. A visit to the Albright Art Gallery and an automobile +ride along the lake front, through Delaware Park and the many handsome +avenues of the city, was a much-enjoyed part of this afternoon's +program.</p> + +<p>At one evening session Miss Grace H. Ballantyne, attorney in the noted +City Hall case at Des Moines, Iowa, gave a spirited account of the way +in which the women's right to vote on issuing bonds was sustained. +Mrs. Kate Trimble Woolsey (Ky.), who had resided some years in +England, compared the condition of women in that country and the +United States to the disadvantage of the latter, "where," she said, +"the women did not profit by the Declaration of Independence but on +the contrary lost when the colonies were supplanted by the republic. +In this they discover that a republic may endure as a political +institution to the end of time without conferring recognition, honors +or power on women; that it can exist as an oligarchy of sex, and they +say: 'Why should we be loyal to this government?' Thus through women +republicanism itself is imperiled and I tell you that if an amendment +is not added to the National Constitution giving women the power to +vote, this republic, within the living generation, will find that +prophecy, 'Woman is the rock upon which our Ship of State is to +founder,' will be fulfilled."</p> + +<p>As chairman of the Committee on Peace and Arbitration Mrs. Lucia Ames +Mead gave a report of its many activities. In 1907<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> she had attended a +plenary session at The Hague Peace Conference, which she described in +glowing terms, and she went as a delegate in September to an +International Peace Conference in Munich. In July, 1908, she went to +one in London, where Mrs. Belva A. Lockwood of Washington, D. C., +presented a paper on the Central American Peace Congress, held in that +city, and the recently established Arbitration Court, which formed the +basis of three resolutions adopted by the congress. She told of the +new society, the American School Peace League to improve the teaching +of history and in every way promote international fraternity, sympathy +and justice.</p> + +<p>During business meetings the following were among the recommendations +adopted: To recommend to States to continue a systematic and +specialized distribution of literature; to secure and present to +Congress at an early date a petition asking for a 16th Amendment +enfranchising women, the chair to appoint a committee to superintend +this work; to try to obtain the appointment of a U. S. Senate +Committee on Woman Suffrage favorable to it; to send letters +simultaneously to the President of the United States in advance of the +time for writing his message, followed by telegrams one week preceding +the opening of Congress, expressing the wishes of women for the +ballot; to ask their Legislatures for some form of suffrage and follow +up this request with systematic legislative work; to urge that States +having any form of partial suffrage take measures to secure the +largest possible use of it by women. It was decided to appropriate +$125 for two months' work in South Dakota to ascertain conditions with +a view to the submission of a State amendment.</p> + +<p>The resolutions presented by Mr. Blackwell, chairman of the committee, +reviewed the wonderful progress made by women since the first +convention whose 60th anniversary they were celebrating. They told of +the progress of suffrage, as outlined in the Call for the convention, +and said: "When that first convention met, one college in the United +States admitted women; now hundreds do so. Then there was not a single +woman physician or ordained minister or lawyer; now there are 7,000 +women physicians and surgeons, 3,000 ordained ministers and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> 1,000 +lawyers. Then only a few poorly-paid employments were open to women; +now they are in more than three hundred occupations and comprise 80 +per cent. of our school teachers. Then there were scarcely any +organizations of women; now such organizations are numbered by +thousands. Then the few women who dared to speak in public, even on +philanthropic questions, were overwhelmingly condemned by public +opinion; now the women most opposed to woman suffrage travel about the +country making speeches to prove that a woman's only place is at home. +Then a married woman in most of our States could not control her own +person, property or earnings; now in most of them these laws have been +largely amended or repealed and it is only in regard to the ballot +that the fiction of woman's perpetual minority is still kept up."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt's powerful address was entitled The Battle to the Strong but +nothing is preserved except newspaper clippings. She ended by saying: +"In all history there has been no event fraught with more importance +for the generations to follow than the present uprising of the women +of the world.... Every struggle helps and no movement for right, for +reform in this country or in England but has made the woman's movement +easier in every other land. We have brought the countries of the world +very close together in the last few years. Papers and cables and +telegraph spread the news almost instantly to the centres of the earth +and then to the obscure corners, so that the women of other nations +know what the women here are doing and what they are doing in every +other part of the world.... The suffrage campaign in England has +become the kind of fanaticism that caused the American Revolution. +These women are no longer reformers, they are rebels, and they are +going to win.... Woman's hour has struck at last and all along the +line there is a mobilization of the woman's army ready for service. We +are going forward with flags flying to win. If you are not for us you +are against us. Justice for the women of the world is coming. This is +to be a battle to the strong—strong in faith, strong in courage, +strong in conviction. Women of America, stand up for the citizenship +of our own country and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> let the world know we are not ashamed of the +Declaration of Independence!"</p> + +<p>A newspaper account said: "And then Anna Howard Shaw stepped forward, +the light of a great purpose shining in her eyes. 'Our International +president has asked for recruits,' she said. 'Never have we had so +many as now.' She spoke of the immense gains to the suffrage cause +within the last few months in America and of the suffrage pioneers and +their sufferings, and ended: 'The path has been blazed for us and they +have shown us the way. Who shall say that our triumph is to be long +delayed? It is the hour for us to rally. We have enlisted for the war. +Ninety days? No; for the war! We may not win every battle but we shall +win the war. Happy they who are the burden-bearers in a great fight! +Happy is any man or woman who is called by the Giver of all to serve +Him in the cause of humanity! Friends, come with us and we will do you +good; but whether you come or not we are going, and when we enter the +promised land of freedom we will try to be just and to show that we +understand what freedom is, what the law is. 'God grant us law in +liberty and liberty in law!'"</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Part of Call: Since we met last in convention women in +Norway have won full suffrage; tax-paying women in Iceland have been +granted a vote and made eligible as municipal councillors; Municipal +suffrage has been given to women in Denmark and they now vote for all +officers except members of Parliament; women in Sweden, who already +had the Municipal vote, have been made eligible to municipal offices; +a proxy in the election of the Douma has been conferred on women of +property in Russia. In Great Britain, where they have long possessed +Municipal suffrage, women have been made eligible as mayors, county, +borough and town councillors and their heroic struggle for +Parliamentary suffrage is attracting the attention of the world. +</p><p> +In our own country during the past year, 175,000 women of Michigan +appealed for full suffrage to its constitutional convention and a +partial franchise was given; in Oregon women obtained the submission +of a constitutional amendment for suffrage to a referendum vote. +Though no large victories were won the advocates of equal suffrage +have never felt more hopeful, as public sentiment is in closer +sympathy with them than ever before. Five hundred associations of men, +organized for other purposes and numbering millions of voters, have +officially declared for woman suffrage; only one, the organized liquor +traffic, has made a record of unremitting hostility to it and the +domination of the saloon in politics has wrested many victories from +our grasp.... +</p><p> +We cordially invite all men and women who have faith in the principles +of the American government and love liberty and justice to meet with +us in convention in Buffalo. +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="authors" summary="authors"> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anna Howard Shaw</span>, President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Rachel Foster Avery</span>, First Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Florence Kelly</span>, Second Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Kate M. Gordon</span>, Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Alice Stone Blackwell</span>, Recording Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Harriet Taylor Upton</span>, Treasurer.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Laura Clay</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Auditors.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Mary Simpson Sperry</span>,</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Other ministers who officiated at different times were +the Reverends Anna Howard Shaw, Anna Garlin Spencer and Olympia Brown +of the convention, and the Reverends Richard W. Boynton, Robert +Freeman, L. O. Williams, E. H. Dickinson and F. Hyatt Smith of +Buffalo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> For full account see +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28020/28020-h/28020-h.htm#Page_67">History of Woman Suffrage, Volume I, page 67</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> This fund had been raised primarily to pay salaries to +officers who now had to devote their whole time to the increased work +of the association and who had hitherto for the most part given their +service gratuitously. Dr. Shaw received $3,500; the secretary $1,000, +the treasurer $1,000. This left $6,500 for other purposes each year.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2> + +<h3>NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1909.</h3> + + +<p>The invitation to hold the Forty-first annual convention of the +association in Seattle was accepted for two special reasons. The +Washington Legislature had submitted a woman suffrage amendment to be +voted on in 1910; similar action had been taken by the Legislatures of +Oregon and South Dakota, and a convention on the Pacific Coast would +attract western people and create sentiment in favor of these +amendments. The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition in progress during the +summer, by causing reduced railroad rates, would enable those of the +east and middle west to attend the convention and visit this beautiful +section of the country.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> The date fixed was July 1-6.</p> + +<p>The eastern delegates assembled in Chicago on June 25 to take the +"suffrage special" train for Seattle and a reception was given<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> to +them at Hotel Stratford by the Chicago suffragists. At St. Paul the +next morning ex-Senator S. A. Stockwell and Mrs. Stockwell, president +of the Minnesota Association, with a delegation of suffragists, met +them at the station and escorted them to the Woman's Exchange, where a +delicious breakfast was served on tables adorned with golden iris and +ferns. Many club officials were there and brief addresses were made by +Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, Mrs. Florence Kelley, Miss Laura Clay, Mrs. +Fanny Garrison Villard, Mrs. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Miss Alice +Stone Blackwell, Miss Kate M. Gordon and Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton. +Mrs. Villard recalled a visit she had made there twenty-six years +before with her husband, Henry Villard, who had just completed the +Northern Pacific Railroad and his train was making a kind of triumphal +tour across the continent. "St. Paul welcomed him with a procession +ten miles long," she said, "and Minneapolis, determined not to be +outdone, got up one fifteen miles long. It gives me joy to remember +that not only my father, William Lloyd Garrison, but also my good +German-born husband believed in equal rights for women."</p> + +<p>The train sped through the Great Northwest and continuous business +meetings were held by the board of officers in what was usually the +smoking car until the next stop was made at Spokane, Washington. Here +the Chamber of Commerce had appropriated $500 for their entertainment. +They were presented with buttons and badges and taken in automobiles +through the beautiful residence district, the handsome grounds of the +three colleges and to the picturesque Falls. Then they saw the fine +exhibits in the Chamber of Commerce and were taken to the Amateur +Athletic Club, whose facilities for rest and recreation were placed at +their disposal. An elaborate banquet followed with Mrs. May Arkwright +Hutton, president of the Spokane Equal Suffrage Club, presiding. Mrs. +Emma Smith De Voe, president of the State Suffrage Association, +welcomed them to Washington, and Mayor N. S. Pratt to the city. "I +have welcomed many organizations to Spokane," he said, "but none with +so much pleasure as this. My belief in equal suffrage is no new +conviction; I have voted for it twice and hope soon to do so again. +The coming of equal rights for women is the inevitable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> result of +progress and enlightenment." He presented Dr. Shaw with a gavel made +of wood from the four suffrage States bound together with a band of +Idaho silver and expressed the hope that when she used it to open the +convention in Seattle the sound would be like "the shot heard round +the world."</p> + +<p>The account in the <i>Woman's Journal</i> said: "Dr. Shaw, in returning +thanks, said: 'It is an apt simile, for the blow will be struck on the +Pacific Coast and it needs to be heard to the Atlantic and not only +from the west to the east but from the north to the south. I hope it +will be answered by men who, having known themselves what freedom is, +wish to give women the benefits of it also. The only man who can be in +any way excused for wanting to withhold freedom from women is the man +who is himself a slave.' She recalled the times when the suffragists +were offered not banquets but abuse and compared them to the pioneer +days of clearing the forest. She closed with a beautiful tribute to +the pioneer mothers and called upon the men to pay their debt to them +next November."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Villard, recalling here also her visit of more than a quarter of +a century before, said in part: "Never could I have believed that such +changes could have been wrought since that historic train. Then there +was nothing at Spokane but Indians and cowboys and the beautiful +Falls. I am glad you want women to share the full life of the city. +'The woman's cause is man's.' This movement is as wide as the world +and will benefit men as well as women. I have come on this trip +largely because I like to connect my husband's name not merely with +the building of a great railroad but also with the cause of justice to +women in which he believed. I wish greater and greater prosperity to +Spokane but with her material prosperity let her not forget the larger +things which must go hand in hand with it if cities are not to perish +from the earth."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Abigail Scott Duniway of Portland, Ore., the renowned suffrage +pioneer of the northwest, was enthusiastically received and in the +course of her interesting reminiscences said: "I remember when 'Old +Oregon' comprised most of the Pacific Northwest. At that time I was +living in a log cabin engaged in the very domestic occupation of +raising a large family of small children....<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> On my first visit to +Spokane I came by stage from Walla Walla. It went bumping and +careening over the rocks and the one hotel of the village had not +accommodations for the three or four passengers. They made up +improvised beds for us on slats and all the food we had for several +days was bread and sugar, but I enjoyed it for after such a journey +anything tasted good. There was only one little hall in the town and I +was importuned by Captain Wilkinson of Portland to speak. So I hired +the hall for Sunday and he advised me to offer it to a clergyman there +for the afternoon service. I did so and asked him to announce after +his sermon that my meeting would be held in the evening. He accepted +the use of the hall but failed to give the notice. When I asked him +about it he said: 'Do you think I would notice a woman's meeting?' But +we had a good one and almost everybody in Spokane subscribed for my +paper, the <i>New Northwest</i>. The next time I came here was to celebrate +the completion of the Northern Pacific Railroad. I had the honor of +writing a poem for the occasion and reading it in that little hall and +Henry Villard wrote me a letter about it."</p> + +<p>A large evening meeting was held in the First Methodist Church with +Mrs. LaReine Baker presiding. Henry B. Blackwell and Prof. Frances +Squire Potter were among the national speakers. A tired lot of +travellers but happy over their cordial welcome took the night train. +Next day they stopped for a brief time at North Yakima and Ellensburg +and spoke from the rear platform to the crowds awaiting them. Women, +girls and children dressed in white greeted them with banners, songs +and quantities of the lovely roses for which that section is noted and +with fancy baskets of the wonderful cherries and apples. During +several hours spent in Tacoma they had the famous ride around the city +in special trolley cars, supper at sunset on the veranda of a hotel +overlooking the beautiful Puget Sound and a walk through the +magnificent park.</p> + +<p>The never to be forgotten convention in Seattle was preceded by an +evening reception on June 30 in Lincoln Hotel, given by the State +suffrage association, whose former president, Mrs. Homer M. Hill, +extended its welcome to the delegates. Dr. Shaw, the national +president, called the convention to order<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> the next afternoon in the +large Plymouth Congregational Church and the audience sang The March +of the Mothers. Mrs. Margaret B. Platt brought the greetings of the +Woman's Christian Temperance Union, pointing out that "there are +wrongs which can never be righted until woman holds in her hand the +ballot, symbol of the power to right them." In introducing Mrs. M. B. +Lord to speak for the Grange, Dr. Shaw said she herself was a member +of it. Mrs. Lord said in part: "From the first of it women came into +our organization on a perfect equality and for forty years the Grange +has carried on an education for woman suffrage. It was the proudest +moment of my life when I got a resolution for it through the New York +State Grange. Here in Washington it has increased three-fold in five +years and always passes a resolution in favor of suffrage for women." +Mrs. De Voe gave a big-hearted welcome from the State and Mrs. Mary S. +Sperry, president of the California suffrage association, made a +gracious response. By a rising vote the convention sent a message of +warm regard to Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt of New York, the former +national president, and regret that she was not able to be present. +Dr. Shaw spoke of the "masterly way" in which she had presided at the +meeting of the International Suffrage Alliance in London in May, "her +power and dignity commanding universal respect," and told of the +message of greeting from Queen Maud of Norway and other incidents of +the congress.</p> + +<p>Leaving more formal ceremonies for the evening the convention +proceeded to business and listened to the report of the corresponding +secretary, Miss Gordon (La.). In referring to the specialized +literature which had been sent out, she spoke of the letter of the +Brewers' and Wholesale Liquor Dealers' Association, so widely +circulated during the recent Oregon Suffrage campaign, calling the +attention of all retailers in the State to the necessity of defeating +the amendment, and to the postal instructing them how to mark their +ballot, with a return card signifying their willingness. This had been +put into an "exhibit" by Miss Blackwell and her Literature Committee +and Miss Gordon urged that clergymen of all denominations should be +circularized with it. She said: "I believe the association should not +be dissuaded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> from this undertaking because of the amount of work and +its costliness. The burden of responsibility rests upon us to prove +with such evidence that the worst enemy of the church and the most +active enemy of woman suffrage is a mutual foe, the 'organized liquor +and vice power.' If in the face of such direct evidence +representatives of the church still allow prejudice, ignorance or +indifference to woman suffrage to influence them, then they knowingly +become the common allies of this power."</p> + +<p>Miss Gordon gave instances to show the great change taking place in +the attitude of the public toward woman suffrage and said the present +difficulty was to utilize the opportunities which presented +themselves. She urged more concentrated effort from the national +headquarters and a substantial appropriation to enable the chairmen of +the standing committees to carry on their work; also that they should +be elected instead of appointed and be members of the official board, +and she concluded: "It is earnestly recommended that suffragists take +steps to politicalize their methods. The primaries, affording in many +States an opportunity for women to secure the nominations of favorable +candidates; active interest in defeating the election of those opposed +to suffrage; the questioning of candidates, etc., are all instances +where intelligent interest and activity on the part of suffragists +will educate the public far more effectively than debates, lectures +and literature—to see that women are determined to take an active +part in so-called politics, so intimately associated for weal or woe +in their lives."</p> + +<p>The reports of the headquarters secretary and national press chairman, +Miss Elizabeth J. Hauser (Ohio) were read by Mrs. Upton. The first in +speaking of the increased demands on the headquarters began: "In no +previous presidential campaign in the United States were the views of +candidates on the enfranchisement of women ever so generally commented +on by the press. Perhaps never before did candidates consider the +question of sufficient importance to have any opinion upon it. Never +before did the newspaper interviewer put to every possible +personage—politician or preacher, writer or speaker, inventor or +explorer, captain of industry, social worker, actor, prize-fighter, +maid, matron, widow—the burning query, 'What about votes for women?'" +She told of about 30,000 letters having been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> sent out and an average +of nearly 1,000 pieces of literature a day, as many in the first half +of the present year as in all of 1908. The Book Department, in charge +of Miss Caroline I. Reilly, reported that the sales of the Life and +Work of Susan B. Anthony had amounted to $800; 200 sets of the History +of Woman Suffrage had been placed in the libraries of the leading +colleges and universities; 100 copies of the Reports of the last two +national conventions had been put into the libraries which keep the +file.</p> + +<p>The delegates to the presidential nominating conventions had been +appealed to by letter for a suffrage plank in the platform but without +result. The Independence Party convention in Chicago voted it down. +The usual work had been done in international and national conventions +and many had adopted favorable resolutions, among them those of the +International Bricklayers' and Stone Masons' Union meeting in Detroit; +the International Cotton Spinners' Union in Boston and the Woman's +National Trade Union League in that city: the National Council of +Women and the Johns Hopkins Alumni Association. The United Mine +Workers of America, meeting at Indianapolis, passed the woman suffrage +resolution by unanimous vote and sent to the headquarters 500 copies +of it, which were promptly mailed to members of Congress. The American +Federation of Labor, representing 2,000,000 members, at its convention +in Denver, followed its long established custom of passing this +resolution. Dr. Shaw attended the National Conference of Charities and +Corrections: Mrs. Julia Ward Howe was received as a fraternal delegate +from the National American Suffrage Association by the General +Federation of Women's Clubs at its biennial in Boston; Mrs. Stockwell +by the convention of the American Library Association; Mrs. Sperry and +Mrs. Alice L. Park of California, by the Nurses Associated Alumnæ of +the United States; Mrs. Coryell by the American Baptist Home +Missionary Society, and the association had representatives at many +other conventions. "To summarize, 29 national associations have +endorsed woman suffrage; 14 others have taken action on some phase of +the question; 20 State Federations of Labor, 16 State Granges and +seven State Letter Carriers' Associations have endorsed it. Some of +the States have carried on a very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> active propaganda in this +direction, securing endorsements from hundreds of local organizations +representing labor unions, educational and religious societies, +Farmers' Institutes, etc."</p> + +<p>In the press report Miss Hauser said that 43,000 copies of <i>Progress</i> +had been sent out and 52,095 pages of material representing 190 +different subjects had been distributed, including 1,262 copies of +Mrs. Catt's address to the International Suffrage Alliance. She told +of the special articles, of the full pages, of the personal work with +editors—a report of remarkable accomplishment, filling eight printed +pages of the Minutes. In concluding she said: "The day of old methods +has gone by and if new methods are to be successfully developed there +must be for press chairman a woman who is not only acquainted with the +philosophy and history of the woman suffrage movement but who is +possessed of the newspaper instinct and the ability to make friends +readily. Nothing but press work should be expected of her and she +should be enabled to get in touch with the controlling forces in the +newspaper world." This report was supplemented with that of Miss +Blackwell, chairman of the Committee on Literature.</p> + +<p>As the headquarters were soon to be removed from Warren, Ohio, and +Miss Hauser had resigned as secretary, this was the last of her +excellent reports and the convention sent her a letter of thanks and +appreciation for her admirable work. Dr. Shaw said of her: "There +never was a woman who gave more consecrated service; she dreamed of +woman suffrage by night and toiled for it by day." [Afterward Miss +Hauser went to the headquarters in New York as vice-chairman of the +National Press Committee.]</p> + +<p>In the evening Mayor John F. Miller welcomed the convention and +congratulated the association on the personnel of its members in +Washington. "This has been a pioneer State in the woman's rights +movement," he said. "In 1854 Arthur Denny introduced a woman suffrage +bill in the Territorial Legislature. In 1878 the civil disabilities of +married women were removed and this was the first State west of the +Rocky Mountains to say that a wife's property should be her own. Women +here have all the rights of men except to vote and hold office. I do +not know<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> whether woman suffrage will bring in everything good and +abolish everything evil but if it will by all means let us have it." +He closed with a tribute to the mothers in the State.</p> + +<p>In an eloquent response Mrs. Villard reminded the Mayor that if a +cause is just the consequences following in its path need not be +feared and said: "I was early taught by my father that moral principle +in vigorous exercise is irresistible. It has an immortal essence. It +may disappear for a time but it can no more be trod out of existence +by the iron foot of time or the ponderous march of iniquity than +matter can be annihilated. It lives somewhere, somehow, and rises +again in renovated strength. The women of this country who are +advocating the cause of woman suffrage are animated by a great moral +principle. They are armed with a spiritual weapon of finest caliber +and one that is sure to win." She told of the great reception given in +1883 to her husband and his guests when they reached Seattle for the +opening of the railroad after its completion; of his response and that +of the Hon. Carl Schurz. She described an address made by a young +girl, the daughter of Professor Powell of the university, the entire +expenses of which Mr. Villard had paid for several years, in which she +said he would be remembered more for what he had done for education +than for the building of the railroad. "In the retrospect of time," +said Mrs. Villard, "I can see her, sweetly modest and gracious, +standing as it were with outstretched arms inviting the women who are +gathered here today to come and help make the State of Washington +free." Then in an appeal for the pending suffrage amendment she said: +"Many tributes of respect and admiration have been paid to my noble +companion in the great northwest, which are carefully cherished by me +and my children, but I crave one more and it is this—that Mr. +Villard's keen sense of justice and fair play for women shall find +echo in the hearts of the men of Washington, to whose extraordinary +development he gave such powerful impetus, so that in November, 1910, +they will proclaim with loud accord that the women of Washington are +no longer bond but free, no longer disfranchised but regenerated and +disenthralled, equal partners in the unending struggle of the human +race for nobler laws and higher moral standards."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p> + +<p>The evening session closed with the president's address of Dr. Shaw, +which the <i>Woman's Journal</i> described as "inimitable" but not a +paragraph of it can be found after the lapse of years. Her speeches +always were inspired by the occasion and only a stenographic report +could give an adequate idea of them. Miss Anthony mourned because this +was not made and others often spoke of it but Dr. Shaw herself was +indifferent. There were pressing demands for money and the endless +details of these meetings absorbed the time and strength of those who +might otherwise have attended to it.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Upton in her report as treasurer made a stirring appeal in which +she said: "The most important question before this convention is that +of money. A grave responsibility rests upon the shoulders of each +delegate. She should know how much money we have had in the last year, +where it went and why. More than this, she should decide for herself +how money for the coming year shall be disbursed and suggest ways of +raising the same. No delegate ought to quiet her conscience with the +thought that the judgment of the general officers is the best +judgment. Each State has entrusted into the hands of its delegates +precious business and the responsibility is great and cannot honestly +be disregarded. In the long ago we worked until our money gave out. +Now, as the beginning of the end of our work is in sight, demands for +money are many and if business rules are followed they must be met. +The small self-sacrifices must be continued and larger ways of +obtaining money created. We are all shouting for a fifth star on our +suffrage flag but we must remember that no star was ever placed upon +any flag without cost, without sacrifice. Our fifth star will find its +place because we explain to voters what a fifth star really means. +These voters will not come to us; we must go to them. To go anywhere +costs money. To go to the voters of a large and thinly populated State +means much money. Shall we be content with four stars or shall we +provide the means to get a fifth?"</p> + +<p>The total receipts of the past year were $15,420; disbursements, +$14,480. She told of the many ways in which the money was being +used—over $2,000 added to several other thousands spent in field work +in Oklahoma for the next year's amendment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> campaign; $3,000 to the +College League; headquarters' expenses, literature, posters, etc. Part +of the money came from the Anthony Memorial Fund, part from the fund +raised by Dr. Thomas and Miss Garrett, the rest from individual +subscriptions. The convention, which was not a large one, subscribed +over $3,000. The following recommendations of the Business Committee +were adopted by the convention: Appropriations shall be made for +educational, church and petition work; financial aid shall not be +given to States having campaigns on hand unless there be perfect +harmony within the ranks of the workers of those States; an organizer +shall be sent to Arizona to prepare the Territory for constitutional +or legislative work and a campaign organizer to South Dakota.</p> + +<p>There was much interest in the question of returning the national +headquarters to New York City. It was long the desire of Miss Anthony +to do this on a scale befitting so large a city and so important a +cause and the funds had never been available. Mrs. Oliver H. P. +Belmont, who had lately come into the suffrage movement, had taken the +entire twentieth floor of a new office building for two years and +invited the New York State Suffrage Association to occupy a part of +it. She now extended an invitation to the National Association to use +for this period as many rooms as it needed and she would pay the +difference in the rent between these and the headquarters at Warren, +O. In addition she would maintain the press bureau. The advantages of +this great newspaper and magazine center were recognized by the +general officers, executive committee and delegates, the offer was +gladly accepted and a rising vote of thanks was sent to Mrs. Belmont.</p> + +<p>Miss Perle Penfield (Texas) read the report of Mrs. Lucia Ames Mead, +chairman of the Committee on Peace and Arbitration. She told of the +tenth anniversary this year of The Hague Conference, which was +attended by representatives of forty-six instead of twenty-six nations +and had made various international agreements that would lessen the +likelihood of war. She spoke of attending the second National Peace +Congress in Chicago in May, at which all the women who took part were +suffragists. Mrs. Mead referred to having spoken eighty-six times +during the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> year. In pointing out the work that should be done in the +United States for peace she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A great campaign of education is needed in the schools and +colleges, in the press and pulpit and in every organization of +men and women that stands for progress. Pre-eminently among +women's organizations, the National American Woman Suffrage +Association, which opposes the injustice of refusing the ballot +to women, should stand against the grossest of all injustices +which leaves innocent women widowed and children orphaned by war, +and which in time of peace diverts nearly two-thirds of the +federal revenue from constructive work to payment for past wars +and preparation for future wars. Thus far this association has +been so absorbed in its direct methods of advancing suffrage that +it has not perhaps sufficiently realized the power of many +agencies that are furthering its cause by indirect means. I +firmly believe that substituting statesmanship for battleship +will do more to remove the electoral injustices that still +prevent our being a democracy than any direct means used to +obtain woman suffrage, important and necessary as these are. +Women, though hating war, quite as frequently as men are deluded +by the plea that peace can be ensured only by huge armaments. It +is a question whether woman suffrage would greatly lessen the +vote for these supposed preventives of war, but there is no +question that more reliance on reason and less on force would +exalt respect for woman and would remove the objection that +woman's physical inferiority has anything to do with suffrage.</p></div> + +<p>Several delegates expressed the need and the right of mothers to +strive to prevent war. Mrs. Duniway, Mrs. Philena Everett Johnson and +Mrs. DeVoe spoke on the pending amendment campaigns in their +respective States of Oregon, South Dakota and Washington. Mrs. Clara +Bewick Colby's subject was the American Situation vs. the English +Situation and she described the conditions in England which caused the +"suffragette" or "militant" movement. Mrs. Florence Kelley, chairman +of the Industrial Committee, spoke on the Wage Earning Woman and the +Ballot. "Because of the decision of the United States Supreme Court in +the Oregon case," she said, "fourteen State Legislatures in the past +year have considered bills for shortening the workday for women and +six have enacted laws for it. South Carolina has taken a step backward +by changing the hours from ten to twelve. Child labor is constantly +increasing in spite of our efforts. I have seen the evolution of +modern industry and it has meant the sacrifice of thousands of young +lives." At the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> close of the afternoon session the delegates enjoyed +an automobile ride of many miles amidst scenery which many who had +travelled widely declared was unsurpassed in the whole world.</p> + +<p>The most brilliant session of the convention probably was that of the +College Women's Evening, with Dr. Shaw presiding. Miss Caroline Lexow +(N. Y.), secretary of the College Women's League, spoke of its +remarkable growth since its organization the preceding year and said +that it now had twenty-four branches in as many States and twenty-five +chapters in as many colleges. She called attention to the fact that no +College Anti-Suffrage Association had ever been formed and said that +college women remembered the words of one of the pioneers: "Make the +best use you can of your freedom for we have bought it at a great +price." Mrs. Eva Emery Dye (Ore.) gave an able address on College +Women in Civic Life. The Law and the Woman was the subject considered +by Miss Adella M. Parker, a popular lawyer, president of the +Washington College League. "I have been looking for years," she said, +"to find any legislation that does not affect women, from a tariff on +gloves to a declaration of war. The great problems which face the +human race demand the genius of both men and women to solve them. The +law needs women quite as much as women need the law." The closing +address on College Women and Democracy by Frances Squire Potter, +professor of English at the University of Minnesota, was a masterly +review of the relation of college women to the life of the present, +and later it was printed by the College League as a part of its +literature. In the course of it she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The admission of women began with Oberlin, Ohio, in 1833, then a +provincial institution, religious in its purpose and one where +the boys and girls did the work. From that time on the West was +committed to the co-educational State university. The influence +set back eastward and women demanded admittance successively in +this college and that college. It is to be remembered that they +did not go in naturally and pleasantly but at the point of the +sword and to the sound of the trumpet. And to-day the segregated +college life of the East illustrates the "last entrenchments of +the middle ages." Those monasteries and nunneries of learning +crown the hilltops from Boston to Washington and "watch the star +of intellectual empire westward take its way." ... Following upon +the democratization of the university we now see rising a tide +which is as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> inevitable as was that first movement, which will +bear the college woman, as it bears the college man, out of the +fostering shelter of the college hall into the great welter of +life, of full citizenship.... Since the colleges of America +opened to women, nothing so vital to the nourishment of this +spirit has happened as the formation of the College Equal +Suffrage League.... There are certain definite things for which a +college woman registers herself in joining this league. First, a +direct return to the country of the energy which it has trained. +A woman's whole education to-day is toward direct results. She +has been educated away from the old indirect ideal of the +boarding-school. There she was taught to be a persuasive +ornament, now she is taught to be an individual mind, will and +conscience and to use these in acting herself. I hold that there +is no more graphic illustration of inconsistent waste than the +spectacle of a college-trained woman falsifying her entire +education by shying away from suffrage.... The time has gone by +when a college woman can be allowed to be noncommittal on this +subject. If she has not thought about equal suffrage she must do +so now, exactly as persons of intelligence were compelled to +think about slavery in the time of Garrison, or about the +reformation in the time of Martin Luther. To those who try to get +out of it it is not unfitting to quote Thomas Huxley's famous +sentence: "He who will not reason is a bigot; he who dare not +reason is a coward; he who can not reason is a fool." ...</p> + +<p>It devolves upon the college woman more than upon any other one +type to face and conquer a retarding tendency which is becoming +marked in this country. I refer to the anti-feminization +movement. Dr. Stanley Hall has given voice to it in education; +Dr. Lyman Abbott quavers about it in religion; the committee on +tariff revision is an example of it in politics. When women sent +a petition to the committee against raising the duties on certain +necessities of life of which they were the chief consumers, the +chairman said: "It doesn't make any difference whether these +women send in a petition signed by 500 or 5,000 names, they will +receive no consideration. Let them talk things over in their +clubs and other organizations; this will occupy them and do no +one any harm; but it will not affect the tariff." On the same day +the committee accorded a deferential hearing to a deputation of +lumbermen.... This discrimination against woman, the vague +feeling that she has been allowed to get on too fast, to get out +of control, that she has slipped into too large activities while +the good man slept, has come upon us at the very time when +Scandinavia and Germany and England are getting rid of their +simian chivalry. It is notorious that America, which once was the +progressive nation, has been for a generation in a comatose state +in the matter of social ideas. It is high time that our college +women should stand solid against the blind superstition, whose +mother is fear and whose father is egoism, that women can not be +trusted in public affairs....</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span></p> + +<p>The report of Mr. Blackwell on Presidential suffrage was accepted by a +rising vote and his report as chairman of the Committee on Resolutions +was adopted, as usual, without change.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> For many years he had +served as chairman of these committees. His constitutional argument +for the right of Legislatures to grant women a vote for presidential +electors always stood unchallenged and his faith that they would do +this was eventually justified. One of the founders of the American +Suffrage Association in 1869, he had not during forty years missed +attending a national suffrage convention, first with his wife, Lucy +Stone, and later with his daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell. He had +never seemed in better health and spirits than at this one in Seattle +but two months later, on September 7, he died at the age of 84, a +great loss to the cause of woman suffrage. (Memorials in next +chapter.)</p> + +<p>The Legislative Evening was in charge of the State suffrage +association, Mrs. De Voe in the chair, and it was the intention to +have those members of the Legislature who were principally responsible +for submitting the amendment address the convention but an extra +session at that time spoiled this program. The Hon. Alonzo Wardell +spoke for Charles R. Case, president of the State Federation of Labor, +which was strongly in favor of the amendment, he said, and had votes +enough to carry it if the members would go to the polls. Mrs. Lord +represented the Grange, which she said could be depended on for an +affirmative vote. Miss Parker gave a graphic description of the +"illegal and dishonorable methods" by which the vote was taken away +from the women while Washington was a Territory.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> Mrs. John Moore +of Tacoma read a powerful scene from The Spanish Gypsy by George +Eliot. After a lively collection speech by Mrs. Upton, Dr. Shaw closed +the evening with a mirth-provoking "question box."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span></p> + +<p>At an afternoon session Mrs. Rachel Foster Avery read the report of +the National Committee on the Petition to Congress. It had been the +plan of Mrs. Catt, as presented and adopted at the convention of 1908, +to have one final petition to Congress for the submission of the +Federal Amendment and she had consented to take the chairmanship +temporarily. Headquarters had been opened in the Martha Washington, +the woman's hotel in New York City, where the headquarters of the +Interurban Woman Suffrage Council, of which Mrs. Catt was chairman, +were located. Here she and Miss Mary Garrett Hay spent many months +from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m., assisted by Miss Minnie J. Reynolds, who did +press work and correspondence with the States. Mrs. Priscilla D. +Hackstaff of Brooklyn, a former Missourian, took charge of the work in +that State from these headquarters and there was an energetic +volunteer sub-committee of New York suffragists. The report continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Governors of the four enfranchised States served on an +honorary Advisory Committee, as did the following men and women: +Anna Howard Shaw, Clara Barton, Julia Ward Howe, William Lloyd +Garrison, William Dudley Foulke, Jane Addams, Mary E. Garrett, +Sarah Platt Decker, the Hon. John D. Long, Samuel Gompers, +Colonel George Harvey, Rabbi Charles Fleischer (Mass.), Dr. +Josiah Strong, Edward T. Devine, John Mitchell, Judge Ben +Lindsey, Mrs. Clarence Mackay, Lillian M. Hollister, Mary Lowe +Dickinson, Mrs. Bourke Cockran and Cynthia Westover Alden.</p> + +<p>When Mrs. Catt left for London in March, 1909, in the interests +of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, the work came to +me. At that time upwards of 10,000 letters had been written and +100,000 petitions distributed and twenty-three State +organizations were collecting, counting, pasting and classifying +the lists. Since then five other States have gone to work. +Letters were written to all the newspapers in the four equal +suffrage States asking the insertion of a coupon petition and +these coupons brought in the names of many friends who could not +otherwise be reached and who were enthusiastic workers for the +petition. Others to the <i>Age of Reason</i> and <i>Wilshire's Magazine</i> +brought hundreds of willing workers. Letters were sent in every +direction, friends stirred up, reminded of their task and +requested to send names of others who would work. Every sheet +that came in was searched for names of possible friends who might +circulate the petitions. Between March 1 and July 1, 1909, nearly +2,000 letters were written and 45,000 blanks distributed....</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span></p> + +<p>Later the work was removed to Washington and headquarters established +there to finish the petition by 1910.</p> + +<p>The report of Mrs. Lucretia L. Blankenburg (Penn.), chairman of the +Committee on Civil Rights, showed the usual painstaking year's work. +Her letters to all the State presidents for information had brought +answers from twenty-two and eleven of these showed advanced +legislation for women and children. In some of them it was amended +labor laws or new ones; in others for a Juvenile Court, for improving +the position of teachers, for the advantage of children in the public +schools, for property rights of wives. Maine reported nearly a dozen +such new laws. Minnesota was in the lead with thirty Acts of the +Legislature.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Mary E. Craigie (N. Y.), chairman of the Committee on Church +Work, introduced her excellent report by saying: "President Taft +recently said in a public address: 'Christianity and the spirit of +Christianity are the only basis for the hope of modern civilization +and the growth of popular self-government.' ... Women are to-day and +always have been the mainstay and chief support of the churches and +the leaders in all great moral reforms; yet as a disfranchised class +they are powerless to aid in bringing about any reforms that depend +upon legislative or governmental action and the church is thereby +deprived of more than two-thirds of its power to help extend civic +righteousness throughout the land. Now that there is a world-wide +movement among women to demand the political power to do their part in +the world's work, they have a right to ask and to receive from +ministers and from all Christian people support and help in working +for this greatest of all reforms." ... Mrs. Craigie told of addressing +the ministerial association of Canada at Toronto, where fifteen +minutes had been allotted to her but by unanimous insistence she was +obliged to keep on for an hour. An interesting discussion followed, +after which an endorsement of the principle of woman suffrage was +unanimously voted. She spoke at a meeting of the Dominion Temperance +Alliance, where there were 600 delegates, many of them clergymen, and +a resolution by the chairman endorsing the woman suffrage bill then +before the Provincial Legislature was carried without a dissenting +vote. Reports were included of the good<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> work accomplished by the +members of her committee in the various States.</p> + +<p>The usual Sunday afternoon convention meeting was held in the +auditorium on the Exposition grounds, under the auspices of this +church committee, with a large audience who listened to an able +presentation of The Sacred Duties and Obligations of Citizenship. Dr. +Shaw presided and the speakers were the Rev. C. Lyng Hansen, Mrs. +Craigie, Professor Potter and Miss Janet Richards. Mrs. Kelley spoke +in the First Christian Church, Mrs. Eva Emery Dye in the Second Avenue +Congregational Church and the Rev. Mary G. Andrews preached for the +Universalists on The Freedom of Truth. At the First Methodist +Protestant Church, Miss Laura Clay talked on Christian Citizenship in +the morning and Dr. Shaw preached in the evening. Mrs. Charlotte +Perkins Gilman spoke at the Boylston Avenue Unitarian Church in the +morning and Mrs. Gilman and Mrs. Pauline Steinem at a patriotic +service in Plymouth Church in the evening. Mr. Blackwell and Mrs. +Steinem spoke in the Jewish synagogue.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> In the evening the officers +of the association were "at home" to the members of the convention and +friends at the Lincoln Hotel.</p> + +<p>The election of officers took place Monday morning. At Miss +Blackwell's request she was permitted to retire from the office of +recording secretary, which she had filled for twenty years, and the +convention gave her a rising vote of thanks for her most efficient +service. Her complete and satisfactory reports of the national +conventions in her paper, the <i>Woman's Journal</i>, had formed a standard +record that nowhere else could be found. She exchanged places with +Mrs. Ella S. Stewart, second auditor, and was thus retained on the +board. The remainder of the officers were re-elected but Miss Gordon, +the corresponding secretary, stated that with the removal of the +headquarters to New York and the increased work which would follow, +this officer should<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> be there all the time, which was impossible for +her. Professor Potter was the unanimous choice of the convention, and, +after communicating with the university and securing a leave of +absense for two years, she accepted the office. Her assistant and +friend, Professor Mary Gray Peck, accepted the office of headquarters +secretary. Both were prominent in the College Suffrage League in that +State. The convention by a rising vote expressed its appreciation of +the excellent work Miss Gordon had done, "and for the still greater +work that she will yet do," added Dr. Shaw.</p> + +<p>It was voted to change the name of the Business Committee to the +Official Board and to add Mrs. Catt, the only ex-president, to this +board. Urgent invitations were received from Governor Robert S. Vessey +of South Dakota and the Mayor and Chamber of Commerce of Sioux Falls +to hold the convention of 1910 there, as an amendment was to be voted +on in the autumn. Dr. Shaw commented: "Governor Vessey is a man who +has convictions and is not afraid to stand by them. I am grateful that +he dares to do this while he is in office." A delegate spoke of the +appointment of a woman for the first time to an office in her State +and immediately delegates from other States gave the same announcement +until it was necessary to stop the flood. Miss Penfield, one of a +number of national organizers who were kept constantly in the field, +told of having worked in six States in the past six months. In +Pennsylvania she visited thirty-five small towns, holding parlor +meetings, which she advocated as leading to the formation of suffrage +clubs. In Kentucky she addressed fifteen colleges and schools. Mrs. +Ida Porter Boyer (Penn.), Miss Mary N. Chase (N. H.) and Miss Laura +Gregg (Kans.) gave experiences in field work.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Villard presided Monday evening and in introducing Mr. Blackwell, +whom the audience rose to greet, she said: "It is a pleasure for me to +pay also a tribute to the loveliness of his wife, Lucy Stone. To my +childish vision she was a type of perpetual sunshine." Mr. Blackwell +gave the opinion of a man of long observation and experience on How to +Get Votes for Women. Mrs. Craigie spoke on Citizenship—What Is It? +Mrs. Stewart relieved Mrs. Upton of her usual task of taking a +collection<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> and among her witty remarks was one on Bartholdi's statue +of Liberty. "The real goddesses of Liberty in this country do not +spend a large amount of time standing on pedestals in public places; +they use their torches to startle the bats in political cellars." +Referring to the ignoring of women's work in the histories she said: +"When I was a child and studied about the Pilgrim Fathers I supposed +they were all bachelors, as I never found a word about their wives." +Mrs. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's topic was Masculine, Feminine and +Human, discussed with her usual keen analysis and illuminated with her +pungent epigrams.</p> + +<p>A spirited symposium took place on Pre-Election Methods, led by Mrs. +Stewart, who outlined the work done in Illinois, where it had been +reduced to a system. "We find candidates much less tractable after +election than before," she said, "although we always send literature +and letters to the members-elect and subscribe for the <i>Woman's +Journal</i> for them. We are now strong enough in some districts for +pre-election work to elect our friends and defeat our enemies. Mrs. +Catharine Waugh McCulloch sent a circular letter to every member of +the last Legislature, with questions as to his attitude on woman +suffrage and from the answers she compiled a leaflet recommending the +election of the men who promised to vote for our measures. She sent +this to every paper in Illinois and distributed it as widely as +possible among the women's clubs and women at large. She did the same +with our Congressmen. Not one of the legislators who promised to vote +for our bill voted against it. Our most important measure was lost in +the Senate by a majority of only one vote. Eight of the Senators who +voted against it are up for re-election and we shall do our best to +keep them from going back. Illinois has printed for several years a +Roll of Honor of the legislators who have voted right on our bills."</p> + +<p>The discussion showed a general opinion that it was high time for +action of this kind. Mrs. Kelley asked: "Why not do prenomination +work?" and Dr. Shaw said: "I do not know a political method when I see +it and I haven't an ounce of political sense but I do believe heartily +in this sort of work." Led by Mrs. Ella Hawley Crossett, president of +the New York association,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> "Should there be concentration on one bill +or work for several"? was discussed. Miss Gordon said: "Ask for +everything in sight and you will get a little." Mrs. Cornelia Telford +Jewett, editor of the <i>Union Signal</i>, brought a fraternal greeting +from the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union and when she said +that most of the criticism she received was that she gave the readers +too much suffrage, Dr. Shaw remarked in her jovial way: "They would +get more if I could write, as Mrs. Jewett has often asked me for +articles."</p> + +<p>Among the symposiums and round table conferences in the morning and +afternoon sessions were those on "How to make existing suffrage +sentiment politically effective," Miss Clay presiding; "The tariff in +its relation to women," and "Taxation without representation is +tyranny in 1909 as much as in 1776," Mrs. Villard presiding in place +of Mrs. DeVoe, who was ill; "Parents' organizations, their value in +creating public sentiment," and "The self-government plan in our +public schools as an aid in preparing the coming generations for woman +suffrage," Mrs. B. W. Dawley (Ohio), presiding. The report of the +Committee on Education, presented by its chairman, Mrs. Steinem, said +that the principal work of the half-year had been to carry out the +resolutions adopted at the Buffalo convention to investigate the text +books on History and Civics used in the public schools and she had +secured a valuable expression of opinion through letters sent to 400 +superintendents of schools and twenty-six school book publishing +houses. Some of them quoted the names of Betsy Ross, Molly Pitcher, +Martha Washington and Dolly Madison to show that women were not +neglected in the text books. Many declared they had given the subject +no thought but were open to conviction. In summing up Mrs. Steinem +expressed the belief that this lack of recognition of woman's +influence in history was not so much the result of intention as of the +masculine point of view which has dominated civilization. "The +impression conveyed by our text books," she said, "is that this world +has been made by men and for men and the ideals they are putting forth +are colored by masculine thought.... Our text books on Civics do not +show the slightest appreciation of the significance of the 'woman's +movement.' ...<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p> + +<p>On the closing night Miss Richards, the noted lecturer of Washington, +D. C., made a delightfully clever and sparkling speech on Sex +Antagonism, Why and What is the Cure? Professor Potter gave a second +splendid address and Dr. Shaw's eloquent farewell sent the audience +home in an exalted mood.</p> + +<p>The excellent arrangements for the convention and the entertainment of +the officers and delegates had been made with much care and judgment +by the State association and the Seattle society, which appropriated +$1,000 for the purpose.<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> The surpassing beauty of the city and the +Exposition was an unceasing delight. Miss Blackwell said in her +description in the <i>Woman's Journal</i>: "The splendid setting of the +convention was a constant pleasure—the tall firs, the beautiful water +and picturesque mountains. Large bunches of sweet peas and of the +enormous roses never seen but on the Pacific coast were constantly +being handed up to the president and speakers in the course of the +convention by the pretty little pages. All the delegates agreed that +the display of flowers on the grounds was more beautiful than they had +seen at any previous Exposition. Some of the delegates from the +Atlantic coast said it was worth coming across the continent just to +see this flower garden."</p> + +<p>The always-to-be-remembered feature of the week was Suffrage Day at +the Exposition, arranged by its officials for the day following the +convention. To quote again from Miss Blackwell:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In the morning on arriving at the Exposition we found above the +gate a big banner with the inscription, "Woman Suffrage Day." +Every person entering the grounds was presented with a special +button and a green-ribbon badge representing the Equal Suffrage +Association of Washington, the Evergreen State. High in the air +over the grounds floated a large "Votes for Women" kite. All the +toy balloons sold on the grounds that day were stamped with the +words "Votes for Women" and many of the delegates bought them and +went around with them hovering over their heads like Japanese +lanterns—yellow, red, white or green but predominantly green. At +the morning meeting in the great auditorium there was fine music +by the Exposition band, with addresses of welcome from J. E. +Chilberg, president; Louis W. Buckley, director of ceremonies and +special events, and R. W. Raymond, assistant director, and brief +speeches by Dr. Shaw, Miss Gordon, Mrs. Upton, Miss Blackwell, +Mrs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> Stewart, Miss Clay, Mrs. Kelley, Mrs. Gilman and Professor +Potter.... After the morning exercises, the national officers +were taken to the Education building and treated to an excellent +lunch cooked and served by the domestic science class of the high +school.</p> + +<p>In the afternoon there was a reception in the magnificent room +occupying the ground floor of the Washington State building with +more addresses of welcome by prominent men connected with the +Exposition and more short speeches by the visitors. Later in the +afternoon there was another reception at the Idaho building by +the Idaho and Utah women with more refreshments served by +motherly matrons and pretty girls. The day closed with a +"daylight dinner" given by the Washington Equal Suffrage +Association at The Firs, the headquarters of the Young Women's +Christian Association. Hundreds of suffragists sat down to the +table within the building and on the large veranda looking off +over a delightful prospect and there were many appreciative +speeches. It was long after nightfall when the happy gathering +broke up and the visitors then had a chance to see the fairy-like +spectacle of the Exposition by night, with every building +outlined in electric lights, the pools shimmering, the fountain +gleaming and a series of cascades coming down in foam, with +electric lights of different colors glowing through each +waterfall.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Part of Call: In entering upon the fifth decade of its +work for the enfranchisement of women in the United States, the +National American Woman Suffrage Association invites all those to +share in its councils who believe that the help of women is needed by +the Government. It is a grave mistake of statesmanship to continue to +ignore the wisdom of the thousands of our women citizens, who, fitted +by education and home interests, are anxious to help solve the many +and vital problems upon which our country's future safety and +prosperity depend.... +</p><p> +During the year 1908 our cause won four solid victories. Michigan gave +taxpaying women a vote on questions of local taxation and the granting +of franchises; Denmark gave women who are taxpayers or wives of +taxpayers a vote for all officers but members of Parliament; Belgium +gave women engaged in trade a vote for the Conseils des Prudhommes; +and Victoria in Australia gave full State suffrage to all women. The +legislative hearings in New York, Massachusetts and Nebraska have +called out unprecedented crowds showing the growth of popular +interest.... The Legislatures of Oregon, Washington and South Dakota +have voted to submit the question of woman suffrage to the electors in +1910. The workers for woman's political freedom have great cause for +rejoicing. +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="authors" summary="authors"> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anna Howard Shaw</span>, President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Rachel Foster Avery</span>, First Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Florence Kelly</span>, Second Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Kate M. Gordon</span>, Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Alice Stone Blackwell</span>, Recording Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Harriet Taylor Upton</span>, Treasurer.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Laura Clay</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Auditors.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Ella S. Stewart</span>,</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p> +The Call ended with the touching poem of the young Southern poet, Mrs. +Olive Tilford Dargan, "The Lord of little children to the sleeping +mothers spoke."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> The resolutions declared the movement for woman suffrage +to be but a part of the great struggle for human liberty; called for +the enactment of initiative and referendum laws; equal pay for women +and men in public and private employment; uniform State laws against +child labor and for compulsory education; more industrial training for +boys and girls in the public schools; more strenuous effort against +the white slave traffic. They demanded that the United States should +take the lead in an international movement for the limitation of +armaments. A cordial vote of thanks was given for the hospitality and +courtesies of the city and the people of Seattle.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> +See <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29870/29870-h/29870-h.htm#Page_1096">History of Woman Suffrage, Volume IV, page 1096</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> The ministers of Seattle who opened the various sessions +with prayer were: Doctors A. Norman Ward, Protestant Methodist; Thomas +E. Elliott, Queen Anne Methodist; George Robert Cairns, Temple +Baptist; Edward Lincoln Smith, Pilgrim Congregational; Sydney Strong, +Queen Anne Congregational; the Reverends J. D. O. Powers, Unitarian; +W. H. W. Rees, First Methodist Episcopal; W. A. Major, Bethany +Presbyterian; Joseph L. Garvin, First Christian; C. Lyng Hanson, +Scandinavian Methodist; F. O. Iverson, Norwegian Lutheran; P. Nelson, +Norwegian Congregational Missionary.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Committee: Mrs. DeVoe, Dr. Cora Smith Eaton, Mrs. Bessie +J. Savage, Miss Adella M. Parker, Dr. Sarah A. Kendall, Mrs. Ellen S. +Lockenby and a small army of assistants.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2> + +<h3>NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1910.</h3> + + +<p>As a national convention had not been held in Washington since 1904 +the suffragists were pleased to return to that city with the +Forty-second in the long list, which was held April 14-19, 1910.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> +Three special cars were filled by delegates from New York City alone. +It had become very difficult to get a suitable place for conventions +in the national capital and the experiment was made of holding this +one in the large ball room of the Arlington Hotel, which proved +entirely inadequate for the audiences. The convention was called to +order on the first afternoon by the national president, Dr. Anna +Howard Shaw, and welcomed by the president of the District of Columbia +suffrage association, Miss Harriette J. Hifton, and the president of +the District branch of the College Equal Suffrage League, Miss Mabel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> +Foster. The response for the National Association was made by Miss +Laura Clay of Kentucky, one of its officers.</p> + +<p>The report of the Committee on Church Work was read by its chairman, +Mrs. Mary E. Craigie, who gave a record of the accomplishments of her +committees in the various States and said: "The moral awakening of the +churches to a need for more united efforts along lines of social and +moral reform carries with it a great responsibility for women, who, +representing two-thirds of the numerical power of the churches, are in +their present disfranchised condition negative factors in those +broader fields of activity which now constitute church work. Women are +beginning to realize that they are wasting their efforts and energies +in trying to effect moral and social reforms dependent upon +legislative action or law enforcement and they are asking: 'Shall we +go on with the farce of attacking the constantly growing evils of +intemperance, immorality and crime which menace our homes, our +children and society at large, knowing that our efforts are useless +and futile, or shall we take a stand which will show that we are in +earnest and demand the weapon of the ballot which is necessary before +we can do our part as Christian citizens in advancing the kingdom of +God on earth?'"</p> + +<p>The excellent report of the new headquarters secretary, Professor Mary +Gray Peck, filled ten pages of the printed Minutes and in addition to +the large collection of statistics contained many useful suggestions. +Like all of the reports from the headquarters it showed the great +advantage of having them in a large center. Referring to the +literature department she said: "Local chairmen should see that tables +with suffrage literature are placed in all church and charitable +bazaars as far as possible and that our papers may be subscribed for +at all subscription agencies; also that our publications are on the +shelves and on file in the public libraries throughout the State. One +of the things Mrs. Pankhurst said when she was looking over our +work-room was: 'Don't give away your publications. We found we got rid +of much more when we sold and now we give away nothing.' We have +always given away ours with considerable freedom and been glad to have +them read at our expense but at the low figure we put on them we could +draw the gratis line closer without impairing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> our popularity.... The +average daily output of literature since the opening of headquarters +in New York—and this does not include the orders which continued to +be filled in Warren—has been 2,742 pieces, or a growth of more than +25 per cent. over the average of last year. Our cash sales from +January 1 to April 1 have amounted to $938, or an average of $312 per +month as against the average of $89 per month for 1908-9. That is, our +cash sales for the past three months are three and a half times +greater than they were at the same time last year."</p> + +<p>"The propagandist part of the correspondence," said Miss Peck, "soon +makes a wise woman of the headquarters secretary. The time for general +argument and abstract appeal has largely gone by. The call now is for +statistics, laws, definite citations, instances of industrial +conditions, legal status of women and children, etc.... The State +organizations could do no more valuable service in aiding our +efficiency as an information agency than by each getting out a +condensed and reliable bulletin of State laws relating to women and +children; and also by collecting data as to the property held and +taxes paid by women, with illustrative instances where +disfranchisement has forced these taxpayers to submit to injustice and +unfair discrimination." She told of the increasing call for woman +suffrage literature from public libraries to meet the demand and urged +the encouragement of debates, saying: "If the State organizations +would make a persistent effort to have suffrage debated in the schools +and if they advertised the national headquarters as prepared to +furnish a volume of debate material for thirty cents, suffrage would +receive continuous advertising at no financial expense to us, nor +would the good to the movement cease with the debate. Get the young +people interested and you catch the mothers. Also by keeping a card +register of the young debaters, the State organization would have the +names and addresses of an ever-growing list of oncoming citizens +interested in the subject. Debaters are a good deal cheaper than +organizers. The State University of Wisconsin is sending out through +its university extension department our suffrage literature in +travelling libraries to meet the demand in the public schools for +debate material. I believe most State universities would be glad to do +the same for us. Many universities and colleges have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> discussed +suffrage the past winter, notably Dartmouth, Williams and Brown in +their annual intercollegiate debate, Yale in the inter-class debate, +the University of Texas against Tulane University of Louisiana, and +Stanford will debate with Berkeley, April 16." Miss Peck made many +other valuable suggestions from the trained viewpoint of a university +woman.</p> + +<p>Representative A. W. Rucker was introduced as a proxy for the Colorado +association and gave its report with a warm personal endorsement of +equal suffrage as it had existed in his State for seventeen years. The +convention greeted with enthusiasm the mother of U. S. Senator Robert +L. Owen of Oklahoma, who said she could not make a speech but would +send her son to do so that evening.</p> + +<p>Although national suffrage conventions had been held in Washington +since 1869 no official recognition ever had been asked for or given by +the President of the United States. The leaders thought that now the +movement was of sufficient size and importance to justify them in +inviting President Taft to give simply an address of welcome. The +invitation was sent with the statement that its acceptance would not +be regarded as committing him to an advocacy of woman suffrage and it +was accepted with this understanding, although Mrs. Elihu Root +presented a request from the Anti-Suffrage Association that he would +not accept it. The entire country was interested and on the opening +evening, when he was to speak, the auditorium was crowded and lines of +people reached to the street. President Taft came in with his escort +while Dr. Shaw was in the midst of her annual address but she stopped +instantly and welcomed him to the platform. The audience arose and +with applause and waving of handkerchiefs remained standing until he +was seated. At one point in his brief address there was apparently a +slight hissing in the back part of the room. The President paused; Dr. +Shaw sprang to her feet exclaiming, "Oh, my children!" and the +audience, which was excited and amazed, instantly became quiet and +listened respectfully to the rest of his speech, but as he left the +room, after shaking hands with Dr. Shaw, a few remained seated. As +this incident attracted nation-wide comment and much criticism<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> it +seems advisable to publish the proceedings in full. The address was as +follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I am not entirely certain that I ought to have come tonight, but +your committee who invited me assured me that I should be welcome +even if I did not support all the views which were here advanced. +I considered that this movement represented a sufficient part of +the intelligence of the community to justify my coming here and +welcoming you to Washington. The difficulty I expect to encounter +is this—at least it is a difficulty that occurs to me as I judge +my own feelings in causes in which I have an intense interest—to +wit: that I am always a good deal more impatient with those who +only go half-way with me than with those who actually oppose me. +Now when I was sixteen years old and was graduated from the +Woodward High School in Cincinnati, I took for my subject "Woman +Suffrage" and I was as strong an advocate of it as any member of +this convention. I had read Mills's "Subjection of Women"; my +father was a woman suffragist and so at that time I was orthodox +but in the actual political experience which I have had I have +modified my views somewhat.</p> + +<p>In the first place popular representative government we approve +and support because on the whole every class, that is, every set +of individuals who are similarly situated in the community, who +are intelligent enough to know what their own interests are, are +better qualified to determine how those interests shall be cared +for and preserved than any other class, however altruistic that +class may be; but I call your attention to two qualifications in +that statement. One is that the class should be intelligent +enough to know its own interests. The theory that Hottentots or +any other uneducated, altogether unintelligent class is fitted +for self-government at once or to take part in government is a +theory that I wholly dissent from—but this qualification is not +applicable here. The other qualification to which I call your +attention is that the class should as a whole care enough to look +after its interests, to take part as a whole in the exercise of +political power if it is conferred. Now if it does not care +enough for this, then it seems to me that the danger is, if the +power is conferred, that it may be exercised by that part of the +class least desirable as political constituents and be neglected +by many of those who are intelligent and patriotic and would be +most desirable as members of the electorate.</p></div> + +<p>It was at this point the supposed hissing occurred and the President +continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Now, my dear ladies, you must show yourselves equal to +self-government by exercising, in listening to opposing +arguments, that degree of restraint without which self-government +is impossible. If I could be sure that women as a class in the +community, including all the intelligent women most desirable as +political constituents,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> would exercise the franchise, I should +be in favor of it. At present there is considerable doubt upon +that point. In certain of the States which have tried it woman +suffrage has not been a failure. It has not made, I think, any +substantial difference in politics. I think it is perhaps +possible to say that its adoption has shown an improvement in the +body politic, but it has been tested only in those States where +population is sparse and where the problem of entrusting such +power to women in the concentrated population of large cities is +not presented. For this reason, if you will permit me to say so, +my impression is that the task before you in securing what you +think ought to be granted in respect to the political rights of +women is not in convincing men but it is in convincing the +majority of your own class of the wisdom of extending the +suffrage to them and of their duty to exercise it.</p> + +<p>Now that is my confession of faith. I am glad to welcome you +here. I am glad to welcome an intelligent body of women, earnest +in the discussion of politics, earnest in the question of good +government and earnest and high-minded in the cause they are +pursuing, even if I disagree with them, not in principle but in +the application of it to the present situation. More than this I +ought not to say and I hope you will not deem me ungracious in +saying as much as I have said, but I came here at the invitation +of your committee with the understanding as to what I might say +and that I should not subscribe to all the principles that you +are here to advocate. I congratulate you on coming to Washington, +this most beautiful of cities, to hold your convention. I trust +that it may result in everything that you hope for and I am sure +that the coming together of honest, intelligent and earnest women +like these cannot but be productive of good.</p></div> + +<p>Some persons thought that the hissing was done by one or more +delegates from the equal suffrage States because of the aspersion cast +on the class of women who were likely to vote. Others believed there +was no hissing but that it was merely an exclamation of "hush" because +of the noise caused by the moving of loose chairs, many in the back +part of the room standing up on them to get a better view. It was, +however, a matter of great concern and regret on the part of the +national officers, who met early the next morning and framed the +following resolution:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span> the President of the United States in welcoming the +Forty-second Annual Convention of the National American Woman +Suffrage Association has taken the historic position of being the +first incumbent of his office to recognize officially our +determination to secure a complete democracy, thereby testifying +his conviction as to its power and growth, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> <span class="smcap">Whereas</span> his +seriousness, honesty and friendliness converted what might have +been an empty form into an official courtesy, historic alike for +him and for us,</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Therefore</span> be it resolved that we convey to President William H. +Taft the thanks and appreciation of this convention for his +welcome, assuring him at the same time that the patriotism and +public spirit of the women of America intend to make themselves +directly felt in the government of which he is the honored head +and that at no distant date.</p></div> + +<p>This was adopted at the morning's session of the convention by a +unanimous rising vote. At the opening of the afternoon session Dr. +Shaw said: "I think one of the saddest hours that I have ever spent in +connection with one of our national conventions I spent last night +after the occurrence of an incident here for which none of the +officers of this association bears the least responsibility and we +trust none of the delegates needs to bear any of it, when there was a +dissent made to an utterance of President Taft. It seemed to us a most +unwise and ungracious act and we feel the keenest possible regret over +it. Because of this the Official Board has prepared a letter to the +President expressing our regret that the occurrence should have taken +place, whether by a member of this body or by a visitor. It is +impossible to control a great public audience individually and an +organization is not responsible for everything which takes place in +its public meetings. While I do not think our organization as a body +is at all responsible for what took place last night I feel that, +since the President was our guest, it is our duty to express our very +deep regret for the incident. I ask, therefore, that, without +discussion and without further speech, there shall be concurrence on +the part of the convention with the Official Board in sending a letter +of regret to the President."</p> + +<p>The convention agreed to this instantly with but one dissenting and it +was ascertained that she was not only not a delegate but not a member +of the association. This justified the general opinion that if there +had been any hissing the night before it was done by some of the large +number of outsiders in the audience. The letter signed by Professor +Frances Squire Potter, as corresponding secretary, read as follows:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>To President William Howard Taft,</p> + +<p>My dear Mr. President:</p> + +<p>The enclosed resolution, introduced by the Committee on +Convention Resolutions, was passed unanimously by the National +American Woman Suffrage Association today at the opening of its +morning session. I am instructed by the unanimous vote of the +Official Board and of the delegates now assembled to send you +with the resolution this official communication.</p> + +<p>The official board and delegates were but a small part of the +very large gathering to hear your greeting last evening but as +the representatives of the association these delegates feel great +sorrow that any one present, either a member or an outsider, +should have interrupted your address by an expression of personal +feeling, and they herewith disclaim responsibility for such +interruption and ask your acceptance of this expression of regret +in the spirit in which it is given.</p></div> + +<p>The letter was sent in the afternoon by messenger across Lafayette +Square, which separated the Arlington from the White House, and the +next morning the following answer was received:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="ltr-date"> +The White House,<br /> +Washington, April 16, 1910.</p> + +<p>My dear Mrs. Potter:</p> + +<p>I beg to acknowledge your favor of April 15. I unite with you in +regretting the incident occurring during my address to which your +letter refers. I regret it not because of any personal feeling, +for I have none on the subject at all, but only because much more +significance has been given to it than it deserves and because it +may be used in an unfair way to embarrass the leaders of your +movement.</p> + +<p>I thank the association for the kindly and cordial tone of the +resolutions transmitted and hope that the feature of Thursday +night's meeting, which you describe as having given your +association much sorrow, may soon be entirely forgotten.</p> + +<p class="ltr-closing">Sincerely yours,</p> +<p class="ltr-from2">William H. Taft.</p> +</div> + +<p>This closed the incident as far as it could be closed but there was a +great deal of sympathy with the sentiment expressed by Miss Alice +Stone Blackwell in the <i>Woman's Journal</i>: "It was known that while the +President was not an anti-suffragist he was not a strong suffragist +and might not even be wholly with us. It was, therefore, not expected +that he would at the convention 'come out for suffrage.' Indeed, he +was not invited to make an address but simply to extend to the +convention the welcome of the national capital, not because he was a +suffragist but because the convention thought that it was +representative enough and of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> sufficient size and standing in the +country to warrant asking the President to do this one thing. He could +have declined the invitation and no one would have been offended. He +could have said he was an anti-suffragist. He could have tactfully +omitted his opinion and confined his time to greetings and welcome as +Chief Executive to the convention as a large organization of the women +of the nation. At the point where the supposed hissing occurred, it +was as if the speaker had struck those women in the face with a whip. +Even those who most resented the President's remarks regretted the +expression of open disapproval in such a manner, but, to a person, the +audience felt that he had been untactful, and, however +unintentionally, had implied an odious comparison; that he had not +sufficiently considered this great body of the picked women of the +land to choose his language in addressing them."</p> + +<p>The President's address was preceded by one given by Professor Potter +on The Making of Democracy, which had seldom been equalled in its +statesmanlike qualities. This was followed by a powerful argument on +Why Women Should Have the Suffrage, by Senator Robert L. Owen (Okla.), +one of the ablest speakers in the U. S. Senate and always an +uncompromising supporter of the political rights of women.</p> + +<p>At an afternoon session Mrs. Rachel Foster Avery (Penn.), who had +succeeded Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt as chairman of the Committee on +Petition to Congress, took up the report where it had ended at the +last convention. She said that, in addition to the 100,000 petitions +and 5,000 individual letters sent from New York under Mrs. Catt's +supervision, there had gone out from the headquarters after they had +been removed to Washington and placed in charge of Mrs. Rachel Brill +Ezekiel, 60,000 more petitions, 11,000 more letters and 1,185 postals +with appeals. "The petition," she said, "has been a means of +introducing suffrage into thousands of households and hundreds of +meetings of all kinds in which the subject had not before been +mentioned. Even women's clubs have had to listen to suffrage when +brought to them by eager seekers after signatures. It has given to +many people who have never before done anything for suffrage an +opportunity. In some cases whole neighborhoods<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> have been reached +through the work of a single energetic woman willing to go from house +to house circulating the petition and leaving literature with families +where she found little or no sympathy for our movement. All letters +sent out from petition headquarters enclosed suffrage leaflets and +carried to thousands of men and women the first suffrage literature +they had seen." All this vast work had cost only $4,555, of which Mrs. +Catt had contributed $1,000. The most strenuous effort had not +succeeded in getting the return of all the petitions in time for the +convention but those at hand contained 404,825 names.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p> + +<p>The arrangements for the parade which was to carry the petitions to +Congress were in the hands of Miss Mary Garrett Hay. Mrs. Helen H. +Gardener obtained the use of fifty cars from interested residents of +Washington and these were handsomely adorned with the flag of the +United States and suffrage banners. The official report said: "The +most picturesque incident of the convention was the long line of fifty +decorated automobiles which bore the petitions and delegates of each +State from the Hotel Arlington to the Capitol, where the petitions +were personally delivered to the various Senators and Representatives +who were to present them to Congress. The large piles of rolled +petitions, the respect of the people who lined the streets, the +courtesy of the Congressmen and the crowds which watched the +presentation in Senate and House were all impressive. Senator +LaFollette brought instant silence when, presenting his share of the +petitions, he said, "I hope the time will come when this great body of +intelligent people will not find it necessary to petition for that +which ought to be accorded as a right in a country of equal +opportunities."</p> + +<p>At the afternoon session a vote of thanks was given to Senator +LaFollette and all the Senators and Representatives who presented the +petitions. Deep appreciation was expressed of the labor of Mrs. Catt +in connection with the petitions and regret that she<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> was not able to +be present at the Capitol. This was the last of the hundreds of +thousands of petitions to Congress for the submission of a National +Amendment to enfranchise women which began in 1866.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p> + +<p>Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton in her treasurer's report said the past year +had been an unusually hard one financially not because of adversity +but because of prosperity. Formerly the States had sent their money to +the national treasury to be used as the Official Board thought best, +but now there were so many campaigns and new lines of work in various +States that they wanted to disburse their own money. This was +encouraging but hard on the national work. Few were the years between +1899 and 1908 when some legacy was not received, as Miss Anthony never +missed an opportunity to urge women to make such bequests. After her +death Miss Mary Anthony followed her example but since both had passed +away little had been done in this direction. The total receipts for +1909 were $21,466, and the general disbursements $19,814. With the +headquarters in New York more money had been received but more also +had to be spent. Mrs. Oliver H. P. Belmont furnished the offices of +the Press Committee, paid their rent, the salaries of three workers +and all other expenses connected with it. Mrs. William M. Ivins of New +York City and Mrs. Mary Ely Parsons of Rye, N. Y., furnished Dr. +Shaw's office.</p> + +<p>In closing Mrs. Upton said that the duties of the headquarters and of +the treasurer's office had been so closely connected that up to this +time it had been difficult to separate them. In fact from the time she +was elected to date she had always done some work properly belonging +to headquarters. From the first a clerk was supplied to her and she +was so situated that she could do this and was more than willing to. +She had edited twelve reports of annual conventions and was editor and +manager of <i>Progress</i> for seven years. She told how letters and +requests continued to come to her after the headquarters went to New +York and she was obliged to employ another clerk, whose salary she +herself paid. In closing she said: "Since 1893 your treasurer has +received and disbursed more than $275,000 and she wishes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> the +treasurer for the coming year could have that full amount for the next +twelve months' work." The convention accepted the report with a rising +vote of thanks for her many years of continuous service.</p> + +<p>The general subscriptions at the convention, including those for the +South Dakota campaign, were $4,363. Mrs. Belmont continued her pledge +of $600 a month. The association had various funds to draw from, which +were supplied by contributions. It was voted to appropriate $150 a +month for six and a half months' work in Oklahoma if the amendment was +to go to the voters in November.</p> + +<p>Memorial services were held on the morning of April 15 for two +distinguished members of the association, Henry B. Blackwell, who had +died Sept. 7, 1909, and William Lloyd Garrison, five days later. On +the program was an extract from a speech made by Mr. Blackwell at a +national Woman's Rights Convention in Cleveland, O., in 1853: "The +interests of the sexes are inseparably connected and in the elevation +of the one lies the salvation of the other. Therefore, I claim a part +in this last and grandest movement of the ages, for whatever concerns +woman concerns the race." Affectionate and beautiful tributes to Mr. +Blackwell's nearly fifty years' devotion to the cause of woman +suffrage were paid by those who had known him long and intimately, +which are partially quoted here.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mrs. Fanny Garrison Villard: I have ever regarded Mr. Blackwell +as a many-sided reformer, one whose most distinguished claim to +remembrance consists in the fact that no other man has devoted so +much of his life to the task of securing the enfranchisement of +women. Only those who have read the <i>Woman's Journal</i> regularly +and depended on it for an accurate record of the slow but steady +march of progress of this great movement can fully realize the +enormous amount of editorial work contributed to it by him during +the past forty years. The combination of superior intellectual +powers with tenderest sympathies formed a rare equipment for +success in his chosen field of usefulness. In truth his advocacy +of the woman's cause was marked by such zeal and enthusiasm that +one not knowing the initials "H. B. B." stood for a man might +quite naturally have believed that only a woman could own them. +Fortunately he was possessed of the sunniest possible temperament +and blessed with an unusual sense of humor which enabled him to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> +see things in their true proportions and make light of obstacles +in his path. The many and varied tributes that have been paid to +his memory all dwell upon his intense love of justice which led +him to wage war against oppression wherever he found it.... It +was my good fortune to be present at the celebration of Mr. +Blackwell's eightieth birthday in Faneuil Hall in Boston. With +great clarity of vision he defined the duty of the hour and said: +"But we can not afford to be a mutual admiration society, there +is still work to do." ... With what patience, fortitude and true +courage he and Lucy Stone, his wife, played their part in the +face of ridicule and opprobrium is now a matter of history. Women +who today live a freer life because of their labors and those of +their coadjutors must offer to their memory the highest meed of +praise.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch: Lives consecrated to great +reforms, particularly to the advancement of a reform to +emancipate women, teach us that the age of chivalry is not past. +These great men whom we honor to-day were not, like the knights +of old, inspired by the love of some one woman whom they desired +to possess, but they strove for justice for those they loved best +and for us too, who were their friends, and for millions of women +they never knew. Their far-reaching chivalry was one of the most +important elements in the characters of Mr. Blackwell and Mr. +Garrison. Both of them were unusually fortunate in the women who +were their nearest and dearest. Mr. Blackwell's sister Elizabeth +was the first woman physician in the United States; his +sister-in-law, Antoinette Brown Blackwell, the first ordained +minister; his wife, Lucy Stone, one of the sweetest and truest of +the pioneer suffrage lecturers.</p> + +<p>Mr. Garrison was not old enough to be related to so many +pioneers, except through his illustrious father, but his wife's +devotion to the suffrage work, his sister's unfaltering activity +and his association from boyhood with Boston's brilliant coterie +of renowned women, might well have influenced him to have a +higher regard and deeper respect for all their sex.... Mr. +Blackwell and Mr. Garrison, in their beautiful family lives, are +particularly illustrious examples that woman suffrage will not +break up the home. Many long years did these pairs of married +friends work together for our cause....</p> + +<p>To-day we sorrow for the loss of these men but not without hope, +for there are other men coming forward to take up the work they +have dropped. We women who are here to-day do not represent +merely ourselves and the tens of thousands of other suffrage +women but we are backed by the sympathy, the active encouragement +and the money of our husbands, our brothers, our fathers, and +many of us have chivalrous sons. More even than sympathy they now +give, as some are giving themselves for service. One of Mr. +Blackwell's last letters to me related to securing a large +membership among men, and our Men's Suffrage Leagues, now +springing up in all large cities, might well name themselves<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> for +him.... Go forward, men, with the spirit of Blackwell and +Garrison!</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. McCulloch paid a beautiful tribute to the human side of Mr. +Blackwell's character, his love of nature and his companionship with +children.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Miss Jane Campbell: I need not enter into the details of the +life, public or private, of Mr. Blackwell. They are written in +letters of gold in the annals of the suffrage movement from the +moment when in the beautiful, unselfish ardor of youth, with his +wife, the silver-tongued Lucy Stone, he entered upon a career of +patient, unflagging devotion to the cause of woman's rights.... +It evinced a high and noble spirit, a great courage, for any man +to espouse an almost universally ridiculed cause, as did Mr. +Blackwell; possibly greater courage than even a woman, +conservative and timid if not by nature yet made so by education, +showed when she emerged from her awed subjection and ventured to +demand her equal share of privileges as well as of disabilities. +The woman had the burning sense of injustice to arouse her, the +indignation caused by her calm relegation to the position of an +inferior to inspire her with courage to fight for freedom, but a +man, a man like Mr. Blackwell, had no such bitter sense of +personal wrong to impel him. He entered the contest not for +himself, for he had no wrongs to redress, but his great soul saw +that woman had and he devoted life, means, energy, talents to +redress them. It is a rarely high, unselfish record of a noble +life that he has left for the admiration and example of other +men.... He was one of the most eloquent, forceful and logical +speakers we have ever had on our platform, with his fine, +resounding voice giving clear expression to his logical thinking, +and he was a ready and forceful writer....</p> + +<p>Miss Anne Fitzhugh Miller: It was always a joy to meet Mr. +Blackwell for there was never any picking up of broken threads of +our spinning or knitting or weaving of good comradeship, which at +once continued as if no absence had intervened. I felt at home +with him always, he was a man after my own heart, direct, +decided, accurate, devoted to high ideals, and yet he possessed +an elasticity of nature which made him the most comfortable of +comrades. His sense of humor and his love of fun made the best of +good times for those who were fortunate enough to share his merry +moods.... It was always a delight to hear him speak. The sound of +his voice rested and refreshed and the soundness of his thought +inspired confidence and admiration. His half-century of +continuous and absolute devotion to the cause of woman suffrage +gives Mr. Blackwell a unique position in history. All women owe +him a debt of gratitude which they can best pay by renewed +devotion to the cause to which he dedicated his life. In the +truest and broadest sense he was and should be remembered as a +"Brother of Women."</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span></p> + +<p>Dr. Shaw added her own fine appreciation of the two men and speaking +from almost a lifetime of acquaintance with Mr. Garrison gave a +glowing eulogy of his noble character, lofty convictions and fearless +courage, a worthy son of a great father. Among other prominent friends +of woman suffrage who had passed away during the year, recorded in the +memorial resolutions, were Justice Brewer, of the U. S. Supreme Court; +Dr. Borden P. Bowne, head of the department of philosophy and dean of +the graduate school in Boston University; Judge Charles B. Waite and +Dr. Sarah Hackett Stevenson of Chicago; Charles Sprague Smith, +director of Cooper Institute, New York, and many devoted workers in +the various States.</p> + +<p>At one interesting evening session Mrs. Kate Trimble Woolsey (Ky.) +spoke on Republics versus Women, the title of her book; Mrs. Meta L. +Stern on Woman Suffrage from a Socialist's Point of View; Miss Alice +Paul on The English Situation. Mrs. Catt's subject was Caught in a +Snare and the convention voted to have it printed for circulation. As +Miss Alice Stone Blackwell was ill at home, missing the annual +convention for the first time, the readers of the <i>Woman's Journal</i> +were deprived of her usual comprehensive reports and abstracts of the +speeches where the manuscript was not available. That of Miss Paul was +published in full. She had recently returned from London, where she +had been a member of Mrs. Pankhurst's organization, had been sent to +prison, had gone on a "hunger strike" and been forcibly fed, and she +felt the situation keenly. A part of her speech was as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As we gather here as suffragists, our hearts naturally go out to +those women at the storm-center of our movement—to those women +in Great Britain who are having a struggle such as women have +never had in any other land. The violent criticism, the +suppression and distortion of facts from which they have suffered +at the hands of the politically-inspired press of their own +country have made it difficult for one on this side to gain any +true conception of their movement....</p> + +<p>The essence of the campaign of the suffragettes is opposition to +the Government. The country seems willing that the vote be +extended to women. This last Parliament showed its willingness by +passing their franchise bill through its second reading by a +three-to-one majority, but the Government, that little group +which controls<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> legislation, would not let it become law. It is +not a war of women against men, for the men are helping loyally, +but a war of men and women together against the politicians at +the head, who because of their own political interests seem +afraid to enfranchise women. The suffragettes have gone with +petitions to the head of the Government, as our representatives +will go in a few days to the authorities in Washington. Here they +will be received with courtesy, but Mr. Asquith has never since +he has been Prime Minister received a deputation of women on this +question of their suffrage. Each time he curtly refuses to see +them and orders the police to drive them away or arrest them. +Thirteen times the deputations of one society alone have been +arrested....</p> + +<p>The Earl of Lytton said the other day that more violence had been +done by the men during the three weeks of the recent election +than by the women during their entire agitation. Such action on +the part of voters is wrong for they have a constitutional way, +through the ballot, of redressing their grievances, but on the +part of a disfranchised class, after half a century's trial has +proved all their methods to be of no avail, a protest such as +these women have made seems entirely right. We are so close at +hand that perhaps we hardly realize the full significance of +their movement. The greatest drama that is being enacted in the +world today, it seems to me, is the battle of the British women. +When historians can look back from the perspective of a century +or two I think they will say that this talk of dreadnaughts and +budgets and House of Lords was after all of but little moment and +that the great event of world significance in Great Britain early +in the century was the magnificent struggle for political freedom +on the part of her women.</p></div> + +<p>The comprehensive report of the corresponding secretary, Professor +Potter, filled ten pages of the printed Minutes and was a complete +summary of the year's work and that which should be done. Names were +given of about forty associations which had passed resolutions for +woman suffrage during the year, preceded usually by discussion. These +included Federations of Labor, Granges, Temperance Societies, +Federations of Women's Clubs, religious bodies and labor +organizations. Among the last were the International Typographical +Union, International Chair Workers, Amalgamated Association of Street +and Electric Railway Employees, American Federation of Labor, National +Women's Trade Union League and many others. She called attention to +the fact that in many instances the endorsement was unanimous and that +the labor resolutions were stronger than ever before, using the phrase +"our intention to secure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> woman suffrage." The Pennsylvania Federation +said: "In selecting candidates for political office we will endeavor +to secure men who are committed to a belief in the right of women to +vote."</p> + +<p>Professor Potter emphasized the need of research experts to bring the +statistics up to date, as it was now impossible to answer the requests +for information from the best type of those asking it, university +graduates working for higher degrees, men and women writing articles, +books, plays, etc. She reported the beginning of a card catalogue of +subjects and the progress made toward carrying out the instructions of +the Seattle convention that the national headquarters undertake a +handbook of Federal and State Laws for Women and a bibliography. She +described the character of the thousands of letters sent out, covering +work for prize essays, poster campaigns, mass meetings, "settlement" +work, appointments of women, newspaper and magazine publicity and +especially organization along political lines. As she had been asked +to act as field lecturer as well as corresponding secretary she +reported fifty-four lectures given, not only at State suffrage +conventions but before men's leagues, press clubs, labor meetings, +churches, universities, etc.</p> + +<p>The convention showed by a rising vote its full appreciation of this +report, which was the first and last given by Professor Potter as +corresponding secretary. Differences in regard to administration had +arisen which proved to be irreconcilable and she had declined to stand +for re-election. The Official Board was divided in opinion and this +led to several changes in its personnel. Dr. Shaw was re-elected +president; Mrs. Avery, first vice-president; Mrs. Stewart, second +vice-president; Mrs. Upton, treasurer; Miss Clay and Miss Blackwell, +first and second auditors. Mrs. Florence Kelley declined re-nomination +as second vice-president and Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch was +elected. Mrs. Mary Ware Dennett (Mass.) was chosen for corresponding +secretary. Later in the convention Mrs. Avery and Mrs. Upton gave in +their resignations, which the delegates refused to accept and then +both announced that their offices would be vacant in one month. Mrs. +Upton had been treasurer of the association since 1893 and the +delegates were most reluctant to let her go.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> By action of the +Executive Committee Mrs. McCulloch was advanced to the office of first +vice-president; Miss Kate M. Gordon (La.) was made second +vice-president and Miss Jessie Ashley (N. Y.), treasurer.</p> + +<p>The National College Equal Suffrage League held business sessions +Saturday forenoon and afternoon with its president, Dr. M. Carey +Thomas of Bryn Mawr presiding, and a luncheon was given for its +delegates. Miss Caroline Lexow made the annual report. At the evening +meeting of the convention Mrs. Alice Duer Miller (N. Y.), representing +the Equal Franchise Society, of which Mrs. Clarence Mackay was +president, spoke on The Sisterhood of Women, saying in part: "We have +plenty of work to do but it is not that, it is not the organization, +the growth of membership and the spread of theories that make me +confident of success. It is the extraordinary spirit that animates the +women who are working for suffrage, the sense of comradeship and +community among them, rich and poor, educated and illiterate, old and +young, mothers and daughters. We have been taught to admire the 18th +century because it did so much to dissolve class distinctions. It +broke down some of the barriers, not between man and woman, but +between groups of men, for within groups men have always had this +spirit of comradeship, and oh, how they have valued it! They did not +get it in domestic relations, however happy; or in friendships, +however warm. They got it, or rather they found a field in which to +exercise it, in the impersonal activities of their lives, in their +crusades, guilds, colleges, labor unions and clubs. But between women +the barriers have been of a more serious type. They have been +segregated not only class by class but individual by individual and +house by house. Now these barriers too are dissolving. Women are +finding an expression for their sense of comradeship, for their +impersonal loyalty to their own sex; they are waking up to the fact +that a sense of equality is more thrilling to those who have the right +stuff in them than any sense of superiority could ever have been."</p> + +<p>Miss Harriet E. Grim of Wisconsin University described The Call of the +New Age to College Women. Miss Juliet Stuart Poyntz, president of +Barnard chapter of the College League, discussed Education and Social +Progress. Mrs. Elizabeth M. Gilmer,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> "Dorothy Dix," in an address on +The Real Reason why Women cannot Vote, gave a delightful imitation of +the voice and words of a wise old negro, "Mirandy," from which the +following is quoted:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Yassum, dat's de trouble wid women down to dis very day. Dey +ain't got no backbone. Of a rib dey was made an' a rib dey has +stayed an' nobody ain't got no right to expect nothin' else from +'em. Hit's becaze woman was made out of man's rib—an' from de +way she acts hit looks lak she was made out of a floatin' rib at +dat—an' man was left wid all his backbone, dat he has got de +comeuppance over woman. Dat's de reason we women sets down an' +cries when we ought to git up an' heave brickbats. What's de +reason dat we women can't vote, an' ain't got no say-so 'bout +makin' de laws dat bosses us? Ain't we got de right on our side? +Yassir, but we'se got no backbone in us to just retch out an' +grab dat ballot.</p> + +<p>Dere ain't nobody 'sputing dat we'se got to scrape up de money to +pay de tax collector, even if we does have to get down into a +skirt pocket for hit insted of pants' pocket, an' our belongin' +to de angel sect ain't gwine to keep us out of jail if we gits in +a fight wid anodder lady or we swipes a ruffled petticote off de +clothesline next do'. Fudermo', when de meat trust puts up de +price of po'k chops, hits de woman dat has to squeeze de eagle on +de dollar ontel hit holler a little louder an' pare de potato +peelin's a little thinner. An' dat makes us women jest a-achin' +to have a finger in dat government pie an' see if we can't put a +little mo' sweetnin' in hit, an' make hit a little lighter so dat +hit won't get so heavy an' ondigestible on de stomachs of dem +what ain't millionaires.</p> + +<p>Yassir, we'se jest a-honin' for de franchise an' we might have +had hit any time dese last forty years ef we'd had enough +backbone to riz up an' fit one good fight for hit, but instead of +dat we set around a-holdin' our hands an' all we'se done is to +say in a meek voice: "Please, sir, I don't lak to trouble you but +ef you'd kindly pass me de ballot hit sho'ly would be agreeable +to me." An' instead of givin' hit to us, men has kinder winked +one eye at de odder an' said: "Lawd, she don't want hit or else +she's make a row about hit. Dat's de way we men did. We didn't go +after de right to vote wid our pink tea manners on."</p> + +<p>Yassir, dat's de true word, an' you listen to me—de day dat +women spunks up an' rolls up dere sleeves an' says to dere +husband dat dey ain't a-gwine to do no' mo' cookin' in his house, +nor darnin' of socks, nor patchin' of britches untel dere is some +female votin', why dat day de ballot will be fetched home to +women on a silver platter. All dat stands between women an' +suffrage is de lack of a spinal colum.</p></div> + +<p>An able address was given by Henry Wilbur, as representative of the +Friends' Equal Rights Association. Max Eastman, assistant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> professor +in Columbia University, representing the New York Men's League for +Woman Suffrage, of which he was secretary, taking the broad subject +Democracy and Women, said in the course of his speech:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The democratic hypothesis is that a State is good not when it +conforms to some abstract eternal ideal of what a State ought to +be, as the Greeks thought, but when it conforms to the interests +of particular concrete individuals, namely, its citizens, all of +them that are in mental and moral health; and that the way to +find out their interests is not to sit on a throne or a bench and +think about it but to go and ask them.... Barring this question +of democracy, I think the political arguments for woman suffrage +are not the main ones. The great thing to my mind is not that +women will improve politics but that politics will develop women. +The political act, the nature it demands and the recognition it +attracts, will alter the character and status of women in society +to the benefit of themselves, their husbands, their children and +their homes. Upon this ground we can stand and declare that it is +of high and immediate importance to all humanity not only that we +give those women the vote who want it but that we rouse those who +do not know enough to want it to a better appreciation of the +great age in which they have the good fortune to live. Whatever +else we may say for the industrial era we can say this, that it +has made possible and actual the physical, social, moral and +intellectual emancipation of women....</p> + +<p>The other day I had a letter from a man who said he wouldn't join +my society because he feared I was "striking a blow at the +family, which is the cornerstone of society." Well, I am not much +of an authority on matrimony but that sort of language sounds to +me like a hysterical outcry from a person whose family is already +tottering. It is at least certain that a great many of these +cornerstones of society are tottering, and why? Because there +dwell in them triviality and vacuity, which prepare the way of +the devil. Who can think that intellectual divergence, +disagreement upon great public questions, would disrupt a family +worth holding together? On the contrary, nothing save a community +of great interests—whether in agreement or disagreement—can +revive a fading romance. A high and equal comradeship is the one +thing that can save those families which are the tottering +cornerstones of society. A greater service of the developed woman +to the State, however, will be her service in motherhood.... And +yet to hear the sacredness of motherhood advanced as a reason why +women should not become public-spirited and effectual, you would +think this nation had no greater hope than to rear in innocence a +generation of grown-up babies. Keep your mothers in a state of +invalid remoteness from life and who shall arm the young with +intelligent virtue? To educate a child is to lead him out into +the world of experience. It is not to bring him in virgin +innocence to the front door and say, "Now run on and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> be a good +child!" A million lives wrecked at the very off-go can bear +witness to the failure of this method.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Harriot Stanton Blatch (N. Y.) presided at a symposium on Open +Air Meetings, which were then being much discussed, and they were +advocated by Miss Ray Costello of England; Mrs. Katherine Dexter +McCormick (Mass.), Mrs. Susan W. Fitzgerald (Mass.) and Mrs. Helen +LaReine Baker (Wash.). Mrs. Blatch announced a practical demonstration +that afternoon at the corner of Seventh Street and Pennsylvania +Avenue. Mrs. Catt presided over a conference on Political District +Organization as demonstrated in New York City. An afternoon meeting +was devoted to an Industrial Program arranged by Mrs. Myra Strawn +Hartshorne of Chicago. Conditions affecting Women as Workers and as +Wives and Mothers of Workers were graphically described by Miss Rose +Schneiderman (N. Y.), president of the Cap Makers' Union. The +Consequences to Motherhood and Womanhood, as demonstrated by the White +Slave Traffic, were strikingly pictured by Mrs. Raymond Robins +(Ills.), president of the National Women's Trade Union League. A +private conference, Mrs. Mary Hutcheson Page (Mass.) presiding, +discussed the necessity for defeating anti-suffrage candidates for +Congress and Legislatures. Mrs. Florence Kelley, executive secretary +of the National Consumers' League, brought greetings from the Southern +Conference on Woman and Child Labor, which she had just attended, with +a special one from Miss Jean Gordon (La.), and made a striking +address. Dr. Anna Mercy, president of the first suffrage club on the +East Side of New York, gave practical experiences. Miss Nettie A. +Podell and Miss Bertha Ryshpan, representing the Political Equality +League, of which Mrs. Belmont was president, told of its gratifying +experiments with Political Settlements in New York City. The session +closed with a stirring address by Charles Edward Russell on +Self-Defense or the Demand for Political Action.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Pauline Steinem (Ohio) reported the usual active and efficient +work of her Committee on Education, urging among other valuable +methods the organization of Mothers' and Parents' Clubs in connection +with all public schools. Mrs. McCulloch gave her report as Legal +Adviser, which combined sound sense with sparkling<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> humor. She showed +how much money had been lost to the association because those who +intended to leave bequests to it delayed making their wills. She urged +the women to study the statutes of their States relating to women and +said that, while she had been glad to contribute her services as legal +adviser and would not accept a salary, the association should employ a +competent lawyer who could stay at the national headquarters and give +her entire time to compiling the laws for women and giving legal +information. The convention Minutes say: "A rising vote of thanks was +given to Mrs. McCulloch for her magnificent work as legal adviser for +many years." Miss Gordon presented the plan for raising the Susan B. +Anthony Memorial Fund; Mrs. Alice C. Dewey (N. Y.), the report on +Bibliography; Dr. Mary D. Hussey (N. J.), on Enrollment. Miss +Elizabeth J. Hauser read the report of Mrs. Ida Husted Harper, +chairman of the National Press Committee, which said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>My strong belief that New York offered the greatest and most +promising field in the world for suffrage press work has been +abundantly sustained. The national press bureau was opened about +the middle of September, soon after the national headquarters +were moved to this city, with a private reception to the +representatives of every newspaper in the city, to whom its +objects and hopes were stated. From that day the most of the men +and women reporters have been its unfailing friends. A number of +the women have not missed coming a single day and most of them +are ardent suffragists and anxious to help the cause in every +possible way. Back of reporters have been the interest and +support of city and managing editors. In the nearly seven months +there have not been half-a-dozen really opposing editorials and +there have been many of a favorable and helpful character. Every +day sixteen papers of New York City have been examined by some +member of the bureau and the clippings carefully filed. These, +during the past five months, have comprised over 3,000 articles +on woman suffrage, ranging in length from a paragraph to a page.</p> + +<p>During these five months there have been received from one news +service bureau 10,800 clippings on woman suffrage from papers +outside of New York City. Included in these are 2,311 editorials. +All of these were read, sorted and filed. (See exhibit.) The +number of magazine articles on woman suffrage as noted in +<i>Progress</i> during this period has been about one hundred. It is +doubtful if there was such a record in all the preceding ten +years combined.</p> + +<p>In years past there has been great rejoicing when one of the +large syndicates would accept an article on woman suffrage. From +the time the press bureau was established in New York, +practically<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> every one of any consequence in the United States +has urgently requested articles and used all that could be +furnished. From one to a dozen articles each, with a great many +photographs, have been sent to the Associated Press, United +Press, Laffan Bureau and National News Syndicate of New York; +Western Newspaper Union, Chicago; Newspaper Enterprise +Association, Cleveland; North-American Press Syndicate, Grand +Rapids; over 100 short items to the American Press Association. +There has been scarcely a limit to the requests for suffrage +matter from influential papers in all parts of the country.... +Once a month I have supplied an article on the work in the United +States for <i>Jus Suffragii</i>, the international paper published in +Rotterdam.... I have also edited <i>Progress</i>....</p> + +<p>Before closing, I want to express my deep appreciation of the +generosity of Mrs. Oliver H. P. Belmont, through which the press +bureau has this splendid opportunity for work. Every comfort and +facility have been provided and every request cheerfully granted. +Mrs. Belmont never attempts, because of her financial assistance, +to exercise any supervision over the bureau. It is now well +established; it enjoys the confidence of the press and the public +and the opportunities that lie before it cannot be measured in +extent and importance.</p></div> + +<p>During the convention many prominent visitors were introduced to the +audiences, among them Miss Mary Johnston, who had taken a leading part +in organizing the State Suffrage Association of Virginia, and its +president, Mrs. Lila Meade Valentine; Mrs. Elizabeth Upham Yates, the +new president of Rhode Island; J. H. Braly, president of the Men's +League of California; J. Luther Langston, secretary and treasurer of +the Oklahoma Federation of Labor, and Daniel R. Anthony, M. C., of +Kansas. Many greetings were received including one from the Finnish +Temperance organizations through Miss Maggie Walz of Michigan and +others from Mrs. Caroline M. Severance and Mrs. Elizabeth Boynton +Harbert, pioneer suffragists now living in California. Greetings were +sent to Miss Clara Barton of Washington, D. C.; Mrs. Julia Ward Howe +of Boston; Miss Blackwell; the Rev. Antoinette Brown Blackwell of +Elizabeth, N. J.; Mrs. George Howard Lewis of Buffalo; Mrs. Eliza +Wright Osborne of Auburn, N. Y.; Mrs. Elizabeth Smith Miller of +Geneva, N. Y., all pioneers in suffrage work, and to Mrs. Belmont in +New York. A vote of thanks was extended to Miss Belle Bennett (Ky.), +president of the Southern Home Mission, for her strong efforts to +secure the admission of women to the General Conference of the +Methodist Episcopal Church South.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span></p> + +<p>Through the effort of the District Equal Suffrage Association the +spacious Belasco Theater had been secured for the Sunday afternoon +meeting. Dr. Shaw presided and Rabbi Abram Simon offered prayer.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> A +large audience listened to forceful addresses by Miss Beatrice Forbes +Robertson, Miss Laura Clay, Miss Harriet May Mills, Mrs. Ella S. +Stewart and Mrs. Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the evening the officers +of the association received the delegates, speakers and members of the +convention in the parlors of the Arlington.</p> + +<p>One of the most valuable reports given at the convention was that of +Mrs. Lucia Ames Mead, chairman of the Standing Committee on Peace and +Arbitration. The events of a few years later caused the delegates to +remember with renewed interest the extended work and fervent appeals +of Mrs. Mead and her associates for settling the world's disputes by +peaceful methods. On this occasion she made a special plea to those +who were working for the enfranchisement of women.</p> + +<p>Professor Potter, Mr. Blackwell's successor as chairman of the +committee, presented a set of strong resolutions, international as +well as national in character, which were adopted without discussion.</p> + +<p>A subject which received much attention was the offer of Miss +Blackwell to make the <i>Woman's Journal</i> the official organ of the +association. It needed the help of the paper and since the death of +her father she needed some one to share the responsibility of its +publication. Miss Clay, Mrs. McCulloch, Mrs. Dennett and Miss Mary +Garrett of Baltimore were appointed to plan the business details. An +agreement was made for one year, Miss Blackwell to continue as editor +without salary but the association to employ a business manager and +such other help as she required.</p> + +<p>A noteworthy program marked the last evening of the convention, which +opened with a powerful address by Raymond Robins on The Worker, the +Law and the Courts. It was to be followed by a consideration of +Scientific Propaganda in Practical Politics, with the Literature +discussed by Mrs. Hartshorne but she was ill<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> and Professor Potter +took her place. Plans for activity in behalf of changes of law and its +administration that will benefit women and children in particular and +society in general were presented by Miss Grace Strachan, president of +the New York Federation of Teachers. Special plans in behalf of woman +suffrage were submitted by Mrs. James Lees Laidlaw (N. Y.). Dr. Shaw, +who presided, called attention to the hearings before the committees +of Senate and House the next morning and closed the convention with +one of her characteristic speeches which sent the audience home happy +and ready for the battle.</p> + +<p>The dominant note of the convention was the intention henceforth to +enter the field of politics. The New York <i>Evening Post</i> said in its +account: "The audiences at all the meetings were too large for the +capacity of the room and at the Sunday night public gathering hundreds +had to be turned away. Without exception State delegations reported +that the work of the next year would consist of active effort along +political lines, the organization of woman suffrage 'parties' with +membership comprising men and women. Delegations would interview +candidates and voters in regard to their suffrage opinions; conduct +open-air meetings throughout the summer and be on duty at the polls +during elections."</p> + +<p>The <i>Woman's Journal</i> said in its summing up: "The personnel of the +delegates and speakers was such as to inspire the most hostile, the +most conservative and the most despondent student of human nature. +When an observer reflected that these delegates represented thousands +of women in each State who believe in equal suffrage, and that the +speakers and leaders of the convention voiced the thoughts, hopes and +aspirations of suffragists the world over, he could not help being +stirred profoundly with the conviction not only that equal rights are +inevitable in the near future but also with the compelling faith that +the world is truly marching on in the very best sense and that it can +never again be quite as dark a place to live in as it has been. A +notable feature was the absolute conviction with which these +representatives of the people speak and the unmistakable determination +to win a speedy victory."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></p> + +<p>The "hearings" before committees of Senate and House took place on the +historic date, April 19, when in 1776 "the shot was fired which was +heard around the world" proclaiming the birth of a republic founded on +the right of every individual to represent himself by his ballot! +Heretofore they had been held in the Marble Room of the Senate +Building and the room of the House Judiciary Committee, which could +accommodate only a very limited number of the delegates and none of +the public. The splendid new office buildings of the two Houses of +Congress were now finished and in the spacious rooms assigned for the +hearings all of the delegates found seats and many others, although a +long line of the disappointed extended down the corridor.</p> + +<p>The members of the Senate Committee were Alexander S. Clay (Ga.), +chairman; Senators Joseph F. Johnston (Ala.), Elmer J. Burkett (Neb.), +George Peabody Wetmore (R. I.), Albert J. Beveridge (Ind.). All were +present except Senator Beveridge. Dr. Shaw presided and before +introducing the speakers gave a résumé of the petitions which had just +been presented to the Congress, called attention to the names of many +eminent men and women who had signed them and said: "Believing that +the first republic in the world, founded upon the principle of +self-government with 'equal rights for all and special privileges for +none,' should be among the leaders and not the laggards in this great +world movement, your petitioners pray this honorable body to submit to +the Legislatures of the several States for ratification an amendment +to the Federal Constitution which will enable American women to vote." +She continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It is not revolutionary on our part to ask a share in our +Government. We are demanding it because it is in accord with +American ideals and absolutely essential to the establishment of +true democracy. A democratic form of government is right or it is +not right—it is either right that the people should be +self-governed or that they should not. If it is not right, then +we ought to know it; the whole people ought to know it. If it is +right, then the whole people ought to have equal opportunities in +self-government. It is not that we women wish to dictate in +regard to men or that we assume any superior ability for +government, any superior wisdom, but it is that we do assume that +whether we are wise or not, whether we have a grasp of all the +affairs of state or not, whether we are earning and producing +equally with men or not, we are human beings and as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> a part of +the Government we should have at least a chance to exercise +whatever powers we possess equally with all other citizens. It is +because we believe that this Government should be true to its +fundamental principles that we make these demands.</p> + +<p>Some one asked Wendell Phillips if Christianity were not a +failure and he replied, "It has not yet been tried." So we can +say in regard to democracy. We hear the cry everywhere that +democracy is a failure. A speaker in New York said that our +democracy was the laughing stock of all the civilized nations of +the world. It is the laughing stock because of the failure of +this democracy to dare to be democratic. We have never tried +universal suffrage but if that which we have is a failure the +cure for it is not to restrict it but to extend it, because no +class of men is able to represent another class and it is much +truer that no class nor all classes of men are capable of +representing any class or all classes of women. Believing this, +we have come as citizens of the United States to this Mecca of +all the people for more than forty years and we are ready to come +for as many years more as may be necessary until our plea is +granted.</p></div> + +<p>Dr. Shaw then said: "I desire to introduce speakers from the +professions and lines of work represented in our petitions: Mrs. +Catharine Waugh McCulloch of Chicago, who has been a practicing lawyer +for twenty-four years and was recently re-elected to the office of +justice of the peace."</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mrs. McCulloch. There may be a woman school-teacher somewhere who +does not want to vote that may be satisfied to receive only 75 +per cent. as much as men teachers and to have no chance at highly +paid superintendencies. There may be a mother who does not want +equality at the ballot box nor in the guardianship of her +children. There may be some factory girl who so earnestly +believes it right to receive less wages than men do that she +never wants the ballot to help her get equal pay for equal work. +It may be that there is some woman paying heavy taxes—heavier +than the equally wealthy man next door—who is happy to be taxed +without being represented. It may be that some woman +civil-service employee at Washington or in the State has for a +long time been at the top of the list of those who are eligible +for promotion and has seen men below her on the list +requisitioned for places with large salaries and approves of this +and enjoys being discriminated against because she is not a +voter. There may be some woman physician who does not want to +vote and who observes uncomplainingly that all remunerative +political offices to which physicians are eligible on city or +State boards of health or in public hospitals are filled by men. +There may be a nurse so busy saving life that she has not +realized the foolishness of her disfranchisement on the ground +that she was never a soldier to destroy life. There may be some +young woman in railroad office, stenographer, bookkeeper or +clerk, who meekly approves<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> an order for the discharge of all +women employees for the ostensible reason that they marry too +soon but for the real reason that they do not vote.</p> + +<p>There may be a woman in any of these varied employments who is so +convinced of her own inferiority that she does not want the +ballot but to the credit of the women lawyers it may be said that +almost every one does want to vote and can tell several reasons +why. A woman may in this century go through a law college the +only woman in her class without discomfort. She opens those +sacred law books as easily and learns as readily as do the men +and passes as good an examination. She sees her young men +classmates rise to great distinction in the service of the State. +She may count among them, as I can, city attorneys, State +attorneys, civil-service commissioners, Judges of high degree, +Senators and Governors. It will be impossible to prove to her +that she, who in law school fed on the same mental diet as did +these now renowned political leaders, is too ignorant to vote for +them or against them or that the quality of her brain forbids her +understanding of the great problems her law classmates are now +solving....</p></div> + +<p>Dr. Shaw: The next speaker will be Miss Eveline Gano, a teacher of +history in one of the high schools of New York City, who will speak on +behalf of the teachers of the country.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Miss Gano. If the woman teacher's need of the ballot is a +debatable question then another very natural question arises: Do +men teachers need the ballot?... I am asked to speak particularly +of women who have made teaching a profession. In 1870, 41 per +cent. of the teachers in the United States were men; 21 per cent. +to-day are men. In large cities the number of women teachers is +still greater in proportion. In New York only 12½ per cent. of +the 17,000 teachers are men. According to the last census there +are 17,000,000 children in the United States who should be in +elementary schools. Approximately 90 per cent. are taught almost +entirely by women. In New York City only seven per cent. of the +600,000 children in the public schools ever enter grades higher +than the elementary; in western cities a few more. Practically +all of the schooling that 90 citizens out of 100 ever get they +receive from the hands and hearts and minds of women. Whatever +this great number of future citizens knows of citizenship and +correct standards of morals and industry they have learned from +the mothers and the women teachers. The very foundations of law +and equity and justice are in the hands of women who are in the +eyes of the law but wards and dependents. If these women teachers +and mothers had a keener sense of their responsibilities by +actual participation in civic life, what might be the results in +even one decade? Who is to blame if they do not have the keener +sense?</p> + +<p>One of the greatest problems facing this republic has been +turned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> over to women teachers—that of coping with the foreign +born and their children. Who can estimate the value of this great +constructive work, the creation of American citizens out of the +varied materials that are landed on our shores? And who can +estimate the quickening force and the gain in appreciation and +respect for law and order, if the mothers and the teachers of +these children were considered worthy of the principles which +they are asked to inculcate? Thousands of these women teachers +are college graduates with fine training and all are women of +more than average intelligence. They are not only bread winners +but very often they are the heads of families which they have +inherited. They are caring for and educating younger brothers and +sisters, nieces and nephews, and providing for aged fathers and +mothers. It has been said that the men of each class will protect +the women of each class. Witness the men teachers of New York +City, who in 1900 secured a State law that gave to themselves +salaries from 30 per cent. to 100 per cent. higher than to women +doing the same grade of work. A woman teacher in the elementary +schools must work nine years in order to receive the salary that +the man teacher begins with. She may and often does supervise +men, because of having passed a difficult examination, and +receive $800 a year less than the men whom she supervises. A +woman principal receives $1,000 less than a man principal in the +same grade of work, having the very same qualifications. Governor +Hughes has characterized these discriminations against women as +"glaring and gross inequalities," but in spite of the efforts of +15,000 women teachers for the last four years the inequalities +still continue. It is rather easy to see the value of the ballot +to the men teachers of the city of New York....</p> + +<p>As citizens under the 14th Amendment of the Constitution of the +United States, we claim the honored and inherited right to +petition our Government or either branch thereof for a redress of +grievances that very plainly exist because of the present legal +status of women in 41 States of the Union. We ask that our +petition, which is signed by hundreds of thousands of law-abiding +citizens, shall receive serious and courteous attention. We well +know that when a petition of such great consequence to millions +of citizens is not so considered the foundation of republican +government is attacked and weakened where it should be supported +and strengthened.</p></div> + +<p>Dr. Shaw: I present now Dr. Anna E. Blount, a physician from Chicago, +who will speak in behalf of the medical practitioners.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Dr. Blount. In my city there are 500 women doctors; in my State +there are 750; in the United States in 1900 there were 7,399. +These women doctors know the womanhood of the country perhaps +more intimately than any other class of women know it. I have +talked with many of them and I have yet to find one who does not +believe in woman suffrage. The Woman's Medical Club in Chicago +has joined the suffrage association. Why do we want the ballot?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> +Partly our reasons are personal to our own profession and partly +they are the same that move the whole mass of mankind to ask for +suffrage today. Some of our personal reasons are these: As women +we are excluded from most of the well-paid positions for +physicians. We know that the dependent womanhood of the country +needs our care; from time to time we hear grewsome tales from the +insane asylums and the pauper institutions of wrongs done the +women because there is no woman doctor there to protect them. +Little children in my own State have gone through a life of +degradation owing to the fact that there was no woman doctor in +charge of them in the public institutions. The best paid +positions are political jobs and no woman can get one. Another +reason why, as physicians, we want the ballot is that at present +we need police protection. We need a city that is well lighted +and safe for women, as we are obliged to go out at all hours of +the night. A few years ago the hunters of women became unusually +active and several respectable women were in the early hours of +the evening hunted to their death and murdered. We were told at +that time by the commissioner of police that it would be well for +all the respectable women of the city to remain indoors after 8 +o'clock in the evening unless they were escorted by a gentleman! +Imagine when the telephone rings for a woman doctor to attend +some critical case that she shall be required either to get a +male escort or remain at home! This is also true of nurses and +many others....</p> + +<p>I do not think that men can grow to be the best men when they are +in constant association with a subject class. I ask you gentlemen +of the United States Senate, for the sake of womanhood, but most +of all for the sake of manhood, to report this resolution out of +the committee, and to ask the Senate of the United States to give +the women of this country, so far as in its power, the right of +suffrage.</p></div> + +<p>Dr. Shaw: "I present a lawyer, Mrs. Ellen Spencer Mussey, but she will +speak in the capacity of a college woman." After giving her experience +in trying to secure better laws for women in the District of Columbia, +Mrs. Mussey told of her visits to Norway and Sweden, where as attorney +for a legation she had every opportunity to attend the Parliaments, +meet the statesmen and leading women and hear their universal +testimony in favor of the experiment in woman suffrage. In closing she +stated that as chairman of the legislative committee of the General +Federation of Women's Clubs she had received reports from hundreds of +them regretting their lack of power to obtain legislation and their +need of representation on boards of education and of public +institutions. Dr. Shaw then introduced Miss Minnie J. Reynolds<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> of New +Jersey, formerly of Colorado, who had supervised the petition of the +writers.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Miss Reynolds. This attempt to canvass the writers of the United +States is absurdly inadequate and fragmentary. It was the unpaid +work of women, each of whom had her own occupation in life, in +such spare time as they could get during the year. These writers +represent only twenty-one States. Others, including such great +States as New York, Michigan and Wisconsin, sent in huge rolls of +names without a classification. I am speaking for 1,870 writers. +The first name is that of William Dean Howells, the "dean of +American letters," perhaps more truly representative of American +literature than any other living person. The second name is that +of John Bigelow, ex-ambassador to France, ex-secretary-of-state +of New York, and author of some twenty scholarly books. On this +list are the names of men and women known to every reader of +American literature and to every reader of the periodical press. +The petition blanks were sent to them by mail and if they did not +wish to sign they had only to drop them in the waste-basket. A +number of publicists have signed, among them Melville E. Stone, +head of the Associated Press, and six of his editors; S. S. and +T. C. McClure, publishers of the McClure's Magazine; the editors +of Everybody's, the Independent, the Public, Philistine, +Delineator, Designer, New Idea, Harper's Bazar, La Follette's +Magazine, the Springfield Republican: editors of Current +Literature, Philadelphia Record, Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, +New York Herald, New York Tribune, Baltimore Sun, Baltimore +American, Minneapolis News, Cincinnati Post and numerous other +newspapers over the country. These publications reach millions of +readers.</p> + +<p>There are on this list the names of many persons who, although +authors or magazine writers, are still more distinguished in +other lines of work, as William James and George Herbert Palmer +of Harvard; Graham Taylor and Shailer Matthews of the University +of Chicago; Simon N. Patten of the University of Pennsylvania; +and other professors from the universities of Harvard, Chicago, +Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Cornell and Columbia, and from Oberlin, +Vassar and Wellesley. The great families of Hawthorne, Chanler +and Beecher are represented by living descendants who are +carrying on the literary traditions which must ever be associated +with those names. The late Richard Watson Gilder, editor of the +Century, published a tribute to Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi after her +death. In this he said in substance that the American women who +had most conspicuously united rare intelligence with rare +goodness were Josephine Shaw Lowell, founder of the New York +Charity Organization; Alice Freeman Palmer, president of +Wellesley College, and Dr. Jacobi. Mr. Gilder was an +anti-suffragist. The three women whom he thus placed at the +pinnacle of American womanhood were all strong suffragists.</p> + +<p>The women whose names are on this list represent brains and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span> +character; they represent that element of American womanhood +which is winning its own way successfully in the great world of +competition and strenuous endeavor; influencing the minds and +molding the public opinion of the country through their books and +through the press. There may be those among you, gentlemen, who +are opposed to suffrage, but I am sure there is not one who would +not be glad to know that his daughter was a woman of this type if +it so happened that he was obliged to leave her unprovided for. +There is one girl, Jean Webster, who made $4,000 on one book the +year she left college. There is one woman, Mary Johnston, who was +paid $20,000 in advance royalties on one book before a word of it +was printed. A number of distinguished writers had signed the +general petition before the writers' blank had reached them, +among them Mark Twain, Booth Tarkington, Ernest Thompson Seton, +Julia Ward Howe, Frances Hodgson Burnett, Mary Wilkins Freeman +and Ellen Glasgow.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Rachel Foster Avery, former corresponding secretary of the +National Suffrage Association, in speaking of the petition told of one +containing 10,000 names which had been gathered in Indiana years ago +and presented to the Legislature by Mrs. Zerelda G. Wallace, often +referred to as the mother pictured in "Ben Hur." It was treated with +the utmost contempt, one member saying, "These 10,000 women have about +as much influence as that many mice." This experience sent that +eloquent woman to the suffrage platform for the rest of her life. Mrs. +Avery urged the committee to give a favorable report on this great +petition as the first step toward making the influence of the +thousands of women who had signed it of more value than that of so +many mice. [For the address of Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, president of +the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, see Appendix for this +chapter.]</p> + +<p>U. S. Senator John F. Shafroth of Colorado, a consistent supporter of +woman suffrage from the very beginning of the movement for it in his +State twenty years before, made an address to the committee which was +printed in a pamphlet of seven pages and made a part of the propaganda +of the National Association. Limited space permits only brief +extracts, which give little idea of its compelling arguments.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>An eminent writer has said that all powers of government are +either delegated or assumed; that all not delegated are assumed +and all assumed powers are usurpations. The powers of government +by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> men over women are not delegated, because the women never +delegated such powers to men. They are assumed then and, as all +assumed powers are usurpations, the exercise of the powers of +government by men over women is usurpation. How can those who +refuse to give women the right to vote reconcile their opinion +with the form of government in which they believe? What right +have I to make all the laws which shall govern not only myself +but also my wife, sister and mother, without giving to them any +voice in determining the justice or wisdom of those laws? It can +only be on the assertion of an assumed or usurped right—that +which we have condemned as not the source of rightful power. We +all remember Lincoln's declaration that "when the white man +governs himself, that is self-government; but when he governs +himself and also governs another man, that is despotism." The +exercise of any power of government not emanating from the +consent of the governed, therefore, is despotism. After men by an +assumption of power have attached the elective franchise to +themselves, is it a just answer to the demand of women to say +that men have concluded that "suffrage is a privilege which +attaches neither to man nor to woman by nature?" Have we +forgotten the cry of our forefathers which stirred the blood of +every patriotic American, that "taxation without representation +is tyranny?" Why is it tyranny to men but not to women? Is it +sufficient to say that "they are not the only persons taxed as +property holders from whom the ballot is withheld," when the only +other persons from whom it is permanently withheld are lunatics, +idiots and criminals? How would men like such reasoning applied +to themselves?...</p> + +<p>Deprive any class or nationality of men of the elective franchise +and the detrimental effect would be felt immediately. Their +petitions for legislation would no longer receive prompt and +careful consideration and if the proposed legislation conflicted +with conditions favorable to a class of voters it would be almost +impossible to get a legislator or Congressman even to introduce +such a measure. The equal suffrage advocates have appeared before +a committee of the House of Representatives at Washington every +session for a great many years, begging for a favorable report. +If persons representing one-tenth as many voters had made an +appeal for some important legislation affecting their rights, +don't we know that those same Congressmen would almost have +fought with each other for the privilege of writing a favorable +report?</p></div> + +<p>Governor Shafroth quoted election statistics which showed conclusively +that women in Colorado voted in about the same proportion as men and +he gave a long list of progressive laws which had been enacted through +the support of women. He declared that in no respect had the ideals of +womanhood been lowered and closed by saying: "The highest +considerations of justice<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> and good government demand equal suffrage +for all women."</p> + +<p>Dr. Shaw in closing the hearing said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I have in my hand a document which was today sent, I believe, to +every Senator and Representative, signed by the ladies +representing societies opposed to the further extension of the +suffrage to women. Of those which purport to be State societies, +three at least are merely local clubs in cities. These ladies +have petitioned this honorable body and the House of +Representatives not to grant the appeal of the women who have +come here with this very large petition on the ground that it +would be an interference on your part with the rights which the +States have reserved to themselves, if you were to submit an +amendment to the Federal Constitution giving full suffrage to +women.... I see by this document that the great danger with which +you are threatened if you do this unjust thing is that you admit +into the body politic a vast non-fighting horde of people, a most +dangerous class. Man suffrage is a method adopted, it says, for +the peaceful attainment of the will of the majority, to which the +minority must submit.</p> + +<p>If there is anything which must appeal to every sense of justice, +it is the struggle of the industrial world to get out from under +the domineering, military power. The age in which we live is no +longer a militant age. Today it is not so much the question of +which nation can produce the greatest number of soldiers as of +which can produce the greatest number of things the world needs +to buy. It is a problem of industry and into this problem women, +either by force or by desire, have come.... In olden times women +could control the hours of their labor and the conditions +affecting their health and the health of their families; they +could regulate the price of the product which they themselves +produced in the home but since men have taken from it the +industries, the necessity for women to protect themselves in the +workshop, in the sweatshop, in the factory has come about. +Wherever man has taken woman's work the woman must follow it and +she must have the same method of protecting herself which man +must have and there is no other means save through the ballot....</p> + +<p>We have been over forty years, a longer period than the children +of Israel wandered through the wilderness, coming to this Capitol +pleading for this recognition of the principle that the +Government derives its just powers from the consent of the +governed. Mr. Chairman, we ask that you report our resolution +favorably if you can but unfavorably if you must; that you report +one way or the other, so that the Senate may have the chance to +consider it.</p></div> + +<p>The Chairman: "In behalf of the committee I desire to thank the ladies +for the splendid arguments they have made and to say that we +appreciate them most heartily. It is my intention to call the +committee together at a very early date and we will give a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> careful +and intelligent consideration to this measure, and, I hope, make a +report on it."</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding this promise no further attention was paid to these +logical and eloquent appeals or to the immense petition, and no report +whatever was made by the committee.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>All but four of the members of the House Judiciary Committee were +present, including the chairman, Richard Wayne Parker (N. J.), a +remarkable attendance, and they showed much interest.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> Mrs. +Florence Kelley, second vice-president of the National Suffrage +Association, was in charge of the speakers and the hearing was opened +by Representative A. W. Rucker (Col.), who had introduced the +resolution for the Federal Amendment, as also had Representative F. W. +Mondell (Wyo.). Mrs. Kelley called attention to the petition of +404,823 names, saying: "Among those who have signed the petition are +sixteen Governors, a large number of Mayors and many State, county and +city officials; many of the best-known instructors and writers on +political economy and many presidents of colleges and universities. It +includes the names of many Judges of Supreme Courts and among them the +Chief Justice and Associate Justice of Hawaii. It contains a long list +of the names of persons engaged in various trades and from those in +the thirty-three States which are classified are 7,515 professional +people, lawyers, doctors, clergymen and others; also 52,603 listed as +home keepers."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Susan W. Fitzgerald (Mass.) said in part: "I come here to speak +for those 52,000 home makers who signed the petition to Congress +asking for equal political rights in this democracy.... To ask woman +under our modern industrial conditions to care adequately for her home +and family without a right to share in the making of the laws and the +electing of all those officers who are to enforce the laws is like +asking people to make bricks without straw. It cannot be done. We must +remember that in the early days of this country a family was +practically self-supporting and independent of the rest of the +community;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span> a man and a woman working together could provide for their +family all that was necessary for their sustenance; meats, vegetables, +grains, milk, eggs, butter, cheese, all were home products. They +provided their own lighting and controlled their own water supply. The +women spun the thread, wove the cloth, dyed it and made the garments. +In every way, if it was necessary, the family could maintain its +existence independent of the cooperation of society except in the one +matter of defense from violence. None of this is true today." Mrs. +Fitzgerald took up the questions of food, drink and clothing as +supplied at the present time and showed the great need that women +should have a voice in the legislation that controls their production.</p> + +<p>It had been announced that all of the arguments would be made along +industrial lines. Arthur E. Holder, of the legislative committee of +the American Federation of Labor, presented for the record a series of +the very positive resolutions for woman suffrage which had been +adopted by that body at its annual conventions beginning with 1904 and +read the one passed at Toronto in 1909: "The best interests of labor +require the admission of women to full citizenship as a matter of +justice to them and as a necessary step toward insuring and raising +the scale of wages for all." He closed a strong speech by saying: "We +want the right of representation for all the people, women as well as +men. Women have been disfranchised in our country long enough and we +now ask for that measure which will constitutionally grant the right +to vote to the women of our land. We believe that women ought to be +free agents, free selectors, free voters. The law is no respecter of +persons. Women cannot shirk their responsibility because they are +women; neither should they be longer denied their normal citizenship +rights and privileges because they are women."</p> + +<p>In a most convincing address Mrs. Elizabeth Schauss, factory inspector +of Ohio, said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It seems almost superfluous that we should come here pleading for +the vote when we know it is the only thing which will give the +wage-earning woman the protection that she needs and should have, +as to-day she has absolutely no chance beside her brother. +Although she gives the same quality and the same amount of work +yet she can not command the same wage, and why? Simply because<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> +she is not a recognized citizen by virtue of the ballot. If you +would go into the factories, the mills, the mercantile +establishments and meet these women and learn from them the +indignities to which they ofttimes are subjected in order that +they may retain their places you would not wait for any one to +come here and argue the question with you. You would see for +yourselves that the only remedy is to grant to them that same +protection that you give to every man over 21 years of age. The +girl so employed submits in a way to these things because she is +thinking of the time when her factory days will be over, when she +will make a home for husband and children, and God forbid that +the time shall ever come that our girls will lose sight of this, +their greatest vocation! But before they are competent to take +charge of the home in every sense of the word, before they can +give to their children all that these should have, they must +themselves be placed upon a basis of equality with their +husbands....</p> + +<p>Why should I, a tax-paying woman, be denied the right by casting +my ballot to say how these taxes that I am paying shall be +expended? In the light of progress and of American civilization, +we know this cannot continue. We have great things at stake in +our children. We are trying to take away that shadow which rests +upon these United States, the shadow of child labor. It will not +be done until the mothers have the right to speak for their +children through the ballot. We are looking for the day when we +shall be able to stand shoulder to shoulder with our men and +share with them the burdens and responsibilities of this greatest +nation and be able to hold up our heads and say: "We are on an +equal footing because we have men in the United States who +recognize equality of rights."</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Raymond Robins, thoroughly qualified to speak on this question, +said in part: "I have the great honor and privilege of representing, +as president of the National Women's Trade Union League, something +like 75,000 organized working women, and I believe all through our +country as well as through all the world there is a growing +recognition of the cost of our modern industrial conditions to women. +These are such that in many thousands of instances the motherhood of +our girls has to be forfeited. No one knows except those who have made +a very intimate and careful study of the present cost of social and +industrial conditions how great that cost is. When we demanded in +Illinois the limiting of the working hours for women to ten a day, +many of our women physicians brought forward facts of great value +showing the tremendous physical danger to girls of overwork. At +present a very interesting and valuable investigation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> is going on, +led by some of our woman physicians, showing the evil result on the +second generation of these industrial conditions.... These facts are +of national importance and it is because right there is the crux of +the entire situation that we women are working for the ballot, for the +sake of protecting the womanhood and motherhood of our 6,000,000 +working women, I think half of them under 21 years of age...."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Robins gave a number of special instances and in answer to the +question how the ballot would remedy these evils, she said: "The +women, an unorganized group, get together and take collective action +and they find themselves not fighting their industrial battles in the +economic field but in the political field and the weapons that are +constantly used against them with the greatest success are political +weapons. The power of the police and of the courts is used against +them in many instances and whenever they try to meet that expression +of political power, they are handicapped because there is no force in +their hands to help change it...."</p> + +<p>In the course of a speech punctuated with lively questions and answers +Mrs. Upton said: "I represent the industry of wifehood and +housekeeping. I spent many of my childhood days in the room of this +committee, my father having been a member of the Judiciary Committee +for thirteen years and chairman for several years. He was the only one +who ever reported a bill favorably for woman suffrage.... I want to +ask you to report against us if you will not report for us. Just tell +the world that we must not vote because we cannot fight, because it +will destroy the home, anything you please, but break your long years +of silence. Is it fair for you <i>not</i> to tell us why you are opposed to +us? Women are not fools; on the contrary, they are very intelligent +people and sure to be enfranchised before long. If this committee does +not help some other will; it is going to be done and it is for you to +decide whether your daughters will be able to say years from now, 'My +father was one of the men who helped get woman suffrage!' While men of +this country have been running after dollars at a terrific rate in +recent years women have been studying and preparing themselves in +clubs and all sorts of organizations for this right, so that they will +be the most intelligent class—if<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> you call them a class—that was +ever enfranchised in all history. Are you afraid of intelligence? All +we ask is to let the mother heart, the home element, be expressed in +the government.... I beg of you to let all the world know <i>why</i> the +women of the United States, who by hundreds of thousands have +petitioned you to submit this amendment, ought not have at least this +request considered and a report on it made."</p> + +<p>Miss Laura J. Graddick, representing a labor union in the District of +Columbia, said during an able and earnest address:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>They say that politics is too corrupt for woman to enter the +field as a voter but does she not live under a Government +dominated by politics? Shame on the manhood of our country that +our government housekeeping is so administered that woman can not +come in contact with it and escape contamination.... If our +Government is built on moral law it should be clean enough for a +woman to have a voice in it. We assure you there are no better +house-cleaners than women and the above statement certainly +indicates the need of women in politics. There is no great cry on +the part of men because of the contaminating influences which +woman meets in the business and industrial world. They are not +keeping her out of the various vocations of life because of the +evil which she might encounter. Are not sweat-shop conditions and +overwork and underpaid work evils far more destructive to the +physical, mental and moral welfare of women than any condition in +which suffrage might place them? Because of the great economic +and political changes of the last century the working woman of +to-day is entitled to the same rights accorded the working man in +the political world. These changes have taken her from the home +and brought her into business and industrial life, where she has +become more and more man's equal and competitor, leaving behind +those conditions which so long made her dependent upon him. This +has not been of her choosing. Men, in their pursuit of wealth, +have taken the work formerly done in the home, from the spinning +and weaving even down to the baking and laundering, and massed it +in great factories and shops. Instead of woman taking man's work, +it is the reverse and he has appropriated to himself what was +long supposed to be hers. Woman finds that what was formerly with +her a work of love is now done under new conditions and strange +environments.</p> + +<p>This experience in the outside world is educating her, for she is +studying conditions. She sees that she is forced to compete with +those who have full political rights while she herself is a +political nonentity. She finds that she must contend with and +protect herself against conditions which are more often political +than economic, thus forcing upon her the conviction that she too +is entitled to be a voter. She sees that politics, business and +industrial life generally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> are so united that one affects the +other and that since she is a factor in two she should be granted +the rights and privileges of the third. Think of the number of +women wage-earners in this country who are without political +representation, there being no men in the family, and at present +laws all made without a woman's point of view!... The working +woman does not ask for the ballot as a panacea for all her ills. +She knows that it carries with it responsibilities but all that +it is to man it will be and even more to woman. Let her remain +man's inferior politically and unjust discriminations against her +as a wage-earner will continue, but let her become his equal +politically and she will then be in a position to demand equal +pay for equal work.</p></div> + +<p>In a speech of deep feeling Miss Laura Clay, president of the Kentucky +Suffrage Association, said in part: "Gentlemen, when I hear our women +making the pleas that they have made, brought up, as I have been, to +believe that the manhood of the United States is the grandest in the +world, I ask, 'Shall we not find any members of Congress except those +who say, 'Can you not get some one else to protect you? Go to your +States, go anywhere but do not come to us?' It has been said to me +when I have spoken for childhood, 'You have no child?' And I have +answered: 'No, I have no child, but just as surely as men in the order +of nature are the protectors of womanhood, so surely in the order of +nature women are the protectors of childhood. I would dishonor my +womanhood to say that I will not do what I can for a child because I +have none and I hope the time will never come when women must be +ashamed of men because they are not willing to sacrifice something to +take this action for women.' Think of it! Must we crawl on our knees +to ask you for that which we feel we have a right to demand? You +should see that every protection which every lifting hand that it is +possible for manhood to offer to womanhood should be extended and your +position gives you a great opportunity. I urge that, as far as your +official power extends, you will show that the manhood of the United +States responds to the pleas of the womanhood of the United States."</p> + +<p>The closing address of Mrs. Kelley and the many questions it called +for from the committee with her answers filled nearly twelve pages of +the printed report of the hearing. A small part only can find space +here.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, it is sixty years last month since my +father, Judge William D. Kelley, became a member of the House of +Representatives and in those days it took a great deal of courage +for a man to do what he did year after year—introduce this +resolution which you are considering to-day. He did it partly, I +think, out of chivalrous regard for Miss Anthony, Mrs. Stanton +and the few brave women who fifty years ago patiently came before +your predecessors; but very much more he introduced that +resolution because he believed it was essentially just. He saw in +those days the beginnings of the industrial change in the midst +of which we now live and they appalled him. He saw how difficult +it had been for his widowed mother to get an education for +himself and his sisters, and how infinitely difficult life was +for the whole great class of women, not only widows but those who +by the circumstances of our changing industries had been forced +out into the industrial market. He believed they ought to have +the same power to protect their own interests as had been given +to the American workingman and which he helped give to the +negro....</p> + +<p>Women now do not count in our communities at all in proportion to +the responsibilities which they carry. One of the gentlemen has +asked: "What is the relation of all this labor talk to the +ballot?" I will give you some examples: I was for four years the +head of the factory inspectors of Illinois. During that time we +had an eight-hour law enacted for the protection of women and +children employed in manufacturing industries. The Supreme Court +held that it was contrary to the constitutions of the State and +of the United States for women to be deprived of the right to +work twenty-four hours whenever it suited the convenience of the +employers. The court said—and it took 9,000 words to say +it—that women could not be deprived of working unlimited hours, +because they were citizens, although it said the term +"citizenship" was limited; the Court said they could not be +allowed to work underground in mines; they could not be allowed +to work out their taxes on the roads, as farmers do; they could +not be called to the militia; they could not vote except for +school committees and once in four years for the trustees of the +State University, but, with those minor deductions, they were +citizens and could not be deprived of the freedom of contract.</p> + +<p>The Supreme Court of the United States has proclaimed that the +Judges of Illinois guessed wrong on that occasion, that it is not +contrary to the Constitution of the United States to limit the +working hours of women but that it is the obvious duty of every +Legislature to do this in the interest of public health and +morals. A year ago, largely through the efforts of Mrs. Robins, +the Legislature tried it again and passed this time a ten-hour +law for women. A Judge was found who held that it was a +legitimate object for an injunction and he enjoined my successor, +the present factory inspector, and the prosecuting attorney from +enforcing this law. To-day under that injunction the women are +again free to work twenty-four hours, as they do one day in the +week quite regularly in the laundries in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> Chicago, and to work +sixteen hours a day as they do in the stores during the Christmas +rush, and as they do in the box factories and candy factories. +Yet the women of Illinois have not had one word to say as to the +personnel of these courts which decide what is a matter of life +and death for every woman who is rushed into her grave by work in +the laundries and other sweat shops of that State.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Kelley gave some tragic instances of occurrences during her eight +years in Hull House with Miss Jane Addams, where the working of women +overtime caused death and permanent invalidism, and continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>During the fifteen years since that Illinois court so decided, +the miners who work underground in sixteen States, from Missouri +to Nevada and from Montana to Texas and Arizona, have been able +to change the constitutions of their States so that they work but +eight hours a day. They are voters, they have power, they have +intelligence and organization; they obtained from the Supreme +Court of the United States the famous decision of Holden vs. +Hardy, in which it held that it is not only the right but the +duty of the State to restrict the hours of those who work +underground. In Illinois the women must have unlimited hours +because they are not voting citizens....</p> + +<p>For twelve years a body of influential women of New York City +appeared before the board of estimate and apportionment to ask +for the pitiable sum of $18,000 to be appropriated to pay the +salaries of eighteen inspectors to look after the welfare of +60,000 women and girls in retail stores but we never got it. One +candid friend, Mayor Van Wyck, in listening to our plea, told us +the whole trouble. Said he: "Ladies, why do you waste your time +year after year in coming before us and asking for this +appropriation? You have not a voter in your constituency and you +know it and we know it and you know we know it," and they never +did give it to us....</p></div> + +<p>A spirited discussion ensued here between Representative Robert L. +Henry (Tex.) and Mrs. Kelley as to whether Congress has the power to +coerce a State through a Federal Amendment into giving women the right +to vote. Representative Edwin Y. Webb (N. C.) asked if the majority of +women wanted to vote and she answered that there was not the slightest +doubt of it, that as reasoning beings women could not help desiring a +full share in the Government under which they live. Representative +Goebel (O.) said that at any time man might be called on to uphold the +laws and the Constitution and asked: "Do you think that woman is +physically and temperamentally fitted to give any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> return to the +Government for any privilege she might have in the exercise of her +right as a citizen?" Mrs. Kelley answered: "Yes, I think we have +always done it. We pay taxes, we teach the children to obey the laws, +we fill their hearts with patriotism, but the principal thing is that +we furnish the army at the risk of our own lives. Every time an army +has been called for in the United States it has been the sons of +American women on the whole who have carried the weapons and every son +has been born at the risk of his mother's life. Her service is a very +much greater contribution than the two or three years of the son's +carrying a gun or perhaps dying of typhoid fever while in the +service."</p> + +<p>Miss Clay could not keep silent but asked if they realized how much +the order of society depended on the teaching and the restraining +influence of women, on their power to maintain decency of life, not +alone by their presence but also by their high ideals of law and +society. "When they are recognized as voting citizens," she said, +"their idea of civic duty will reach a still higher point and they +will have power to see that it is enforced." Members of the committee +began to bring forward the stock misrepresentations about the voting +of women in Colorado, which called Mr. Rucker to his feet with +statistics to show that women voted in quite as large a proportion as +men; that, instead of men's controlling the women's votes, women often +controlled the men's; that in the hundreds of cases of election frauds +only one or two women had been implicated; that less than 15 per cent. +of the so-called "ostracized" women go to the polls.</p> + +<p>In closing Chairman Parker said: "I wish to render the thanks of the +committee for this large and representative audience, which is almost +an American Congress. I am all the more pleased and interested to find +such strong presentations by those whom I might call, possibly without +offense, 'Daughters of the American Congress,' two of whom claim an +acquaintance with this committee that goes back at least as far as any +of us. I wish to offer all of you our thanks for the earnest +consideration that you seem to have given to the great problems, +industrial and social, as well as those of the family, which confront +us all, and in comparison with which the political powers and actions +of this country are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> but as nothing. Those who think and work for the +good of the family, the home, the workshop, the farm and the school +are those to whom the American Congress always owes its thanks."</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>Although the speakers who addressed these committees represented the +very highest of American womanhood; although it was conceded that +their arguments had never been exceeded in logic, directness and +force; although there was no doubt that they represented a large +proportion of the women of the country in the homes, colleges, +professions and trades, yet this committee, like that of the Senate, +ignored the petitions and the hearing completely and made no report +whatever, either favorable or unfavorable.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Part of Call: During the past year women have voted for +the first time in Norway at a Parliamentary election, for the first +time in Denmark at the Municipal elections, for the first time in +Victoria at an election for the State Parliament. This year a woman +has been nominated as a member of the Municipal Council in Paris, a +woman is filling the office of Mayor in one English city and a number +are serving as aldermen in others. In our own country women are voting +for the first time in Michigan on questions of local taxation, while +in Washington, Oregon, South Dakota and Oklahoma, suffrage amendments +to the State constitutions are pending. From Chicago, radiating north, +east, south and west, there is going out an influence which is making +the social settlements centers of political influence. In Spokane, New +York and Baltimore, political settlements are under way. From one of +the great press centers of the world, New York City, suffrage +propaganda is travelling through all civilized countries, and in its +New York headquarters the National American Woman Suffrage Association +is receiving news of an unprecedented rising suffrage sentiment from +men and women belonging to all the great nations of the earth. +</p><p> +Our cause is universal, its majesty is intrinsic, its logic is +unanswerable, its success is sure. Let the women of America come +together in this year 1910 consecrated anew to the superb hope for +humanity which lies in a full democracy. +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="authors" summary="authors"> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anna Howard Shaw</span>, President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Rachel Foster Avery</span>, First Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Florence Kelly</span>, Second Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Frances Squire Potter</span>, Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Ella S. Stewart</span>, Recording Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Harriet Taylor Upton</span>, Treasurer.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Laura Clay</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Auditors.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Alice Stone Blackwell</span>,</td></tr> +</table></div> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Mrs. Catt's original plan required each State to +tabulate the signers according to their lines of work but this was not +fully carried out. Miss Minnie J. Reynolds, in charge of the Writer's +Section, published a long and interesting report in the <i>Woman's +Journal</i>. Simply the names of distinguished writers, men and women, +who had signed, filled a solid column and yet she said: "The work on +this section was absurdly fragmentary. In the city of Washington Miss +Nettie Lovisa White had obtained the names of sixty, including the +most prominent newspaper correspondents."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> +See <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28039/28039-h/28039-h.htm#Page_91">History of Woman Suffrage, Volume II, page 91</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Washington ministers who opened various sessions with +prayer were the Reverends U. G. B. Pierce, Samuel H. Woodrow, John Van +Schaick and William I. McKenney.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Names of committee: Present—Representatives Sterling, +Moon, Diekema, Goebel, Denby, Howland, Nye, Clayton, Henry, Brantley, +Webb and Carlin; absent—Terrell, Reid, Malby, Higgins.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2> + +<h3>NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1911.</h3> + + +<p>The national convention which met in Louisville, Ky., Oct. 19-25, +1911, might well be called a "jubilee" meeting, for it celebrated two +of the most important victories yet won for woman suffrage in the +United States—the adoption of State amendments by a majority of the +voters in Washington in November, 1910, and in California in October, +1911, giving the same franchise rights to women as possessed by +men.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> The sessions were held in the large De Molay Commandery Hall +but it was far too small for the evening audiences. This was a new +experience for Louisville but it rose finely to the occasion. A +message to the <i>Woman's Journal</i> said: "Enthusiasm for equal suffrage +runs high in Louisville this week as women from all parts of the +country throng its spacious streets morning, afternoon and evening for +the annual convention.... Altogether it is a most inspiring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> and +encouraging convention and we are daily excited with news of the good +prospects of more campaign States and more victories in the very near +future.... We all have votes-for-women tags on our baggage, yellow +badges and pins, California poppies and six-star buttons on our +dresses and coats and dainty votes for women butterflies on our +shoulders, and as we go about in dozens or scores or hundreds the +onlookers receive the fitting psychological impression and we find +them thinking of us as victors and conquerors."</p> + +<p>The opening of this convention, with Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, the +national president, in the chair, was a proud moment for Miss Laura +Clay, who was one of the organizers of the Kentucky Equal Rights +Association in 1888 and had been continually its president. In her +address of greeting she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We welcome you with hearts tender with the remembrance of the +past, when two of the great historic figures which have made this +convention possible gave their labors to Kentucky. In the early +fifties, Lucy Stone, in the vigor and freshness of her lovely +youth and enthusiasm for high ideals, spoke in the cities and +towns on both sides of the Ohio River; and in 1881 she held in +Louisville a convention of the American Woman Suffrage +Association. She established the <i>Woman's Journal</i>, which is now +edited, with all the noble moral principles and polished literary +ability which have characterized it throughout, by her daughter, +Alice Stone Blackwell, who is with us today. In 1879 that other +heroic woman, Susan B. Anthony, made a tour through central +Kentucky and left an enduring monument of her visit in the Equal +Rights Association of Richmond, Madison County, which has had the +longest continuous existence of any woman suffrage society in the +State....</p> + +<p>We welcome you with hearts strong with hope for the future. The +glorious victories that we have had inspire us and in all the +harbingers of hope we see none greater than the Men's Leagues for +Woman Suffrage. These prove to us that the men of our country are +preparing to extend equal political rights to women, who, since +the time when this vast continent was a wilderness, have stood +side by side with them in the heroic labors which have made it +blossom like the rose with the fairest civilization the world has +ever known. In the great International Alliance Congress at +Stockholm men of many nations formed themselves into a Suffrage +League, and the Men's League of California did grand service in +the glorious victory in their State. This noble land extends from +California across the continent to Virginia where the latest +league of men has just been formed. We see in this generous +cooperation of the men of our nation a better exposition of the +legend on Kentucky's shield, "United<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> we stand, divided we fall," +when man and woman shall clasp hands and become a truer +realization of the vision of the poet and the patriot.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Patty Blackburn Semple, president of the Louisville Woman's Club, +in offering its welcome, said: "When the Woman's Club was organized +three subjects were tabooed—religion, politics and woman suffrage. We +kept to the resolution for awhile but gradually we found that our +efforts in behalf of civic improvements and the correcting of +outrageous abuses were handicapped at every turn by politics. Last +year an appeal came to the Woman's Club—to the women of +Louisville—to take our schools out of politics. It was a gigantic +fight but we won. As the climax of our struggle we spent the greater +part of election day at the polls and I think at the close of that day +every one of us had exhausted all the joys of 'indirect influence,' +which is supposed to satisfy every craving of the female heart. Our +club will be twenty-one years old in November, and—we want to vote! +We will make you most heartily welcome and most of us will also +welcome the principles for which you stand."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch (Ills.), first vice-president of the +National Association, in responding said: "Now we know definitely that +all the things we have heard about Kentucky are true; we have met her +brave women and handsome colonels. While we remember all the tradition +of the past we live in the present. Kentucky is proud of what her men +named Clay have done in the past but it is a pleasure to us to know +that today when Kentucky wants anything done she appeals to a woman +who is either Clay by name or Clay by blood." Another chivalry is +coming into the world besides that felt by a strong man for a +beautiful woman. It is that felt by strong women for their weaker and +less fortunate sisters. It is the chivalry foreshadowed by Spenser in +The Færie Queene, in Britomart, the noble knight, herself a woman, who +rescued Amoretta and devoted herself to the help of all weak and +helpless women."</p> + +<p>Assistant District Attorney Omar E. Garwood of Denver, a founder and +the secretary of the Men's Defense League, to refute the +misrepresentations of the practical working of woman<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> suffrage in +Colorado, was introduced and outlined its work. Mrs. Alexander Pope +Humphrey was presented and gave a cordial invitation to a reception +for the convention at her home, Truecastle, at the close of the +afternoon session, which was as cordially accepted. Mrs. Ben Hardin +Helm, a sister of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, was greeted and expressed her +sympathy with the work of the association.</p> + +<p>After these pleasant ceremonies at the morning session the convention +immediately proceeded to business and listened to the reports from the +various committees. That of the new corresponding secretary, Mrs. Mary +Ware Dennett, gave a graphic illustration of the rapid increase in the +size and scope of the work in her department. After describing the +demands from almost every State and saying that the correspondence had +doubled during the past year while the output of literature had +tripled, she continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The correspondence with Canada has been very interesting and has +steadily increased and we have sent a good deal of literature to +British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia. Literature and letters +have gone to Switzerland, Finland and even Japan, in answer to +requests, the Japanese correspondent being in the midst of +writing a book on the rights of women, because, as he quaintly +put it, he believed there was "undoubtedly a truth in it." We +have a steadily increasing stream of requests for suitable +programs for study clubs, also a sudden spurt of requests for +suffrage speakers from the Federation of Women's Clubs. The +example of the last Biennial, when woman suffrage appeared for +the first time on the official program of the Federation, has +precipitated almost an epidemic of suffrage meetings in the State +federations and local clubs.</p> + +<p>The Official Board of the association has made a serious +recommendation to the State officers to push the plan of +political district organization as the best and most systematic +and reliable way of preparing for the submission of a suffrage +amendment. A leaflet giving the details of the plan has been +published and widely distributed and it has been accepted as +scheduled or in modified form in ten States, in most of which the +name Woman Suffrage Party has been adopted, following the example +of New York City, which was the first to adapt the enrollment +work long ago established by the National Association to the +needs of modern political action.... The National office prepared +reports of the work of the association for the meeting of the U. +S. National Council of Women and for the congress of the +International Suffrage Alliance in Stockholm. We have established +an exchange of propaganda with the International Shop in London. +At the suggestion of Mrs. Carrie<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> Chapman Catt we have cooperated +with the Women's Enfranchisement League of Cape Colony, South +Africa, by asking a large number of American women writers to +send copies of their books to an exhibition and sale there of +women's work.</p> + +<p>Since our last convention there have been two annual meetings of +the House of Governors, the first in Kentucky, at which Miss +Laura Clay obtained a hearing and presented our cause in a most +admirable address; the second in New Jersey, at which a hearing +was obtained for Dr. Shaw, who was accorded every courtesy and +received with heartiest enthusiasm by the Governors and +afterwards by their wives. In Kentucky Governor Wilson was +largely instrumental in securing the hearing; in New Jersey, +although the governor is also a Wilson, he is unfortunately an +"anti," but by the efforts of Governor Shafroth of Colorado, a +place on the program was made for Dr. Shaw.</p> + +<p>Two valuable compilations have been made, one showing how many +times and when and what sort of suffrage bills have been +introduced into Legislatures in the last ten years, and the other +showing the exact procedure necessary for amending the +constitutions of the various States. Under the direction of Mrs. +Catharine Waugh McCulloch, our legal adviser, a series of +questions on the legal status of women has been printed and sent +with letters to the various States. The returns will be published +in pamphlet form. At the suggestion of Miss Clay, letters were +sent to all members of Congress urging their effort to include +women as electors in the bill providing for the direct election +of U. S. Senators. Copies of <i>Hampton's Magazine</i> for April were +sent to special lists of people in Wisconsin, Kansas and +California, which contained Mrs. Rheta Childe Dorr's article on +Colorado Women Voters.</p> + +<p>We have published 30,000 copies of the "What to Do" leaflet, +which have been sent out gratis, some States applying for 3,000 +at once; California sent for 10,000 and evidently learned "What +to Do" effectively. We issued 45,000 of the little convention +seals and the supply has hardly held out. The drawing for the +seal was the contribution of Miss Charlotte Shetter of New +Jersey. Through the equally generous cooperation of Mrs. Helen +Hoy Greeley of New York we have been able to give free of charge +for use on letters 13,000 "suffrage stamps." Another bit of +cooperation in both labor and money was that between headquarters +and Mrs. Raymond Brown, president of the Woman Suffrage Study +Club, who with members of her association addressed and sent to +about a thousand presidents of suffrage clubs all over the +country two copies of Miss Blackwell's striking editorial in +answer to Richard Barry's slanderous statements about Colorado, +together with a note asking each president to send one copy to +the editor of the <i>Ladies' Home Journal</i>, in which Barry's +article had appeared, with her own personal protest, and the +other to the editor of some paper in her vicinity. The result was +a perfect avalanche of protests to the editor of the unfortunate +magazine.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span></p> + +<p>The treasurer's report was divided between Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton, +who had resigned the office, and Miss Jessie Ashley, her successor, +and it showed the receipts from all sources, January, 1910, to +January, 1911, to have been $43,844; the disbursements, $34,838. +Pledges were made at this convention to the amount of $12,251, +including $1,000 from Mrs. George Howard Lewis of Buffalo; $1,000 from +Mrs. Donald Hooker of Baltimore, and $3,000 by Dr. Shaw from a +contributor not named.</p> + +<p>Miss Agnes E. Ryan, business manager of the <i>Woman's Journal</i>, +reported the many changes made in the paper during the year since it +became the official organ of the association and the removal of its +offices from Beacon Street to 585 Bolyston Street in the building with +the Massachusetts and Boston woman suffrage associations and the New +England Woman's Club. The advertising had increased from $256 a year +to $852 and the circulation from 4,000 to nearly 15,000. The methods +by which the increase had been obtained were described. The contract +with the association was renewed.</p> + +<p>Miss Caroline I. Reilly gave her first report as chairman of the Press +Committee in the course of which she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The annual reports of the National Press Bureau formerly made by +Miss Elizabeth J. Hauser, who so long and ably conducted this +department, had reached so high a standard and the foundation +laid by her was so substantial and solid that it was possible for +us to meet the new conditions and increased volume of work with +systematic and business-like methods. Then came Mrs. Ida Husted +Harper, with her literary ability and historical knowledge, to +open a new field for suffrage propaganda through the magazines, +the great syndicates and Sunday papers in the large cities. Thus +you will see that when the present chairman took charge of the +bureau it had been so splendidly developed by her predecessors +that she found only hard work and plenty of it.</p> + +<p>During the eighteen months since the last convention the records +show that we have written 5,584 letters. We are in constant +receipt of letters from all over the world written in various +languages, the majority containing inquiries regarding suffrage +methods in this country and what has been accomplished by our +enfranchised women.... We have furnished material for one hundred +magazine articles, which have appeared in various periodicals.... +Our list of newspaper syndicates has increased to nine, some of +which are international, and since the last convention we have +furnished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> them 1,314 articles, many by special request. Every +one of these syndicates asked for detailed accounts of this +convention, together with personal sketches of the officers and +speakers. The Associated Press has sent out suffrage news as +occasion warranted and has solicited our cooperation.... Last +December we resumed the weekly press bulletin and since then we +have mailed 31,200. These weekly items are regularly mailed to +press chairmen and newspapers in forty-one States, also to +Canada, Alaska and Cuba, and every day brings requests for more. +A number of monthly pamphlets issued by women's clubs use them. +Papers devoted to the labor movement publish them regularly and +very often give helpful suggestions. The bureau is impressed with +the fact that in future the farm papers should receive serious +consideration.... One of these, with a circulation of nearly +400,000 has offered us space for suffrage articles to be supplied +regularly and this work should be carefully looked after, +especially in agricultural States like Kansas and Wisconsin, +where campaigns are now in progress.</p> + +<p>We have responded to fifty requests from schools and colleges for +information to be utilized in debates, lectures and school +magazines.... The records show that we have replied to 1,214 +adverse editorials and letters in papers from Maine to California +and secured space in New York City papers for 2,163 notices and +articles without any charge to us. We have received and read +62,519 clippings gathered for us by the press clipping bureau, +9,163 of them cut from New York papers alone. Representatives of +newspapers and magazines from the following countries have come +to us for material: Australia, Finland, Alaska, France, Germany, +England, Sweden, Norway, Japan, Wales, Denmark, Russia, Italy, +Mexico, Spain, Holland, Hawaii, South America and Canada, as well +as from nearly every State in the Union. A number of Sunday +papers in the large cities are devoting weekly space to suffrage +departments, beginning by publishing the press items and +gradually expanding.... Some of the more serious magazines have +recently solicited our cooperation, notably the <i>Literary Digest</i> +and the <i>American Review of Reviews</i>, whose political editor +called personally a few days ago and requested that we send him +regularly such suffrage news as we may have at hand, that the +items may be embodied in reports of the world's political news. +Another important feature of the work of the bureau consists in +furnishing material to press chairmen and others to be used in +answering attacks on suffrage in their local papers.</p></div> + +<p>Miss Reilly complimented the work of the press chairmen in the States, +speaking especially of Mrs. D. D. Terry of Little Rock, who furnished +material to seventy-five papers in Arkansas and to a syndicate +reaching the weekly papers of the southwest.</p> + +<p>A conference was held in the afternoon on the Proper Function of the +National Association, led by Dr. M. Carey Thomas of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> Bryn Mawr and Dr. +Anna E. Blount of Chicago. The first evening of the convention was +designated as Jubilee Night and Dr. Shaw said in beginning her +president's address: "The eighteen months which have elapsed since our +last convention have been permeated with suffrage activity. Never in +an equal length of time has there been such rapid progress in the +enlistment of recruits and the development of active service. By an +aggressive out-of-door campaign the message has been carried to a not +unwilling people. Never was there a more signal example of manly +loyalty to womanhood than in the three-to-one vote for woman suffrage +in Washington in 1910. Following close upon it comes the signal +victory of California, where as never before were the friends and foes +of woman's freedom so equally lined up. Wherever vice, corruption and +cupidity held sway, there the vote for woman suffrage was weak. +Wherever refinement, education, industry and self-respecting manhood +and womanhood dwelt, there the vote in favor of women was strong. +These are the battles in this war for justice which have been +victorious. Others have been and are being fought at the present time +with equal courage."</p> + +<p>Graphic accounts were given of the successful campaign in Washington, +where the amendment was carried in every county, by Mrs. Caroline M. +Smith of Seattle, Mrs. E. A. Shores of Tacoma and Mrs. May Arkwright +Hutton of Spokane; and of the one in California by Mrs. Elizabeth Lowe +Watson, president of the State Suffrage Association, and J. H. Braly, +president of the Political Equality League. Later Miss Frances Wills +of Los Angeles; Miss Florence Dwight of Pasadena; Mrs. Mary E. +Ringrose, Mrs. Mary S. Sperry of San Francisco, former State +president, and Mrs. Rose French were introduced. Mrs. Watson in an +eloquent address showed how their success was the culmination of the +campaign of 1896 and the result of the years of hard and constant work +between that time and the present.</p> + +<p>When Mr. Braly began speaking he presented, the association with the +State flag of California, saying: "The grizzly bear is the king of all +American beasts. On the flag, you see, he has a beautiful golden star +above his head—the star of hope that brought our Pilgrim fathers +across the sea finally coming to rest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> over the Golden State. There +that star of hope and progress and freedom hung for more than sixty +years, until Oct. 10, 1911, when it flamed forth with a wondrous +brilliancy and started all the bells of heaven ringing." He predicted +that Oregon, Arizona and Nevada would soon follow the example of +California and said: "Then the star will cross the Rocky Mountains and +in will come the States of the Middle West!" Continuing the story the +speaker said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In January, 1910, the last meeting of the last suffrage society +in Southern California was held in the parlor of the Angeles +Hotel in the city of Los Angeles. The women were discouraged and +dispirited. I rode home alone in my car, my heart weeping and +praying a prayer ten miles long, that being the distance to my +home in Pasadena. That night I had a vision. I saw in panorama a +future glory of my beloved State. I saw well-kept cities and +churches filled with devout worshippers; I saw thousands of +bright-faced, happy children going to clean schoolhouses and +romping and laughing in their playgrounds. I saw, oh, so many +sweet and happy homes! I saw no saloons, no drunken men, no +places of vice. I saw men and women, husbands and wives, going up +to the ballot booths, laughing and chatting as they went and +placing their ballots in the boxes. Everything seemed beautiful. +The vision passed and I said to myself, "There it is—the women +of California will have the ballot and the blessings and glory +will follow."</p> + +<p>Now we come to the beginning of the movement that has had much to +do in the enfranchisement of the women of California. I trust you +will entirely lose sight of the speaker and see only the great +cause away out in the West. A man sat in his room one night with +pencil and paper before him. He began to write names of big men +who ought to take an interest in the pending suffrage campaign. +He wrote down about one hundred names and the next day started +out alone to see them. Then followed two months of patient, +personal work and about seventy good men and true had signed the +league membership form, which read as follows: "The undersigned +hereby associate themselves together under the name and style of +the Political Equality League of California for the purpose of +securing political equality and suffrage without distinction on +account of sex." On April 5, 1910, they met around a banquet +table and organized the league. Then followed earnest, +enthusiastic, impromptu speaking by many of the members....</p></div> + +<p>Mr. Braly told of going to Washington to the national convention, +visiting suffrage headquarters in New York and returning home in June, +when "immediately the league's Board of Governors, consisting of nine +men, met and proceeded to add to it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> nine splendid women. Headquarters +were fitted up and business began." He described the vigorous work of +their Legislative Committee with the result that every member from the +nine southern counties went to the Legislature pledged to vote for +submitting a suffrage amendment.</p> + +<p>Saturday morning was partly occupied by a conference on How to Reach +the Uninterested, in which fifteen members from as many States took an +animated part; and by one on Propaganda, led by Mrs. Grace Gallatin +Seton (Conn.) and Miss Mary Winsor (Penn.). Throughout all the daytime +sessions valuable and interesting reports on the work in the different +States were read. The proposed new constitution was vigorously +discussed whenever the time permitted. The delegation from Illinois +came with a request that the national headquarters be removed to +Chicago but the convention decided to have them remain in New York.</p> + +<p>The College Equal Suffrage League held a business meeting in the +Seelbach Hotel at ten o'clock followed by a luncheon for college and +professional women. The president of the League, Dr. M. Carey Thomas, +president of Bryn Mawr College, was toast mistress and Dr. Shaw and +Miss Jane Addams were guests of honor. One especially enjoyable +feature was Miss Anita C. Whitney's account of the excellent work done +by the College League of California in the recent campaign. [For all +the above California reports see chapter for that State in Volume VI.]</p> + +<p>The report of the National Congressional Committee by its chairman, +Miss Emma M. Gillett, a lawyer of Washington, D. C., showed a decided +advance in political work over all preceding years. She had placed on +her committee Mrs. Upton, Mrs. Elizabeth King Ellicott (Md.), Miss +Mary Gray Peck (N. Y.), Mrs. Katharine Reed Balentine (Me. and Cal.) +and Miss Belle Kearney (Miss.). State presidents were invited to +cooperate and lists of the nominees for Congress in their States were +sent to them. The Democratic National Committee furnished the names of +its nominees; the Republican National Committee practically refused to +do so. Letters asking their opinion on woman suffrage were sent to 378 +Democratic and 293 Republican candidates; 135 of the former and 88 of +the latter answered; 93 Democrats and 65 Republicans were in favor of +full or partial suffrage for women;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> 13 of the former and one of the +latter were opposed; 29 and 23 non-committal. The letters received +were almost without exception of a pleasant nature. The District +Suffrage Association paid a stenographer and rent of headquarters for +the work of sixteen months. Contributions of only $214 were received +for it, $100 from U. S. Senator Isaac Stevenson of Wisconsin.</p> + +<p>The report on official endorsements of conventions showed the usual +large number, political, religious, agricultural, labor, etc. Mrs. +Dennett estimated that such endorsements had now been given by +organizations representing 26,000,000 members.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Pauline Steinem, chairman of the Committee on Education, reported +sub-committees in sixteen States working for suitable text books, +encouraging the placing of women on school boards, organizing mothers' +and parents' clubs, offering prizes for essays on woman suffrage, +encouraging methods of self-government in schools, etc. The chairman +for New Jersey announced that Governor Woodrow Wilson approved of +School suffrage and that State Senator Joseph S. Frelinghuysen, +president of the State Board of Education, recommended it in his last +report.</p> + +<p>College Women's Evening, as always, attracted one of the largest +audiences of the week. In the course of an address on What Women Might +Accomplish with the Franchise, Miss Jane Addams said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Sydney Webb points out that while the wages of British working +men have increased from 50 to 100 per cent. during the past sixty +years the wages of working women have remained stationary. The +exclusion from all political rights of five million working women +in England is not only a source of industrial weakness and +poverty to themselves but a danger to English industry. Working +women can not hope to hold their own in industrial matters where +their interests may clash with those of their enfranchised fellow +workers or employers. They must force an entrance into the ranks +of responsible citizens, in whose hands lies the solution to the +problems which are at present convulsing the industrial world.</p> + +<p>Much of the new demand for political enfranchisement arises from +a passionate desire to reform the unsatisfactory and degrading +social conditions which are responsible for so much wrong doing. +The fate of all the unfortunate, the suffering, the criminal, is +daily forced upon woman's attention in painful and intimate ways. +It is inevitable that humanitarian women should wish to vote +concerning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> all the regulations of public charities which have to +do with the care of dependent children and the Juvenile Courts, +pensions to mothers in distress, care of the aged poor, care of +the homeless, conditions of jails and penitentiaries, gradual +elimination of the social evil, extended care of young girls, +suppression of gambling, regulation of billboard advertising and +other things.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the woman who leads the domestic life is more in need of +the franchise than any other. One could easily name the +regulations of the State that define her status in the community. +Among them are laws regulating marriage and divorce, defining the +legitimacy of children, defining married women's property rights, +exemption and homestead laws which protect her when her husband +is bankrupt. Then there are the laws regulating her functions as +mother to her children.</p></div> + +<p>Dr. Thomas, who presided, spoke on What Woman Suffrage Means to +College Women. Only fragmentary newspaper reports are available but +she said in beginning: "We are entering an age of social +reconstruction and general betterment and no class today are spending +more of their strength and energy to eradicate the wrongs which have +resulted from a defective system that denies woman her rights, than +the class of women who have received a college education. These +efforts, however, amount to little as long as the franchise is denied +compared to what is in the reach of possibility. Our efforts have been +rewarded to a great extent but until woman has come into her own and +is recognized and treated as a citizen of the State on an equal +footing with man, our work will continue to be a mere scratching on +the surface. Between 30 and 40 per cent. of the college women today +are supporting themselves. It is the educated woman who is making the +fight for equality and our hope lies in education, the education of +both men and women."</p> + +<p>Dr. Shaw presided over the Sunday afternoon meeting at which four +notable addresses were made. Miss Mary Johnston's subject was Wanted, +an Architect, and in eloquent words she showed how woman might be +developed physically, mentally and spiritually, with the conclusion: +"She can do what she wills and now the thing above all others to be +desired is that she wills to act. The time has passed when +indifference on her part will be tolerated. Women must rouse +themselves to action, the crying needs of the hour demand it. With the +ballot in our hands and with the will to produce better conditions our +achievements will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> be unsurpassed." Professor Sophonisba Breckinridge, +dean of the Junior College of Women in Chicago University, considered +with keen analysis woman suffrage in its relation to the interests of +the wage-earning woman. The Rev. Caroline Bartlett Crane (Mich.) +presented A New Phase of Home Rule for Cities, saying in conclusion: +"Politics at its best is a noble profession in which we earnestly +desire to engage. Woman's age-long experience in home-making and +mothering of children has fitted her for politics just as well as have +man's activities in trade fitted him."</p> + +<p>Dr. Shaw introduced Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, Chief of the Government +Bureau of Chemistry, as "the man who is trying to get us women a fair +chance to live," and he jokingly answered that in view of the swift +advance of the woman suffrage movement it was a question whether men +would continue to have a chance to live. His topic was Woman's +Influence in Public Affairs, "which," he said, "are the summing up of +private affairs." In his address he said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I am not a newcomer myself. My first suffrage address was made in +1877. I believe it is almost useless to work on us old folks. The +reforms in our politics and ethics must begin with the children. +Educate them to the right and justice of woman suffrage even +before they are born. Instill the idea in them at school; see +that they get the proper kind of an education. Women have done +wonders in securing our splendid system of public schools.... +Women have intellect enough and some to spare. What we want is +more ethics. A sense of justice and right is just as important to +this country as intellectual strength. Women have the instinct of +right. I have never known an organized body of women to be on the +wrong side of a public question, although as individuals women +sometimes get the wrong point of view, just as men are prone to +do. I want equal suffrage because it is right. I want it also +because it would have a great effect on woman's influence in +public affairs and would help powerfully to get the right thing +done. The very fact that woman had the vote would be a +restraining and elevating influence. The women have been a tower +of strength to every official in this country who has tried to do +his duty. Take the question of pure food: I could tell you by the +hour of the support that I have had from women and women's +organizations. I should despair if I thought that the women did +not stand for pure food.</p> + +<p>We have in this country problems which I almost fear to face. +Among them is the great problem of the relation between the +wage-earner<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> and the capitalist; that of the distribution of the +necessities of life; that of the congestion in the cities and +depopulation of the country districts. These and many others will +take all the wisdom and sympathetic insight of men and women +together to solve them. I am glad that men are to have the help +of women. They are just entering on their career of greater +usefulness in public affairs. With the ballot in their hands they +will be endowed with a power much stronger than they have ever +had before and they will wield it, I am sure, on the side of +right and justice.</p></div> + +<p>Sunday evening the officers of the association were "at home" to +delegates, speakers and friends in the parlors of the Hotel Seelbach.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, who, to the great happiness of suffragists +on several continents, had entirely recovered her health, was now +making a trip around the world in the interest of the International +Woman Suffrage Alliance, of which she was president. At one session a +letter from her was read, dated at Kimberly, South Africa, which was +enthusiastically received. It said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>At the very moment that you will be planning the work for the +sixty-third year of the American suffrage campaign, the +suffragists of this new-east of all nations will be sitting in +their first national convention at Durban, the metropolis of +Natal. The movement here is young but is wholly unlike the +beginnings of the campaigns in England and America, for our +revered pioneers fought their battle against the prejudice and +intolerance of their time for the women of the whole world. These +women are beginning at the very point where we of the older +movements find ourselves today. The old-time arguments are not +heard and here, as everywhere, expediency and political advantage +are the causes of opposition.</p> + +<p>No two cities could be more unlike than Louisville and Durban. +The latter lies in a tropical country with its buildings buried +in masses of luxuriant and brilliant flora, all unfamiliar to +American eyes. The delegates will look out upon the placid waters +of the Indian Ocean and will ride to and fro from their meetings +in rickshas drawn by Zulus in the most fantastic dress +imaginable, the chief feature being long horns bound upon the +head. In Louisville it will be autumn, in Natal it will be +spring. Yet, dissimilar as are the scenes of these two +conventions, the women composing them will be actuated by the +same motives, inspired by the same hopes and working to the same +end. The rebellion fomented in that little Seneca Falls +convention has overspread the wide earth and from the frigid +lands above the North Polar Circle to the most southerly point of +the Southern Temperate Zone, the mothers of our race are +listening to the new call to duty which these new times are +uttering.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> It is glorious to be a suffragist today, with all the +hard times behind us and certain victory before.</p> + +<p>May wisdom guide us to do the right thing; may love unite us; may +charity temper our differences and may we never forget the +obligations we owe the blessed pathfinders of our movement who +made the present position of our cause possible!</p></div> + +<p>The election resulted in several changes in the board of officers. Dr. +Shaw was re-elected. Mrs. McCulloch declined to stand for re-election +as first vice-president and Miss Gordon as second and Miss Addams and +Professor Breckinridge were chosen. For corresponding secretary Mrs. +Dennett was re-elected. Mrs. Stewart withdrew as recording secretary +and Mrs. Susan W. Fitzgerald (Mass.) was elected. Miss Ashley was +re-elected treasurer. Mrs. Robert M. LaFollette was elected first +auditor and Mrs. James Lees Laidlaw (N. Y.) second. Later Mrs. +LaFollette declined to serve and Mrs. Katharine Dexter McCormick was +appointed by the board.</p> + +<p>In all preceding conventions there had been such unanimity in the +choice of officers that the secretary had been able to cast the +informal ballot for the election. This new division of sentiment was +frequently illustrated during the meetings and indicated that an +element had come into the movement, which, as usual with newcomers, +wanted a change to accord with its ideas. This was particularly +noticeable in the discussion of the proposed new constitution but the +differences of opinion were peaceably adjusted by compromise.</p> + +<p>After the election Mrs. McCormick, who had recently come into close +touch with the National Association, spoke on the Effect of Suffrage +Work on Women Themselves, saying in part: "So much attention has been +given to the growth and development of the movement for woman suffrage +that the effect on the women themselves has been lost sight of or has +been little considered but today it is becoming clear that the cause +of suffrage is more valuable to the individual woman than she is to +the cause. The reason is that this movement has the great though +silent force of evolution behind it, impelling it slowly forward; +whereas the individual is largely dependent for her development on her +own powers and especially on those expressions of life with which she +brings herself into contact. The woman suffrage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> movement offers the +broadest field for contact with life. It offers cooperation of the +most effective kind with others; it offers responsibility in the life +of the community and the nation; it offers opportunity for the most +varied and far-reaching service. To come into contact with this +movement means to some individuals to enter a larger world of thought +than they had known before; to others it means approaching the same +world in a more real and effective way. To all it gives a wider +horizon in the recognition of one fact—that the broadest human aims +and the highest human ideals are an integral part of the lives of +women."</p> + +<p>The report of the Committee on Church Work by its chairman, Mrs. Mary +E. Craigie, (N. Y.) began: "It is estimated that there is in the +United States a total church membership of 34,517,317 persons. It +would mean a great deal to the woman suffrage cause if this great +organized force, representing the most thoughtful and influential men +and women of every community, could be brought to endorse it and work +for it. The experiences of this committee seem to prove that in the +transition taking place in the world of religious thought this is the +most propitious time to obtain such support." She gave a résumé of the +splendid work that had been done by the branch committees in the +various States, the religious gatherings that had been addressed, +often resulting in the adoption of a resolution for woman suffrage, +and the hundreds of letters sent to ministers asking for sermons +favorable to the cause, which were many times complied with. She +closed by saying: "It needs neither figures nor argument to establish +the fact that church attendance and church worship are in a condition +of decline. It is a critical period in the history of the church, +which is changing from the exercise of power to the employment of +influence, and the appeals that are coming to the churches are for +service from the men and women who are their real strength. The church +is not appreciating the resources that are lying dormant, when +two-thirds of its membership—the women—are left powerless to carry +on the moral and social reform work, because, as a disfranchised class +having no political status, they are not counted as a potential +force."</p> + +<p>Miss Elizabeth Upham Yates (R. I.), chairman, made the report on +Presidential suffrage. The report of the Committee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> on Peace and +Arbitration, Mrs. Lucia Ames Mead (Mass.), chairman, spoke of the Ginn +Endowment of a million dollars for the World's Peace Foundation and of +Mr. Carnegie's great gift of ten million dollars, creating a fund to +secure the peace of the world. It told of the vast work that was being +done for peace by the women in the various States and said: "The world +for the first time has seen the head of a great government declare +that all questions between nations can be peacefully settled. +President Taft's noble effort to secure treaties with other nations, +to ensure arbitration between them of every justiciable question, +should command the gratitude of every patriotic woman. I had hoped to +felicitate you on the ratification of these treaties by the necessary +two-thirds of the Senate, but in chagrin and disappointment I must +instead appeal to you to endeavor instantly to create such public +sentiment as shall result in December in the acceptance of the +treaties without amendment. If they are thus ratified they will be +secured not only with Great Britain and France but certainly Germany, +and I have no doubt Japan and most other nations will agree to +identical treaties."</p> + +<p>Miss Florence H. Luscomb (Mass.) gave an interesting report of the +Sixth Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance held in +Stockholm in June, 1911. [See chapter on the Alliance.] Mrs. Agnes M. +Jenks, proxy for the president of the New Hampshire association, asked +assistance in getting a clause for woman suffrage in the new +constitution to be made for that State. Conferences were held +throughout the week on legislative work, district organization, +publicity, raising money and other branches of the vast activities of +the association. The convention Monday afternoon adjourned early in +order that the members might enjoy the hospitality of the Woman's Club +of Louisville at a "tea" in their attractive rooms, and at another +time take the beautiful Riverside Drive. One evening was devoted to +light entertainment with two suffrage monologues by Miss Marjorie +Benton Cooke; a suffrage slide talk by Mrs. Fitzgerald; a clever +speech portraying the results if women voted, by Miss Inez Milholland +(N. Y.) and the sparkling play, How the Vote Was Won, read by Miss +Fola La Folette. A striking address was given one afternoon by Mrs. T. +P. O'Connor, an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> American woman but long a resident of England and +Ireland, who took for her subject, Let Our Watchword be Unity.</p> + +<p>One of the most valuable contributions to the convention was Mrs. +McCulloch's report as Legal Adviser. This was the result of a list of +forty-four questions sent to presidents of State suffrage +associations, Woman's Christian Temperance Unions, Federations of +Clubs and leading lawyers, followed up by many letters. One of these +questions related to the guardianship of children, of which she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The subject of the guardianship of children could have been +treated a century ago in a few words. The father of the +legitimate child was his sole guardian and the mother had no +authority or right concerning their child except such as the +husband gratuitously allowed her. She had, however, all the +duties which the husband might put upon her. This meant that the +husband decided about the children's food, clothing, medicine, +school, church, home, associates, punishments, pleasures and +tasks and that he alone could apprentice a child, could give him +for adoption and control his wages. Many mothers were kept in +happy ignorance of such unjust laws because their husbands +voluntarily yielded to them much of the authority over the +children but this was not so in all families and many mothers +took cases to Supreme Courts, protesting against the absolute +paternal power. When mothers learned what this sole guardianship +meant they urged legal changes. Our present guardianship laws, +very few alike, show how women, each group alone in their own +States, have struggled to mitigate the severest evils of sole +fatherly guardianship, especially of the child's person. This to +mothers was more important than the guardianship of the child's +property.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the greatest suffering came from the father's power to +deed or to bequeath the guardianship to a stranger and away from +the mother. Most of the States now allow a surviving mother the +sole guardianship of the child's person with certain conditions. +Six States have not yet thus limited the father's power and in +those where the guardianship is not specifically granted to the +surviving mother, the father's sole power of guardianship covers +his child even if yet unborn.</p></div> + +<p>The report gave a thorough digest of these guardianship laws filling +eight printed pages and this and Mrs. McCulloch's digest of other laws +were printed in the <i>Woman's Journal</i> and the Handbook of the +convention.</p> + +<p>Miss Alice Henry presented greetings from the National Womens' Trade +Union League; Miss Caroline Lowe from the Women's National Committee +of the Socialist Party; Mrs. A. M.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span> Harrison from the State Federation +of Woman's Clubs; Mrs. Charles Campbell of Toronto from the Canadian +Woman Suffrage Association; Mrs. W. S. Stubbs, wife of the Governor, +and Mrs. William A. Johnston, wife of the Chief Justice and president +of the State Suffrage Association, from Kansas. A letter of love and +good wishes with regrets for her absence was ordered sent to Mrs. Catt +and one of affectionate sympathy to Mrs. Susan Look Avery (Ky.) for +the death of her son, which prevented her attendance. During the +convention Mrs. Lida Calvert Obenchain, author of Aunt Jane of +Kentucky, and Miss Eleanor Breckenridge, president of the Texas +Suffrage Association, were introduced and said a few words. A telegram +of greeting was read from Mrs. Caroline Meriwether Goodlett, a founder +of the Daughters of the Confederacy.</p> + +<p>The resolutions were presented by the chairman, Miss Bertha Coover, +corresponding secretary of the Ohio Suffrage Association, the +committee as usual consisting of one member from each State +delegation. They urged the ratification of the Arbitration Treaties in +the form desired by President Taft; expressed sympathy with Finland in +its struggle for liberty; endorsed the proposed Federal Amendment for +the election of U. S. Senators by popular vote and demanded that women +should have part in this vote; endorsed the campaign for pure food and +drugs; called for the same moral standard for men and women and the +same legal penalties for those who transgress the moral law; asked the +Government to erect a colossal statue of Peace at the entrance to the +Panama Canal, and there were others on minor points. Greetings and +appreciation were sent to "the justice-loving men of Washington and +California, whose example will be an inspiration to the men of other +States." Memorial resolutions were adopted for prominent suffragists +who had died during the year, among them Thomas Wentworth Higginson, +Dr. Emily Blackwell, Ellen C. Sargent, William A. Keith, the artist; +Samuel Walter Foss, the poet; Lillian M. Hollister, Elizabeth Smith +Miller, Eliza Wright Osborne and Dr. Annice Jeffreys Myers.</p> + +<p>There was a long resolution of thanks for the courtesy and hospitality +received in Louisville, which included the clergymen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> who opened the +sessions with prayer, the musicians, who gave their services, the +press committees, the hostesses and others.<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p> + +<p>On the last evening with a large audience present Mrs. Desha +Breckinridge spoke on The Prospect for Woman Suffrage in the South. +"Although Kentuckians are wont to boast that within these borders is +the purest Anglo-Saxon blood now existing, the spirit of their +ancestors has departed," she said, and continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Since 1838 Kentucky has retrograded. An effort to obtain School +suffrage for a larger class of women has brought about a +reactionary measure. Kentucky women at present have no greater +political rights than the women of Turkey—for we have none at +all—but the action of certain male politicians in defeating the +School suffrage measure in the last two Legislatures has really +been of advantage to the movement. It has put not only women but +the progressive men of the State into fighting trim.... The +opposition of the non-progressive element has made of this "scrap +of suffrage" a live, political issue. It is likely to be carried +in the next Legislature by the determination of the better men of +the State even more than of the women, and the fight made against +it has gone far to convince both that the full franchise should +be granted to women. The action of the Democratic party, when +leadership in it is resumed by the best element, shows a +realization that the wishes of the women of the State are to be +reckoned with and that the friendship of the women, which may be +gained by so simple an act of justice in their favor, is a +political asset of no small importance. It is quite possible that +the party in Kentucky and throughout the South may eventually +realize that by advocating and securing suffrage for women it may +bind to itself for many years to come, through a sense of +gratitude and loyalty, a large number of women voters, just as +the Republican party since the emancipation of the negro has had +without effort the unquestioning loyalty of thousands of negro +voters; although the women would never vote so solidly as do the +negroes, because they would represent a much more thoughtful and +independent body....</p></div> + +<p>After showing what had been the results in the South from admitting a +great body of illiterate voters she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A conference of southern women suffragists at Memphis a few years +ago, in asking for woman suffrage with an educational +qualification, pointed out that there were over 600,000 more +white women<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> in the southern States than there were negroes, men +and women combined. If the literate women of the South were +enfranchised it would insure an immense preponderance of the +Anglo-Saxon over the African, of the literate over the +illiterate, and would make legitimate limitation of the male +suffrage to the literate easily possible....</p> + +<p>Conditions of life in the South have made and kept Southerners +individualists. The southern man believes that he should +personally protect his women folk and he does it. He is only now +slowly realizing that, with the coming of the cotton mills and +other manufactories and with the growth of the cities, there has +developed a great body of women, young girls and children who +either have no men folk to protect them or whose men folk, +because of ignorance and economic weakness, are not able to +protect them against the greed and rapacity of employers or of +vicious men. It is a shock to the pride of southern chivalry to +find that women are less protected by the laws in their most +sacred possessions in the southern States than in any other +section of the Union; that the States which protect their women +most effectively are those in which women have been longest a +part of the electorate....</p> + +<p>In the community business of caring for the sick, the incurable, +the aged, the orphaned, the deficient and the helpless, women of +the South bear already so important a part that to withdraw them +from public affairs would mean sudden and widespread calamity. +Women in the South are in politics, in the higher conception of +the word. "Politics," says Bernard Shaw, "is not something apart +from the home and the babies—it is home and the babies." Women +have long since gotten into politics in the South in the sense +that they have labored for the passage and enforcement of +legislation in the interest of public health, the betterment of +schools and the protection of womanhood and childhood—for the +preservation, in short, "of home and the babies."</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst of England, received an ovation when she rose +to speak and soon disarmed prejudice by her dignified and womanly +manner. She began by pointing out the fallacy that the women of the +United States had so many rights and privileges that they did not need +the suffrage and in proof she quoted existing laws and conditions that +called loudly for a change. She then took up the situation in Great +Britain and explained how many years the women had tried to get the +franchise by constitutional methods only to be deceived and spurned by +the Government. She told how at last a small handful of them started a +revolution; how they had grown into an army; how they had suffered +imprisonment and brutality; how the suffrage bill had again and again +passed the second reading by immense majorities and the Government had +refused to let it come<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span> to a final vote. "We asked Prime Minister +Asquith to give us a time for this," she said. "For eight long hours +in a heavy frost some of the finest women in England stood at the +entrance to the House of Commons and waited humbly with petitions in +their hands for their rulers and masters to condescend to receive them +but the House adjourned while they stood there. The next day, while +they waited again, there was an assault by the police, acting under +instructions, that I do not like to dwell upon outside of my own +country."</p> + +<p>Dr. Shaw made the closing address, eloquent with hope and courage for +the future and, as always, the final blessing at the convention as the +benediction is at church.</p> + +<p>In summing up the week the <i>Woman's Journal</i> said: "Only those who +attended our national convention at Louisville can understand how +really wonderful it was. For hospitality, for good management, for +beautiful cooperation and self-effacement, the Kentucky women set a +standard that will long be remembered and will be very hard to equal +in the future. It made hard work easy and all work a joy. The +gratitude of the National Association is theirs forever. They gave +much to us, did we give anything to them? Here we can only say we +trust that we did and accept with confidence what one of the State's +great women said many times: 'This convention has done wonders for +Kentucky; it has surpassed my hopes.'"</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Part of Call: Within the year the State of Washington +has completed its work of fully enfranchising its adult citizens. +Before the convention assembles, California will no doubt have +accepted the idea of true democracy. We also rejoice because the +Legislatures of Kansas, Wisconsin, Oregon and Nevada have voted to +submit the question to their electors. Many States, however, still +refuse to allow the voters to pass upon the question of giving +political independence to women. Since the purpose of the National +American Woman Suffrage Association is "to secure the right to vote to +women citizens of the United States," we have called this national +convention of suffragists. From every State will come delegates, who +will bring with them the growing spirit of rebellion against +injustice.... +</p><p> +We call upon every public-spirited woman to come and help devise +methods of carrying on the fight, to strengthen the fire of revolt, to +show by overwhelming numbers and determined earnestness that women +will no longer be satisfied to be treated with political contempt by +the legislators who are supposed to represent them.... Do your part to +inspire our workers with courage, determination, fervor and +consecration; to arouse them to put forth their full strength, even to +the utmost sacrifice, to obtain universal recognition of the truth +that every adult citizen should have a voice in the government of a +free country. +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="authors" summary="authors"> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anna Howard Shaw</span>, President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Catharine Waugh McCulloch</span>, First Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Kate M. Gordon</span>, Second Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Mary Ware Dennett</span>, Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Ella S. Stewart</span>, Recording Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Jessie Ashley</span>, Treasurer.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Laura Clay</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Auditors.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Alice Stone Blackwell</span>,</td></tr> +</table></div> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Of the press the <i>Woman's Journal</i> said: "The Louisville +papers gave the convention full and fair reports and the <i>Herald</i> and +<i>Times</i> had editorials declaring woman suffrage to be inevitable. +Colonel Henry Watterson in the <i>Courier-Journal</i> struggled between a +sincere desire to be courteous and hospitable to a convention of +distinguished women meeting in his city and an equally sincere belief +that woman suffrage would be a bad thing. A rousing editorial in favor +of it appeared in Desha Breckinridge's paper, the <i>Lexington Leader</i>.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2> + +<h3>NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1912.</h3> + + +<p>The Forty-fourth annual convention, which met in Witherspoon Building, +Philadelphia, Nov. 21-26, 1912, celebrated three important victories. +At the general election in the early part of the month, Oregon, +Arizona and Kansas had amended their constitutions and conferred equal +suffrage on women by large majority votes and the result in Michigan +was still in doubt. It was the sentiment of the country that the +eastward sweep of the movement was now fully under way. There was a +new and vibrant tone in the Call and in the speeches and +proceedings.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> The <i>Woman's Journal</i> said in its account: "Another +new feature was the enormous crowds that turned out at the convention. +Evening after evening, in conservative Philadelphia, ten or a dozen +overflow meetings had to be held for the benefit of the people who +could not possibly get into the hall. At the Thanksgiving service on +Sunday afternoon, not only was the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> great Metropolitan Opera House +filled to its capacity but for blocks the street outside was jammed +with a seething crowd, eager to hear the illustrious speakers. It +looked more like an inauguration than like an old-fashioned suffrage +meeting."</p> + +<p>There was a great out-door rally in Independence Square at the +beginning, such as had been witnessed many times on this historic spot +conducted by men but never before in the hands of women. Miss +Elizabeth Freeman was manager of this meeting, assisted by Miss Jane +Campbell, the Rev. Caroline Bartlett Crane, Mrs. Camilla von Klenze, +Mrs. Teresa Crowley and Miss Florence Allen. From five platforms over +forty well-known speakers demanded that the principles of the +Declaration of Independence signed in the ancient hall close by should +be applied to women and that the old bell should ring out liberty for +all and not for half the people. Mrs. Otis Skinner read the Women's +Declaration of Rights, which had been written by Elizabeth Cady +Stanton, Susan B. Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage in 1876 and +presented at the great centennial celebration in that very square,<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> +and a little ceremony was held in honor of Mrs. Charlotte Pierce of +Philadelphia, the only one then living who had signed it, with a +remembrance presented by Mrs. Anna Anthony Bacon.</p> + +<p>The convention was noteworthy for the large number of distinguished +speakers on its program. On the opening afternoon, after a moment of +silent prayer in memory of Lucretia Mott, the welcome of the city was +extended by the widely-known "reform" Mayor Rudolph Blankenburg, who +pointed out the vast field of municipal work for women and expressed +his firm conviction of their need for the suffrage. He was followed +with a greeting by Mrs. Blankenburg, a former president of the State +Suffrage Association. Its formal welcome to the delegates was given by +the president, Mrs. Ellen H. Price, who said in part: "We hope that +you will feel at home in Pennsylvania, for the idea that has called +this organization into being—that divine passion for human +rights—actuated the great founder of our Commonwealth in setting up +his 'holy experiment in government.'" After regretting that a State +founded on so broad a conception had not applied it to women Mrs. +Price said:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We welcome you in the name of William Penn, who, antedating the +Declaration of Independence by nearly a century, enunciated in +his Frame of Government the truth that the States of today are +coming very rapidly to acknowledge: "Any Government is free to +the people under it when the laws rule and the people are a party +to those laws; anything more than this (and anything less) is +oligarchy and confusion." We welcome you in the name of our only +woman Governor, Hannah Penn, who, as we are told, for six years +managed the affairs of the infant colony wisely and well.</p> + +<p>We welcome you in the name of the patriots who placed on our +Liberty Bell the injunction, "Proclaim Liberty throughout the +Land to all the Inhabitants Thereof"; in the name of those +ancestors of ours (yours and mine) who here gave up their lives +in that struggle to establish the principle that "taxation +without representation is tyranny" for a nation; in the name of +those uncompromising agitators who delivered their message of +liberty even at the risk of life itself, till the shackles fell +from a race enslaved; in the name of Lucretia Mott, that gentle, +that queenly champion of the downtrodden and oppressed, that +inspired preacher whose motto, "Truth for Authority, not +Authority for Truth," should be the watchword of every soul that +seeks for freedom.</p> + +<p>We welcome you in the name of the pioneers in the education of +women, of those who gave us the first Medical College for Women, +Ann Preston, Emily Cleveland, Hannah Longshore, whose daughter is +here today—our honorary president, Lucretia L. Blankenburg, wife +of the chief executive of this city, to whose eloquent words of +welcome you have just listened; in the name of the first +president of our State association, of whom the poet Whittier +wrote: "The way to make the world anew is just to grow as Mary +Grew." We welcome you in the name of our national president, the +Rev. Anna Howard Shaw, who, although a citizen of the world, +comes back to her Pennsylvania home to get fresh strength and +courage.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. James Lees Laidlaw, a national officer, made a graceful response +for the association. Fraternal greetings were given by Mrs. Barsels, +from the Pennsylvania Woman's Christian Temperance Union; by Mrs. +Branstetter of Oklahoma from the National Socialist Party; by Mrs. +Campbell McIvor of Toronto from the Canadian Woman Suffrage +Association and later by Miss Leonora O'Reilly from the New York +Women's Trade Union League.</p> + +<p>Miss Laura Clay, chairman of the Membership Committee, announced the +admission of nine new societies to the National Association. There +were 308 delegates in attendance. Mrs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> Mary Ware Dennett, +corresponding secretary and chairman of the Literature Committee, said +in the course of her report:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We are often asked at headquarters and by mail what the national +headquarters is for and what it does. The briefest answer that +can be given is that we furnish ammunition for the suffrage +fight. The ammunition is of many sorts, from money, leaflets and +buttons to historical data, slide lectures and advice on +organization.... One decided advantage in making headquarters +more useful to visitors has been the enlargement of the main +office. A partition was removed which gave us a large, light room +where all our publications are accessible for consultation or +purchase, all the chief suffrage periodicals of the world are on +file, the gallery of eminent suffragists is on exhibition and all +the various kinds of supplies, like buttons, pennants, posters, +etc., are shown. It serves as reference library as well, for +beside the History of Woman Suffrage, the Life of Susan B. +Anthony and the bound volumes of the <i>Woman's Journal</i>, there is +a collection of books on interests allied to suffrage, which have +been selected and approved by the board. These are also on +sale.... During the summer of 1912 a questionnaire was sent to +the States and the answers tabulated and printed in a folder +showing conclusively the status of each regarding headquarters, +press, membership, finance, political district, legislative and +Congressional work. There is an increasing demand for suffrage +facts rather than for suffrage argument. It was in response to +this demand that it became necessary to appoint an editor for the +literature department. Fully half of the publications needed +revising and bringing up to date and new compilations of data +were urgently needed. Mrs. Frances Maule Bjorkman, a trained +newspaper and magazine writer, was chosen and has filled the +position admirably.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Dennett gave a detailed account of the pamphlets, speeches, +leaflets, plays, magazine articles, etc., published by the +association—250 kinds of printed matter—and said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We have published over 3,000,000 pieces of literature in this +year and our total receipts from literature and supplies have +been $13,000, or $746 over the cost of the printing and purchase. +Our record month was September, when our receipts were more than +the entire receipts for the whole year of 1909. If we count our +unsold stock and our uncollected bills as assets, we have a net +gain for the year of $3,578. About $700 worth of literature has +been sold in the office, the remainder having been ordered by +mail.</p> + +<p>Through the courtesy of the Illinois association and the +generosity of Miss Addams and Miss Breckinridge, who paid for the +rent and service, a sub-station for the supply of literature was +established at the Chicago headquarters in April. The sales at +this western branch have been $1,924. It would seem well worth +while to continue this service for western customers. Also for +their benefit Mrs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> McCormick made a gift of a sample copy of +every one of our new publications to the presidents of State +associations in eighteen of the western States, as a means of +bringing them in closer touch with the national office.... Aside +from our own literature we have been grateful for a very +serviceable congressional document, thousands of which have been +distributed in the last few months, the speech of Congressman +Edward T. Taylor of Colorado. It proved a successful and timely +campaign document and we are indebted not only to Mr. Taylor but +to a most efficient volunteer worker in Washington—Mrs. Helen H. +Gardener—who gave unstinted personal service in seeing that the +documents were obtained and franked when needed....</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 348px;"> +<img src="images/v5-336-1.jpg" width="348" height="299" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="caption">COURT HOUSE OF WARREN, OHIO<br /> +Headquarters of the National American Woman Suffrage Association from +1903 to 1910—on the ground floor.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 325px;"> +<img src="images/v5-336-2.jpg" width="325" height="303" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="caption">HOME OF SUSAN B. ANTHONY IN ROCHESTER, N. Y.<br /> +Headquarters of the National American Woman Suffrage Association until +1895.</span> +</div> + +<p>The convention accepted the recommendation of the board that it should +issue a monthly bulletin of facts and figures to be sent to every +paying member, thus establishing a real bond between the association +and its thousands of members. The report of the Press Bureau by its +chairman, Miss Caroline I. Reilly, showed remarkable progress in +public sentiment as expressed by the newspapers. It said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The winning of California last year wrought so complete a change +in the work of the national press bureau that it was like taking +up an entirely new branch. Before that victory our time was +employed in furnishing suffrage arguments, replying to adverse +editorials and letters published in the newspapers and writing +syndicate articles. Now this department has resolved itself into +a bureau of information, news being the one thing required. Each +week we send to our mailing list 2,000 copies of the press +bulletin, giving brief items relative to suffrage activities the +world over. These go into every non-suffrage State in the Union, +to Canada, Cuba and England, and the demand for them increases +daily. Almost every mail brings letters from newspapers asking to +be placed on the regular mailing list.... Since the winning of +the four States on November 5, newspapers and press associations +from all over the United States have written us asking for help +to establish woman suffrage departments. The time has come when +our question is a paying one from a publicity point of view, ...</p> + +<p>We now have twenty syndicates on our list and are no longer +obliged to write the articles ourselves but simply furnish the +information which their own writers work up. These syndicates are +both national and international and cover all of this country as +well as some foreign countries. An interesting thing happened +last week, when the representative of a European press syndicate +came and said that he had been sent to America for the sole +purpose of reporting the woman movement in the United States, the +subject being regarded a vital one by the press of Europe. +Special suffrage editions seem to be more popular than almost +anything else and appeals come<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> to us from all over the Union to +help on them.... During the past year we have received and +answered over 3,000 communications. The Italian papers have been +on our mailing list for some time, also many French and Hebrew +papers.... The editors and associate editors of twelve Italian +newspapers in New York are enrolled in the city suffrage +organization.</p></div> + +<p>Miss Alice Stone Blackwell made an extended report of the <i>Woman's +Journal</i> since it became the official organ of the National American +Association in June, 1910, and had been published under its auspices. +The expenses had increased and funds had not been supplied to meet +them. Committees of conference were appointed and eventually the +deficit was paid and the paper was returned to Miss Blackwell, who +offered the free use of its columns to the association. The report of +the treasurer, Miss Jessie Ashley, was not encouraging. Under the old +régime the year always closed with a balance in the treasury but this +indebtedness to the <i>Woman's Journal</i> left the association $5,000 in +debt.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> As its work broadened the expense became heavier and the +income although far larger than ever before was not sufficient. During +the past year it had contributed $18,144 to campaigns in eight States. +A very large part of this amount was paid by Dr. Shaw from a fund +given to her personally for the purpose by Mrs. Quincy A. Shaw of +Boston. At this time and later she gave to Dr. Shaw to be used for +campaigns according to her judgment $30,000 and the name of the donor +was not revealed until after her death in 1917.</p> + +<p>The first evening of the convention was devoted to the president's +address and the stories of the successful campaigns for suffrage +amendments at the November elections, related by Mrs. William A. +Johnston and Miss Helen N. Eaker for Kansas and Mrs. M. L. T. Hidden +for Oregon. No one being present from Arizona Dr. Shaw told of the +victory there. Mrs. Clara B. Arthur and Mrs. Huntley Russell described +the situation in Michigan, where the indications were that the +amendment would be lost by fraudulent returns. Dr. Shaw's speech, as +usual, was neither written nor stenographically reported but this +floating paragraph was found in a newspaper:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In all times men have entertained loftier theories of living than +they have been able to formulate into practical experience. We +Americans call our government a republic but it is not a republic +and never has been one. A republic is not a government in which +one-half of the people make the laws for all of the people. At +first the government was a hierarchy in which only male church +members could vote. In the process of evolution the qualification +of church membership was removed and the word "taxpayer" +substituted. Later that word was stricken out and all white men +could vote. Then followed the erasure of the word "white" and now +all male citizens have the ballot. The next measure is obvious +and it is not a revolutionary one but the logical step in the +evolution of our government. I believe thoroughly in democracy, +the extension of the franchise to all men, for all have a right +to a voice in the making of the laws that govern them, and no +nation has a right to place before any of its people an +insuperable barrier to self-government. We would make no outcry +against an educational standard, the necessary age limit, a +certain term of residence in any place—in fact there is no +regulation women would object to that applied to all citizens +equally. I make no criticism of the policy of the country in +giving all men the ballot. The men are all right so far as they +go—- but they go only half way. The United States has subjected +its women to the greatest political humiliation ever imposed upon +the women of any nation. German women are governed by German men; +French women by French men, etc., but American women are ruled by +the men of every country and race in the world.... I do not +belong to any political party and I have too much self-respect to +ally myself with any party until my opinion is of enough +importance to be counted at the polls.</p></div> + +<p>The delegates heard reports from the chairmen of various +committees—Ways and Means, Dr. M. Carey Thomas; Enrollment, Mrs. Jean +Nelson Penfield; Presidential Suffrage, Miss Elizabeth Upham Yates; +Laws for Women, Miss Mary Rutter Towle (D. C.). Mrs. Lucia Ames Mead +made her usual comprehensive report as chairman of the Peace and +Arbitration Committee. Mrs. Mary E. Craigie in her report of seven +printed pages on the extensive and successful efforts of her Committee +on Church Work told of a circular letter that had been sent to +thousands of clergymen throughout the country asking for a special +sermon in support of woman suffrage on Mothers' Day. It pointed out +that in the vast moral and social reform work of the churches their +women members are denied the weapon of Christian welfare, the ballot, +while the forces of evil are fully<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> enfranchised and the influence of +the churches is thus essentially weakened.</p> + +<p>Mrs. William Kent, in her report as chairman of the Congressional +Committee, said that it had not been necessary to request members to +introduce a resolution for a Federal Suffrage Amendment as six were +offered by as many Representatives of their own volition. Senator +Works of her own State of California had been glad to present it. She +told of the "hearings" before the committees of the two Houses on +March 13, when the National Association sent representatives to +Washington. The preceding day a reception for the speakers was given +in her home and many of the guests became interested who had been +indifferent. In May the Congressional Committee sent out cards for a +"suffrage tea" in her house to the wives of Senators and +Representatives; many were present and interesting addresses were +made.</p> + +<p>Among the resolutions submitted by the chairman of the committee, Mrs. +Raymond Brown, and adopted were the following:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We reaffirm that our one object and purpose is the +enfranchisement of the women of our country.</p> + +<p>We call upon all our members to rejoice at the winning of the +School vote by the women of Kentucky and at the full +enfranchisement of four more States, Kansas, Oregon, Arizona and +Michigan<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a>; and in the fact that at the last election the +electoral vote of women fully enfranchised was nearly doubled, +and to rejoice that all the political parties are now obliged to +reckon with the growing power of the woman vote; and be it +resolved</p> + +<p>That this association believes in the settlement of all disputes +and difficulties, national and international, by arbitration and +judicial methods and not by war.</p> + +<p>That we commend the action of those State Federations of Women's +Clubs which have founded departments for the study of political +economy and we congratulate those clubs which have endorsed our +movement to gain the ballot for all women.</p> + +<p>That we deeply deplore the exploiting of the children of this +country in our labor markets to the detriment and danger of +coming generations; that we commend the action of Congress in the +creation of a National Children's Bureau and President Taft's +appointment of a woman, Miss Julia Lathrop, as head of the +bureau.</p> + +<p>That we commend the efforts of our National Government to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span> end +the white slave traffic; that we urge the passage in our States +of more stringent laws for the protection of women; that we +demand the same standard of morals for men and women and the same +penalties for transgressors; that we call upon women everywhere +to awake to the dangers of the social evil and to hasten the day +when women shall vote and when commercialized vice shall be +exterminated.</p></div> + +<p>A unique feature of the convention was Men's Night, with James Lees +Laidlaw of New York, president of the National Men's League for Woman +Suffrage of 20,000 members, in the chair and all the speeches made by +men. Miss Blackwell said editorially in the <i>Woman's Journal</i>: "From +the very beginning of the equal rights movement courageous and +justice-loving men have stood by the women and have been invaluable +allies in the long fight that is now nearing its triumph but never +before have been actually organized to work for the cause. Men old and +young, men of the most diverse professions, parties and creeds, spoke +with equal earnestness in behalf of equal rights for women." The +speakers were the Hon. Frederick C. Howe, Judge Dimner Beeber, +president of the Pennsylvania League; A. S. G. Taylor of the +Connecticut League; Joseph Fels, the Single Tax leader; Julian Kennedy +of Pittsburgh; George Foster Peabody of New York; the Rev. Wm. R. Lord +of Massachusetts; Jesse Lynch Williams, J. H. Braly of California and +Reginald Wright Kauffman. The last named, whose recently published +book, The House of Bondage, had aroused the country on the "white +slave traffic," discussed this question as perhaps it never before had +been presented in public and he found a sympathetic audience.</p> + +<p>The Rev. James Grattan Mythen, of the Prince of Peace Church, +Walbrook, Md., made a strong demand for the influence of women in the +electorate, in which he said: "Whatever wrongs the law allows must not +be laid entirely at the door of paid public servants whom by the +franchise we employ to do our public will. Where there are criminals +in public office they represent criminals. They represent the active +criminals whose debased ballots put them in office, and they represent +the passive criminals whose ballot was not cast to keep them out! +'That ye did it not' merits as great a condemnation as 'That ye did +it.' What is needed in politics is the reassertion of the moral +ideal,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span> and as men we know that this moral ideal has been, is now and +always will be the possession of womankind. For this reason men ought +to demand that women come into the body politic and bring with them +the same moral standard that they hold for themselves in the home, in +the Church, in the hospitals, in the great reform movements which are +voiced by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and all other +endeavors for righteousness that are always championed by women."</p> + +<p>This was not the time and place arranged for taking a collection but +the enthusiasm was so great that Mr. Fels started the ball rolling and +$2,000 were quickly subscribed. Later at the regular collection the +amount was increased to $6,908. Among the largest pledges were those +of Miss Kate Gleason of Rochester, N.Y., for $1,200; Mrs. Oliver H.P. +Belmont, $1,000; Mrs. Bowen of Chicago, $600; New York State +Association, $600; Pennsylvania State Association, $500; Miss Emily +Howland, $300. The treasurer, Miss Ashley, stated that the receipts +from April 1 to November 1 had been $55,197.</p> + +<p>Dr. Shaw had telegraphed the congratulations of the association to the +Governors of the four victorious States and telegrams of greetings to +the convention were read from Governors Oswald West of Oregon; George +P. Hunt of Arizona; W.R. Stubbs of Kansas; and Chase S. Osborn of +Michigan. Greetings were received from Miss Martina G. Kramers of +Holland, editor of the international suffrage paper; the U.S. National +Council of Women, and from Mrs. Champ Clark and her sister, Mrs. Annie +Pitzer of Colorado, sent through Miss Nettie Lovisa White of +Washington. Telegrams of congratulation were sent to the State +presidents, Mrs. Abigail Scott Duniway of Oregon and Mrs. Frances W. +Munds of Arizona, and of sympathy to the Rev. Olympia Brown and Miss +Ada L. James for the defeat in Wisconsin.</p> + +<p>It was voted to continue the national headquarters in New York. There +was a flurry of discussion over a proposed amendment to the +constitution changing the present method of voting, which allowed the +delegates present to cast the entire number of votes to which the +State was entitled by its paid membership. The convention finally +adopted the amendment that hereafter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span> the delegates present should +cast only their individual votes. The election resulted in a change of +but two officers. Professor Breckinridge and Miss Ashley did not stand +for re-election and Miss Anita Whitney of California was chosen for +second vice-president and Mrs. Louise De Koven Bowen of Chicago for +second auditor.</p> + +<p>A serious controversy arose during the convention in regard to the +deviation of some of the national officers from the time-honored +custom of non-partisanship. It had always been the unwritten but +carefully observed law of the association that no member of the board +should advocate or work for any political party. Mrs. George Howard +Lewis, a veteran suffragist of Buffalo, N.Y., sent a resolution to the +convention declaring that officers of the association must remain +non-partisan and Mrs. Ida Husted Harper presented it and led the +contest for it. Dr. Shaw announced before it was discussed that the +board recommended that it should not pass.</p> + +<p>Women had taken a larger part in the political campaign which had just +ended than ever before and one of the officers and many of the +delegates present had spoken and worked for the Progressive party +because of the suffrage plank in its platform. Other members had done +the same for the Socialist and Prohibition parties for a like reason. +As a result, while the resolution had some warm support it was +defeated by a vote of ten to one, although it applied only to the +officers and left individual members free. The consequences of this +vote soon began to be realized by the board and the delegates and in +the official resolutions was one which said: "The National American +Suffrage Association reaffirms the position for which it always has +stood, of being an absolutely non-partisan, non-sectarian body." When +asked for an interpretation the officers answered that "the +association must not declare officially for any political party."<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p> + +<p>One of the most enjoyable evenings of the convention was the one in +charge of the National College Equal Suffrage League, the program +consisting of a debate between groups of clever speakers, each with +one or more university degrees, half of them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> posing as +anti-suffragists, with Dr. Thomas, president of Bryn Mawr College and +of the league, in the chair. A suffrage meeting which touched high +water mark was that of Sunday afternoon, when the immense opera house +was filled to overflowing and literally thousands stood on the outside +in the intense cold and listened to speakers who were hastily sent out +to address them. Dr. Shaw presided. The meeting was opened with prayer +by the Rt. Rev. Philip Mercer Rhinelander and the music was rendered +by the choir, under its director, Samuel J. Riegel, with the audience +joining. An eloquent address was given, the Democracy of Sex and +Color, by Dr. W.E. Burghardt Du Bois, and one by Miss Addams on the +Communion of the Ballot, the necessity for cooperative work by men and +women, in which she said: "Take a still graver subject. Everywhere +vice regulation is coming up for government action. The white slave +traffic is international and it goes on from city to city. I ask you, +in the name of common sense, is it safe or wise or sane to entrust to +men alone the dealing with this age-long evil? Our laws are superior +to those of most European countries. In England, because women have +been obliged to appeal to the pity of men against these evils, (for +the appeal to chivalry seems to have fallen), there is a disposition +to divide into two camps, men in one and women in the other. Any sex +antagonism thus engendered arises because these grave moral questions +have not been taken up by men and women together. By debarring women +from suffrage, we are failing to bring to bear on these questions that +vast moral energy which dwells in women.... Whenever there is a great +moral awakening it is followed by an extension of the movement for +women's rights. The first wave came with the anti-slavery agitation; +the second with the prohibition movement and Frances Willard, and now +there is coming all over the world this irresistible movement of +government to take up great social and industrial questions."</p> + +<p>The very fine address of Miss Julia Lathrop, Chief of the National +Children's Bureau, on Woman Suffrage and Child Welfare filled over +five columns of the <i>Woman's Journal</i> and contained a sufficient +argument for the enfranchisement of women if no other ever had been or +should be made. "My purpose,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span> she began, "is to show that woman +suffrage is a natural and inevitable step in the march of society +forward; that instead of being incompatible with child welfare it +leads toward it and is indeed the next great service to be rendered +for the welfare and ennoblement of the home. A little more than +one-third of all the people in this country, something over 29,500,000 +in actual numbers, are children under the age of fifteen—that is, +still in a state of tutelage; and it is of unbounded importance that +nothing be done by the rest of us which will injure this budding +growth. So it is right to judge in large measure any proposed change +in our social fabric by its probable effect on that dependent third of +the race to whom we are pledged, for whose succession it is the work +of this generation to prepare. What we propose is to give universal +suffrage to women."</p> + +<p>Answering the question, "Do we propose a mad revolution?" she traced +the development in the position of woman, every step of which was +condemned at the time as a dangerous innovation. "It was a revolution +when women were given equal property rights over their goods and equal +rights over their children," she said. "We must blush that there are +States in this country where that revolution is still to be +accomplished. I have heard an old Illinois lawyer describe the early +efforts to secure equal property rights for women in that State and +the constant objection that such laws would destroy the family, that +there could be no harmony unless the ownership were all in one person +and that person the man. It was feared then, as now, that women would +become tyrannical and unbearable if they were allowed too much +independence. Do children suffer because their mothers own property?" +She pointed out the necessity for woman's political influence on +humanitarian movements and said: "Suffrage for women is not the final +word in human freedom but it is the next step in the onward march, +because it is the next step in equalizing the rights and balancing the +duties of the two types of individuals who make up the human race."</p> + +<p>Miss Lathrop showed the need of legislation for all social reforms and +how the experience of women beginning with domestic duties carried +them forward to a sense of their obligations in community life and a +fitness for it. Referring to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span> uneducated women she said: "The +ignorant vote is not the working vote. Working women in great +organized factories have been having, since they began that work, an +education for the suffrage. They are not the ignorant voters nor are +wives of workingmen; at least, they know in part what they need to +safeguard themselves and their homes. The ignorant vote is the +complacent, blind vote of men and of the feminine 'influence' that +moves them, which disregards the real problems of setting safe and +wholesome standards of life and labor and education and spends its +strength in looking backward, insisting upon precedents without seeing +that, good and enduring as they may be, all precedents must be daily +retranslated into the setting of today. "Women must vote for their own +souls' good," she said, "and they must vote to protect the family. The +newer conception of the family is one which depends upon giving to +both parents the fullest expression on all those matters of common +concern."</p> + +<p>The address closed with a fine peroration—Pass on the Torch! In the +evening the officers of the association gave a largely attended +reception to delegates and friends in the banquet hall of Hotel +Walton.</p> + +<p>The closing night of the convention was one long to be remembered. +There was the same vast, eager audience: Dr. Shaw presided and on the +platform was the distinguished Apostle of Peace, winner of the Nobel +prize, Baroness Bertha von Suttner, and Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, just +returned from a two-years' trip around the world. The meeting was +opened by the Rt. Rev. James Henry Darlington, bishop of central +Pennsylvania, whose brief address was of great value to the cause. He +congratulated the American people on the fact that four more States +had been added to the ever-growing list of those which had given the +suffrage to women and he called upon all observers to notice that no +State which had once voted in woman suffrage had ever voted it out. +Once in use, local opposition to it ceased by reason of the +self-evident good results. He offered congratulations to those who +were humble privates in the ranks and to the famous and brave leaders +who organized the victories. "As the Elizabethan and Victorian eras +are the most distinguished for philanthropic, literary and economic +advancement in the whole<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span> history of Great Britain, though the Kings +were many and the Queens were few in the long line," he said, "so no +man need be ashamed to follow feminine leadership when it means +advancement in every good word and work," and he offered +congratulations to little children of the future generations of this +and all lands. "When our anti-suffrage sisters throw aside their +complacency and selfish ease," he said, "to strive side by side with +men to formulate and pass necessary laws to protect and develop the +bodies, minds and souls of our present little children and all that +are to come through the passing centuries, then will dawn a new day +for humanity."</p> + +<p>Brief addresses were made by Mrs. Blankenburg, Miss Jane Campbell and +Professor Breckinridge of Chicago University. Miss Crystal Eastman +gave a graphic account of why the amendment failed in Wisconsin and +Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton, State president, told in her inimitable way +of the campaign that failed in Ohio. Baroness von Suttner made a +magnificent plea for the peace of the world and asked for the +enfranchisement of women as an absolutely necessary factor in it. The +dominant note of Mrs. Catt's speech was the great need for political +power in the hands of women to combat the social evil, which she had +found intrenched in the governments of every country. These last two +addresses, which carried thrilling conviction to every heart, were +made without notes and not published.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>From the early days of the National Suffrage Association its +representatives had appeared before committees of every Congress to +ask for the submission of an amendment to the Federal Constitution and +during many years this "hearing" took place when the annual convention +met in Washington. As it was to be held elsewhere this year and at a +time when the Congress was not in session a delegation of speakers had +gone before the committees the preceding March by arrangement of Mrs. +William Kent, chairman of the association's Congressional Committee.</p> + +<p>At the hearing before a joint committee of the Senate Judiciary and +Senate Committee on Woman Suffrage March 13 six of the members were +present: Senators Overman (N. C.), chairman;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span> Brandegee (Conn.); +Bourne (Ore.); Brown (Neb.); Johnston (Ala.); Wetmore (R. I.). Senator +John D. Works of California, who had introduced the resolution in the +Senate, presented Dr. Anna Howard Shaw as "one of the best known and +most distinguished of those connected with the movement for the +enfranchisement of women." As she took charge of the hearing she said +in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Committee, this is the +forty-third year that the women suffragists have been represented +by delegations appointed by the national body to speak in behalf +of resolutions which have been introduced to eliminate from the +Constitution of the United States in effect the word "male," to +eliminate all disqualifications for suffrage on account of sex. +The desire of our association is not so much to put on record the +opinions of this committee in regard to woman suffrage as to +plead with it to give a favorable report, so that the question +can come before the Congress, be discussed on its merits and then +submitted to the various States for ratification. The Federal +Constitution guarantees to every State a republican form of +government—that is, a government in which the laws are enacted +by representatives elected by the people—and we claim that it +has violated its own principle in refusing to protect women in +their right to select their representatives, so we are asking for +no more than that the Constitution shall be carried out by the U. +S. Government. As the president of the National Suffrage +Association, I stand here in the place of a woman who gave sixty +years of her life in advocacy of that grand principle for which +so many of our ancestors died, Miss Susan B. Anthony. There is +not a woman here today who was at the first hearing, nor a woman +alive today who was among those that struggled in the beginning +for this fundamental right of every citizen. I now introduce Mrs. +Susan Walker Fitzgerald of Massachusetts. It has been said that +women cannot fight. Mrs. Fitzgerald's father was an Admiral of +the Navy and if she can not fight her father could.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Fitzgerald spoke at length in the interest of the home and the +family, showing the evolution that had taken place until now "the +Government touches upon every phase of our home life and largely +dictates its conditions while at the same time the woman is held +responsible for them and is working with her hands tied behind her +back and she asks the vote in order to do her woman's work better." +Mrs. James Lees Laidlaw of New York spoke beautifully of the desire of +the mothers of the rising generation that their daughters should not +have to enter the hard struggle for the suffrage and pictured the need +for the highest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span> development of the womanly character. Mrs. Elsie Cole +Phillips of Wisconsin showed the standpoint of the so-called working +classes, saying in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The right to vote is based primarily on the democratic theory of +government. "The just powers of government are derived from the +consent of the governed." What does that mean? Does it not mean +that there is no class so wise, so benevolent that it is fitted +to govern any other class? Does it not mean that in order to have +a democratic government every adult in the community must have an +opportunity to express his opinion as to how he wishes to be +governed and to have that opinion counted? A vote is in the last +analysis an expression of a need—either a personal need known to +one as an individual as it can be known to no one else, or an +expression of a need of those in whom we are +interested—sister-women or children, for instance. The moment +that one admits this concept of the ballot that moment +practically all of the anti-suffrage argument is done away +with.... Is it to strengthen the hands of the strong? Oh, no; it +is to put into the hands of the weak a weapon of self-protection. +And who are the weak? Those who are economically +handicapped—first of all the working classes in their struggle +for better conditions of life and labor. And who among the +workers are the weak? Wherever the men have suffered, the women +have suffered more.</p> + +<p>But I would also like to point out to you how this affects the +homekeeping woman, the wife and mother, of the working class, +aside from the wage-earning woman. Consider the woman at home who +must make both ends meet on a small income. Who better than she +knows whether or not the cost of living advances more rapidly +than the wage does? Is not that a true statement in the most +practical form of the problem of the tariff? And who better than +she knows what the needs of the workers are in the factories? +Take the tenement-house woman, the wife and mother who is +struggling to bring up a family under conditions which constantly +make for evil. Who, better than the mother who has tried to bring +up six or seven children in one room in a dark tenement house, +knows the needs of a proper building? Who better than the mother +who sees her boy and her girl playing in the streets knows the +need of playgrounds? Who better than a mother knows what it means +to a child's life—which you men demand that she as a wife and a +mother shall care for especially—who, better than she, knows the +cruel pressure that comes to that child from too early labor in +what the U. S. census report calls "gainful occupations"?</p> + +<p>There is a practical wisdom that comes out of the pressure of +life and an educational force in life itself which very often is +more efficient than that which comes through textbooks of +college.... The ignorant vote that is going to come in when women +are enfranchised is that of the leisure-class woman, who has no +responsibilities and knows nothing of what life means to the rest +of the world, who has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span> absolutely no civic or social +intelligence. But, fortunately for us, she is a small percentage +of the women of this land, and fortunately for the land there is +no such rapid means of education for her as to give her the +ballot and let her for the first time feel responsibilities....</p> + +<p>Now the time has come when the home and the State are one. Every +act, every duty of the mother in the home is affected by +something the State does or does not do, and the only way in +which we are ever going to have our national housekeeping and our +national child-rearing done as it should be is by bringing into +the councils of the State the wisdom of women.</p></div> + +<p>James Lees Laidlaw of New York was introduced as president of the +National Men's League for Woman Suffrage and after stating that such +leagues were being organized throughout the country he spoke of the +great change that had taken place in the status of women and said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Most important of all is the change of woman's position in +industrial, commercial and educational fields. We are all +familiar with the exodus of millions of women from the home into +the mill and the factory. Today they may enter freely into +business either as principal or employee. I was astonished to +hear reported at a recent meeting of the Chamber of Commerce in +New York that in the commercial high schools of that city, where +a business education is given, 85 per cent. of the pupils are +girls. We have today a great body of intelligent citizens with +many interests in the Government besides their primary interests +as mothers and home-keepers. If men are not going to take the +next logical step they have made a great mistake in going thus +far. Why give women property rights if we give them no rights in +making the laws governing the control and disposition of their +property and no vote as to who shall have the spending of tax +money? Why give women the right to go into business or trades, +either as employees or employers, without the right to control +the conditions surrounding their business or trades? Why train +women to be better mothers and better housekeepers and refuse +them the right to say what laws shall be passed to protect their +children and homes? Why train women to be teachers, lawyers, +doctors and scientists and say to them: "Now you have assumed new +responsibilities, go out into the world and compete with men," +and then handicap them by depriving them of political expression? +Women now have the opportunity for equal mental development with +men. Is it right or is it politically expedient that we should +not avail ourselves of their special knowledge concerning those +matters which vitally affect the human race?...</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Ella S. Stewart, president of the Illinois Suffrage Association +and member of the national board, contrasted the old academic plea for +the ballot with the modern demand for it to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> meet the present +intensely utilitarian age and continued: "Today we know that the +ballot is just a machine. In fact it impresses us as being something +like the long-distance telephone which we in this scientific age have +grown accustomed to use. We go into the polling booth and call up +central (the Government) and when we get the connection we deliver our +message with accuracy and speed and then we go about our business. +Women have been encouraged during the past to have opinions about +governmental matters and there is no denying that we do have opinions. +If we could submit to you today the list of bills which the +Federations of Women's Clubs of the various States have endorsed and +for which they are working you would know that women have a large +civic conscience and an intelligent appreciation of the measures which +affect both women and the homes. They have been encouraged to have +these opinions but to try to influence legislation only in indirect +ways. Today, being practical and scientific, we are asking ourselves +all the time why should we be limited to expressing our opinion on +governmental affairs in our women's clubs? Why should we breathe them +only in the prayer meeting or in the parlors of our friends? Why not +directly into the governmental ear—the ballot box? Why do we not go +into that long-distance telephone booth, get connection with central, +and then know that our message has been delivered in the only place +where it is recorded. The Government makes no record whatever of the +opinions which we express in our women's clubs and our prayer +meetings."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Caroline A. Lowe of Kansas City, Mo., spoke in behalf of the +7,000,000 wage-earning women of the United States from the standpoint +of one who had earned her living since she was eighteen and declared +that to them the need of the ballot was a vital one. She gave +heart-breaking proofs of this fact and said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>From the standpoint of wages received we wage earners know it to +be almost universal that the men in the industries receive twice +the amount granted to us although we may be doing the same work. +We work side by side with our brothers; we are children of the +same parents, reared in the same homes, educated in the same +schools, ride to and fro on the same early morning and late +evening cars, work together the same number of hours in the same +shops and we have equal need of food, clothing and shelter. But +at 21 years of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span> age our brothers are given a powerful weapon for +self-defense, a larger means for growth and self-expression. We +working women, because we find our sex not a source of strength +but a source of weakness and a greater opportunity for +exploitation, have even greater need of this weapon which is +denied to us. Is there any justice underlying such a condition?</p> + +<p>What of the working girl and her employer? Why is the ballot +given to him while it is denied to us? Is it for the protection +of his property that he may have a voice in the governing of his +wealth, of his stocks and bonds and merchandise? The wealth of +the working woman is far more precious to the welfare of the +State. From nature's raw products the working class can readily +replace all of the material wealth owned by the employing class +but the wealth of the working woman is the wealth of flesh and +blood, of all her physical, mental and spiritual powers. It is +not only the wealth of today but that of future generations which +is being bartered away so cheaply. Have we no right to a voice in +the disposal of our wealth, the greatest that the world +possesses, the priceless wealth of its womanhood? Is it not the +cruelest injustice that the man whose material wealth is a source +of strength and protection to him and of power over us should be +given the additional advantage of an even greater weapon which he +can use to perpetuate our condition of helpless subjection?... +The industrial basis of the life of the woman has changed and the +political superstructure must be adjusted to conform to it. This +industrial change has given to woman a larger horizon, a greater +freedom of action in the industrial world. Greater freedom and +larger expression are at hand for her in the political life. The +time is ripe for the extension of the franchise to women.</p> + +<p>We do not come before you to beg of you the granting of any +favor. We present to you a glorious opportunity to place +yourselves abreast of the current of this great evolutionary +movement.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Donald Hooker of Baltimore gave striking instances of the +conditions in that State regarding the social evil, of the hundreds of +virtuous girls who every year are forced into a life of shame, of the +thousands of children who die because mothers have no voice in making +laws for their protection. "There was never a great act of injustice," +she said, "that was not paid for in human life and happiness. A great +act of injustice is being perpetrated by denying women the right to +vote."</p> + +<p>Miss Leonora O'Reilly, a leader among the working women of New York, +made an impassioned plea that carried conviction. "I have been a +wage-earner since I was thirteen," she said, "and I know whereof I +speak. I want to make you realize the lives of hundreds of girls I +have seen go down in this struggle for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> bread. We working women want +the ballot as our right. You say it is not a right but a privilege. +Then we demand it as a privilege. All women ought to have it, +wage-earning women must have it." After plainer speaking than the +committee had ever heard from a woman she concluded: "You may tell us +that our place is in the home. There are 8,000,000 of us in these +United States who must go out of it to earn our daily bread and we +come to tell you that while we are working in the mills, the mines, +the factories and the mercantile houses we have not the protection +that we should have. You have been making laws for us and the laws you +have made have not been good for us. Year after year working women +have gone to the Legislature in every State and have tried to tell +their story of need in the same old way. They have gone believing in +the strength of the big brother, believing that the big brother could +do for them what they should, as citizens, do for themselves. They +have seen time after time the power of the big interests come behind +the big brother and say to him, 'If you grant the request of these +working women you die politically.'</p> + +<p>"It is because the working women have seen this that they now demand +the ballot. In New York and in every other State, we plead for shorter +hours. When the legislators learn that women today in every industry +are being overspeeded and overworked, most of them would, if they +dared, vote protective legislation. Why do they neglect the women? We +answer, because those who have the votes have the power to take the +legislator's political ladder away from him, a power that we, who have +no votes, do not have.... While the doors of the colleges have been +opened to the fortunate women of our country, only one woman in a +thousand goes into our colleges, while one woman in five must go into +industry to earn her living. And it is for the protection of this one +woman in every five that I speak...."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Jean Nelson Penfield, chairman of the Woman Suffrage Party of New +York numbering 60,000 members, said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In the few moments given me I will confine myself to the handicap +women have found disfranchisement to be in social-service work. +It is supposed by many that because our so-called leisure women +have been able to do so much apparently good community betterment +work without the ballot we do not need it. I should like to ask<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> +you to remember that the important thing is not that women +succeed in this kind of work but that where they do succeed it is +at tremendous and needless expenditure of energy and vital +strength and at the cost of dignity and self-respect.</p> + +<p>The dominant thought in the world today is that of conservation; +the tendency of the whole business world is toward economy. How +to lessen the cost of production; how to improve the machinery of +business so as to reduce friction—these are the questions that +are being asked not only in the business world but in the affairs +of state. No intelligent man in this scientific day would try to +do anything by an indirect and wasteful method if he could +accomplish his purpose by a direct and economic method. Even the +bricklayer is taught how to handle his bricks so that the best +results may be secured at the least possible expenditure of time +and energy. Women alone seem to represent a great body of energy, +vitality and talent which is unconserved, unutilized and +recklessly wasted. If a man wants reforms he goes armed with a +vote to the ballot box and even to the Legislature with that +power of the vote behind him; but if women want these things they +are asked to take the long, questionable, roundabout route of +personal influence, of petition, of indirection. Women have +accomplished a great deal in this way but it has required a long +time.... Take, for instance, one class of work—the establishment +of manual training, domestic science, open-air schools, school +gardens and playgrounds—all once just "women's notions" but now +established institutions. Women have had to found and finance and +demonstrate them before municipalities would have anything to do +with them, but when city or State adopts these institutions the +management is immediately and entirely taken out of the hands of +women and placed in the hands of men....</p> + +<p>Among thinking women there is a growing consciousness of being +cut off, shut out from the civic life in which they have an equal +stake with men. We ask you to recognize that the time is here for +you to submit an amendment to the States for ratification which +will give women the influence and power of the suffrage.</p></div> + +<p>In closing Dr. Shaw asked that her association might have some printed +copies for distribution and was assured that it might have fifteen or +twenty thousand if it desired them. She also urged that the committee +would report the resolution to the Senate for discussion and as a +third request said: "We are told that men are afraid to grant women +suffrage lest fearful results should come to the Government and to the +women. We have asked for years that Congress would appoint a committee +to investigate its practical working in the States where it +exists—there are now six of them—and we are entirely willing to risk +our case on that investigation. We feel that its results would be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span> +such that we would not have to come here much longer and take up your +time with our arguments on the subject."</p> + +<p>Franklin W. Collins of Nebraska spoke in opposition, presenting his +case in a series of over fifty questions but not attempting to answer +any of them. Among the questions were these: If woman by her ballot +should plunge the country into war, would she not be in honor bound to +fight by the side of man? Will the ballot in the hands of women pour +oil on the troubled domestic waters? Has not this movement a strong +tendency to encourage the exodus from the land of bondage, otherwise +known as matrimony and motherhood? Is it not true that every +free-lover, socialist, communist and anarchist the country over is +openly in favor of female suffrage?</p> + +<p>The National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage sent from its +bureau in New York a letter of "earnest protest" against the amendment +signed by its president, Mrs. Arthur M. Dodge. Its auxiliary in the +District of Columbia sent another of greater length signed by its +chairman, Mrs. Grace Duffield Goodwin, which not only protested +against a Federal Amendment but against the granting of woman suffrage +by any method.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>Six members of the House of Representatives had introduced the +resolution for a Federal Suffrage Amendment—Raker of California; +Lafferty of Oregon; Mondell of Wyoming; Berger of Wisconsin; and +Taylor and Rucker of Colorado. The hearing before the Judiciary +Committee proved to be of unusual interest. Sixteen of this large +committee of twenty-one were present and a reason given for the +absence of the others. They were an imposing array as they sat in a +semi-circle on a raised platform. The chairman, Judge Henry D. Clayton +of Alabama, treated the speakers as if they were his personal guests, +assured them of all the time they desired and at the close of the +hearing was photographed with Miss Addams and Mrs. Harper. Instead of +listening in a perfunctory way the members of the committee showed +much interest and asked many questions. Miss Jane Addams, first +vice-president of the National American Suffrage Association, presided +and in presenting her with words of highest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span> praise Representative +Taylor said that all who had introduced the resolution would be +pleased to speak in support of it at any time and that personally he +wished to put in the record a statement of the results of woman +suffrage in Colorado during the past eighteen years with a brief +mention of 150 of the wisest, most humane and progressive laws in the +country for the protection of home and the betterment of society, +which the women of Colorado had caused to be put upon its statute +books.</p> + +<p>Miss Addams called the attention of the committee to the fact that +more than a million women would be eligible to vote for the President +of the United States in November. She named the countries where women +could vote, saying: "America, far from being in the lead in the +universal application of the principle that every adult is entitled to +the ballot, is fast falling behind the rest of the world," and +continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As I have been engaged for a good many years in various +philanthropic undertakings, perhaps you will permit me, for only +a few moments, to speak from my experience. A good many women +with whom I have been associated have initiated and carried +forward philanthropic enterprises which were later taken over by +the city and thereupon the women have been shut out from the +opportunity to do the self-same work which they had done up to +that time. In Chicago the women for many years supported school +nurses who took care of the children, made them comfortable and +kept them from truancy. When the nurses were taken over by the +health department of the city the same women who had given them +their support and management were excluded from doing anything +more, and I think Chicago will bear me out when I say that the +nurses are not now doing as good work as they did before this +happened. I could also use the illustration of the probation +officers who are attached to the juvenile court. For a number of +years women selected and supported these probation officers. +Later, when the same officers, paid the same salary, were taken +over by the county and paid from the county funds, the women who +had been responsible for the initiation and beginning of the +probation system and for the early management of the officers, +had no more to do with them and at the present moment the +juvenile court has fallen behind its former position in the +juvenile courts of the world. I think the fair-minded men of +Chicago will admit that it was a disaster when the women were +disqualified by their lack of the franchise to care for it. The +juvenile court has to do largely with delinquent and dependent +children and there is no doubt that on the whole women can deal +with such cases better than men because their natural interests +lie in that direction. I could give you many other examples....<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> +So it seems fair to say that if women are to keep on with the +work which they have done since the beginning of the world—to +continue with their humanitarian efforts which are so rapidly +being taken over into the Government, and which when thus taken +over are often not properly administered, women themselves must +have the franchise....</p></div> + +<p>Introducing Representative Raker Miss Addams said smilingly that while +the women speakers were allowed ten minutes the men were to have but +five. Judge Raker of California referred to the fact that he had +pledged himself to this Federal Amendment when he was first a +candidate for Congress eight years before and said: "This matter, as +it appears to me, has passed beyond the question of sentiment; it has +passed beyond the question of advisability; it has passed beyond the +question of whether or not women ought to participate in the vote for +the benefit of the home or the benefit of the State. As I view it it +is a clean-cut question of absolute right and upon that assumption I +base my argument—that we today are depriving one-half of the +intelligence, one-half of the ability of this republic from +participating in public affairs and that from the economic standpoint +of better laws, better homes, better government in the country, the +city, the State and the nation, we need our wives', our sisters' and +our mothers' votes and assistance."</p> + +<p>"May I introduce one of my own fellow townswomen, Miss Mary E. +McDowell," said Miss Addams, "who has had what I may call a +distressing life in the stockyards district of Chicago for many years, +and she will tell you what she thinks of the franchise for women." +Miss McDowell said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We are all together very human, it seems to me, both men and +women, and it is because we are human, because this is a human +proposition and not a woman proposition, that I am glad to speak +for it and believe in it so firmly. Giving the vote to women is +not simply a woman's question, it has to do with the man, the +child and the home. Women have always worked but within much less +than a century millions of women and girls have been thrust out +of the home into a man-made world of industry and commerce. We +know that in the United States over 5,500,000, according to the +census of 1900, are bread winners.... Do we not see that the +working women must be given every safeguard that workingmen have +and now as they stand side by side with men in the factory and +shop they must stand with them politically? The ballot may be but +a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> small bit of the machinery that is to lift the mass of +wage-earning women up to a higher plane of self-respect and +self-protection but will it not add the balance of power so much +needed by the workingmen in their struggle for protective +legislation, which will in the end be shared by the women? Today +women are cheap, unskilled labor and will be until organization +and technical training and the responsibility of the vote in +their hands develop a consciousness of their social value....</p> + +<p>The vote and all that it implies will awaken this sense of value. +It will give to the wage-earning woman a new status in industry, +for men will help to educate her when she is a political as well +as an industrial co-worker. As man gave strength to the +developing of the institution of the home so woman must be given +the opportunity to help man humanize the State. This can be done +only when she has the ballot and shares the responsibility.</p></div> + +<p>Representative A. W. Lafferty of Oregon said in his brief five +minutes: "I believe it is not only practicable but that it would be +profitable to the United States to extend equal suffrage to men and +women. We have had here this morning a practical demonstration of the +ability of the women of this country to participate intelligently in +the discussion of public questions. I think that we could not make a +mistake in placing the ballot in the hand that rocks the cradle. +Having only the best interests of this republic at heart, I believe it +would be a good thing if fifty of the mothers of this country were in +the House of Representatives today and I wish that at least +twenty-five of them were in the Senate. You should consider, as +lawyers, as statesmen and as historians that in the history of the +civilized world in monarchies women have participated in the +Government; it is a shame that in a republic like ours, the best form +of government that has ever yet been established, women can not, under +the present law, actively participate in it."</p> + +<p>The address which Representative Edward T. Taylor put into the +<i>Congressional Record</i> on this occasion was also printed in a pamphlet +of forty pages and until the end of the movement for woman suffrage +was a standard document for distribution by the National Association. +He said in the introduction:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I want to recite in a plain, conversational way some of my +personal experiences and individual observations extending over a +period of thirty years of public life, during nearly nineteen +years of which we have had equal suffrage in Colorado....<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span></p> + +<p>When I came to Congress I did not realize and I have not yet been +able fully to understand the deep-seated prejudice, bias and even +vindictiveness against woman suffrage and the astounding amount +of misinformation there is everywhere here in the East concerning +its practical operation. I have been equally amazed and indignant +at the many brazen assertions I have seen in the papers and heard +that are perfectly absurd and without the slightest foundation in +fact, and I have had many heated discussions on the subject +during the past three years. When I hear men and women who have +never spent a week and most of them not an hour in an equal +suffrage State attempt to discuss the subject from the standpoint +of their own preconceived prejudices and idle impressions, I feel +like saying: "May the Lord forgive them for they know not what +they do." Let me say to them and to my colleagues in the House +that it will not be ten years before the women of this country +from the Pacific to the Atlantic will have the just and equal +rights of American citizenship.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></p> + +<p>Since coming here I have been frequently asked by friends what we +think of woman suffrage in Colorado, and when I tell them that it +is an unqualified success and that I doubt if even five per cent. +of the people of the State would vote to repeal it, they ask me +what it has accomplished. I believe it is generally conceded by +enlightened people that the laws of a State are a true index of +its degree of civilization. I will, therefore, give a brief +catalogue of some of the most important of the 150 legislative +measures that have been either introduced by the women or at the +request of the various women's organizations and enacted into +law.</p></div> + +<p>Then followed under the head of different years, beginning with 1893, +that in which women were enfranchised, a roster of Colorado's +unequalled laws. These were followed by a complete analysis of the +practical working of woman suffrage during the past eighteen years, +with comprehensive answers to all the stereotyped questions and +objections.</p> + +<p>Several who had addressed the Senate Committee came over to the House +office building and spoke to the Judiciary Committee. Mrs. William +Kent, wife of a Representative from California, was introduced by Miss +Addams as one who was not a member of the House but was eligible. In +the course of a winning speech she said: "The United States is +committed to a democratic form of government, a government by the +people. Those who do not believe in the ideals of democracy are the +only ones who can consistently oppose woman suffrage. The hope of +democracy is in education. There is food for thought in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> fact that +the early education of all the citizens is now administered by a class +who have no vote.... Our recent California Legislature when it +submitted the amendments which were to be referred to the voters on +October 10 did a very sensible and intelligent thing. Speeches for and +against each one of these amendments were published in a little +pamphlet which was sent to every voter. One man—and he was a good +man, too—who argued against woman suffrage said that women should not +descend into the dirty mire of politics, that the vote would be of no +value to them. In the same speech he said that the women should teach +their sons the sacred duties of citizens and to hold the ballot as the +most precious inheritance of every American boy. Can we really bring +up our sons with a clear sense of the civic responsibility which we +ourselves have not? We believe that our children need what we shall +learn in becoming voters and that the State needs what we have learned +in being mothers and home makers."</p> + +<p>"May I present next," said Miss Addams, "Mrs. Ida Husted Harper, of +New York? She has been before other Congressional committees with Miss +Susan B. Anthony, who for so many years came here to present this +cause. Mrs. Harper has written a history of the equal suffrage +movement and a very fine biography of Miss Anthony and it is with +special pleasure that I present her. She will make the constitutional +argument."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Harper said in beginning: "This argument shall be based entirely +on the Federal Constitution and the only authorities cited will be the +utterances of two Presidents of the United States within the past +month." She then quoted from speeches of President Taft and former +President Roosevelt extolling the Constitution as guaranteeing +self-government to all the people with the right to change it when +this seems necessary, and she showed the utter fallacy of this +statement when applied to women. In closing she said: "Forty-three +years in asking Congress for this amendment of the Federal +Constitution to enfranchise women they have followed an entirely legal +and constitutional method of procedure, which has been so absolutely +barren of results that in the past nineteen years the committees have +made no report whatever, either favorable or unfavorable. How much +longer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> do you expect women to treat with respect National and State +constitutions and legislative bodies that stand thus an impenetrable +barrier between them and their rights as citizens of the United +States?" A long colloquy followed which began:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Chairman: The committee will be very glad to have you extend +your remarks to answer a question propounded by Mr. Littleton +awhile ago. I wish to say that this committee, during my service +on it, has always been met with this proposition when this +amendment was proposed, that the States already have the +authority to confer suffrage upon women, and, therefore, why is +it necessary for women to wait for an amendment to the Federal +Constitution when they can now go to the States and obtain this +right to vote, just as the women of California did last year?</p> + +<p>Mrs. Harper: Mr. Chairman, the women are not waiting; they are +keeping right on with their efforts to get the suffrage from the +States. They began in 1867 with their State campaigns and have +continued them ever since, but in sending the women to the States +you require them to make forty-eight campaigns and to go to the +individual electors to get permission to vote. After the Civil +War the Republican party with all its power and with only the +northern States voting, was never able to get the suffrage for +the negroes. The leaders went to State after State, even to +Kansas, with its record for freeing the negroes, and every State +turned down the proposition to give them suffrage. I doubt if the +individual voters of many States would give the suffrage to any +new class, even of men. The capitalists would not let the working +people vote if they could help it, and the working people would +not let the capitalists vote; Catholics would not enfranchise the +Protestants and the Protestants would not give the vote to +Catholics. You impose upon us an intolerable condition when you +send us to the individual voters. What man on this committee +would like to submit his electoral rights to the voters of New +York City, for instance, representing as they do every +nationality in the world? If we could secure this amendment to +the Federal Constitution, then we could deal with the +Legislatures, with the selected men in each State, instead of the +great conglomerate of voters that we have in this country, such +as does not exist in any other.</p> + +<p>The Chairman: But if one of these suffrage resolutions should be +favorably reported and both Houses of Congress should pass it of +course it would be referred to the States and then before it +became a law it would have to have their approval.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Harper: Only of the Legislatures, not the individual voters.</p> + +<p>The Chairman: You use an expression which a member of the +committee has asked me to have you explain—"conglomerate of +voters," which you said does not exist elsewhere. The desire is +to know to whom you refer.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Harper: I mean no disrespect to the great body of electors<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> +in the United States but in every other country the voters are +the people of its own nationality. In no other would the question +have to go to the nationalities of the whole world as it would in +our country. For instance, we have to submit our question to the +negro and to the Indian men, when we go to the individual voters, +and to the native-born Chinese and to all those men from southern +Europe who are trained in the idea of woman's inferiority. You +put upon us conditions which are not put upon women anywhere in +the world outside the United States.</p> + +<p>Mr. Littleton (N. Y.): You would have to convince every +legislator of the fact that this amendment to the National +Constitution ought to be adopted. If you could convince the +Legislatures of three-fourths of the States you could get +three-fourths of them to grant the suffrage itself.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Harper: They could only grant it to the extent of sending us +to the individual voters, while if this amendment were submitted +by Congress and the Legislatures endorsed it we would never have +to deal with the individual voters. We would not have to convince +every legislator but only a majority.</p> + +<p>Mr. Higgins (Conn.): In other words, as I understand you, you +have more confidence in the Legislatures than in the composite +citizenship.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Harper: The composite male citizenship, you mean. We +suppose, of course, that the Legislatures represent the picked +men of the community, its intelligence, its judgment, the best +that the country has. That is the supposition.</p> + +<p>The Chairman: That supposition applies to Congress also, does it?</p> + +<p>Mrs. Harper: In a larger degree.</p></div> + +<p>Representative Victor L. Berger of Wisconsin, who was out of the city, +sent a statement which Miss Addams requested Mrs. Elsie Cole Phillips +of Wisconsin to read to the committee. It said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Woman suffrage is a necessity from both a political and an +economic standpoint. We can never have democratic rule until we +let the women vote. We can never have real freedom until the +women are free. Women are now citizens in all but the main +expression of citizenship—the exercise of the vote. They need +this power to round out and complete their citizenship.... In +political matters they have much the same interests that we men +have. In State and national issues their interests differ little, +if at all, from ours. In municipal questions they have an even +greater interest than we have. All the complex questions of +housing, schooling, policing, sanitation and kindred matters are +peculiarly the interests of women as the home makers and the +rearers of children. Women need and must have the ballot by which +to protect their interests in these political and administrative +questions.</p> + +<p>The economic argument for woman suffrage is yet stronger. +Economics<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span> plays an increasingly important part in the lives of +us all and political power is absolutely necessary to obtain for +women the possibility of decent conditions of living. The low pay +and the hard conditions of working women are largely due to their +disenfranchisement. Skilled women who do the same work as men for +lower pay could enforce, with the ballot, an equal wage rate.</p> + +<p>The ideal woman of the man of past generations (and especially of +the Germans) was the housewife, the woman who could wash, cook, +scrub, knit stockings, make dresses for herself and her children +and take good care of the house. That ideal has become +impossible. Those good old days, if ever they were good, are gone +forever.... Moreover, then the woman was supported by her father +first and later by her husband. The situation is entirely +different now. The woman has to go to work often when she is no +more than fourteen years old. She surely has to go to work +sometime if she belongs to the working class. She must make her +own living in the factory, the store, the office, the schoolroom. +She must work to support herself and often her family. The +economic basis of the life of woman has changed and therefore the +basis of the argument that she should not vote because she ought +to stay at home and take care of her family has been destroyed. +She cannot stay at home whether she wants to or not. She has +acquired the economic functions of the man and she ought also to +acquire the franchise.</p></div> + +<p>Mr. Berger called attention to the fact that "the Socialist party ever +since its origin had been steadfastly for woman suffrage and put this +demand of prime importance in all its platforms everywhere." +Representative Littleton made a persistent effort to ally woman +suffrage with Socialism, saying that he "had noticed the identity +during the past two years" and Mrs. Harper answered: "I wish to remind +Mr. Littleton that the Socialist party is the only one which declares +for woman suffrage and thereby gives women an opportunity to come out +and stand by it. The Democratic and Republican parties do not stand +for woman suffrage and that is why there seem to be more Socialist +women than Republican or Democratic women. If the two old parties will +declare for woman suffrage, then the women in general will show their +colors."</p> + +<p>Miss Ella C. Brehaut, member of the executive committee of the +District Anti-Suffrage Association, stated that she also represented +the National organization and when questioned by Representative +Sterling as to the size of its membership answered: "It is too new for +us to know the figures." Miss Brehaut's address filled six printed +pages of the stenographic report and was an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> attempt to refute all the +favorable arguments that had been made and to show that not only were +the suffrage leaders Socialists but "free lovers" as well. +"Conservative women can see nothing but danger in woman suffrage," she +concluded. Mrs. Julia T. Waterman, of the District association, sent +to be put in the report a statement which filled ten pages of fine +print, a full summary of the objections to woman suffrage as expressed +in speeches, articles and documents of various kinds, with quotations +from prominent opponents in the United States and Great Britain. It +was a very complete presentation of the question.</p> + +<p>Miss Addams in closing urged the appointment of a commission by +Congress to make a thorough investigation in the States where woman +suffrage was established and the chairman answered that "the committee +would probably wish to take this matter under advisement in executive +session." She thanked him for their courtesy and asked if the National +Suffrage Association might have 10,000 copies of the hearing for +distribution. This request was cheerfully granted by the committee and +the chairman offered to "frank" them as a public document. [Later the +committee increased the number to 16,000.]</p> + +<p>Apparently the matter never was considered, as no report, favorable or +unfavorable, ever was made by either committee. In so far as bringing +the Federal Amendment before Senate or House for action was concerned +the hearings might as well never have taken place, but 26,000 franked +copies of the splendid arguments before the two committees went forth +to accomplish the mission of educating public sentiment.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Part of Call: This convention has big problems +confronting it, interesting, stimulating problems coincident with the +tremendous expansion of our government, problems worthy the +indomitable mettle of suffrage workers; but in spite of hard work, +this week will be a gala week, a compensation for all the hard, dull, +gray work during the past year and a stimulus for still harder work +during the year to come.... +</p><p> +Let us listen to our fellow workers, and, listening and sympathizing +with the unselfish labor being carried on everywhere, pledge ourselves +to a flaming loyalty to suffrage and suffragists that will burn away +all dross of dissension, all barriers to united effort. Let us come +with high resolve that we will never waver in our effort to obtain the +right to stand side by side with the men of this country in the mortal +struggle that shall bid perish from this land political corruption, +privilege, prostitution, the industrial slavery of men, women and +children and all exploitation of humanity. +</p><p> +Let us come together, in this autumn of 1912, this unprecedented year +of suffrage, consecrating ourselves anew on this, the greatest of all +battlegrounds for democracy, the United States of America. +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="authors" summary="authors"> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anna Howard Shaw</span>, President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Jane Addams</span>, First Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Sophonisba Breckinridge</span>, Second Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Mary Ware Dennett</span>, Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Susan W. Fitzgerald</span>, Recording Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Jessie Ashley</span>, Treasurer.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Katharine Dexter McCormick</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Auditors.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Harriet Burton Laidlaw</span>,</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Alice Stone Blackwell</span>, Editor of the <i>Woman's Journal</i>.</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28556/28556-h/28556-h.htm#Page_31">History of Woman Suffrage, Volume III, page 31</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Later the total deficit of $6,000 was paid by Mrs. +Katharine Dexter McCormick of Boston, an officer of the National +Association.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> It was supposed at this time that the suffrage amendment +had been carried in Michigan but the final returns indicated its +defeat, apparently due to fraudulent voting and counting.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> It is a noteworthy fact that although woman suffrage was +a leading issue in the presidential campaign of 1916 no officer of the +National American Suffrage Association took any public part in it, +although the platform of each of the parties contained a plank +endorsing woman suffrage.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> It was eight and a half years.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h2> + +<h3>NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1913.</h3> + + +<p>The Forty-fifth annual convention of the National American Suffrage +Association met in Washington, November 29-December 5, 1913, in +response to the Call of the Official Board.<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> The first day and +evening were given to meetings of the board and committees, so that +the convention really opened with a mass meeting in Columbia Theater +Sunday afternoon at 3 o'clock and it was cordially welcomed by +District Commissioner Newman. Dr. Shaw presided and a large and +interested audience heard addresses by Miss Jane Addams, State Senator +Helen Ring Robinson of Colorado, Miss Margaret Hinchey, a laundry +worker, and Miss Rose Winslow, a stocking weaver of New York; Miss +Mary Anderson, member of the executive board of the National Boot and +Shoemakers' Union, and others. It was a comparatively new thing to +have women wage-earners on the woman suffrage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span> platform and their +speeches made a deep impression, as that of Miss Hinchey, for +instance, who said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When we went to Albany to ask for votes one member of the +Legislature told us that a woman's place was at home. Another +said he had too much respect and admiration for women to see them +at the polls. Another went back to Ancient Rome and told a story +about Cornelia and her jewels—her children. Yet in the laundries +women were working seventeen and eighteen hours a day, standing +over heavy machines for $3 and $3.50 a week. Six dollars a week +is the average wage of working women in the United States. How +can a woman live an honorable life on such a sum? Is it any +wonder that so many of our little sisters are in the gutter? When +we strike for more pay we are clubbed by the police and by thugs +hired by our employers, and in the courts our word is not taken +and we are sent to prison. This is the respect and admiration +shown to working girls in practice. I want to tell you about +Cornelia as we find her case today. The agent of the Child Labor +Society made an investigation in the tenements and found mothers +with their small children sitting and standing around +them—standing when they were too small to see the top of the +table otherwise. They were working by a kerosene lamp and +breathing its odor and they were all making artificial +forget-me-nots. It takes 1,620 pieces of material to make a gross +of forget-me-nots and the profit is only a few cents.</p> + +<p>Four years ago 30,000 shirtwaist girls went on strike and when we +went to Mayor McClellan to ask permission for them to have a +parade he said: "Thirty thousand women are of no account to me." +If they had been 30,000 women with votes would he have said that? +We have in New York 14,000 women over sixty-five years old who +must work or starve. What is done with them when their bones give +out and they cannot work any more? The police gather them up and +you may then see in jail, scrubbing hard, rough concrete floors +that make their knees bleed—women who have committed no crime +but being old and poor. Don't take my word for it but send a +committee to Blackwell's Island or the Tombs and see for +yourselves. We have a few Old Ladies' Homes but with most of them +it would take a piece of red tape as long as from here to New +York to get in. Give us a square deal so that we may take care of +ourselves.</p></div> + +<p>Miss Addams devoted her address to the great change that was taking +place in the conception of politics. She called attention to the +practical investigations which were being made in the education of +children, in immigration, in criminology, in industrial conditions, +and said: "This whole new social work can be translated into political +action, and, with this, politics will be transformed and women will +naturally have a share in it." She<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> called attention to the pioneer +days in various countries where women bore a full part in their +hardships and to the revolutions in older countries where women fought +by the side of the men, "and yet," she said, "when popular governments +are established, women for considerations of expediency are left +out.... But in the final program for social problems men and women +will solve them together with ballots in the hands of both." Senator +Robinson gave a keen and comprehensive account of Women as +Legislators. The officers of the association held the usual Sunday +evening reception to delegates and friends at Hotel Bellevue.</p> + +<p>The 456 delegates, the largest number ever present at a convention, +representing 34 States, were officially greeted Monday afternoon by +Mrs. Nina Allender, president of the District of Columbia Association, +and Miss Alice Paul, chairman of the National Congressional Committee. +Mrs. Pattie Ruffner Jacobs, president of the Alabama Suffrage +Association, responded in behalf of the national body. The excellent +arrangements for the convention had been made by the new Congressional +Committee: Miss Paul, chairman; Miss Lucy Burns, Mrs. Mary Beard, Mrs. +Lawrence Lewis and Mrs. Crystal Eastman Benedict, who raised the funds +for all its expenses, including those of the national officers, and +secured hospitality for the delegates. The report of the corresponding +secretary, Mrs. Mary Ware Dennett, described the granting of woman +suffrage by the Territorial Legislature of Alaska the preceding +January and said: "The bulk of suffrage legislation this year is quite +unprecedented. Bills were introduced in twenty-five Legislatures and +in the U. S. Congress; bills were passed by ten Legislatures and +received record-breaking votes in seven others, and for the second +time in history there has been a favorable report from the Woman +Suffrage Committee of the U. S. Senate. It continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>There are three suffrage decisions on record for the year just +passed—victory in Alaska and Illinois by act of the Legislature +and temporary defeat in Michigan by vote of the electorate. There +are four actual campaign States where the amendment will be +submitted to the voters next autumn, Nevada (where the bill has +passed two Legislatures), Montana, North and South Dakota; and +there are three other States where initiative petitions are now +in circulation and if the requisite number of signers is secured +the amendment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> will be submitted next autumn, Ohio, Nebraska and +Missouri. Then there are three half-way campaign States where the +amendment has passed one Legislature and must pass again, in +which case the decision will be made by the voters in 1915—New +York, Pennsylvania and Iowa, in the first two of which the +amendment has the very promising advantage of having been +endorsed by all parties.</p> + +<p>The full number of twelve delegates and twelve alternates went +from the National Association to the Congress of the +International Alliance in Budapest last June, and there were many +more applicants.... During the year the national president, Dr. +Shaw, has spoken at many large meetings in New Hampshire, +Nebraska, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Florida, Missouri, +Kansas, New Jersey, Maryland, Massachusetts, Connecticut and +Michigan. She also spoke in England, Holland, Germany, Austria +and Hungary.</p> + +<p>A mass meeting was held under the auspices of the association in +Carnegie Hall, New York, where the international president, Mrs. +Catt, and all but one of the national officers made addresses. +Every ticket was sold and a good sum of money was raised. The +headquarters cooperated with the New York local societies in the +big suffrage benefit at the Metropolitan Opera House the night +before the May parade, where a beautiful pageant was given and +Theodore Roosevelt spoke. There was a capacity audience and many +people were turned away. The headquarters have taken part so far +as possible in all the suffrage parades; that of March 3, in +Washington; those of May and November in New York and Brooklyn; +that of October in Newark, New Jersey. The association was +represented at the annual meeting of the House of Governors in +Richmond, Va., last December by Mrs. Lila Mead Valentine, the +State president, and Miss Mary Johnston, whose admirable speech +was published in pamphlet form by our literature department.</p> + +<p>The association has cooperated as fully as was possible with the +Congressional Committee in all its most creditable year's work. +This committee is unique in that its original members volunteered +to give their services and to raise all the funds for the work +themselves. Their singlemindedness and devotion have been +remarkable and the whole movement in the country has been +wonderfully furthered by the series of important events which +have taken place in Washington, beginning with the great parade +the day before the inauguration of the President. Several of the +national officers have made special trips to Washington to assist +at these various events—the March parade, the Senate hearing, +the April 7th deputation to Congress, the July 31st Senate +demonstration and the Conference of Women Voters in August. An +automobile trip was made from headquarters the last week in July, +with outdoor meetings held all the way to Washington, to join the +other "pilgrims" who came from all over the country. Mrs. Rheta +Childe Dorr, Miss Helen Todd, Mrs. Frances Maule Bjorkman and the +corresponding secretary were the speakers for the trip.</p> + +<p>Petitions to Congress were circulated, special letters on behalf<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span> +of the association were sent to the members of the Senate +Committee before the report was made, and to the Rules Committee +urging the appointment of a Woman Suffrage Committee for the +House. Miss Elinor Byrns, assisted by another lawyer, Miss Helen +Ranlett, has made a chart of the legislation in the suffrage +States since the women have been enfranchised. A collection of +all the State constitutions has been made with the sections +bearing on amendments and the qualifications for voting marked +and indexed.</p> + +<p>The following telegram was sent by the National Board April 4 to +Premier Asquith: "We urge that the British Government frankly +acknowledge its responsibility for the present intolerable +situation and remove it by introducing immediately an emergency +franchise measure."</p></div> + +<p>The report of Miss Byrns, chairman of the Press Committee, which +filled eight printed pages, showed the usual vast amount of press +work, as described in other chapters. "There now exists," she said, "a +most remarkable and unprecedented demand for information about +suffragists and suffrage events. We are 'news' as we have never been +before. Moreover, we are not only amusing and sometimes picturesque +but we are of real intellectual and political interest." Mrs. +Bjorkman, editor and secretary of the Literature Committee, devoted a +full report of ten pages to the recent and widely varied publications +of the association, to the vastly increasing demands for these, which +could not be entirely met, and to the pressing need for a properly +equipped research bureau. The report of Miss Jeannette Rankin (Mont.), +field secretary, told of a year of unremitting work under four heads: +legislative, visiting of States, work with the Congressional Committee +and special work in campaign States. Delaware, Florida, Tennessee, +Alabama, Missouri, Nebraska and South Dakota were visited. She +travelled by automobile from Montana to Washington City with petitions +for the Federal Amendment, stopping at thirty-three places for +meetings, and two weeks were given to interviewing Senators. Among the +campaign States three weeks were spent in Saginaw, Michigan; +organizing the city into wards and precincts; five in North Dakota and +the rest of the time in Montana, organizing, arranging work at State +and county fairs, visiting State Central Committees and State +Federations of Women's Clubs.</p> + +<p>Among the recommendations presented from the board and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span> adopted were +two of prime importance: 1. That in order that the convention may give +its support to the Federal Amendment before Congress, it shall +instruct the affiliated organizations to carry on as active a campaign +as possible in their respective States and to see that all candidates +for Congress be pledged to woman suffrage before the next election. 2. +That the convention endorse the Suffrage School as a method of work +and the National Association offer to organize and send out a +traveling school when requested by six or more States, provided they +agree to share the expense. To the Official Board was referred the +question of appointing a committee to devise and put into operation a +scheme for establishing more definite connection between the +enfranchised women of the States and the National Association.</p> + +<p>After all the years of patient effort to persuade Legislatures to +grant Presidential suffrage to women under the inspiration of Henry B. +Blackwell, chairman of the committee, his successor, Miss Elizabeth +Upham Yates, could announce the first success and she emphasized the +important bearing which this and others would have on securing a +Federal Amendment. Her report said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The extraordinary victory in Illinois has emphasized the fact, +not duly apprehended hitherto, that State Legislatures have power +to grant Presidential suffrage to women. No man derives his right +to vote for presidential electors from the constitution of his +State but the U. S. Constitution delegates the power and duty to +qualify citizens to vote for them to the Legislatures, in the +first section of Article II, in these words: "Each State shall +appoint in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct a +number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators and +Representatives to which the State may be entitled in Congress." +Probably U.S. Senator George F. Hoar was the first to discover +that this power given to Legislatures involved the possibility of +the enfranchisement of women for presidential electors.</p> + +<p>The conspicuous position that women suddenly attained in American +politics in 1912 was due to the fact that in six States women +were able to determine the choice of thirty-seven presidential +electors. The large interests involved in a presidential +administration, among which are 300,000 offices of honor and +emolument, cause keen political concern from the fact that women +voters may hold the balance of power in a close election. The +whole number of electoral votes in the nine States where women +now have full suffrage is fifty-four. These were attained by +campaigns for constitutional amendments that involved vast outlay +of time and treasure. Simply by act of Legislature, Illinois has +added twenty-nine to the list, an increase<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> of over thirty-three +per cent., thus bringing an incalculable influence and power into +the arena of national politics....</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Mary E. Craigie made her usual report of the excellent work done +by her Church Committee. She gave a list of the Catholic clergy who +had declared in favor of woman suffrage and told of the cordial assent +by those of other denominations to include it in their sermons on +Mother's Day. She named some of the many questions of social reform to +which pulpits were freely opened—temperance, child labor, pure food, +the white slave traffic and others—and asked: "Why does not woman +suffrage, the reform that would bring two-thirds more power to all +such movements, receive the same cooperation and support from the +churches? The answer plainly is: Because of the apathy of women in +demanding it."</p> + +<p>The changing character of the national suffrage conventions is +illustrated by the reports in the <i>Woman's Journal</i>, whose editors had +for a generation collected and preserved in its pages the unsurpassed +addresses which had delighted audiences and inspired workers. As the +practical work of the association increased and spread throughout the +different States, more and more of the time of the conventions had to +be given to reports and details of business and the number of speeches +constantly lessened. The first evening of the convention was devoted +to the victory in Illinois, with delightful addresses by Mrs. +Catharine Waugh McCulloch, long the State president, who twenty years +before had discovered the loophole in the Illinois constitution by +which the Legislature itself could grant a large measure of suffrage +to women and had tried to obtain the law that had just been gained; by +Mrs. Ella S. Stewart, another president, who had carried on this work; +and by Mesdames Ruth Hanna McCormick, Grace Wilbur Trout, Antoinette +Funk and Elizabeth K. Booth, the famous quartette of younger workers, +who had finally succeeded with a progressive Legislature. As there was +no representative from far-off Alaska, Dr. Shaw told how its +Legislature had given full suffrage to women. [See Illinois and Alaska +chapters.] Miss Lucy Burns gave a clear analysis of the situation in +regard to the Federal Suffrage Amendment and the evening closed with +one of Dr. Shaw's piquant addresses, which began: "I know the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span> +objections to woman suffrage but I have never met any one who +pretended to know any reasons against it," and she closed with a flash +of the humor for which she was noted:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>By some objectors women are supposed to be unfit to vote because +they are hysterical and emotional and of course men would not +like to have emotion enter into a political campaign. They want +to cut out all emotion and so they would like to cut us out. I +had heard so much about our emotionalism that I went to the last +Democratic national convention, held at Baltimore, to observe the +calm repose of the male politicians. I saw some men take a +picture of one gentleman whom they wanted elected and it was so +big they had to walk sidewise as they carried it forward; they +were followed by hundreds of other men screaming and yelling, +shouting and singing the "Houn' Dawg"; then, when there was a +lull, another set of men would start forward under another man's +picture, not to be outdone by the "Houn' Dawg" melody, whooping +and howling still louder. I saw men jump up on the seats and +throw their hats in the air and shout: "What's the matter with +Champ Clark?" Then, when those hats came down, other men would +kick them back into the air, shouting at the top of their voices: +"He's all right!!" Then I heard others howling for "Underwood, +Underwood, first, last and all the time!!" No hysteria about +it—just patriotic loyalty, splendid manly devotion to principle. +And so they went on and on until 5 o'clock in the morning—the +whole night long. I saw men jump up on their seats and jump down +again and run around in a ring. I saw two men run towards another +man to hug him both at once and they split his coat up the middle +of his back and sent him spinning around like a wheel. All this +with the perfect poise of the legal male mind in politics!</p> + +<p>I have been to many women's conventions in my day but I never saw +a woman leap up on a chair and take off her bonnet and toss it up +in the air and shout: "What's the matter with" somebody. I never +saw a woman knock another woman's bonnet off her head as she +screamed: "She's all right!" I never heard a body of women +whooping and yelling for five minutes when somebody's name was +mentioned in the convention. But we are willing to admit that we +are emotional. I have actually seen women stand up and wave their +handkerchiefs. I have even seen them take hold of hands and sing, +"Blest be the tie that binds." Nobody denies that women are +excitable. Still, when I hear how emotional and how excitable we +are, I cannot help seeing in my mind's eye the fine repose and +dignity of this Baltimore and other political conventions I have +attended!</p></div> + +<p>One evening session was devoted to Women and Children and the Courts. +Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen of Chicago presided and made a stirring plea for +better conditions in the courts of the large cities. She told of the +outrageous treatment of women and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span> urged the need of women police, +women judges and women jurors. "From the time of the arrest of a woman +to the final disposition of her case," Mrs. Bowen said, "she is +handicapped by being in charge of and surrounded by men, who cannot be +expected to be as understanding and considerate as those of her own +sex. The police stations in most of our cities are not fit for human +beings." Judge of the Juvenile Court Julian Mack of Chicago described +its methods and their results; and Justice Harry Olsen of the Court of +Domestic Relations and the Court of Morals, gave an illuminating +address on its functions and their results; Miss Maude Miner of New +York spoke from experience of the Women's Night Court and the Work of +a Probation Officer. The delegates were deeply moved and determined to +investigate and improve the conditions in their own localities.</p> + +<p>There had for some time been need of revising the constitution to meet +new requirements and a revision committee had been appointed the +preceding year with Mrs. Catt chairman, but as she had been in Europe +her place had been taken by Miss Caroline Ruutz-Rees (Conn.), who was +assisted by attorneys Helen Hoy Greeley and Jessie Ashley. The +discussion was as long and earnest as if the fate of nations were +involved but the principal changes adopted concerned representation, +dues, assessments, methods of election and similar details. The report +of Mrs. Katharine Dexter McCormick, treasurer, showed the total +receipts of the year to be $42,723; disbursements, $42,542; balance on +hand from preceding year, $2,874. A carefully prepared "budget" of +$42,000 was presented to the convention and quickly oversubscribed. +The legal adviser, Miss Mary Rutter Towle (D. C.), reported two +lawsuits in progress to secure legacies that had been left the +association, the usual fate that attended similar bequests. The +literature had become so large a feature that it was decided to form a +company to publish it. Mrs. Raymond Brown, president of the New York +State Suffrage Association, proposed a corporation with a capital +stock of $50,000, of which $26,000 should be held by the National +American Association, the rest sold at $10 a share. The first $10,000 +were at once subscribed and later the Woman Suffrage Publishing +Company was organized with Mrs. Cyrus W. Field president.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span></p> + +<p>The election took place under the new primary system and required two +days for completion. The only change was the electing of Mrs. Desha +Breckinridge second and Miss Ruutz-Rees third vice-presidents. The +majorities for most of the officers were very large. The report of the +delegates to the International Woman Suffrage Alliance in Budapest was +made by Mrs. Anna O. Weeks (N. Y.). The demand for congressional +documents, hearings, speeches, etc., had become so extensive that Mrs. +Helen H. Gardener (D. C.) had been appointed to report in regard to it +and she shed a good deal of light on the subject. She showed that some +documents are free for distribution and some have to be paid for. +Hearings are usually limited to a small number but the committee +strains a point for those on woman suffrage and prints about 10,000, +which may be had without charge. If a member is kind enough to "frank" +them nothing else must be put in the envelope under penalty of a $300 +fine. If more are wanted they must be ordered in 5,000 lots and a +member can get a reduced rate, but, while he is always willing to pay +the Government for printing his speech, those who want it for their +own purposes should send the money for it. The speech of +Representative Edward T. Taylor of Colorado in 1912 was cited as an +example, of which the suffragists circulated 300,000 copies.</p> + +<p>The resolutions presented by Mrs. Helen Brewster Owens (N. Y.), +chairman, were brief and to the point. They called on the Senate to +pass immediately the joint resolution proposing an amendment to the +National Constitution, which had been favorably reported; they urged +President Wilson to adopt the submission of this amendment as an +administration measure and to recommend it in his Message; they urged +the Rules Committee of the House of Representatives to report +favorably the proposition to create a Committee on Woman Suffrage; and +they demanded legislation by Congress to protect the nationality of +American women who married aliens.</p> + +<p>Strong pressure had been made on the President to mention woman +suffrage in his Message, his first to a regular session of Congress, +but it was delivered on Tuesday, December 2, with no reference +whatever to the subject. At the meeting of the convention that evening +Dr. Shaw said with the manifest approval<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span> of the audience: "President +Wilson had the opportunity of speaking a word which might ultimately +lead to the enfranchisement of a large part of the citizens of the +United States. Even Lincoln, who by a word freed a race, had not such +an opportunity to release from bonds one-half of the human family. I +feel that I must make this statement as broad as it is for the reason +that we at Budapest this year realized as never before that womankind +throughout the world looked to this country to blaze the way for the +extension of universal suffrage in every quarter of the globe. +President Wilson has missed the one thing that might have made it +possible for him never to be forgotten. I am saying this on behalf of +myself and my fellow officers."</p> + +<p>The next morning Mrs. Ruth Hanna McCormick, a clever politician like +her father, Mark Hanna, offered the following motion: "Since President +Wilson omitted all mention of woman suffrage in his Message yesterday, +and since he has announced that he will send several other messages to +Congress outlining the measures which the administration will support, +I move that this convention wait upon the President in order to lay +before him the importance of the woman suffrage question and urge him +to make it an administration measure and to send immediately to +Congress the recommendation that it proceed with this measure before +any other. I also move that a committee of two be appointed to make +the arrangements with the President." The motion was unanimously +carried and the Chair appointed Mrs. McCormick (Ills.) and Mrs. +Breckinridge (Ky.) to arrange for the interview and for a committee of +fifty-five, representing all the associations auxiliary to the +National, to wait upon the President at his pleasure. To finish the +story here—he expressed entire willingness to receive them but was +not well enough to do so during the convention. Nearly a hundred of +the delegates waited until the next Monday, December 8, when they met +in the rooms of their Congressional Committee, a few blocks from the +White House and marched two by two to the executive offices, +attracting much attention, as this was the first time a President had +ever received a woman suffrage delegation officially.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span> met them +cordially and gave them as much time as they desired. Dr. Shaw spoke +as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As president of the National Suffrage Association I have come +with this delegation, authorized by the association, to present +to you the object for which we are organized—to secure equal +suffrage for the women citizens of the United States. We have +made these pilgrimages to Washington for many, many years and +committees have received us with graciousness and have listened +to our arguments, but the difficulty is that they have not +permitted our claims to come before Congress, so that body itself +might act upon them. Our wish is that we may have a national +constitutional amendment, enfranchising the women citizens and +preventing the States from depriving them of representation in +the Government. Since the Judiciary Committee has not reported +our measure for many years and has not given the House an +opportunity to discuss it we have asked that a special committee +shall be appointed to consider it. The Senate some years ago did +appoint a special committee and our question has been referred to +it. We have appeared before it this year and it has again +reported favorably. We hope that the administration of which you +are the head may use its influence to bring the matter before the +Senate and House.</p> + +<p>We ask your assistance in one of two ways or in any other way +which may appeal to your judgment: First of all that you shall +send a special message to Congress to submit to the Legislatures +of the States an amendment to the National Constitution +enfranchising women citizens of the United States; if, however, +this does not appeal to you, we ask that you will use the +administration's influence on the Rules Committee to recommend +the appointment in the Lower House of a committee corresponding +with the Suffrage Committee in the Upper House, one which will +have leisure to consider our subject and report on it.</p> + +<p>We appeal to you in behalf of the women citizens of the country. +Many of them have cast their ballots for the President already +and have an influence in the Government; many are very eager to +take an equal part and they appreciate the just manner in which +since your administration began you have weighed public +questions. Recognizing your splendid stand on the liberties and +rights of the people, we appeal to you because we believe you +will bring to ours that same spirit of justice which you have +manifested toward other great issues.</p></div> + +<p>The President gave close attention and in his answer seemed to weigh +every word carefully:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I want you ladies, if I can make it clear to you, to realize just +what my present situation is. Whenever I walk abroad I realize<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> +that I am not a free man; I am under arrest. I am so carefully +and admirably guarded that I have not even the privilege of +walking the streets alone. That is, as it were, typical of my +present transference—from being an individual, free to express +his mind on any and every subject, to being an official of a +great government and incidentally, or so it falls out under the +system of government, the spokesman of a party. I set myself this +very strict rule when I was Governor of New Jersey and have +followed and shall follow it as President—that I am not at +liberty to urge upon Congress in messages policies which have not +had the organic consideration of those for whom I am spokesman. +In other words I have not yet presented to any Legislature my +private views on any subject and I never shall, because I +conceive it to be part of the whole process of government that I +shall be spokesman for somebody, not for myself. To speak for +myself would be an impertinence. When I speak for myself I am an +individual; when I am spokesman of an organic body, I am a +representative. For that reason, you see, I am by my own +principles shut out, in the language of the street, from +"starting anything." I have to confine myself to those things +which have been embodied as promises to the people at an +election. That is the strict rule I set for myself.</p> + +<p>I want to say that with regard to all other matters I am not only +glad to be consulted by my colleagues in the two Houses but I +hope they will often pay me the compliment of consulting me when +they want to know my opinion on any subject. One member of the +Rules Committee did come to me and ask me what I thought about +this suggestion of yours of appointing a Special Committee for +the consideration of woman suffrage and I told him that I thought +it was a proper thing to do. So that, so far as my personal +advice has been asked by a single member of the committee it has +been given to that effect. I wanted to tell you this to show that +I am strictly living up to my principles. When my private opinion +is asked by those who are cooperating with me, I am most glad to +give it, but I am not at liberty until I speak for somebody +besides myself to urge legislation upon the Congress.</p></div> + +<p>The following conversation then took place: "May I ask you a +question?" said Dr. Shaw. "Since we are not members of any political +party, who is going to speak for us—there is no one to speak for +us——" "I realize that," interjected the President, "——unless we +speak for ourselves?" "And you do that very admirably," rejoined Mr. +Wilson. A general laugh broke up the somewhat solemn occasion and as +the delegates went away Dr. Shaw said exultingly: "He is in favor of a +House Woman Suffrage Committee and that was our chief object in coming +to see him."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span></p> + +<p>An interesting evening's program had been prepared under the auspices +of the National Men's League for Woman Suffrage with addresses by +seven or eight Senators and Representatives, all staunch supporters of +the "cause," but all were prevented from coming by one reason or +another except Representatives J. W. Bryan of Washington and Victor +Murdock of Kansas. They made up for all failures, however, by their +strong arguments. James Lees Laidlaw of New York, president of the +league, gave a dignified, earnest address and the Hon. Gifford Pinchot +made a logical and unanswerable demand for the enfranchisement of +women because of the nation's great need for their votes.</p> + +<p>An excellent report was presented at this time by Miss Alice Paul, +chairman of the Congressional Committee. From the founding of the +National Association in 1869 prominent representatives had appeared +before committees of every Congress and during many winters Miss Susan +B. Anthony had remained in Washington until she obtained a report from +these committees, but after she ceased to do this, although the +hearings were still granted, nobody made it an especial business to +see that the committees made reports and so none was made and action +by Congress seemed very remote. In 1910, when the movement entered a +new era, the association appointed a special Congressional Committee +to look after this matter. By the time of the convention of 1911 the +two great victories in Washington and California had been gained and +the prospect of a Federal Amendment began to grow brighter. A large +committee was appointed consisting chiefly of the wives of Senators +and Representatives with Mrs. William Kent (Calif.) chairman. No +busier women could have been selected and beyond making excellent +arrangements for the hearings, the committee was not active. In 1912, +when Kansas, Oregon and Arizona enfranchised women, the whole country +awoke to the fact that the turning point had been reached and +universal woman suffrage through an amendment to the Federal +Constitution was inevitable.</p> + +<p>At this time Miss Paul and Miss Burns returned from England, where +they had been studying and doing social welfare work and had been +caught in the maelstrom of the "militant" suffrage movement, then at +its height. Both had taken part in demonstrations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span> before the House of +Commons and been sent to prison and they came back to the United +States filled with zeal to inaugurate a campaign of "militancy" here. +The idea was coldly received by the suffrage leaders and they modified +it to the extent of asking the National Association to cooperate in +organizing a great suffrage parade to take place in Washington the day +before the inauguration of Woodrow Wilson. Dr. Shaw had seen and taken +part in such parades in London and was favorably inclined to the +project. She put Miss Paul at the head of the Congressional Committee +with power to choose the other members to organize the parade, with +the proviso that they must themselves raise all the money for it but +they could have the authority of the National Association letterheads. +Headquarters were opened in a basement on F Street near the New +Willard Hotel in Washington. They displayed astonishing executive +ability, gathered about them a small army of women and during the next +twelve months raised $27,378, the larger part of it in Washington and +most of the remainder in Philadelphia. The parade was long, beautiful +and impressive, women from many States participating. The report of +the Congressional Committee presented to the convention by Miss Paul +slightly condensed, read as follows:</p> + +<p>Work for Federal Amendment:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Headquarters were opened in Washington, Jan. 2, 1913.</p> + +<p>Hearings were arranged before the Woman Suffrage Committee of the +Senate; before the Rules Committee of the House, when members of +the National Council of Women Voters were the speakers; before +the Rules Committee during the present convention.</p> + +<p>Processions: March 3, when from 8,000 to 10,000 women +participated; April 7, when women from congressional districts +went to Congress with petitions and resolutions; July 31, when an +automobile procession met the "pilgrims" at the end of their +"hike" and escorted them through the streets of Washington to the +Senate. This procession was headed by an automobile in which rode +several of the Suffrage Committee of the Senate.</p> + +<p>Pilgrimages coming from all parts of the country and extending +over the month of July were organized, about twelve. These all +ended in Washington on July 31, when approximately 200,000 +signatures to petitions were presented to the Senate.</p> + +<p>Deputations: Three deputations to the President were organized +immediately preceding the calling of the special session of +Congress in order to ask him to give the administration support +to the suffrage amendment during the special session. One of +these was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span> from the National Association, one from the College +Suffrage League and one from the National Council of Women +Voters. On November 17 a fourth deputation, composed of +seventy-three women from New Jersey, was sent to the President to +urge him to take up the amendment during the regular session of +Congress.</p> + +<p>Local arrangements were made for the conventions of the National +Council of Women Voters and the convention of the National +American Woman Suffrage Association.</p> + +<p>A campaign under a salaried organizer was conducted through the +resort regions of New Jersey, Long Island and Rhode Island during +July, August and September; and one through New Jersey, Delaware +and Maryland during July. A month's campaign was carried on in +North Carolina. On September 1 permanent headquarters were opened +in Wilmington in charge of a salaried organizer and since that +time a vigorous campaign has been carried on in Delaware in the +attempt to influence the attitude of the Senators and +Representatives from that State.</p> + +<p>A salaried press chairman has been employed throughout the year, +who has furnished daily press copy to the local papers, to the +Washington correspondents of the various papers throughout the +country and to all of the telegraphic bureaus in Washington. +Approximately 120,000 pieces of literature have been printed and +distributed. A weekly paper under the editorship of Mrs. Rheta +Childe Dorr was established on November 15. This now has a paid +circulation of about 1,200 and is self-supporting from its +advertisements.</p> + +<p>A Men's League was organized, General Anson Mills, U. S. A., +being the temporary and Dr. Harvey W. Wiley the permanent +chairman. A large number of Congressmen are members.</p> + +<p>Eight theater meetings, exclusive of those during this +convention, have been held in Washington. Smaller meetings both +indoor and out have been held almost daily and frequently as many +as five or ten a day. A tableau was presented on the Treasury +steps at the time of the suffrage procession of March 3 under the +direction of Miss Hazel Mackaye. A suffrage play was given, also +two banquets, a reception and a luncheon, and a benefit and a +luncheon were given for the purpose of raising funds.</p> + +<p>A delegation in two special cars went to New York for the +procession of May 3. An even larger delegation went to Baltimore +for the procession of May 31. The play given in Washington was +reproduced in Baltimore for the benefit of one of the suffrage +societies there. A week's campaign was conducted in the four +southern counties of Maryland prior to the primary election, at +the request of one of the State's societies.</p> + +<p>The Congressional Union was formed during the latter part of +April and now numbers over a thousand members.</p></div> + +<p>Congressional Work.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Senate and House Joint Resolution Number One for Federal +Amendment introduced in Congress April 7, 1913.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span></p> + +<p>Woman Suffrage Committee of Senate voted on May 14 to report the +resolution favorably and did so unanimously, one not voting. On +July 31 twenty-two Senators spoke in favor of the resolution and +three against it. On September 18 Senator Andrieus Jones (N. M.) +spoke in favor and asked for immediate action. On the same day +Senator Henry F. Ashurst (Ariz.) announced on the floor of the +Senate that he would press the measure to a vote at the earliest +possible moment.</p> + +<p>Three resolutions were introduced in the House for the creation +of a Woman Suffrage Committee and referred to the Rules Committee +and are still before it.</p> + +<p>The amendment resolution is awaiting third reading in the Senate +and is before the Judiciary Committee of the House.</p></div> + +<p>The action of the Senate was due to the fact that under the new +administration a committee had been appointed which was favorable to +woman suffrage instead of one opposed as heretofore, with a chairman, +Senator Charles S. Thomas of Colorado, who had helped the women of his +own State to secure the suffrage twenty years before. The resolutions +in the Lower House were introduced by old and tried friends and the +association's new Congressional Committee had arranged hearings, +brought pressure to bear on members and not permitted them to forget +or ignore the question. Miss Agnes E. Ryan, business manager of the +<i>Woman's Journal</i>, said in her account: "The convention received the +report with enthusiastic applause, giving three cheers and rising to +its feet to show its appreciation."</p> + +<p>This report was signed by Miss Paul as "chairman of the Congressional +Committee and president of the Congressional Union" and she said at +the beginning that it was impossible to separate the work of the two. +At its conclusion Mrs. Catt moved that the part of the report as from +the Congressional Committee be accepted, which was done by the +convention. She then asked what was the relation between the two and +why, if this was a regular committee of the National American +Association, no appropriation had been made for its work during the +coming year and why there was no statement in the treasurer's report +of its expenditures during the past year. It developed that the +committee had raised and expended its own funds, which had not passed +through the national treasury, and that the Congressional Union was a +society formed the preceding April to assist the work<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span> of the +committee. It was moved by Mrs. Catt and carried that the convention +request the Official Board to continue the Congressional Committee and +to cooperate with it in such a way as to remove further causes of +embarrassment to the association. The motion was amended that the +board should appropriate what money could be spared for the work of +this committee.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p> + +<p>The movement for woman suffrage was now so plainly centering in +Congress, which had been the goal for over forty years, that there was +a widespread feeling that the national headquarters should be +established in Washington. Mrs. Oliver H. P. Belmont, a delegate from +New York, through whose generosity it had been possible to take them +to that city in 1909, offered a motion that they now be removed to +Washington. She had given notice of this action the preceding day and +the opponents were prepared. A motion to lay it on the table was +quickly made and all discussion cut off. The opposition of the +national officers was so apparent that many delegates hesitated to +express their convictions for the affirmative but nevertheless the +vote stood 134 ayes, and 169 noes.</p> + +<p>The National Association had now so many auxiliaries and so much work +was being done in all the States that the day sessions were largely +consumed in hearing reports from them and the usual conferences and +symposiums were almost crowded off the program. For the first time +Hawaii took her place among the auxiliaries, a suffrage society having +been formed there during<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span> the year. At one of the morning sessions U. +S. Senator Moses E. Clapp of Minnesota was presented to the convention +and extended a pressing invitation to hold its next meeting in St. +Paul. Later this invitation was repeated in a cordial invitation from +Governor Adolph O. Eberhard. At another morning session Representative +Kenneth McKellar of Tennessee addressed the convention and invited it +to meet in Chattanooga the next year. The last evening there was not +standing room in the large theater. Miss Harriet May Mills, president +of the New York State Suffrage Association, took for her subject A +Prophecy Fulfilled and gave convincing reasons for believing that the +successful end of the long contest was near. Mrs. Katharine Houghton +Hepburn made a strong arraignment of Commercialized Vice, using her +own city of Hartford, Conn., for an example. Mrs. Catt gave the last +address, a comprehensive review of the advanced position that had been +attained by women and the great responsibilities it had brought. Dr. +Shaw, who presided, spoke the final inspiring words.</p> + +<p>A delightful ending of the week was the reception the last afternoon +in the hospitable home of Senator and Mrs. Robert M. LaFollette. Three +members of the Cabinet were among the guests, Secretaries Lane, +Houston and Daniels. Those in the receiving line were: Senator and +Mrs. LaFollette, Dr. Shaw and Mrs. Catt; also Mrs. Franklin K. Lane, +Mrs. Josephus Daniels, Mrs. Albert Sidney Burleson, Mrs. David +Franklin Houston, Mrs. Miles Poindexter, Mrs. Reed Smoot, Mrs. Victor +Murdock, Mrs. Wm. L. LaFollette, Mrs. J. W. Bryan, Mrs. John E. Raker, +Mrs. James A. Frear, Mrs. Henry T. Rainey, Mrs. Albert B. Cummins, +Mrs. John D. Works and Mrs. William Kent, all members of the Cabinet +and Congressional circles, and the husbands of most of them were +present. To the older members of the association it recalled the +conventions of olden times when even the wives of members of Congress, +with a few rare exceptions, feared to attend the social functions lest +it might injure the political status of their husbands.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>The Senate committee of the Sixty-third Congress had already granted +three hearings on woman suffrage during its extra session:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span> on April +10, 1913, to representatives of the Anti-Suffrage Association; on +April 21 to those of the Federal Women's Equality Association and on +April 26 to those of the National American Suffrage Association. This +new committee, which the advocates of the Federal Suffrage Amendment +will always remember with deep appreciation for its firm and favorable +action, consisted of the following Senators: Charles S. Thomas +(Colo.), chairman; Robert L. Owen (Okla.); Henry F. Ashurst (Ariz.); +Joseph E. Ransdell (La.); Henry P. Hollis (N. H.); George Sutherland +(Utah); Wesley L. Jones (Wash.); Moses E. Clapp (Minn.); Thomas B. +Catron (N. M.). The last named was an opponent of woman suffrage by +any method and was the only member who did not sign the favorable +report. Senator Ransdell at first said that he had an open mind but he +soon placed himself on the suffrage side, signed the report and later +voted several times in favor of the amendment.</p> + +<p>The immediate object of the National American Association at the +present moment was to secure a Committee on Woman Suffrage in the +Lower House such as had long existed in the Senate. A resolution to +create such a committee had been introduced April 7 by Edward T. +Taylor (Colo.) and referred to the Committee on Rules. The hearing at +the regular session during this convention, therefore, was before this +committee, which would have to recommend the Woman Suffrage Committee +to the House, and it was set for 10:30 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span>, December 3. As soon as +the application was made the National Anti-Suffrage Association also +asked to be heard, and Chairman Henry, who was opposed to the proposed +new committee and to woman suffrage, announced that he proposed to +allow both sides all the time they wanted. The leaders of the National +Suffrage Association stated that they would ask for only the usual two +hours and would not discuss the general question of woman suffrage but +only the need of a special committee. Their arguments were concluded +at the morning session. The "antis" began after luncheon with massed +forces and talked the entire afternoon and all of the next day and +part of the third, covering the whole subject of woman suffrage, with +the appointment of the committee only one feature of it. Several of +their men speakers consumed nearly an hour<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span> each and were repeatedly +requested by the chairman to face the committee instead of the +audience, which filled the largest room in the House office building. +The first morning all of the committee were present but they gradually +dwindled until during the latter part of the "antis'" arguments only +two or three were in their seats, not including the chairman<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a>. Only +limited extracts of the speeches are possible. Dr. Shaw presided and +said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Our purpose in coming before you this morning is not to make any +attempt whatever to convert the members of the Rules Committee, +if they should need converting, to the democratic principle of +the right of the people to have a voice in their own government. +It is to ask you to appoint a committee in the House on woman +suffrage, which corresponds with the one in the Senate, in order +that we may have hearings before a committee which is not so +burdened with other business as is the Committee on the +Judiciary.... It seems to the women of the United States that a +question of so much importance that the parliaments of Europe +feel under obligations to discuss and act upon it, is at least of +sufficient importance in this great republic of ours for the +committee which has it under consideration to take time for a +report. Year after year we have asked the Judiciary Committee not +that they should believe in woman suffrage or express any opinion +on it but only to report the measure either favorably or +unfavorably so as to bring it before the House, in order that the +representatives of the men of this country might be able to +consider it, but thus far it has been impossible to secure any +sort of a report....</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Helen H. Gardener (D. C.), after showing that woman suffrage was +a mere side issue with the Judiciary Committee and that it would be +busier than ever the coming session, said: "Those of us who live here +and have known Congress from our childhood know that an outside matter +has less chance to get any real consideration by such a committee +under such conditions than the proverbial rich man has of entering the +kingdom of heaven." She pointed out that over one-fifth of the Senate +and one-seventh of the House were elected by the votes of women and +continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>You will remember that there is a committee on Indian Affairs. +Are the Indians more important than the women of America? They +did not always have a special committee, they used to be a mere +incident, as we now are. They used to be under the War +Department<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span> and so long as this was the case nobody ever doubted +for an instant that the "only good Indian was a dead +Indian"—just as under the incidental administration of the +Judiciary Committee it is not doubted by some that the only good +woman is a voteless woman. When the Indians secured a committee +of their own they began to get schools, lands in severalty and +the general status of human beings.... It became the duty of that +committee to investigate the real conditions, the needs, the +grievances and the best methods of promoting the interests of the +Indians. That was the beginning of the end of Indian wars; the +first hope of a possibility—previously sneered at—of making +real and useful citizens of this race of men who now have +Representatives in Congress. It was precisely the same with our +island possessions, only in this case we had profited by our +experience with Indian and labor problems, and it did not take so +long to realize that a committee whose duty it should be to +utilize, develop and conserve the best interests of these new +charges of our Government and to develop them toward citizenship +as rapidly as possible was the safe and sane method of +procedure....</p> + +<p>We want such a committee on woman suffrage in the House. We do +not ask you to appoint a partisan committee but only one +open-minded and honest, which will really investigate and +understand the question, its workings where it is in effect—a +committee which will not accept wild statements as facts, which +will hear and weigh that which comes from the side of progress +and change as well as that which is static or reactionary.... The +recommendation that we have such a committee does not in any way +commit you to the adoption of a belief in the principle of +self-government for women. This is not much to ask and it is not +much to give, nor will it be needed for very many more years.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Ida Husted Harper was introduced as one of the authors of the +four-volume History of Woman Suffrage and the biographer of Susan B. +Anthony and began: "This is not the time or place to enter into an +argument on the merits or demerits of woman suffrage and we shall use +the valuable hours you have so graciously accorded us simply to ask +that you will give us a committee of our very own, before which we may +feel that we have a right to discuss this question. In making this +request we ask you to decide, first, whether the issue of woman +suffrage is sufficiently national in its character to justify a +special committee for its consideration; second, whether it has been +so fairly treated by the committee which has had it in charge for +forty-four years that another is not necessary; and, third, whether +justice requires that it should come under the jurisdiction of +Congress."</p> + +<p>The national status of the woman suffrage movement was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span> sketched and +then the question asked: "Has the treatment of this subject by the +committee to which it has always been referred been such as to warrant +a continuance of this custom?" which she answered by saying:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The National Woman Suffrage Association was formed in 1869 for +the express purpose of obtaining an amendment to the Federal +Constitution. Its representatives went before the congressional +committees that year and have continued to do so at each new +Congress since that time, never having been refused a hearing. At +the beginning of 1882 both Senate and House created special Woman +Suffrage Committees. The Senate has continuously maintained this +committee, but in 1884 the House declined to renew it by a vote +of 124 nays, 85 yeas; 112 not voting. The debate was long and +heated and almost wholly on the question of woman suffrage +itself. Thenceforth the women appeared before the House Judiciary +Committee, which, although busy and overworked, had always a good +representation present and was respectful and often cordial.</p> + +<p>The ablest women this country has produced have appeared before +this committee.... Repeatedly the eminent members of this +Judiciary Committee have said that no hearings before them were +conducted with such dignity and ability as those of the advocates +of woman suffrage. And what is the result? Six reports in +forty-four years and five of these unfavorable! Does the record +end here? No; for there has been no report of any kind since +1894. For the last twenty years the women of this nation have +made an annual pilgrimage to Washington to plead their cause +before a committee which has forgotten their existence as soon as +they were out of sight.... Gentlemen of the Committee on Rules, +will you not give to women a committee of their own that will not +ignore them for half a century?...</p> + +<p>The entire status of woman has changed since the Federal +Constitution was framed, and ethical and social questions have +entered into politics which could not have been foreseen. It is +inevitable that this Constitution must occasionally be amended to +meet new conditions, while leaving its fundamental and vital +provisions undisturbed. The advocates of woman suffrage believe +that it should now be changed so as to give a voice in +governmental affairs to a half of the people which has become an +important factor in the public life of the nation. By the only +means now available the half which possesses the ballot has the +absolute authority over its further extension and no ruling class +likes to divide its power. State rights are desirable to a very +large extent when all the people of the State have a voice, but +it is not in harmony with the spirit of our republic that one +half of the citizens of a State should have complete power over +the political liberty of the other half.</p></div> + +<p>Instance after instance was given from different States showing how +this power had been abused after the women had struggled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span> long and +heroically for even a partial franchise and the speaker concluded: +"Women have been defeated over twenty times in the strongest campaigns +they were able to make for full-suffrage amendments to State +constitutions. From 1896 to 1910 they were not once successful. +Sometimes they were sold out by the party 'machines' at the last +moment; sometimes they were counted out after they had really secured +a majority; but, whatever the reason, they lost. The victories of the +last three years may be cited as evidence that henceforth they will +succeed. Those victories were largely due to political conditions +which do not exist in many other States and against them must be set +the crushing defeats these same years in Ohio, Wisconsin and Michigan, +where the woman suffrage amendment was fought by every vicious +interest which menaces the body politic...."</p> + +<p>Miss Jane Addams was presented by Dr. Shaw as one who did not need to +be introduced to any civilized being, "not because of any political +agitation by her but for the service she has rendered humanity, one +which is distinctly woman's service, and she long ago came to realize +that it was impossible to do this work as it should be done unless she +and the women associated with her had the ballot." Miss Addams +referred to a committee hearing once before when she was able to give +but one precedent for the jurisdiction of Congress over the +franchise—the 15th Amendment—but now, she said, she could give nine +more. She cited the case of the Indians, the Confederate soldiers, +foreigners who fought in the Civil War, naturalized foreigners, +Federal prisoners, American women marrying aliens, election of U. S. +Senators, etc. Each point brought questions or objections from the +committee and the discussion was very interesting.</p> + +<p>Members of the committee asked Dr. Shaw if the association would be +willing to have the matter of a Federal Suffrage Amendment referred to +the Committee on Election of President, Vice-President and +Representatives in Congress but after consultation with members of her +board it was decided to stand for a special committee. Mrs. Desha +Breckinridge was introduced as the great granddaughter of Henry Clay +and in the course of a speech worthy of her ancestry she recalled the +early history of Kentucky, the part of her grandfather in preserving +the Union, the fact that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span> the State had not maintained its prestige +and that if this was to be regained the women must be permitted to +help and said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I do not feel that I am doing any injustice to the men of my +State in asking this Federal Amendment, in asking the help of the +Congress of the United States. Some years ago, after we had +worked for our School-suffrage law at three sessions of the +Legislature and had at last gotten it past the House and up to +the Senate, only three days before adjournment a letter was sent +to the members by the German-American Alliance, calling upon the +men of Kentucky to protect the homes and womanhood of the State +by defeating it and saying that the Alliance believed the home +was the sphere for women. When we investigated we found that the +German-American Alliance was the brewers' alliance, with +headquarters at Louisville.... I would suggest to the men of this +committee, who I understand are mostly southern, that if they +object to having the suffrage for women forced upon them by the +U. S. Government, there is still time in which they may go home +and get it for their women in the States.</p></div> + +<p>Representative John E. Raker (Calif.), speaking with a full knowledge +of the inner machinery of Congress, brushed aside all objections, +showed that it was the custom to appoint special committees for +special subjects, stood up against the heckling of the Rules Committee +and put the necessity for this desired committee beyond argument. Dr. +Shaw joined him in refuting the reiterated charge that the suffragists +would insist on having it composed entirely of their supporters. Mrs. +Mary Beard (N. Y.) addressed the committee as Democrats and from the +standpoint of party expediency with such a knowledge of politics as +they never had met in a woman. She said in a scathing arraignment:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>This committee is composed of thirteen men and seven constitute +the deciding vote on our appeal for the Woman Suffrage Committee. +These seven belong to the majority, the Democratic party. One of +them comes from a partial suffrage State, Illinois, and another +from a campaign State, New York, where the Legislature has +declared in favor of submitting this question to the voters. I +shall, therefore, limit my examination to the remaining five +gentlemen whose point of view will in all probability decide the +women's destiny in the House of Representatives at least for the +moment. These five all represent one section of the country and +my analysis of them is made in the hope that they will take a +national point of view and help us obliterate sectional feeling. +Who are you that hesitate to promote, if you do not actually +obstruct this Federal Amendment? In looking over various public +records I find that the honored chairman of this committee holds +his strategic position as a result of the will expressed at the +polls of 7,623 men. Opposite his name<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span> should be written: "No +opposition." Another of the five comes here through the vote of +13,906 men. Another is sent by the very small group of 6,474 men, +and the remaining two represent respectively 18,000 and 16,000 +men. The total vote behind all five of these gentlemen is 63,570. +These 63,570 voters, therefore, have the decision of this +momentous question....</p> + +<p>You know the fight that you Democratic men put up against the +combination by the Committee on Rules under the leadership of +Speaker Cannon and you led that fight against the domination of +the committee over the House. You are today in this same position +of political power. Can you consistently oppose now the things +for which you fought so bitterly a short time ago? We know how +rapidly you have appointed committees when changed economic +conditions demanded it. I have here the report of the Committee +on the Judiciary for the special session, showing what work it +did, how many sittings it held, which proves conclusively that it +has not time for the consideration of our question....</p></div> + +<p>This part of the hearing closed with the address of Mrs. Carrie +Chapman Catt, who was introduced as president of the International +Woman Suffrage Alliance, representing the organized womanhood of +twenty-six nations. She said in the course of her address:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A few weeks ago a dispatch was sent out from Washington, saying +that the Judiciary Committee for the next year was going to be +more overworked than ever before. It was accompanied by a letter +from the President to Mr. Clayton, begging him to continue as +chairman of that committee and to withdraw from his candidacy for +the Senate from Alabama because this committee was going to do +more work than it had ever been required to do before. He called +attention to the fact that the Ways and Means Committee had been +obliged to work day and night, sometimes spending the whole night +on their particular business, and he warned Mr. Clayton that this +might be the expectation of the Judiciary Committee in this +coming Congress. When this committee has only worked during the +day, we suffragists have not been able to get the attention which +we think our cause demands and with this additional work it is +quite impossible to expect more attention than we have had in the +past. Since the suggestion was offered that possibly our business +might go before the Elections Committee, the information has come +that the President's plan for presidential primary legislation +will make this committee also a very busy one this coming +session.... We pride ourselves on our democracy, but while the +Judiciary Committee has been refusing to report our measure and +bring it before the House for discussion the question of woman +suffrage has been considered by the Imperial Parliaments of +twelve European countries. This has been done in fact within the +past two years.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span></p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt gave particulars from each and said the only ones where it +had not been discussed were those of Germany, Austria, Turkey and the +United States. This assertion stung the committee and Representative +Hardwick (Ga.) asked if there was not the wide difference that in this +country State laws reached the suffrage while in others the Parliament +regulated the vote, and she answered: "Of course there is that +difference but I wish to add my opinion to that of Miss Addams, that +while the States have the right to extend the vote it is the most +outrageously unfair process through which any class of unenfranchised +citizens of any land have ever been called upon to obtain their +enfranchisement and that is the reason why we come to Congress. The +overwhelming majority of the men of this country have not secured +their suffrage by any vote at the polls in the States. The only class +that I have ever been able to find in our history so enfranchised are +the working men in the original thirteen colonies, and they got the +vote by the process long ago when the population was exceedingly +small. There are more men today voting on the basis of their +citizenship under naturalization than for any other reason and yet our +State constitutions compel us to go to these men and ask our vote at +their hands. They say whether the women who have been born and bred +here and educated in our schools shall have the vote. We believe we +have the right to have our question considered by Congress and that is +why we ask for a special committee."</p> + +<p>A spirited discussion followed in which the 15th Amendment played a +part and Mr. Hardwick said all the women had to do in order to vote +was to add the word "sex" to it and Dr. Shaw answered: "This would +require a constitutional amendment and what we are asking is such an +amendment to our National Constitution, which shall forbid the States +to deprive women citizens of the right which it grants to every man +born in the United States and to every man imported from any country +under the light of the sun. No nation has subjected its women to the +humiliating position occupied by those of this nation today. There is +no race which is not represented in the citizenship of this country +and these citizens are made the governing power which determines the +destinies of our women. While women are disfranchised<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span> in Germany, yet +German women are governed by German men; French women are governed by +Frenchmen; in all the nations of Europe where women are disfranchised +it is by the men of their own nation but in the United States men of +every race may go to the polls and vote that American-born women may +not have a voice in their own government. Therefore we claim that it +is the business of the Government to protect women citizens in this +right of suffrage as it protects men citizens, and we ask for this +committee because we believe that if our question can be brought +before Congress and discussed freely, it will be submitted to the +Legislatures and decided favorably."</p> + +<p>Two anti-suffrage associations were represented, the National, headed +by its president, Mrs. Arthur M. Dodge of New York, and the Guidon +Club, headed by its president, Mrs. William Force Scott of New York. +Mrs. Dodge presented as speakers Miss Alice Hill Chittenden and Miss +Minnie Bronson (N. Y.), Mrs. Robert Garrett (Md.), Miss Emily P. +Bissell (Del.), Mrs. A. J. George (Mass.), Miss Annie Bock (Calif.), +Mrs. O. D. Oliphant (N. J.), Miss Ella Dorsey (D. C.), Mrs. R. C. +Talbot and Miss Lucy Price (O.), Miss Eliza Armstrong, Miss Emmeline +Pitt and Miss Julia Harding (Penn.), Miss Alice Edith Abell, president +"Wage-earners' Anti-Suffrage League" (N. Y.); Everett P. Wheeler and +Charles L. Underhill, representing the Men's Anti-Suffrage Leagues of +New York and of Massachusetts. Letters were read from Miss Elizabeth +McCracken (Mass.) and Arthur Pyle (Minn.). Mrs. Scott introduced as +speakers Dr. and Mrs. Rossiter Johnson and John C. Ten Eyck of New +York. Representative J. Thomas Heflin (Ala.) spoke over an hour on his +own initiative.</p> + +<p>As the anti-suffragists had entirely disregarded the agreement to +confine the hearing to the purpose of obtaining a special committee +and had covered the whole field of woman suffrage itself, the +Committee on Rules willingly granted time for a rebuttal. Miss Alice +Stone Blackwell (Mass.), editor of the <i>Woman's Journal</i>, was selected +as the principal speaker because of her extensive knowledge of the +subject and another large audience assembled for the fifth time, both +suffragists and opponents.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span> Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch (Ills.) +presided and Miss Blackwell said in beginning:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Gentlemen of the committee, it is difficult in a short time to +review the arguments that have been made during nine or ten +hours, therefore I shall take up only the most important points. +The argument has been made over and over that you ought not +appoint this committee because there is not a sufficient public +demand and because the number of women who oppose suffrage is +greater than the number who favor it. It is an actual fact that +we represent a very much larger number. The opponents say that +only 8 per cent. of the women of this country favor suffrage. +They have no authority for this, nobody knows how many there are, +but it is a fact that less than one per cent. of the women of the +United States have expressed any objection to equal suffrage. The +anti-suffragists claim to be organized in seventeen States. The +suffragists are organized in forty-seven; the only State without +an organization is New Mexico. The anti-suffrage movement +maintains only three periodicals—two monthlies and one +quarterly. The suffrage movement maintains seven weekly papers, +one fortnightly and four or five monthlies.</p> + +<p>In every State where petitions for suffrage and remonstrances +against it have been sent to the Legislature, the petitioners +have always outnumbered the remonstrants and generally by 50 or +100 to one. At the time of the last New York constitutional +convention as far back as 1894 the suffragists obtained more than +300,000 individual signatures to their petitions. Suppose only +one-half of those were women, that would make 150,000. At the +same time the anti-suffragists obtained only 15,000, men and +women. In Chicago, a few years ago, 104 organizations, with an +aggregate membership of more than 100,000 women, petitioned for a +municipal woman-suffrage clause in the new city charter, while +only one small organization of women petitioned against it ...</p> + +<p>One of the opposing speakers claimed that the majority of the +grangers were opposed to suffrage. The National Grange passes a +strong resolution in favor of woman suffrage every year and a +long list of State granges have done the same. Individual working +women have appeared before this committee and have said that they +believed that the majority of working women were opposed to +suffrage, but all the great organizations of working men and +working women have repeatedly passed strong resolutions in favor +of it.</p> + +<p>We have been told that all kinds of terrible things will happen +if suffrage is granted. With the exception of Illinois, every +State that has adopted it borders directly upon some State which +has it. If, as has been claimed here, homes were broken up and +made desolate, if husbands found that their wives were neglecting +their home duties and their children, it is not likely that +suffrage would spread from the State which first adopted it to +one adjoining State after another. You have had one California +woman here who claimed that woman suffrage there does not work +well. California adopted the initiative<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span> and referendum at the +same time with woman suffrage. The "antis" immediately started an +initiative petition for the repeal of woman suffrage. They said +that 80 per cent. of the women of California were opposed to it +and that they would repeal it. Both men and women were eligible +to sign the repeal petitions; but out of the 1,591,783 men and +women they failed to get the 32,000 signatures necessary. It has +been asserted that the women in all the equal suffrage States +would like to repeal it. In any one of these States they could +repeal it if they wished to. A great effort was made by the +editor of the <i>Ladies' Home Journal</i> to find Colorado women who +would express themselves against it and the fact that he wanted +adverse opinions was widely announced in the papers. Out of the +more than 200,000 women he succeeded in finding only nineteen who +said they did not think much of woman suffrage and of these three +said it had not done any harm.</p> + +<p>A few years ago Mrs. Julia Ward Howe took a census of all the +ministers of four leading denominations in the four oldest +suffrage States—Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and Idaho—and of all +the editors, asking them whether the results of woman suffrage +were good or bad. She received 624 answers, of which 62 were +unfavorable, 46 undecided and 516 in favor. The answers from the +editors were favorable more than 8 to 1: those from the Episcopal +clergymen more than 2 to 1; from the Baptist, 7 to 1; from the +Congregationalists about 8 to 1; from the Methodists more than 10 +to 1; and from the Presbyterians more than 11 to 1.</p></div> + +<p>Miss Blackwell disproved thoroughly the charges made by the opposition +disparaging to the laws for working women in the equal suffrage States +and many other charges, giving full proof of the accuracy of her +statements. The committee asked her many questions and gave her leave +to print as much of her argument as she wished. Her carefully prepared +data filled thirty-five pages of fine print in the published hearing.</p> + +<p>James Lees Laidlaw (N. Y.), president of the National Men's League for +Woman Suffrage, showed that the attitude of the opponents expressed a +distrust of democracy. He refuted many of their assertions, among them +the one that U. S. Senator John D. Works (Calif.) had declared woman +suffrage a failure in that State. He read a letter received from the +Senator the preceding day as follows: "I did not make any statement +anywhere that woman suffrage in California has proved a failure. Such +a news item was sent out over the country but it was entirely without +foundation and was based on a false headline in a newspaper not borne +out by the quotation from my speech even in that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span> paper. You may say +for me that the statement is wholly without foundation and that woman +suffrage has not proved to be a failure in my State."</p> + +<p>Mrs. McCulloch referred to the "poor, misguided working girl" among +the "antis" who said wage-earning women didn't want the vote and asked +Miss Rose Winslow, a prominent working woman, to read the resolution +demanding the suffrage which was passed by the National Women's Trade +Union League. She did so and in a few sentences scored one of the +flowery anti-suffrage speakers, saying: "I have not had any choice as +to whether I should walk on the Bowery or on Fifth Avenue, because I +walk nowhere in the sunshine. I am one of the millions of women who +work in the shadow of these women of whom men speak as though they are +the only ones in the country, in order that they may parade the avenue +in all the beauty and glory of everything brought from all over the +world for their decoration, but I do not come with merely my personal +opinion and experience. I have the opinion of the organized working +women of America in convention assembled. These women represent all +the trades that women work at in the United States and they have +passed this resolution demanding the ballot without a dissenting +vote."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Emma S. South, wife of former Representative Oliver South of +Illinois, said the opponents had given alleged facts that would +require weeks of investigation to prove or disprove. She answered +their favorite assertion that women had more influence without the +vote by convincing illustrations of what the women of Chicago had been +able to accomplish with even their partial suffrage, retaining Mrs. +Ella Flagg Young as superintendent of schools, for instance. She +showed how in the appointment of the new school board the fact that +their power had been doubled and trebled by the recently granted +Municipal vote was manifest. Mrs. William Kent, after showing why the +women of California had asked for the ballot, gave her time to Miss +Helen Todd, who said in the course of an impassioned speech: "My +conversion to suffrage came through six years of work as factory +inspector in Illinois. I have always thought that the reason there +could be such a thing as women 'antis' was simply that the screen of +ignorance and the comfort and protection of home<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span> were so thrown +around them that they never had to face the realities.... No one can +go, as I have gone, through the factories of a great State and see the +suffering just of the children and not want the women who create human +life to have the power to protect that life."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Ella S. Stewart (Ills.), Mrs. John Rogers, Jr. (N. Y.), Mrs. +Katharine Houghton Hepburn (Conn.), Mrs. Ida Porter Boyer (Penn.) and +Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton (O.) spoke briefly but strongly and an +effective letter was read from Miss Constance Leupp (D. C.). The women +present from the South were deeply incensed at the long, opposing +speech of Representative Heflin, who claimed to represent the women of +that section, and he was severely answered by Mrs. Pattie Ruffner +Jacobs, Mrs. Oscar Hundley and Mrs. Felix Baldwin of his own State; +Mrs. S. D. Meehan of Louisiana; Mrs. L. Crozier French and Miss +Catharine J. Wester of Tennessee and Mrs. Lulu Loveland Shepherd of +Utah, formerly of Tennessee. Mrs. Harper cited the three classes +enfranchised since the founding of the Government, the working men, +the negroes and the Indians, and said: "There was never any question +as to whether they would improve things or hurt things; now, in the +President's Message, he asks you to bring in the Porto Rican men. Are +you going to do this because you think they are needed in the +electorate and because they will make conditions better? We women are +the only class who have ever asked for suffrage in this country to +whom all these objections have been made and in regard to whom all +these fears have been expressed. There is not a class of voters in the +United States today which has lifted one finger to get the ballot, yet +the women of this country have been struggling sixty-five years for +the right to a voice in the Government. You must admit that they are +the best-equipped class that have ever asked this privilege and yet +you have kept them out. All we ask of you is to make it a little less +hard than it has been by giving us a committee from whom we can get +some consideration."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Frank W. Mondell, wife of the Representative from Wyoming, said +in the course of a very comprehensive address: "We do not desire to +base our request for the appointment of a Committee on Woman Suffrage +solely on the proposition that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span> subject is one of greater +importance than those included within the jurisdiction of many +committees of the House but rather on the ground that it has never, so +far as my recollection and information go, failed to provide by +general or special committee for the study and consideration of any +vitally important question that has arisen in the growth and +development of the nation." A review of the different committees was +made and she concluded: "We do not ask or expect a committee +constituted to represent our views but we ask for one whose special +duty it shall be to consider the question. We feel that we are only +asking the House of Representatives to follow its usual rule and +procedure."</p> + +<p>Mr. Mondell closed the hearing with a sarcastic review of the +objections made by the opponents during which he said: "I had the +privilege and pleasure of listening to the exceedingly strong and +forceful argument in favor of woman suffrage made this morning by the +gentleman from Alabama, or was it intended for an argument against it? +I think, taking it as a whole, that it was the most conclusive +argument I have ever heard in favor of it.... We have a committee +whose business it is to inquire how much further we should extend the +franchise to the little brown brother over in the Philippines, some +six or seven millions of him, and the President considers that a +sufficiently important matter to refer to it in his Message. I hope it +was through forgetfulness and not deliberate intent that he seemed to +fail to realize that it is of vastly less importance than the question +of granting the franchise to the mothers, wives and sisters among the +95,000,000 of the folks here in the United States." Mr. Mondell +ridiculed the sentimental effusion of Mr. Heflin and his solicitude +lest the harmony of family life might be disturbed and said: "If the +testimony of one who speaks from experience is worth while I can say +with full realization that it is a sweeping statement: In twenty-seven +years' wide knowledge of a people where woman suffrage prevails I have +never known a solitary case where a difference of political opinion +resulted in family quarrels or misunderstanding, not a single one.... +Are we to understand that men elsewhere—in Alabama, for instance—are +less considerate than with us and that they would make trouble if +their women folks did not vote as they wanted them to?... The exercise +of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span> the franchise is a privilege and a right but above and beyond the +question of right or privilege stands the fact that as time goes on +and we are attempting to meet wisely the multitude of questions that +arise in government, many of them social and economic, we need the +assistance of the best half of mankind."</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>The Rules Committee met January 24, 1914, with eight of the fourteen +members present and Mr. Lenroot moved to report favorably the +resolution for a Woman Suffrage Committee. Representatives Foster +(Ills.), Campbell (Kans.) and Kelly (Penn.) joined him; +Representatives Hardwick (Ga.), Pou (N. C.), Cantrill (Ky.) and +Garrett (Tenn.) opposed. Mr. Lenroot then moved to report it without +recommendation and there was a tie vote. Enough signatures were +secured for the calling of a Democratic caucus on February 3 but just +before it convened a meeting of Democrats was held in the office of +Representative Oscar J. Underwood (Ala.) and it was decided by a vote +of 123 to 55 that suffrage was a State and not a Federal question and +no further action on a special committee was taken.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Call: For the forty-fifth time in its history the +National American Woman Suffrage Association summons its members +together in council. By thus assembling, one more united step toward +the final emancipation of the women of this country is made +practicable.... To the wise and courageous, to those not fearful of +the changes demanded by the vital needs of growing humanity, this Call +will have two meanings: first, it will speak of loyalty to work and to +comrade workers; of large undertakings worthily begun and to be +worthily finished; of the stimulus of difficulty; of joy in the +exercise of talents and strength; of the self-control and ability +required for cooperation. +</p><p> +Second, it will express—like other summons of women to women +throughout the ages—the need not alone for counsel and comfort but +also for the preservation of all they hold most high—for that to +which they gladly give their lives. It will speak of the struggle for +development which individual women have made; of the opportunities +they have won for each other; of the unequivocal demand for the best, +to which the few have led the many.... +</p><p> +To you who grasp the underlying meaning of this struggle; to you who +know yourselves akin to those who have preceded and to those who will +follow; to you who are daily making this ideal a reality, this Call is +sent. +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="authors" summary="authors"> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anna Howard Shaw</span>, President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Jane Addams</span>, Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Charlotte Anita Whitney</span>, Second Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Mary Ware Dennett</span>, Executive Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Susan Walker Fitzgerald</span>, Recording Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Katharine Dexter McCormick</span>, Treasurer.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Harriet Burton Laidlaw</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Auditors.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Louise DeKoven Bowen</span>,</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> The first delegation received by President Wilson after +his inauguration was a group of eight or ten suffragists. It was +arranged by Miss Alice Paul, chairman of the Congressional Committee +of the National Suffrage Association. They stated their case in a few +words and quoted freely from his book, The New Freedom. The President +was very courteous but his attitude was one of amused curiosity.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> When the board met after the convention it was disclosed +that the Congressional Union, instead of being merely a local society +to assist the committee in its efforts with Congress, as Miss Paul had +said, was a national organization to work for the Federal Amendment. +That is, it was to duplicate the work which the National Association +had been formed to do in 1869 and had brought to its present advanced +stage. The association's letterheads had been used for this purpose +and persons from all parts of the country had sent their names and +money, many supposing they were assisting the National Association. +Miss Paul had been obtaining names for membership in the Union during +all the sessions of the convention. The board decided that there must +be complete separation of the work of the committee and the Union; +that the same person could not be at the head of both and that the +plans of the Union must be regularly submitted to the Board. Miss Paul +refused to accept these conditions and she was at once relieved from +the chairmanship of the Congressional Committee and the other members +resigned. The Union was continued as a separate organization. Another +committee was appointed by the National American Association +consisting of Mrs. Ruth Hanna McCormick, chairman; Mrs. Antoinette +Funk, Mrs. Sherman Booth, all of Illinois, Mrs. Desha Breckinridge +(Ky.), Mrs. Helen H. Gardener (D. C.), Mrs. H. Edward Dreier (N. Y.), +Mrs. James Tucker (Calif.). Headquarters were opened in the Munsey +Building, Washington, with the Illinois women in charge.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Hubert L. Henry (Tex.), Chairman; Edward W. Pou (N. C.); +Thomas W. Hardwick (Ga.); Finis J. Garrett (Tenn.); Martin D. Foster +(Ills.); James C. Cantrill (Ky.); Henry W. Goldfogle (N. Y.); Philip +P. Campbell (Kans.); Irvine L. Lenroot (Wis.); Edwin A. Merritt, Jr. +(N. Y.); M. Clyde Kelly (Penn.).</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h2> + +<h3>NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1914.</h3> + + +<p>The Forty-sixth annual convention of the National American Woman +Suffrage Association had the honor and privilege of holding its +sessions in Representatives' Hall at the State Capitol in Nashville, +Tenn., Nov. 12-17, 1914.<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> Dr. Anna Howard Shaw was in the chair and +it was officially and cordially welcomed in the name of the city by +Mayor Hilary Howse; of the State Suffrage Association by its +president, Mrs. L. Crozier-French, and of the Nashville Equal Suffrage +League by the president, Mrs. Guilford Dudley. As Dr. Shaw rose to +respond she was presented by Miss Louise Lindsey, vice-regent of the +Ladies' Hermitage Association, with a gavel made from the wood of a +hickory tree planted by General Jackson at the Hermitage, his home.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span> +She spoke of memories which made Nashville dear to the whole country; +referred to the merry barbecue which had been held for their +entertainment the preceding day "at the old mansion of that great +Democrat, Andrew Jackson," and continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When his Honor the Mayor spoke of the hope that if women entered +into the political life of our country conditions would be made +better, I forgot the North and turned back in memory to the great +South, where no stronger argument in favor of our cause can be +found than the women themselves. It is not the men who have made +this nation what it is, it is the men and the women, and in no +part of it have women contributed more than in the South. When we +look back over its past history; when we see the land barren, the +desolation everywhere; when we see the homes left destitute and +the women prostrate by the graves of their dead; when we realize +that the men were nearly all swept away—we know that the power +which kept the South steadfast, which held the homes together, +which cherished the traditions, which made the South what it is +today was the loyalty, the patriotism, the unconquerable courage +and the devotion of Southern women in that hour of darkness and +despair. Had it not been for the new spirit of action born of the +necessity of the times in the character of Southern women to +inspire Southern men with hope and courage, desolation would +still be over the South. They evolved from within themselves a +power which no one knows that women possess until some hour of +extreme trial calls it forth. Never has there been a test of +human endurance and wisdom to which women have not responded and +become the inspiration and the strength of manhood. If any women +of this nation have ever bought their freedom and paid a dear +price for it, it is the women of the Southland.</p> + +<p>I cannot see how any man who calls himself a Democrat can fail to +recognize that the fundamental principle of democracy is the +right of the citizen to a voice in the government under which +that citizen lives; much less can I understand how any southern +man can look unmoved into the face of southern women knowing that +they are branded as no other body of intelligent people in this +country are—by disfranchisement—that they are deprived of that +one symbol of power which elevates the citizens of a democracy +out of the class of the defective and unfit. The only way men can +redeem themselves, the only way they can be honest American +citizens and Democrats is to stand by the fundamental principle +of democracy—that "Governments derive their just powers from the +consent of the governed"—"governed" women as well as "governed" +men. When Nashville and Tennessee and the South and the North and +the East and the West shall stand on this basic principle of just +government, then we shall have a republic, a government of the +people, by the people and for the people.</p></div> + +<p>At the close of the address this resolution was enthusiastically<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span> +adopted: "The National American Woman Suffrage Association in +convention assembled hereby expresses its heartfelt thanks and deep +appreciation to our national president, Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, for her +devoted and unremitting work for woman suffrage and for this +association during the past year; for her splendid services in the +campaigns which did so much to lead to victory two States; for her +willingness to stand for re-election in order that she may lead us to +new victories in the coming year."</p> + +<p>Greetings were brought from the recently formed National Suffrage +Association of Canada by Miss Ida E. Campbell, who said that although +it was only eight months old it represented many affiliated societies +in all the Provinces. She spoke of the splendid war work that was +being done by women and said: "Our national president, Mrs. L. A. +Hamilton of Toronto, is at the head of the relief work in that city +and the feeling is general that the patriotic activities of the +suffragists are doing much to enhance the cause of woman suffrage in +the eyes of the Canadian public.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> May we now express the hope that +when the war is over we may welcome many of our American sisters to +what we have been looking forward to—our first Canadian National +Suffrage Convention. Canada salutes you." Greetings were read from the +Colorado State Federation of Women's Clubs and were presented from the +Southern States Woman Suffrage Conference by its president, Miss Kate +M. Gordon (La.).</p> + +<p>The large hall was crowded at the first evening meeting and the +convention was formally welcomed by Governor B. W. Hooper, who said in +the course of his address:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It is highly appropriate that your progressive movement should +unfurl its banners in this, the most progressive State in the +South. Our people are not swift in their pursuit of strange +doctrines, but they are as a rule open to conviction and tolerant +of differences of opinion. Whatever may be our views of the +necessity and efficacy of woman suffrage most of us have sense +enough to know that it is surely coming in every State in the +republic.... When it comes to Tennessee I trust that there will +be no faltering compromise, giving only the limited right to vote +in the election of certain classes of officials. The suffrage, if +granted at all, should not be grudgingly given but should be the +complete and comprehensive right to participate in all elections. +When suffrage comes to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span> women of Tennessee I shall derive one +substantial pleasure from it if I am still living, the joy and +exultation of my little daughter, who has been a pronounced and +persistent suffragist since she was nine years old. She has taken +a keen and intelligent interest in all of my struggles, has +rejoiced in the hour of my victory and wept in the hour of my +defeat. She is the connecting link between me and the woman +suffrage cause.</p> + +<p>In behalf of all the good people of Tennessee, I extend greetings +to your great association and express the hope that your sojourn +in the historic Volunteer State may be filled with pleasure and +profit to each and every member of your convention.</p></div> + +<p>The Governor's daughter was introduced to the convention and it +settled itself in anticipation of the stories of the campaigns for +woman suffrage amendments which had ended with the general election +the preceding week, in some of them with victory, in others with +defeat. Miss Anne Martin, president of the Nevada Suffrage +Association, was heartily applauded as she told of the triumph in her +State, saying:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The suffrage victory in Nevada means not only a solid equal +suffrage West and another step toward equal suffrage for the +United States but a triumph for better government in Nevada. It +is the most "male" State in America, perhaps in the world. The +census of 1910 shows that there are two men to every woman. Law, +custom, social life are more nearly man-made than those of any +other country; consequently Nevada needs the help of her women to +modify law, custom and social life, the help of those women whose +pioneer mothers stood shoulder to shoulder with the men in +building up a great commonwealth out of a wilderness. Owing to +the transitory character of many of the industries, such as the +construction of irrigation works, railway construction and +mining, there are nearly three times as many unattached men +living outside of home influences as there are married women in +the State.</p> + +<p>The male population is over 50 per cent. transient; the +population of women is only 20 per cent. transient, as they have +permanent occupations on the farms and in the schools. The +argument of the anti-suffragists that "the women do not want it" +was answered by a house-to-house canvass throughout the counties +of the State. In many of them at least 90 per cent. of the women +enrolled themselves in favor of equal suffrage and their +signatures are on file at the headquarters of the Nevada Equal +Franchise Society. The fact that out of a voting population of +only 20,000 a majority of 3,400 votes was cast to give women the +franchise shows not only that men all over the State were just +and fair-minded but that they must have instinctively felt the +need of women's help....</p></div> + +<p>The story of victory for Montana was related by Miss Mary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</a></span> Stewart, as +the president, Miss Jeannette Rankin, had been detained to prevent a +tampering with the election returns, but she afterwards arrived and +was enthusiastically welcomed. Mrs. Clara Darrow, president of the +North Dakota association, gave an account of how the amendment had +been lost in that State through political tricks. Mrs. Draper Smith, +president of the Nebraska association, gave a report on the loss of +that State and paid tribute to William Jennings Bryan, who had made +sixteen strong speeches for it. Mrs. Walter McNab Miller, president of +the Missouri association, told of the effort through the hot summer to +get the necessary 38,000 signatures to an initiative petition, after +the Legislature had refused to submit the amendment, and the tactics +used to defeat it at the polls. Her mention of the name of Champ +Clark, Speaker of the National House of Representatives, who had +recently declared for woman suffrage, was applauded. As Mrs. Harriet +Taylor Upton, president of the Ohio Suffrage Association, was not at +the convention, the loss of the amendment in that State was described +by Mrs. Myron Vorce. [See State chapters.]</p> + +<p>The evening closed with the president's address. The report said: Dr. +Shaw declared she had some sympathy for the anti-suffragists, as they +were bound to lose. "When the campaign for woman suffrage was begun," +she said, "the 'antis' had all of the earth and the suffragists had +only hope of heaven but now many nations of the world and half of the +United States have been converted to the cause of votes for women." +She ridiculed the arguments of the anti-suffragists and said: "Until +you grant the right of a vote to all persons, you haven't a +democracy—you have an aristocracy and the worst of all—an +aristocracy of sex. Soon the divine right of sex here will be as +obsolete as the divine right of Kings in Europe." Answering the +argument that if women have the ballot they ought also to have the +musket, Dr. Shaw said in telling of the sufferings of the women during +the war: "It is said that 300,000 of the flower of Europe's manhood +have been killed in the last nine weeks of the war. I can't grasp the +thought of that many dead men but I can look into the face of one dead +soldier and know that he had a mother. If this woman had escaped death +at childbirth she had watched<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span> over him day by day until she had to +look up into the eyes of her boy. And then that boy was called by his +country and soon he was dead—he was in the happy peace of glory and +she was facing the empty years of agony. Then they ask what a woman +knows about war!... The very flower of a country perishes in a war, +leaving the maimed and diseased to father the children of future +generations. Women ought to have the ballot during war and during +peace, for we know that if they had had it in all countries this war +would not have occurred."</p> + +<p>The report of Mrs. Mary Ware Dennett, corresponding and executive +secretary, covered much of the work of the National Association during +1914, which was more extensive probably than in any preceding year in +its history. It said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>This year has completely broken all records in the number of +campaign States—seven in all. In four of them—Nevada, Montana, +North and South Dakota—the amendment was submitted by +legislative act; in three—Nebraska, Missouri and Ohio—by +initiative petition. It is noteworthy that in all of the last the +suffragists consider the work of securing the requisite number of +signatures, although it was exceedingly arduous, an invaluable +asset to the campaign, each signer being practically guaranteed +to vote right on the amendment itself. In Ohio, Nevada, Montana +and South Dakota, only a simple majority vote on the amendment is +necessary to pass it, but in Nebraska 35 per cent. of all the +votes cast at the election is required and in North Dakota and +Missouri a majority of all the votes cast.</p> + +<p>The year 1914 has been what suffragists call an "off year," since +most of the State Legislatures meet biennially in the odd years. +Nevertheless, what acts of Legislatures there have been are of +the greatest significance. Those of Massachusetts and New Jersey +submitted the suffrage amendment by overwhelming votes and in +both States the suffragists are confident of the approval of the +1915 Legislatures, which is necessary before final submission to +the voters. An amendment was introduced into the Legislatures of +eight others. The national legislative record shows that never +before has the Congressional atmosphere been so thoroughly +permeated with woman suffrage. The anxiety of some members of +Congress to show that they stood right with their constituents on +the question and the agility of others in side-stepping every +possible necessity for meeting the issue, have unerringly +indicated that they all recognize the fact that the time has come +when national politics must reckon with woman suffrage.</p> + +<p>All through the year there has been the most hearty cooperation +between national headquarters and the Washington and Chicago +offices of our Congressional Committee.... It is impossible to +mention<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span> this committee without expressing on behalf of the +officers of the association a most thorough appreciation of the +service of its chairman, Mrs. Medill McCormick, who has not only +given money generously to the work but has added what is more +valuable still—steady, hard, personal labor, coupled with an +indefatigable good humor, frequently under most trying +circumstances....</p></div> + +<p>The new State associations formed and the many suffrage organizations +applying for affiliated or auxiliary membership were named and an +account was given of the large sums of money, the vast amount of +literature and the many workers supplied to the seven State campaigns +of the year. These facts and the other activities of the association +were related in part as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Miss Harriet Grim of Wisconsin was sent by request to North +Dakota to cover the series of Chautauqua meetings in June and +July. Miss Katharine Devereux Blake of New York offered her +services for only expenses for a month of campaign work in July. +Hurried arrangements were made by telegram and as the promptest, +most urgent pleas came from Montana, it won her, although later +she did some work in North Dakota also. Miss Shaw's special fund +was the backing which provided for both tours. Miss Blake made +the wonderful record of obtaining from the collections at her +meetings enough to cover all her travelling and living expenses. +Miss Shaw's fund,<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> which has often seemed like the miraculous +pitcher, also provided part of the expense of sending Mrs. Jennie +Wells Wentworth to Ohio and Mrs. Laura Gregg Cannon to Nevada. +Miss Addams has contributed several weeks of campaigning and Dr. +Shaw herself has made an itinerary, giving ten days to each of +the campaign States, starting August 27 and ending with Election +Day....</p> + +<p>Another noteworthy feature of the year's work was the +establishment of Woman's Independence Day on the first Saturday +of May, initiated by Mrs. McCormick and phenomenally successful. +There was a wonderful response to the ringing call sent out by +the National Board to all the suffragists of the country to meet +together in every city and town at a given time and sing a +suffrage hymn, declare their faith, pass a resolution and have a +speech. A woman's version of the Declaration of Independence was +prepared for the occasion and President Wilson was asked by Dr. +Shaw to proclaim the day a legal holiday to be celebrated in +recognition of the right and necessity that the women of the +United States should become citizens in fact as well as in name. +The President did not heed Dr. Shaw's request but the women of +the country did. Not a State<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span> was silent, not even the equal +suffrage States, and many added parades and other events to the +regular program.</p></div> + +<p>The story was told of the National Junior Suffrage Corps to enroll the +young people, the idea of Miss Caroline Ruutz-Rees (Conn.); of the +large amount of Congressional documents distributed, among them 1,000 +copies of the speech of Senator Henry F. Ashurst (Ariz.) before the +Senate on the Federal Amendment, presented by him; the travelling +schools organized; lists prepared of many thousand active members and +an infinite variety of details. Mrs. Dennett had severed her +connection with the association the preceding September after four +years' invaluable service.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Dennett made also the report of the Literature Committee, whose +duties had now been merged in the National Woman Suffrage Publishing +Co. The latter reported through its chairman, Mrs. Cyrus W. Field. The +greatly needed Data Department had been established under the +cooperation of Miss Elinor Byrns, chairman also of the Press +Department; Mrs. Frances Maule Bjorkman and Mrs. Dennett. The +volunteer services of Miss Helen Raulett, like Miss Byrns a lawyer, +had been obtained, and while its great need and possibilities had been +demonstrated it was evident that it must be put on a paid, business +basis to be effective. Miss Byrns gave an interesting account of the +ramifications of the Press and Publicity Department and its important +accomplishments. "In my opinion," she said, "it is almost impossible +to have suffrage news given out successfully by any one who is not an +earnest suffragist. Knowledge of publicity does not make up for the +lack of conviction and enthusiasm," and she gave this instance: "A few +months ago a writer for one of the New York newspapers—the worst +'anti' paper we have—telephoned me, saying, 'I have been told to +write an editorial on the menace of woman suffrage. Can you help me?' +I said, 'Yes, I can prove to you that the majority of the presidential +electors in 1916 may represent equal suffrage States and that in all +probability every political party will have to endorse woman suffrage +before that time. What could be worse than that?' He agreed with me +and his editorial based on the facts Dr. Shaw and I gave him has been +a most successful campaign document for us."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span></p> + +<p>Among other valuable suggestions Miss Byrns said: "While there are +some editors who give us space because they have to—that is because +we are always doing something 'different' and making news which cannot +be ignored—there are perhaps even more who have a real interest in +the suffrage movement and are therefore eager to give us all the space +which the business department of their paper permits. And, by the way, +one of the most valuable kinds of press work is that which can be done +by every suffragist individually. Newspaper and magazine offices are +most sensitive to the praise and blame of readers. Suffrage +departments are sometimes stopped because no readers write their +approval. Individual newspaper policies, belittling or perverting the +suffrage issue, are sometimes persisted in because no readers write +their disapproval. It is discouraging to an editor when a reader +writes a letter complaining of one opposing news item or one cartoon +although she has ignored everything which has been printed in favor of +suffrage."</p> + +<p>Miss Jane Thompson, field secretary, told of the 8,000 miles she had +travelled in the campaign States since early in April; of her +experiences pleasant and unpleasant; of the excellent opportunities it +had afforded of establishing thorough understanding and cordial +relations between the National Association and the States. She spoke +of the long and arduous work of the national president and presented +the following expression of loyalty and appreciation from those who +had conducted the campaigns in Ohio, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, +Montana and Nevada:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>To Dr. Anna Howard Shaw:</p> + +<p>When service of the highest type has been faithfully and loyally +rendered it is the pleasure of those most benefited by that +service to express, though inadequately, their deep appreciation. +We, the representatives of the Campaign States, feel that to you +we owe much for the splendid way in which you and your Executive +Board stood by us in our efforts, but even more do we appreciate +your personal labor, your untiring, beautiful spirit. Always +ready to meet whatever situation arose, regardless of fatigue, +you encouraged the believers, braced up the uncertain and +converted the unbelieving. Your service, in our estimation, is +invaluable and cannot be dispensed with.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span></p> + +<p>The legal adviser announced the settlement at last of the bequest of +Mrs. Sarah J. McCall of Ohio, including 100 shares of Cincinnati +Street Railway stock, worth from $5,000 to $6,000, and $705 interest; +also the receipt of a legacy of $4,750, after the inheritance tax was +paid, from former U. S. Senator Thomas W. Palmer of Michigan.</p> + +<p>Miss Elizabeth Yates said in her report on Presidential suffrage: "The +favorable decision the past year by the Supreme Court of Illinois +leaves no room for any further contention regarding its +constitutionality. It can be granted by any Legislature by a bare +majority vote and this can be obtained by many States that could not +secure the large vote necessary to submit a constitutional amendment +for full suffrage." She strongly urged that any State contemplating a +campaign for full suffrage should first secure the Presidential +franchise. In her usual excellent report on Church Work, Mrs. Mary E. +Craigie told of her visits to the Methodist Ministerial Associations +of Atlanta, Tampa and New Orleans with most gratifying results, as a +friendly spirit towards woman suffrage was developed and the last +named recommended the General Conference to give laity rights to +women. In cooperation with Dr. Nina Wilson Dewey, her chairman for +Iowa, arrangements were made during the Mississippi Valley Conference +in Des Moines with the clergymen of eighteen Protestant churches to +have their pulpits filled at some service on Sunday by women delegates +and the combined audiences by actual count numbered 6,000. Four +thousand copies of the annual letter asking for a mention of the need +of women's influence in State affairs in their Mothers' Day sermons +were sent to as many clergymen.</p> + +<p>One of the most valuable sessions was Voters' Evening, under the +auspices of the National Men's League, with its president, James Lees +Laidlaw (N. Y.) in the chair. The opening address was made by U. S. +Senator Luke Lea (Tenn.), who received a great ovation when he began +and the audience rose with cheers and waving handkerchiefs when he +finished. He said in the course of his speech:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I am embarrassed by not knowing how to address this distinguished +audience.... Much as I regret it I must address you as "my +disfranchised<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span> friends," who, in spite of your learning, your +cultivation and your intelligence, under our enlightened and +progressive civilization occupy the same political plane as +insane persons, idiots, infants and others laboring under +disabilities. To say I regret to be forced to address you thus is +no mere lip service, contradictory of real sentiment and +conviction, for I was one of the three Southern Senators who were +sufficiently impressed with the absolute necessity of woman +suffrage to step beyond the sacred portals of State rights and +vote for the amendment to the constitution of the United States, +removing from the electoral franchise the limitation of sex, and +I am glad to have an opportunity to express the reasons for my +faith.</p> + +<p>These two twofold: First, the wholesome effect upon our +Government of extending the privilege of voting to women; and +second, the far-reaching results upon womanhood of granting this +right. The first reason is justified by the statement which will +be conceded by all, even the "antis," that an overwhelming +majority of women are good rather than bad and have the highest +ideals of government and politics. Therefore, to give the right +to vote to this class is to increase overwhelmingly the number of +good voters and to multiply the number of citizens with these +highest ideals.</p> + +<p>In answer to this, some "anti," who, by her opposition to woman +suffrage, pleads guilty to the threadbare charge that women have +not sufficient intelligence to vote, comes forward and says: "But +the good women won't vote; only the bad women will exercise the +privilege." This argument is answered by the contrary experience +in States where women vote. If woman suffrage only increased the +number of bad voters, then instead of spreading like a prairie +fire from coast to coast it would be repealed in the States where +it was originally tried as an experiment. The results in the +States where the franchise has been granted are an absolute and +irrefutable argument in favor of national woman suffrage. In +these States it has removed the polling places from the dives to +the churches and has opened more schools and closed more saloons +than all other political movements combined. The ideals of +government and the standard of right and wrong by which public +officials are measured have been raised without lowering one iota +the standard of motherhood, of wifehood and of womanhood, a +standard of which every woman is proud and which every man +reverences and worships....</p></div> + +<p>Other speakers were President H. S. Barker of the University of +Kentucky; R. A. McDowell (Ky.), the Hon. Leon Locke (La.), Miss S. +Grace Nicholes of Chicago, and Charles T. Hallinan, vice-president of +the league. A branch of the Men's National League was formed during +the convention by about thirty prominent men, with John Bell Keble, +dean of the Vanderbilt Law School, as temporary chairman.</p> + +<p>Delegates to these national conventions now felt less need of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span> +oratorical eloquence and more of practical knowledge of the work which +was under way that they might carry back with them to their own +States. One evening was profitably spent in listening to short +speeches by Miss Alice Stone Blackwell on the work of the National +Association; Mrs. Antoinette Funk on that of the Congressional +Committee; Mrs. Raymond Brown, president of the New York association, +on the unusual and spectacular campaign now under way in that State; +Miss Hannah J. Patterson on the preparatory campaign in Pennsylvania; +Mrs. Maud Wood Park, secretary of the Boston Equal Suffrage +Association, and Mrs. Teresa A. Crowley on the coming campaign in +Massachusetts; Mrs. Lillian J. Feickert, president of the State +association, on that of New Jersey. In all of these States amendments +had been submitted for 1915. Miss Rankin told the welcome story of the +Montana victory.</p> + +<p>The mass meeting on Sunday afternoon was one of the largest ever +assembled in Ryman Auditorium, all the standing room occupied and many +turned from the doors. The audience represented every station in life +and the large number of men was noticeable. Dr. Shaw presided and paid +a splendid tribute to the people of Nashville. Miss Jane Addams took +for a text her visit to the historic home of Andrew Jackson, which, +she said, had caused her to think of the great part the men of the +South had in shaping the policies of the early government of the +States, and how Chief Justice John Marshall, a southern man, had +welded them together into an unconquerable whole. She referred to the +way in which women had borne their part and asked why the men were so +progressive in those early days and yet so reactionary now, when women +asked that they should make another experiment in popular government. +Miss Rose Schneiderman, president of the New York City Women's Trade +Union, spoke on the Industrial Woman's Need of the Vote, telling of +the 800,000 working women in New York State, the low wages of many, +the unjust conditions. "Do you talk of chivalry?" she exclaimed. "We +women who work will tell you that we have no chivalry shown us in +industry and we will also tell you that we go home with half the wages +that men get. These same men who tell us we are angels send vice +commissioners to investigate why girls<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span> go wrong. I should think a +glance at the pay-roll would give them the answer."</p> + +<p>Miss Rosika Schwimmer of Budapest, who had come with a petition to +President Wilson from the women of fifteen countries that were at war +to use his influence to bring about peace, made an eloquent and +impassioned address. A storm of applause greeted her appeal to the men +of this country to avoid the catastrophe of war in the future by +granting the vote to women, who would always use it for peace. Mrs. +Desha Breckinridge, president of the Kentucky Equal Rights +Association, one of the most brilliant and forceful of the suffrage +speakers, took for a subject The South Needs her Women. "Do not call +upon the women of the South to help you solve your cotton problems +while you are using up the children of women in the cotton mills," she +said. "Women must have the ballot to cope with all the hard conditions +of life. When we think of war and patriotism we think of men. We +forget the little army of women that always follow in the wake of the +big armies and brave the bullets and the fearful conditions of warfare +that they may become ministering angels on the battlefields; the +Florence Nightingales who undergo the hardships to nurse the wounded. +We are also likely to forget the large army that stays behind, the +women on whom the hardships of war fall heavily, those who must endure +the sorrow and waiting. Is it fair to say woman shall have no part in +the every-day affairs of life when she must bear so much in war?"</p> + +<p>The program closed with an address by Mrs. Kate Waller Barrett on The +Attitude toward Woman Suffrage of the International Council of Women, +of which she was an officer. She described its quinquennial meeting in +Rome the preceding May, shortly before the breaking out of the war, +and said the desire for the suffrage was the connecting link between +the women of all nations. She declared that the safety of the country +depended on women's having a vote in the administration of all that +concerned the welfare of men as well as of women and children. In the +evening the officers, delegates and visitors were entertained by Mrs. +Benjamin F. Wilson at her beautiful home, Wilmor Manor.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span></p> + +<p>This convention of 1914 will be always noted for the long controversy +over what was known as the Shafroth National Suffrage Amendment. It +occupied all or a part of several sessions and the <i>Woman's Journal</i> +said: "The greatest emphasis of the convention was laid on the work in +Congress; this was true even to the extent of cutting short discussion +of State methods. The story of the year's work in the different States +for both full and Presidential suffrage had to be abruptly dismissed." +A new Congressional Committee had been appointed on January 1, +consisting of Mrs. Medill McCormick, Mrs. Antoinette Funk and Mrs. +Sherman M. Booth, of Illinois, Mrs. Breckinridge (Ky.), Mrs. Mary C. +C. Bradford (Colo.); Mrs. John Tucker (Cal.); Mrs. Edward Dreier (N. +Y.); Mrs. Helen H. Gardener (D. C.). Mrs. Dreier resigned; Mrs. +Gardener was largely prevented from serving by illness and absence. +Other members were too far away for active work and the headquarters +in Washington were in charge of the three comparatively young, +energetic women from Illinois, who had shown such remarkable political +acumen in getting the Presidential suffrage bill through the +Legislature of that State and were leaders in the Progressive party. +The remarkable report of the committee's work presented by the +chairman, Mrs. McCormick, including her report as chairman of the +Campaign Committee, filled 45 pages of the printed Handbook of the +convention. It contained a full account of the action on woman +suffrage in both houses of the 63rd Congress, names and votes of +members, committee hearings, Senate debate, record of speeches, +statistics and information such as was never before presented to a +suffrage convention, and showed an amount of committee work +accomplished almost equal to that which had been done in all preceding +sessions of Congress combined.<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> It was clear that for the first +time the attempt to secure action by Congress on woman suffrage was +being made in political fashion, which was the proper way, but +unfortunately it showed also that the Federal Amendment, which had +been the principal object of the National Association for the past +forty-four years, was in danger of being replaced with one of a +totally different character.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span> Space can be given for only enough of +Mrs. McCormick's exceedingly clever presentation of this proposed +amendment to make the matter fully understood.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I assumed the responsibility as chairman early in January, 1914, +and after opening our headquarters in the Munsey Building at +Washington, D. C., divided the committee's work into three +departments—Lobby, Publicity and Organization. The lobby and +publicity were continued from the Washington office and an +organization office was opened in Chicago during the latter part +of January, as it was decided that Chicago was much better +situated geographically to carry on the program of this +department.</p> + +<p>As Congress was in session it was necessary for us to concentrate +our attention on our lobby at the Capitol and to determine as +quickly as possible both our policy to be adopted and the wisest +method of legislative procedure. In order to facilitate this work +Mrs. Booth and I joined Mrs. Funk in Washington, and, dividing +our duties, we proceeded to investigate the temper of Congress. +What was known in the present Congress as the Bristow-Mondell +resolution had been reported out favorably by the Standing +Committee on Suffrage in the Senate and, if we desired, could be +placed as unfinished business on the calendar, which would result +in a discussion terminating in a vote.</p> + +<p>The situation in the House of Representatives was not so +favorable. It has no suffrage committee and the Mondell amendment +was in the Judiciary. As that committee was composed of men if +not actually opposed at least indifferent there did not seem to +be any immediate chance of action. We discovered very soon, +however, that the Congressional Union was circulating a petition +among the Democrats requesting them to caucus on the subject of +establishing a Suffrage Standing Committee. The members of your +Congressional Committee felt this to be a great mistake. It gave +the Democratic party a splendid opportunity to commit themselves +as opposed to woman suffrage, using their State's rights doctrine +as a reason for their action. We discussed it with the members of +the Congressional Union, who were convinced they were right in +putting the Democratic party on record for or against suffrage, +and it developed during our discussion that their policy of +holding this party responsible, as the party in power, was to be +put into action at once and announced as soon as the Democrats +had voted in caucus. Knowing that this policy was diametrically +opposed to that of the National Association, which has always +been non-partisan—to hold the individual and not the party +responsible—we tried desperately hard to block the petition and +avoid the Democratic caucus at that time, but as the +Congressional Union had a lobby of forty women against our three, +it was impossible for us to head it off. The party caucused and +not only voted against a Standing Committee on Suffrage but Mr. +Heflin of Alabama amended the resolution before the caucus so +that the members were enabled to vote on February 3 by 123 to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span> 55 +that woman suffrage was a question to be determined by the States +and not by the national government.</p> + +<p>It was now necessary for us to make a complete canvass of both +Houses of Congress, to tabulate the records of the men, in so far +as we were able to secure the information, and to determine at +the earliest possible moment whether or not it was advisable to +bring the Bristow amendment to a vote in the Senate.... My first +call was on Senator Borah of Idaho, who is a personal friend, a +suffragist, and has the advantage of being a progressive +Republican from an equal suffrage State. "I cannot vote for this +amendment," he said, "and want you to understand my reasons for +taking such a stand. I do not believe the suffragists realize +what they are doing to the women of the South if they force upon +them universal suffrage before they are ready for it. The race +question is one of the most serious before the country today and +the women must help solve it before they can take on greater +responsibilities. I am also a strong conservationist and +entertain a State's rights attitude of mind on both these +questions."</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. McCormick then called on Senator Burton of Ohio, whom she +described as "a reactionary Republican"; Senator Johnson of Maine and +Senator Saulsbury of Delaware, "strong States' rights Democrats," and +she gathered the impression that the new amendment which her +Congressional Committee had in mind would have a better chance than +the original, to which the Congressional Union had given the name +Susan B. Anthony Amendment. The following men agreed to serve on the +Advisory Committee in the Senate: Borah of Idaho; Bristow of Kansas; +Shafroth and Thomas of Colorado; Owen of Oklahoma; Clapp of Minnesota; +Smoot of Utah; Kern of Indiana; Lea of Tennessee and Ashurst of +Arizona. "They unanimously agreed with us," she said, "that it would +be of great educational value to have the question brought up before +the Senate during the present session, as there had never been a +debate on the question of woman suffrage in Congress."<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p> + +<p>Mrs. McCormick told how the amendment had been put on the calendar as +unfinished business and discussed daily at 2 o'clock for ten days +until the vote was taken March 19, 1914, when it received 35 ayes, 34 +noes, a majority but not the necessary two-thirds. A change of 11 +votes would have carried it and more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span> than half of the absentees were +known to be in favor but these facts did not give her any faith in the +amendment. "During the canvassing of the Senate," she said, "we were +more and more impressed with the necessity of meeting the State's +rights argument and felt more and more keenly the barrier of the State +constitutions in advancing our cause. An analysis of these +constitutions proved most illuminating and in arguing with the +Senators upon this point they constantly reiterated the general idea +of submitting this question, as well as other big national questions, +to the decision of the people. We also discovered at this time that +there were seven or eight different amendments before Congress on the +woman suffrage question. For example, there is a bill giving us the +right to vote for Presidential electors. There is another bill giving +us the right to vote for Senators and Congressmen, etc....<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> A +general canvass of the Lower House and also the action of the +Democratic caucus convinced us in an even more pronounced way that we +are blocked by the State's rights doctrine." The report continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It was at this time that Mrs. Funk, Mrs. Booth and myself +interpreted our duty as a committee to mean that we were +appointed not only for the purpose of national propaganda and for +the promotion of the Bristow amendment but that our duty was a +more extensive one and required us to meet whatever political +emergency might arise during our term of office. We, therefore, +set about to originate a new form of amendment to the U. S. +Constitution which would meet the State's rights argument, if +such a thing were possible. As Mrs. Funk is a lawyer, Mrs. Booth +and I agreed that it was most important for her to draw up such +an amendment. This was done; it was submitted to several lawyers, +to our Advisory Committees of Senate and House; to an able +constitutional lawyer in Washington, to Judge William J. Calhoun, +of Chicago, a lawyer of international reputation, and to Judge +Hiram Gilbert, one of the best constitutional lawyers in +Illinois. We accepted Judge Gilbert's rewording and then sent it +on to the Progressive party's legislative<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span> bureau in New York, +where it was endorsed by their corps of lawyers, who draft all +their bills.</p> + +<p>The amendment was at this time discussed with our Advisory +Committee in the Senate and met not only with their approval as +an amendment but they considered it a very shrewd political move +on the part of our organization. At the next meeting of the +National Suffrage Board I presented the amendment, and, after +nearly two months' consideration and discussion with some of the +leading suffragists of the country, they voted <i>unanimously</i> +endorsing it and instructing us to have it introduced whenever we +thought it advisable. This action was taken by the National Board +about two weeks before the vote came up in the Senate. Not +wishing in any way to interfere with the Bristow amendment, we +did not discuss even the idea of this one with any other member +of Congress excepting of course our Advisory Committees.<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p></div> + +<p>Senator John F. Shafroth of Colorado, at the request of Mrs. +McCormick's committee, introduced the new measure, which took his +name, and it was favorably reported to the Senate by Senator Owen of +Oklahoma in May. At this Nashville convention it was for the first +time brought before the association. In her report Mrs. McCormick thus +described the hearing which had been held before the House Judiciary +Committee March 3:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The hearing was just at the time of the big blizzard and our +speakers were stormbound, so that when we appeared before the +committee there were only Mrs. Funk, Mrs. Booth and myself to +represent the National Association, and, as Mrs. Booth was not +prepared to speak and I was chairman for the time given our +committee, it left Mrs. Funk as our only speaker. We had +discussed the night before the hearing the possible phases of the +suffrage question Mrs. Funk could use in her speech that would be +new to the Judiciary Committee. As an organization we have been +conducting hearings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span> before this committee for over forty years, +and, as many of its members have served several terms, they are +as familiar as we are with the suffrage arguments. We, therefore, +decided to be perfectly frank with the committee and draw to +their attention the fact that they possessed the power, if they +wished to exercise it, to suggest to Congress some other form of +legislation than had been presented to them. Mrs. Funk made this +statement to them and said that in interviewing the members of +the Judiciary Committee individually we found that they were +convinced that woman suffrage was a question which was growing so +rapidly throughout the country that it would only be a short time +before the women would succeed in gaining their political +freedom, but that as a committee, and because there was a +majority of Democrats on it, they did not feel that they were +able to report the Mondell amendment in any form.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></p></div> + +<p>Mrs. McCormick then called on Mrs. Funk to present the Shafroth-Palmer +Amendment, which had been introduced in the House by A. Mitchell +Palmer (Penn.), and the argument for it. The amendment read as +follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Whenever any number of legal voters of any State to a number +exceeding 8 per cent. of the number of legal voters at the last +preceding general election held in such State, shall petition for +the submission to the legal voters of said State of the question +whether women shall have equal rights with men in respect to +voting at all elections to be held in such State, such question +shall be so submitted, and if a majority of the legal voters of +the State voting on the question shall vote in favor of granting +to women such equal rights, the same shall thereupon be deemed +established, anything in the constitution or laws of such State +to the contrary notwithstanding.</p></div> + +<p>In beginning her carefully prepared "brief" Mrs. Funk said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>This amendment to the U. S. Constitution must pass both branches +of the national Congress by a two-thirds vote and be ratified by +a majority vote of three-fourths of the State Legislatures before +it becomes a law. So far it is identical with the Bristow-Mondell +amendment. The difference between the two is that after the +latter amendment has passed three-fourths of the State +Legislatures it completely enfranchises the women. The +Shafroth-Palmer amendment, after it has passed three-fourths of +the State Legislatures, enables 8 per cent. of the voters of a +State to bring the suffrage question up for the consideration of +the voters at the next general election. Such a petition may be +filed at any time, not only once but indefinitely, until suffrage +is won, and a majority of those voting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[Pg 417]</a></span> on the question is +sufficient to carry the measure. In other words, every State +where the women are not at present enfranchised may be a campaign +State every year. If the male voters are obliged to hear the +woman suffrage question agitated and discussed at a perennial +campaign, how long will it be before, in desperation and +self-defense, they will vote in favor of it?</p> + +<p>Now, why is the Shafroth-Palmer amendment easier to pass Congress +than the Bristow-Mondell amendment? First of all it shifts the +responsibility of actually enfranchising the women from the +Senators and Representatives to the people of their respective +States. Second, the State's rights doctrine is the one objection +raised to every federal issue that comes before Congress. It is +primarily the greatest obstacle to federal legislation on any +subject and is recognized as a valid objection by the members of +Congress and particularly those from the North, who feel that +they owe to the members of the South the justice of refraining +from interference in matters vital to the South....</p> + +<p>Third, the Democratic party is committed to the initiative and +referendum but not to woman suffrage.... The President has +endorsed the initiative and referendum and has fully convinced +himself of its merit.... We are asking the Democratic party to +give us, the women of the country, the initiative and referendum +on the question of whether or not we shall be allowed to vote, +and no State can have this question forced upon it or even +settled until a majority of the voters of the State cast their +ballots in favor of it.</p></div> + +<p>The difficulties connected with the old amendment both in Congress and +in many States were described and the case of New York was cited among +others:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>If the matter of suffrage is submitted to the State of New York +in 1915 and does not carry, under the New York constitution it +cannot again be submitted for two years. Meantime all the energy +that should be expended in directly educating the people must +again be wasted trying to get a majority vote in two successive +Legislatures. It is the opinion of one of the great suffrage +leaders in New York, as expressed to me, that if the amendment +does not carry in 1915 the people will not have an opportunity to +vote upon it for another fifteen or twenty years.<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p> + +<p>The early passage of the Shafroth-Palmer amendment would +eliminate the State constitutional barrier and leave for the +State organization only the work of ratification of this +amendment, which only requires a majority vote in both branches +of the Legislature. Again the legislator is able to shift the +responsibility to the voters of his State. He is not voting +directly on the question himself—only to submit the question to +the people. You can readily see that here<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[Pg 418]</a></span> again this amendment +is easier to ratify in the Legislatures than the Bristow-Mondell +would be, because in the ratification of the latter the +legislators are practically casting the final vote on the +enfranchisement of the women all over the country.... The +simultaneous consideration of suffrage in every State at the same +time would give overwhelming accumulative impetus to the movement +and would increase suffrage activity inestimably. The fact that +the national Congress had taken any action whatsoever in regard +to the suffrage question would stamp it as a national issue, and +I very much doubt whether the Democratic and Republican parties +would be able to decline to put a suffrage plank in their +national platforms.</p></div> + +<p>This ended Mrs. Funk's statement and Mrs. McCormick continued: "In +dividing up the work of the lobby Mrs. Sherman undertook to card +catalogue Congress by the same method which she used so successfully +in the Illinois Legislature and a list of members was prepared who +should be defeated on their record in Congress. Arthur Dunn, who had +been a Washington newspaper correspondent for thirty years, was put at +the head of the publicity bureau and proved to be of inestimable value +because of his personal acquaintance with every member of Congress." +Charles T. Hallinan, also an experienced newspaper man, had been made +chairman of the press bureau and in his report to the convention told +of the introduction of the latest methods of publicity work and the +signal success they had achieved. A Chicago office had been opened for +organization and a system established of thorough congressional +district work, a detailed account of which filled half a dozen pages +of the printed Minutes. Miss Lillie Glenn and Miss Lavinia Engle had +been appointed field organizers and a number of States were canvassed, +speeches made indoors and out in scores of counties, women's societies +visited and many suffrage clubs formed. Every kind of transportation +was used, from muleback to automobiles, and many hardships were +encountered. The report closed with several pages of valuable +suggestions for what would be a thorough political campaign if carried +out. Mrs. McCormick also gave an interesting report of her +chairmanship of another committee, saying:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Early in the summer of 1914 Mrs. Desha Breckinridge advanced the +valuable idea of a special campaign committee to be appointed by +the National Board for the purpose of giving aid to the campaign +States by establishing a speakers' bureau for their benefit and +devising means for raising necessary funds, which the National<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</a></span> +Board approved. My indorsement would have been less enthusiastic +could I have foreseen that I would be selected as chairman. A +special finance committee was appointed, Mrs. Stanley McCormick, +chairman; Miss Addams, treasurer, and I, secretary. Miss Ethel M. +Smith, of Washington, D. C., spent her vacation establishing a +speakers' bureau in the Chicago headquarters and it has been +conducted by Mrs. Josephine Conger-Kanecko. As many national +speakers have been routed through the campaign States as our +finances would permit. We were faced with the discouraging fact +that to do really active campaign service we would need a fund of +not less than $50,000 and we had less than $13,000. We collected +and distributed in cash a less amount than would be used on the +campaign of a city alderman in an off year.</p> + +<p>The plan of self-sacrifice day had been suggested to Mrs. +Breckinridge by a Wisconsin suffragist and adopted by the +National Board and a general appeal went out to the women of +America to sacrifice something in aid of suffrage and contribute +the amount to the general fund for use in the campaign States. +[$9,854 were realized.] Mrs. Funk, while walking through the +Capitol one day, observed a bride with much gold jewelry in +evidence and expressed the wish that a little of the gold used +for personal ornament might find its way into a treasure chest to +be sold for the campaign States and so the idea of the "melting +pot" was suggested.... The plan was endorsed and put into +operation as follows: A carefully selected list of names of women +was taken from among the various suffrage organizations, +colleges, churches, etc. These women received a letter asking for +a contribution to the melting pot and further urging them to +accept a sub-committeeship, making themselves responsible for +soliciting from at least six people a contribution and keeping +track of this group until their possibilities had been exhausted. +The names of these persons were carefully scanned by the general +committee and two or three out of each group of six were asked to +go at the head of a further sub-committee and so something not +unlike an endless chain was created. Although this was put into +effect hastily and during the intense heat of a Washington +summer, it was an enormous success and now at the close of the +campaign contributions are still coming in and we consider that +the top soil of melting pot possibilities has not been scratched. +[$2,732 were realized.]</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Funk's report of her campaign work was an excellent showing of +the situation which the suffragists faced in State campaigns and had +done from the beginning:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>From the time I left Washington August 25, until I returned to +Chicago October 27, I covered approximately 8,000 miles. After +speaking three days in Indiana, where the suffragists were +straining every nerve to secure a constitutional convention, I +spent two days in Chicago and then started into the western +States. My first three days were spent in Omaha, and, although my +original itinerary contemplated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</a></span> my coming to Nebraska for the +last ten days of the campaign, this was afterwards changed and I +went back to Montana a second time, so my observations regarding +Nebraska refer to Omaha alone. Here existed an almost +unbelievable condition of opposition. The brewers had come openly +into the field against us and the brewing interests are connected +with many of the big financial ventures in that city. Bankers, +merchants, tailors and other business men whose wives were in +suffrage were brazenly warned that the brewing deposits would be +withdrawn from banks, that patronage would be taken away from +merchants and tradespeople—even doctors were threatened with the +loss of their clientele if their wives continued actively in the +campaign. The result was a paralysis of action among many women +who would naturally have been leaders and supporters of the work. +Mrs. Draper Smith was doing all that was humanly possible under +the circumstances to stem the tide of opposition, but money for +publicity and organizing and many speakers seemed to be a +necessity. Upon my report to Mrs. McCormick all extra aid +possible was given.</p> + +<p>My trip to South Dakota was interesting in the extreme. It and +North Dakota are agricultural States, the cities are small and +far apart, the villages are scattered over vast areas. By far the +larger percentage of population dwells in the country on farms +and ranches. The two Dakotas are almost pioneer States even now, +but they present the highest degree of educational advantage and +of general literacy perhaps in the whole United States. Their +laws are generally good and for that reason there appears to be +much apathy on the part of both men and women regarding suffrage. +The States are prosperous and the people have not felt to any +extent the pinch of wrong political conditions. The great problem +was to reach the people and make them think, as when they think +at all upon the subject they are apt to think right. I am +convinced that whatever the vote against the suffrage amendment +may have been in North Dakota it was the result of indifference +and lack of special information and not to any extent real +opposition.</p> + +<p>I believed from what I could learn in South Dakota the liquor +interests were making their last fight for State control and +about the time I arrived Mrs. Pyle had ascertained that a large +amount of money was being used to subsidize the State press, and +simultaneously the literary efforts of the anti-suffragists, +which have appeared throughout the press during the last year, +came out in the leading papers, and anti-suffrage ladies at $100 +a week and expenses appeared on the platform of the principal +towns and cities. During my campaign there I spoke wherever +possible out-of-doors, even though meetings were arranged for me +in halls, courthouses and churches. I found that the small +audiences which would assemble in these places were made up of +women and men already interested and that the uninstructed voter +would only listen when you caught him on the street. I spent the +week of the State fair at Huron with Mrs. Pyle and witnessed a +wonderful demonstration of activity. As<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[Pg 421]</a></span> high as 50,000 people a +day were in attendance and the grounds were covered with our +yellow banners. Every prize-winning animal, every racing sulky, +automobile and motorcycle carried our pennants. Twenty thousand +yellow badges were given away in one day. The squaws from the +reservation did their native dances waving suffrage banners, and +the snake charmer on the midway carried a Votes for Women pennant +while an enormous serpent coiled around her body. I spoke during +the fair four and five times a day and held street meetings +downtown in the evening. When not thus engaged I assisted Mrs. +Pyle and her committee in distributing thousands of pieces of +literature and was amazed at the eagerness of the people to +receive them. We investigated the fair grounds to see how much +was thrown away and found almost none.</p> + +<p>In North Dakota Mrs. Darrow had asked me to go into the untilled +suffrage field. In many places they had never heard a suffrage +address nor had a suffrage meeting ever been held. I zigzagged +across from the southeast to the northwest corners and in Minot +was arrested for making a street speech. There was no law that I +could discover against my speaking in the street and I was +convinced and am still that it was the result of the petty +tyranny of town officials unfavorable to women. A fine of $5 +imposed upon me by the justice of the peace was remitted by him. +I spent twelve days in Montana, travelling about 2,000 miles, and +found more general interest than in any other State. With 118,000 +voters scattered over the third largest State in the Union, with +many contending elements, with an acute labor situation, with the +political control of the State vested very largely in one great +corporation, there was plenty to occupy the attention of a +suffragist worker. Miss Rankin's organization work had been +carried to a high degree of efficiency by the most strenuous +endeavor on her part. The Amalgamated Copper Company, striving to +defeat the workmen's compensation act, had joined hands with the +liquor interests, working to defeat woman suffrage, and had put +on the petticoat and bonnet of the organized female +anti-suffragists. I spoke to thousands of people all over the +State, and while on the surface all appeared well, there was an +undertow of fierce opposition that could be felt but that can not +be estimated until the votes are counted. [The State was carried +by 3,714.]</p> + +<p>Nevada was like a story in a book—a big, little State, with +80,000 inhabitants and 18,000 voters, and so thoroughly was it +organized by Miss Martin that I believe she could address every +voter by his first name. I felt like a fifth wheel. All the work +appeared to be finished and hung aside to season by the time I +arrived and I was in the unenviable position of being sandwiched +between Dr. Shaw, who had just preceded me, and Miss Addams, who +immediately followed me. I went over the desert, however, and +into mines, and spoke in butchers' homes and at meetings that +wound up with a supper and a dance and came away with the +certainty that Miss Martin had two or three thousand votes tucked +away in her inside pocket. [The State was carried by 3,678.] On +this trip I learned of hundreds<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</a></span> of thousands of pieces of +literature sent out by our entertaining friend, the Hon. Tom +Heflin of Alabama. I know now why it was that all last winter he +jumped up in Congress every few minutes and read into the +Congressional Record something about the horror of women voting. +He had a long business head and he was thriftily saving postage +on anti-suffrage literature in the interest of the "society +opposed," of the liquor interests, of organized crime and of all +those forces that have taken arms against us.</p></div> + +<p>The convention was deeply appreciative of the arduous and extensive +work that has been done by the Congressional Committee but there was +intense dissatisfaction with the so-called Shafroth Amendment, which +had been freely discussed in the <i>Woman's Journal</i> for the last eight +or nine months.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> The debate in the convention consumed several +sessions and more bitterness was shown than ever before at one of +these annual meetings. The Official Board having endorsed the +amendment felt obliged to stand by it, but to most of those delegates +who had been in the movement for years it meant the abandonment of the +object for which the association had been formed and for which all the +founders, the pioneer workers and those down to the present day, had +devoted their best efforts. Dr. Shaw was the only member of the board +who had been many years connected with the association, and, while her +judgment was opposed to the new amendment, she yielded to the earnest +pleas of her younger colleagues and the optimistic members of the +Congressional Committee that it should have a fair trial. Miss +Blackwell, editor of the <i>Woman's Journal</i>, strongly endorsed it and +gave it the support of her paper in many long, earnest editorials. She +also granted columns of space to vigorous arguments on both sides by +suffragists throughout the country.<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> The question had been before +the State associations for the last seven or eight months.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</a></span></p> + +<p>Mrs. Mary Ware Dennett, corresponding secretary of the National +American Association, wrote to the State presidents the first week in +May, 1914: "Strange as it may seem, we find that quite a number of the +members of our association have gotten the impression that the +introduction of the Shafroth amendment means the abandoning of the old +amendment which has been introduced into Congress for forty years or +more, and which, as you know, has now been re-introduced and at this +session will be called the Bristow-Mondell amendment. Nothing could be +further from the truth. The reason for the introduction of the +Shafroth amendment is to hasten the day when the passage of the +Bristow-Mondell amendment will become a possibility.... Both +amendments are before Congress but only the new one stands any chance +of being acted upon before adjournment.<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> We stand by the old one as +a matter of principle; we push for the new one as a matter of +immediate practical politics and to further the passage of the old +one." Mrs. Dennett also vigorously advocated the new amendment in the +<i>Woman's Journal</i>.</p> + +<p>At the opening of the second session of the convention devoted to the +subject Mrs. Harriot Stanton Blatch moved that the Shafroth amendment +be not proceeded with in the next Congress and it was seconded. +Instantly Mrs. Raymond Brown, president of the New York State +Association, offered as a substitute resolution: "It is the sense of +this convention that the policy of the National American Woman +Suffrage Association shall be to support by every means within its +power, in the future as in the past, the amendment known as the Susan +B. Anthony amendment; and further that we support such other +legislation as the National Board may authorize and initiate to the +end that the Susan B. Anthony resolution become a law."<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> After the +discussion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</a></span> had lasted for hours, with the administration supporting +this resolution, a motion to strike out the words "and further" and +all that followed was lost and it was carried by a vote of 194 to +100.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></p> + +<p>The next day an informal conference was held at which Miss Laura Clay +and Mrs. Sallie Clay Bennett explained a bill for Federal Suffrage, +which they, with others, had long advocated, to enable women to vote +for U. S. Senators and Representatives. Congress had the power to +enact such a law by a simple majority vote of both houses. The +association for many years had had a standing committee on the +subject, which was finally dropped because it was believed that the +law could not possibly be obtained. It found much favor at this +convention, which instructed the Congressional Committee to +"investigate and promote the right of women to vote for U. S. +Senators, Representatives and Presidential Electors through action of +Congress."</p> + +<p>There was spirited discussion of the Congressional Committee's plan +for "blacklisting" candidates for Congress whose record on woman +suffrage was objectionable and it finally resulted in the passing of a +resolution that this could be done only when approved by the majority +of the societies in the State concerned. It was decided that the +Congressional Committee should send out information and suggestions +for congressional work but that the State associations should +determine how this material should be used and that when the majority +of them in a State could not agree upon some plan of cooperation the +Congressional Committee should not work in said State.</p> + +<p>The feeling aroused by the discussion of the Shafroth amendment was +manifested in the election, where 315 delegates were entitled to vote +and 283 votes were cast. Dr. Shaw received 192 for president and the +rest were blank, as even delegates who opposed this amendment would +not vote against her. Miss Jane Addams declined to serve longer as +vice-president and reluctantly consented to her election as honorary +vice-president but resigned before the close of the convention, as she +felt that she could not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[Pg 425]</a></span> be responsible for actions in which she had +practically no part. Mrs. Desha Breckinridge of Kentucky was +re-elected second vice-president without opposition but resigned soon +afterwards, although not because of any disagreement with the policy +of the board. Mrs. Katharine Dexter McCormick of New York received 173 +votes for first vice-president and Miss Jean Gordon of New Orleans +107. Dr. Katharine Bement Davis of New York was made third +vice-president without opposition, nor was there any to Mrs. Orton H. +Clark of Michigan for corresponding secretary. For recording secretary +Mrs. Susan W. Fitzgerald of Massachusetts received 166 votes and Miss +Anne Martin of Nevada 115. Mrs. Henry Wade Rogers of New York was +almost unanimously chosen for treasurer and Mrs. Walter McNab Miller +of Missouri for first auditor. For second auditor Mrs. Medill +McCormick of Chicago received 177 votes and Miss Zona Gale of New York +103. Later Mrs. Nellie Nugent Somerville of Mississippi was appointed +in place of Mrs. Breckinridge. The new board finally included only two +members of the old one besides Dr. Shaw—Mrs. McCormick and Mrs. +Fitzgerald.</p> + +<p>The present convention was declared by resolution to have been "one of +the greatest and most delightful meetings in the history of the +organization," and a long list of thanks was extended "to the city of +Nashville for its broad and generous hospitality and for special +courtesies." The Tennessee Equal Suffrage Association gave a dinner, +with Mrs. L. Crozier French, its president, as toast-mistress; the +Women's Press Club had a luncheon for the visiting press +representatives and the College Women's League one for its delegates. +It was a relief from the tension of the week to have the last evening +of the convention devoted to entertainment. Miss Zona Gale read a +charming unpublished story, Friendship Village; a musical program was +given by the Fiske Jubilee Singers and the convention closed with a +remarkable moving picture play, Your Girl and Mine, an offering to the +association by Mrs. Medill McCormick.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p> + +<p>The treasurer's report showed receipts for the year of $67,312<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[Pg 426]</a></span> and +expenditures $59,232. In addition a special fund for the "campaign" +States had been subscribed of $12,586, of which $11,020 had been +spent. Mrs. Medill McCormick had made a personal contribution of +$6,217 to the publicity work of the Washington and Chicago +headquarters. Pledges of $7,500 were made by the convention.</p> + +<p>The committee of which Mrs. Frances E. Burns (Mich.) was chairman +reported resolutions that urged the U. S. Senate and House of +Representatives to take up at once the amendments now pending in +Congress for the enfranchisement of women; demanded equal pay for +equal work and legislation to protect the nationality of American +women who married foreigners. They re-affirmed the association's past +policy of non-partisanship and declared that "the National American +Woman Suffrage Association is absolutely opposed to holding any +political party responsible for the opinions and acts of its +individual members, or holding any individual public official or +candidate responsible for the action of his party majority on the +question of woman suffrage." Of the European war now in its fourth +month, the resolutions said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>: It is our conviction that had the women of the countries +of Europe, with their deep instinct of motherhood and desire for +the conservation of life, possessed a voice in the councils of +their governments, this deplorable war would never have been +allowed to occur; therefore, be it</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That the National American Woman Suffrage Association, +in convention assembled, does hereby affirm the obligation of +peace and good will toward all men and further demands the +inclusion of women in the government of nations of which they are +a part, whose citizens they bear and rear and whose peace their +political liberty would help to secure and maintain.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Resolved</span>: That we commend the efforts of President Wilson to +obtain peace. Sympathizing deeply with the plea of the women of +fifteen nations, we ask the President of the United States and +the representatives of all the other neutral nations to use their +best endeavors to bring about a lasting peace founded upon +democracy and world-wide disarmament.</p></div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>As the national convention for 1914 would meet in Nashville it was +necessary to have a special delegation attend the "hearing" in +Washington which always was held at the first session of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[Pg 427]</a></span> new +Congress. The officers of the Congressional Union arranged for one +before the House Judiciary Committee for March 3, and, as it was not +likely that a second would be granted, Mrs. Medill McCormick, Mrs. +Antoinette Funk and Mrs. Sherman Booth represented the National +American Association at this one, as members of its Congressional +Committee. Mrs. Funk was the speaker and the main points of her +address are included in Mrs. McCormick's report in this chapter. In +effect it prepared the way for the new measure afterwards called the +Shafroth Amendment and she began by saying: "Ours is the oldest +national suffrage association in the United States. It has been in +existence over fifty years and comprises a membership of 462,000 +enrolled women in the non-suffrage States. In addition to these I +speak this morning in behalf of the 4,000,000 women voters in the ten +equal suffrage States." Further on she said: "Gentlemen, the dearest +wish of our hearts would be fulfilled if you would enfranchise the +women. I know pretty much whether you are going to or not and you know +that I know." The committee asked her a number of questions and she +concluded: "We feel that this question could at least safely go to the +people. It might be submitted by petition of the voters. In addition +let me make this point along the line of the States' rights argument: +You see, a Legislature <i>per se</i> has no right; it is nothing; it has no +privilege—the privilege is all in the people themselves, and you +could not say it would be contrary to the rights of the people in the +State to take down an obstacle that was built up in front of them. So, +in view of the action of the Democratic caucus in the House, we think +you can at least do this much for us; you can take down this +obstacle—State Legislatures."</p> + +<p>The Federal Women's Equality Association also had asked for a portion +of the time and its corresponding secretary, Mrs. Clara Bewick Colby +of Washington and Portland, Ore., had charge of it. Although this +association was organized twelve years before for the special purpose +of obtaining a bill enabling women to vote for Senators and +Representatives, it sponsored in the present Congress the same measure +which the old association had introduced for the past thirty-five +years and on this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[Pg 428]</a></span> occasion its speakers discussed only the amendment. +Mrs. Colby introduced first Representative Frank W. Mondell of +Wyoming, who always was ready to champion the cause of woman suffrage +for every organization. He made the point among others that "as State +after State grants the franchise to women the condition is reached +where its denial in other States deprives American citizens of a +sacred right if they have moved from one commonwealth to another." +"Our Federal Union," he said, "will be more firmly cemented the nearer +we come to the point where qualifications for this right of +citizenship are the same in all States." In Mrs. Colby's comprehensive +address she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It may be news to some of you that we have had 12 reports on the +woman suffrage amendment from committees of Congress. In 1869 the +first hearing was given on woman suffrage and from that time to +the present every Congress has had one....</p> + +<p>Never were there such splendid women in the records of time as +those who have stood for the rights of their sex and the rights +of humanity.... All those women passed on without being allowed +to enter the promised land and for every one of them one hundred +sprang up for whom the doors of opportunity and education had +been opened by the efforts of those pioneer women. Now these also +are coming to gray hairs and weariness, but for every one of +these hundreds there are a thousand of the 20th century insisting +that this question shall be settled now and not be passed on to +the children of tomorrow to hamper and limit them, to exhaust and +consume their energy and ability.</p> + +<p>I was present at the last hearing where Mrs. Stanton spoke before +a Judiciary Committee, and she said: "I have stood before this +committee for thirty years, may I be allowed to sit now?" ... +Miss Anthony before a committee in 1884 said: "This method of +settling the matter by the Legislatures is just as much in the +line of State's rights as is that of the popular vote. The one +question before you is: Will you insist that a majority of the +individual men of every State must be converted before its women +shall have the power to vote, or will you allow the matter to be +settled by the representative men in the Legislatures of the +several States? We are not appealing from the States to the +nation. We are appealing to the States, but to the picked men of +those States instead of to the masses." She used to say when John +Morrissey, champion of the prize ring, was in the New York +Legislature, that it was bad enough to go and ask him to give her +her birthright but it was infinitely worse to go down into the +slums and ask his constituents....</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Colby closed with an extract from one of Mrs. Stanton's eloquent +speeches before the Judiciary Committee and submitted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[Pg 429]</a></span> a valuable +summary of Congressional hearings and reports on woman suffrage from +1869 to 1914.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Glendower Evans of Boston presided over the hearing for the +Congressional Union and introduced as the first speaker Mrs. Crystal +Eastman Benedict (N. Y.) who said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When we go to the voters of a campaign State to ask them to vote +"yes" on a woman suffrage amendment, we go as petitioners with +smiles and arguments and unwearied patience. We tell them over +and over again the same well established truths; that it is the +essence of democracy that all classes of people should have the +power of protection in their own hands; that women are people and +that they have special interests which need representation in +politics; that where women have the right to vote they vote in +the same proportion as men; that on the whole their influence in +government has been decidedly good and absolutely no evils can be +traced to that influence. In short, we reason and plead with +them, try to touch their sense of honor, their sense of justice, +their reason, whatever noble human quality they possess.</p> + +<p>That is one way of getting woman suffrage in the United States, a +long, laborious and very costly way. We have now achieved it in +nine States and are a political power, and the time has come for +us to compel this great reform by the simple, direct, American +method of amending the Federal Constitution. Our argument is not +one of justice or democracy or fair play—it is one of political +expediency. Our plea is simply that you look at the little +suffrage map. That triumphant, threatening army of white States +crowding rapidly eastward toward the center of population is the +sum and substance of our argument. It represents 4,000,000 women +voters. Do you want to put yourselves in the very delicate +position of going to those women next fall for endorsement and +re-election after having refused even to report a woman suffrage +amendment out of committee for discussion on the floor of the +House?</p> + +<p>You might say, "Why do you select this Democratic administration +for your demand? This is the first time in eighteen years that +this party has been in control of the Government. We are doing +our best to give the people what they want; we are trying to live +up to our platform pledges; we think we are doing pretty well. +Why persist in embarrassing us with this very troublesome +question?" ... I answer that if this Congress adjourns without +taking action on the woman suffrage amendment it will be because +the party deliberately dodged the issue. Every woman voter will +know this and we have faith that the woman voter will stand by +us. You will go to her and say: "We have lowered the tariff; we +have made new banking laws; we have avoided war with Mexico," and +she will say: "It is true you have done these things, but you +have done a great injustice to my sister in this nearby State. +She asked for a fundamental democratic right, a right which I +possess and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[Pg 430]</a></span> which you are asking me to exercise in your favor. +It was in your power to extend this right to her and you refused, +and after this you come to me and ask me for my vote, but I shall +show you that we stand together on this question, my sister and +I."</p></div> + +<p>Several of the committee made caustic remarks about trying to hold the +Democrats responsible after the Republicans had ignored them during +all the past years. Mrs. Evans then introduced Mary (Mrs. Charles R.) +Beard, wife of the well-known professor in Columbia University. Her +address in the stenographic report of the hearing filled seven closely +printed pages, an able review of the Democratic party's record in +regard to Federal legislation. It was the most complete exposé of the +fallacy of the Democratic contention that this party stood for State's +rights as opposed to Federal rights ever made at a hearing in behalf +of woman suffrage and is most inadequately represented by quotations. +In the course of it she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Did Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, founders of the +Democratic party, rend the air with cries of State's rights +against Federal usurpation when the Federalists chartered the +first United States bank in 1791, and when the Federalist Court, +under the leadership of John Marshall, rendered one ringing +nationalist decision after another upholding the rights of the +nation against the claims of the States? Jefferson, as President, +acquired the Louisiana Territory in what he admitted was an open +violation of the Federal Constitution; and the same James Madison +who opposed the Federalist bank in 1790 as a violation of the +Constitution and State rights, cheerfully signed the bill +rechartering that bank when it became useful to the fiscal +interests of the Democratic party. Jefferson was ready to nullify +the alien and sedition laws and the Constitution of the United +States in the Kentucky resolutions of 1798. The very Federalists +who fought him in that day and denounced him as a traitor and +nullifier lived to proclaim and practice doctrines of +nullification in behalf of State's rights during the War of 1812.</p> + +<p>In the administration of Jefferson the Federal Government began +the construction of the great national road without any express +authority from the Constitution and notwithstanding the fact that +the construction of highways was admittedly a State matter.... On +August 24, 1912, the Congress of the United States, then +controlled by the Democratic party, voted $5,000,000 for the +construction of experimental and rural-delivery routes and to aid +the States in highway construction. From high in the councils of +that party we now have the advocacy of national ownership of +railways, telegraph and telephone lines.</p> + +<p>In the early days of the republic the Democratic party protested +even in armed insurrection in Pennsylvania against the +inquisitorial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[Pg 431]</a></span> excise tax, which, to use the language of that +day, "penetrated a sphere of taxation reserved to the State." +Today this party has placed upon the statute books the most +inquisitorial tax ever laid in the history of our country by the +act of April 9, 1912—a tax on white phosphorus matches, not for +the purpose of raising revenues, for which the taxing power is +conferred, but admittedly for the purpose of destroying an +industry which it could not touch otherwise. The match industry +was found to be injurious to a few hundred workingmen, women and +children. The Democratic party wisely and justly cast to the four +winds all talk about the rights of States, made the match +business a national affair and destroyed its dangerous features. +Men and women all over the country rose up and pronounced it a +noble achievement. Republicans joined with the Democrats in +claiming the honor of that great humane service.</p> + +<p>I have not yet finished with this tattered shibboleth. The State +had the right to nullify Federal law in 1798, so Jefferson taught +and Kentucky practiced. Half a century elapsed; the State of +Wisconsin, rock-ribbed Republican, nullified the fugitive slave +law and in its pronunciamento of nullification quoted the very +words which Jefferson used in 1798. A Democratic Supreme Court at +Washington, presided over by Chief Justice Taney, the arch +apostle of State rights, answered Wisconsin in the very language +of the Federalists of 1798, whom Jefferson despised and +condemned: "The Constitution and laws of the United States are +supreme, and the Supreme Court is the only and final arbiter of +disputes between the State and National Governments."</p> + +<p>A few more years elapsed. South Carolina declared the right of +the State to nullify and Wisconsin answered on the field of +battle: "The Constitution and laws of the National Government are +supreme, so help us God!" ... At the close of that ever to be +regretted war the nation wrote into the Constitution the 14th and +15th Amendments, their fundamental principle that the suffrage is +a national matter. Those amendments were intended to establish +forever adult male suffrage....</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Beard then presented for the record a thorough synopsis of the +proceedings in relation to the franchise of the convention that framed +the U. S. Constitution, which showed, she declared, that it would have +made a national suffrage qualification if the members could have +agreed on one. "In all the great federations of the world," she said, +"Germany, Canada, Australia, suffrage is regarded as a national +question," and continued: "If respect for the great and wise who have +viewed suffrage as a national matter did not compel us so to regard +it, the plain dictates of common sense would do so. We are all ruled +by the laws made by Congress, from Maine to California; we must all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[Pg 432]</a></span> +obey them equally whether we like them or not. We are taxed under +them; we travel according to rules laid down by the Interstate +Commerce Commission under the Interstate Commerce law; the remaining +national resources are to be conserved by Congress; whether we have +peace or war depends upon Congress. Is it of no concern who compose +Congress, who vote for members of Congress and for the President?"</p> + +<p>It was shown by Mrs. Beard how closely national and State policies +were interwoven; that the submission of this amendment would take it +to the State Legislatures for a final decision; how with woman +suffrage in nine States there was a much greater demand for it than +there was for the one changing the method of electing U. S. Senators; +how the plank in the national platform adopted in Baltimore exempting +American ships in coastwise trade from Panama canal tolls was now +before the Democrats in Congress for repudiation; how another plank +demanded State action on presidential primaries and President Wilson +called for a national law. Now a Democratic Congress refused to submit +a national suffrage amendment because the platform did not ask for it! +She concluded: "No, gentlemen, you can not answer us by shaking in our +faces that tatterdemalion of a State's rights scarecrow.... It is a +travesty upon our reasoning faculties to suppose that we can not put +two and two together. It is underestimating our strength and our +financial resources to suppose that we can not place these plain facts +in the hands of 15,000,000 voters, including over 3,000,000 women. To +take away from the States the right to determine how Presidential +electors shall be chosen is upholding the Constitution and the +previous rights of the States; but to submit to the States an +amendment permitting them to decide for themselves whether they want +woman suffrage for the nation is a violent usurpation of State's +rights! We can not follow your logic."</p> + +<p>Dr. Cora Smith King of Seattle, who had so large a part in obtaining +equal suffrage in Washington, said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I am a voter like yourselves; I am eligible to become a member of +Congress, like any one of you. However, I do not stand before you +as one voter only but to remind you that there are nearly +4,000,000 women voters in the United States today. I represent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[Pg 433]</a></span> +an organization called the National Council of Women Voters, +organized in every one of the States where women vote on equal +terms with men. These States, as you know, are Wyoming, Colorado, +Utah, Idaho, Washington, California, Oregon, Kansas, and Arizona. +There are three objects of the Council: One is to educate +ourselves in the exercise of our citizenship; the second is to +aid in our own States where we vote in putting upon the statute +books laws beneficial to men and women, children and the home; +and our third object is the one which brings me here this +morning—to aid in the further extension of suffrage to women.</p> + +<p>The members of your committee from the latest equal suffrage +States will bear me out in saying that there are thousands of +women voters who have not yet made their party alignment. I +desire to call attention to these many thousands who have only +recently won the battle which they have fought so earnestly—as I +have done from the time that I attained my majority and have not +yet forgotten what it cost—and who have their ears attuned to +the plea of their sisters in the other States. I remind you, +gentlemen, that they may not prove unheeding when requested to +vote for the men who are favorable to the further extension of +suffrage. I trust that this present committee will not justify +the charge of being a graveyard for many suffrage bills. I warn +you that ghosts may walk.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. William Kent, wife of Representative Kent of California, spoke +briefly, telling how the suffrage societies there became civic leagues +after the vote was won and stood solidly back of seventeen bills +relating to the welfare of the State and the home and the influence +they were able to exert because of having the franchise. She urged the +committee to submit the amendment and spare women the further drudgery +of State campaigns and assured them that the women would not stop +until the last one was enfranchised. Representative Joseph R. Knowland +of California gave earnest testimony in favor of the practical working +of woman suffrage in that State saying: "For years we heard the same +arguments against equal rights for women as we hear today but we have +tried it and many who were most bitterly opposed are now glad that +California has given the franchise to women. It has proved an +unqualified success. What I desire to impress upon this committee is +that even though you may oppose the amendment it is your duty to +report it in order that every member of the House may have an +opportunity to register his vote for or against it."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Donald Hooker of Baltimore pointed out the injustice<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[Pg 434]</a></span> of +permitting women to vote in California, for instance, and holding them +disfranchised when they crossed the State boundary line, and asked the +committee to put themselves in the place of citizens so discriminated +against. Mrs. Evans closed the hearing in an interesting speech but as +she could not resist eulogizing President Wilson she was assailed by a +storm of questions and remarks from the Republican members of the +committee as to his attitude on woman suffrage, while her support of +the Democratic party brought protests from the members of the +Congressional Union.</p> + +<p>Mrs. McCormick closed for her side by saying: "Mr. Chairman, I simply +want to clear up what may be a little confused in your mind in regard +to the difference in the policy in the two organizations represented +here today. I represent the National American Woman Suffrage +Association, and, as we have stated over and over again, it has +enrolled more than 462,000 women, organized in every non-suffrage +State in the country. Our policy, which is adopted by our annual +convention, is strictly non-partisan. We do not hold any party +responsible for the passage of this amendment. We are organizing all +over the country, using the congressional district as our limit, in +order to educate the constituents of you gentlemen in regard to the +great need to enfranchise women and we do not hold the policy which is +adopted by the smaller organization, the Congressional Union."</p> + +<p>This brought the members of the Judiciary Committee into action again +and they persisted in knowing the size of the Congressional Union +until Mrs. Benedict answered: "Our immediate membership is not our +strong point." Mr. Webb of North Carolina repeated the question why +the Republican party, which was in power sixteen years, was not held +responsible for not reporting the amendment and she replied that it +was not until after the elections of 1912 that the women were in a +position to hold any party responsible.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Frances Dilopoulo spoke for a moment. Miss Janet Richards (D. C.) +called the attention of the committee to the etymology of the word +democracy—<i>demos</i>, people; <i>kratein</i>, to rule—rule of the +people—and asked: "If women must pay taxes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[Pg 435]</a></span> and must abide by the +law, how can the suffrage be denied to them in a true democracy?" She +spoke of her personal study of the question in Finland and the +Scandinavian countries where women are enfranchised. Dr. Clara W. +McNaughton (D. C.), vice-president of the Federal Women's Equality +Association, in closing stated that they had a tent on the field of +Gettysburg during its 50th anniversary and found the old soldiers +almost to a man in favor of woman suffrage. Mrs. Evans filed a +carefully prepared paper, State versus Federal Action on Woman +Suffrage. Mrs. Helen H. Gardener (D. C.), officially connected with +the National American Association, submitted to the committees a +comprehensive "brief" on the case which said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In a published statement yesterday the Secretary of State, +William Jennings Bryan, used these simple, direct, easily +understood words: "All believers in a republic accept the +doctrine that the government must derive its just powers from the +consent of the governed and the President gives every legitimate +encouragement to those who represent this idea while he +discourages those who attempt to overthrow or ignore the +principles of popular government."</p> + +<p>I am sure that all of us hope and want to believe that this +latest pronouncement given out officially as from the leading +Cabinet officer was intended to be accepted at home as well as +abroad as literally and absolutely true and not a mere bit of +spectacular oratory. But if it is true, then not one of you +gentlemen who has it in his heart to oppose woman suffrage is a +believer in our form of government; not one of you is loyal to +the flag; not one of you is a true American. You do not allow us +women to give our consent, yet we are governed. You are not +sitting in Congress justly and Mr. Bryan and the President do not +believe that you are—none of you except those who are from woman +suffrage States—or else that official statement is mere oratory +for foreign consumption. He says that the President discourages +those who attempt to overthrow or even to "ignore" this principle +of popular government. We are more than glad to believe that Mr. +Bryan is correct in this plain statement, for then we will know +that a number of you will receive a good deal of "discouragement" +at the hands of the President, and that those of you who stand +with us and vote for us will receive your sure reward from him, +in that "every legitimate encouragement" will be yours, and also, +incidentally, ours. We need it, we think it is overdue. Up to the +present time we have not felt that either the President or the +Secretary of State quite fully realized that there is a good deal +of belated encouragement due us and quite a limitless supply of +discouragement due those who try "to overthrow or ignore" all +semblance of a belief in the right of women to give their consent +to their own government. I am<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[Pg 436]</a></span> glad to have so high an authority +that the good time is not only coming but that it has at last +arrived—and through the Democratic party!</p> + +<p>Again, in this simple, plain, seemingly frank statement of the +Secretary of State, he says: ... "Nothing will be encouraged away +from home that is forbidden here." Yet, away from home, he says, +the fixed foreign policy is that "the people shall have such +officers as they desire," and that these officers must have "the +consent of the governed." That is precisely what we women demand. +Are the Mexican peons more to our Government than are the women +of America? If the Mexican officials must be disciplined, unless +they are ready to admit that "the consent of the governed must be +obtained" before there can be a legitimate government which we +can recognize, how it is possible for you and for the President +and for the State Department absolutely to ignore or refuse the +same ethical and political principle here at home for one-half of +all the people, who form what you call and hold up to the world +as a republic?</p> + +<p>No one who lives, who ever lived, who ever will live understands +or really accepts and believes in a republic which denies to +women the right of consent by their ballots to that government. +Such a position is unthinkable and the time has come when an +aristocracy of sex must give place to a real republic or the +absurdity of the position, as it exists, will make us the +laughing stock of the world. Let us either stop our pretence +before the nations of the earth of being a republic and having +"equality before the law" or else let us become the republic that +we pretend to be.</p></div> + +<p>This concluded the hearing for the suffrage associations and as the +"antis" also had asked for one they occupied the afternoon. Mrs. +Arthur M. Dodge, the president of the National Association Opposed to +Woman Suffrage, said in opening the discussion: "We begin to hear from +all over the country a very decided demand for help. The women are +beginning to be frightened. They are frightened at exactly the same +sort of thing by which the suffragists try to frighten you +men—noise—so that in many States women are beginning to organize for +the first time against suffrage. We are here today rather against our +wishes. We did not want to bother you men again because the matter has +been pretty well settled for this session of Congress at least. But +the suffragists had demanded a hearing of you gentlemen, and so we +asked you to hear us, and you have very courteously extended to us +that privilege. We are here to represent the majority of women still +quiet but not going<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[Pg 437]</a></span> to be quiet very much longer...." Mrs. Dodge made +an analysis of the number of enfranchised women to show that the +parties had nothing to fear and said in closing: "I wish to say that +the suffragists who make these threats are not representing the women +of the country. It is the women of the country whom we try to +represent and we have tried for several years against the noisy, +insistent and persistent demands of a group."</p> + +<p>The other women speakers were Mrs. Henry White, member of the +executive committee of the Massachusetts Association; Miss Alice Hill +Chittenden, president of the New York Association; Miss Marjorie +Dorman, secretary of the Women Wage-earners' Anti-Suffrage League of +New York City<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a>; Mrs. O. D. Oliphant of New Jersey, who was not able +to reach Washington but whose paper on Feminism was put into the +report; Miss Minnie Bronson, secretary of the National Association. +Miss Bronson's address, which was largely statistical, called out many +questions from the suffrage members of the committee. She said the +association had approximately 100,000 members.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a></p> + +<p>The first of the men speakers against the amendment was J.N. Matthews +(N. J.) who began by saying it would be difficult for him to put aside +his Democratic partisanship even for a moment. He was soon involved in +a wrangle with the committee which occupied over half of the space +filled by his speech in the report. This was true also of the speech +of Representative Thomas J. Heflin (Ala.), which ended with a long +poem entitled The Only Regeneration, beginning: "There's no earthly +use in prating of eugenics' saving grace." Mrs. Dodge had scored the +suffragists for having more than one association but delegates from +three of the "antis" were present at this hearing, the Guidon Society +of New York City, represented by a New York lawyer, John R. Don +Passos, who stated that he represented also the Man Suffrage +Association. He filed a "brief" of its president, Everett P.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[Pg 438]</a></span> Wheeler, +a Democratic New York lawyer, entitled Home Rule. As was the case with +the other men speakers most of his time was taken up by the "heckling" +of the committee and his answers. In the latter he said that woman +suffrage sooner or later would have a tendency to destroy the home, +hurt the social and moral standard of women and "convert them into +beasts."</p> + +<p>Dr. Mary Walker spoke ten minutes at her own request, scoring the +suffragists and saying that women already had the right to vote under +the National Constitution. Mrs. Evans closed the hearing.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Part of Call: Our task will be to formulate judgment on +those great issues of the day which nearly concern women; to choose +the leaders who during the coming year are to guide the fortunes of +our cause; and finally, to deliberate how the whole national body may +on the one hand best give aid and succor to the States working for +their own enfranchisement and on the other press for federal action in +behalf of the women of the nation at large.... +</p><p> +Since the last convention met all the horror of a great war has fallen +upon the civilized world. The hearts of thousands of women have been +torn by the death and wounds of those they bore, of those they love, +yet never has their will and power to help been greater, never man's +need of such help been more clearly seen. We, who are spared the +anguish of war, well understand that as weight is given in the world's +affairs to the voice of women, moved as men are not by all the tragic +waste of battles, the chances of such slaughter must perpetually +diminish. Now is the time when all things point to the violence that +rules the world, now is the very time to press our claim to a share in +the guidance of our country's fortunes, to urge that woman's vision +must second and ratify that of man. Let us then in convention +assembled kindle with the thought that, as we consider methods for the +political enfranchisement of our sex, our wider purpose is to free +women and to enable their conception of life in all its aspects to +find expression.... Let us set a fresh seal upon the great new loyalty +of woman to woman; let our response be felt in the deep tide of +fellowship and understanding among all women which today is rising +around the world. +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="authors" summary="authors"> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anna Howard Shaw</span>, President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Jane Addams</span>, First Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Madeline Breckinridge</span>, Second Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Caroline Ruutz-Rees</span>, Third Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Susan Walker Fitzgerald</span>, Recording Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Katharine Dexter McCormick</span>, Treasurer.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Harriet Burton Laidlaw</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Auditors.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Louise DeKoven Bowen</span>,</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Complete, universal suffrage was conferred by the +Parliament in 1917.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> For a number of years Mrs. Quincy A. Shaw of Boston gave +Dr. Shaw a fund for campaign work.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> A portion of this report is in the chapter on the +Federal Suffrage Amendment.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> The Federal Suffrage Amendment had been thoroughly +debated and voted on in the Senate in 1887; the question of woman +suffrage itself discussed in 1866, 1881-3-4-5-6 in the Senate; at +great length in the Lower House in 1883 and 1890 and briefly in both +houses at other times.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Instead of seven or eight amendments there was only one +and never had been but one—the old, original amendment introduced by +Senator A. A. Sargent (Calif.) in 1878. There was and long had been +one "bill" advocated, the one to give women so-called "federal" +suffrage, the right to vote for Senators and Representatives, but it +had never been reported out of committee. There was no bill before +Congress to give women the right to vote for Presidential electors and +there was no other bill proposed. It was of course the "State's rights +argument" that had been the continuous barrier to the Federal Suffrage +Amendment ever since it was first introduced but the favorable +attitude of a majority of the Senators showed how much progress had +been made in meeting that argument.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> On the contrary at a public hearing before the Judiciary +Committee of the Lower House on March 3, Mrs. Funk referred several +times to such an amendment and stated that she represented an +association of 462,000 women. She intimated that she knew the old +amendment could not pass and that another might be introduced, which, +it was hoped, would be more acceptable. The vote was not taken in the +Senate till March 19. Meanwhile the newspapers gave to the suffragists +of the country their first knowledge of the new amendment and vigorous +protests soon followed, especially from the older leaders of the +movement. <i>The Woman's Journal</i> of March 28 said editorially: "It is +felt by many that before the Congressional Committee introduced a +wholly new measure, which had never been sanctioned or even considered +by the National Association, it ought to have been submitted to the +National Executive Council." +</p><p> +As soon as the Senate had voted on the original amendment, Senator +Bristow, at the request of the Congressional Union, re-introduced it, +and it was reported favorably April 7, Senator Thomas B. Catron of New +Mexico alone dissenting. Senator Bristow in re-introducing it said of +the Shafroth measure: "It is more of a national initiative and +referendum amendment than a woman suffrage amendment. I prefer that +the question of woman suffrage rest directly upon its own merits and +be not involved with the initiative and referendum."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> This amendment had been reported by the Judiciary +Committee on the 9th of May preceding this report "without +recommendation" and a strong effort was being made by its supporters +to bring it before the House for debate. The Rules Committee sent it +to the House on December 12, 1914.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> The proposed State amendment failed in New York in 1915, +was submitted again by the Legislatures of 1916 and 1917, voted on in +November, 1917, and adopted by an immense majority.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> The first week in the preceding April the Mississippi +Valley Conference, composed of the Middle and some of the Western and +Southern States, met in Des Moines and thirty-five prominent delegates +signed a telegram to the Official Board of the National American +Association, asking it "to instruct its Congressional Committee not to +push the Shafroth Amendment nor ask for its report from the Senate +Committee"; also "to ask the Senate Committee not to report this +amendment until so requested by the national suffrage convention." +This was not official action but they signed as individuals, among +them the presidents of the Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, +Indiana, Ohio and Louisiana State associations and officers from other +States.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Some of the arguments may be found in the Appendix. An +examination of the file of the <i>Journal</i> will show that ninety-nine +per cent. of the writers were opposed to the amendment.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> The old amendment had been voted on in the Senate March +19 and obtained a majority but not the required two-thirds. It had +been reported without recommendation by the House Judiciary, which had +not acted on the new one. The latter had been introduced in the Senate +and the former re-introduced.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> The original measure had always been called the +Sixteenth Amendment until the adoption of the Income Tax and Direct +Election of Senators Amendments in 1913. The Congressional Union, +organized that year, gave it the name Susan B. Anthony Amendment and +for awhile it was thus referred to by some members of the National +American Association. The relatives and friends of Mrs. Stanton +rightly objected to this name, as she had been equally associated with +it from the beginning, and all the pioneer workers had been its +staunch supporters. The old association soon adopted the title, +Federal Suffrage Amendment.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> At the first board meeting after the convention Mrs. +McCormick was re-appointed chairman of the Congressional Committee +with power to select its other members and Mrs. Funk was re-appointed +vice-chairman.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Mrs. McCormick spent a large amount of time and money on +this play, hoping it would yield a good revenue to the association, +but the arrangement with the Film Corporation proved impossible and it +finally had to be abandoned.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> The most persistent efforts of the suffragists never +succeeded in locating this league.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> At the request of the committee the exact figures were +furnished later and showed a membership of 105,000, of whom 85,600 +lived in the five non-suffrage States of Connecticut, Massachusetts, +New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Of the remaining 19,400 the +non-suffrage States of New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Ohio had +11,500; Virginia, 2,100, and 6,500 were divided among other +non-suffrage States and the District of Columbia. Not one member was +reported from States where the franchise had been given to women, +although it was a stock argument of the "antis" that it had been +forced on them and they would gladly get rid of it.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[Pg 439]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h2> + +<h3>NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1915.</h3> + + +<p>The Forty-seventh annual convention of the association was held Dec. +14-19, 1915, in Washington, the scene of many which had preceded it, +with 546 accredited delegates, the largest number on record. The one +of the preceding year had left many of the members in a pessimistic +frame of mind but this had entirely disappeared and never were there +so much hope and optimism.<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> The Federal Amendment had for the first +time been debated and voted on in the House of Representatives, +receiving 204 noes, 174 ayes, a satisfactory result for the first +trial. Although in November, 1915, four of the most populous +States—Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania—had +defeated suffrage amendments yet a million-and-a-quarter of men had +voted in favor. These were all Republican States and yet had given a +larger vote for woman suffrage than for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[Pg 440]</a></span> Republican presidential +candidate the preceding year. Over 42 per cent. of the votes in New +York and over 46 per cent. in Pennsylvania were affirmative and the +press of the country, instead of sounding the "death knell" as usual +after defeats, predicted victory at the next trial. In October the +cause had received its most important accession when President Wilson +and seven of the ten members of his Cabinet declared in favor of woman +suffrage; and in November the President had gone to his home in +Princeton, N. J., on election day to cast his vote for the pending +State amendment.</p> + +<p>An honorary committee of arrangements for the convention had been +formed in Washington which included many of the most prominent women +officially and socially, headed by Miss Margaret Wilson, the +President's eldest daughter. Republican and Democratic National +Committees had cordially received suffrage speakers. The first measure +to be introduced in both Houses of the new Congress was the resolution +for the Federal Suffrage Amendment, with Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, +president of the National American Suffrage Association, sitting on +the Speaker's bench by invitation of Speaker and Mrs. Champ Clark. The +convention opened Tuesday morning and at five o'clock in the afternoon +the delegates were received by President Wilson in the White House. +They walked the few short blocks from the convention headquarters in +the New Willard Hotel to the White House and the line reached from the +street through the corridors to the East Room. After each had had a +hearty handshake Dr. Shaw expressed the gratitude of all suffragists, +not for his vote, which was a duty, but for his reasons, to which the +widest publicity had been given. She said the women felt encouraged to +ask for two things: first, his influence in obtaining the submission +of the Federal Amendment by Congress at the present session; second, +if that failed, his influence in securing a plank for woman suffrage +in his party's national platform. The latter he answered to their +great joy by saying that he had it under consideration. He looked at +his hand a little ruefully and said: "You ladies have a strong grip." +"Yes," she responded, "we hold on."</p> + +<p>The most striking contrast between this and other conventions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[Pg 441]</a></span> was +seen in the program. For more than two-score years the evening +sessions and often those of the afternoon had been given up to +addresses by prominent men and women and attended by large general +audiences. In this way the seed was sowed and public sentiment created +and people in the cities which invited the convention looked forward +to an intellectual feast. This year it was felt that the general +public needed no further education on this subject; the association +had become a business organization and the woman suffrage question one +of practical politics. Therefore but one mass meeting was held, that +of Sunday afternoon, and the entire week was devoted to State reports, +conferences, committee meetings, plans of work, campaigns and +discussion of details. These were extremely interesting and valuable +for the delegates but not for the newspapers or the public.</p> + +<p>The entire tenth floor of the New Willard Hotel was utilized for +convention purposes and the full meetings were held in the large ball +room, which had been beautifully decorated under the artistic +direction of Mrs. Glenna Tinnin, with flags, banners and delicate, +symbolic draperies. The large number of young women was noticeable and +the association seemed permeated with new life. "Old men and women for +council and young ones for work," said Dr. Shaw smilingly, as she +opened the convention. "The history that has been made by this +organization is due to the toil and consecration of the women of the +country during past years, and, while I am happy to see so many new +faces, my heart warms when my eyes greet one of the veterans. So in +welcoming you I say, All hail to the new and thank God for the old!"</p> + +<p>The convention plunged at once into reports. That of Mrs. Henry Wade +Rogers, the treasurer, showed receipts during the past year of $51,265 +and disbursements of $42,396, among them $12,000 for State campaigns. +A large and active finance committee had been formed and thousands of +appeals for money distributed. At this convention $50,000 were pledged +for the work of the coming year and the convention showed fullest +confidence in the new treasurer, who said in presenting her report: +"This has been a most interesting and beautiful year of activity for +the National Association. The officers and assistants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[Pg 442]</a></span> at the +headquarters have worked in perfect harmony. You have all, dear +presidents and members of the sixty-three affiliated associations, +been most kind to your new treasurer and she has deeply appreciated +your forbearance."</p> + +<p>The report of a temporary organization, the Volunteer League, was +given by its director, Mrs. Katharine Dexter McCormick. Its purpose +was to interest suffragists who were not connected with the +association and President Mary E. Woolley of Mt. Holyoke College, Mrs. +Robert Gould Shaw, Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., and Mrs. Winston +Churchill accepted places on the board. Letters were sent out, +avoiding the active workers, and over $2,000 were turned into the +treasury. The legal adviser, Miss Mary Rutter Towle, reported a final +accounting of the estate of Mrs. Lila Sabin Buckley of Kansas and the +association received the net amount of $9,551 on a compromise. The +legacy of $10,000 by Mrs. Mary J. Coggeshall of Iowa would be paid in +a few months.</p> + +<p>Charles T. Hallinan, as chairman, made a detailed report of the newly +organized Publicity Department. Miss Clara Savage, of the New York +<i>Evening Post</i>, was made chairman of the Press Bureau and Mrs. Laura +Puffer Morgan of Washington, D. C., a member of the Congressional +Committee, took charge of its publicity. Mrs. Ernest Thompson Seton +accepted the chairmanship of a special finance committee which did +heroic work. The <i>News Letter</i>, an enlarged bulletin of information +and discussion in regard to the activities of the association, had +already more than a thousand subscriptions and went to 116 weekly farm +papers, 99 weekly labor papers and 120 press chairmen and suffrage +editors. The report told of the successful publicity work for Dr. Shaw +and other speakers, and said: "I prize especially my relationship with +Dr. Shaw, whose courage, humor and zest, whose whole heroic +personality, have made this a stimulating and memorable year." An +amusing account was given of the effort "to accommodate the routine +activities of the organization to the demand of the press for +something new or sensational, which made great demands upon the +originality, initiative and judgment of both the board and the +publicity department," but it was managed about four times a week. The +Sunday papers "drew heavily<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[Pg 443]</a></span> upon the ingenuity of the publicity +department; special or feature stories were sent to special +localities; for instance those that would appeal to the Southerners to +the papers of the South, others to those of the West, and others were +prepared for the syndicates and press associations." Of a new and +important feature of the work Mr. Hallinan said: "The need of a +competent Data Department for the National Association was early +recognized but it seemed a difficult thing to manage on the budget +provided by the convention. It was finally decided that owing to the +pressure of the campaigns the money must be found somehow and it was. +In September the department was established on a temporary basis with +Mrs. Mary Sumner Boyd, formerly associate editor of <i>The Survey</i>, in +charge. She was admirably equipped for research work and soon got into +usable shape the valuable records of the national headquarters. +Sometimes the pressure upon the department for facts, including +'answers to antis,' was tremendous but there were few requests for +information which were not answered by mail or telegraph within 24 or +48 hours."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Boyd's own full report of her first year's work was heard with +much interest and satisfaction. In it she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The opponents of woman suffrage have by their criticisms made it +cover the whole field of human affairs, so it is not surprising +that the inquiries by correspondents of this department have +ranged from the moral standard of women to a request for +assistance in righting a personal wrong. Others come under main +headings of the progress of woman suffrage, both partial and +complete; the standing of women under the laws; the effect of +voting women on the character of legislation; the part they take +in political life and its reaction on their lives and characters; +statistics and facts in regard to the makeup of the population of +the various States; details in regard to State constitutions, +election laws and methods of voting on woman suffrage in the +various States.... What has become of late "stock" +anti-criticisms of some effects of the ballot has been thoroughly +investigated and "stock" answers prepared. Facts and figures from +official sources have been gathered to disprove the claim of +enforced jury duty, excessive cost of elections, lowered birth +rates and increased divorce rates in suffrage States. The results +of these studies have been surprisingly favorable to the suffrage +position, showing that in such criticisms the "antis" have been +ridiculously in the wrong. They have only been able to use this +line of argument at all because the suffragists have had no one +free to take the time to answer them once and for all with the +facts.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[Pg 444]</a></span></p> + +<p>At an important afternoon conference Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, who had +been chairman of the New York Campaign Committee during the effort for +a State amendment, made the opening address on The Revelations of +Recent Campaigns which shed a great deal of light on the causes of +defeat. She was followed by Mrs. Frank M. Roessing, who, as president +of the Pennsylvania association, had charge of the campaign in that +State, and Mrs. Gertrude Halliday Leonard, who was a leading factor in +the one in Massachusetts, both presenting constructive plans for those +of the future. Mrs. Raymond Brown, Mrs. Lillian Feickert, Mrs. Harriet +Taylor Upton and Mrs. Draper Smith, presidents of the New York, New +Jersey, Ohio and Nebraska associations, described the Need and Use of +Campaign Organization. Miss Mary Garrett Hay, chairman of the New York +City Campaign Committee, and Miss Hannah J. Patterson, chairman of the +Woman Suffrage Party of Pennsylvania, told from practical experience +How to Organize for a Campaign. The conference was continued through +the evening, Miss Alice Stone Blackwell, president of the +Massachusetts association, speaking on the Production and Use of +Campaign Literature; Mrs. John D. Davenport (Penn.) telling How to +Raise Campaign Funds in the County and Mrs. Mina Van Winkle (N. J.) +and Mrs. Maud Wood Park (Mass.) how to do so in the city. Mrs. Teresa +A. Crowley (Mass.) discussed the Political Work of Campaigns. Another +afternoon was devoted to a general conference of State presidents and +delegates on the subject of Future Campaigns. It was recognized that +these were henceforth to be of frequent occurrence and the association +must be better prepared for their demands.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Medill McCormick presided at the evening conference on Federal +Legislation and the speeches of all the delegates clearly showed that +they considered the work for the Federal Amendment paramount to all +else and the States won for suffrage simply as stepping stones to this +supreme achievement. Senator John F. Shafroth was on the platform and +answered conclusively many of the anti-suffrage misrepresentations as +to the effect of woman suffrage in Colorado. Every hour of days and +evenings was given to conferences, committee meetings, reports from +committees<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[Pg 445]</a></span> and States and the practical preparations for entering +upon what all felt was the last stage of the long contest. The +overshadowing event of the convention was Dr. Anna Howard Shaw's +retirement from the presidency, which she had held eleven years. The +delegates were not unprepared, as she had announced her intention in +the following brief letter published in the <i>Woman's Journal</i> Nov. 27, +1915:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>During the last year I have been increasingly conscious of the +growing response to the spoken word on behalf of this cause of +ours. Because of the unparalleled large audiences drawn to our +standard everywhere, I have become convinced that my highest +service to the suffrage movement can best be given if I am +relieved of the exacting duties of the presidency so that I may +be free to engage in campaign work, since each year brings its +quota of campaign States. Therefore, after careful consideration, +I have decided not to stand for re-election to the office of +president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. I +have deferred making this announcement until the campaigns were +ended, but now that it is time to consider the work for the +coming year, I feel it my duty to do so.</p></div> + +<p>The president's address of Dr. Shaw had long been the leading feature +of the conventions but this year it was heard with deeper interest +than ever before, if this were possible. Because every word was +significant she had written it and as it afterwards appeared in +pamphlet form it filled fourteen closely printed pages. It was a +masterly treatment of woman suffrage in its relation to many of the +great problems of the day and it seems a sacrilege to attempt to +convey by detached quotations an idea of its power and beauty. A large +part of it will be found in the Appendix to this chapter. She set +forth in the strongest possible words the necessity of a Federal +Amendment but said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>There is not a single reason given upon which to base a hope for +congressional action that does not rest upon the power and +influence to be derived from the equal suffrage States, which +power was secured by the slow but effective method of winning +State by State. If all our past and present successes in Congress +are due to the influence of enfranchised States, is it not safe +to assume that the future power must come from the same source +until it is sufficiently strong to insure a reasonable prospect +of national legislation? To transform this hope into fulfillment +we must follow several lines of campaign, each of which is +essential to success: 1. By continuing the appeal which for +thirty-seven years without cessation the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[Pg 446]</a></span> National Association +has made upon Congress to submit to the State Legislatures an +amendment enfranchising women and by using every just means +within our power to secure action upon it. 2. By Congressional +District organization, such as has been set in motion by our +National Congressional Committee and which has proved so +successful during the past year. 3. By the organization of +enfranchised women, who, through direct political activity in +their own States and within their own political parties may +become efficient factors in national conventions and in Congress. +4. By increasing the number of equal suffrage States through +referring a State amendment to the voters.</p></div> + +<p>The delegates were deeply moved by Dr. Shaw's closing words:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In laying down my responsibility as your president, there is one +subject upon which I wish to speak and I ask your patient +indulgence. If I were asked what has been the cause of most if +not all of the difficulties which have arisen in our work, I +would reply, a failure to recognize the obligations which loyalty +demands of the members of an association to its officers and to +its own expressed will. It is unquestionably the duty of the +members of an organization, when, after in convention assembled +certain measures are voted and certain duties laid upon its +officers, to uphold the officers in the performance of those +duties and to aid in every reasonable way to carry out the will +of the association as expressed by the convention. It is the duty +also of every officer or committee to carry out the will of the +association unless conditions subsequently arise to make this +injurious to its best interests.... Without loyalty, cooperation +and friendly, helpful support in her work no officer can +successfully perform her duty or worthily serve the best +interests of the association. I earnestly appeal to the members +of this body to give the incoming Board of Officers the loyalty +and helpful support which will greatly lighten their arduous task +of serving our cause and bringing it to final victory.</p> + +<p>In saying farewell to you as your president I find it impossible +to express my high appreciation and gratitude for your loyal +support, your unfailing kindness, your patience with my mistakes +and especially the affectionate regard you have shown me through +all these years of toil and achievement together. The memory of +your sacrifices for our cause, your devotion to our association +and your unwearied patience in disappointment and delay will give +to the remaining years of my life its crowning joy of happy +memories.</p></div> + +<p>The <i>Woman's Journal</i> said in its report: "On the table was a large +bouquet of roses from Speaker and Mrs. Champ Clark. When Dr. Shaw had +finished and received a great ovation, she said: 'My life has been one +of the happiest a woman ever lived. From the depths of my heart I +thank you. You have done more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[Pg 447]</a></span> for me than I have ever done for you.' +She unfastened a little pin on the front of her grey velvet gown and +held it up for all to see, saying: 'This is Miss Anthony's flag, which +she gave me just before she died. It was the gift of Wyoming women and +had four tiny diamonds on it for the four equal suffrage States; now +it has thirteen. Who says "suffrage is going and not coming"? We have +as many stars now as there were original States when the government +began.'" It was voted unanimously that the thanks of the convention be +extended to the president for her noble address and that it be ordered +printed. The tribute of the delegates came later in the week.</p> + +<p>The report of the Committee on Literature was made by its chairman, +Miss Caroline Ruutz-Rees, showing the usual careful selection of +valuable matter for publication. Two important compilations she had +made herself—Ten Extempore Answers to Questions by Dr. Shaw and +extracts from a number of her speeches, gleaned from scattered +reports; also an eloquent address made at Birmingham, Ala., the +preceding April. So little from Dr. Shaw existed in printed form that +these were very welcome. She urged the necessity for a library +covering the field of women's affairs, well catalogued and open to the +public. Miss Lavinia Engle's report as Field Secretary showed active +work, speaking and organizing in Alabama, West Virginia, New Jersey +and New York. Mrs. Funk's report as chairman of the Campaign and +Survey Committee described a vast amount of work before the New Jersey +campaign opened, including a series of twenty meetings addressed by +Senators and Representatives and a number of prominent women, and +others continuously through the summer with State and national +speakers. Dr. Shaw spoke at thirty of these meetings.</p> + +<p>In closing her report Miss Elizabeth Upham Yates, chairman of the +Committee on Presidential Suffrage, said: "In addition to the +beneficent consequences of women's vote in State and municipal +affairs, the number of votes in the electoral college that may be +determined by their ballots is of paramount political significance. By +their votes in twelve States, which have 91 presidential electors, +they might decide the presidency. Of these 91 electoral votes 62 come +from the States where constitutional<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[Pg 448]</a></span> amendments enfranchising women +have been obtained after repeated campaigns of inestimable cost and +exhaustive effort, while 29, nearly a third of the whole, were secured +simply by an act of the Illinois Legislature in giving the electoral +vote to women. Is it not good political tactics to proceed along the +lines of least resistance and bring our energies to bear upon +Legislatures for the measure most potent and at the same time most +easily procured?"</p> + +<p>Mrs. Mary E. Craigie, who, as chairman of the Church Work Committee, +had given such valuable service for years, told of the excellent work +of her State branches, especially that of New Jersey during the recent +campaign, whose chairman, Mrs. Mabel Farraday, had sent out hundreds +of letters with literature to the clergymen and reached thousands of +people at Ocean Grove and Asbury Park. She told of the encouragement +she had received in her month of preparatory work for the approaching +West Virginia campaign; the Ministerial Association of Wheeling had +invited her to address them and expressed a desire to help it; several +pastors turned over their regular meetings to her; the largest +Methodist church in the State, at Moundsville, holding a week of big +meetings, invited her to fill one entire evening with an address on +the Federal Suffrage Amendment. "More and more I am led to believe," +she said in closing, "that the most important work before the +suffragists today is church work, especially the organizing of the +Catholic women, that they will make their demands so emphatic the +church will see the wisdom of supporting the movement. The church work +is non-sectarian but it should also be omni-sectarian and our efforts +should be extended to include all churches and religious sects."</p> + +<p>The Congressional Committee had placed two departments of its work in +charge of Miss Ethel M. Smith, whose comprehensive report showed +beyond question their great value:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When the Congressional Committee was reorganized after the +Nashville convention two departments were given into my charge, +the congressional district organization work and the office +catalogue of information concerning members of Congress. The +Congressional plan, which had been launched but a year before, +had been adopted in many of the States but not in all. My first +step, therefore, was to urge by correspondence with the +presidents that this machinery be established or completed in +every State. On December<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[Pg 449]</a></span> 12 came the test as to how well this +had been done. The Rules Committee of the House reported the +Mondell amendment, which was to come to a vote January 12. I +wrote or telegraphed at once to every congressional chairman or +State president asking her to bring to bear all possible pressure +upon the individual members of Congress from her State. Those +States which had established this machinery were able at once to +send the call to the respective district chairmen and so on down +the line; the other States responded through their existing +machinery and the result was that thousands of letters and +telegrams poured into the offices of the Congressmen during the +four weeks. Meantime our lobby was busy interviewing the members +and the latest expressions obtained in each case were wired back +to the States, whose chairmen responded again.</p> + +<p>This interchange and cooperation were so effective that +Congressmen themselves complimented our "team work." But the real +proof of its value came after the vote was taken, when by +checking with our office records of the individual Congressmen we +found that many uncertain, noncommittal or almost unfriendly +members' attitude had so changed that they voted yes on the +amendment. Such a result could not fail to show, if proof had +been necessary, that the greatest need as well as the greatest +opportunity in national suffrage work for the future lay in +furthering to the last degree of completeness and efficiency the +organization of every State by congressional districts....</p> + +<p>At a distance from Washington it is difficult to know and easy to +lose sight of what a Representative does or stands for, so I +prepared special reports to the State congressional chairmen +whenever opportunity occurred. The first, and a most interesting +one, came when the vote was taken in the House on the National +Prohibition Amendment Dec. 22, 1914. This was just three weeks +before the vote on our own amendment and our catalogue showed a +large number of Congressmen who opposed us on the ground of +State's rights. The National Prohibition Amendment is obviously +as direct an assumption by the Federal Government of rights now +reposing in the States as could possibly be devised. I, +therefore, checked off the names of the State's rights +Congressmen who voted for it but probably would not vote for +national suffrage, and sent the list to our respective State +chairmen, urging that they call these Representatives' attention +to this inconsistency. It has been reported to me that this +argument proved effective with several of them and it is a fact +that after the suffrage vote was taken a number of the names on +our first list had to be removed because those men had voted +"aye" on suffrage. Seventy-two, however, in the final count, +voted <i>for</i> the National Prohibition Amendment but <i>against</i> +ours....</p> + +<p>In June I devised a special congressional district campaign which +would reach the members of Congress before they left their homes +to go to Washington. This was intended to impress them with the +strength of the suffrage sentiment in their districts and thus +deprive them of a favorite excuse for not voting for our +amendment. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[Pg 450]</a></span> plan called for congressional district meetings +all over the country on or about November 16 in every district +where the Representative was not already pledged to the Federal +Amendment. The call was sent to every congressional district +chairman and it requested that every local suffrage league send +as many delegates as possible to the meeting which would be held +in the city where the Senator or Representative lived. It was +urged that they be invited to attend the meetings and to speak +and that resolutions be adopted asking them to vote for the +amendment. It was a part of the plan to send these resolutions +also to the State Central Committees of the Republican and +Democratic parties, asking for suffrage planks on the State and +national platforms.... We received most cordial and widespread +cooperation in this work. I believe we can say that practically +every Senator and Representative returned to Washington this +session with the knowledge that behind him at home is an +organized demand for his favorable vote on the Federal Amendment.</p></div> + +<p>The usual pleasant social features of these conventions had been +eliminated and the only relaxation for the delegates was one large +evening reception in the New Willard Hotel. The National College Equal +Suffrage League held its annual luncheon on the 18th at the New Ebbitt +Hotel, Dr. M. Carey Thomas, president of Bryn Mawr College, presiding. +The guests were 225 women graduates of various colleges and the topic +of all the speeches was, "How to advance women suffrage by making +friends instead of enemies." The speakers included Dr. Shaw, Mrs. +Charles L. Tiffany, Mrs. Raymond Brown, Mrs. Medill McCormick, Miss +Florence Stiles, Mrs. Frank M. Roessing, Miss Hannah J. Patterson, +Mrs. Elizabeth Puffer Howes and Mrs. Laura Puffer Morgan.</p> + +<p>The convention sent a telegram of sympathy in her illness to Miss Jane +Addams. A special vote of thanks was tendered to Senators Charles S. +Thomas and John F. Shafroth and to Representative Edward T. Taylor, +all of Colorado, and to Representative Frank W. Mondell of Wyoming for +the very great assistance they had given to the Congressional +Committee. A cordial invitation came from the Chicago suffrage +headquarters for the delegates to accept its hospitality during the +National Republican Convention in June, 1916. Invitations for the next +convention were received from St. Louis, Little Rock and Atlantic +City.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Medill McCormick, chairman of the Congressional Committee,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[Pg 451]</a></span> +introduced Mrs. Antoinette Funk, its vice chairman, who told of the +strong and successful effort made to have the Committee on Rules +ignore the adverse action of the Democratic caucus and send the +resolution to the Lower House for action after the Judiciary Committee +had reported it without recommendation. The date finally set for the +debate in the House was Jan. 12, 1915. Her report was in part as +follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>From the moment the resolution was reported by the Judiciary +Committee the energies of the Congressional Committee were +directed toward the end of bringing out as large a favorable vote +as was humanly possible and all the members of the committee then +resident in Washington undertook some portion of the task. The +leaders of both sides of the House, Mr. Mondell for the +Republicans and Mr. Taylor for the Democrats, gave us their +heartiest support. Through them and through the courtesy of the +Speaker of the House, Mr. Champ Clark, we learned what members +would be recognized for speeches, and each man who had asked for +time or who had been asked to speak because of his locality or +for other reasons was interviewed. Our cooperation in the matter +of gathering up suffrage data and material was offered and freely +accepted. All suffrage literature known to us was brought in +large quantities into our office and assorted into sets bearing +upon the situation of the different Congressmen according to +their locality, political faith, etc. Every man known to be +favorable to us was urged to be in his seat on January 12 and +those of our friends who, we learned, would be unavoidably kept +away from Washington were written and telegraphed to arrange for +favorable pairs.</p> + +<p>Some time before the vote was taken the Congressional Committee +reported to the National Board that our minimum vote would be +168. In fact, 174 favorable votes were cast and 11 favorable +pairs were registered. The negative votes were 204....</p></div> + +<p>The favorable speeches of the Congressmen were put in form for the +campaign States and over a million and a half were circulated. The +report continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The amendment having been voted on in both Houses and direct work +in its behalf being definitely closed for that session the +Congressional Committee was increased by Miss Jeannette Rankin, +who, together with the vice-chairman, discussed with members of +the House and Senate the Shafroth amendment, then pending. No +effort was made to bring this measure forward for a vote but the +work of presenting the idea of a <i>national initiative</i> upon the +proposition of suffrage for the consideration of the members of +Congress was considered worth while. By many who disapproved of a +National Suffrage Amendment, this was regarded as a practical +method<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">[Pg 452]</a></span> of overcoming such obstacles as the State constitutions +had erected, thus making their amending easy and practicable.</p> + +<p>The Nashville convention had endorsed the Federal Elections Bill +and instructed the Board to advance it in every way possible. The +bill had been introduced in Congress through the Federal Society +represented by Mrs. Clara Bewick Colby and we consulted with her +as to the manner in which the National might be of greatest +assistance. It was extremely difficult to get favorable +consideration for it by individual Congressmen but the committee +recommends that it should receive the endorsement and support of +the National Association, although in its judgment it is a +measure that cannot be successfully concluded at an early date.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. McCormick reported in person on the use made by the committee of +the record of members of Congress. It was again voted that the plans +of the committee should be carried out in a State only when all its +societies were agreed but when they were not the Congressional +Committee should not work there. It also seemed to be the opinion of +the convention that States which were considering a campaign should +first consult the Survey Committee and show whether or not they were +prepared for it, and if the committee advised against it and they +persisted they should not expect any assistance from the National +Association. Miss Laura Clay was requested to explain the Federal +Elections Bill, which would enable women to vote for Senators and +Representatives, and would require only a majority vote of each house +for its adoption. Miss Clay was enthusiastically received and the +convention again requested the Board to take up this bill and press +its claims on Congress. Later the Executive Council passed a +resolution to do all in its power for Presidential suffrage.</p> + +<p>At a morning session of the convention on December 18 a motion was +passed that "last year's action in regard to the Shafroth Amendment be +rescinded." The following motion was then carried: "The National +American Woman Suffrage Association re-endorses the Susan B. Anthony +Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, for which it has been working +forty-five years, and no other amendment of the U. S. Constitution +dealing with National Woman Suffrage shall be introduced by it during +the coming year." The Minutes of the convention (page 43) say: "Miss +Shaw asked as a matter of personal privilege that she be permitted to +make a statement to the association with regard to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[Pg 453]</a></span> her attitude on +the Shafroth Amendment to the effect that she had been opposed to its +adoption and had voted against it but that when the Board by majority +vote adopted it she supported the Board in its decision; that the +longer she studied the question the more she approved of it but that +she felt the mistake made was in trying to work for it before the +women of the association had become informed as to its value and had +learned to believe in it." This was the end of the so-called Shafroth +Amendment, which had threatened to carry the old association on the +rocks. [See <a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">Chapter XIV</a>.]</p> + +<p>Another problem came before this convention—the policy of the +recently formed Congressional Union to adopt the method of the +"militant" branch of the English suffragists and hold the party in +power responsible for the failure to submit the Federal Suffrage +Amendment. They had gone into the equal suffrage States during the +congressional campaign of 1914 and fought the re-election of some of +the staunchest friends of this amendment, Senator Thomas of Colorado, +for instance, chairman of the Senate Committee which had reported it +favorably and a lifelong suffragist. The press and public not knowing +the difference between the two organizations were holding the National +American Association responsible and protests were coming from all +over the country. Some of the younger members, who did not know the +history and traditions of the old association, thought that there +should be cooperation between the two bodies. Both had lobbyists +actively working at the Capitol, members of Congress were confused and +there was a considerable feeling that some plan for united action +should be found. Miss Zona Gale, the writer, offered the following +motion, which was carried without objection: "Realizing that all +suffragists have a common cause at heart and that difference of +methods is inevitable, it is moved that an efficiency commission +consisting of five members be appointed by the Chair to confer with +representatives of the Congressional Union in order to bring about +cooperation with the maximum of efficiency for the successful passage +of the Susan B. Anthony Amendment at this session of Congress." The +Handbook of the convention (page 155) has the following:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">[Pg 454]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In accordance with the action of the convention, on the motion of +Miss Zona Gale, the president of the National American Woman +Suffrage Association appointed a committee of five consisting of +Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt of New York; Mrs. Medill McCormick of +Illinois; Mrs. Stanley McCormick of Massachusetts; Mrs. +Antoinette Funk of Illinois and Miss Hannah J. Patterson of +Pennsylvania, to confer with a similar committee from the +Congressional Union on the question of cooperation in +congressional action. These committees met at the New Willard on +December 17, Miss Alice Paul, Miss Lucy Burns, Mrs. Lawrence +Lewis, Miss Anne Martin and Mrs. Gilson Gardner being present as +representatives of the Congressional Union, all but Mrs. Lewis +(Penn.) of the District of Columbia.</p> + +<p>Its representatives made two suggestions: (1) That the +Congressional Union should affiliate with the National American +Woman Suffrage Association. (2) That in any event frequent +meetings for consultation should be held between the legislative +committees of the two in order to secure more united action.</p> + +<p>In the discussion of these suggestions it developed that at this +time the Congressional Union has no election policy and that its +future policy must depend on political situations. The Union +declares itself to be non-partisan according to its constitution, +which pledges its members to support suffrage regardless of the +interests of any national political parties. At this point the +report of the joint conference ends.</p> + +<p>The committee of five representing the National American +Association recommends that no affiliation shall take place +because it was made quite clear that the Congressional Union does +not denounce nor pledge itself not to resume what we term its +anti-party policy and what they designate as their election +policy; also because it is their intention, as announced by them, +to organize in all States in the Union for congressional work, +thus duplicating organizations already existing. Your committee +further recommends that the incoming board of officers give their +serious consideration to the suggestion of conferences with a +view to securing more united action in the lobby work in +Washington.</p></div> + +<p>At the conference Mrs. Catt explained to Miss Paul that the +association could not accept as an affiliated society one which was +likely to defy its policy held since its foundation in 1869, which was +neither to support nor oppose any political party, nor to work for or +against any candidate except as to his attitude toward woman suffrage. +Miss Paul would give no guarantee that the Congressional Union would +observe this policy. It was thought that some way of dividing the +lobby work might be found but in a short time the Union announced its +program of fighting the candidates<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">[Pg 455]</a></span> of the Democratic party without +any reference to their position on the Federal Amendment or their +record on woman suffrage. They offered as a reason that as the +Democratic party was in control of the Government it should have the +Federal Amendment submitted. There never was a time when the Democrats +had the necessary two-thirds of the members of each house of Congress, +but enough of them favored it so that it could have been carried if +enough of the Republicans had voted for it. It was plainly evident +that it would require the support of both parties. The policy of the +Congressional Union, put into action throughout the presidential +campaign of 1916, made any cooperation impossible.</p> + +<p>When in 1904 Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt had been obliged to resign the +presidency on account of impaired health it was most reluctantly +accepted by Dr. Shaw and only because Miss Anthony so earnestly +impressed it on her as a duty. She felt that her own great mission was +on the platform rather than in executive office and she preferred it; +besides there was no salary attached to the office and she was +dependent for her livelihood on her own efforts. Miss Anthony, Mrs. +Catt and others overcame all her objections and for eleven years she +had made almost superhuman efforts to fulfil her executive duties and +keep in the field a large part of the time, speaking from ocean to +ocean, from lakes to gulf, and every few years in European countries. +She was in constant demand and could hardly refuse an appeal. Only a +fine constitution and supreme will power enabled her to endure the +strain, and with it all her fund of humor was never exhausted and her +courage never faltered. There was a feeling, however, among some +members of the association that the movement had reached a stage when +she was more than ever needed to address the immense audiences which +everywhere now were hungry to hear the doctrines of woman suffrage; +and they felt also that the situation at present demanded an executive +at the head of the association who could give practically her entire +time to the vast demands for administrative work.</p> + +<p>Dr. Shaw had but one regret at laying down the heavy double burden, +which was that it was placed in her hands by Miss Anthony in her last +hour with the charge not to give it up until<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[Pg 456]</a></span> the final victory was +won. She knew, however, that Miss Anthony would be satisfied if Mrs. +Catt, an unsurpassed executive and organizer, would take it, and such +was the sentiment of a large majority of the delegates, but this she +positively refused to do. She was president of the International +Suffrage Alliance, which had branches in twenty-six countries, and as +most of them were in the very midst of the World War the United States +had to assume the entire responsibility of maintaining the London +headquarters and the official paper. New York State had decided to go +immediately into another amendment campaign and she had again assumed +the chairmanship and was pledged to the work. For several days she +resisted all pleadings until finally the ground was completely taken +out from under her feet. First, a few wealthy women guaranteed a fund +of $5,000 for the year's expenses of the International Alliance to +relieve her of that care. Then a number of delegates went to the New +York delegation of over fifty and labored with them to release her +from the chairmanship of the campaign committee, which, after an +exciting caucus, they reluctantly consented to do at a great +sacrifice, and finally the convention went to her in a body and laid +the fruits of their efforts at her feet and she surrendered.</p> + +<p>At the primaries 45 votes were cast for Mrs. Mina C. Van Winkle (N. +J.) principally by members of the Congressional Union who were in some +of the State delegations, but she withdrew her name. For other +officers the opposition that had been manifesting itself for several +years recorded from 41 to 77 votes out of 546, except that Mrs. Susan +W. Fitzgerald (Mass.) received 118 for recording secretary and Dr. +Katharine Bement Davis 141 for third vice-president but withdrew her +name. Others of the present board did not stand for re-election. Mrs. +Henry Wade Rogers was unanimously re-elected treasurer. The following +officers were elected: Mrs. Catt unanimously; Mrs. Frank M. Roessing +(Penn.), first vice-president; Mrs. Katherine Dexter McCormick +(Mass.), second; Miss Esther G. Ogden (N. J.), third; Miss Hannah J. +Patterson (Penn.), corresponding secretary; Mrs. James W. Morrison +(Ills.), recording secretary; Mrs. Walter McNab Miller (Mo.), first +auditor; Mrs. Pattie Ruffner Jacobs (Ala.), second. Dr. Shaw came in +from the hearing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">[Pg 457]</a></span> before the Judiciary Committee as the balloting was +about to begin, and as she took the chair she asked from the +convention the privilege of casting the first vote for Mrs. Catt, "the +woman who from the beginning has been my choice, the one who more than +any other I long to see occupy the position of your president."</p> + +<p>The afternoon session was a beautiful and memorable occasion. +Delegates knew there was "something in the air" when they entered the +ante-room and were asked to help themselves from the great quantities +of flowers on the tables and when they saw a uniformed brass band in +one end of the convention hall. Dr. Shaw was in the chair and at her +right and left were Mrs. George Howard Lewis of Buffalo and Mrs. Henry +Villard of New York, lovely, white-haired veterans in the cause. +Gathered about her on the platform were those who had been her nearest +associates during the many years of her presidency. The meeting was +called to order and Mrs. Raymond Brown on behalf of the New York +delegation presented a resolution of thanks to Dr. Shaw for the 204 +speeches made by her during the past year in that State and asked +unanimous consent of the convention for the adoption of a new by-law +to the constitution making her Honorary President of the association +with a seat on the Board.</p> + +<p>As the delegates answered with a rising vote the band broke forth with +patriotic airs and from a side room entered the national officers +followed by the State presidents and chairmen of standing committees. +Dr. Thomas, president of the National College League, bore a golden +laurel wreath on a blue velvet cushion and each of the officers a +large cornucopia filled with yellow blossoms. Mrs. James Lees Laidlaw +carried a long garland of flowers and the presidents had huge +bouquets. The procession marched entirely around the room with the +band playing and the audience singing. Dr. Thomas presented the laurel +wreath to Dr. Shaw "as a symbol of the triumphant work she had done +for the cause which the blue and gold represent." Mrs. Laidlaw placed +the garland about her neck saying, "With these flowers we bind thee to +us forever." The presidents came forward and laid their bouquets at +her feet until they were banked as high as the arms of her chair and +then all grouped themselves around<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">[Pg 458]</a></span> her. As she rose to speak the +whole audience sprang to their feet and commenced to shower her with +roses until she was almost lost to sight. Dr. Shaw was very pale and +her voice faltered in spite of her effort to control it but with the +old smile she said: "Men say women are too emotional to vote but when +we compare our emotions here today to theirs at political conventions +I prefer our kind. If this resolution means that I can still work for +suffrage I accept it gratefully and thank you for the opportunity but +under no consideration would I accept merely an honorary office. The +flowers are beautiful and I shall remember this hour as long as I live +but what will make my heart glad all my life is the love I know the +members of this association have for me."</p> + +<p>"The storm of roses ended in a rainbow with a pot of gold at its end," +said the report in the New York <i>Tribune</i>, "for President Thomas came +forward and announced that an annuity had been raised which would give +Dr. Shaw an income of $3,200 as long as she lived. 'This is in order' +she said, 'that you may work for suffrage every day without stopping +to think of finances, and every mill in the $30,000 represents a heart +you have won or a mind you have converted to woman suffrage.' To this +gift Mrs. Lewis added $1,500 to pay a year's salary to a secretary." +"I have always wanted to know how it feels to be a millionaire and now +I know," responded Dr. Shaw. "I cannot think what to say except that +I'm very happy."<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> The delegates cheered and the band played and +when the tumult ceased she turned to where Mrs. Catt sat at the very +back of the platform looking pale as herself and by no means so happy, +and taking her hand led her forward and presented her as the new +president of the association. Again there was a scene of great +enthusiasm and when it ceased Mrs. Catt said: "When I came to this +convention I had no more idea of accepting the presidency of this +association than I had of taking a trip to Kamtchatka. I will do my +best but because I am an unwilling victim and because you all know it +I think I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">[Pg 459]</a></span> have a right to exact a pledge from you—that if you have +any fault to find with my conduct or that of the Board you will bring +your complaint first to us. I ask all of you to work harder the coming +year than you have ever worked before. I cannot be otherwise than +deeply touched by the confidence you have placed in me. I promise you +to do my best not to disappoint you." The convention clearly +demonstrated its joy over her election and received cordially the new +officers as they were introduced.</p> + +<p>Miss Margaret Wilson was among those who showered Dr. Shaw with +flowers on Friday afternoon and she sat on the platform at the mass +meeting in Poli's Theater on Sunday afternoon. Secretary of the +Interior Lane, Senators Moses E. Clapp of Minnesota and Shafroth of +Colorado and many other officials and prominent men and women had +seats on the platform and a large audience was present. The Rev. U. G. +B. Pierce, of All Souls Unitarian Church, gave the invocation. Dr. +Shaw was in the chair and the speakers were Dudley Field Malone, +Collector of the Port of New York; Dr. Katharine Bement Davis, +Commissioner of Corrections of New York City, and Mrs. Catt. Dr. Davis +spoke with marked effect on the Reasonableness of Woman Suffrage. Mr. +Malone traced the extension of suffrage from the earliest to the +present time and showed that in seeking the right to vote American +women were asking nothing new. He spoke of "the million women in New +York State who have to go into the shop, the factory and the market +place each day to earn a living and support a home" and demanded the +vote for these women as a matter of justice. He scorned the idea of +woman's inferiority to man and said: "It is desirable to place in the +electorate every mature individual of brains, character, intelligence +and love of country to perpetuate American traditions and the American +idea of democracy. America today, facing the world problems of +infinite difficulty and variety, needs every element of moral force +and influence in the electorate which she can summon to her service, +for it may be that our country will be called upon before the world to +redeem the pledges made in behalf of democracy itself. The right of +suffrage involves the question of justice; the exercise of suffrage +raises it to one of ethics. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">[Pg 460]</a></span> question before the men of the +country is, Should the women have the suffrage and if they get it how +will they use it?"</p> + +<p>Here Mr. Malone could not resist the temptation to predict that the +vast majority would vote for military "preparedness," a burning +question at this time. This roused Mrs. Catt's resentment both because +it was contrary to her belief and because it was contrary to the +custom of the association to discuss political subjects. She largely +abandoned the rousing suffrage speech she intended to make in order +that Mr. Malone's assertion might not go out over the country with the +sanction of the association and said in beginning: "Behind +preparedness is a bigger thing—the right to maintain peace. Unless +this country carries a militant peace policy into the court of +nations, nobody will, and if we do not take a firm stand we ourselves +will soon be at war. It has been made clear to me in the last few +months that men are too belligerent to be trusted alone with +governments. The world needs woman's restraining hand. Man's instinct +has been militant since primitive times when it was his job to do the +hunting and fighting and woman's to do the work. Woman's instinct has +been to conserve and protect life. It is much easier to fight than to +make peace. We women would not allow our country to be made the door +mat for other nations but we would find a way to settle disputes +without killing fathers, husbands and sons."</p> + +<p>Dr. Shaw sustained firmly the position of Mrs. Catt, obtained a big +collection and sent the people home in a peaceful frame of mind by her +closing speech.</p> + +<p>Toward the close of the convention the following resolutions were +presented by the committee, Miss Alice Stone Blackwell, chairman, and +adopted:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, women already have the ballot in twelve States of the +Union and one Territory and in seven foreign countries, and the +trend of civilization the world over is toward enlarged rights +for women; therefore, be it</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Resolved</span>, That the National American Woman Suffrage Association, +in convention assembled, again calls upon Congress to submit to +the States the Constitutional Amendment providing for nation-wide +suffrage for women.</p> + +<p>We rejoice in the recent granting of full suffrage to women in +Denmark and Iceland; Municipal suffrage in South Africa and an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[Pg 461]</a></span> +enlarged local suffrage in the provinces of Canada and the States +of our Union....</p> + +<p>We express our heartfelt sympathy with the women of all countries +now suffering through the war and our earnest wish for the speedy +establishment of peace with justice. Since women must bear their +full share of all the burdens and sufferings of war they ought in +fairness to have a share in choosing those in high places who +settle the question of war or peace.</p> + +<p>The heroic work done for the sick and wounded by the women of +every land shows them to be worthy of the ballot, their right to +which Florence Nightingale declared to be an axiom, and their +plea for which has been endorsed almost unanimously by the +International Council of Nurses representing nine nations.</p> + +<p>The association reaffirms that its policy is non-partisan and +non-sectarian, opposing no political party as such and opposing +no candidate because of his party affiliations but judging every +candidate by his own attitude and record.</p> + +<p>We believe the home is the foundation of the State; we believe in +the sacredness of the marriage relationship, and further, we +believe that the ballot in the hands of women will strengthen the +power of the home and sustain the sacredness and dignity of +marriage; we denounce as gross slander statements made by the +enemies of woman suffrage that its advocates as a class entertain +opinions to the contrary.</p> + +<p>The thanks and appreciation of the association are tendered to +its retiring president, Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, for her long and +arduous service to this cause, her many labors and hardships and +her innumerable and powerful addresses, which have won adherents +to woman suffrage not only throughout the United States but in +foreign lands.</p> + +<p>We highly appreciate President Wilson's action in declaring in +favor of the principle of equal suffrage and in stating his +belief in the good results to be expected from its adoption.</p></div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>As the resolution to submit the Federal Suffrage Amendment to the +State Legislatures for ratification had been lost in the Senate and +House of the 63rd Congress it was necessary to begin again with the +64th. Usually the hearings before the committees of the two Houses +were held at the same time and the convention adjourned so the +delegates might be present but at this time the one for the National +American Association before the Senate was set for the morning of +December 15 and the one before the House for the following day. It +adjourned for the first one but as the second promised to be long +drawn out only a delegation went with Dr. Shaw and she returned to the +convention after she had made the opening speech.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[Pg 462]</a></span></p> + +<p>At the Senate hearings the chairman, Senator Charles S. Thomas (Col.), +presided and members present were Senators Hollis (N. H.); Clapp +(Minn.); Sutherland (Utah); Catron (N. M.); Jones (Wash.). The other +members, Senators Owen (Okla.) and Johnson (S. Dak.), were suffragists +and probably were out of town. Senator Catron was the only opponent. +Senator Ransdell was added to the committee the second day. On the +third day only Senators Hollis, Clapp, Sutherland and Jones attended. +The time was divided among the representatives of the National +Association, the Congressional Union and the National Anti-Suffrage +Association, the first taking from 10 to 12 o'clock Wednesday; the +second from 10 to 11:30 Thursday; the third from 2 to 3:15 Monday. The +joint resolution for the amendment had been introduced by Senators +Thomas and Sutherland.</p> + +<p>On the first day Chairman Thomas said: "This meeting of the Senate +Committee on Woman Suffrage is called at the instance of the National +Association of which Dr. Anna Howard Shaw is the honored president. +The hearing will be conducted under the auspices of that association +and by her direction. Dr. Shaw, we will be glad to hear you now." Dr. +Shaw said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>For thirty-seven years this amendment has been introduced and +re-introduced into the Congress by members who have been +favorable to our movement, or who have believed in the justice +and right of citizens to petition Congress and have that petition +heard. Last year we were permitted to address your body and we +rejoiced in the fact that a committee, which from the time of its +creation usually had been indifferent toward our subject, had now +been appointed with Senator Thomas, who from the very beginning +had seen the justice of the demand for woman suffrage, at the +head. This committee gave us great courage and hope, which were +fully justified in the fact that for the first time in twenty +years our resolution was reported out of committee and acted upon +in the Senate, receiving a majority vote but not the necessary +two-thirds. We come again with the same measure and again we +appeal to this committee, in the same terms as for all the past +years, for the women citizens of the United States who at every +call have responded as readily as the men in doing their duty and +serving their country. More and more the demand is being made by +ever-increasing groups of women that they shall directly share in +the Government of which they form a part. So we come to you today +with the same old measure but we come<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[Pg 463]</a></span> with greater hope than +ever before because we realize that back of you there are now in +many of the States constituencies of women.</p></div> + +<p>Dr. Shaw introduced Mrs. Pattie Ruffner Jacobs of Alabama, who quoted +from distinguished southern members of Congress on State's rights and +asked that these sentiments be applied to the National Amendment for +Woman Suffrage, saying in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>If this amendment is adopted it in no wise regulates or +interferes with any existing qualification for voting (except +sex) which the various State constitutions now exact. It leaves +all others to be determined by the various States through their +constitutional agencies. It is a fallacy to contend that to +prohibit discrimination on account of sex would involve the race +problem. The actual application of the principle in the South +would be to enfranchise a very large number of white women and +the same sort of negro women as of negro men now permitted to +exercise the privilege....</p> + +<p>However much these chivalrous gentlemen may wish it were so, that +southern women might truly be called roses and lilies which toil +not, they must know that their compliments do not provide equal +pay for equal service, which obtains in all the woman suffrage +States and that their flowers of speech do not help us secure a +co-guardianship law, which every suffrage State has and which is +non-existent in all southern States. The pedestal platitude +appeals less and less to the intelligence of southern women, who +are learning in increasing numbers that the assertion that they +are too good, too noble, too pure to vote, in reality brands them +as incompetents. It cannot be sugarcoated into any other +significance as long as we remain classed with idiots, criminals +and some of the negro men who also are disfranchised. As things +stand in the South an incentive is held out to the negro man to +become educated that he may meet the tests; to practice industry +and frugality and acquire property to meet the taxpaying +qualification; but no such incentive is held out to the white +women, who meet the insuperable barrier of sex at every turn +which might lead to progress....</p> + +<p>We women of the South today, while proud of our past do not live +in it. We wish to be proud of our present that we may look +forward with confidence to our future. We know that sectionalism +should have no place in our hearts or lives. This demand for +suffrage is not sectional, it has its adherents in every State +and in almost every town in every State. There is little or no +organized opposition in my part of the country but there are many +thousands of fine, thoughtful, forward-looking southern women +banded together seeking the removal of this last badge of +incompetency. For them there is no North or South but one great +nation, the interest of whose women is the same. We realize that +we are not different or better, we southern women, than the women +in Montana, Illinois, Maine or Massachusetts but are just human +beings as they are. We are not queens but political and +industrial serfs. We are not angels but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">[Pg 464]</a></span> our better natures, our +higher selves are becoming aroused by the needs of our common +humanity with a solidarity of purpose, a keenness of vision +unmarred by selfish motives.</p></div> + +<p>Miss Caroline Ruutz-Rees, head of the Rosemary School for Girls in +Greenwich, Conn., described the work of the National Suffrage +Association and its sixty-three auxiliaries in the many State +campaigns and the long effort for a Federal Amendment and said in +closing: "In its propaganda and campaigns the association has steadily +maintained a non-partisan attitude, endeavoring so far as it had power +to help the friends of suffrage and considering as antagonistic only +its opponents. It does not hold its friends responsible for the +failure of their party to pass its measures. It never forgets that it +may have to look for help in amending the State constitutions to the +adherents of a party unfriendly to a Federal Amendment. It believes in +educating the public until the demand for the enfranchisement of women +becomes so strong as to be irresistible. The enormous change of +opinion in that public within a few years inspires the association to +hope for the speedy conclusion of its labors."</p> + +<p>Mrs. George Bass, the well-known suffrage and political worker of +Chicago, said in the course of her remarks:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Women want the ballot because they need it in their business—the +business of being a woman—in the business that began when the +first man and the first woman commenced housekeeping in a cave.</p> + +<p>The duties of the man and the woman differentiated themselves at +that time and they have been differentiated ever since. The woman +as mother became the first artisan because she had to clothe the +children. She became the first doctor because she had to treat +the ills that came to those children of hers and to the man who +lived by her side. She had to invent tools; she was the first +farmer. Man and his duties and his responsibilities have been the +same from that time to this. He brought in to her the slain +animal which she transmuted into food and changed into clothing. +He was the protector, and the first government that grew up about +that first home considered only the problems of offense and +defense. As the governments of the world became more stable, as +they developed, they still centered about war, offense and +defense.... Woman still is the mother of the race but what of the +home? It has become socialized and the spinning wheel is in the +attic and millions of women are standing at the great looms of +this country. The women are in the shops, the factories, the +offices, everywhere that modern industrialism is extending +itself. The school has been socialized and the children are by +the thousands in the schools.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[Pg 465]</a></span></p> + +<p>Mrs. Bass then strikingly illustrated how the business of being a +woman now took women to legislative bodies in the interest of the +State's dependent children, of the women in the industries, of the +so-called fallen women, and showed how fatally handicapped all were +without the power of the ballot.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Medill McCormick, chairman of the Congressional Committee of the +association, sent a comprehensive report of the vast work it had done +in district organization throughout the States and the evident +influence this had exerted on Congress. Dr. Shaw introduced Mrs. +Carrie Chapman Catt, president of the International Woman Suffrage +Alliance, who made the principal address, a searching and +comprehensive review of the methods by which men had obtained the +ballot compared to those which had been used by women and showed the +many requirements made of the latter which were entirely omitted in +the case of men. She took the four recent campaigns in Massachusetts, +New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania as the basis of her masterly +address, which will be found in the Appendix of this chapter. At the +end of it she said: "It was twenty-two years ago that I had the +privilege and pleasure of standing upon the same platform with the +chairman of this committee when he made an eloquent appeal to the +citizens of Colorado for the women there and many said that his speech +turned the tide and gave women the vote. I hope that he and every +member will not only make a favorable report but will do more—will +follow that report on the floor of the Senate and work for it and +immortalize themselves while freeing us from the humiliation and the +burden of this struggle."</p> + +<p>The hearing was closed by Dr. Shaw with a strong and convincing +argument to show that "if nothing entered into the life of the homes +of this nation except what came through State action it might be said +that only the State should decide who should vote but since the women +are as much affected by the acts of Congress as are the men, this +becomes a national question." She drew a striking picture of +conditions among the nations of Europe where the war was raging; of +how "women in our own country every morning scanned the papers to see +whether we were nearer with the rising sun than we were with the +setting sun of the day before to connections with the Old World which +will plunge us<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[Pg 466]</a></span> into the war." She took up the questions of tariff and +of prohibition, asked if women should not have a vote on these and the +other great national issues before the country and concluded: "I only +wish that the woman whose name is so closely associated with this +amendment—Susan B. Anthony—might have lived to see this committee as +it exists today instead of having passed away before it was composed +of members of the character of those before whom we now come to +present our cause."</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>At the hearing of the Congressional Union the following day, Senator +Thomas, chairman of the committee, was present but refused to preside, +as the leaders of the Union had gone to Colorado during the recent +campaign and spoken and worked, though unsuccessfully, against his +re-election. Senator Sutherland took the chair. It was conducted by +the vice-president of the Union, Miss Anne Martin. "One of our chief +purposes in asking this hearing," she said, "is to bring before you +not only the ethical importance but the political urgency of settling +this question of national suffrage for women. At present the thought +and strength of large numbers of them throughout the country are +absorbed by this campaign to secure fundamental justice, which +prevents their giving assistance in matters vitally affecting the +interests of the men, women and children of the nation." There would +be five-minute speeches, she said, until the last half hour, which +would be divided between the envoys of the women voters' convention in +San Francisco during the past summer.<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></p> + +<p>Most of the speeches were crisp and clever and well fortified with +facts and figures to prove the advantage of a Federal Amendment over +State amendments in securing universal woman suffrage. The two +"envoys" were Miss Frances Jolliffe and Mrs. Sara Bard Field of +California, who started in an automobile from the grounds of the +Exposition in San Francisco to motor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[Pg 467]</a></span> to Washington to present to +Congress a petition which had been collected during the Fair and to do +propaganda work on the way. The former made only part of the trip in +the car but Mrs. Field completed the entire 3,000 miles. Both made +excellent addresses.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>Senator Hollis occupied the chair at the hearing of the National +Anti-Suffrage Association December 20. Its president, Mrs. Arthur M. +Dodge, introduced the speakers, saying: "We appear before you to urge +that you do not report this resolution to the Senate because we +believe very earnestly that it is a question which should be taken to +the States to be voted on by the electorates and not submitted to the +Legislatures." Mrs. M. C. Talbot, secretary of the Maryland +Anti-Suffrage Association, read a paper prepared by the Hon. John W. +Foster, a strong argument against a Federal Amendment but without a +word of opposition to the granting of woman suffrage by the States. +The other speakers were Miss Florence H. Hall, publicity chairman of +the Pennsylvania Association; Mrs. George P. White, a member of its +executive board; Miss Lucy J. Price, secretary of the Cleveland, O., +branch; Mrs. A. J. George (Mass.), executive secretary of the National +Congressional Committee. They were trained speakers and their side of +the question was well presented. It was heard by the Senate Committee +without interruption except on one point. Miss Hall said: "On waves of +Populism, Mormonism, insurgency and Socialism ten States have been +added to the pioneer State of Wyoming and are recognizing the suffrage +flag." When she had finished the following colloquy took place:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Senator Sutherland. I do not ordinarily like to inject anything +into these hearings, but one statement has been made by the last +speaker which I do not think I ought to let go without making a +suggestion in regard to it. If I understood her correctly she +insists that Mormonism has had something to do with the granting +of woman suffrage in the ten States in which it has been granted. +I want to say that in California, Oregon, Washington and Kansas, +taking those four States which are the largest in which suffrage +has been granted, the Mormon population and Mormon vote are +practically negligible.</p> + +<p>Miss Hall. I did not base it on that. I said Mormonism, Populism, +Socialism and insurgency brought suffrage along with them.</p> + +<p>Senator Sutherland. There is only one State in all of these, so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[Pg 468]</a></span> +far as I know, where Mormons are in the majority and that is in +my own State of Utah. There are comparatively few in Colorado, +probably not more than a thousand altogether in the entire +population, and their numbers are practically negligible in the +other States.</p> + +<p>Miss Hall. How about Idaho? Forty per cent. there.</p> + +<p>Senator Sutherland. I think perhaps there are twenty-five per +cent. There are probably 400 or 500 in the State of Nevada. In +Arizona I do not know just what the percentage is but there are a +number of Mormon voters there.</p> + +<p>Miss Hall. I would refer the committee to Senator Cannon's recent +letter on that question, where he names eleven States——</p> + +<p>Senator Sutherland (interposing). I know that claim has been made +but I undertake to say that it is utterly without foundation. I +speak in regard to this matter with just as much knowledge as Mr. +Cannon or anybody else.</p> + +<p>Senator Jones. It is without foundation, so far as the State of +Washington is concerned.</p> + +<p>Senator Sutherland. While I am not a member of the Mormon Church +and never have been, I have lived in that section practically all +my life and it is not correct to say that such a situation as has +been described prevails in those States.</p> + +<p>Miss Hall. I thought I had pretty good authority for making that +statement and I think I could produce the evidence to show it.</p> + +<p>Senator Sutherland. I would be surprised if you could produce any +evidence whatever to substantiate that statement.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. George, who spoke last, came to the rescue of Miss Hall and this +dialogue occurred:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mrs. George. I am confident that the speaker only meant to imply +that woman suffrage has always been a radical movement and that +where Mormonism did exist it helped on suffrage....</p> + +<p>Senator Sutherland. As a matter of fact, the Mormon Church and +the Mormon people are not radical. They are conservative and in +some instances almost ultra conservative....</p> + +<p>Mrs. George. They may be conservative along certain lines but we +do look upon the Mormon Church as advocating certain social +measures which seem to us radical.</p> + +<p>Senator Sutherland. I will grant you that in the past there have +been some things that you and I would not agree with, but from a +very careful observation of events I can say to you with perfect +confidence in the truth of what I say, that that sort of thing +has passed away.</p> + +<p>Mrs. George. May I say un-American, if you object to the word +"radical"?</p> + +<p>Senator Sutherland. I object to the word "un-American" much more +strongly because the Mormon people are not un-American. They are +good citizens, among the best in this country.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. George concluded her address to the committee with these words: +"These are grave times. Questions of international relationships,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">[Pg 469]</a></span> of +preparedness, of the national defense, of finance, are vexing the +wisest minds. Is it a time to further the propaganda of this new crop +of hyphenated Americans—Suffrage-Americans—who place their +propaganda above every need of the country?"</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>With the women of eleven States now eligible to vote for all +candidates at the general election of 1916 and the large number in +Illinois possessing the Presidential franchise woman suffrage had +become a leading issue. Most of the House Judiciary Committee of +twenty-one members, including the chairman, Edwin Y. Webb of North +Carolina, an immovable opponent, were present at the hearing on +December 16 and they faced sixteen speakers for the Federal Amendment +and twelve opposed. Three hours were granted to the former, divided +between the National American Association and the Congressional Union, +and two hours to the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage. +Dr. Shaw opened the hearing by referring to the thirty-seven years +that had seen the leaders of her association pleading with Congress +for favorable action on this amendment and introduced Mrs. Carrie +Chapman Catt, president of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, +comprising twenty-six nations.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Committee, I fear that the +hearings before this Judiciary Committee have become in the eyes +and understanding of many of the members a rather perfunctory +affair which you have to endure. May I remind you that since the +last hearing something new has happened in the United States and +that is that more than a million men have voted for woman +suffrage in four of the most conservative States of the East? I +consider that that big vote presents to this committee a mandate +for action which was never presented before. There are those, +doubtless, who will say that this is a question of State rights. +I have been studying Congressmen for a good many years and I have +discovered that when a man believes in woman suffrage it is a +national question and when he does not believe in it he says it +is a question for the States....</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Catt told of the prominent educator who was sent from Belgium to +investigate the working of woman suffrage in the United States and +after he had made a visit to the States where<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[Pg 470]</a></span> it existed he summed up +the result by saying: "I am convinced in favor in my mind but my heart +is still opposed." "There are members of this committee," she said, +"who are governed by their hearts instead of their heads," and she +continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Gentlemen, this movement has grown bigger and stronger as the +years have passed by until today millions of women are asking in +all the States for the vote. The president of Cornell University, +Dr. Schurman, said that his reason for now aggressively +advocating woman suffrage was because he had discovered in +studying history that it was never good for a government to have +a restless and dissatisfied class; he had made up his mind that +the women of the nation did think that they had a grievance, +whether they had or not, and he believed that a government was +stronger and safer when grievances were relieved.</p> + +<p>A few days before the election in order to show that the women +wanted to vote there was a parade in New York City and 20,000 +marched up Fifth Avenue, among them a great number of public +school teachers of the city, 12,000 of whom had contributed to +our campaign funds. These women deal with the most difficult +problems; they are teaching all that the new-coming people know +of citizenship and they were asking their own share in that +citizenship. A man whose name is known to every one of you was +sitting at the window of a clubhouse watching the women pass hour +after hour until at last this great group of teachers, sixteen +abreast, marched by with their banners. He looked out upon them +and do you think he said, "I am convinced that the women of New +York do want to vote and I will help them?" That is what an +honorable American citizen, an open-minded man, would have said. +Instead he exclaimed: "My God! I never realized what a menace the +woman suffrage movement is to this country; we have got to do +something next Tuesday to keep the women from getting the vote."</p> + +<p>There is not a man on this committee or in this House who can +produce a single argument against woman suffrage that will hold +water, and the thing that is rousing the women of this land +continually and making them realize that our Government visits +upon us a daily injustice is that the doors of our ports are left +wide open and the men of all the nations on earth are permitted +to enter and receive the franchise. In New York City women must +ask for it in twenty-four languages....</p></div> + +<p>Walter M. Chandler of New York City, a member of the committee, asked +Mrs. Catt if she thought a Representative should vote against the +mandate of his district, which in his case had given a majority of +2,000 against a State amendment in November, although he himself had +spoken and voted for it. A spirited dialogue followed which filled +several pages of the printed report,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">[Pg 471]</a></span> Mrs. Catt insisting that he +should stand by the broad principle of justice and Mr. Chandler +equally insistent that he must represent his constituents. As Dr. Shaw +rose to return to the convention Mr. Carlin of Virginia said: "Dr. +Shaw, would you mind explaining to this committee the essential +difference between this organization known as the National Woman +Suffrage Association and the Congressional Union? There is a great +deal of confusion among the members of the committee as to just what +is the difference between them," and she answered:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It is, perhaps, like two different political parties, which +believe in different procedure. The National Woman Suffrage +Association has two fundamental ideas—to secure the suffrage +through State and national constitutions—and we appeal both to +Congress and to the States. The Congressional Union, as I +understand it, appeals only to the Congress. Another essential +difference is that the policy of the Union is to hold the party +in power responsible for the acts of Congress, whether they are +acts of that party by itself or of the whole Congress. They +follow a partisan method of attacking the political party in +power, whether the members of it are friendly to the +woman-suffrage movement or not. For instance, Senator Thomas of +Colorado, Senator Chamberlain of Oregon and other Senators and +Representatives who have always been favorable to our movement +and have aided us all the way along, have been attacked by this +Union not because of their personal attitude toward our question +but because of the attitude of their party. The National Suffrage +Association pursues a non-partisan method, attacking no political +party. If we could defeat a member of any political party who +persistently opposed our measure we would do it, whether in the +Republican or the Democratic or any other, but would never hold +any party responsible for the acts of its individual members.</p></div> + +<p>Many other questions were asked, the committee seeming incredulous +that suffragists would fight the re-election of their friends. The +next speaker was Miss Alice Stone Blackwell whose address consisted in +a solid array of facts and figures that were absolutely unanswerable. +As the daughter of Lucy Stone and editor of the <i>Woman's Journal</i> from +girlhood she was fortified beyond all others with information as to +the progress of woman suffrage; the connection of the liquor interests +with its many defeats; the statistics of the votes that had been taken +and all phases of the subject. Mrs. Harriet Stokes Thompson, an +educator and social worker of Chicago, said in part:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">[Pg 472]</a></span></p><div class="blockquot"><p>I wish to make my appeal this morning to both your intellect and +your sympathies when I speak to you in behalf of the nine million +women who are out today assuming their part in the industrial +world. These women who are working in the shops and factories +have simply followed the evolution of industry. It is not that +they have entered into man's work at all, because they are doing +what they formerly did in their homes, and I am asking today that +you give to them power to protect themselves. Those girls working +there now are the mothers of the generation to come and that they +may be well protected in their hours of labor, in the conditions +under which they work, that they may become mothers of healthy +children in the future, we are asking that they may speak with +authority through legislative chambers.... I wish to appeal to +you, too, for another large group of women, the teachers of the +United States. I myself am one of those who stand before the +children of this great nation day after day. The teachers should +be made citizens in order that they may keep both the letter and +the spirit of this democratic country in their teachings. I have +lived in my own State to know the difference in the spirit with +which you teach citizenship when you yourself are a citizen. A +slave cannot teach freedom, cannot comprehend the spirit of +freedom; neither can a woman who is not a citizen comprehend the +spirit of true citizenship. The teachers of Illinois since they +were enfranchised have come to their work with a new life, a new +zest and a new responsibility and we expect to send the boys out +with a finer appreciation of what it means to render public +service to a whole community and not a fraction of it. We also +recognize the fact that our men are feeling that in every good +work which they undertake a great help has been given to them.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. George Bass, whose address is quoted in the report of the Senate +hearing in this chapter, gave a valuable résumé of the civic and legal +reforms which already the women of Illinois had been able to +accomplish with their votes and answered a number of questions. Miss +Ruutz-Rees spoke along the lines of her speech before the Senate +Committee, as did Mrs. Pattie Ruffner Jacobs, who made a strong appeal +in the name of southern women for the Federal Amendment. She was +subjected to a crossfire of questions from the southern members and +Chairman Webb asked the question which many times afterwards came back +to plague him: "Do you not think that as soon as you have a big enough +majority of women in Alabama who want suffrage you will get it from +the State and that you ought not come here bothering Congress about +something that it should not, under our form of government, take +jurisdiction of?" She answered: "I am very regretful that you have +been bothered." During the questions and answers that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">[Pg 473]</a></span> followed Mrs. +Jacobs brought forward the unjust laws of South Carolina and Alabama +for working women and for all women and said: "The southern man still +prefers to think of the southern women as the sheltered, protected +beings he would like to have them and he does not realize that now +they are the exploited class." Representatives Whaley of South +Carolina and Tribble of Georgia denied her statements and afterwards +put into the Record statistics attempting to disprove them.</p> + +<p>In the paper presented by Mrs. Medill McCormick, chairman of the +Congressional Committee, she showed the excellent work that had been +done by its branches organized in the congressional districts; the +pressure on members of Congress by their constituents; the favorable +resolutions that had been passed by organizations and meetings +representing hundreds of thousands and closed: "I wonder whether you +gentlemen of the committee have computed the number of votes that are +now behind the woman suffrage movement in this country? I do not mean +the votes of women in the equal suffrage States alone, I mean the +popular voting strength as shown at the polls all over the country. +Nearly 1,250,000 votes were cast for woman suffrage in New York, +Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Massachusetts this fall. Nearly 800,000 +were cast in Ohio, Missouri, the Dakotas and Nebraska last fall, +besides the popular vote of the equal suffrage States and Illinois. +The total of these figures from twenty-one States is 6,400,000—that +is, 191,000 more than were cast for President Wilson in forty-eight +States. Would Congress fail to recognize such voting strength upon any +other issue?</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>The rest of the time was given to the Congressional Union, its +chairman, Miss Alice Paul, presiding. The speakers were Mrs. Andreas +Ueland, president of the Minnesota Suffrage Association; Miss Mabel +Vernon of Nevada; Mrs. Jennie Law Hardy, an Australian residing in +Michigan; Mrs. Florence Bayard Hilles of Delaware; Miss Helen Todd, +Miss Frances Jolliffe and Mrs. Sara Bard Field of California. The +first two speakers proceeded without interruption but when Mrs. Hardy +said that by marrying in the United States she found herself +disfranchised, the committee woke up. After questioning her on this +point Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">[Pg 474]</a></span> Steele of Pennsylvania asked her how she accounted for the +large defeat the second time the suffrage amendment was submitted in +Michigan and she answered: "I account for it partly by the fact that +this was the only State having a campaign that year and the whole +opposition was centered there. The liquor interests themselves +admitted that they spent a million dollars to defeat it."</p> + +<p>The address of Mrs. Hilles also brought out a flood of questions, +which, with the answers made by Miss Paul, filled four printed pages +of the official report. They began with requests for information about +the difficulties of amending State constitutions but soon centered on +the campaign of the Union against the Democrats in 1914 and this line +was followed throughout the rest of the hearing, the Federal Amendment +being largely lost sight of. The members showed deep personal +resentment. For example:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Taggart (Kan.). Your organization spent a lot of time and +money trying to defeat men on this committee that you are now +before, did it not?</p> + +<p>Miss Paul. We went out into the suffrage States and told the +women voters what was done to the suffrage amendment by the last +Congress.</p> + +<p>Mr. Taggart. We have before us a joint suffrage resolution by Mr. +Taylor of Colorado. You tried to defeat him, did you not?</p> + +<p>Miss Paul. The suffrage amendment was not brought to a vote in +the House until after we went to the West.</p> + +<p>Mr. Taggart. You tried to defeat the man in the House who +presented this resolution which you are having hearings for, did +you not?</p> + +<p>Miss Paul. What we did was to go to the Rules Committee, a +Democratic committee, to ask that this measure be reported out +and brought to a vote; when the committee had refused to do this +we went out into the suffrage States of the West and told the +women voters how the bill was being blocked at Washington. As +soon as we did that they stopped blocking and the bill was +brought up before the House for the first time in history.</p> + +<p>Mr. Taggart. That was after the election?</p> + +<p>Miss Paul. Yes.</p> + +<p>Mr. Taggart. You are aware that more Democrats voted for it than +men of any other party?</p> + +<p>Miss Paul. We are aware that the Democrats met in caucus and +decided that woman suffrage should not be brought up in the House +and after we went out into the West they brought it up. We went<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">[Pg 475]</a></span> +out to tell the women voters about the way some of their +Representatives were treating the matter.</p> + +<p>Mr. Taggart. And with this result—that in the suffrage State of +Colorado Senator Thomas, a Democrat, was re-elected to succeed +himself; in the suffrage State of Arizona, Senator Smith, a +Democrat, was re-elected to succeed himself; in the suffrage +State of California a Democrat was elected to succeed a +Republican; in the suffrage State of Washington the House was +reinforced by one Democrat, and in the suffrage State of Utah and +in the suffrage State of Kansas Democrats were elected to +reinforce the party. One Democrat only, Mr. Seldomridge of +Colorado, was defeated, for the reason, he says, that his +district has been gerrymandered; nevertheless, he came and voted +for the amendment on the floor of the House. Why should you take +such an interest in defeating Democratic Congressmen and +Senators?</p></div> + +<p>Miss Paul persisted that all the favorable action taken by Congress +after the election of 1914 was because they campaigned against the +Democrats, ignoring the fact that Nevada and Montana had enfranchised +their women at that election and public sentiment was veering so +rapidly in favor of woman suffrage as to compel both parties to regard +it as a political issue. After the opening sentences of Miss Todd's +speech it became a heated dialogue between her and the members of the +committee.</p> + +<p>Miss Paul said in introducing Miss Frances Jolliffe: "She is a strong +Democrat who campaigned for President Wilson and Senator Phelan and is +one of the envoys sent by the women's convention in San Francisco, at +which there were present 10,000 people who bade her 'Godspeed' on this +journey."<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> The beginning of her speech was as follows: "I am here +as a messenger from the women voters of the West. Perhaps first I +should offer my apologies to the minority for appearing at all; for, +gentlemen, I did my level best to defeat the Republican candidate for +the Senate last year and I think I did a good deal to defeat him when +I went before the women and told them they could not send back——"</p> + +<p>Mr. Volstead spoke quickly saying: "Will you pardon me an +interruption? Was that the pay you gave the Republicans for giving you +almost as many votes in the House as the Democrats gave you, and that +despite the fact that the Democrats had a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">[Pg 476]</a></span> two-thirds majority in the +House? That is, less than one-half of the vote in favor of your +proposition came from the Democrats and more than five out of every +six who voted against it were Democrats." The controversy kept up and +when Mrs. Sara Bard Field, the other "envoy," commenced her speech she +begged that she might finish it without interruption. Toward the +close, however, the hearing became a free-for-all debating society, +the discussion filling seven pages of the official report. Miss Paul's +closing remarks caused the debate to be continued through another six +pages. "Can you tell me what will be in the platform of the Democratic +party in 1916?" she asked Chairman Webb. "I can tell you one plank +that will not be in it and that is a plank in favor of woman +suffrage," he answered. The retorts of the women were clever but both +Republican and Democratic members of the committee were very much out +of humor and not in a very good frame of mind to make a favorable +report.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>The hearing of the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage +followed immediately. Its president, Mrs. Arthur M. Dodge, said in +opening their hearing: "We have come here today to ask you as a +committee not to report this bill favorably to the House, because we +consider that, in the first place, it is a question of State's rights. +In the second place we consider that the women, as represented by +their men—good, bad and indifferent, honest or venal—should be heard +through the men who represent them at the present time and whom the +majority of women are still perfectly willing to have represent them." +She then showed how much larger the majorities were which had voted +against woman suffrage than for it. The speakers were Miss Emily P. +Bissell of Delaware; Mrs. O. D. Oliphant of the New Jersey +association; Mrs. James Wells of the Texas association; Miss Lucy J. +Price of the Cleveland branch; Mrs. A. J. George of the Massachusetts +association. The Judiciary Committee was in an argumentative mood and +began with Mrs. Dodge as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Dyer (Mo.). What is the position of your organization with +reference to the question of whether or not women should have the +right to vote at all? Are you in favor of women voting?</p> + +<p>Mrs. Dodge. We are in opposition to woman suffrage generally.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">[Pg 477]</a></span> We +have never opposed women voting in school matters; we think that +is a perfectly legitimate line for them to vote upon. The only +trouble is they do not vote upon those questions where +authorized; only two per cent. of them do so.</p> + +<p>Mr. Dyer. That is as far as you want them to go?</p> + +<p>Mrs. Dodge. Yes; that is a perfectly legitimate line for them, we +have always taken that position from the first, but that does not +mean that women are to be drawn into politics and government and +we only draw the line at their taking part in politics and +government.</p> + +<p>Mr. Dyer. I understand your position is that you favor submitting +this question to the States directly.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Dodge. Yes. We have always rather inclined to the idea that +it should be submitted to the women themselves.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> ...</p> + +<p>Mr. Taggart. Would you say that it was just to require a woman to +pay the income tax demanded by the government and then deny her +the right to any voice as to who should be the Representative +that voted that tax on her?</p> + +<p>Mrs. Dodge. I certainly should. I have paid taxes in five States +myself. I feel that I am entirely protected—that is what the tax +is for. I think that taxpaying men are just as capable of taking +care of my rights as of their own and I feel that I am justified +in saying that the men can quite as well look after that which +ought to be and is their business as I can.</p></div> + +<p>Mr. Taggart asked: "Why should the women of Kansas have the vote when +it is denied to those of other States who need it as much or more?" +Mrs. Dodge answered: "We think the men in Kansas did not quite know +what they were doing when they gave it to women and a great many +thousands of women there wish they had not done so." "You are then +opposed to having a State grant suffrage to its own women?" he asked. +"Not at all," she replied. "Then why do you say the men did not know +what they were about?" "I do not know whether a majority or a minority +of the voters desired it," she said. "Well, it was a very large +majority and I have never heard a regret expressed in the State that +it was done," responded Mr. Taggart.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Oliphant was held up because after saying that the women did not +want the suffrage she argued against a Federal Amendment because if +the women got it it would be very difficult to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">[Pg 478]</a></span> repeal it. Mr. Graham +(Penn.) rushed to her relief by saying: "The line of thought is that +20 States, holding a minority of the population of the United States +might pass this National Amendment over the protest of the larger +States with the greater population." His attention was called by one +of the committee to the fact that it would require 36 States. Mrs. +Wells kept reminding the committee that she was an inexperienced +speaker and knew nothing about politics but said: "I am a Catholic and +a Democrat. I claim no knowledge of northern women but I cannot +understand how southern women—I speak for them—can so far forget the +memory of Thomas Jefferson and State's rights as to insist on having a +minority of men in Congress pass this constitutional amendment against +our desire." She was reminded that it required two-thirds of each +House. She then told of opposing a suffrage resolution in the Texas +Legislature some years before but neglected to tell of opposing one +for prohibition also. Asked if women did not vote at school elections +in Texas she answered: "I do not know because I know nothing about +politics."</p> + +<p>Miss Price was a shrewd speaker and guarded her position but before +she had finished the members of the committee themselves were making +speeches for or against woman suffrage. The speech of Mrs. George of +Massachusetts with its statistics filled fifteen closely printed pages +of the stenographic report. It was an argument for State's rights +which would have done credit to the most extreme southerner and she +protected her defenses against the volley of questions that were kept +up until time for the committee to adjourn.</p> + +<p>The anti-suffragists had wisely refrained this year from bringing any +of their male advocates but the latter did not intend to be left out +and they obtained a hearing six weeks later on February 1. Franklin +Carter, secretary of the Man Suffrage Association of New York City, +told the committee he could "get through in half an hour," which was +granted. He consumed over an hour, the official report showing that +after the first few sentences there were not more than three or four +without an interruption from the committee and the "heckling" +continued through seventeen interesting printed pages. Mr. Carter, who +said he received a salary of $100 a month and had expended between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[Pg 479]</a></span> +$6,000 and $7,000 during the recent New York amendment campaign, was +at last obliged to submit what he had to say in the form of a "brief," +which filled six closely printed pages. He was followed by Paul +Littlefield representing the Men's Campaign Committee of the +Pennsylvania Women's Anti-Suffrage Association. His experience was +more disconcerting than that of Mr. Carter, who had freely stated the +expenditures of his association and his own salary while Mr. +Littlefield refused any information on these and other points. He +brought a message from Mrs. Horace Brock, president of the +association, saying: "The women of our State trust the men to +legislate wisely and justly for them, and the ideas of chivalry which +have existed for a thousand years are the great bulwark surrounding +and protecting women, upon which, because of their lack of physical +strength, they must rely for safety and happiness." His grilling +filled twelve printed pages of the report. Mr. Stone asked permission +to get a "brief" from the chairman of the Massachusetts Man Suffrage +Association, Robert Turner, which would clear up many matters. His own +recollection was that the expenditures of that association in the 1915 +campaign were $54,000. Mr. Littlefield then relented and said that the +Pennsylvania men's committee spent $20,000 on the campaign. Mr. +Turner's "brief" of 5,000 words was afterwards submitted but did not +mention expenditures.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Call: In the long years of work for equal suffrage none +has been so crowded with self-sacrificing labor for the cause as this +one and no year so significant of its early ultimate triumph. As we +issue this Call four great campaigns for equal suffrage are in +progress in four eastern States. Thousands of women are working with +voice and pen and tens of thousands are contributing in time and money +to win political freedom for women in these States. Other States are +rapidly preparing for active campaigns in 1916. At the same time the +National Association is putting forth the strongest efforts to win +nation-wide suffrage through the passage of its historic Amendment to +the Constitution of the United States. +</p><p> +We shall come together at this, our forty-seventh annual convention, +larger in numbers, more united in spirit and effort, more assured of +early success than ever before....and, with renewed zeal and +inspiration, rejoicing that the long struggle for the new freedom for +women is nearing an end. Public opinion for equal suffrage has +increased a hundredfold in this fateful year. It seems borne in upon +the most conservative that it is only a matter of time when +nation-wide political freedom will be granted to women as an +inevitable outcome of our democracy and the last step in the great +experiment of self-government.... +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="authors" summary="authors"> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anna Howard Shaw</span>, President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Katharine Dexter McCormick</span>, First Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Nellie Nugent Somerville</span>, Second Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Katharine Bement Davis</span>, Third Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Nellie Sawyer Clark</span>, Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Susan Walker Fitzgerald</span>, Recording Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Emma Winner Rogers</span>, Treasurer.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Helen Guthrie Miller</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Auditors.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Ruth Hanna McCormick</span>,</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Although Dr. Shaw was but sixty-eight years old and in +perfect health she afterwards asked the custodians of this +fund—George Foster Peabody, James Lees Laidlaw and Norman de R. +Whitehouse, New York bankers—to hold it in trust, paying her only the +annuity each year and giving her the right to dispose of it at her +death in some way to advance the cause of woman suffrage, which was +done.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> The speakers were Mrs. William Spencer Murray, +secretary of the Women's Political Union of Connecticut; Mrs. Annie G. +Porritt, press chairman of the Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association; +Mrs. Dana Durand of Minnesota; Miss Julia Hurlburt, vice-chairman of +the Women's Political Union of New Jersey; Mrs. Agnes Jenks, president +of the Rhode Island W. S. A.; Mrs. Alden H. Potter, chairman of the +Congressional Union in Minnesota; Mrs. Glendower Evans, member of the +Minimum Wage Commission of Massachusetts; Mrs. R. H. Ashbaugh, +president of the Michigan Federation of Women's Clubs; Mrs. James +Rector, vice-chairman of the C. U. of Ohio; Mrs. Cyrus Mead of the +Ohio C. U.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> The automobile started from the Exposition and there +were possibly more than that many people on the grounds. As its +departure had been widely advertised and was made a spectacular event +a large crowd was at the gate.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> For the last twenty years the members of the +Anti-Suffrage Association had appeared regularly before committees of +Legislatures in various States to oppose the submission of the +question to the voters, picturing the injury it would be to the +community and to the women. They had never in any State made the +slightest effort to have it submitted to women themselves. The School +suffrage was granted in most of the States before they had any +organization but they went before a committee in the New York +Legislature to oppose women on school boards.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">[Pg 480]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI.</h2> + +<h3>NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1916.</h3> + + +<p>The year 1916 marked a turning point in the sixty-year-old struggle +for woman suffrage. Large delegations of women had attended the +Republican and Democratic National Conventions during the summer and +for the first time each of them had put into its platform an +unequivocal declaration in favor of suffrage for women; the +Progressive, Socialist and Prohibition platforms contained similar +planks, the last three declaring for a Federal Amendment. It had +become one of the leading political issues of the day and a subject of +nation-wide interest. The president of the National American Woman +Suffrage Association, Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, quickly recognized the +situation and saw that its official action must not be deferred until +the usual time for its annual convention which would be after the +presidential elections, therefore the Board of Officers issued a call +for an Emergency Convention to meet in Atlantic City, N. J., Sept. +4-10, 1916.<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[Pg 481]</a></span> The members throughout the country were much +surprised but welcomed the opportunity to visit this beautiful ocean +resort. The headquarters were in the famous Hotel Marlborough-Blenheim +and after the first day the sessions were held in the large New Nixon +Theater on the Board Walk.</p> + +<p>After two days of executive meetings the Forty-eighth annual +convention opened the morning of September 6 in the handsome St. +Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church, granted by the trustees and pastor, +with an invocation by the latter, the Rev. A. H. Lucas. Mayor Harry +Backarach gave a cordial address of welcome, ending by presenting to +Mrs. Catt, who was in the chair, a huge "key to the city and to our +hearts" tied with ribbons of blue and gold, the colors of the +association. Members of the Board made their official reports at this +and other meetings and all were valuable and interesting but space +permits only a brief mention of most of them. Miss Hannah J. Patterson +(Penn.), corresponding secretary and chairman of organization, told of +the division of the national work into six departments with a national +officer at the head of each and of moving the national headquarters +from 505 Fifth Avenue, corner of 42nd Street, New York, where they had +been since 1909, into much larger offices at 171 Madison Avenue, +corner of 33rd Street. An entire floor was rented with 3,800 square +feet of space, nearly 1,000 more than in the old location. The +Publishing Company took part of this, the association retaining ten +rooms. Miss Patterson told of the thorough organization work being +done under fourteen organizers, who had covered twelve States. She +spoke of the need of training schools for organizers and told of the +value of combining all departments, data, literature, publishing, +organizing, etc., under headquarters management.</p> + +<p>Miss Esther G. Ogden (N. J.), third vice-president and head of the +Publishing Company, told of doing field work in Colorado and +California to interest their women in the demonstrations which were +being planned for the political conventions. She spoke of the large +correspondence in connection with the trip of the little "golden +flier," saying:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>This tour was undertaken by Miss Alice Burke and Miss Nell +Richardson, who left New York April 6 to make a circuit of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">[Pg 482]</a></span> +United States in the interest of the National Association and the +cause of suffrage. The Saxon Motor Company donated the car, while +the association arranged for entertainment for Miss Burke and +Miss Richardson along the route and for expenses over and above +the collections taken at their meetings, of which they have held +one a day in the closely settled States. They reached San +Francisco early in June and are now on their way east. From each +State through which they have passed we have had appreciative +letters of their endurance and courage as automobilists and of +their worth as public speakers. They have suffered actual +privations crossing the desert and more recently in the Bad Lands +of the northwest. They were on the Mexican border during the +raids and their car had to be pulled out of rivers during the +floods; their courage has never faltered and they have given +another proof of the well-known fact that you can't discourage a +suffragist. They set out to make a circuit of the United States +with the same determination that we all have set out to win our +enfranchisement and they will not give up until the circuit is +made. So far nineteen States have been included in the itinerary +and it is planned to cover six more. The newspaper publicity has +been nation-wide....</p></div> + +<p>Later Miss Ogden made her report for the National Woman Suffrage +Publishing Company. "We exist," she said, "for two purposes—to serve +the suffrage cause throughout the country and to prove that we can +serve that cause and also develop a successful business." She spoke of +the devoted office staff, under the business manager, Miss Anna De +Baun, who had made personal sacrifices again and again when necessary.</p> + +<p>The report of the recording secretary, Mrs. Mary Foulke Morrisson +(Ills.), to whom had been entrusted the organization of the great +parade of suffragists during the National Republican Convention in +Chicago and especially its financing, stated that $6,699 had been +raised by the State and Chicago Equal Suffrage Associations; $200 by +the Chicago Political Equality League and some hundreds of dollars by +local leagues and individuals. She paid high tribute to the unwearying +work of Mrs. Medill McCormick, who, speaking and organizing in the +city and outlying towns "won the support of whole sections of the +community that had hitherto been utterly indifferent." Mrs. Morrisson +herself had spoken fifty times in the interest of the parade in +Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Iowa and the Mississippi Valley Conference.</p> + +<p>The report of the national treasurer, Mrs. Henry Wade Rogers, was +received with much appreciation of her money-getting ability<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">[Pg 483]</a></span> and +satisfactory accounting. The total receipts for the year were $81,863 +and the close of the fiscal year found a balance on hand of $8,869. +The largest contributions had been $500 each from the State +associations of Illinois, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey and +Pennsylvania. The National College Equal Suffrage League gave $450. +The expenditures in round numbers were: Headquarters, including +salaries, expenses of conventions, etc., $16,531; publicity, $9,096; +National Congressional Committee, $4,676; publishing <i>News Letter</i>, +$982; contributions to campaigns, $21,131; demonstrations, +organization, etc., $20,000.</p> + +<p>In commenting Mrs. Rogers said: "Nothing to my mind indicates so +vividly the progress of equal suffrage as the comparative ease with +which the largest budget in the history of the National Association +was pledged and most of it paid by August 25, and the fact that an +excess of that budget amounting to many thousands of dollars has been +raised three months before the usual convention date. 'Money talks' +and it is saying this year: 'No cause in which I could be used appeals +to me as does this fundamental one of enfranchising women, of opening +the door to let them enter and help to make a more Christian +civilization.' Literally we have had only to ask and it has been given +unto us. Scores and hundreds of women in sending their generous gifts +have said: 'Would that my check were ten times as large!' The +wonderful spirit of kindliness and ardent desire to cooperate have +touched the treasurer's heart deeply and made the work of the passing +year a real joy. I am confident that all necessary funds for suffrage +expenditures—national, State and local—can be raised, even to a +million dollars, if more systematic work is done on the financial side +in the States...." Mrs. Rogers outlined the business methods that +should be used and expressed her obligations to her committee of fifty +on finance for their helpful support.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Walter McNab Miller (Mo.), first auditor, in the report of her +field work told of days, weeks and months spent in visiting cities +from New York to St. Louis, holding conferences and meetings and +writing hundreds of letters to raise money and arrange for the +demonstration to be held in St. Louis during the Democratic National +Convention—the "walkless parade," to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">[Pg 484]</a></span> which the Missouri Suffrage +Association contributed nearly $2,000. She attended State suffrage and +political conventions and the biennial of the General Federation of +Women's Clubs in New York. "And then came Chicago," the report said, +"with its exciting surge, its march in the rain and its near-victory +plank, followed by St. Louis with its 'golden lane' of suffragists and +a plank a little less pleasing; another trip to Indianapolis with our +Chief—and the most momentous June in suffrage history was over." The +report told of the journey to Cheyenne to attend the Council of Women +Voters; the addresses of the present Democratic Governor Kendrick and +the former Republican Governor and U. S. Senator Carey; the two days +at the State University in Laramie, "the guest of one of the +best-known suffragists in the State, Professor Grace Raymond Hebard"; +the visit in Denver, "asking questions and being interviewed." "All of +this," she said, "sent me back firmly convinced that the western women +want to help us in our battle and only wait for a definite program of +work."</p> + +<p>The second auditor, Mrs. Pattie Ruffner Jacobs (Ala.), in the report +of her field work showed an equally full schedule. She had been +present at every board meeting but one, of which she was notified too +late; as a member of the Congressional Committee had assisted with the +lobby work in Washington; had attended a three-days' State conference +in Nashville and spoken three times; the Mississippi State convention +and spoken twice; spoken in Savannah and Asheville and at the May-day +celebration of the Nashville League; attended the Chicago and St. +Louis demonstrations and spent the intervening times in raising the +money to meet her pledge of $2,000 for her State to the National +Association.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Katharine Dexter McCormick, chairman of the Press Department, +stated that this was largely a nominal position, as the practical work +was done by professionals and would be related in the report from the +Publicity department. The reports of the national officers were +concluded by that of Mrs. Catt, chairman of the Campaign and Survey +Committee, a new feature of the association. It began: "For the +purpose of making a survey of suffrage conditions throughout the +nation, either an officer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">[Pg 485]</a></span> of the National Board or some person or +persons representing the Board have visited nearly every State in the +Union. I have myself visited twenty-three States; Miss Hauser and Miss +Walker visited nine enfranchised States; Mrs. Miller, Mrs. Jacobs, +Mrs. Morrisson and Mrs. Rogers have each visited several; Mrs. +Roessing and Miss Patterson have made a number of trips to West +Virginia. Our chief motive was to learn conditions. To corroborate our +impressions questionnaires were sent to all the State associations in +January and again in July. As a result of the information obtained the +National Board is convinced that our movement has reached a crisis +which if recognized will open the way to a speedy and final victory."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt expressed the belief that in the future a better +understanding between national and State boards would be possible and +spoke of the visits of herself and other national officers to West +Virginia and South Dakota, where woman suffrage amendments would be +voted on in November. She then took up the case of Iowa, where one had +been defeated the past June, and made an analysis of a situation which +had existed here and in nearly all States where defeats had taken +place as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When the present Board came into office, Iowa was in campaign and +but a few months remained for work. In January I met with the +State Board and we counselled together concerning the needs of +the campaign; later I met with it on three different occasions +and gave one month to speaking in the State. The National Board +contributed $5,000 to the campaign from the legacy of Mary J. +Coggeshall of Iowa and gave one organizer from January 1 until +the vote was taken. It also sent speakers and workers toward the +end of the campaign. The various States contributed generously +through the national treasury.</p> + +<p>The campaign came up splendidly at the last. Men, I believe, +supported it more earnestly than they have done in other States. +One of the best press bureaus any State has had, under the +direction of Mrs. Rose Lawless Geyer, was at work for some +months. The able president, Miss Flora Dunlap, gave all her time +and ability. There were many brilliant forays which were truly +effective, but nothing could overcome a weakness which has +appeared in every campaign and that is the inability of +newly-formed, untrained committees to put speakers and workers to +the best use. It will be the case in every campaign that, near +the end, weak spots must be reinforced by outside experienced +workers. Another difficulty was that money-raising was left to +the close of the campaign when all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[Pg 486]</a></span> the efforts of workers were +demanded by other duties. This has been the trouble in most +States. The lesson we must learn is that at the beginning a +money-raising plan must be formed and carried out and pledges +must be made to cover the major portion of the cost before the +real campaign is begun. Toward the close there are many things +which ought to be done but are left undone for want of money. +State committees grow timid because they do not see the money in +sight and naturally trim their budgets to the point which renders +defeat inevitable.</p> + +<p>Iowa, like every other State, showed opposition from the "wets," +tricks of politicians and the rounding up of every drunkard and +outcast to vote against the amendment. The unprecedented result +was that 35,000 more votes were cast on the suffrage proposition +than on the Governor. This could only have been brought about by +inducements of some sort which were made to the lowest elements +of the population. This story differs in coloring and detail with +each campaign but varies little as to general fact. It must be +borne in mind and our campaigns must be so good that these +purchasable and controllable elements will be outvoted.</p> + +<p>A number of men worked against the amendment in Iowa and men are +working at this time in South Dakota and West Virginia. Who +employs or pays these men we have never been able to discover. +Their ordinary method is to secure strictly private meetings of +men only, where they spread the basest of untruths. All past +campaigns point to the necessity of waging those of the future +with a distinct understanding that the worst elements of the +population will be lined up by this unscrupulous, well-supported, +combined opposition of men and of women. The women appeal to the +respectable elements of the community; the men make little +pretense in this direction. There is a sure alliance between the +two.</p></div> + +<p>The first public session was held Thursday afternoon and the delegates +looked forward with keen enjoyment to the "three-cornered debate" on +what had become a paramount question. Mrs. Catt was in the chair. Each +leader was to have ten minutes and her second five minutes to speak in +the affirmative only; when the six had presented their arguments there +was to be free discussion from the floor, and, after all who had +wished had spoken, each leader would have ten minutes to answer the +opposition to her point of view. The program was as follows:</p> + +<p>Shall the National American Woman Suffrage Association drop work on +the Federal Amendment and confine its activities to State legislation? +Leader, Miss Laura Clay, Kentucky; second, Miss Kate Gordon, +Louisiana.</p> + +<p>Shall the National American Woman Suffrage Association<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[Pg 487]</a></span> drop work for +State Referenda and concentrate on the Federal Amendment? Leader, Mrs. +Ida Husted Harper, New York; second, Mrs. Glendower Evans, +Massachusetts.</p> + +<p>Shall the present policy of the National American Woman Suffrage +Association to work for woman suffrage "by appropriate National and +State legislation" be continued? Leader, Mrs. Raymond Brown, New York; +second, Miss Florence Allen, Ohio.</p> + +<p>The alternative amendments to the constitution will then be put: I. To +strike out the words "National and." II. To strike out the words "and +State." If both are lost, the constitution will remain as it is and +the National American Woman Suffrage Association will stand pledged to +both Federal and State campaigns.</p> + +<p>The speakers presented their arguments with great earnestness; the +discussion was vigorously carried on and the rebuttals were made with +much spirit. By request the honorary president, Dr. Shaw, who was +sitting on the platform, closed the debate and she strongly urged that +there should be no change in the policy of the association. The +convention voted overwhelmingly in favor of continuing to work for +both National and State constitutional amendments, nearly all of the +southern delegates joining in this vote. Mrs. Harper then rose to a +question of personal privilege and said that she should consider it a +great calamity for the association to discontinue its work for State +amendments and that she only took the opposite side at the urgent +request of Mrs. Catt, with the promise that she should be permitted to +make this explanation. Mrs. Evans made a similar statement and the +audience, which had been mystified by their position, had a hearty +laugh. This debate and the vote of the convention restored the +association to its position of standing for the original Federal +Suffrage Amendment and working for amendments of State constitutions +as a means to this end.</p> + +<p>In the evening a brilliant reception for the officers and delegates +was given in the large drawing-room of the Marlborough-Blenheim by the +Atlantic City Woman Suffrage Club and the New Jersey State +Association.</p> + +<p>The convention was opened in the New Nixon Theater Thursday morning +with prayer by the Rev. Thomas J. Cross, pastor of the Chelsea Baptist +Church, and much routine business was disposed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[Pg 488]</a></span> of. The constitution +was changed so as to exclude from membership all organizations not in +harmony with the policy of the association and the term of the +officers was extended from one to two years. A unique program was +carried out in the afternoon under the direction of the second +vice-president, Mrs. Katharine Dexter McCormick—The Handicapped +States, a Concrete Lesson in Constitutions. The States whose +constitutions practically could not be amended were grouped under +these heads: The Impossibles; The Insuperables; The Inexecutables; The +Improbables; The Indubitables; The Inexcusables; The Irreproachables. +Each group was represented by one or more women who quoted from the +constitutions. It was intended as an object lesson to show the +necessity for a Federal Amendment.</p> + +<p>At 3:30 Mrs. Catt began her president's address before an audience +that filled the large theater and listened with intense interest until +the last word was spoken at five o'clock. It was a masterly review of +the movement for woman suffrage and a program for the work now +necessary to bring it to a successful end. The opening sentences were +as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I have taken for my subject, "The Crisis," because I believe that +a crisis has come in our movement which, if recognized and the +opportunity seized with vigor, enthusiasm and will, means the +final victory of our great cause in the very near future. I am +aware that some suffragists do not share in this belief; they see +no signs nor symptoms today which were not present yesterday; no +manifestations in the year 1916 which differ significantly from +those in the year 1910. To them, the movement has been a steady, +normal growth from the beginning and must so continue until the +end. I can only defend my claim with the plea that it is better +to imagine a crisis where none exists than to fail to recognize +one when it comes, for a crisis is a culmination of events which +calls for new considerations and new decisions. A failure to +answer the call may mean an opportunity lost, a possible victory +postponed....</p></div> + +<p>This address, coming at the moment when woman suffrage was accepted as +inevitable by the President of the United States and all the political +parties, was regarded as the key-note of the beginning of a campaign +which would end in victory. In pamphlet form it was used as a highly +valued campaign document.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt showed the impossibility of securing suffrage for all the +women of the country by the State method and pointed out<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">[Pg 489]</a></span> that the +Federal Amendment was the one and only way. "Our cause has been caught +in a snarl of constitutional obstructions and inadequate election +laws," she said, after drawing upon her own experience to show the +hazards of State referenda, and we have a right to appeal to our +Congress to extricate it from this tangle. If there is any chivalry +left this is the time for it to come forward and do an act of simple +justice. In my judgment the women of this land not only have the right +to sit on the steps of Congress until it acts but it is their +self-respecting duty to insist upon their enfranchisement by that +route.... Were there never another convert made there are suffragists +enough in this country, if combined, to make so irresistible a driving +force that victory might be seized at once. How can it be done? By a +simple change of mental attitude. If you are to seize the victory, +that change must take place in this hall, here and now. The crisis is +here, but if the call goes unheeded, if our women think it means the +vote without a struggle, if they think other women can and will pay +the price of their emancipation, the hour may pass and our political +liberty may not be won.... The character of a man is measured by his +will. The same is true of a movement. Then <i>will</i> to be free." The +address made a deep impression and was accepted as a call to arms.</p> + +<p>Throughout the convention open-air meetings were held on the Boardwalk +addressed by popular suffrage speakers and thousands in the great +crowds that throng this noted thoroughfare were interested listeners. +The Friday morning session was enlivened by a resolution offered by +Mrs. Raymond Robins, which said that this Emergency Convention had +been called to plan for the final steps which would lead to +nation-wide enfranchisement of women; that the method of amending +State constitutions meant long delay; that many national candidates in +all parties had declared in favor of a Federal Amendment, and +therefore the delegates in this convention urged that in the present +campaign suffragists should support for national office only those +candidates who pledged their support to this amendment. The delegates +quickly recognized that this meant to endorse Judge Charles Evans +Hughes for president, although President Wilson was to address the +convention that evening. Party feeling ran high<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">[Pg 490]</a></span> but still stronger +was the determination of the convention that the association should +not depart from its policy of absolute non-partisanship. Motions were +made and amendments offered and the discussion raged for two hours. +Dr. Shaw spoke strongly against the resolution and finally it was +defeated by a large majority. Later Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch of +Chicago offered a resolution which after several amendments read: "We +re-affirm our non-partisan attitude concerning national political +parties but this policy does not preclude the right of any member to +work against any candidate who opposes woman suffrage, nor shall it +refer to the personal attitude of enfranchised women." This was +carried enthusiastically. A resolution by Mrs. J. Claude Bedford +(Penn.) for a vigorous publicity campaign to make clear the +association's non-partisan policy was passed.</p> + +<p>There had been such marked increase of public opinion in favor of +woman suffrage in the southern States and so many of their able women +had come into the association that a "Dixie evening" had been +arranged. Mrs. Catt presided and the following program was presented: +Master Words—Mrs. Minnie Fisher Cunningham, president Texas Woman +Suffrage Association; Kentucky and Her Constitution—Mrs. Thomas +Jefferson Smith, president Kentucky Equal Rights Association; The +Evolution of Woman—Mrs. Eugene Reilley, vice-president General +Federation of Women's Clubs and vice-president North Carolina Woman +Suffrage Association; Progress of Today and Traditions of +Yesterday—Mrs. Edward McGehee, president Mississippi Federation of +Women's Clubs; For Woman Herself—Mrs. Lila Mead Valentine, president +Virginia Equal Suffrage League; The Southern Temperament as Related to +Woman Suffrage—Mrs. Guilford Dudley, president Tennessee Equal +Suffrage Association, Inc.; Real Americanism—Mrs. T. T. Cotnam, +vice-president Arkansas Woman Suffrage Association. Southern women +have a natural gift of oratory and the audience was delightfully +entertained. But three of these addresses were published and space can +be given only to brief extracts.</p> + +<p>"There is in America today," Mrs. Cotnam said, "a large class of +people who are restless and dissatisfied and are smarting under the +injustice of being governed without their consent. This is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">[Pg 491]</a></span> a class +with the blood of the Pilgrim mothers in their veins—of those who +cheerfully endured untold hardships as the price of liberty; a class +with the blood of the Revolutionary fathers in their veins—of those +who gave their lives that their children might be free; a class who +are the rightful joint heirs with all the people of the United States +of the heritage of freedom but whose inheritance after 140 years is +still kept 'in trust.'" She referred to the anxiety of Congress "to +make the Filipinos a self-governing people after only a few years of +American tutelage while 140 years have not been enough to equip +American women for self-government," and said: "Political leaders say +America is 'the waymark of all people seeking liberty' and yet +one-half of the American people have never known liberty. They promise +justice to the oppressed of every land who are seeking refuge and +practice injustice against one-half of those whose homes have always +been here. Every citizen of the United States is jealous of her +standing among the nations and just now each political party is +claiming to be the only worthy custodian of national honor. It is with +amazement we read the arraignment of one party by another and note +that in no instance have they taken each other to task for injustice +to American women which violates the fundamental principle of +democracy, 'Equal rights for all, special privileges to none.' ... +Americanism—it stands for the recognition of the equality of men and +women before the law of man as they are equal before the law of God. +Americanism—it stands for truth triumphant. Americanism—it will find +its full realization when men and women meet upon a plane of equal +rights with a united desire to maintain peace, to guard the nation's +honor, to advance prosperity and to secure the happiness of the +people."</p> + +<p>"We are a race of dreamers in the South by choice and because of +climatic conditions," said Mrs. Guilford Dudley in an eloquent +address. After a keenly sarcastic comparison between southern chivalry +and the unjust laws for women, and the observation that "the only +business a southern girl is taught is the business of hearts," she +said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As long as it was a question of woman's rights; as long as the +fight had any appearance of being against man; as long as there +seemed to be a vestige of sex antagonism, the southern woman<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">[Pg 492]</a></span> +stood with her back turned squarely toward the cause. She +wouldn't even turn around to look at it, she would have none of +it, but when she awoke slowly to a social consciousness, when +eyes and brain were at last free, after a terrible reconstruction +period, to look out upon the world as a whole; when she found +particularly among the more fortunate classes that her leisure +had come to mean laziness; when she realized that through the +changed conditions of modern life so much of her work had been +taken out of the home, leaving her to choose between following it +into the world or remaining idle; when with a clearer vision she +saw that her help in governmental affairs, especially where they +touched her own interests, was much needed—right about face she +turned and said to the southern man: "I don't wish to usurp your +place in government but it is time I had my own. I don't complain +of the way you have conducted your part of the business but my +part has been either badly managed or not managed at all. In the +past you have not shown yourself averse to accepting my help in +very serious matters; my courage and fortitude and wisdom you +have continually praised. Now that there is a closer connection +between the government and the home than ever before in the +history of the world, I ask that you will let me help you."</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Dudley described the effect of the demand for woman suffrage on +the politicians, on the men who feared they would be "reformed," on +the sentimentalists, and then she paid tribute to the broad-minded, +justice-loving men who encouraged the women in their new aspirations +and concluded: "So you see not only the southern woman but the +southern man is now awake and present conditions strongly indicate +that before another year has passed we will have some form of suffrage +for the woman of Tennessee.... We have had a vision—a vision of a +time when a woman's home will be the whole wide world, her children +all those whose feet are bare and her sisters all who need a helping +hand; a vision of a new knighthood, a new chivalry, when men will not +only fight for women but for the rights of women."</p> + +<p>The plea of Mrs. Valentine for a higher womanhood should be given in +full but an idea at least can be gained by a quotation:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>If I were asked to give one reason above all others for +advocating the enfranchisement of women I should unhesitatingly +reply, "The necessity for the complete development of woman as a +prerequisite for the highest development of the race." Just so +long as woman remains under guardianship, as if she were a minor +or an incompetent—just so long as she passively accepts at the +hands of men conditions, usages, laws, as if they were decrees of +Providence—just so long as she is deprived of the educative +responsibilities of self-government—by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">[Pg 493]</a></span> just so much does she +fall short of complete development as a human being and retard +the progress of the race. We are the children of our mothers as +well as of our fathers and we inherit the defects as well as the +perfections of both. Many a man goes down in his business—is a +"failure in life," as the phrase goes—because he is the son of +an undeveloped mother and, like her, is lacking in independence, +in initiative, in ability to seize upon golden opportunities. Yet +she was trained to passivity, to submission, to the obliteration +of whatever personality she may have possessed. What more could +we expect of her son? Imagine for a moment the effect upon men +had they from infancy been subjected to the narrowing, ossifying +processes applied to women for centuries!</p> + +<p>Happily for the race, however, the great majority of women are +waking from the sleep of centuries, are eagerly stretching out +their hands for the key that is to open wide the door of larger +opportunity. Happily, too, the forward-looking men of today are +seeing the vision of womanhood released from the old-world +thraldom. In rapidly increasing numbers they are welcoming the +new woman, in whom they find not only the wife and mother more +fully equipped for her task but a comrade of congenial tastes, +keenly interested in the outside world and capable of taking her +place beside the husband, whether in peace or war, wherever her +country calls.... The suffrage movement is a world-wide protest +against the mental subjection of woman. Therein lies its vital +importance. It strikes deep into the core of life. It is a basic, +fundamental reform, for it is releasing for the service of the +State the unused natural resources dormant in womanhood; it is +transforming the dependent woman into woman enfranchised that she +may the more perfectly fulfill her destiny as the mother of the +race.</p></div> + +<p>The morning and afternoon sessions were crowded with reports, +conferences and business of various kinds in which the delegates were +keenly interested. Mrs. Grace Thompson Seton, chairman of the Art +Publicity Committee, gave an interesting account of its work, told of +the prizes that had been offered for posters and slogans and the +cooperation of men and women prominent in the literary, artistic and +social world; of the "teas" given at the national headquarters, +bringing many who had never visited them before: of the beautiful +banners and costumes designed for the suffrage parades and other +features of this somewhat neglected side of the work for woman +suffrage. The chairman of the Literature Committee, Mrs. Arthur L. +Livermore, submitted a comprehensive report of the systematizing of +that department, the classifying and cataloguing and the endeavor to +ascertain and meet the varied demands. A Suffrage Study Outline, a +Blue<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494">[Pg 494]</a></span> Book Suffrage School and Mrs. Annie G. Porritt's Laws Relating +to Women and Children had been published; literature for the rural +districts, for the home, for campaigns, placards, fliers and an +endless number of novelties.</p> + +<p>It would be impossible to give in a few paragraphs even an idea of the +carefully prepared report of Mrs. Mary Sumner Boyd, the skilled head +of the Data Department, which filled eight printed pages. It told of +the progress that had been made in organizing the department, the wide +scope of the collections and the increasing demand for information +from many sources. It would be equally difficult to do justice to the +sixteen printed pages of the report of Charles T. Heaslip, national +publicity director. He had organized a publicity council, which thus +far had members in twenty-six States. His full knowledge of the large +syndicates had enabled him to keep the subject before the public +throughout the country; he had made wide use of photographs, cartoons, +posters and moving pictures. Hundreds of papers on the route of the +"golden flier" had been supplied with pictures and stories. He had +gone to Iowa to assist in the campaign there and he described also the +large amount of publicity work done at the time the suffragists were +making their national demonstrations during the presidential +conventions in Chicago and St. Louis. He showed how victory could be +hastened by thorough publicity work in every State from Maine to +California. Later the Chair announced the receipt of a letter from the +press, signed by representatives of nineteen newspapers at the +convention, expressing their thanks to Mr. Heaslip and their hearty +appreciation of his services, without which they could not have +handled its press work in a satisfactory manner.</p> + +<p>Under the topic How and Where to Drive the Entering Wedge, Miss +Florence Allen of Ohio told of the openings offered by amending city +charters for woman suffrage and Mrs. Roger G. Perkins described the +successful campaign in East Cleveland for this purpose. The recent +campaigns in West Virginia and South Dakota were discussed by the +State presidents, Mrs. Ellis A. Yost and Mrs. John L. Pyle; that of +Iowa by Mrs. Geyer, publicity director, and the work in Tennessee for +a constitutional convention by Mrs. James M. McCormack, State +president. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_495" id="Page_495">[Pg 495]</a></span> chairman of the Presidential Suffrage Committee, Mrs. +Robert S. Huse (N. J.), reported that bills had been introduced in the +Legislatures of New York, New Jersey, Kentucky and Rhode Island, +public hearings being granted by the first three, but no vote was +taken.</p> + +<p>Is Limited Suffrage Worth While? was answered by Mrs. George Bass +(Ills.) who declared it to be "a positive influence for good"; it was +called by Mrs. Grace Wilbur Trout (Ills.) "a step toward full +suffrage"; by Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton (Ohio) "a help to other +States." Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch described "the chances opened +by the Illinois law." It was the consensus of opinion that partial +suffrage was quite worth striving for. This was directly opposed to +that heretofore held by the association but in the past only a +Municipal vote had been asked for and Kansas alone had granted it. +Miss Laura Clay (Ky.) made a strong presentation of the Elections +Bill, which would permit women to vote for members of Congress. What +Kansas Thinks about Woman Suffrage was graphically told by Mrs. W. Y. +Morgan, president of the State association. Help from the West was +promised by Mrs. Emma Smith DeVoe (Wash.), president of the National +Council of Women Voters.</p> + +<p>The climax of the convention came on the evening of September 8 with +the address of Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States. Only +once before had a President appeared before a national suffrage +convention—when William Howard Taft made a ten-minute speech of +welcome to Washington in 1910 but without committing himself to the +movement. When the present convention was called, after the +endorsement of woman suffrage by the national conventions of all +parties, the two leading candidates for President were invited to +address it. Judge Hughes, who had declared in favor of the Federal +Suffrage Amendment, answered that he would be too far away on a +speaking tour to reach Atlantic City. President Wilson wrote that he +would endeavor to arrange his itinerary so as to be present. Later he +announced that he would come and would remain throughout the evening. +Undoubtedly he never before faced such an audience. The greatest care +had been taken to exclude all but delegates and invited guests and +from the stage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496">[Pg 496]</a></span> of the theater to the back stretched tier after tier +of white-robed women, while the boxes were filled with prominent +people, mostly women. As he came from the street to the stage with +Mrs. Wilson, also gowned in white, he passed through a lane of +suffragists, one from each State, designated by banners, with broad +sashes of blue and gold across their breasts. He was accompanied by +Private Secretary Tumulty and several distinguished men and the entire +stage behind the decorations of palms and other plants was surrounded +by a cordon of the secret service. Forty-three large newspapers +throughout the country were represented at the reporters' table.</p> + +<p>The President had asked to speak last and he listened with much +interest to a program of noted public workers as follows: Why Women +Need the Vote. The Call of the Working Woman for the Protection of the +Woman's Vote—Mrs. Raymond Robins, president of National Women's +Trades Union League. Mothers in Politics—Miss Julia Lathrop, chief of +National Children's Bureau. A Necessary Safeguard to Public +Morals—Dr. Katharine Bement Davis, Chief of Parole Commission, New +York City. Working Children—Dr. Owen R. Lovejoy, general secretary of +National Child Labor Committee. Each speaker emphasized the necessity +for the enfranchisement of women as a means for the nation's highest +welfare. Mrs. Catt was in the chair and introduced the President, who +said with much earnestness and sincerity:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Madam President, Ladies of the Association: I have found it a +real privilege to be here tonight and to listen to the addresses +which you have heard. Though you may not all of you believe it, I +would a great deal rather hear somebody else speak than speak +myself, but I would feel that I was omitting a duty if I did not +address you tonight and say some of the things that have been in +my thoughts as I realized the approach of this evening and the +duty that would fall upon me.</p> + +<p>The astonishing thing about the movement which you represent is +not that it has grown so slowly but that it has grown so rapidly. +No doubt for those who have been a long time in the struggle, +like your honored president, it seems a long and arduous path +that has been trodden, but when you think of the cumulating force +of the movement in recent decades you must agree with me that it +is one of the most astonishing tides in modern history. Two +generations ago—no doubt Madam President will agree with me in +saying this—it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[Pg 497]</a></span> was a handful of women who were fighting for +this cause; now it is a great multitude of women who are fighting +for it. There are some interesting historical connections which I +should like to attempt to point out to you.</p> + +<p>One of the most striking facts about the history of the United +States is that at the outset it was a lawyers' history. Almost +all of the questions to which America addressed itself, say a +hundred years ago, were legal questions; were questions of +methods, not questions of what you were going to do with your +government but questions of how you were going to constitute your +government; how you were going to balance the powers of the State +and the Federal government; how you were going to balance the +claims of property against the processes of liberty; how you were +going to make up your government so as to balance the parts +against each other, so that the Legislature would check the +Executive and the Executive the Legislature. The idea of +government when the United States became a nation was a +mechanical conception and the mechanical conception which +underlay it was the Newtonian theory of the universe. If you take +up the Federalist you see that some parts of it read like a +treatise on government. They speak of the centrifugal and +centripetal forces and locate the President somewhere in a +rotating system. The whole thing is a calculation of power and +adjustment of parts. There was a time when nobody but a lawyer +could know enough to run the government of the United States....</p> + +<p>And then something happened. A great question arose in this +country which, though complicated with legal elements, was at +bottom a human question and nothing but a question of humanity. +That was the slavery question, and is it not significant that it +was then, and then for the first time, that women became +prominent in politics in America? Not many women—those prominent +in that day are so few that you can almost name them over in a +brief catalogue—but, nevertheless, they then began to play a +part not only in writing but in public speech, which was a very +novel part for women to play in America; and after the Civil War +had settled some of what seemed to be the most difficult legal +questions of our system the life of the nation began not only to +unfold but to accumulate.</p> + +<p>Life in the United States was a comparatively simple matter at +the time of the Civil War. There was none of that underground +struggle which is now so manifest to those who look only a little +way beneath the surface. Stories such as Dr. Davis has told +tonight were uncommon in those simpler days. The pressure of low +wages, the agony of obscure and unremunerated toil did not exist +in America in anything like the same proportions as they exist +now. And as our life has unfolded and accumulated, as the +contacts of it have become hot, as the populations have assembled +in the cities and the cool spaces of the country have been +supplemented by feverish urban areas, the whole nature of our +political questions has been altered. They have ceased to be +legal questions. They have more and more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_498" id="Page_498">[Pg 498]</a></span> become social +questions, questions with regard to the relations of human beings +to one another, not merely their legal relations but their moral +and spiritual relations to one another.</p> + +<p>This has been most characteristic of American life in the last +few decades, and as these questions have assumed greater and +greater prominence the movement which this association represents +has gathered cumulative force, so that when anybody asks himself, +What does this gathering force mean? if he knows anything about +the history of the country he knows that it means something +<i>which has not only come to stay but has come with conquering +power</i>.</p> + +<p>I get a little impatient sometimes about the discussion of the +channels and methods by which it is to prevail. <i>It is going to +prevail</i> and that is a very superficial and ignorant view of it +which attributes it to mere social unrest. It is not merely +because women are discontented, it is because they have seen +visions of duty, and that is something that we not only can not +resist but if we be true Americans we do not wish to resist. +Because America took its origin in visions of the human spirit, +in aspirations for the deepest sort of liberty of the mind and +heart, and, as visions of that sort come to the sight of those +who are spiritually minded America comes more and more into its +birthright and into the perfection of its development; so that +what we have to realize is that in dealing with forces of this +sort we are dealing with the substance of life itself.</p> + +<p>I have felt as I sat here tonight the wholesome contagion of the +occasion. Almost every other time that I ever visited Atlantic +City I came to fight somebody. I hardly know how to conduct +myself when <i>I have not come to fight anybody but with somebody</i>.</p> + +<p>I have come to suggest among other things that when the forces of +nature are working steadily and the tide is rising to meet the +moon, you need not be afraid that it will not come to its flood. +We feel the tide; we rejoice in the strength of it, and <i>we shall +not quarrel in the long run as to the method of it</i>, because, +when you are working with masses of men and organized bodies of +opinion, you have got to carry the organized body along. The +whole art and practice of government consist not in moving +individuals but in moving masses. It is all very well to run +ahead and beckon, but, after all, you have got to wait for them +to follow. I have not come to ask you to be patient, because you +have been, but I have come to congratulate you that there has +been a force behind you that will beyond any peradventure be +triumphant and for which you can afford a little while to wait.</p></div> + +<p>When President Wilson had finished amid enthusiastic applause Mrs. +Catt asked Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, honorary president, to respond. She +was much moved by the occasion and taking the last sentence of the +address for a text she eloquently told how women had already worked +and waited for more than three score years. "We have waited long +enough for the vote, we want<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499">[Pg 499]</a></span> it now," she exclaimed, and then turning +to the President with her irresistible smile she finished, "and we +want it to come in your administration!" He smiled and bowed and the +whole audience rose in a sea of waving handkerchiefs as he took his +departure. The President of the United States had said: "Your cause is +going to prevail; I have come to fight with you; we shall not quarrel +as to the method!"</p> + +<p>The other speeches of the evening were all of a high order. Mrs. +Robins, as always, made an unanswerable argument for giving women wage +earners the protection of the ballot. "In the Children's Bureau," Miss +Lathrop said, "we have come to see the close connection between the +welfare of mother and child. Because we are so concerned for the +children we asked a physician to take those vast, mysterious volumes +of the census and look up the facts about the mortality of mothers. +Last year in the United States more than 15,000 women lost their lives +carrying on the life of the race. The death rate from other things, +such as typhoid and diphtheria, has been cut in half but between 1900 +and 1913 maternal mortality was not lessened but seemingly increased; +yet this waste of life is just as preventable as those diseases, for +medical science has shown that with proper care the dangers of +childbirth can be made very small. Just as fast as women are allowed a +voice in public affairs it is their duty to see that no mother and +child shall perish for lack of care. Every country should have a +mother and child welfare center. When a memorial was lately proposed +for a woman who had died in the war, a well-known man said: 'We can +enfranchise her sex in tribute to the valor which she proved that it +possessed.' It is not too much to give suffrage to women in tribute to +the 15,000 who are dying every year in this great duty and service; +yet we do not ask the ballot for women as a reward but because, as a +duty and a service, we ought to ask for it...."</p> + +<p>"Woman suffrage is needed in the interest of good morals," was the +keynote of Dr. Davis's address, who said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>You cannot legislate righteousness into the human heart but you +can reduce to a minimum the temptations that are offered to +youth. To a large extent you can stop commercialized vice and the +manufacture of criminals. I am not one of those who think that +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500">[Pg 500]</a></span> millenium will come soon after women get the vote, but I +believe that women will take an unusual interest in the effort to +clean up vicious conditions, because all down the ages women have +paid the price of vice and crime.</p> + +<p>I do not believe that at heart a man is any worse than a woman, +but all through the centuries he has been taught that he may do +some things which a woman may not. It is only of late that we +have begun to fight these things in the open and you cannot +successfully fight any evil in the dark. For sixteen years my +work has brought me in contact with this peculiar phase of public +morals and I know whereof I speak. Public morals are corrupted +because woman's point of view has no representation. We have laws +to regulate these things but they are man-made and the public +sentiment behind them which should govern their enforcement has +grown up through the ages and it is the sentiment of men only. +The laws are not equal nor equally enforced. If you doubt it you +have only to go into the night court and you will see woman after +woman convicted on the word of a policeman only, while in order +to convict a man you have to pile evidence on evidence. I think +this inequality of treatment will not cease till women get a +vote.</p></div> + +<p>In a very convincing address Dr. Lovejoy said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The past month has been memorable in the history of child labor +reform in America. A three-years' campaign culminated last Friday +in the signing of a bill by President Wilson which excludes from +the facilities of interstate commerce the exploiters of child +labor. It has been estimated that 150,000 children who now bow +under the yoke of excessive toil will be able to straighten up +and look heaven in the face when this law begins to operate on +the first of next September. In signing the bill the President +said: "I want to say that with real emotion I sign this bill, +because I know how long the struggle has been to secure +legislation of this sort and what it is going to mean to the +health and vigor of this country and also to the happiness of +those whom it affects. It is with genuine pride that I play my +part in completing legislation."</p> + +<p>I am convinced that we need the voice of the church, the school, +the home, in making and enforcing laws to protect working +children, and, since half the adult population of our American +homes are women, since approximately 75 per cent. of the church +members are women, since 90 per cent. of the school teachers are +women and since every moral and educational enterprise in the +country is represented in about the same proportion, cold logic +forces us to the conclusion that we need women in politics. Of +10,000 members of the National Child Labor Committee, 6,400 are +women. Some of the experiences we have had with men in +Legislatures in response to the appeal of mothers for the +protection of working children have forced me to the conclusion +that in this protection the participation of women in the +law-making of the State is vital.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501">[Pg 501]</a></span></p> + +<p>The primary nominations and elections were held with voting machines +and when the result was announced it was found that all the old board +was nominated with the exception of Mrs. Roessing, Miss Patterson and +Mrs. Morrisson, who declined to stand for re-election. Their places +were filled with Mrs. Frank J. Shuler (N. Y.), corresponding +secretary; Mrs. Thomas Jefferson Smith (Ky.), recording secretary and +Miss Heloise Meyer (Mass.), first auditor. As there were no other +candidates the secretary was unanimously requested by the convention +to cast its vote. This was a remarkable record for 543 delegates. A +national suffrage flag was adopted, the gift of Pennsylvania—a yellow +field with fringed edges, in the center a circle of eleven blue stars +representing the equal suffrage States enclosing an eagle on the wing +holding the globe in its talons. Mrs. J. O. Miller in behalf of the +president made an eloquent presentation.</p> + +<p>Miss Clay moved a resolution on her Elections Bill that the convention +endeavor to protect women citizens in their right to vote for U. S. +Senators and Representatives and with this object in view endorse this +bill introduced by Senator Robert L. Owen (Okla.). This motion was +carried. Mrs. Catt stated that the resolution of Mrs. Sallie Clay +Bennett (Ky.) was similar and this also was passed. A large number of +letters and telegrams were read from eminent men and women and from +societies of many kinds. Mrs. Catt stated that in not one had it been +suggested that the association lessen its activities for the Federal +Amendment. The convention then adopted a resolution instructing the +Congressional Committee "to concentrate all its resources on a +determined effort to carry this amendment through the next session of +Congress."</p> + +<p>Invitations for the next convention were received from nine States. +Greetings were sent to three of the original surviving pioneers, the +Rev. Antoinette Brown Blackwell of New Jersey; Mrs. Judith W. Smith of +Massachusetts and Miss Emily Howland of New York. The delegates were +introduced who brought greetings from the National Equal Franchise +Union of Canada, and Mrs. Campbell McIvor responded. A special vote of +thanks was given to Miss Mary Garrett Hay and Miss Lulu H. Marvel, +chairman of the General Committee of Arrangements, for their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502">[Pg 502]</a></span> perfect +management of President Wilson's visit to the convention. Among those +submitted by the Committee on Resolutions, Mrs. Alice Duer Miller (N. +Y.), chairman, and adopted were the following:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Whereas, all political parties in their national platforms have +endorsed the principle of woman suffrage, be it</p> + +<p>Resolved, That the National American Woman Suffrage Association +in convention assembled calls upon Congress to submit to the +States the Constitutional Amendment providing nation-wide +suffrage for women.</p> + +<p>Whereas, the Democratic and Republican parties in endorsing the +principle of woman suffrage have specially recognized the right +of the States to settle the question for themselves, we call upon +these parties in the States where amendment campaigns are in +progress to take immediate action to obtain the enfranchisement +of women, and in other States to take such action as the suffrage +organizations deem expedient.</p> + +<p>Whereas, honest elections are vital to good government in this +country and to the decisions in the campaigns for woman suffrage; +and</p> + +<p>Whereas, public records of all funds used in political campaigns +will benefit our movement in that they will bring to light its +real opponents, therefore</p> + +<p>Resolved, That this convention urges the passage by Congress and +the States of a thorough and comprehensive Corrupt Practices Act +providing effectual punishment for offenders.</p> + +<p>That in recognition of Miss Clara Barton's lifelong support of +woman suffrage, as well as her service to the country in founding +the American Red Cross and standing at its head for more than a +quarter of a century, this association endorses the bill recently +introduced in Congress providing for an appropriation of $1,000 +to place a suitable memorial to Miss Barton in the Red Cross +Building now being constructed in the city of Washington.</p> + +<p>That we express our profound sympathy with the women in the +countries now at war and our sense of the advance that has been +made in the cause of all women by the devotion, ability and +courage with which those women have risen to the new demands on +them.</p> + +<p>That we express our deep appreciation of the great honor the +President of the United States has done the women of the country +by coming to Atlantic City especially to address this convention.</p></div> + +<p>Rejoicing was expressed over the many victories during the year, the +endorsement by large organizations—the General Conference of the +Methodist Episcopal Church, the Anti-Saloon League, the Women's Relief +Corps and others; a plank for woman suffrage in all national party +platforms; a favorable declaration<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_503" id="Page_503">[Pg 503]</a></span> by all presidential candidates and +for the first time the sanction of the President of the United States. +The report of Mrs. Frank M. Roessing, chairman of the National +Congressional Committee, gave so complete an account of the situation +at the time the great "drive" for the Federal Amendment was begun that +it is largely reproduced.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>At the opening of the 64th Congress in December, 1915, several +political leaders interested in the progress of social and +economic legislation stated that 1916 would be a lean year in +Congress for such movements. It was pointed out that particularly +in the Senate some of the most reactionary men had been returned +at the preceding election. It is also a presidential election +year and neither of the great parties is willing to take one +unnecessary step which in its judgment may tend to add to the +number of its adversaries or to its vulnerable points in some +particular section of the country. All of the 435 members of the +House and one-third of the Senators come up for re-election in +November of this year—they, too, are shy and sensitive. Some +legislation, notably child labor after it had been endorsed by +the National Democratic platform, successfully ran the gauntlet +but not so our Federal Suffrage Amendment. It is with keen regret +your committee reports that it has not had action in either the +Senate or House of Representatives.</p> + +<p>In the Senate the resolution was introduced Dec. 7, 1915, by +Senators Sutherland, Thomas and Thompson of Kansas and referred +to the Senate Committee on Woman Suffrage. This committee +reported favorably resolution No. 1, introduced by Senator +Sutherland. The written report made from the committee by Senator +Thomas is one of the best pieces of literature on the subject and +copies were mailed to every State president and State chairman of +congressional work. Since that early date our measure has been on +the calendar. It has come to the top a number of times but at the +request of suffrage Senators has been held until a more +auspicious hour.</p> + +<p>As the National Association was desirous of having a vote on the +measure at this session, your committee began to work to that end +immediately after receiving specific instructions from the Board +June 17, 1916. The meaning of the suffrage planks in the +Republican and Democratic platforms was disputed by some men in +both parties. The leaders stated that the planks were silent as +to the Federal Amendment and thus left men free to vote on the +amendment as each decided. In order to ascertain the +interpretation which would be given by members of Congress it was +determined to push for a vote in the Senate. On June 27 Mrs. +Catt, Miss Hannah J. Patterson, corresponding secretary of the +National Suffrage Association, Mrs. Antoinette Funk, +vice-chairman of the committee, Miss Hay and the chairman held an +informal conference with the Senators of the enfranchised States +in the office of Senator Shafroth to secure their assistance. As +unanimous consent is required for the consideration<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504">[Pg 504]</a></span> of such a +measure, the Senators agreed that if we would have the vote taken +without debate it would probably be possible, since this would +not consume the time of the Senate. We believed that this was +best in order to make sure of the vote. On July 22 Senator Thomas +wrote to every Senator asking whether he would consent to a vote +being taken without debate. He informed us that on both the +Republican and Democratic sides there were men who would not give +such consent, some stating that they had been asked by certain +suffragists of the other organization not to consent. After the +endorsement of the Federal Amendment by Judge Hughes, the +candidate for President, frequent remarks were made in the Senate +on it by members of both parties. Senator Clark (Republican) of +Wyoming and Senator Pittman (Democrat) of Nevada were among those +who urged action at this session but finally in August Senator +Thomas gave up the effort.</p></div> + +<p>The unfair treatment of the amendment resolution in the House +Judiciary Committee and its final suppression by Chairman Edwin Y. +Webb (N. C.) were described in full and the unsuccessful efforts, led +by Mrs. Catt, to obtain action on it. [See Chapter on Federal +Amendment.] The report continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Federal Elections Bill: On December 6 Representative Raker +introduced at the request of the Federal Suffrage Association a +bill to protect the rights of women citizens of the United States +to register and vote for Senators and members of the House. The +bill was referred to the Committee on the Election of the +President, Vice-President and Representatives in Congress and has +not yet been reported out. On December 10 this same bill was +introduced by Senator Lane of Oregon, referred to the Committee +on Woman Suffrage and is still there.</p> + +<p>United States Elections Bill: The United States Elections Bill, +introduced by Senator Owen at the request of Miss Laura Clay on +February 3, aims also to secure to women the right to vote for +Senators and Representatives in Congress. Miss Clay says it is +simply a declaratory act; that it does not permit Congress to +specify qualifications of voters and therefore does not involve +the issue of State's rights. This bill was referred to the +Committee on Privileges and Elections, where it remains. Your +committee assisted the suffragists in the District of Columbia in +the effort for a bill enabling it to elect a delegate to the +Lower House....</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>Planks:<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> For some time prior to June your committee used +every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505">[Pg 505]</a></span> opportunity with Senators and Representatives to further +the work of securing suffrage planks in the Republican and +Democratic national platforms. Its chairman was put in charge of +drafting for submission to Mrs. Catt the planks which were to be +offered to the two conventions on behalf of the National +Association. Its members who went to Chicago and St. Louis +concentrated their efforts on the planks. The two demonstrations +of women planned and supervised by the National Board were the +culmination of the campaign on behalf of these planks. In +cooperation with your Congressional Committee, many State +delegations of women who came for the demonstrations did special +eleventh-hour work with the delegates to the conventions.</p> + +<p>Your committee regrets that the planks in the two dominant +national party platforms, since they mention method at all, do +not specifically endorse Federal action, but they will be of +great value in the States and progress there will help the +Federal work. Every man in Congress is keenly alive to the +strength of our movement in his district and State. For that +reason we urged the women of each State to secure planks in the +State platforms endorsing the principle of woman suffrage. As a +last resort, if they could not secure a separate plank in their +State platforms, we asked them to make sure that each State +convention endorsed its party's national platform, that the plank +might in this way have the equivalent of a State endorsement.</p> + +<p>With the final yielding of the two dominant parties to the +justice of woman suffrage all are now on record in favor of the +principle; all except the Republican and Democratic endorse the +Federal Amendment. Republicans have been strengthened in their +advocacy of Federal action by Judge Hughes' personal endorsement +of the amendment. Your committee must sound a note of warning +here against over-confidence. Some too zealous suffragists, +including one suffrage organ, state quite seriously, +notwithstanding the fact that their attention has been called to +their error, that "the Republican party has specifically declared +for the Federal Suffrage Amendment." Alas! it has done no such +thing. It has not done one bit more than the Democratic party. +The personal endorsement of the Republican candidate for +President can not properly be construed as party endorsement. +Those of us who have had some years of experience have witnessed +the worming and screwing, fallacy and treachery exhibited by +members of a party after their leading candidate has endorsed a +particular measure. We know that we can not hold the party +responsible for one man's utterances made after the platform<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_506" id="Page_506">[Pg 506]</a></span> had +been adopted by the party convention and accepted by the party +candidate.</p> + +<p>Committee: Mrs. Medill McCormick was unable to continue as +chairman of the Congressional Committee and the present chairman +was appointed by the National Board in January, 1916, immediately +went to Washington and lived there eight months, until the +opening of this convention. During the entire term of this +session of Congress this committee has had some representatives +on duty at the Washington headquarters every moment. The service +of each member has not been continuous but has varied from a week +to three months in length. In addition to the chairman, the +committee consisted of Mrs. Funk of Illinois; Miss Hay of New +York; Mrs. Jacobs of Alabama; Mrs. Cotnam of Arkansas; Mrs. C. S. +McClure of Michigan; Mrs. Valentine of Virginia; Miss Martha +Norris of Ohio; Mrs. Elizabeth Higgins Sullivan of Nebraska and +Miss Ruth White of Missouri.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Funk resigned March 14 to take up other work and in July +Miss White was appointed secretary and has done much special +work. Because of the amount of travel involved only two meetings +of the full committee have been held, on March 2 and September 4. +Every plan for congressional work has been submitted to the +National Board or to the national president for approval.</p> + +<p>Revision of Work: At the beginning of the present year the work +of the National Association was revised and departmentalized, the +organization branch was separated from the congressional work, +made a distinct department, placed under another head and +operated from the New York office. This division was advisable, +since each task is big enough by itself. The only disadvantage +resulted from the distance between the bases of operation of the +two departments—one of the paramount reasons for the removal of +all the headquarters to Washington.... The work of the committee +in 1916 consisted of the supervision and direction of all +activity connected with the Federal Amendment, including lobby +work at the Capitol; the stimulating of congressional activity in +the States; the cataloguing of information concerning Senators +and Representatives; the assembling and filing of all information +specifically relating to the Federal Amendment in Congress and in +the States; the issuing of newspaper articles; the handling of +the large correspondence.</p> + +<p>Headquarters: The chairman had been on duty only a short time +when the necessity for removing national headquarters to +Washington was deeply impressed upon her—so deeply that she made +a special trip to New York to labor with the national officers +there to this end but was unsuccessful. The headquarters of the +Congressional Committee at the opening of this session consisted +of two rooms in the Munsey Building at Washington too diminutive +to hold even our furniture, to say nothing of our workers. On +February 19 it moved to two larger rooms in the same building.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507">[Pg 507]</a></span></p> + +<p>A summary of the correspondence, etc., was given and the report said +of the lobby work:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>All the direct work with Senators and Congressmen is a time as +well as brain consuming process. Usually it means tramping up and +down the long stone corridors, hour after hour, in order to find +one man in his office. Then he may be having a committee meeting +or a previous engagement or emergency business and you are +invited to come some other day. Perhaps you have waited an hour +before you are sure that he can not see you. It is not uncommon +for the members of our lobby to state that they have made as many +as six, eight or ten calls before they succeeded in reaching a +man. Speaking from my own knowledge, I have wasted hours at the +Capitol trying to see men who would not make appointments. I have +called eighteen times to see one man and have not seen him yet! +He is the Representative from my own district. We carried the +district for suffrage in Pennsylvania last year but I am told +that he does not want to vote for the Federal Amendment. It is, +of course, possible to interview members by calling them out of +the session but this method is uncertain and not very successful, +since they feel hurried and interviews in a public reception room +are seldom satisfactory.</p> + +<p>The latest piece of work done by the committee is the +interviewing by letter of all congressional candidates who will +stand for election in November. This has been done in cooperation +with the State associations which have been urged to institute +vigorous interviewing in the congressional districts.</p> + +<p>Presidential Interviewing: The presidential candidates of the two +parties whose platforms do not endorse the Federal Amendment have +been interviewed in person. On July 17 Mrs. Catt, Dr. Shaw and +Mrs. Norman deR. Whitehouse, president of the New York suffrage +association, called on Judge Hughes in New York and had a long +and satisfactory conversation. He told them that in his speech of +acceptance he could not endorse the Federal Amendment because +this was the accepting of the party's nomination and of its +platform, which had not mentioned it. He said, however, that he +believed in it and that soon after his speech of acceptance he +would announce his personal advocacy of the amendment. He asked +them to hold this information in confidence, which of course they +did. His public statement of August 1 was therefore no surprise +to them but was nevertheless most gratifying.</p> + +<p>On August 1 Mrs. Catt and your chairman called on President +Wilson in Washington. He reiterated his belief that woman +suffrage should come by State action. We presented the arguments +in behalf of the Federal Amendment but he remained unconvinced. +He is a fair and openminded man and your representatives have by +no means given up hope of proving to him the justice and +advisability of the amendment.</p> + +<p>Conferences: At the last national convention a special committee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_508" id="Page_508">[Pg 508]</a></span> +recommended that the Board of Officers should consider the +suggestion of conferences between the Congressional Committee of +the National Association and the Legislative Committee of the +Congressional Union, with a view to securing more united action +in the lobby work in Washington. Nine such conferences were +held—one in January, three in February, three in March, one in +June, one in July. Your chairman was present at each and Miss +Anne Martin, representing the Union, was present at each. At some +of them each organization had additional representatives. Mrs. +Catt attended two and our corresponding secretary, Miss +Patterson, attended one. The subject was the time at which action +on the Federal Amendment should be secured in both branches of +Congress. When on July 20 it was found that the National +Committee wished to obtain a vote in the Senate before +adjournment and the Congressional Union wished to postpone it the +conferences came to an end. It is the unanimous judgment of your +committee that they were of no value to the work on the +amendment.</p> + +<p>General: The congressional work done in Washington this year by +the National Association has not been spectacular. Your committee +had not been on duty long before they realized that many members +had been irritated by the too-frequent calls of suffragists and +by the inconsiderate demands on their time. As our last national +convention was held at the opening session of this Congress, +delegations of suffragists used the opportunity to call on their +Senators and Representatives. Considering the strain of work of +Congress during the past months and the fact that the men had +already been interviewed by State delegations or representatives, +we did not encourage further visits to the Capitol. In Washington +such visits, like pageants and other spectacular forms of +activity, have been overdone. There was nothing to be gained and +probably something to be lost by them.</p> + +<p>Your committee wishes to express its appreciation of the +cooperation of many Senators and members of the House. Our +friends have often gone out of their way to assist us and not +once has any one refused a request for help. They have made +speeches on the floor at our suggestion, taken polls for us, held +conferences, arranged interviews, provided us with documents and +extended all the official courtesies within their power. While we +have not secured action we are not discouraged in the least. Even +the most radical opponents acknowledge that our movement has +grown tremendously this year. We have achieved recognition of the +justice of our principle by the political parties and we have +with us in our Federal fight the great majority of the leaders of +thought and action who believe in suffrage at all. By a +continuation of sane methods, sound tactics, coordination and +concentration we shall soon accomplish the submission of the +Federal Amendment.</p> + +<p>Your chairman becomes more convinced each day that one of the +next steps necessary to nationalize our work and to secure +Federal action is the removal of the national headquarters to +Washington.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_509" id="Page_509">[Pg 509]</a></span> She feels it to be her clear duty frankly to state +to the convention her conviction on this point. It is her +judgment, based upon her own observation this year and a study of +the past work on the Federal Amendment, that it will not pass +until the national headquarters are in Washington and the +National Board as well as the Congressional Committee is in a +position to gives its direct attention to the work on this +amendment.</p> + +<p>A lobby in Washington for special educational purposes may be a +good thing but you will have to do special educational and +political work in the States if your committee is to achieve +political action to the point of a two-thirds vote on the +amendment. We appreciate that support has been given to it by +many suffragists and a number of State chairmen and presidents +but there has not been the intensive, persistent, determined +congressional activity in the States which there must be before +the amendment can be passed and ratified. Your committee has done +its utmost, I believe, but it can no more put the Federal +Amendment through Congress without your activity in the States +than a State committee can achieve success without activity in +the counties. Activity on the part of a small number of local +Washington suffragists is not a sufficient backing for the work +of the Congressional Committee. If you propose to secure the +Federal Amendment you must work just as hard in the States as you +expect it to work in Washington. Without a doubt we can secure +the Federal Amendment if the women of this country +enthusiastically want their enfranchisement that way....</p> + +<p>The friendliness of members of Congress toward the National +Association and their continued respect for the suffrage movement +in this country have been maintained by the dignity, poise and +ability of the national lobby. In the many years of my connection +with various kinds of organizations I have never served any in +which there was more frankness, unity and good fellowship than in +the National Board and the National Congressional Committee. That +such harmony exists is due to our great president, to whom each +is more indebted than all of us together can express. Her visits +to Washington did for us what nothing and no one else could do. +It was my duty and pleasure always to accompany her to the +Capitol, and the unfailing impression of nobility, directness and +power which she left upon the men was a joy to witness.</p> + +<p>I can not close this report without acknowledging my personal +debt to that co-officer who is not on our committee, Miss Hannah +J. Patterson. It is but fair to say that had we not had her +assistance at hazardous moments the suffrage planks would not be +in the two national platforms today. Food, sleep, rest, pleasure, +all were day after day given up by this most self-sacrificing +officer. She it was who kept with one other [Mrs. Roessing] the +lonely vigil the night of June 6 at the door of the Republican +Resolutions Committee while it debated for hours its +sub-committee's adverse report on the suffrage plank. The crisis +in our work for both the planks came in this sub-committee of +seven, for we knew that if we lost in Chicago<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_510" id="Page_510">[Pg 510]</a></span> there would be no +hope in St. Louis. At midnight that all-powerful sub-committee by +a vote of 5 to 4 turned down our plank and refused to permit +suffrage to be mentioned in the platform in any way. That +committee has seldom been reversed in all the history of the +party. When later Senator Borah, also sleepless and hungry, came +to us in one of those agonizing moments when decision must be +made at once, when we could not reach our president or our board, +it was Miss Patterson who made the decision that won the +plank.<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a></p></div> + +<p>A comprehensive plan of work was adopted with the following principal +features:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Federal Work: The National Board shall continue a lobby in +Washington until the Federal Amendment shall be submitted; the +matter of removing headquarters to Washington shall be left to +the judgment of the Board; it shall conduct a nation-wide +campaign of agitation, education, organization and publicity in +support of the amendment, which shall include the following: a +million-dollar fund for the campaign from Oct. 1, 1916, to Oct. +1, 1917; a monthly propaganda demonstration simultaneously +conducted throughout the nation; at least four campaign directors +and 200 organizers in the field and a vigorous, thorough +organization in every State; a nationalized scheme for education +through literature; national suffrage schools; a speakers' +bureau; innumerable activities for agitation and publicity; a +national press bureau and a national publicity council with +departments in each State; a national committee to extend +suffrage propaganda among non-English-speaking races.</p> + +<p>State Work: A Council of the representatives of States shall meet +in executive session in connection with each annual national +convention to hear reports as to the status of each campaign +State and to fix upon States which shall be recommended to go +forward with campaigns.</p> + +<p>No State association shall ask the Legislature for the submission +of a State constitutional amendment or for the submission of the +question by initiative or by a referred law until such Council or +the National Board has had the opportunity to investigate +conditions and to give consent.</p> + +<p>Any State which proceeds to a referendum campaign without +securing this consent shall be prepared to finance its own +campaign without help from the National Board.</p> + +<p>Any State which has secured the consent of the National Board to +proceed with a campaign shall have its cooperation to the fullest +extent of its powers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_511" id="Page_511">[Pg 511]</a></span></p> + +<p>As soon as possible experienced campaign managers shall be +trained for the work and shall be supplied to a campaign State to +work under the direction of the National Board in cooperation +with the State board.</p> + +<p>States willing to contribute to campaigns in other States should +do so by the advice of the National Board, who should be informed +as to conditions, and the money so contributed should be passed +through the national treasury.</p> + +<p>The rule that the National Board shall do nothing in States +without the consent of the State shall be repealed.</p> + +<p>The organization, press work, literature distributed and general +activity of the States shall be standardized and regular reports +on all of these departments shall be made to the National Board +in order that advice and help may be rendered when most needed.</p> + +<p>This Board shall have the authority to nationalize the suffrage +movement by unifying the work as far as is possible.</p> + +<p>Any States not desiring to work for the Federal Amendment may +remain members of the National Association provided they do not +work actively against it.</p></div> + +<p>Dr. Shaw presided over the last evening session of the convention and +three of the strongest speeches during the convention were made by the +Hon. Herbert Parsons, New York member of the Republican National +Committee; Mrs. Deborah Knox Livingston (Me.), Superintendent of +Franchise of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and +Raymond Robins, a national leader of progressive thought. The +convention ended with a mass meeting Sunday afternoon in the New Nixon +Theater with Mrs. Catt presiding. Rabbi Henry M. Fisher of Atlantic +City gave the invocation and inspiring addresses were made by Mrs. +David F. Simpson (Minn.) and the Rev. Effie McCollum Jones (Ia.). Dr. +Shaw closed her address with a beautiful delineation of Americanism, +saying at its close:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>What is Americanism? Every one has a different answer. Some +people say it is never to submit to the dictation of a King. +Others say Americanism is the pride of liberty and the defence of +an insult to the flag with their gore. When some half-developed +person tramples on that flag, we should be ready to pour out the +blood of the nation, they say. But do we not sit in silence when +that flag waves over living conditions which should be an insult +to all patriotism? Why do we care more about our flag than any +other flag? Why, when we have been travelling and seeing others, +does the sight of the American flag bring tears to our eyes and +warmth to our hearts? Is it not because it is a symbol of the +hopes and aspirations of the men and women of the whole world? +They say Americanism is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512">[Pg 512]</a></span> the love of liberty, but men died for +that and women gave their lives for it thousands of years before +America was known. Others say it is the love of justice but the +whole world is filled with that, no one country loves it more +than another. Human love, sacrifice and sympathy have been +manifested in the history of the world since the beginning of +time. The American sees in Americanism just what he wants to see. +He looks over the world and finds every good thing and calls it +his own—justice, liberty, humanity, patriotism. It is not +Americanism but humanism. There is only one thing we can claim in +higher degree than the other nations—opportunity is the word +which means true Americanism.</p> + +<p>The anti-suffragists have said that when women have the vote they +will have less time for charity and philanthropy. They are +right—when we have the vote there will be less need for charity +and philanthropy. The highest ideal of a republic is not a long +bread line nor a soup kitchen but such opportunity that the +people can buy their own bread and make their own soup. +Opportunity must be for all, men and women alike, and the peoples +of every nationality. Americanism does not mean militarism. The +greatest need of Americans is not military preparedness nor +changed economic conditions but a baptism of the spirit, higher +religious ideals, deeper tolerance and sympathy. The human heart +must be in accord with the Divine heart if America is to mean +more than other countries, and, if we are to be what our mothers +and fathers aspired to be, we must all be a part of the +Government.</p></div> + +<p>At 5 o'clock Mrs. Catt spoke the closing words and declared the +convention adjourned.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Call: Our cause has been endorsed in the platforms of +every political party. In order to determine how most expeditiously to +press these newly won advantages to final victory this convention is +called. Women workers in every rank of life and in every branch of +service in increasing numbers are appealing for relief from the +political handicap of disfranchisement.... Unmistakably the crisis of +our movement has been reached. A significant and startling fact is +urging American women to increased activity in their campaign for the +vote. Across our borders three large Canadian provinces have granted +universal suffrage to their women within the year. In every thinking +American woman's mind the question is revolving: Had our forefathers +tolerated the oppressions of autocratic George the Third and remained +under the British flag would the women of the United States today, +like their Canadian sisters, have found their political emancipation +under the more democratic George the Fifth? American men are neither +lacking in national pride nor approval of democracy and must in +support of their convictions hasten the enfranchisement of women. To +plan for the final steps which will lead to the inevitable +establishment of nation-wide suffrage for the women of our land is the +specific purpose of the Atlantic City Convention. +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="authors" summary="authors"> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anna Howard Shaw</span>, Honorary President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Carrie Chapman Catt</span>, President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Jennie Bradley Roessing</span>, First Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Katharine Dexter McCormick</span>, Second Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Esther G. Ogden</span>, Third Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Hannah J. Patterson</span>, Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Mary Foulke Morrison</span>, Recording Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Emma Winner Rogers</span>, Treasurer.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Helen Guthrie Miller</span>,</td><td rowspan="2" class="mustache"> } </td><td rowspan="2" class="valignm">Auditors.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Pattie Ruffner Jacobs</span>,</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> On June 1, a short time before the meeting of +Republican and Democratic National Conventions, twenty-nine members of +the Lower House of Congress from States where women vote, who wished +the conventions to put woman suffrage in their platforms, had a +hearing before the House Judiciary Committee. The Representatives, +both Democratic and Republican, who made brief arguments for the +Federal Amendment were: Ariz., Carl Hayden; Cal., Denver S. Church, +Charles H. Randall, William Kettner, John E. Raker; Colo., Benjamin C. +Hilliard, Edward Keating, Edward T. Taylor; Ills., James T. McDermott, +Adolph J. Sabath, James McAndrews, Frank H. Buchanan, Thomas +Gallagher, Clyde H. Tavenner, Claudius U. Stone, Henry T. Rainey, +Martin D. Foster, William Elza Williams (a member of the Judiciary +Committee); Kans., Joseph Taggart (also a member), Dudley Doolittle, +Guy T. Helvering, John R. Connelly, Jouett Shouse, William A. Ayres; +Mont., John M. Evans, Tom Stout; Utah, James H. Mays; Wash., C. C. +Dill. +</p><p> +Judge Raker acted as chairman and the remarkably strong presentation +called out many questions from the anti-suffrage members of the +Judiciary Committee.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Senator Borah told them that the plank the National +Suffrage Board had submitted, endorsing a Federal Amendment, was +absolutely impossible but one could be obtained declaring for woman +suffrage by State action. They accepted it, which was a wise thing to +do, as had the Republican platform not favored woman suffrage <i>per se</i> +the Democratic platform, adopted the following week, would not have +done so.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_513" id="Page_513">[Pg 513]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII.</h2> + +<h3>NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1917.</h3> + + +<p>The Forty-ninth National Suffrage Convention, which met in Poli's +Theater at Washington Dec. 12-15, 1917, was held under the most +difficult conditions that ever had been faced in the long history of +these annual gatherings. Always heretofore they had been comfortable, +happy times, when the delegates came from far and wide to exchange +greetings, report progress and plan the future work for a cause to +which many of them were giving their entire time and effort. Now great +changes had taken place, as the Call for the convention indicated.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Since last we met the all-engulfing World War has drawn our own +country into its maelstrom and ominous clouds rest over the +earth, obscuring the vision and oppressing the souls of mankind, +yet out of the confusion and chaos of strife there has developed +a stronger promise of the triumph of democracy than the world has +ever known. Every allied nation has announced that it is fighting +for this and our own President has declared that "we are fighting +for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to +have a voice in their own government." New Russia has answered +the call; Great Britain has pledged full suffrage for women and +the measure has already passed the House of Commons by the +enormous majority of seven to one. Canada, too, has responded +with five newly enfranchised provinces; France is waiting only to +drive the foe from her soil to give her women political liberty.</p> + +<p>Such an array of victories gives us faith to believe that our own +Government will soon follow the example of other allied nations +and will also pledge votes to its women citizens as an earnest of +its sincerity that in truth we do fight for democracy. This is +our first national convention since our country entered the war. +We are faced with new problems and new issues and the nation is +realizing its dependence upon women as never before. It must be +made to realize also that, willingly as women are now serving, +they can serve still more efficiently when they shall have +received the full measure of citizenship. These facts must be +urged upon Congress and our Government must be convinced that the +time has come for the enfranchisement of women by means of an +amendment to the Federal Constitution.</p> + +<p>Men and women who believe that the great question of world<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_514" id="Page_514">[Pg 514]</a></span> +democracy includes government of the people, by the people and +for the people in our country, are invited to attend our +convention and counsel with us on ways and means to attain this +object at the earliest possible moment.<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></p></div> + +<p>On account of the large rush of soldiers to the eastern coast and the +many other problems of transportation travelling had become very hard +and expensive but so greatly had the interest in suffrage increased +among women that nearly 600 delegates were present, the highest number +that had ever attended one of the conventions. They came through +weather below zero, snowstorms and washouts; trains from the far West +were thirty-six hours late; delegates from the South were in two +railroad wrecks. It was one of the coldest Decembers ever known and +the eastern part of the country had never before faced such a coal +famine, from various reasons. Washington was inundated with people, +the vast number who had suddenly been called into the service of the +Government, the soldiers and the members of their families who had +come to be with them to the last, and this city of only a few hundred +thousand inhabitants had neither sleeping nor eating accommodations +for all of them. The suffrage convention had been called before these +conditions were fully known and because of the necessity of bringing +pressure at once on Congress. The national suffrage headquarters were +now occupying a large private house and the officers were cared for +there but the delegates were obliged to scatter over the city wherever +they could find shelter, were always cold and some of the time not far +from hungry and prices were double what was expected. Notwithstanding +all these drawbacks the convention program was carried out and a large +amount of valuable work accomplished, tried and loyal suffragists +being accustomed to hardships and self-sacrifice.</p> + +<p>The victory in New York State the preceding month had marked the +beginning of the end and the universal enfranchisement of women seemed +almost in sight. Even the intense excitement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_515" id="Page_515">[Pg 515]</a></span> of the war had not +entirely overshadowed what had now became a national issue. Under the +auspices of Mrs. Helen H. Gardener, resident in Washington, an +Advisory Council was formed to act in an honorary capacity and extend +official recognition to the convention, Senators, Representatives, +Cabinet officers, Judges, clergymen and others prominent in the life +of the capital, with their wives and other women of their family, +cheerfully giving their names for this purpose.<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p> + +<p>The evening before the convention opened a reception by invitation was +given in the ball room of the New Willard Hotel to Dr. Shaw, Mrs. Catt +and the other officers and the delegates, the following acting as +hostesses: Mrs. William Gibbs McAdoo, Mrs. Newton D. Baker, Mrs. +Thomas W. Gregory, Mrs. Albert Sidney Burleson, Mrs. Josephus Daniels, +Mrs. Franklin K. Lane, Mrs. David F. Houston, Miss Agnes Hart Wilson, +Mrs. James R. Mann, Mrs. Philip Pitt Campbell. The first seven were +the wives and the eighth the daughter of the members of President +Wilson's Cabinet, only Mrs. Robert Lansing being absent, who, like her +husband, was an anti-suffragist. The last two were the wives of +prominent Representatives from Illinois and Kansas. Because of the war +the other social festivities that were usually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_516" id="Page_516">[Pg 516]</a></span> so delightful a +feature of these annual meetings were omitted. Before the convention +opened Mrs. Gifford Pinchot, whose home was directly across from +"suffrage house," the national headquarters, entertained the officers +at luncheon.</p> + +<p>The hearings before the committees of Congress which generally took +place during the convention, had been held in the spring at an extra +session and therefore Mrs. Catt had planned an effective ceremony for +this occasion at the Senate office building, the senior Senator from +each State where women were without a vote being requested to invite +to his office the congressional delegation from the State to receive +its women who were in attendance at the convention. There were thirty +of these gatherings and in many instances all the delegation were +present. Senators Penrose and Knox refused to call the Pennsylvania +members together. It is impossible to go into details but most of the +interviews were satisfactory, the women asking solely for votes in +favor of the Federal Suffrage Amendment, and it was said that +thirty-five were won for it. From fifty to one hundred women were in +many of the groups. To the Missouri delegation, headed by Mrs. Walter +McNab Miller, vice-president of the National Association, Speaker of +the House Champ Clark said: "If my vote is necessary to pass the +amendment I will cast it in favor," and the delegation was solid for +it except Representative Jacob E. Meeker. Senator Warren G. Harding +received the Ohio women, led by Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton, State +president, and Mrs. Baker, wife of the Secretary of War, and later, he +voted for the amendment. A hundred women called on the Virginia +members and fifty on those of Alabama, without effect, but many of the +large groups of southern women did receive much encouragement from the +members from their States. President Wilson himself gave an audience +to the Arkansas women, whose Legislature had recently granted full +Primary suffrage and whose entire congressional delegation would vote +for the Federal Amendment. This was found to be the case in nearly all +of the northern and western States.</p> + +<p>Forty-four States had sent delegates to the convention and from the +equal suffrage States of Montana and Wyoming came Mrs. Margaret +Hathaway and Mrs. Mary G. Bellamy, members<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_517" id="Page_517">[Pg 517]</a></span> of the Legislature; from +Colorado, Mrs. Mary C. C. Bradford, State Superintendent of Public +Instruction; from New Mexico, Mrs. W. E. Lindsay, wife of the +Governor, and from Kansas, Mrs. W. Y. Morgan, wife of the Lieutenant +Governor. Fraternal delegates were present from four countries. The +convention was opened Wednesday afternoon, December 12, with an +invocation by the honorary president of the association, the Rev. Anna +Howard Shaw. In her brief words of greeting Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, +the president, who was in the chair, declared her firm conviction that +the American Congress would not allow this country to be outstripped +in the race toward the enfranchisement of women while the countries of +Europe were hastening to give woman suffrage as a part of that right +to self-government for which the world is fighting today, and said: +"For fifty years we have been allaying fears, meeting objections, +arguing, educating, until today there remain no fears, no objections +in connection with the question of woman suffrage that have not been +met and answered. The New York campaign may be said to have closed the +case. It carried the question forever out of the stage of argument and +into the stage of final surrender. As the women of the country +foregather for this convention nothing stands out more emphatically +than the new stress that has been laid on suffrage as a political +issue in the minds of women as in the minds of men. As such the +Federal Amendment must now be dealt with by Congress."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt emphasized the necessity for active war work and introduced +Mrs. James Lees Laidlaw, vice-president of the New York Suffrage +Association, who presented the "service flag" and said: "The National +American Suffrage Association's service flag, here unfurled—a field +of white with golden stars surrounded by a deep blue border—shows +thirteen stars for its first thirteen women serving at the front. +These stars represent women who have been connected with the +association or one of its State affiliations in official or +representative capacity. The total of suffragists in foreign service +numbers thousands."<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_518" id="Page_518">[Pg 518]</a></span> president accepted the flag on behalf of +the convention. Miss Hannah J. Patterson, an officer of the +Pennsylvania Association, presented the following resolution:</p> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Whereas, The Executive Council of the National American Woman +Suffrage Association, assembled in executive session last +February, pledged the loyalty of the organization to the country +in event of war and forthwith placed a plan of intensive service +at the Government's command in view of the impending peril, and</p> + +<p>Whereas, America since then has entered into the dread actuality +of war and is in greater need of woman's loyal service than our +readiest anticipation could visualize last February, and</p> + +<p>Whereas, The suffragists of this organization are already in +compact formation as a second line of defense for husbands, sons, +fathers and brothers "somewhere in France," therefore, be it</p> + +<p>Resolved, That we, delegates to the Forty-ninth annual convention +of the association, representing a membership of over 2,000,000 +women, reaffirm this organization's unswerving loyalty to the +Government in this crisis, and, while struggling to secure the +right of self-government to the women of America, pledge anew our +intention gladly and zealously to continue those services of +which the Government has so freely availed itself in its war to +secure the right of self-government to the people of the world.</p></div> + +<p>On request of Dr. Shaw a rising vote was taken and the resolution was +adopted with no dissenting vote.</p> + +<p>The first evening meeting was devoted to the great victory in New +York, where an amendment to the State constitution giving full +suffrage to women had been carried at the November election by a +majority of 102,353. The following program was given in the presence +of a large and very enthusiastic audience, Mrs. Catt presiding:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Addresses: Mrs. Ella Crossett, former president New York State +Woman Suffrage Association, 1902-1910. Miss Harriet May Mills, +former president, 1910-1913.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_519" id="Page_519">[Pg 519]</a></span></p> + +<p>Organization in New York State—Mrs. Raymond Brown, chairman. +Campaign district chairman, Mrs. F. J. Tone. Rural assembly +district leader, Mrs. Willis G. Mitchell. Election district +captain, Mrs. Frederick Edey.</p> + +<p>From the Organization to the Voter—Mrs. Laidlaw.</p> + +<p>Organization and Campaign Work in New York City—Miss Mary +Garrett Hay, chairman. Assembly district leader, Mrs. Charles L. +Tiffany. Election district captain, Mrs. Seymour Barrett.</p> + +<p>State Departmental Work: Teachers—Miss Katharine D. Blake, +chairman. Industrial: Miss Rose Schneiderman, proxy for chairman.</p> + +<p>Speakers in War Time—Mrs. Victor Morawetz, chairman of speakers' +bureau.</p> + +<p>Financing a State Campaign—Mrs. Ogden Mills Reid, treasurer.</p> + +<p>Winning New York—Mrs. Norman deR. Whitehouse, State president.</p></div> + +<p>The many phases of this remarkable campaign, which won the State of +largest population and opened the way to certain victory in Congress, +were presented in a most interesting manner. In speaking of the big +city where the fight was actually won, Miss Hay, chairman of the +committee, said: "We won, first, because of a continuous campaign in +New York City begun eight years ago. On election day in 1915, about +midnight, when we knew the amendment had not carried, we decided to +have another campaign and began it the next day. Second, we won +because of organization along district political lines. No State +should ever go into a campaign unless the women are willing to +organize in this way and stick to it. It was not the five borough +leaders but the 2,080 precinct captains who carried the city. The +campaign represented an immense amount of work in many fields. There +were 11,085 meetings reported to the State officers and many that were +never reported. Women of all classes labored together. 'If you want to +reach the working men,' said Rose Schneiderman, 'remember that it is +the working women who can reach them.' The campaign cost $682,500. +This sum, which lasted for two years and covered the whole State, was +less than half the amount spent in three months in New York City that +year to elect a Mayor. The largest individual gift to the New York +City campaign was $10,000 from Mrs. Dorothy Whitney Straight. Most of +the money was given in small sums and represented innumerable +sacrifices."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_520" id="Page_520">[Pg 520]</a></span></p> + +<p>The story of the campaign in Maine the preceding September was told by +the chairman of the campaign committee, Mrs. Deborah Knox Livingston, +the next afternoon, and the reasons given for its almost inevitable +failure. [See Maine chapter.] A lively discussion took place on the +advisability of campaigns for Presidential suffrage and Mrs. Catt gave +the opinion that its legality when granted by a Legislature was +unquestioned but if by a referendum to the voters it would be +doubtful. The war work undertaken by the association was thoroughly +considered, with a general review of Women's War Service by Mrs. +Katharine Dexter McCormick, second vice-president. She sketched +briefly the appointment of a woman's branch of the Council of National +Defense and pointed out how the choice of Dr. Shaw for chairman had +brought the suffragists into even closer cooperation with the +Government if possible than would have resulted from their intense +patriotism.<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> Reports were made by the chairmen of the +association's four committees, as follows: Food Production—Mrs. Henry +Wade Rogers; Thrift—Mrs. Walter McNab Miller; Americanization—Mrs. +Frederick P. Bagley; Industrial Protection of Women—Miss Ethel M. +Smith. A Child Welfare Committee was added to the list.</p> + +<p>Dr. Shaw presided at the evening session of the second day of the +convention and to this and other programs Mrs. Newton D. Baker +contributed her beautiful voice, with Mrs. Morgan Lewis Brett at the +piano. Mrs. Charles W. Fairfax and Paul Bleyden also sang most +acceptably and there was music by the Meyer-Davis orchestra. This +evening the speakers were the Hon. Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the +Interior; the Hon. Jeannette Rankin, first woman member of the +National House of Representatives, and Mrs. Catt, who gave her +president's address. The presence of Secretary Lane added much +prestige as well as political significance to the program, for it was +interpreted as an indication that President Wilson had advanced from a +belief in woman suffrage itself to an advocacy of the Federal +Amendment, which was the keynote of the convention. "I come to you +tonight," the Secretary said, "to bring a word of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_521" id="Page_521">[Pg 521]</a></span> congratulation and +good will from the first man in the nation. Dr. Shaw spoke of always +being proud when she had some man back of her who could give +respectability to the cause. What greater honor can there be, what +greater pride can you feel, than in having behind you the man who is +not alone the President of the United States but also the foremost +leader of liberal thought throughout the world? It is to have with you +the conscience, the mind and the spirit of today and tomorrow." He +spoke of his own strong belief in the enfranchisement of women and the +necessity of establishing for every one an individuality entirely her +own, socially and politically. Only scattered newspaper references to +this strong speech are available.</p> + +<p>Especial interest was felt in the address of the young member of +Congress, Miss Jeannette Rankin. In speaking of the bill which she had +recently introduced to enable women to retain their nationality after +marriage she said: "We, who stand tonight so near victory after a +majestic struggle of seventy long years, must not forget that there +are other steps besides suffrage necessary to complete the political +enfranchisement of American women. We must not forget that the +self-respect of the American woman will not be redeemed until she is +regarded as a distinct and social entity, unhampered by the political +status of her husband or her father but with a status peculiarly her +own and accruing to her as an American citizen. She must be bound to +American obligations not through her husband's citizenship but +directly through her own."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt's address had been announced as a Message to Congress and +was eagerly anticipated. Miss Rose Young, the enthusiastic editor of +<i>The Woman Citizen</i>, gave this vivid pen picture of the occasion:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When Mrs. Catt rose, the house rose with her. It was a crowded +house and everybody was aware that the message in Mrs. Catt's +hand was the vital message of the convention. Everybody wondered +what would be its main focus. Nobody quite understood why an +address to Congress should be delivered at a mass meeting. The +latter point the speaker quickly cleared up. Once before in +suffrage history, she said, there had been an address to +Congress. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton had made +it. At this moment she was but doing over what they had done a +half-century ago. She<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_522" id="Page_522">[Pg 522]</a></span> would deliver her address to Congress from +that platform to that audience and leave it to the printed page +to carry the message on into the sacred halls themselves.</p> + +<p>Then, with Senate and House visualized by the directness of her +appeal to them and by the sharp limning of her argument, she +pleaded for democracy, arraigned the obstructionists of the +Federal Suffrage Amendment, showed up the harsh inconsistencies, +the waste of time and energy and money asked of women in State +referenda, clarified the reasons for establishing suffrage by the +Federal route and brought the whole case into high relief by +resting the responsibility where it belongs—on the Congress of +the United States.</p> + +<p>The speaker, never ornate in rhetoric or delivery, seemed to +withdraw her personality utterly, so that there was left only the +mental and spiritual content of her message. To hear her was like +listening to abstract thought, warmed by the fire of abstract +conviction. To see her was like looking at sheer marble, +flame-lit. Many an orator sways an audience's mind by emotional +appeal. Hers was the crowning achievement to sway an audience to +emotion by the symmetry and force of her appeal to its mind. +Again and again salvos of applause stopped her for a moment but +again and again the steady rhythm of her strong voice regained +control. At the end her grip on attention was so acute that a +little hush followed the last word.</p></div> + +<p>The address consumed an hour and a half in delivery and made a +pamphlet of twenty-two pages when published. Up to the time the +Federal Amendment was ratified it was a part of the standard +literature of the National Association and thousands of copies were +circulated.<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> Among the subheads were these: The History of our +Country and the Theory of our Government; the Leadership of the United +States in World Democracy compels the Enfranchisement of its Own +Women; Three Reasons for the Federal Method; Three Objections +Answered. It was an absolutely conclusive argument and closed with a +ringing appeal for "the submission and ratification of the Federal +Suffrage Amendment in order that this nation may at the earliest +possible moment show to all the nations of the earth that its action +is consistent with its principles." Dr. Shaw, who never could forego a +little joke, had said in introducing Mrs. Catt: "I had long thought I +should be willing to die as soon as suffrage was won in New York; that +I never should be interested in politics or the making of tickets,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_523" id="Page_523">[Pg 523]</a></span> +but five minutes after the midnight of November 6 I had picked my +ticket and now I don't want to die until it is elected." Here she +stopped and presented the speaker. After Mrs. Catt had finished Dr. +Shaw rose and looking at her with twinkling eyes said to the delighted +audience: "The head of my ticket!"</p> + +<p>The mornings of the convention were devoted to routine business and to +the reports of the presidents of the States, most of whom were +present, and almost without exception they told of active work and a +great advance in public sentiment. It was such a time of rejoicing and +hopefulness as suffragists had never known. The chief and universal +interest, however, was centered in the action of Congress, as this had +always been the goal and it now seemed near at hand. Therefore the +report of the Congressional Committee, made through its chairman, Mrs. +Maud Wood Park, was heard with close attention. The outline presented +was as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The duties of the present chairman began March 17, 1917, four +days before President Wilson called an extra session of Congress +to meet on April 2, a significant step toward the entrance of the +United States into the World War. Thus our work started at a time +of supreme importance in the history of our country and under +conditions full of new possibilities for the cause of woman +suffrage.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt, keenly alive to the crisis in our national affairs, +foresaw that our people, with their idealism fired by thought of +increased freedom for the oppressed subjects of autocratic +governments, might be aroused to new consciousness of the flaw in +our own democracy. With this thought in mind, on the eve of the +opening of the extraordinary session, she sent out a summons to +the suffragists of the whole country to unite in a stupendous +appeal to Congress for the immediate submission of the Federal +Amendment.</p> + +<p>The opening of the Sixty-fifth Congress was marked by another +circumstance of unusual interest, the seating of the first woman +member, the Hon. Jeannette Rankin of Montana, who made a speech +from the balcony of our headquarters on the morning of April 2 +and was then escorted to the Capitol by Mrs. Catt and other +members of our association in a cavalcade of decorated motor +cars. The day which opened so happily for suffragists ended with +the President's message to Congress asking for the Declaration of +War.</p> + +<p>In the Senate the resolution for our amendment was introduced in +behalf of our association by Senator Andrieus A. Jones of New +Mexico, the new chairman of the Senate Committee on Woman +Suffrage, the other members of which were Senators Owen of +Oklahoma; Ransdell of Louisiana; Hollis of New Hampshire; +Johnson<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_524" id="Page_524">[Pg 524]</a></span> of South Dakota; Jones of Washington; Nelson of +Minnesota; Cummins of Iowa and Johnson of California. Chairman +Jones, at our request, had secured the privilege of having his +resolution made number one on the calendar, but when it was +decided that the war resolution should be introduced immediately, +he tactfully yielded his place. Similar suffrage resolutions were +introduced by Senators Shafroth, Owen, Poindexter and Thompson.</p> + +<p>In the House our resolution was introduced by Representative +Raker, on the Democratic side, and by Representative Rankin, on +the Republican side. Similar ones were introduced by +Representatives Mondell, Keating, Hayden and Taylor.</p> + +<p>The War Resolution was adopted by the Senate April 4 and by the +House April 5. A few days later the Finance Committee of the +Senate informally recommended and leaders of both parties agreed +that only legislation included in the war program should be +considered during the extra session. The Democratic caucus of the +House passed a similar recommendation, which was acquiesced in by +the Republicans. It soon became clear to your committee that the +suffrage resolution would not be admitted under this rule, and a +total revision of plans had to be made. Three meetings were held +and it was the opinion of all that the aim should be to establish +and maintain friendly relations with both parties rather than to +arouse the antagonism of leaders whose support we must have if +our measure is to succeed, so it was recommended and the National +Board voted that our "drive" should be postponed until there was +a possibility of securing a vote on the Federal Amendment. +Happily, however, there were forms of work not prohibited by the +legislative program.</p> + +<p>The Senate Committee on Woman Suffrage gave a hearing to our +association April 20 ... and on September 15, Chairman Jones made +a favorable report. The measure is now on the calendar of the +Senate. In the House, resolutions calling for the creation of a +Committee on Woman Suffrage had been introduced at the beginning +of the session by Representatives Raker, Keating and Hayden and +referred to the Committee on Rules.</p> + +<p>Our first step was to get the approval of Speaker Clark, who gave +us cordial support. Later, to offset the fear on the part of +certain members of conflicting with President Wilson's +legislative program, a letter was sent, at Mrs. Helen H. +Gardener's request, to Chairman Edward Pou (N. C.), of the Rules +Committee, by the President himself, who stated that he thought +the creation of the committee "would be a very wise act of public +policy and also an act of fairness to the best women who are +engaged in the cause of woman suffrage." Then, through the +efforts of a working committee made up of the six members who had +introduced suffrage resolutions, a petition asking for the +creation of a Committee on Woman Suffrage, as called for in the +Raker resolution, was signed by all members from equal suffrage +States and by many of those from Presidential suffrage States and +from Primary suffrage Arkansas. This petition was presented to +the Rules Committee, which on May 18<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_525" id="Page_525">[Pg 525]</a></span> granted a hearing on the +subject. On June 6, by a vote of 6 to 5, on motion of Mr. +Cantrill of Kentucky, a resolution calling for the creation of a +Committee on Woman Suffrage to consist of thirteen members, to +which all proposed action touching the subject should be +referred, was adopted, with an amendment, made by Mr. Lenroot of +Wisconsin, to the effect that the resolution should not be +reported to the House until the pending war legislation was out +of the way.</p> + +<p>The report of the Rules Committee, therefore, was not brought +into the House until September 24, when the extremely active +opposition of Chairman Edwin Y. Webb (N. C.) and most of the +other members of the Judiciary Committee made a hard fight +inevitable. Thanks to the hearty support of Speaker Clark, the +good management of Chairman Pou and the help of loyal friends of +both parties in the House, as well as to the admirable work done +by our own State congressional chairmen, the report was adopted +by a vote of 180 yeas to 107 noes, with 3 answering present and +142 not voting. Of the favorable votes, 82 were from Democrats +and 96 from Republicans. Of the unfavorable votes, 74 were from +Democrats and 32 from Republicans. Of those not voting, 59 were +Democrats and 81 were Republicans. These facts show that the +measure was regarded, as we had hoped it would be, as strictly +non-partisan. The victory came so late in the session that the +appointment of the new committee was postponed until the present +session.</p></div> + +<p>Referring to the housing of the Congressional Committee in the new +headquarters of the National Association in Washington Mrs. Park said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>To the preceding chairman, Mrs. Miller, fell the hard work of +finding new headquarters, moving the office and establishing the +house routine which has been continued under the efficient care +of our house manager, Mrs. Elizabeth W. Walker. The secretary of +the committee, Miss Ruth White, who has worked indefatigably in +the office since June, 1916, has had charge of the records of +members of Congress and of correspondence with our State +chairmen, besides lightening in numberless other ways the burdens +of your chairman. To a member of the committee, who is a +long-time resident of Washington, Mrs. Gardener, the association +is profoundly indebted for constant advice and help, as well as +for the most skillful handling of delicate and difficult +situations. She has been called the "Diplomatic Corps" of the +committee and the name in every good sense has been well won by +the important services which she has rendered. Another member of +the committee, a former chairman, Mrs. Frank M. Roessing, after +helping to start the legislative work last December, generously +came to our aid at busy seasons and took active charge of the +work from July 10 to September 12, during the absence of the +chairman. The management of the office<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_526" id="Page_526">[Pg 526]</a></span> and the Department of +Publicity have been in the hands of the executive secretary, Miss +Ethel M. Smith.</p> + +<p>Social activities through the spring and early summer were in +charge of Miss Heloise Meyer, assisted by Mrs. J. Borden +Harriman. Miss Mabel Caldwell Willard has represented the +committee in undertakings involving the house as a center for +local work. These have included getting hostesses to receive +visitors at headquarters, supplying speakers for local meetings, +providing cooperation with the suffrage federation of the +District of Columbia for the daily afternoon teas, and looking +after hospitality for delegates to conventions meeting in +Washington. Among the organizations for which receptions have +been arranged are Daughters of the American Revolution, +Association of Collegiate Alumnæ, Confederate Veterans, Sons of +Veterans, Daughters of the Confederacy, Congress of Mothers, +Parent-Teacher Associations and Farm and Garden Associations. Ten +of the fourteen members of the committee, in addition to the +executive secretary, have given highly valued service in +Washington during the last nine months. Other suffragists not +members have kindly devoted days or weeks to our work and the +local suffrage associations have been most cordial in their +response to our requests.</p> + +<p>Any attempt to state our obligations to our national president +would be futile. Our high hope for the adoption of the Federal +Amendment by the 65th Congress is linked inseparably with our +faith in her leadership.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/v5-526.jpg" width="500" height="322" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A LECTURE IN THE BANQUET HALL OF THE WASHINGTON +SUFFRAGE HEADQUARTERS.<br /> +Formerly occupied by the French Embassy.</span> +</div> + +<p>The report of Mrs. Walter McNab Miller (Mo.) first vice-president, +described a year of continuous work, almost from ocean to ocean, +speaking to State suffrage conventions, federations of women's clubs, +federations of labor, trade unions, universities, normal schools, +churches, meetings of all kinds and without number. In the two Dakotas +she spoke twenty-nine times. She referred to her visit to Jefferson +City, Mo., her luncheon with the wife of Governor Frederick D. +Gardner, the suffrage meeting "which put the State capital in a +ferment and caused the politicians to sit up and take notice" and the +Governor's declaration for woman suffrage. Mrs. Miller said of the +work during the five months when she was chairman of the Congressional +Committee:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>After mature consideration the board decided that, for various +reasons, it was not wise to move the headquarters from New York +to Washington but that more spacious quarters should be found +than the office here where the efficient lobby work that had +already been done could be followed up and supplemented by a +social atmosphere. Finally we found our present home, a large +private mansion at 1626 Rhode Island Avenue, just off of Scott +Circle. It was taken for a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_527" id="Page_527">[Pg 527]</a></span> term of eight months, the offices +moved at once and cards sent out to 2,000 people for a +housewarming before we had been there a week.</p> + +<p>During five months Miss Meyer and I made 300 calls, organized a +Junior Suffrage League, planned for publicity "stunts," such as +the dedication of the Susan B. Anthony room, the presentation of +a flag by Pennsylvania, a poster exhibit, celebration of the +North Dakota victory and the mid-lenten bazaar. Much of the work +was of the sort that would be impossible to tabulate, but the +effect of the whole in making the National Association well known +in Washington and able to work effectively from there has proved +the wisdom of the expenditure for the headquarters.</p> + +<p>The latter part of February the so-called War Council was called, +a meeting of the association's Executive Committee of One +Hundred, and planning for that and the mass meeting on Sunday +kept us all busy for several weeks. This Council decided that the +suffragists should undertake certain definite forms of war work +and the chairmanship of the division of the Elimination of Waste +was given to me.... Summing up the year I have attended six State +meetings, spoken 200 times in 15 States, written 3,000 letters +and travelled 13,000 miles.</p></div> + +<p>All of Friday was given to symposiums on different phases of this +movement, grouped as follows: What my State will do for the Federal +Amendment. Should We Work for Woman Suffrage in War Time? What Good +Will Woman Suffrage Do Our Country? What is the Best Thing it Has Done +for my State? What Can the Enfranchised Women Do to Secure Suffrage +for the Women of the Entire Nation? Twenty-five women, most of them +State presidents, took part in these valuable discussions.</p> + +<p>Mrs. McCormick related how her work as chairman of the national Press +Committee had been taken over by the press department of the Leslie +Bureau of Education when it was organized the preceding March and a +merger committee appointed consisting of Miss Rose Young and Mrs. Ida +Husted Harper of the Leslie Commission, and Mrs. Shuler and herself of +the association.<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> The report of the Leslie Bureau filled over +thirty pages of fine print as submitted by Miss Young, director, who +said in beginning:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>By January of 1917 it had become apparent that the National +Association had an increasingly direct and comprehensive part to +play in State and Federal campaigns through its Press department<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_528" id="Page_528">[Pg 528]</a></span> +as one of its various points of contact with the suffrage field. +To inaugurate news and feature propaganda and information +services that would be live wires of connection between 171 +Madison Avenue and the State affiliations all over the country +and the Capitol at Washington and the public press was the +immediate prospect of the then Press department.... Its +accumulated task included not only the conduct of its federal +political campaign at Washington, not only its definite program +of State propaganda and organization for constitutional amendment +campaigns, it had on its hands as well the great "drive" for +Presidential suffrage that had been initiated.</p> + +<p>By spring Mrs. Catt's custodianship of the Leslie funds had been +determined by court decision and plans that she had been +mothering since 1915 could be put into execution. Those plans had +for their central detail the founding of a bureau for the +promotion of the woman suffrage cause through the education of +the public to the point of seeing it as essential to democracy, +and in March the Leslie Bureau of Suffrage Education was +organized for that purpose. From the beginning the outstanding +feature of the work was its size, and the outstanding need was to +get it housed and departmentalized, with department heads and an +adequate clerical staff. This done, the bureau, with a staff of +twenty-four, swarmed out over the whole 15th floor, besides two +small rooms on the 14th floor. It now includes six departments, +counting the Magazine Department, which is an everlasting story +by itself.</p></div> + +<p>Miss Young told of merging the <i>Woman's Journal</i>, the <i>Woman Voter</i> +and the <i>National Suffrage News</i> in the <i>Woman Citizen</i>, for which +2,000 subscriptions were taken at this convention. The report included +those of Mrs. Harper, chairman of editorial correspondence; Mrs. Mary +Sumner Boyd, of the research bureau; Miss Mary Ogden White, feature +and general news department; Mrs. Rose Lawless Geyer, field press +work. There was also a report of the Washington press bureau after the +headquarters there were opened, at first in charge of Mrs. Gertrude C. +Mosshart, afterwards of Miss Ethel M. Smith. The latter told of the +unexcelled opportunities in that city for the distribution of news +through the more than 200 special correspondents of the large +newspapers and the bureaus of all the great press associations and +syndicates. News had to be fresh and well written and 450 copies of +each of her "stories" distributed. About half of them were sent to +State press chairmen, presidents and others.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Harper's work was almost wholly with editors, watching<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_529" id="Page_529">[Pg 529]</a></span> the +editorials, which now came in literally by hundreds every day. Her +report of three closely printed pages said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When an editorial was friendly a letter of thanks has been sent +expressing the hope that the paper would contain many such +editorials. When one made a strong appeal for woman suffrage the +editor has had a letter expressing the deep appreciation of all +at headquarters and saying that it would unquestionably affect +public sentiment in his city and State. In many instances, even +in the largest papers, there have been mistakes in facts and +figures, as the question has not been a national issue long +enough for editors to become thoroughly informed, and these have +been corrected as tactfully as possible. Often carefully selected +literature, suited to the editor's point of view, has been +enclosed—to Western editors arguments in favor of a Federal +Amendment; to Southern editors statements on the good effects of +woman suffrage in the Western States; to Eastern editors a good +deal of both. Where an editorial has been directly hostile an +argument has been taken up with the editor, supported by +unimpeachable testimony. When the editor has been implacable I +have frequently written to suffragists in his city to learn what +were the influences behind the paper, and usually have found they +were such as gave the editor no chance to express his own +opinions, but even those papers have almost invariably published +my letters.</p></div> + +<p>During the year letters were written to over 2,000 editors in the +United States and several in Canada and the returns through the +clipping bureaus indicated that a large majority were published. The +report said: "I wish there were space to give concrete instances of +the results of this year's experiment. Editors have written that, +while for years their paper had supported woman suffrage, this was the +first time they ever had come in touch with the national organization +or known that their work was being recognized outside of their own +locality. Many who were wavering have been persuaded to come out +definitely in favor; this has been especially noticeable in the South. +In a number of cases papers which condemned a Federal Amendment have +been helped to see its necessity, and this in the South as well as the +North...." As an example of the many special articles it continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When the "picketing" began in Washington last January, almost +every newspaper in the United States held the entire suffrage +movement responsible for it. At once 250 letters were sent in +answer to editorials of this nature, stating that the National +American Association<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_530" id="Page_530">[Pg 530]</a></span> organized in 1869, had been always strictly +non-partisan and non-militant; that it represented about 98 per +cent. of the enrolled suffragists of the United States; that all +the suffrage which the women possessed to-day was due to its +efforts and those of its State auxiliaries, and that Dr. Shaw, +its honorary president, and Mrs. Catt, its president, strongly +condemned the "picketing." The letter urged the newspapers in +their comment on it to make a clear distinction between the two +organizations. In countless instances this request was complied +with but at the time of the Russian banner episode of the +"pickets" before the White House another flood of more than 1,000 +editorials poured into the national headquarters, many of them +crediting it to the whole cause. A second letter more emphatic +than the first was sent to 350 of the largest newspapers in the +country, enclosing Mrs. Catt's protest against the "picketing." +These had the desired effect and practically all of the papers +thereafter, except those hostile to woman suffrage, exonerated +the National Association from any part in it.</p></div> + +<p>An argument for the Federal Suffrage Amendment and asking support for +it was sent to a carefully selected list of 2,000 editors the month +before the first vote was taken in Congress. Over 500 individual +letters were sent, for the most part to prominent persons, called out +by some expression of theirs, which almost without exception were +cordially answered. A long letter to the International Suffrage News +each month had been part of the work of this department.</p> + +<p>Miss White's report on publicity should be reproduced in full, as it +convincingly showed why all of a sudden the newspapers of the country +were flooded with matter on woman suffrage. Not until the Leslie +bequest became available had the National Association been possessed +of the funds to do the publicity work necessary to the success of a +great movement. She told how the very first "stories" sent out +describing the granting of Presidential suffrage in the winter of 1917 +brought back returns of about half-a-million words. The story of the +Maine campaign returned 79 columns in 145 papers and Mrs. Catt's +speeches, 50,000 words. Her protest against the "antis" charge of +disloyalty against the suffragists instantly brought a return of 16 +columns in 40 metropolitan papers. Feminism in Japan, a story written +in the bureau around a little Japanese suffragist, was sent out by +syndicate to a circulation of 10,000,000. The War Service of the +National Suffrage Association was told in 15,000 words and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_531" id="Page_531">[Pg 531]</a></span> first +instalment came back in over 500 newspapers and 400,000 words. The +papers gave 680,000 words to the story of the Woman's Committee of +National Defense. These figures might be continued indefinitely. Plate +matter was furnished to 500 papers in sixteen States in May, and the +bulletins of facts, statistics and propaganda issued during the nine +months would make a book of 25,000 words.</p> + +<p>The report of Mrs. Geyer, a trained journalist, was equally valuable. +A part of her work had been to organize a press committee in every +State, arrange for the collection of news and put it in proper form +for the bulletins, the plate service, the <i>Woman Citizen</i> or wherever +it was needed and make a roster of the principal newspapers and their +position on woman suffrage. She had managed in person the press work +for the Maine campaign, the Mississippi Valley Conference in Columbus, +O., and the present national convention.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Boyd's painstaking, scholarly and efficient report on the service +rendered by the Data department showed the vast amount of time and +labor necessary to collect accurate data and how unreliable is much +that exists. This was especially the case in regard to woman suffrage, +which, when compiled from current sources and returned to the various +States for verification, always required much correction. The report +told of 350 letters sent to county clerks in the equal suffrage States +for trustworthy information as to the proportion of women who voted, +with most gratifying response. Many such investigations were made of +women in office, laws relating to women, suffrage and labor +legislation, women's war record, an infinite variety of subjects. +Thousands of newspaper clippings were tabulated and a roomful of +carefully labelled files testified to the unremitting work of the +bureau. Twenty State libraries and some others were supplied during +the year with the books issued by the National Suffrage Publishing +Company and its pamphlets were widely distributed.</p> + +<p>Miss Esther G. Ogden, president of the National Woman Suffrage +Publishing Company, made an interesting report and showed how suffrage +victories, the thing the company was working for, meant its financial +loss, for as soon as a State had won the vote it ceased to order +literature. The tremendous demands<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_532" id="Page_532">[Pg 532]</a></span> of the campaigns of 1915 and 1916 +had enabled the company to pay a three per cent. dividend but the +entrance of the United States into the war, causing a general +lessening of suffrage work, would create a deficit for the present +year. For the New York campaign of 1917 the company furnished +10,081,267 pieces of literature, all promptly paid for. Miss Ogden +gave an amusing account of how the company was "bankrupted" trying to +supply "suffrage maps" up to date, for as soon as a lot was published +another State would give Presidential or Municipal suffrage and then +the demand would come for maps with the new State "white," and +thousands of the others would have to be "scrapped."</p> + +<p>The chairman of the Literature Committee, Mrs. Arthur L. Livermore, +said that for the first time finances had been available for +publishing a well-indexed catalogue with the publications grouped +under more than twenty headings. These included efficiency booklets, +suffrage arguments, answers to opponents, Federal Amendment +literature, State reports, etc. Some of these publications were in +book form, including Mrs. Catt's volume on the Federal Amendment, Mrs. +Annie G. Porritt's Laws Affecting Women and Children and Miss Martha +Stapler's Woman Suffrage Year Book. A number of pamphlets were printed +in lots of 100,000, and 700,000 copies of the amendment speech of +Senator John F. Shafroth of Colorado before the Senate.</p> + +<p>The report of the Art Publicity Committee was made by its chairman, +Mrs. Ernest Thompson Seton, and related principally to the poster +competition, which closed with the exhibition at the national suffrage +headquarters in January. About 100 posters were submitted and $500 in +prizes awarded. Afterwards the prize winners and a selection from the +others, about thirty in all, were sent to the Washington suffrage +headquarters for display and then around to various cities which had +asked for them.</p> + +<p>One of the largest evening meetings was that devoted to American +Women's War Service, with Mrs. Catt presiding. The first speaker was +Secretary of War Newton G. Baker and a few detached paragraphs can +give little idea of his eloquent address:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I sometimes ask myself what does this war mean to women? War +always means to women sorrow and sacrifice and a mission of mercy +but one of the large, redeeming hopes of this particular +struggle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_533" id="Page_533">[Pg 533]</a></span> is that it will bring a broadening of liberty to women. +This war is waged for democracy. Democracy is never an +accomplished thing, it is always a process of growth, an endless +series of advances. President Wilson has called it a rule of +action. It is a rule that adapts conduct to environment. What was +called a democracy in Greece was a small privileged class ruling +over slaves. The members of the ruling class had certain +democratic relations with one another. There was no more of real +democracy in Rome. The first constitutional convention of the +French Revolution had a very restricted electoral system with a +property qualification. It was so with our own government in 1776 +and 1789. It was a rule of conduct adapted to the environment of +that time....</p> + +<p>The whole environment has changed. In 1789 we might quite +possibly have defined ourselves as a democracy, although women +did not vote, but not now. We speak of this as a war for +democracy. Women are making sacrifices just like men. The +activities of women in aid of the war are a necessary part of it. +If all the women were to stop their work tonight we should have +to withdraw from the war, at least temporarily, until we could +entirely readjust ourselves. One of the things this war is +bringing home to us is that men and women are essentially +partners in an industrial civilization, and by the end of the war +the women will be recognized as partners.</p></div> + +<p>When the Secretary finished Dr. Shaw said: "May we not send a message +to President Wilson and say: 'Mr. President, as you came to our +convention a year ago to fight with us, so we come now to fight with +you. As you have kept your pledge of loyalty to us, so we shall keep +our pledge to you. We are with you in this world struggle.'" The +convention enthusiastically endorsed the message. Other speakers were +Mrs. McAdoo and Mrs. Bass—Financing the War; Miss Martha Van +Rensselaer, department of Home Economics, Cornell University—Food and +the War; Miss Jane Delano—The Red Cross and the War; Mrs. Laidlaw, +Mrs. Louis F. Slade—Women's War Service in New York; Dr. Shaw, +chairman Woman's Committee of the National Council of Defense. Mrs. +McAdoo, daughter of President Wilson and wife of the Secretary of the +Treasury, said that she was a resident of New York State and a voter +and that women were making a great fight for democracy but the thought +which should now be first in the minds of all of them was how to win +the war. She described briefly her work as chairman of the Women's +Committee of the Liberty Loan and told of its wonderful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_534" id="Page_534">[Pg 534]</a></span> success in +raising millions of dollars. Mrs. Bass, the only woman member of the +War Savings Committee, added an earnest appeal to women to help +finance the war, and the other speakers on their several topics raised +the meeting to a high level of patriotic enthusiasm. In a stirring +address Dr. Shaw showed what the country expected of women at this +critical time, saying:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We talk of the army in the field as one and the army at home as +another. We are not two armies; we are one—absolutely one +army—and we must work together. Unless the army at home does its +duty faithfully, the army in the field will be unable to carry to +a victorious end this war which you and I believe is the great +war that shall bring to the world the thing that is nearest our +hearts—democracy, that "those who submit to authority shall have +a voice in the government" and that when they have that voice +peace shall reign among the nations of men.</p> + +<p>The United States Government, learning from the weaknesses and +the mistakes of the governments across the sea, immediately after +declaring war on Germany knew that it was wise to mobilize not +only the man power of the nation but the woman power. It took +Great Britain a long time to learn that—more than a year—and it +was not until 50,000 women paraded the streets of London with +banners saying, "Put us to work," that it dawned upon the British +government that women could be mobilized and made serviceable in +the war. And what is the result? It has been discovered that men +and women alike have within them great reserve power, great +forces which are called out by emergencies and the demands of a +time like this.</p></div> + +<p>Dr. Shaw described the forming of the Woman's Committee of the Council +of National Defense by the Government and her selection as its +chairman. She said she had no idea what the committee was expected to +do, so she went to the Secretary of the Navy to find out, and +continued: "I learned that the Woman's Committee was to be the channel +through which the orders of the various departments of the Government +concerning women's war work were to reach the womanhood of the +country; that it was to conserve and coordinate all the women's +societies in the United States which were doing war work in order to +prevent duplication and useless effort. This was very necessary, not +because our women are not patriotic but because they are so patriotic +that every blessed woman in the country was writing Washington, or her +organization was writing for her, asking the Government what she could +do for the war and of course the Government<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_535" id="Page_535">[Pg 535]</a></span> did not know; it has not +yet the least idea of what women can do."</p> + +<p>An amusing picture was given of men supervising a department of the +Red Cross where women were knitting, making comfort bags, etc. She +showed how for the past forty years women in their clubs and societies +had been going through the necessary evolution, "until today," she +said, "they are a mobilized army ready to serve the country in +whatever capacity they are needed. So when the Council of National +Defense laid upon the Woman's Committee the responsibility of calling +them together to mobilize women's war work, we knew exactly how to do +it.... It is not a question of whether we will act or not, the +Government has said we <i>must</i> act; it is an order as much as it is an +order that men shall go and fight in the trenches. It is an order of +the Government that the women's war work of the country shall be +coordinated, that women shall keep their organizations intact, that +they shall get together under directed heads. I said to the gentlemen +here in Washington, when at first they feared our women might not be +willing to cooperate: 'If you put before them an incentive big enough, +if you appeal to them as a part of the Government's life, not as a +by-product of creation or a kindergarten but as a great human, living +energy, ready to serve the country, they will respond as readily as +the men.'"</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We must remember that more and more sacrifices are going to be +demanded but I want to say to you women, do not meekly sit down +and make all the sacrifices and demand nothing in return. It is +not that you want pay but we all want an equally balanced +sacrifice. The Government is asking us to conserve food while it +is allowing carload after carload to rot on the side tracks of +railroad stations and great elevators of grain to be consumed by +fire for lack of proper protection. If we must eat Indian meal in +order to save wheat, then the men must protect the grain +elevators and see that the wheat is saved. We must demand that +there shall be conservation all along the line. I had a letter +the other day giving me a fearful scorching because of a speech I +made in which I said that we women have Mr. Hoover looking into +our refrigerators, examining our bread to see what kind of +materials we are using, telling us what extravagant creatures we +are, that we waste millions of money every year, waste food and +all that sort of thing, and yet while we are asked to have +meatless days and wheatless days, I have never yet seen a demand +for a smokeless day! They are asking through the newspapers that +we women shall dance, play bridge, have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_536" id="Page_536">[Pg 536]</a></span> charades, sing and do +everything under the sun to raise money to buy tobacco for the +men in the trenches, while the men who want us to do this have a +cigar in their mouth at the time they are asking it! I said that +if men want the soldiers to have tobacco, let them have smokeless +days and furnish it! If they would conserve one single cigar a +day and send it to the men in the trenches the soldiers would +have all they would need and the men at home would be a great +deal better off. If we have to eat rye flour to send wheat across +the sea they must stop smoking to send smokes across the sea.</p> + +<p>There is no end to the things that women are asked to do. I know +this is true because I have read the newspapers for the last six +months to get my duty before me. The first thing we are asked to +do is to provide the enthusiasm, inspiration and patriotism to +make men want to fight, and we are to send them away with a +smile! That is not much to ask of a mother! We are to maintain a +perfect calm after we have furnished all this inspiration and +enthusiasm, "keep the home fires burning," keep the home sweet +and peaceful and happy, keep society on a level, look after +business, buy enough but not too much and wear some of our old +clothes but not all of them or what would happen to the +merchants?... We are going to rise as women always have risen to +the supreme height of patriotic service....</p> + +<p>The Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense now asks +for your cooperation, that we may be what the Government would +have us be, soldiers at home, defending the interests of the +home, while the men are fighting with the gallant Allies who are +laying down their lives that this world may be a safe place and +that men and women may know the meaning of democracy, which is +that we are one great family of God. That, and that only, is the +ideal of democracy for which our flag stands.</p></div> + +<p>The National Anti-Suffrage Association took this time to hold its one +day's annual convention in a Washington hotel and re-elect for +president Mrs. James W. Wadsworth, Jr., wife of the New York Senator, +and elect as secretary Mrs. Robert Lansing, wife of the Secretary of +State. Mrs. Wadsworth at this time sent to the members of Congress and +circulated widely a pamphlet entitled Consider the Facts, in which she +charged the suffragists with being pacifists and Socialists and +asserted that the recent New York victory was due to the Socialist +vote. Miss Mary Garrett Hay, who was chairman of the campaign +committee in New York City, where the victory was won, expressed her +opinion from the platform in this fashion:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Senator Wadsworth and his wife announced that they weren't going +to give any entertainments till the war was over, nevertheless<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_537" id="Page_537">[Pg 537]</a></span> +they are dining tonight the Senators and Representatives who are +opposed to the Federal Amendment. So I thought I would signalize +the occasion by answering the circular Mrs. Wadsworth has sent +broadcast asking people to "consider a few facts about the woman +suffrage victory in New York." Here are some other facts to +consider:</p> + +<p>There were only three assembly districts in Manhattan where the +suffrage amendment did not poll over a thousand more votes than +the Socialists polled. Even in these three suffrage got an +average of 600 more votes than the Socialist candidate got. In +the 4th district suffrage had the advantage of the Socialists by +551 votes; in the 6th it got 600 more votes than Socialism got; +in the 8th it got 656 more. In the 12th, a typical district, +where the Socialists got only 1,822 votes, suffrage got 5,480. In +my own district, the 9th, suffrage and Fusion ran almost neck and +neck, suffrage polling 5,911, Fusion, 5,578; the Socialists +polled only 977. In Brooklyn the 14th, 19th and 23rd assembly +districts are accounted the Socialists' strongholds. In all three +suffrage ran ahead of Socialism. In the 14th suffrage polled a +"yes" vote of 4,052, the Socialists 3,142; in the 19th suffrage +polled 3,608, the Socialists 3,037; in the 23rd suffrage polled +5,060, the Socialists 3,992.</p> + +<p>Considering the suffrage vote in Greater New York in comparison +with the vote for Mayor, suffrage polled a "yes" vote of 335,959, +the Socialist candidate only 142,178. The Fusion candidate polled +149,307; the Republican, 53,678; the Democratic, the successful +one, 207,282. Suffrage, therefore, polled 38,677 more affirmative +votes than did the successful candidate. No candidate for Mayor +was in the class with the amendment, though all were for +suffrage.</p></div> + +<p>Others prominent in the suffrage movement, both men and women, made +indignant protest against Mrs. Wadsworth's accusation and pointed to +the splendid organized work of the National Suffrage Association in +cooperation with the Government from the very beginning of the war.</p> + +<p>During this week of the convention the Federal Prohibition Amendment +made its triumphant passage through the House, having already passed +the Senate, and the suffragists saw the bitterest opponents of their +amendment on the ground of State's rights throw this doctrine to the +winds in their determination to put through the one for prohibition. +They felt that the adoption of that amendment opened wide the way for +the passing of the one for suffrage in the near future and this was +the view generally taken by the public. Another event in this +remarkable week was the creation and appointment of a Woman Suffrage +Committee in the House of Representatives, for which the association<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_538" id="Page_538">[Pg 538]</a></span> +had been so long and earnestly striving. This was done against the +vigorous opposition of the Judiciary Committee, which for the past +forty years had prevented the question of woman suffrage from coming +before the House for a vote. At this time it reported the Federal +Amendment "without recommendation" and tried to prevent its being +referred to the new committee.</p> + +<p>The report of the corresponding secretary, Mrs. Nettie R. Shuler, for +1917, continued the story of the immense amount of work that had been +done at and through the national headquarters, beginning immediately +after the great impetus of the Atlantic City convention. A nation-wide +campaign was instituted under the three heads set forth by Susan B. +Anthony at the beginning of the movement—Agitate, Educate, Organize. +It was decided to center the effort even more than ever before on the +Federal Amendment and a wide call was sent out for universal +demonstrations in its favor, where a resolution for it would be +adopted. Twenty-six States responded, New York leading with 101 such +meetings. These were followed by visits to State political conventions +to secure endorsements, which met with considerable success, and +candidates for Congress were interviewed in most of the States. There +was advertising in the street cars of Washington during the sessions +of Congress. Carefully selected literature was distributed by the +hundreds of thousands of copies to the clergy, the politicians, the +business men, the rural population; no class was overlooked. +Questionnaires were sent to the equal suffrage States for information +which was compiled in pamphlets. The first experiment in "suffrage +schools," which proved so successful that they were made a permanent +feature of the work, was thus described:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It was the general of our suffrage army, Mrs. Catt, "the +country's greatest expert in efficient suffrage methods," who +first saw the need of suffrage schools and put them into effect +in New York State. She knew the value of systematic training and +realized that our failure many times had not alone been due to +the fact that numbers of women would not work but that those who +were willing were untrained and inefficient. It was at first +proposed to charge for instruction in the schools but this plan +had to be abandoned and the National Association assumed most of +the financial obligation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_539" id="Page_539">[Pg 539]</a></span></p> + +<p>Our first school was held in Baltimore in December, 1916. The +manager was Mrs. Livermore, the instructors herself, Mrs. Wilson +and Mrs. Geyer. The second was in Portland, Me., January 8-20, +1917. The nineteen schools were all under the direction of the +organization department. They began with Maryland and extended +through fourteen of the southern and middle-west States, closing +March 30 in Detroit, Mich. Three instructors, Mrs. Halsey Wilson, +Mrs. Cotnam and Miss Doughty, taught Suffrage History and +Argument, Organization, Publicity and Press, Money Raising, +Parliamentary Law. The chairman of organization, Mrs. Shuler, +taught Organization, Parliamentary Law and Money Raising in the +Portland school and in the last five schools of the series.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Shuler referred to the war work of the association, which is +described elsewhere, and told of the wide field that had been covered +by organizers, who had reached the number of 225 during the year, many +of them employed by the States. The organization work was classified +and standardized. A conference of organizers met in New York where +they were instructed by Mrs. Catt, and a pamphlet, the A. B. C. of +Organization, was prepared by Mrs. Shuler. As an example of the work +done, nine organizers reported 385 meetings in eleven weeks in 25 +States and organization effected in 178 towns. The report told of the +work done from the headquarters for the Presidential suffrage that had +been obtained in various States and in campaigns.</p> + +<p>The report of the Committee on Presidential Suffrage was of especial +interest, as for the first time in all the years, with one exception, +there were victories to record. This report had been made annually by +Henry B. Blackwell, editor of <i>The Woman's Journal</i> until his death in +1910, but although he had implicit faith in the possibility of this +partial franchise he did not live to see its first success in Illinois +in 1913. Miss Elizabeth Upham Yates (R. I.) followed him in the +chairmanship but met with an accident which caused her to relinquish +it to Mrs. Robert S. Huse. She believed the granting of this form of +the franchise helped the cause of full suffrage and through a +questionnaire to the different States she had collected much +information as to the best method of handling such bills. All wrote +that the anti-suffragists were supported in their opposition to them +by the liquor interests.</p> + +<p>During a discussion of the war work of women Mrs. F. Louis Slade of +New York moved (adopted) that as so large a share<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_540" id="Page_540">[Pg 540]</a></span> of the work of the +Red Cross is done by women, the association request that women be +given adequate representation on the War Council of the American Red +Cross. Miss Yates suggested that Clara Barton's name be introduced +into Mrs. Slade's resolution. Dr. Shaw spoke of the far-reaching +importance of the work Clara Barton had accomplished and of the +unworthy manner in which it had been treated. Mrs. L. H. Engle (Md.) +suggested that the Red Cross be reminded that the plan of having women +nurses in army hospitals had originated with a woman and that the +first military hospital in the world had been established by a woman. +Mrs. Medill McCormick moved that the Chair appoint a committee of +three to confer with the Executive Committee of the American Red +Cross. The Chair appointed Mrs. McCormick as chairman, Mrs. Slade and +Dr. M. Carey Thomas, president of Bryn Mawr College.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt read telegrams from Governor W. P. Hobby of Texas, the +Houston <i>Chronicle</i>, the Chamber of Commerce and the Mayor inviting +the association to hold the next convention in that city; also "a +telegram from the Mayor of Dallas, Texas, inviting it to meet there. +Fraternal delegates cordially received by the convention were Mrs. +Flora MacDonald Denison, honorary president of the Canadian Suffrage +Association, and Mrs. Philip Moore, president of the National Council +of Women. Mrs. Rachel Foster Avery was presented by Dr. Shaw as having +been corresponding secretary of the association for twenty-one years +and was warmly greeted. Mrs. Frances C. Axtel was introduced as a +former member of the Legislature in Washington, now chairman of the U. +S. Employees' Compensation Commission. Mrs. Margaret Hathaway, a +member of the Montana Legislature, addressed the convention. The Rev. +Olympia Brown told of the memorial of Mrs. Clara Bewick Colby, which +she had prepared, and asked the delegates to see that copies were +placed in libraries. Mrs. Catt paid high tribute to Mrs. Brown's many +years of work for woman suffrage. The Rev. James Shera Montgomery, of +the Fourth M. E. Church, and the Rev. Henry N. Couden, Chaplain of the +House of Representatives, pronounced the invocation at the opening of +two sessions.</p> + +<p>The elections of the association were models of fairness with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_541" id="Page_541">[Pg 541]</a></span> no +unnecessary waste of time. Mrs. Catt received all the votes cast for +president but three. All of the other officers but one had only from +10 to 27 opposing votes. Five members of the old board retired at +their own wish, one of them, Miss Meyer, being in the war service in +France. Mrs. McCormick, Mrs. Rogers and Mrs. Shuler were re-elected. +The new members were Miss Mary Garrett Hay (N. Y.), second +vice-president; Mrs. Guilford Dudley (Tenn.) third; Mrs. Raymond Brown +(N. Y.) fourth and Mrs. Helen H. Gardener (D. C.) fifth; Mrs. Halsey +Wilson (N. Y.) recording secretary. The convention had voted to drop +the two auditors from the list of officers and substitute two +vice-presidents. A board of directors was elected for the first time, +in the order of the votes received as follows: Mrs. James Lees Laidlaw +(N. Y.); Miss Esther G. Ogden (N. Y.); Mrs. Nonie Mahoney (Tex.); Mrs. +Horace C. Stilwell (Ind.); Dr. Mary A. Safford (Fla.); Mrs. T. T. +Cotnam (Ark.); Mrs. Charles H. Brooks (Kans.); Mrs. Arthur L. +Livermore (N. Y.).</p> + +<p>In place of a flowery speech of acceptance Mrs. Catt laid out more and +still more work and outlined a plan of organization for uniting the +women of the enfranchised States in an association which should be +auxiliary to the National American. Each State association would upon +enfranchisement automatically become a member of this organization +with an elected working committee of five persons, these State +committees to be finally united in a central body to be known as the +National League of Women Voters. [Handbook of convention, page 48.] +Besides the obvious advantages, she suggested that such an +organization would provide a way for recently enfranchised States to +maintain intact their suffrage associations for the benefit of work on +the Federal Amendment.<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a></p> + +<p>One of the most vital reports was that of the treasurer, Mrs. Henry +Wade Rogers. It was a remarkable story especially to those who +remembered the time when the receipts of the association for the whole +year did not exceed $2,000, laboriously collected by Miss Anthony, +with possibly a little assistance, in subscriptions of from $5 to $10 +with one of $50 regarded as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_542" id="Page_542">[Pg 542]</a></span> high water mark. The report began: "Our +fiscal year closed October 31 with a balance of $11,985 in the +treasury and in addition to this our books showed investments of +$19,061, the interest of which we have received during the year." The +feeling of many suffragists that they wished to use all their money +for war work retarded contributions but the example of the National +Association was pointed out, which undertook a widespread war service, +as the treasury had proved, but did not leave its legitimate suffrage +work undone. Mrs. Rogers, whose gratuitous services as treasurer had +proved of the highest value to the association, told of the help of +her committee of forty-two members in the various States and presented +her report carefully audited by expert accountants. It showed +expenditures for the year of $803,729. This covered the expenses of +the two headquarters, congressional work, State campaigns, publicity +and organization throughout the United States. Mrs. Catt's plan to +raise a million dollar fund for 1917 had met a generous response and +had not lacked a great deal of fulfilment. Pledges to the amount of +$120,000 were made for the coming year, the Leslie Commission leading +with $15,000, Mrs. William Thaw, Jr., of Pittsburgh subscribed +$12,000; Mrs. Robert Gould Shaw of Boston, $5,000; Mrs. Katharine +Dexter McCormick, $2,000; Mrs. Catt, Mrs. Joseph Fels, Mrs. V. Everit +Macy of New York; Mrs. Wirt Dexter of Boston; Mrs. Arthur Ryerson, +Mrs. Cyrus H. McCormick of Chicago, $1,000 each.</p> + +<p>The plan of work for the coming year provided for concentration on +securing the submission of the Federal Amendment and the following was +adopted: "If the Sixty-fifth Congress fails to submit the Federal +Amendment before the next congressional election this association +shall select and enter into such a number of senatorial and +congressional campaigns as will effect a change in both Houses of +Congress sufficient to insure its passage. The selection of candidates +to be opposed is to be left to the Executive Board and to the boards +of the States in question. Our opposition to individual candidates +shall not be based on party considerations, and loyalty to the Federal +Amendment shall not take precedence over loyalty to the country."</p> + +<p>It was resolved that a compact of State associations willing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_543" id="Page_543">[Pg 543]</a></span> and +ready to conduct such campaigns should be formed. It was directed that +the six departments of war work should be continued and that each +State association should be asked to establish a War Service Committee +composed of a chairman and the chairmen of these departments, with an +additional one for Liberty Loans, and that this committee cooperate +with the State divisions of the Woman's Committee of National Defense.</p> + +<p>In addition to the resolution of loyalty to the Government at the +beginning of the convention the following, submitted by the committee, +Miss Blackwell chairman, were among those adopted:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Whereas, the war is demanding from women unprecedented labor and +sacrifices and women by millions are responding with utmost +loyalty and devotion; and</p> + +<p>Whereas, Abraham Lincoln, writing of woman suffrage, declared +that all should share the privileges of the government who assist +in bearing its burdens; and</p> + +<p>Whereas, it is important to a country in war even more than in +peace that all its loyal citizens should be equipped with the +most up-to-date tools; therefore be it</p> + +<p>Resolved, that we urge Congress, as a war measure, to submit to +the States an amendment to the United States Constitution +providing for the nation-wide enfranchisement of women.</p> + +<p>That we rejoice this year in the most important victories yet won +in the history of the cause. Since January 1, 1917, women have +received full suffrage in New York, practically full suffrage in +Arkansas, Presidential suffrage in Rhode Island, Michigan and +Indiana, Presidential and Municipal suffrage in Nebraska and +North Dakota, statewide Municipal suffrage in Vermont, local +Municipal suffrage in seven cities of Ohio, Florida and Tennessee +and nation-wide suffrage in Canada and Russia; while the British +House of Commons has gone on record in favor of full suffrage for +women by a vote of seven to one.</p> + +<p>That we pledge our unswerving loyalty to our country and the +continuance of our aid in patriotic service to help make the +world safe for democracy both at home and abroad.</p> + +<p>That we pledge our unqualified support to the campaign for the +sale of the War Savings Certificates and Thrift Stamps and urge +our members to aid it in every way....</p> + +<p>That we urge the establishment of the economic principle of equal +pay for equal work as vital to the welfare of the nation....</p> + +<p>That an American-born woman should not lose her nationality by +marrying a foreigner and we urge a change of the law in this +respect.</p></div> + +<p>A resolution of gratitude to the memory of the many earnest workers +for woman suffrage who had passed away during the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_544" id="Page_544">[Pg 544]</a></span> year was adopted +and letters of greeting were sent to the pioneers still living. A +message of love and admiration was sent to Mrs. Catherine Breshkovsky, +"the grandmother of the Russian Revolution." "Cordial and grateful +appreciation for the inestimable service of the press," was voted.</p> + +<p>The program for the last evening was devoted to Women's War Service +Abroad. Miss Helen Fraser, representing Great Britain, was here on a +special mission from its Government to tell what its women were doing. +The audience was deeply moved by her simple but thrilling recital of +the unparalleled sacrifices of the women of Great Britain and its +colonies. Madame Simon pictured in eloquent language how the war had +strengthened the devotion of France to America, not only through the +unequalled assistance of this Government in money and soldiers but +also through the sympathy and help of the American women. Miss C. M. +Bouimistrow, a member of the Russian Relief Council, spoke of the warm +feeling of that country for the United States and the bond between +them created by the war in which they had a common enemy. Mrs. Nellie +McClung, a leader of the Canadian suffragists, described what the war +had meant to the women of the Dominion, and, as the <i>Woman Citizen</i> +said in its account, "kept her hearers wavering between laughter and +tears as she hid her own emotion behind a veil of stoicism and humor."</p> + +<p>The convention ended with a mass meeting at the theater on Sunday +afternoon at three o'clock with a notable audience such as can +assemble only in Washington. Mrs. Catt presided. Mrs. McClung told +enthusiastically the story of How Suffrage Came to the Women of Canada +in 1916 and 1917, and Miss Fraser related how the work of women during +the war had made it impossible for the British Government longer to +deny them the franchise, that now only awaited the assent of the House +of Lords, which was near at hand. It was always left to Dr. Shaw to +finish the program. One who had attended many suffrage conventions +said of her at this time: "As ever, Dr. Shaw's oratory was a marked +feature of the week's proceedings. Sometimes she was the able advocate +of loyalty to the country; sometimes she rose to heights of +supplication for an applied democracy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_545" id="Page_545">[Pg 545]</a></span> which shall include women; +sometimes the mischief that is in her bubbled and sparkled to the +surface."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt closed the meeting with ringing words of inspiration, with a +call for more and better work than had ever been done before and with +a prophecy that the long-awaited victory was almost won. This +convention, which had been held under such unfavorable auspices, +proved to have been one of the best in way of accomplishment, and, +although the papers were overflowing with news of the war, they came +to the national suffrage press bureau from 44 States with excellent +accounts of the convention; there were over 300 illustrated "stories" +and it was estimated that it had received half a million words of +"publicity."</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>It had been customary to have a hearing on the Federal Suffrage +Amendment before the committees of every new Congress and this year an +extra session had been called in the spring. As the question of a +special Committee on Woman Suffrage in the Lower House was under +consideration no hearing before its Judiciary Committee was asked for +but a hearing took place before the Senate Committee on Woman Suffrage +April 20. This was largely a matter of routine as the entire committee +was ready to report favorably the resolution for the amendment. +Chairman Jones announced that the entire forenoon had been set apart +for the hearing, which would be in charge of Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, +president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Mrs. +Catt said: "The Senate Committee of Woman Suffrage was established in +1883. Thirty-four years have passed since then and seventeen +Congresses. We confidently believe that we are appearing before the +last of these committees and that it will be your immortal fame, Mr. +Chairman, to present the last report for woman suffrage to the United +States Senate." With words of highest praise she introduced Senator +John F. Shafroth of Colorado, "who has been our staunch and unfailing +friend through trial and adversity."</p> + +<p>Senator Shafroth answered conclusively from the twenty-four years' +experience of his State the stock objections to woman suffrage, which +he declared to be "simply another step in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_546" id="Page_546">[Pg 546]</a></span> evolution of government +which has been going on since the dawn of civilization." He asked to +have printed as part of his speech two chapters of Mrs. Catt's new +book Woman Suffrage by Constitutional Amendment, which was so ordered. +Senator Kendrick of Wyoming, former Governor, gave his experience of +woman suffrage in that State for thirty-eight years. He declared that +the early settlers were of the type of the Revolutionary Fathers and +gladly gave to woman any right they claimed. He testified to the help +he had received from them "in the promotion of every piece of +progressive legislation" and said: "If for no other reason than the +forces that are fighting woman suffrage, every decent man ought to +line up in favor of it." He closed as follows: "Here and now I want to +give this Constitutional Amendment my unqualified endorsement. No +State that has adopted woman suffrage has ever even considered a plan +to get along without it. It is soon realized that the votes of women +are not for sale at any price, and, while they align themselves with +the different parties, one thing is always and preeminently true—they +never fail to put principle above partisanship and patriotism above +patronage." Senator William Howard Thompson of Kansas sketched the +steady progress of woman suffrage in his State, told of its beneficent +results and submitted a comprehensive address which he had made before +the Senate in 1914.</p> + +<p>The committee listened with much interest to the first woman member of +Congress, Representative Jeannette Rankin of Montana, who reviewed the +almost insurmountable difficulties of amending many State +constitutions for woman suffrage and made an earnest plea for the +Federal Amendment. Senator Charles S. Thomas of Colorado, who for the +past twenty-five years had been a consistent and never failing friend +of woman suffrage, said in beginning: "I learned this lesson in my +early manhood by reading the addresses of and listening to such +advocates as Susan B. Anthony," and he summed up his strong speech by +saying: "The matter is simply one of abstract and of concrete justice. +We cannot preach universal suffrage unless we practice it and we can +never practice it while fifty per cent. of our population is +disfranchised." Senator Reed Smoot of Utah, to whom the women of his +State could always look for help<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_547" id="Page_547">[Pg 547]</a></span> in this and every other good cause, +said in his brief remarks: "I have for many years watched the work and +the sacrifices by many of the best women of this country to bring this +question before the people and convince them of its justice and +righteousness and I have gloried with them in every victory they have +won. Nothing on earth will stop it. The country will not much longer +tolerate it that a woman shall have the privilege of voting in one +State and upon moving into another be disfranchised."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt stated that Senators Chamberlain of Oregon and Johnson of +California, were not able to be present and asked that the favorable +speeches they would have made be put in the Congressional Record, +which was granted. Senator Thomas J. Walsh of Montana made a thorough +analysis of the attitude of the Federal Constitution toward suffrage +and its gradual extension and declared that it was now "the duty of +the government to see that every one of its citizens was assured of +this fundamental right." The hearing was closed by Mrs. Catt with a +comprehensive review of the status of woman suffrage throughout the +world and the naming of the many countries where it prevailed. She +pointed out that Great Britain and her colonies had recognized the +political rights of women as the United States had never done, and, +now that they were to be called on for the supreme sacrifices of the +war, the British Government was granting them the franchise, which our +own Government was still withholding. "This fact," she said, "has +saddened the lives of women, it has dimmed their vision of American +ideals and lowered their respect for our Government. The tremendous +capacity of women for constructive work, for upbuilding the best in +civilization and for enthusiastic patriotism has been crushed. In +consequence this greatest force for good has been minimized and the +entire nation is the loser." Senator Walsh's and Mrs. Catt's speeches +were printed in a separate pamphlet and circulated by the thousands.</p> + +<p>On April 26 the Senate Committee granted a hearing to that branch of +the suffrage movement called the National Woman's Party. Miss Anne +Martin, its vice-chairman, presided and able speeches were made by +Mrs. Mary Ritter Beard and Mrs. Rheta Childe Dorr of New York; Mrs. +Richard F. Wainwright of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_548" id="Page_548">[Pg 548]</a></span> District; Miss Madeline Z. Doty and Miss +Ernestine Evans, war correspondents; Miss Alice Carpenter, chairman of +the New York Women's Navy League; Miss Rankin and Dudley Field Malone, +collector of the port of New York. On May 3 the National Anti-Suffrage +Association claimed a hearing. Its president, Mrs. Arthur M. Dodge, +introduced the president of the New York branch, the wife of U. S. +Senator James W. Wadsworth, Jr., who presided. The speakers were Miss +Minnie Bronson, national secretary; Miss Lucy Price of Ohio; Judge +Oscar Leser of Maryland and Mrs. A. J. George of Massachusetts. Their +speeches, which fill twenty pages of the printed report, comprise a +full résumé of the arguments against the enfranchisement of women and +will be read with curiosity by future students of this question. On +May 15, at the request of the National Woman's Party, the committee +granted a supplementary hearing at which the speakers were J. A. H. +Hopkins of New Jersey, representing the new Progressive party being +organized; John Spargo of Vermont, representing the Socialist Party; +Virgil Henshaw, national chairman of the Prohibition party and Miss +Mabel Vernon. They gave to the committee copies of a "memorial" which +they had presented to President Wilson urging immediate action by +Congress. It was signed also by former Governor David I. Walsh of +Massachusetts for the Progressive Democrats and Edward A. Rumely for +the Progressive Republicans. The pamphlet of these four hearings, of +which the Senate Committee furnished 10,000 copies, was widely used +for propaganda.</p> + +<p>A hearing was held on May 18 before the Committee on Rules of the +Lower House, with the entire membership present: Representatives +Edward W. Pou, N. C.; chairman; James C. Cantrill, Ky.; Martin D. +Foster, Ills.; Finis J. Garrett, Tenn.; "Pat" Harrison, Miss.; M. +Clyde Kelly, Penn.; Irvine L. Lenroot, Wis.; Daniel J. Riordan, N. Y.; +Thomas D. Schall, Minn.; Bertrand H. Snell, N. Y.; William R. Wood, +Ind. Its purpose was to urge favorable report for a Committee on Woman +Suffrage. The speakers for the National American Suffrage Association +were Judge Raker, Representatives Jeannette Rankin of Montana; Edward +T. Taylor of Colorado; Frank W. Mondell of Wyoming and Edward Keating +of Colorado;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_549" id="Page_549">[Pg 549]</a></span> Mrs. Maud Wood Park, chairman, and Mrs. Helen H. +Gardener, member of the association's Congressional Committee. The +speakers for the National Woman's Party were Miss Martin, Miss Maud +Younger, Mrs. Wainwright, Miss Vernon, Representatives George F. +O'Shaughnessy of Rhode Island; C. N. McArthur of Oregon; Carl Hayden +of Arizona. On December 13 a Committee on Woman Suffrage was +appointed.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Signed: Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, honorary president; Mrs. +Carrie Chapman Catt, president; Mrs. Walter McNab Miller, Mrs. Stanley +McCormick and Miss Esther G. Ogden, vice-presidents; Mrs. Frank J. +Shuler, corresponding secretary; Mrs. Thomas Jefferson Smith, +recording secretary; Mrs. Henry Wade Rogers, treasurer; Mrs. Pattie +Ruffner Jacobs, auditor; Mrs. Maud Wood Park, chairman Congressional +Committee; Miss Rose Young, chairman of Press; Mrs. Arthur L. +Livermore, chairman of Literature.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> On the list were: All the members of the Cabinet except +Secretary of State Lansing; nineteen U.S. Senators and fourteen +prominent Representatives; Speaker Champ Clark; U.S. Commissioner of +Education Philander P. Claxton; Assistant Secretary of Agriculture +Carl Vrooman; Justices of the Supreme Court of the District Wendell P. +Stafford and Frederick L. Siddons; Secretary to the President Joseph +P. Tumulty; Commissioners of the District Louis Brownlow and W. Gwynn +Gardiner; former Commissioners Henry F. MacFarland and Simon Wolf; +Major Raymond S. Pullman, Chief of Police; Resident Commissioner and +Mme. Jaime De Veyra (Philippine Islands); Resident Commissioner Felix +C. Davila (Porto Rico); John Barrett, director of the Pan-American +Union; Major-General W. C. Gorgas; the Reverends U. G. B. Pierce, +Henry N. Couden, chaplain of the House of Representatives; James Shera +Montgomery, Rabbi Abram Simon, John Van Schaick, president of the +School Board; Theodore Noyes, editor of the <i>Evening Star</i>; Arthur +Brisbane, the <i>Times</i>; C. T. Brainerd, the Washington <i>Herald</i>; W. P. +Spurgeon, the Washington <i>Post</i>; Gilbert Grosvenor, editor of the +<i>National Geographic Magazine</i>; J. Leftwich Sinclair, president, and +Thomas Grant, secretary of the Washington Chamber of Commerce; Dr. +Harry A. Garfield, president Williams College and director Fuel +Administration for the United States; Edward P. Costigan, U. S. Tariff +Commission; Frank A. Vanderlip, V. Everit Macy, on War Boards; Samuel +Gompers, president American Federation of Labor; Alexander Graham +Bell; Gifford Pinchot; Dr. Ryan Devereux; General Julian S. Carr, +commander-in-chief United Confederate Veterans. +</p><p> +Miss Julia Lathrop, chief of the Children's Bureau; Mrs. Mary C. C. +Bradford, president, and Mrs. Ella Flagg Young, secretary National +Education Association; Mrs. George Thacher Guernsey, president-general +Daughters of the American Revolution; Mrs. Cordelia R. P. Odenheimer, +president-general Daughters of the Confederacy; Miss Janet Richards; +Mrs. Charles Boughton Wood; Mrs. Blaine Beale; Mrs. Ellis Meredith; +Mrs. Christian Hemmick; Mrs. Herbert C. Hoover; Mrs. A. Garrison +McClintock.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> The names of the thirteen were given as follows: Miss +Heloise Meyer of Massachusetts, first auditor of the association, +scheduled for canteen work in France. Mrs. J. Borden Harriman, member +of the Congressional Committee of the association, now on governmental +assignment in Europe. Miss Irene C. Boyd, of the New York Suffrage +Party, serving in a United States base hospital with the American +Expeditionary Forces in France. Dr. Esther Pohl-Lovejoy of Portland, +Ore., serving with the party sent by the "Fund for French Wounded." +Miss Mary W. Dewson, chairman of legislative committee of the +Massachusetts Suffrage Association, social worker in France at the +call of Major Grayson M. P. Murphy. Miss Lodovine LeMoyne, publicity +chairman of the Fall River Equal Suffrage League, serving in a United +States base hospital with the American Expeditionary Forces in France. +Miss Elizabeth G. Bissell, corresponding secretary of the Iowa Equal +Suffrage Association in the French Red Cross canteen. Miss Susan P. +Ryerson, former corresponding secretary Chicago Equal Suffrage +Association, now bacteriological expert attached to base hospital in +France. Miss Lucile Atcherson, of the Ohio association, serving as +secretary to Miss Anne Morgan in her relief work in France. To these +nine will be added the names of the four doctors leading the New York +Infirmary Hospital Unit, which is now seeking the support and +authorization of the National Suffrage Association—Caroline Finley, +Mary Lee Edwards, Anna Von Sholly and Alice Gregory.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> See Mrs. McCormick's complete account in the last +chapter on <a href="#CHAPTER_XXIV">The War Work of Organized Suffragists</a> prepared for this +volume.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> This Address to Congress in handsome pamphlet form was +presented to every member in person by the various women of the +association's Congressional Committee. After the Federal Amendment was +submitted by Congress it was revised, printed under the title An +Address to Legislatures, and through the mail or by the State suffrage +workers was put into the hands of every one of the 6,000 members of +the forty-eight State Legislatures.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> For information regarding the bequest of Mrs. Frank +Leslie see Appendix.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> This organization, originated by Mrs. Catt even to the +name, was effected at the national convention in St. Louis, March, +1919.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_550" id="Page_550">[Pg 550]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2> + +<h3>NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1918-1919.</h3> + + +<p>For the first time since it was founded in 1869 the National American +Woman Suffrage Association in 1918 omitted its annual convention. +Suffragists were accustomed to strenuous effort but this year strained +to the last ounce the strength of all engaged in national work. The +Congressional Committee could not secure the respite of a single day +and were summoning women from all parts of the country for service in +Washington and demanding extra work from them at home, telegrams, +letters, influence from the constituencies, etc. There was a vote Jan. +10, 1918, in the Lower House and a continual pressure from that moment +to get a vote in the Senate, which did not come till October and was +adverse. Then the committee pushed on without stopping. Mrs. Shuler, +the corresponding secretary, had been in the Michigan, South Dakota +and Oklahoma campaigns all summer and was exhausted. The three States +were carried for suffrage and when the election was over all the +forces were used to obtain Presidential suffrage in the big +legislative year beginning January, 1919. It was a question of +pressing forward to victory or stopping to prepare for and hold a +convention and lose the opportunities for gains in Congress.</p> + +<p>During the first ten months of 1918 the vast conflict in Europe had +gone steadily on; the United States had sent over millions of soldiers +and other millions were in training camps on this side of the ocean; +transportation was blocked; the advanced cost of living had brought +distress to many households; thousands of families were in mourning, +and everywhere suffragists were devoting time and strength to those +heavy burdens of war which always fall on women. By November 1, when +it would have been necessary to issue the call for a convention, there +was no prospect of a change in these hard conditions, and when on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_551" id="Page_551">[Pg 551]</a></span> +November 11 the Armistice was suddenly declared no one was interested +in anything but the end of the war and its world-wide aftermath.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> +During the dark days of 1918, however, there had come a tremendous +advance in the status of woman suffrage. The magnificent way in which +women had met the demands of war, their patriotic service, their +loyalty to the Government, had swept away the old-time objections to +their enfranchisement and fully established their right to full +equality in all the privileges of citizenship. Early in the winter the +Lower House of Congress by a two-thirds vote declared in favor of +submitting to the Legislatures an amendment to the Federal +Constitution, the object for which the National Suffrage Association +had been formed, and the Parliament of Great Britain had fully +enfranchised the majority of its women. In the spring the Canadian +Parliament conferred full Dominion suffrage on women. Before and after +the Armistice the nations of Europe that had overthrown their Emperors +and Kings gave women equal voting rights with men. In November at +their State elections, Michigan, South Dakota and Oklahoma gave +complete suffrage to women. The U. S. Senate was still holding out by +a majority of two against submitting the Federal Amendment but it was +almost universally recognized that the seventy years' struggle for +woman suffrage in this country was nearing the end.</p> + +<p>With the opening of the year 1919 the progress was evident by the +addition of seven more States to those whose Legislatures had granted +the Presidential franchise to women; that of Tennessee included +Municipal suffrage and that of Texas had given Primary suffrage the +preceding year. The situation now seemed to require an early +convention of the National Association and the time was especially +opportune, as this year marked the 50th anniversary of its founding. A +Call was issued, therefore, for a Jubilee Convention to be held in +March, fifteen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_552" id="Page_552">[Pg 552]</a></span> months after the one of 1917. As it was the intention +to launch the organization of Women Voters it was decided to meet in +the central part of the country and the invitation of St. Louis was +accepted.<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a></p> + +<p>The Report of the annual convention of 1901, with which this volume +begins, filled 130 printed pages; the Report of 1919 filled 322, which +makes a complete account of its proceedings impracticable. Their +character had been changing from year to year and at this convention +it was almost transformed. At the public evening meetings there were +no longer eloquent pleas and arguments for the ballot and the daytime +sessions were not devoted to discussions of the many phases of the +work. Now there was business and political consideration of the best +and quickest methods of bringing the movement to an end and the most +effective use that could be made of the suffrage already so largely +won. It was a little difficult for some of the older workers to +accustom themselves to the change, which deprived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_553" id="Page_553">[Pg 553]</a></span> the convention of +its old-time crusading, consecrated spirit, but the younger ones were +full of ardor and enthusiasm over the limitless opportunities that +were nearly within their grasp.</p> + +<p>On Sunday evening the national officers and directors held an informal +reception in the Hotel Statler for the delegates and all the sessions +were held in this hotel, with the two evening mass meetings in the +Odeon Theater. The convention opened Monday evening, March 24, with +the president, Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, in the chair. Dr. Anna Howard +Shaw, who was an ordained Methodist minister, pronounced the +invocation and the community singing at this and all sessions was led +by Mrs. W.D. Steele of St. Louis.<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> The Mayor, Henry W. Kiel, +extended a cordial welcome to the city and pledged his earnest support +of woman suffrage. Mrs. Walter McNab Miller, president of the Missouri +suffrage association, gave the welcome from the State. Mrs. B. +Morrison Fuller, president of the Daughters of Pioneers, brought their +greeting and referred to a convention held in St. Louis in 1872, +introducing three ladies who were present at that time.</p> + +<p>Dr. Shaw, honorary president, took the chair and presented Mrs. Catt. +Her address, The Nation Calls, was a strong appeal for an organization +of Women Voters to be formed in the States where they were +enfranchised. The plan was outlined and she asked: "Shall the women +voters go forward doing their work as free women in the great world +while the non-free women are left to struggle on alone toward liberty +unattained?" She showed how powerful an influence such a coordinated +body could wield and among its primary objects she pointed out the +Federal Suffrage Amendment, corrections in the present laws and true +democracy for the world. She named nine vital needs of the Government +at the present time, to which the proposed organization could +contribute—compulsory education, English the national language, +education of adults, higher qualifications for citizenship, direct +citizenship for women and not through marriage, compulsory lessons in +citizenship through foreign language<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_554" id="Page_554">[Pg 554]</a></span> papers, oath of allegiance as +qualification for citizenship, schools of citizenship in every city +ward and rural district and an educational requirement for voting.</p> + +<p>This comprehensive and convincing address is given in part in the +chapter on The League of Women Voters, by Mrs. Nettie Rogers Shuler, +corresponding secretary. It showed beyond question the great work that +awaited the action of women endowed with political power and it swept +away all doubts of the necessity for this new organization to which +Mrs. Catt and her committee had given so much time and thought. +Throughout the convention the League was the dominating feature, +meetings being held daily to discuss its organization, constitution, +objects, methods, officers, etc.</p> + +<p>At the close of Mrs. Catt's address Mrs. Guilford Dudley of Tennessee, +with a group of sixteen women from as many southern States came to the +platform and with eloquent words presented her and Dr. Shaw with large +framed parchments on which President Wilson's appeal to the Senate for +the submission of the Federal Suffrage Amendment Sept. 30, 1918, was +beautifully wrought in illuminated letters by the artist Scapecchi. At +Mrs. Catt's request Dr. Shaw made the response for both of them.</p> + +<p>Tuesday morning the convention was cordially welcomed to the city by +Mrs. George Gellhorn, president of the St. Louis Equal Suffrage League +and chairman of local arrangements. There were present 329 delegates, +seventeen officers and three chairmen of standing committees. The +chair announced that because of the crowded program the separate +reports of officers and committee chairmen, which always had been read +to the conventions, would be replaced with a general report of the +year's work by Mrs. Shuler, chairman of Campaigns and Surveys. This +report was a remarkably comprehensive survey of the varied work of the +association. After recounting the gains in the States she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Our question is now political. The past year has seen suffrage by +Federal Amendment endorsed by twenty-one Democratic and twenty +Republican State conventions; by all those of the minor parties +and by many State Central Committees, while many others have +approved the principle of equal suffrage by a large vote. In +July, 1918, our second vice-president, Miss Mary Garrett Hay,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_555" id="Page_555">[Pg 555]</a></span> +was made chairman of the platform committee at the State +Republican conference in Saratoga, N. Y., a distinct suffrage +victory, inasmuch as the men realized that in thus signally +honoring her they were honoring the woman, who, by her work in +winning the suffrage campaign in New York City, had made possible +the victory in the State. Miss Hay has since been made a member +of the Republican State Executive Committee and chairman of the +Executive Committee Woman's Division of the Republican National +Committee.</p> + +<p>The work of the last fifteen months has been accomplished under +most trying and difficult conditions. Many women under the +allurement of war work dropped suffrage work altogether, and +could not be persuaded that it was necessary at this time; others +were unable to endure the criticism that they would be "slackers" +if they did anything besides war work; still others thought if +they did this well that men, "seeing their good works" would +"reward them openly" with the ballot.</p> + + +<p>Mobilization: The mobilization of our suffrage army came April +18, 1918, with the call for the Executive Council meeting at +Indianapolis. At that time Mrs. Catt, our chief, plainly stated +that there could be no "go it alone" campaigns but that +provincial shackles must be dropped, nation-wide plans adopted +and constructive cooperation from all branches assured. Her plans +were accepted unanimously. On May 14 a bulletin was issued asking +for a nation-wide protest campaign against further delay in +passing the Federal Amendment. Resolutions were to be passed by +State bodies and points given to be stressed at mass meetings and +in publicity. Resolutions of protest were sent from the women of +the Allied countries of Europe to the President of the United +States; from National Republican and Democratic Committees; +General Federation of Women's Clubs; National Women's Trade Union +League; American Collegiate Alumnæ; American Nurses' Association; +National Education Association; National Convention of Business +Women; Woman's Christian Temperance Union; American Federation of +Labor. Many States responded with resolutions from State +political parties, press associations, churches, granges, labor +and business organizations, political leaders and large numbers +of citizens.</p> + + +<p>Our Fighting Units: From honorary president to the last director, +every member of the board of the National Association had some +part in war work. Our service flag representing suffrage +officials of our branches carried twenty-five stars. Dr. Shaw, +Mrs. Catt and Mrs. McCormick were conscripted for the Woman's +Committee of the National Council of Defense; Mrs. Catt for the +Liberty Loan's National List; Miss Hay, Mrs. Gardener and Mrs. +Dudley for Congressional and Mrs. Brown for Oversea Hospitals +work. Other members of the board were sent from time to time to +various States on special missions.</p> + + +<p>Congressional Work: Mrs. Rogers went to New Jersey; Mrs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_556" id="Page_556">[Pg 556]</a></span> Wilson +and Mrs. Stilwell to Delaware and Mrs. Livermore to New Hampshire +for work connected with the Federal Amendment. Mrs. Wilson +attended the State suffrage conventions in Maine, Rhode Island, +New Hampshire and made a longer stay in Florida and Vermont. Mrs. +Shuler went to the three campaign States twice, spending five +weeks in South Dakota, holding a suffrage school there; five +weeks in Michigan and nearly five months in Oklahoma, later going +to West Virginia. Others who were sent by the National +Association on special missions were Miss Louise Hall, Mrs. +Fitzgerald, Mrs. Anna C. Tillinghast and Miss Eva Potter to New +Hampshire; Miss Mabel Willard to Delaware; Mrs. Cunningham, Miss +Marjorie Shuler and Mrs. Mary Grey Brewer to Florida, while Mrs. +Brewer made a trip as special envoy to five of the western +States. Our nineteen national organizers have been in twenty +States. In eighteen part or all of the expenses have been borne +by the National Association. At present we have ten organizers in +the field.</p> + +<p>To the one who has made our victories possible, our national and +international president, Mrs. Catt, women owe a debt of gratitude +that can never be paid. Her strength and sagacity, her unerring +judgment and masterful leadership have acted as a stimulus and +inspiration, not only to those of us who have been privileged to +work at close range but also to the women of the entire world. +Our national suffrage headquarters have been a place of peace and +happiness because of her patience, good-nature and sympathy. Her +battle for the past fifteen months has been with adverse +conditions and reactionary forces, which are always the hardest +to combat, but not once has her courage faltered or her strength +of purpose failed.</p> + +<p>Our Ammunition: At national headquarters in New York City our +work is departmentalized and functions through the Leslie Bureau +of Suffrage Education under three department heads: The <i>Woman +Citizen</i>, Press Bureau and Research. These cooperate with a +fourth department, the National Publishing Company, and all are +so closely co-ordinated that they work as one.</p> + +<p>The <i>Woman Citizen</i>—Our National Organ. (See special report.) As +you will remember, the Leslie Commission took over the Press +Bureau March, 1917, and since then has paid all of its expenses.</p> + +<p>In order to keep our official machinery moving, there are about +fifty people on the two floors at 171 Madison Avenue, New York.</p> + +<p>Circularization: The <i>Woman Citizen</i> has been sent each week to +members of Congress and on thirty different occasions they +received literature prepared in the most tempting fashion for +their instruction and edification. Mrs. Catt put into operation +the plan for resolutions from the Legislatures calling upon the +Senate to pass the Federal Suffrage Amendment. These from +twenty-four States were read into the Congressional Record, and +while they did not put the Federal Amendment through they were +effective as showing the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_557" id="Page_557">[Pg 557]</a></span> nation-wide urge for favorable action. +The Legislatures themselves were circularized with excellent +literature.</p> + +<p>In February, 1918, a bulletin was sent to State presidents +offering one or more traveling libraries of sixty-two volumes, +the Leslie Commission to pay expenses to the State and its +association to pay them within the State. A library could be held +one year. Quantities of literature have been sent to the States +for distribution while requests for special literature have +received prompt attention.</p> + +<p>The activity regarding the appointment of a woman or women on the +Peace Commission originated in the national office and stirred +the people of the entire country. On Dec. 8, 1918, the +association held a meeting of war workers in the National Theatre +in Washington, D. C., to protest against further delay in the +Senate on the Federal Amendment. Twenty-seven delegates +representing the association attended the eight congresses held +throughout the United States in the interest of the League of +Nations.</p> + +<p>Field Work. The resolution committing the National Association to +an aggressive policy was passed at its convention of 1917. It +read: "If the 65th Congress fails to submit the Federal Amendment +before the next Congressional election the association shall +select and enter into such a number of campaigns as will effect a +change in both houses of Congress sufficient to insure its +passage."</p> + +<p>October came; the November elections were approaching; the 65th +Congress had failed to pass the amendment. Probabilities had to +be weighed which would produce the necessary two votes if +possible and it was decided to enter the campaigns in New +Hampshire, New Jersey, Massachusetts and Delaware. The first two +were at no time specially hopeful, as they were likely to poll +Republican majorities and the Republican Senatorial candidates of +both were against woman suffrage. However, as a result of the +work done in New Jersey, Senator Baird fell much behind his +ticket, while in New Hampshire the women and the advertising made +so strong a case for the pro-suffrage candidate that for a day or +two the result was in doubt, but it was finally declared that +Moses had won by 1,200 votes.... The two most important and +successful contests were in Massachusetts against the Republican +Senator Weeks; in Delaware against the Democratic Senator +Saulsbury....</p></div> + +<p>Under the sub-title "In the trenches" Mrs. Shuler told of the three +great State campaigns of the year in Michigan, South Dakota and +Oklahoma (described in the chapters for those States) and said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The National Association gave to these States eighteen +organizers, all of whom rendered valuable service. It gave plate +matter at a cost of $4,600; 100,000 posters, 1,528,000 pieces of +literature, eighteen street banners and 50,000 buttons. It gave +to South Dakota a "suffrage school," June 3-20, sessions in the +daytime in seven cities and street meetings in ten of the nearby +towns in the evenings.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_558" id="Page_558">[Pg 558]</a></span> The sending of Miss Marjorie Shuler as +press chairman to Oklahoma enabled it to issue 126,000 copies of +a suffrage supplement and supply 300 papers with weekly +bulletins, information service and two half-pages of plate. These +three campaigns cost the association $30,720. This was the +financial cost, but the immense output of time and energy by the +women cannot be computed. It is safe to say that all of them as +they emerged from this trench warfare again questioned the +advisability of trying to secure suffrage by the State route.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Shuler's fine report closed with an optimistic peroration on +Seeing it Through. [See Handbook of convention.]</p> + +<p>The carefully audited report of the treasurer, Mrs. Henry Wade Rogers, +showed almost incredible collections during a period when the war was +making its endless calls for money. In part it was as follows: "The +year 1918 has been a very remarkable one for the national suffrage +treasury. The large demands of the war on every individual, both for +money and work, seemed to forebode financial difficulties for us +before the close of our fiscal year. Instead, the response to the +needs of our treasury was never more fully met, both in the payment of +pledges made at the last convention and in securing new pledges and +donations. Early in the year the treasurer was asked to assume also +the duties of treasurer of the association's Women's Oversea Hospitals +Committee and this fund has passed regularly through the treasury, +amounting in all to $133,339. The very generous and hearty response of +the State suffrage associations to the demands of our Oversea +Hospitals' war work has been most gratifying and its financing has not +diminished the regular income of the association.... About one-third +of the association's income has been received from the State +auxiliaries and two-thirds from individual donations. The receipts for +suffrage work were $107,736; balance on hand $11,874." [The Leslie +Commission contributed $20,000.]</p> + +<p>A message to the convention from President Wilson was received +conveying his greetings and best wishes for the success of the Federal +Amendment. On motion of Dr. Shaw the convention sent to the President +an expression of its appreciation of his support. Mrs. Philip North +Moore, president of the National Council of Women, brought its +fraternal greetings.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_559" id="Page_559">[Pg 559]</a></span> Others were received from far and wide.... On +motion of Mrs. Shuler a telegram of appreciation was sent to Mrs. +Helen H. Gardener of Washington, and on motion of Dr. Shaw one to Mrs. +Ida Husted Harper of New York. A message of sympathy in the loss of +her husband was sent to the veteran suffragist, Mrs. Elizabeth Boynton +Harbert of Pasadena, formerly of Chicago. It was voted that letters +from the convention should be sent to the pioneers, Dr. Antoinette +Brown Blackwell, Miss Rhoda Palmer, Mrs. Charlotte Pierce, Miss Emily +Howland and Mrs. C. D. B. Mills.</p> + +<p>During the convention the Legislature of Missouri passed the bill +giving Presidential suffrage to women by 21 to 12 in the Senate and +118 to 2 in the House. The convention sent a message of enthusiastic +appreciation. [For full account see Missouri chapter.] Miss Anna B. +Lawther, president of the Iowa Suffrage Association, requested the +National Association and the League of Women Voters to appeal to the +Legislature of that State to pass a similar bill. Mrs. Dudley of +Tennessee and Miss Mary Bulkley of Connecticut made the same request +for these States and it was granted for all three. Mrs. Frederick +Nathan (N. Y.) urged the suffragists to contribute to the Women's +Roosevelt Memorial Association. Mrs. Gellhorn's young daughter was +introduced as having recently organized a Junior Suffrage League in +St. Louis of thirty-two members. Mrs. Katharine Philips Edson (Cal.) +announced that though it had no regular suffrage organization, +Northern and Southern California each had telegraphed a contribution +of $500 to the work of the National Association.</p> + +<p>The present policies of the association were endorsed. The reason +given for wishing the officers to hold over until the next annual +convention in 1920 was that the complete ratification of the Federal +Amendment by that time was considered certain and these officers would +be best fitted to close up the affairs of the association, which would +then be merged into the League of Woman Voters. From the list of +candidates the following eight directors were elected: Mrs. George +Gellhorn (Mo.); Mrs. Richard E. Edwards (Ind.); Mrs. C. H. Brooks +(Kans.); Mrs. Ben Hooper (Wis.); Mrs. Arthur L. Livermore (N. Y.);<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_560" id="Page_560">[Pg 560]</a></span> +Mrs. J. C. Cantrill (Ky.); Miss Esther G. Ogden (N. Y.); Mrs. George +A. Piersol (Penn.). Mrs. Brooks, Mrs. Livermore and Miss Ogden were +re-elected.</p> + +<p>The afternoon session of Tuesday was devoted to suffrage war work, +with Mrs. Katharine Dexter McCormick, chairman of the War Service +Department, presiding. At the meeting of the Executive Council of the +National Association in Washington, in February, 1917, just before the +United States entered the war, it formed a number of committees in +order that the suffragists throughout the country might do their +especial work for it under the same generalship as they were +accustomed to, and later chairmen of these committees were appointed +to organize and superintend State branches. At the present session of +the national convention these chairmen reported as follows: General +Survey of War Program, Mrs. McCormick (N. Y.); Food Production, Miss +Hilda Loines (N. Y.); Americanization, Mrs. Frederick P. Bagley +(Mass.); Child Welfare, Mrs. Percy Pennybacker (Tex.); Industrial +Protection of Women, Mrs. Gifford Pinchot (D. C.); Food Conservation, +Mrs. Walter McNab Miller (Mo.); Oversea Hospitals Service, Mrs. +Charles L. Tiffany (N. Y.), chairman, and Mrs. Raymond Brown (N. Y.) +director general in France.</p> + +<p>These reports are considered at length in Mrs. McCormick's chapter on +War Work of the National American Woman Suffrage Association and they +conclusively refuted the charge publicly made again and again by the +National Anti-Suffrage Association through its official organ and on +the platform that the suffragists were "slackers," unpatriotic, +pro-German and concerned only in getting the franchise for themselves. +This charge was frequently made by the editor of the paper and +president of the association, Mrs. James W. Wadsworth, Jr., wife of +the Republican U. S. Senator from New York, also a strong opponent of +woman suffrage.</p> + +<p>At the close of this very interesting session the convention enjoyed +an automobile ride to see the beautiful city and its environs, +tendered by the St. Louis Equal Suffrage League and under the auspices +of Mrs. Philip B. Fouke. The "inquiry dinner" in the banquet room of +the hotel in the evening, with Mrs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_561" id="Page_561">[Pg 561]</a></span> Catt presiding, carried out the +clever idea of trying to ascertain why American women could not obtain +their enfranchisement. The program was as follows: What is the matter +with the United States? Women want it! Mrs. Grace Wilbur Trout +(Ills.); Men want it! the Rev. W. C. Bitting (Mo.); Political Parties +want it! Mrs. Emma Smith De Voe (Wash.); The Press wants it! Miss Rose +Young (N. Y.); The Old South wants it! Mrs. Pattie Ruffner Jacobs +(Ala.); Congress wants it! Mrs. Maud Wood Park (Mass.); The +Legislatures want it! Mrs. T. T. Cotnam (Ark.); All other Countries +have it! Mrs. Guilford Dudley (Tenn.); Who doesn't want it! Mrs. +Harriet Taylor Upton (Ohio); Well then what is the matter? Mrs. Arthur +L. Livermore (N. Y.); Making it right next time! U. S. Senator Selden +P. Spencer (Mo.).</p> + +<p>At one business session Miss Laura Clay (Ky.) argued that the time had +come to change the form of the Federal Suffrage Amendment to meet the +objections of the southern members of Congress. Discussion showed a +preponderance of sentiment in favor of the old amendment and the +convention so voted, but at the suggestion of Mrs. Park it empowered +the Congressional Committee to make any minor changes which might seem +advisable. At another session there was considerable talk of merging +the National American Association into the new organization of voters +and dropping its name at this convention, but Miss Hay carried the +delegates with her in urging that they retain the old name until they +celebrated Miss Anthony's one-hundredth birthday and were safely +through the ratification of the Federal Amendment. This decision was +especially pleasing to the older members for whom the name had many +endearing memories. Mrs. Catt announced that suffrage societies had +been formed in Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii and the Philippines and it was +voted to extend an official invitation to them to join the National +Association without payment of dues. Mrs. Catt called attention to the +increased educational value of the convention through the many +opportunities extended to the delegates for addressing bodies of +various kinds in the city. These included the churches, synagogues, +Ethical Society, public schools, Chamber of Commerce, Junior Chamber +of Commerce, City Club, Rotary Club,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_562" id="Page_562">[Pg 562]</a></span> Town Club, Wednesday Club, +Women's Trade Union League and other organizations.</p> + +<p>One of the leading features of the convention was the report of Mrs. +Maud Wood Park, chairman of the Congressional Committee, which gave a +complete summary of the status of the Federal Suffrage Amendment in +Congress from the time of the last convention to the present. This and +Mrs. Shuler's secretary's report offer so comprehensive a survey of +the important work of the National Association that a considerable +amount of space is devoted to them. The report of Mrs. Park filled +over thirty pages of the Handbook of the convention and was an +interesting account of the struggle of the past year and a half to +secure from Congress the submission of the Federal Suffrage Amendment. +A large part of it will be found in the chapter devoted to that +amendment. It showed the work done at the national headquarters in New +York City and Washington and also in the States and gave an idea of +the tremendous effort which was necessary before the measure was sent +to the Legislatures for ratification. It told of the House Judiciary +Committee reporting the resolution on Dec. 11, 1917, "without +recommendation," after amending it so as to limit the time for +ratification to seven years, and of the determination of the opponents +to force a vote on it before the appointment of a Woman Suffrage +Committee for which the friends were striving. This committee was +announced, however, on December 13, 1917.</p> + +<p>All the members but three of the committee were in favor of the +amendment. Chairman Raker introduced a new resolution omitting the +seven-year clause and the committee gave a five-days' hearing to the +National American Association, the National Woman's Party and the +Anti-Suffrage Association, January 3-7 inclusive. The committee made a +favorable report to the House on January 8. On the 9th twelve +Democratic members called by appointment on President Wilson, <i>who +advised the submission of the amendment</i>. Speaker Clark gave valuable +assistance, as did many prominent Democrats and Republicans both in +and out of Congress. A five-hours' debate took place in the House on +the afternoon of Jan. 10, 1918, and the vote resulted as follows:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_563" id="Page_563">[Pg 563]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="votes"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">In Favor</td><td align="right">Opposed</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Republicans</td><td align="right">165</td><td align="right">33</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Democrats</td><td align="right">104</td><td align="right">102</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Miscellaneous</td><td class="right bb">5</td><td class="right bb">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">274</td><td align="right">136</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>This was a majority of less than one vote over the necessary +two-thirds.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Park gave a graphic account of the struggle to secure a favorable +vote in the Senate. She described the influences brought to bear from +all possible sources; the conferences with committees and individuals; +the fixing and then postponing of days for a vote; the difficulty in +arranging "pairs"; the "filibustering" of the opponents, the +adjournments, the endless tactics for preventing a vote which for +years had been employed against this amendment. She described the +great five days' discussion in the Senate September 26-October 1; the +appeal to President Wilson for help and his magnificent response in +person on September 30 with its contemptuous treatment by the +opponents; the failure of the Republican leaders to supply the +thirty-three votes promised and of the Democrats to provide from their +ranks the thirty-fourth, which would complete the necessary +two-thirds, and she gave the summary of the result of the balloting on +October 1. Analyzed by parties and including pairs the vote stood:</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Votes"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">Yes</td><td align="right">No</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Democrats</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">22</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Republicans</td><td class="right bb">32</td><td class="right bb">12</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total</td><td align="right">62</td><td align="right">34</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>The amendment was lost by two votes. This debate, printed in full in +the Congressional Record for those days, hands down to posterity the +noble effort of some members of the U. S. Senate to grant to women a +voice in the Government to which they were giving the most loyal and +devoted service in this hour when it was joining with other nations in +the greatest battle for democracy ever fought. It preserves also the +determination of other U. S. Senators to deny them this citizen's +right and to continue their disfranchised condition. The <i>Woman +Citizen</i>, official organ of the National American Woman Suffrage +Association,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_564" id="Page_564">[Pg 564]</a></span> in its issue of Oct. 5, 1918, gave a spirited account of +the proceedings of those momentous five days.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Park took up the story after the defeat in the Senate and said in +part: "The election returns on Nov. 6, 1918, indicated that the +necessary two-thirds majority in the 66th Congress had been secured. +This belief was shared by prominent Democrats, who from that time on +spared no effort to make unfriendly Democratic Senators realize the +folly of their position in leaving the victory for a Republican +Congress. Only the stupidity of extreme conservatism or a thoroughly +provincial point of view can account for their failure to yield, +unless we are to suppose that more sinister forces were at work.... On +the eve of his sailing for Europe December 2 President Wilson included +in his address to a joint session of Congress another eloquent appeal +for the submission of the Federal Suffrage Amendment."<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> She +described the mass meeting of the suffrage war workers on December 8 +at the National Theater in Washington arranged by Miss Mabel Willard +with the following program: Mrs. Catt, the national president, in the +chair; Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, chairman Woman's Committee of National +Council of Defense; Mrs. William Gibbs McAdoo, chairman National +Woman's Liberty Loan Committee; Mrs. Josephus Daniels, member National +War Work Council, Y. W. C. A.; Miss Jane Delano, director Department +of Nursing, American Red Cross; Mrs. Charles L. Tiffany, representing +Community War Work and Women's Oversea Hospitals; Mrs. F. Louis Slade, +of Young Women's Department, Y. M. C. A.; Mrs. Raymond Robins, +president National Women's Trade Union League; Miss Hannah Black, +Munitions Worker. An overflow meeting was held and strong resolutions +for the amendment were adopted at both and sent to each Senator.</p> + +<p>Resolutions calling on every Senator to vote for submission of the +amendment were adopted by twenty-five State Legislatures during +January and February, 1919, and the gaining of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_565" id="Page_565">[Pg 565]</a></span> Presidential suffrage +in Vermont, Indiana and Wisconsin that winter increased hope. The +suffrage Democrats were desirous of taking one more vote before going +out of power. Mrs. Park's report said: "On petition of twenty-two +Senators, a Democratic caucus on suffrage was held on February 5, the +first since the United States entered the war. On a motion to adjourn, +the suffragists without proxies defeated the "antis," who voted +proxies, by 22 to 16. On a resolution recommending that the Democratic +Senators support the Federal Amendment, twenty-two voted in the +affirmative and when ten had voted in the negative, those ten were +allowed by Senator Thomas S. Martin (Va.), Democratic floor leader, to +withdraw their votes in order that he might declare that, as the vote +stood 22 to 0, a quorum had not voted and the resolution was lost! +This decision was, of course, most irregular and unfair but it +afforded a good illustration of the kind of tactics used by the +opponents.</p> + +<p>"After the close of the morning business February 10, Senator Jones +moved to take up the amendment. An extremely strong speech in its +favor was made by the new Senator, William P. Pollock of South +Carolina. The only other speeches were by Senator Frelinghuysen (N. +J.), on the question of individual naturalization of women and by +Senator Gay (La.) in opposition to the amendment. The vote taken early +in the afternoon showed 55 in favor and 29 opposed. As on October 1, +all the members who were not present to vote were accounted for by +pairs, so that it stood practically 63 in favor to 33 opposed. In +other words the amendment was lost in the 65th Congress by one vote. +The responsibility for the defeat lies at the door of every man who +voted against it. Analyzed by parties and including pairs, the vote on +February 10, was:</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="votes"> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">Yes</td><td align="right">No</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Democrats</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">21</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Republicans</td><td class="right bb">33</td><td class="right bb">12</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total</td><td align="right">63</td><td align="right">33</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>"Thus the Democrats lost their last opportunity and on March 1 the +resolution for the amendment was again favorably reported by the Woman +Suffrage Committee of the Lower House to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_566" id="Page_566">[Pg 566]</a></span> acted upon by a +Republican Congress." In commenting on this result Mrs. Park said: +"While we are condemning the un-American stand of our opponents, we +should never lose sight of the hard work done by many of the Senators +who were our friends. There is not space here for the record of all +who helped us but special mention should be made of one, the Hon. John +F. Shafroth, who will not be present to vote when victory comes in the +next Congress. When our cause had only a handful of supporters in +public life, he, then a member of the House, helped Miss Anthony bring +the amendment forward, and from that time to the present his loyal and +devoted service never flagged. Chairman Jones, Senators Ransdell, +Hollis, Wesley Jones, Cummins and the other members of the Woman +Suffrage Committee worked in constant cooperation with your committee. +Among the others who were most frequently called on for help were +Senators Curtis, Smoot, Walsh, Pittman, Lenroot, McNary, Hollis and +Sheppard."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Park spoke briefly of the hearing before the House Committee on +Woman Suffrage April 29 on the bill granting to the Legislature of +Hawaii the power to enfranchise its women. (See the chapter on +Territories.) This bill had passed the Senate in September, 1918. On +Jan. 3, it passed the House without a roll call.</p> + +<p>Tribute to the association's Congressional Committee and other workers +in Washington was paid by Mrs. Park, who said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>During the past fifteen months there have been several changes in +the personnel of the committee, chief among them the resignation +in September, 1918, of Miss Ruth White, whose gratuitous service +as secretary had extended more than three years. She was +succeeded by Mrs. Minnie Fisher Cunningham, but just as her +marked gift for political work was making itself felt in +Washington, the submission of a constitutional amendment in Texas +made it necessary for her to return home in January, 1919. In +August, 1918, the National Board appointed as a special +congressional steering committee two women of widely known +political acumen and experience, Miss Mary Garrett Hay of New +York and Mrs. Guilford Dudley of Nashville, with Mrs. Catt and +Mrs. Park ex officio. In October Mrs. Frank Roessing, who had +been residing in Washington since the preceding April and thus +had been able to give help from time to time, sent in her +resignation. In November Miss Marjorie Shuler was added to the +committee as secretary in charge of publicity, a designation that +by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_567" id="Page_567">[Pg 567]</a></span> no means expresses the varied duties which have fallen to her +lot or the extent to which she has proved of service. To Mrs. +Helen H. Gardener a new title, that of vice-chairman of the +Congressional Committee, has been recently given by the National +Board.... Her work can rarely be reported because of its +confidential nature, but this may truly be said, that whenever a +miracle has appeared to happen in our behalf, if the facts could +be told they would nearly always prove that Mrs. Gardener was the +worker of wonders....</p> + +<p>Other members of the Congressional Committee who have been in +Washington for the whole or a part of the period covered by this +report are, in addition to its chairman, Miss Mabel Caldwell +Willard, chairman of the social activities; Mrs. George Bass and +Mrs. Medill McCormick, representing respectively the +organizations of Democratic and Republican women affiliated with +the national party committees; Mrs. J. Borden Harriman, Mrs. C. +W. McClure and Mrs. William L. McPherson. No report of the +Washington headquarters would be complete without mention of the +help given in innumerable ways by our house manager, Mrs. +Elizabeth W. Walker, whose patience, tact and good judgment have +made comfortable living possible under the most trying +circumstances.</p> + +<p>Members of the National Board who have been called on to assist +are first and foremost our honorary president, Dr. Shaw; Mrs. +Katharine Dexter McCormick and Mrs. Horace C. Stilwell of +Indiana. Upon Mrs. Catt, the national president, your committee +has constantly depended for advice and direction. Our misfortune +has been that we could not have her continually in Washington.</p></div> + +<p>To these a list of names was added of those who assisted during long +or short periods. There was an account of the social uses of the +Washington headquarters. In January, February and March of 1918 Miss +Willard, with the help of Mrs. Louis Brownlow, arranged a series of +weekly teas on Wednesday afternoons. Among the hostesses, the guests +of honor and those serving at the table were some of the most +prominent women in Washington—wives of the members of the Cabinet, +Senators and Representatives. Social affairs were finally given up as +war relief work absorbed other interests. Under the direction of Mrs. +Brownlow, daughter of Representative Sims (Tenn.) and wife of the +Chief Commissioner for the District of Columbia, the Washington Equal +Franchise League established a Red Cross Branch at headquarters, where +valuable work was done by suffragists. Several entertainments for the +benefit of the Oversea Hospitals were given at the house and over +$1,000 raised.</p> + +<p>At the close of this report the convention gave a rising vote of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_568" id="Page_568">[Pg 568]</a></span> +thanks to Mrs. Park and a number of delegates paid special tribute to +the excellent work of the chairman and the committee. A discussion +which followed by Miss Katharine Ludington (Conn.); Mrs. Andreas +Ueland (Minn.); Miss Anna B. Lawther (Iowa); Mrs. Lila Mead Valentine +(Va.) and Mrs. Leslie Warner (Tenn.), under the head "And Now—What?" +was devoted to ways and means for carrying the Federal Amendment. A +number of conferences were held to consider various phases of the work +of the association which had become all-embracing. The one on How to +do Political Work for Suffrage was led by a past-master in it, Miss +Hay. One on How to use our Organization to Win was under the direction +of Mrs. Shuler. The conference of press workers was in charge of Miss +Young. Why We Did Not Win was told by Mrs. Lydia Wickliffe Holmes, +president of the Woman Suffrage Party of Louisiana, referring to the +defeat of the State suffrage amendment; Why We Did Win, by Mrs. Ben +Hooper, president of the Wisconsin association, describing the gaining +of the Presidential franchise. There were reports by the State +presidents of the work that had been done by women during the year +throughout the country for the war, for suffrage, for civic +improvement.</p> + +<p>A report that was heard with the deepest interest was that of the +Oversea Hospitals in France, by Mrs. Raymond Brown, general director, +and Mrs. Charles L. Tiffany, chairman of the committee. This had been +a very important part during the past two years of the work of the +association, which had raised $133,000 for its maintenance. [See the +chapter on War Work.]</p> + +<p>When it had been arranged to hold the convention the last week in +March, 1919, it was supposed that the Federal Suffrage Amendment would +have been submitted by Congress by that time, as it had passed the +Lower House early in January. It seemed especially appropriate that +this jubilee convention could celebrate this event on the Fiftieth +Anniversary of the founding of the National Association for the sole +purpose of obtaining this amendment but to the keen disappointment of +its leaders and members two obdurate Senators had spoiled this +beautiful plan. Its success, however, was so universally conceded that +it was decided to hold the semi-centennial celebration and the +afternoon of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_569" id="Page_569">[Pg 569]</a></span> March 26 was dedicated to this purpose and to the +honoring of the early leaders. Fifty Years of Ever Widening Empire was +the motto at the head of the program. The tribute to the Pioneers of +the National Association was paid by Mrs. Rachel Foster Avery, for +twenty-one years from 1881 the corresponding secretary of the +association and closely associated with Lucretia Mott, Mrs. Stanton, +Miss Anthony and the other pioneers almost from her girlhood. To Miss +Anthony she was like a daughter and she gave a touching account of her +personal relations with these noble leaders. Miss Alice Stone +Blackwell drew from her stores of memory a wealth of incidents of the +lives of her parents and the eminent men and women who were associated +with them in founding the American Woman Suffrage Association, also +begun in 1869. A resolution offered by Mrs. Desha Breckinridge was +enthusiastically adopted—that "we owe an undying and inextinguishable +debt to Henry B. and Lucy Stone Blackwell for their great service in +behalf of suffrage for women but believe their greatest gift was their +daughter, who has kept us true to the trust which they committed to +the care of their followers."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt, who always had an eye to the practical and who was on the +program to urge the members of the united associations to Finish the +Fight, soon yielded her time to Miss Hay, the noted money-raiser, +whose subject was, Make the Map White. In a very short time the +delegates had shown their appreciation of the pioneers by subscribing +$120,000, the whole amount of the "budget" for the work of the coming +year. Dr. Shaw then closed the afternoon's services with reminiscences +of her forty years' companionship with the workers in both +associations. "The suffragist who has not been mobbed," she said, "has +nothing really interesting to look back upon." She spoke of the last +national convention which Miss Anthony ever attended, in 1906 at +Baltimore, and how she had set her heart on a grand triumph for the +cause in that old, conservative city, describing how her hopes had +been realized in the most successful one from every point of view that +ever had been held. And then she told with exquisite pathos how one +month later Miss Anthony passed into eternal rest. Little did the +listeners think that the next annual<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_570" id="Page_570">[Pg 570]</a></span> convention would hold memorial +services for Dr. Shaw herself and for Mrs. Avery!</p> + +<p>Throughout the week the meetings of the National Association +alternated with the conferences for organizing the enfranchised women +and the name officially decided on was League of Women Voters. A +constitution for it was adopted and Mrs. Charles H. Brooks of Kansas +was elected chairman. Mrs. Catt presented its first aims as outlined +in her annual address and with some additions they were adopted. The +addresses made by the chairmen of the war committees evinced +statesmanship of a high order. The entire proceedings of the +convention connected with this new organization are fully described in +Mrs. Shuler's chapter on the League of Women Voters. There could be no +greater contrast than between the firmness and authority of the +speakers on this program and the pleading and argument of just as able +women in earlier years for the opportunity and power to help in the +solution of great national problems.</p> + +<p>The large Odeon Theater was crowded on the evening of March 27 by an +audience that heard with much interest the story of the recent +campaigns for full and Presidential suffrage as told in the following +program: The Indiana Irritation, Mrs. Richard E. Edwards; The Vermont +Vortex, Mrs. Halsey W. Wilson; The Nebraska Nightmare, Mrs. W. E. +Barkley; The South Dakota Sore Disasters, Mrs. John L. Pyle; The +Michigan Mystery, Mrs. Myron B. Vorce; The Oklahoma Ordeal, Mrs. +Nettie R. Shuler; The Texas Turmoil, Mrs. Minnie Fisher Cunningham; +The Duty of Citizenship, Mrs. Raymond Robins; All Roads Lead to Rome, +Dr. Shaw.</p> + +<p>The report of the Leslie Bureau of Suffrage Education, made by its +director, Miss Rose Young, filled eighteen pages of the printed +Handbook and covered a vast field of activity which included service +to 25,000 publications—2,500 dailies, 16,000 weeklies, 3,233 +monthlies, a number issued fortnightly, quarterly, etc., and the large +syndicates and press associations. In addition were the mimeographed +news bulletins and the editorial service. An idea was given of the +varied character of the material sent out and the immense amount +furnished during the campaigns. A compliment was paid to the press +work of Mrs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_571" id="Page_571">[Pg 571]</a></span> Rose Geyer, "whose task it is to collect the news, State +by State, and distribute the parts of nation-wide interest through +weekly bulletins, and who has by direct personal correspondence of an +intimate and tactful kind trained State organization women to send in +reports of conventions, political and legislative situations, +candidates, etc." Many incidents were cited of important publicity, +special editions of papers and display advertising. Six pages were +devoted to the mission of the weekly official magazine, the <i>Woman +Citizen</i>, and the way it had been fulfilled. A tribute was paid to its +very able associate editor, Miss Mary Ogden White. The invaluable +service of the Research Bureau, under the expert direction of Mrs. +Mary Sumner Boyd, assisted by Miss Eleanor Garrison, was strongly set +forth.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Ida Husted Harper, who conducted the editorial correspondence, +referred in her report to her full accounts in preceding years of the +wide correspondence with editors. "The scope of the department was +gradually enlarged," she said, "and many letters were sent to +prominent people in reference to their speeches, interviews in +newspapers and other public expressions. For instance, in the debates +on the Federal Amendment in the Senate, whenever a speaker showed lack +of correct information, a letter giving it was sent to him. Other +letters also were sent to Senators and usually received courteous +answers from themselves, not their secretaries." The report continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Several letters were written to Colonel Theodore Roosevelt urging +him to use his influence with the Republican leaders and always +were fully answered. A letter dictated and signed by him on +January 3, 1919, enclosed one he had just sent to Senator Moses +of New Hampshire, strongly urging him to cast his vote for the +Federal Suffrage Amendment on the 10th. I received it on January +4 and he died the night of the 5th.</p> + +<p>Letters were sent to Chairman Hays and members of the National +Republican Committee and to different State chairmen on various +points connected with the suffrage amendment. The pamphlet on the +Difficulty of Amending State Constitutions, which was prepared +and sent to every Senator, was put into the Congressional Record +by Senator Shafroth, and a circular letter on the founding and +record of the National Woman's Party by Senator Thomas. Scores of +letters were sent out showing up the fallacies of the +Anti-suffragists during the year; others exposing the connection +of the German-American Alliance with the Antis; others giving +historic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_572" id="Page_572">[Pg 572]</a></span> information and still others telling of gains in our +own and foreign countries.</p> + +<p>During the first year I wrote to over 2,000 editors in the United +States and Canada. At the end of that time, and after the New +York victory, so many were in favor of woman suffrage itself that +during 1918 the work was very largely concentrated on the Federal +Amendment. In the two months from November, 1917, to January, +1918, when the vote was taken in the House of Representatives, +2,600 circular letters containing an argument for this amendment +went out from this department to the principal newspapers of the +United States and in addition 100 special articles were sent to +the largest papers. After that vote was taken this record was +kept up to obtain favorable action by the Senate and a second and +different circular argument was sent to 2,000 papers. A carefully +selected list of several hundred southern newspapers was +furnished to Senator Morris Sheppard of Texas, to which he sent +franked copies of his excellent speech on this amendment.</p> + +<p>An open letter to Senator Baird was supplied to all the principal +papers of New Jersey; one to Senator Benet to those of South +Carolina; one to Senator Shields to Tennessee papers. A letter +showing the attitude of the National Association toward organized +labor went to a considerable number of labor papers in the +various States. During the week following the failure to vote on +the Federal Amendment in May, 250 letters and articles in regard +to it were sent out from this department. Most of them enclosed +printed or typed suffrage literature, some of Mrs. Catt's +editorials and articles, and some from other sources, including +my printed pamphlet on the Federal Amendment. Altogether nearly +8,000 letters and articles went out from this department.</p> + +<p>Several pamphlets also were prepared and an article of about +2,000 words was furnished every month to the <i>International +Suffrage News</i> in London, with many clippings for its files. A +number of letters and clippings also were sent to Mrs. Fawcett, +the national president of Great Britain, keeping her informed on +the progress of the movement in the United States, of which she +was very appreciative, and letters of information were written to +other countries.</p> + +<p>By the end of 1918 from 300 to 500 editorials on woman suffrage +were received every month and it was as much a subject of comment +in the newspapers as any political issue of the day. The old-time +attacks were almost entirely absent; the editorials showed +knowledge and discrimination; fully nine-tenths of the northern +newspapers advocated not only woman suffrage but the Federal +Amendment, while in every southern State some leading papers were +in favor of enfranchising women and a few approved of its being +done through this amendment. This editorial department of the +Leslie Bureau might venture to claim some share in the evolution +of editorial opinion, to which, of course, many causes +contributed. While the need for its work was by no means at an +end, another task yet remained for the bureau to see +accomplished.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_573" id="Page_573">[Pg 573]</a></span></p> + +<p>Mrs. Harper then stated that it was the wish of both the Leslie +Commission and the Board of the National Association that the final +volume of the History of Woman Suffrage should be written while the +excellent facilities of the headquarters were available. Because of +her experience in writing Volume IV this work was entrusted to her and +the editorial department, therefore, was discontinued and the History +begun in January, 1919.</p> + +<p>The report of the Washington Press Bureau was made by its secretary, +Miss Marjorie Shuler, dating from the preceding November and it stated +that weekly press articles had been furnished to the big news +services, the 200 newspaper correspondents in Washington, the papers +of that city and many outside; State presidents, Congressional and +press chairmen, in addition to a certain daily service; feature +articles and Washington letters to the <i>Woman Citizen</i>. Material for +favorable editorials was sent out through the Washington +correspondents and 244 friendly to the policy of the National +Association were received with only 12 opposed. The social activities +at the Washington headquarters furnished good local publicity.</p> + +<p>In the report of Miss Esther G. Ogden, president of the National Woman +Suffrage Publishing Co., she called attention to the almost +insuperable difficulties of the publishing business during the past +eighteen months through the high cost of production, deterioration of +materials and uncertainties of transportation. With all these +handicaps the company had printed 5,000,000 pieces of literature for +the association and 1,000,000 for its own stock. It had filled orders +from Great Britain, Canada, South America, Mexico, Porto Rico and the +Philippines. She told of prominent visitors from foreign countries who +expressed much surprise at the variety and extent of the literature +and took samples home with them for translation. Mrs. Arthur L. +Livermore, chairman of the Literature Committee, gave a list of the +new publications which filled two printed pages and told of a notable +group of booklets dealing with patriotic subjects; a large amount of +special literature to facilitate the passage of the Federal Amendment; +maps, folders, booklets and posters.</p> + +<p>The following recommendations were made by the Executive Council and +adopted by the convention:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_574" id="Page_574">[Pg 574]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1. That the N. A. W. S. A. continue to support and endorse the +Federal Amendment which has been before Congress for the past +forty years. 2. That the next convention be in the nature of a +centennial celebration of the birthday of Susan B. Anthony and be +held in February, 1920. 3. That the Board of Officers be asked to +serve until that date, thus confining the election of officers at +this convention to Directors only. 4. That the budget for 1919 be +adopted as presented by Mrs. Henry Wade Rogers, the +treasurer—$120,000 if the Voters' League is formed and $100,000 +if it is not formed. 5. That the six War Service Committees +appointed at the last convention be discontinued with the +exception of the Oversea Hospitals Committee, which shall be +discontinued at the conclusion of its work, and those on +Americanization and Industrial Protection of Women, which shall +be continued. 6. That the post-convention board be requested to +reappoint Mrs. Maud Wood Park as chairman of the Congressional +Committee and extend to her a vote of appreciation of her +services. 7. That the Board of Directors shall have authority to +enter any State to carry on work without the authority of that +State, if necessary. 8. That the policy of the association in +regard to referendum campaigns be affirmed. 9. That an +organization of women voters be formed. 10. That the constitution +when amended and made satisfactory to the needs of the +association be substituted for the present constitution; that, +with this end in view, the Chair be instructed to appoint a +committee of five women from enfranchised States and five from +the Executive Council to whom the constitution shall be +referred.<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a></p></div> + +<p>It was recommended that the following resolution be adopted "in view +of the fact that a request had been made for a new definition of +'non-partisan' in relation to the National Association as at present +constituted or as it may be constituted": "Resolved, That the N. A. W. +S. A. shall not affiliate with any political party or endorse the +platform of any party or support or oppose any political candidates +unless such action shall be recommended by the Board of Directors in +order to achieve the ends and purposes of this organization as set +forth in its constitution. Nothing in this resolution shall be +construed to limit the liberty of action of any member or officer of +this association to join or serve the party of her choice in any +capacity whatsoever as an individual."</p> + +<p>Miss Alice Stone Blackwell, chairman of the committee, offered +fourteen resolutions, the last which were acted upon by +representatives of the National American Suffrage Association, the +first having been presented in 1869. They illustrate the wide scope<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_575" id="Page_575">[Pg 575]</a></span> +of women's interests considered by that body. After full discussion +the following, which are somewhat condensed, were among those adopted:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Whereas, women may now vote for President in twenty-six States of +the Union, and for all elective officers in England, Scotland, +Ireland, Canada and throughout the largest part of Europe; our +eastern and southern States are now the only communities in the +English-speaking world in which women are still debarred from +self-government; our nation has just emerged from a war waged in +the name of making the world safe for democracy and ought in +consistency to establish real democracy at home; and every +political party in the United States has endorsed woman suffrage +in its national platform; therefore be it</p> + +<p>Resolved, that we call upon the 66th Congress to submit the +Constitutional Amendment for nation-wide woman suffrage to the +States at the earliest possible moment.</p> + +<p>Whereas, one-fourth of the men examined for the army were unable +to read English or to write letters home to their families, be it</p> + +<p>Resolved, that we urge the establishment at Washington of a +national department of education with a Secretary of Education in +the Cabinet.</p> + +<p>Resolved, that this association earnestly favors a League of +Nations to secure world-wide peace based upon the immutable +principles of justice.</p> + +<p>Resolved, that we protest against the unfair treatment of +professional women by the United States authorities in declining +the services of women physicians, surgeons and dentists in the +recent war, thus compelling loyal, patriotic women to serve under +the flag of a foreign government. We recommend that in future our +Government recognize the fitness of accepting the services of +professional women for work for which their training and +experience have qualified them.</p> + +<p>Resolved, That we urge our Government to bring about the prompt +redress of all legitimate grievances, as the removal of the sense +of injustice is the surest safeguard against revolution by +violence.</p> + +<p>Whereas, the Woman in Industry Service of the U. S. Department of +Labor was established as a result of the war emergency,</p> + +<p>Resolved, that we call upon Congress to establish this service as +a permanent Women's Bureau in the U. S. Department of Labor with +adequate funds for the continuance and extension of its work.</p> + +<p>Resolved, that we ask the U. S. Government in its next census to +classify definitely the unpaid women housekeepers as homemakers, +thus recognizing their important service to the nation.</p> + +<p>Resolved, that we call upon Congress to give military rank to +army nurses.</p> + +<p>Resolved, that we tender to our national president, Mrs. Carrie +Chapman Catt, our deep appreciation of her sagacity, good +judgment, fairness and indefatigable devotion to the cause of +equal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_576" id="Page_576">[Pg 576]</a></span> rights, and we pledge our best efforts to carry out her +wise and far-reaching plans for ultimate victory.</p></div> + +<p>The last evening of the convention was given to a second mass meeting +at the Odeon Theater with Dr. Shaw presiding and a notable program. +The first speaker was Miss Helen Fraser of Great Britain, who had been +making a tour of the United States in the interest of the women's war +hospital work of that country. She was announced on the program as +"Great Britain's foremost speaker," and she eloquently pictured Women +and the Future. The Hon. Henry J. Allen, Governor of Kansas, stirred +the audience to enthusiasm with an address on Woman's Place in War and +Peace. Mrs. Catt's splendid closing speech on Looking Forward ended a +convention whose keynote throughout had been "progress"; a farewell to +the past years of toil and disappointment, a preparation for the +future work of women under better conditions than had ever before +existed. A spirit of hope, courage and unlimited expectation pervaded +the army of younger women, who were soon to take up the great work +committed to their care.</p> + +<p>On Saturday three important meetings took place. In the morning was +the formal organization of the League of Women Voters, election of +officers, appointment of committees and adoption of a program; also +the final business session of the convention to harmonize the work of +the National Association and that of the league. In the afternoon the +two bodies met in joint session to discuss the question of how voting +and non-voting women might best cooperate and the three following +objects were agreed upon: (1) To secure the vote for all the women of +the nation in the shortest possible time; (2) to obtain the vote for +women in all civilized countries; (3) to carry out the legislative +program of the new organization.</p> + +<p>Thus ended the perfectly managed Jubilee Convention, probably the most +important and far-reaching in the long history of the National +Association.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_577" id="Page_577">[Pg 577]</a></span></p> + + + +<p class="heading">HEARING ON THE FEDERAL SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT BEFORE THE<br /> +HOUSE COMMITTEE ON WOMAN SUFFRAGE OF THE 65TH<br /> +CONGRESS, JAN. 3-7, 1918.</p> + + +<p>There was no longer any necessity for a hearing before the Senate +Committee on Woman Suffrage, as it had unanimously reported in favor +of the Federal Amendment. The suffrage leaders were profoundly +thankful that they would never again have to address a hostile +Judiciary Committee of the Lower House, which not in all the years had +permitted the amendment to come before the Representatives for +discussion, and which had now under pressure reported it out but +"without recommendation." A new era had dawned and a Committee on +Woman Suffrage had been formed, whose chairman, Judge John E. Raker of +California, by advice of Speaker Clark, had introduced another +resolution for the submission of the amendment which was sent to this +committee and it desired to have a hearing.<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> This began Jan. 3, +1918, and in opening it the chairman said: "We have determined to hear +first the National American Suffrage Association and then the Woman's +Party. There seem to be a few opponents—a few men—and they will be +given an opportunity to be heard, as well as Mrs. Wadsworth and her +organization." This hearing extended through four days and the +stenographic report filled 330 closely printed pages. It was the last +of the committee hearings on a Federal Suffrage Amendment which began +in 1878 and had been held during every Congress since that date. If an +investigator of this subject has time to read only one document it +should be the report of this hearing.</p> + +<p>The committee was composed of seven Democrats and six Republicans and +it was well known that all but three—Saunders, Clark and +Meeker—would report in favor of submitting the amendment. The +National Suffrage Association was represented the first day by its +honorary president, Dr. Anna Howard Shaw; its president, Mrs. Carrie +Chapman Catt; the chairman of its Congressional Committee, Mrs. Maud +Wood Park; Mrs. Rosalie<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_578" id="Page_578">[Pg 578]</a></span> Loew Whitney, an able lawyer of New York; +Mrs. Guilford Dudley of Tennessee, a vice-president of the +association; Mrs. Henry Ware Allen, a prominent suffragist and war +worker of Kansas. Their speeches were among the strongest ever made at +a hearing. Those of the opponents show the character of their +objections up to the very end of the long contest. Dr. Shaw's address +was especially notable for two reasons: it was devoted largely to the +work of women in the war, which was now at its height, and it was the +last one before a congressional committee by this eloquent woman, who +had been coming to the Capitol for almost thirty years in behalf of +the amendment, as she died the following year. She was introduced as +having been appointed by the Secretary of War chairman of the Woman's +Committee of National Defense and as such the head of the war work of +women throughout the country. Dr. Shaw began by referring to the new +line of attack which was now being made on suffragists as pro-Germans +and pacifists but scattered quotations can give small idea of the +strength and beauty of her answers to these charges. Regarding the one +of pacifism she said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We grant that we are in favor of peace; we grant that we have a +large sympathy for the sufferings of humanity, but we also claim +to be possessed of intelligence and knowledge and these have +convinced us that there could be nothing more disastrous to the +human race than a peace at this time, which would lead to greater +suffering than a continuation of the war. Therefore, because we +love peace and because we have large sympathy for human +sufferings, we are opposed to anything that will bring a peace +which does not forever and forever make it impossible that such +sufferings shall again be inflicted on the world, and the women +of all countries take that stand with us. We have only to face +the present situation to know that any charges that women as a +whole are not courageous, are not patriotic, are not devoted to +the highest interests of their country are wholly false.... Even +before war was declared the National American Woman Suffrage +Association met in convention in this city and was the first +organized body of women to formulate a definite line of action +and present to the President and the Government a plan which +would be followed by its more than 2,000,000 members, provided +hostilities went so far that war should be declared. The +President accepted our services, and not only did he accept them +but the devotion of the suffragists to the welfare of the country +was so uniformly recognized that when the Government decided upon +war and upon the necessity for organizing the woman-power of the +nation, it called upon the leaders of this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_579" id="Page_579">[Pg 579]</a></span> association and +appointed them on a committee for co-ordinating the war work of +women throughout the United States. Can it for a moment be +supposed that the men in whose charge the great interests of our +nation rested would have called upon women whom they did not know +to be thoroughly endowed with patriotic devotion and loyalty to +their country for such a service at such a time?</p></div> + +<p>Dr. Shaw told of the loyalty of women in other countries and quoted +from the tributes of their distinguished men, such men as Mr. Asquith, +Lloyd George, Lord Derby and General Joffre to the services of these +women and in our own country of General Pershing and scores of others. +She told of how the Canadian Government gave the suffrage to women and +how they voted for conscription; of the splendid courage of the men of +Australia and New Zealand, born of enfranchised mothers. She said that +in ten of the eleven western States which filled their quota of +volunteers before any eastern State had done so, there was equal +suffrage. She referred to the eminent supporters of the Federal +Suffrage Amendment, beginning with President Wilson and his Cabinet +and Theodore Roosevelt; asked if these men were pro-Germans and +pacifists and matched them with equally loyal women. In conclusion she +said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>To fail to ask for the suffrage amendment at this time would be +treason to the fundamental cause for which we, as a nation, have +entered the war. President Wilson has declared that "we are at +war because of that which is dearest to our hearts—democracy; +that those who submit to authority shall have a voice in the +Government." If this is the basic reason for entering the war, +then for those of us who have striven for this amendment and for +our freedom and for democracy to yield today, to withdraw from +the battle, would be to desert the men in the trenches and leave +them to fight alone across the sea not only for democracy for the +world but also for our own country.... The time of reconstruction +will come and when it comes many women will have to be both +father and mother to fatherless children, and these mothers and +their children will have no representatives in this Government +unless it is through the mothers who have given everything that +it might be saved and democracy might be secured.... No men +better than those of the South know what it owes to southern +women and shall those men stand in the way of freedom for the +women who gave everything to retain for our country the very best +of southern traditions—shall they plead in vain for the freedom +of their daughters? What is true of the women of the South is +true of the women of the North.... We are today a united people +with one flag and one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_580" id="Page_580">[Pg 580]</a></span> country because the women are worthy of +their men, and we plead because we are a part of the people, a +part of the Government which claims to be a democracy, and in +order that this country may stand clean-handed before the nations +of the world.</p></div> + +<p>The speech of Mrs. Whitney, analyzing the vote on the suffrage +amendment which was carried in New York State the preceding November +was a complete statistical refutation of the charge made by the +anti-suffragists that the favorable vote was due to Socialists and +pro-Germans. A letter was read from Secretary of War Newton D. Baker, +saying that speaking personally and not officially he favored the +submission of the amendment. Telegrams urging it were received from +well-known women in the southern States and Mrs. Catt read editorials +strongly favoring it from a number of southern newspapers. Mrs. George +Bass, head of the Democratic Women's National Committee, protested +against the circulation in the Capitol which was being made by the +"antis" of President Wilson's declaration made in 1914, "I believe +this is a matter to be fought out in the individual States," because +in 1916 he addressed the National Suffrage Convention in Atlantic +City, saying: "I have come to fight with you ... and in the end we +shall not differ as to methods."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Dudley represented the women of the South, saying in the course +of her address:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>What has happened to the State's rights doctrine? Recently the +Federal Constitution has been twice amended and that under a +Democratic administration. While the child labor bill and +eight-hour bill are not amendments, they are really open to the +same objections because they impose upon a State laws to which it +has not given consent. These bills were proposed in one House or +both by southern Democrats; Federal prohibition was proposed in +both Houses by southern Democrats and passed by the votes of +others. So it appears that the theory of State's rights is only +invoked when women plead at the bar of justice for that voice in +their Government to which all those who submit to authority are +entitled. Now, as to the negro problem. We southern women feel +that the time has come to lay once and for all this old, old +ghost that stalks through the halls of Congress. It is a phantom +as applied to woman suffrage. In fifteen States south of the +Mason and Dixon line there are over a million more white women +than negro men and women combined. There are only two States in +which the negro race predominates, South Carolina and +Mississippi. In the former the percentage is 55.2, but there a +voter must read and write and own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_581" id="Page_581">[Pg 581]</a></span> and pay taxes on $300 worth of +property. In Mississippi the percentage is 56.2 but there also +they impose an educational qualification. In the eight years +since these figures were estimated by the Government this +percentage has greatly decreased, so that South Carolina claims +that there is now no preponderance of negroes. In the other four +States also in the so-called "black belt" an educational test is +imposed upon the voters. In addition to all this we must consider +that during the last decade the negro population has increased 11 +per cent and the white population 22 per cent. Furthermore, in +the past year alone 75,000 negroes have gone from one southern +State to the north, and 73,000 have gone from three other +southern States to one northern State alone. So it appears that +we must transfer part of our rather hysterical anxieties with +regard to the southern negro vote to some other States.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Allen spoke from the standpoint of one who had lived many years +in a State where women voted and asked the question: "Can you +gentlemen not think what it means to women to know that their men are +so chivalrous and have such a belief in their integrity and their +intelligence that they are willing to make them their equal partners +politically? Can you not see that under such conditions men and women +are firmer friends; that husbands and wives are closer together and +that all of the family relations are better because the adults of all +the families are equally interested in city, State and national +affairs?" She told how on the battlefield and in the hospitals in +France could be heard in all languages the one cry, "mother," and she +ended with the plea: "Our world is weary and wounded and sick and if +you will listen in the silence of the night you will hear the same +cry; the world is calling for the mother voice in its councils and in +its activities."</p> + +<p>The afternoon was devoted to the address of Mrs. Catt, which, with the +questions of the committee and her answers, filled twenty-five pages +of the printed report. For four decades the distinguished presidents +of the National Suffrage Association had made their arguments and +pleadings before committees of Congress—Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, +Miss Susan B. Anthony, Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, and then Mrs. Catt for +eight years. This was the last time it would ever be necessary and the +first time before a House committee which intended to report in favor. +The changed character of her speaking was shown in her opening +sentence: "The time of argument on woman suffrage has gone by. The +controversy has been waged over a greater part of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_582" id="Page_582">[Pg 582]</a></span> civilized world +for the last fifty years, with the result that many nations have +capitulated and woman suffrage is now established under many flags. +That it is still pending in the Congress of the United States is a +disgrace to our country and a reflection on the intelligence and +progress of our people." She illustrated how the doctrine of State's +rights had been ignored by the southern members in their fight for +prohibition, led by Mr. Webb of North Carolina, who as chairman of the +House Judiciary Committee had also led the opposition to woman +suffrage on this same ground. She proved by editorial quotations from +southern papers the changing attitude on this point.</p> + +<p>The vast number of American men who would be in the army in France at +the time of the next election was pointed out and the question was +asked: "When the election comes who will do the voting? Every +'slacker' has a vote; every newly-made citizen; every pro-German who +cannot be trusted with any kind of war service; every +peace-at-any-price man; every conscientious objector and even the +alien enemy. It is a risk, a danger, to a nation like ours to send +millions of loyal men out of the country and not replace their votes +by those of the loyal women left at home." In referring to the "negro +problem" in the South Mrs. Catt said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In talking with some of the members of Congress we have learned +that an idea prevails throughout the South that the colored women +are more intelligent, ambitious and energetic than the men, and +that while it is easy enough to keep the men from exercising too +much ambition in the matter of politics, it will not be easy to +control the women. When talking with these same men about the +white women of the South, I have never known an exception to the +rule that they have finally rested their case upon the statement +that the women of the South do not want the vote anyway and if +they did they would only vote as their husbands do. To say that +means what? That the women of the South in the estimate of those +men are too weak-minded to have an opinion of their own; it means +that they have no independence of character; it means that they +have been reduced so far to nonentity that they will only echo +their husbands' opinions. Is living in the homes of the white men +of the South so degrading to the character of the white women +that they really cannot be trusted to have an honest conviction +of their own, but that living in the South outside of those homes +renders women more ambitious and more intelligent than the men? +Do these men realize that they are saying almost in the same +breath that the colored woman is superior to the colored man but +that the white woman<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_583" id="Page_583">[Pg 583]</a></span> is the inferior of the white man? Or is it +possible that the climate of the South produces a stronger +"female of the species" than male, and that the men of the South +are afraid of both the white and the black women?</p></div> + +<p>Detached quotations give a most inadequate idea of this masterly +address which embodied the complete case for the advocates of the +Federal Amendment. Toward its close Mrs. Catt, in speaking of the +assertion of the "antis" that President Wilson was opposed to the +Federal Suffrage Amendment, made this significant answer: "I request +you, Mr. Chairman, to ask Mr. Wilson for a conference and go to it +taking Democrats and Republicans and say: 'Mr. President, are you or +are you not for this Federal Amendment?' Then you will know. I trust +that you will do this and that, if then it is possible to make a +public statement, you will do so." Afterwards it was apparent that she +knew of Mr. Wilson's complete change of opinion and his intention to +support the amendment. On January 9 Mr. Raker and eleven other members +of the Lower House held a conference with the President and he urged +the submission of the amendment.</p> + +<p>At the continuation of the hearing on January 4 the American +Constitutional League, formed after the suffrage amendment was adopted +in New York out of the Men's Anti-Suffrage Association, was +represented by the chairman of its executive committee, Everett P. +Wheeler, a lawyer of New York City, and by one of its members +introduced as "Dr. Lucian Howe of Buffalo, a very eminent surgeon, a +Fellow of the Royal Academy of Medicine and the Royal Academy of +Surgeons." The two men occupied the entire day, Mr. Wheeler about +two-thirds of it, but the committee consumed a good deal of this time +by a running fire of questions not far from "heckling." Mr. Wheeler +offered for insertion in the <i>Record</i> a page and a half of finely +printed statistics compiled by the Men's Anti-Suffrage Association to +prove that the laws for women and children were not so good in equal +suffrage States as in those where women could not vote.</p> + +<p>The session of January 5 began with the reading of another sheaf of +urgent telegrams from women of the southern States and petitions for +the amendment signed by a long list of southern women. The first +speaker was Mrs. L. A. Hamilton, president<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_584" id="Page_584">[Pg 584]</a></span> of the National Equal +Franchise Association of Canada and president also of the Women's +Union Government League of Toronto, who was thoroughly informed on the +granting of Provincial and Dominion suffrage and able to answer +convincingly all the questions of the committee. The hearing was then +turned over to the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, +with its president, Mrs. James W. Wadsworth, Jr., in charge. I am much +pleased by the personnel of this committee," she said, "because both +the Republican Speaker, Mr. Gillett, and the Democratic floor leader, +Mr. Kitchin, promised us that, unlike the suffrage committee in the +Senate, this one would have a fair representation of 'antis.' I find +we have been given two out of thirteen. Of course we think that a +perfectly fair ratio, as we have always felt that one 'anti' was worth +about five suffragists, but we did not suppose you would admit it." +"That is about the ratio that exists in the House," observed Mr. +Blanton, of the committee. "We will know more about that when we vote +in the House," answered Mr. Clark, member from Florida. "I am going to +give you the privilege this morning of hearing from my general staff," +said Mrs. Wadsworth, "and I will have some of my officers of the line +here Monday. I want to introduce Miss Minnie Bronson, our general +secretary." The second speaker was Mr. Eichelberger, who presented +elaborate charts and figures to show that woman suffrage was carried +in New York by the Socialists. To the question of Chairman Raker, +"This is nothing more or less than a compilation of figures as an idea +of your own, to show what certain votes could do or certain figures +would do, isn't it?" he answered: "Yes, absolutely, that is the idea." +At one point Miss Jeannette Rankin of the committee asked: "Are you +the gentleman who compiled some figures on the Democratic and +Republican women's vote in Montana last year?" "I think so," was the +answer. "Where did you get your figures?" "From the official election +report." "How could you tell a Democratic woman's vote from a +Republican woman's vote?" "Well, that part of it was estimation!" The +statements of Mr. Eichelberger and the questions of the committee +filled twenty-four pages of the stenographic report and with Miss +Bronson's address consumed one session.</p> + +<p>The hearing in the afternoon was given to the National<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_585" id="Page_585">[Pg 585]</a></span> Woman's Party, +in charge of its vice-chairman, Miss Anne Martin of Nevada. Mrs. +William Kent of California introduced the speakers—Mrs. Richard +Wainwright, Mrs. Townsend Scott, Miss Ernestine Evans, Mrs. Francis J. +Heney, Miss Elizabeth Gram, Miss Maud Younger, Mrs. Adeline Atwater, +Mrs. Ellis Meredith.</p> + +<p>Monday morning the hearing of the Anti-Suffrage Association was +resumed, Mrs. Wadsworth presiding and speaking at length, saying: "We +never have and never will ask a man to vote with us against his +conscience but the men we do blame are those spineless opportunists +who for political expediency or because they are too lazy to fight are +preparing to surrender their principles for the sake of a dishonorable +and, we believe, a temporary peace." Mrs. Edwin Ford followed and then +Miss Lucy Price. Her remarks and the committee's questions filled +fourteen pages of the report. About fifty telegrams opposing the +amendment were received, nearly half of them from men and all from +Massachusetts. One purported to represent 250 women of Wellesley and +another 1,000 of New Bedford. Henry A. Wise Wood was introduced as +president of the Aero Club of America. During his speech he declared +that "this was no time to unman the Government by this foolhardy +jeopardizing of the rights of both sexes"; that "one wonders at the +spectacle of strong, masculine personalities urging at such an hour +the demasculinization of Government—the dilution with the qualities +of the cow, of the qualities of the bull upon which all the herd +safety must depend"; that "this from now on is a man's job—the job of +the fighting, the dominating, not the denatured, the womanlike man." +Referring to Miss Rankin's vote against war he said: "I do not think +she cried; I was speaking of the real woman, the woman that men love." +He also said that during his campaign for "preparedness" he discovered +that "the woman suffrage movement was hopelessly given over to +pacifism in its extreme socialistic form." In closing he said that +"for any sentimental or political reason it is a damnable thing that +we should weaken ourselves by bringing into the war the woman, who has +never been permitted in the war tents of any strong, virile dominating +nation." This speech was made Jan. 7, 1918, after nearly a year's +experience in the United States of the war work done by women.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_586" id="Page_586">[Pg 586]</a></span></p> + +<p>At this hearing the opponents made their supreme effort, knowing that +it was their last chance, and they brought to Washington one of the +South's most noted orators, former U. S. Senator Joseph W. Bailey, of +Texas. He began by saying: "I shall confine my speech entirely to the +political aspect of the question, leaving these very intelligent women +to explain the effect of suffrage on their sex and on our homes," but +he got to the latter phase of it long before he had finished. He +believed that under the Federal Constitution the right to control the +suffrage belonged absolutely to the States but he said: "I am opposed +to women voting anywhere except in their own societies; I would let +them vote there but nowhere else in this country.... No free +government should deny suffrage to any class entitled to it and no +free government should extend suffrage to any class not entitled to +it, for the ultimate success or failure of every free government will +depend upon the average intelligence and patriotism of the electorate. +I hope to show that as a matter of political justice and political +safety women should not be allowed to vote...."</p> + +<p>Giving other reasons why women should not be allowed to vote, he said: +"The two most important personal duties of citizenship are military +service and sheriff's service, neither of which is a woman capable of +performing." Reminded by the chairman that there were many places +where women then were performing the duty of sheriff, constable, +marshal and police, he answered: "They may be playing at them but they +are not really performing them. If an outlaw is to be arrested are you +going to order a woman to get a gun and come with you? If you did she +would sit down and cry, and she ought to keep on crying until her +husband hunts you up and makes you apologize for insulting his +wife.... A woman who is able to perform a sheriff's duty is not fit to +be a mother because no woman who bears arms ought to bear children.... +We agree, I think, that the women of this country will never go into +our armies as soldiers or be required to serve on the sheriff's posse +comitatus. That being true I hardly think they have the right to make +the laws under which you and I must perform those services." The +chairman asked: "When the men go to front with the cartridges and guns +the women assisted in making are the latter not participating in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_587" id="Page_587">[Pg 587]</a></span> +war the same as men?" He answered: "They are doing their part and it +may be just as essential as the man's, for if there is not somebody +here to provide the ammunition the guns would be useless, but it is +not military service."</p> + +<p>The war had been in progress three and a half years when these +assertions were made and the whole world knew the part that women had +taken in it.</p> + +<p>"The third personal duty of citizenship is jury service," Mr. Bailey +said, "and while women are physically capable of performing that +service there are reasons, natural, moral and domestic, which render +them wholly unfit for it.... We go to the court house for stern, +unyielding justice. Will women help our courts to better administer +justice? They will not. Nobody is qualified to decide any case until +they have heard all the testimony on both sides but the average woman +would make up her mind before the plaintiff had concluded his +testimony." The awful consequences of "sending women with strange men +into the jury room to discuss testimony which a sensible mother would +not talk over with her grown daughter" were declared to be that +"modesty for which we reverence women would disappear from among +them." "Who will care for the children during the mother's absence?... +They tell me they will require the unmarried women to act as jurors. +There will be enough of them, for marrying will become a lost habit in +our country if we apply ourselves much longer to this business of +making women like men." Mr. Bailey appeared not to know that women had +been serving on juries for from twenty to forty years in the western +States where they were enfranchised.</p> + +<p>"Will women vote intelligently? Can they do it? What time will a woman +have to prepare herself for these new duties of citizenship? Will she +take it from her home and husband or from her church and children or +from her charities and social pleasures? She must take it from one or +all of them and will she make herself or the world better by doing +so?" Mr. Bailey asked. He said he wished that "every woman in the land +was fortunate enough to have servants to do their work"; deplored "the +unfortunate situation of eighty per cent. of the good women whose hard +lot it is to toil from sunup to sundown" and inquired: "Do<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_588" id="Page_588">[Pg 588]</a></span> you think +when they have done all this they will have time and strength to learn +something about their duties as a citizen?" Asked if he did not think +a woman ought to have something to say about the laws that concern the +education and disposition of her children, he answered: "If she cannot +trust that to the father of her children I pity her." "How about the +women who have lost their husbands?" asked a member of the committee. +"If they have neither father nor son nor brother to provide for them +the public will do so," Mr. Bailey replied. In pointing out how +favorable "man-made laws" are to women he said: "In my State, where +women have never voted and where I sincerely trust they never will, +the law gives to the wife as her separate property everything she owns +at the time of her marriage and everything she may afterwards acquire +by gift, devise or descent," but he omitted to say that all of it +passes under the absolute control of the husband and that the wages +she earns belong to him.</p> + +<p>Further on he said: "We must have two sexes and if the women insist on +becoming men I suppose the men must refine themselves into women.... I +dread the effect of this woman's movement upon civilization because I +know what happened to the Roman republic when women attained their +full rights. They married without going to church and were divorced +without going to court." After having discussed widows' pensions, the +double standard of morals, divorce, alimony and various other matters +in carrying out his promise at the beginning to confine his remarks +"entirely to the political aspect of the question" he reached the +subject of women's smoking. He summed up his opinion of this by +saying: "If it were a question between their smoking and their voting +and they would promise to stay at home and smoke I would say let them +smoke." In this connection he said: "A single standard of conduct for +men and women is an iridescent dream. We cannot pay women a higher +tribute than to insist that their behavior shall be more circumspect +than ours."</p> + +<p>Finally Mr. Blanton of Texas, a member of the committee, having +obtained Mr. Bailey's assent that the right of petition is the most +sacred right of the people and that legislators should give it careful +consideration, said: "I have here a very extensive petition from your +State signed by prominent citizens of the leading<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_589" id="Page_589">[Pg 589]</a></span> cities urging +Congress to submit the Federal Suffrage Amendment and I notice from +Houston, your city, the following: He then read a long list of bank +presidents, judges, editors, college professors, the Mayor and other +city officials, officers of labor unions, and, in addition, the Chief +Justice of the Supreme Court, Attorney General, District Attorney and +other State officials, and pressed Mr. Bailey to admit their high +character and standing. He did so but said: "I would not vote for this +amendment if a majority of my constituents asked me to do so."</p> + +<p>An undue amount of space is given to the address of Mr. Bailey because +he had been selected by the anti-suffragists as the strongest speaker +for their side in the entire country and it embodied their views as +these had been presented ever since the suffrage movement began. He +was thoroughly representative of the opposition, and the officers and +members of the women's Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage who were +present applauded his remarks from beginning to end. He made this +speech Jan. 7, 1918, and the following March the Texas Legislature by +a large majority gave Primary suffrage to women for all officers from +President of the United States down the list and the bill was +immediately signed by the Governor. The primaries decide the election +in that State.<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a></p> + +<p>The committee received petitions asking their favorable action on the +amendment from the Texas State Federation of Women's Clubs and those +of Houston and other cities; from women's clubs of many kinds in Waco +representing 2,000 members; from women's organizations all over the +State and from individuals, the number reaching thousands. There was +the same outpouring from the other southern States, although it was +the principal argument of the opposition that the vote was being +forced on southern women. There was also a remarkable expression from +southern men. Seventy-five pages of these petitions were printed in +the official report of this hearing. As the sentiment in the northern +States was now so largely in favor it was considered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_590" id="Page_590">[Pg 590]</a></span> unnecessary for +them to send petitions, although many did so. There were presented to +the committee a message from the Governor of every equal suffrage +State urging the immediate submission of the amendment and strong +letters to this effect from Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels and +Secretary of the Treasury William G. McAdoo, Southerners and +Democrats. None of this pressure was necessary to influence it but the +leaders of the National Suffrage Association arranged this +demonstration in order to show that favorable action by the committee +would be fully sustained by the sentiment of the country, and as an +answer to the charge that "a small, insistent lobby was forcing the +amendment through Congress." The anti-suffragists did not present one +communication of any kind from any State except Massachusetts.</p> + +<p>The valuable space in this volume could not be better used perhaps +than for the closing speeches of Mrs. Park, chairman of the +association's Congressional Committee, and Mrs. Catt, its president. A +greater contrast can scarcely be imagined than that between their +statesmanlike quality and the rambling, inconsequential, prejudiced +character of Mr. Bailey's. "After the eloquent address of the last +speaker," began Mrs. Park with delicious satire, "I sympathize with +the committee and the audience who will have to return to the plain +subject of the Federal Amendment for Woman Suffrage.... I think those +who have been listening to all of these hearings will agree that the +opponents have made many interesting statements but have given +comparatively few facts." Saying that Mrs. Catt would reply to Mr. +Bailey's speech she answered the points in the others with a keenness +and clearness that no lawyer could have exceeded and met with dignity +and acumen the questions of the opponents on the committee. She was +not once disconcerted or unable to reply convincingly and always with +a disarming courtesy but she did not deviate from her subject or allow +the questioners to do so.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt's answer to Mr. Bailey's speech, which filled twenty-five +pages of the stenographic report, occupied seven pages and there was +not a superfluous word. She began by calling attention to the +petitions as a whole from the southern States, printed copies of which +were furnished to each member of the committee. They included the +names of over a thousand prominent men, among<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_591" id="Page_591">[Pg 591]</a></span> them two and a half +pages of Mayors; the Governors of Arkansas, Tennessee and Florida and +many other State officials. She said that as she listened to Mr. +Bailey's speech she was reminded of the declaration of a president of +Harvard College, who asserted that without question there were witches +and it was the duty of all good people to hunt them out, but +twenty-five years later every intelligent man knew there had never +been such a thing as a witch. A man once wrote a book to prove that a +steamship could never cross the ocean and the book was brought to +America by the first one that crossed. Daniel Webster made a speech +against admitting as a State one of the western Territories because +its members of Congress after their election would not be able to +reach Washington until the session was over. "These men lacked +vision," she said, "and so does the last speaker. He does not know +what has been happening in the world." She referred to the vast +changes in the industrial life of women since the days of the mother +of Washington and the wife of Jefferson, whom he had used as models +for those of the present day, and said: "It is my pleasure to inform +him that I myself am that which he regrets—a voter—and I would +rather have my vote as a protector than the reverence even of the +gentleman from Texas."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt continued: "The speech to which we have listened has been +interesting because it has seemed to be a chapter from a book that was +written long ago. The week before the war began it was my privilege, +sitting in the balcony of the House of Commons, to look down upon the +bald head of Mr. Asquith while he made a speech against woman +suffrage. 'I am unalterably opposed to woman suffrage because Great +Britain is a mighty empire and it will always be necessary to defend +it by military power and what do women know about war?' he asked. +Three years later he humbly confessed before the world that when a +nation like Great Britain goes to war, and such a war as this one, +which calls for every ounce of power the nation can offer in its +defense, men and women make equal sacrifices and therefore it is not a +man's job but it is a man's and a woman's job and they are doing it +together. So the Premier demanded woman suffrage and voted for it in +the House of Commons. Remembering Mr. Asquith, I think there is hope +for Mr. Bailey."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_592" id="Page_592">[Pg 592]</a></span></p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt pictured eloquently the marvelous work being done by women +in Great Britain in the munitions factories, the railway service, the +dockyards, and also in our own and all countries; she described the +heroic sacrifices of the nurses; she told how the women of Canada and +New Zealand had voted for conscription and how in all countries the +women were backing their men in the war. "It is declared that American +women cannot carry a gun," she said. "Why that is the kind of talk we +heard forty years ago and Mr. Bailey's speech is just that much behind +the times.... I am sorry for any man who has stood still while the +world has moved on."</p> + +<p>Only the merest outline of this convincing address is given but before +its conclusion Mr. Bailey had deliberately insulted Mrs. Catt by +leaving the room. Mrs. Wadsworth, when asked if she wished her side to +be heard in rebuttal, introduced Miss Charlotte E. Rowe of Yonkers, N. +Y., who made a vigorous plea for saving the home, children and +womanhood and declared woman suffrage would lead to Socialism. During +the course of her speech she said, according to the official +stenographic report: "If working girls and women in colleges will +study cooking and sewing and domestic science and hygiene, or simple +rules of health and how to care for the sick and the fine and +beautiful art of home making, it will be much better for them and +better for the country than if they spend their time parading up the +avenue of a crowded city and praying that they may some day, somehow, +become policemen or boiler-makers side by side with men.... I say to +you that it has remained for this self-sufficient 20th century to have +produced a womanhood which would stand—even a small proportion of +it—in legislative halls and say that they are doing more in this +great and terrible war than the men are doing.... Gentlemen, if I were +a married woman and my husband was a feminist and on the first Tuesday +after the first Monday in November he said to me, 'Come, walk by me so +as to strengthen and sustain me as I go to the polls,' I would say to +him, 'Look here, Mabel, here is the key of the flat; I am going home +to father.' I would advise men and women suffragists—and especially +those suffragist men who need their wives to strengthen and sustain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_593" id="Page_593">[Pg 593]</a></span> +them on election day—I would advise them to go to the cellar and +check over the laundry."</p> + +<p>This last hearing on the Federal Suffrage Amendment closed on January +7 and the following day the committee made a favorable report to the +House of Representatives. By consent of the Committee on Rules the +10th was set for the debate and vote and on that day the House by a +two-thirds majority voted to submit the amendment to the State +Legislatures.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Although there was no national convention in 1918 Mrs. +Catt called a conference of the Executive Council, consisting of the +national officers, chairmen of standing and special committees and +State presidents, at Indianapolis, April 18th and 19th. It was in +effect a convention except for the presence of elected delegates and +forty-five States were represented, including many of the South. They +were entertained by the Indiana Women's Franchise League, welcomed by +Governor Goodrich and Mayor Jewett and were guests at many brilliant +social functions. A full program of daytime plans for work and +committee reports and of evening addresses was carried out. The +visitors were able to attend meetings of the Indiana State Suffrage +Convention and the League of Women Voters.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> Call: The National American Woman Suffrage Association +calls its State auxiliaries, through their elected delegates, to meet +in annual convention at St. Louis, Statler Hotel, March 24 to March +29, 1919, inclusive. +</p><p> +In 1869, Wyoming led the world by the grant of full suffrage to its +women. The convention will celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of this +event. In 1869, the National and the American Woman Suffrage +Associations were organized—to be combined twenty years later into +the National American. The convention will celebrate the fiftieth +anniversary of the founding of the organization which without a pause +has carried forward the effort to secure the enfranchisement of women. +As a fitting memorial to a half-century of progress the association +invites the women voters of the fifteen full suffrage States to attend +this anniversary and there to join their forces in a League of Women +Voters, one of whose objects shall be to speed the suffrage campaign +in our own and other countries. +</p><p> +The convention will express its pleasure with suitable ceremonials +that since last we met the women of England, Scotland, Ireland and +Wales, Canada and Germany have received the vote, but it will make +searching inquiry into the mysterious causes which deny patriotic, +qualified women of our Republic a voice in their own government while +those of monarchies and erstwhile monarchies are honored with +political equality. Suffrage delegates, women voters, there is need of +more serious counsel than in any preceding year. It is not you but the +nation that has been dishonored by the failure of the 65th Congress to +pass the Federal Suffrage Amendment. Let us inquire together; let us +act together. +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="authors" summary="authors"> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Carrie Chapman Catt</span>, President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anna Howard Shaw</span>, Honorary President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Katharine Dexter McCormick</span>, First Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Mary Garrett Hay</span>, Second Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Anne Dallas Dudley</span>, Third Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Gertrude Foster Brown</span>, Fourth Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Helen H. Gardener</span>, Fifth Vice-President.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Nettie Rogers Shuler</span>, Corresponding Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Justina Leavitt Wilson</span>, Recording Secretary.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Emma Winner Rogers</span>, Treasurer.</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Ministers who opened the different sessions with prayer +were Mary J. Safford, of Iowa; Dr. Ivan Lee Holt, Rabbi Samuel +Thurman, Dr. G. Nussman and the Rev. Father Russell J. Wilbur; at the +meetings in the Odeon, Dr. J. W. Mclvor and Dean Carrol Davis, all of +St. Louis.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> From the address of President Wilson: +</p><p> +And what shall we say of the women?... Their contribution to the great +result is beyond appraisal. They have added a new luster to the annals +of American womanhood. The least tribute we can pay them is to make +them the equals of men in political rights as they have proved +themselves their equals in every field of practical work they have +entered, whether for themselves or for their country. These great days +of completed achievements would be sadly marred were we to omit that +act of justice.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> +For action of this committee see <a href="#APPENDIX_TO_CHAPTER_XIX">Appendix for Chapter XIX</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> Names of Committee: John E. Raker, California, +chairman; Edward W. Saunders, Virginia; Frank Clark, Florida; Benjamin +C. Hilliard, Colorado; James H. Mays, Utah; Christopher D. Sullivan, +New York; Thomas L. Blanton, Texas; Jeannette Rankin, Montana; Frank +W. Mondell, Wyoming; William H. Carter, Massachusetts; Edward C. +Little, Kansas; Richard N. Elliott, Indiana; Jacob E. Meeker, +Missouri.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> In the summer of 1920, Mr. Bailey, who had been living +in New York City ever since he resigned from the Senate, returned to +Texas and made the race for Governor to "rescue" the State from woman +suffrage, prohibition and other progressive measures which had made +great headway since he left it. He was badly defeated for the +nomination, with women voting.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_594" id="Page_594">[Pg 594]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX.</h2> + +<h3>NATIONAL AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1920.</h3> + + +<p>The official report of the Fifty-first convention, in 1920, was +entitled Victory Convention of the National American Woman Suffrage +Association and First Congress of the League of Women Voters and the +Call was as follows:</p> + +<p>"Suffragists, hear this last call to a suffrage convention!</p> + +<p>"The officers of the National American Woman Suffrage Association +hereby call the State auxiliaries, through their elected delegates, to +meet in annual convention at Chicago, Congress Hotel, February 12th to +18th, inclusive. In other days our members and friends have been +summoned to annual conventions to disseminate the propaganda for their +common cause, to cheer and encourage each other, to strengthen their +organized influence, to counsel as to ways and means of insuring +further progress. At this time they are called to rejoice that the +struggle is over, the aim achieved and the women of the nation about +to enter into the enjoyment of their hard-earned political liberty. Of +all the conventions held within the past fifty-one years, this will +prove the most momentous. Few people live to see the actual and final +realization of hopes to which they have devoted their lives. That +privilege is ours.</p> + +<p>"Turning to the past let us review the incidents of our long struggle +together before they are laid away with other buried memories. Let us +honor our pioneers. Let us tell the world of the ever-buoyant hope, +born of the assurance of the justice and inevitability of our cause, +which has given our army of workers the unswerving courage and +determination that at last have overcome every obstacle and attained +their aim. Come and let us together express the joy which only those +can feel who have suffered for a cause.</p> + +<p>"Turning to the future, let us inquire together how best we can now +serve our beloved nation. Let us ask what political parties<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_595" id="Page_595">[Pg 595]</a></span> want of +us and we of them. Come one and all and unitedly make this last +suffrage convention a glad memory to you, a heritage for your children +and your children's children and a benefaction to our nation.<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a>"</p> + +<p>The seven days of the convention were divided between the National +Association and the League of Women Voters, the latter having the +lion's share as a new organization requiring much time and attention. +All of February 12 was given to the meetings of its committees, with +dinners for all delegates and a program of speakers at the Auditorium, +Morrison and La Salle Hotels in the evening. All matters relating to +the league are considered in the chapter on the League of Women Voters +by Mrs. Nettie Rogers Shuler, corresponding secretary. The addresses +at the convention, with the exception of those on Miss Anthony's one +hundredth birthday and the memorial meeting for Dr. Shaw, were given +under the auspices of the league and the Resolutions were prepared by +its committee.</p> + +<p>The convention of the National Association began February 13 but the +two preceding days had been occupied by almost continuous business +sessions of the officers and board of directors. Mrs. Grace Wilbur +Trout, State president, was chairman of the local committee of +arrangements of nearly forty women of Chicago, Evanston and suburban +towns for this largest national suffrage convention ever held and the +arrangements had never been surpassed. Nothing was forgotten which +could contribute to the success or pleasure of the convention. A +hostess was appointed for each State to make its delegates acquainted +and contribute to their comfort. There were present 546 delegates, a +large number<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_596" id="Page_596">[Pg 596]</a></span> of alternates and thousands of visitors, while for the +audiences at the public meetings there was not even standing +room.<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a></p> + +<p>At the morning session on the 13th, with Mrs. Catt presiding, the +following program was presented by the Executive Council for the +consideration of the delegates and was discussed at this and other +business sessions:</p> + +<p>1. Shall the National American Woman Suffrage Association dissolve +when the last task concerning the extension of suffrage to women is +completed?</p> + +<p>2. Shall it recommend its members to join the League of Women Voters?</p> + +<p>3. Shall this be the last suffrage convention held under its auspices? +If not, when shall the next be called?</p> + +<p>4. If this is to be the last convention, shall a Board of Officers be +elected at this convention to serve until all tasks are completed? If +this is done, to whom shall such a board render its final report and +by whom shall it be officially discharged?</p> + +<p>5. If dissolution is determined upon, what disposition shall be made +of (a) the files of data; (b) the property; (c) the funds, if any +remain?</p> + +<p>6. In the event that the association shall be dissolved what agency +shall become the auxiliary of the International Woman Suffrage +Alliance?</p> + +<p>7. What plan for the intensive education of new women voters is +possible and shall it be recommended that the League of Women Voters +take up this work or shall it be conducted under the National American +Woman Suffrage Association?</p> + +<p>At the beginning of the afternoon session Mrs. Catt said that for +twenty-eight years the Rev. Anna Howard Shaw had opened the national +conventions with prayer and she asked that in memory of her the +delegates rise and join in silent prayer. They did<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_597" id="Page_597">[Pg 597]</a></span> so and many were +in tears. The Rev. Herbert L. Willet then offered the invocation. Mrs. +Trout, president of the Illinois Suffrage Association, cordially +welcomed the delegates to Chicago. The greeting from the Canadian +Woman Suffrage Association was brought by its president, Dr. Margaret +Gordon. Mrs. Catt made a gracious response and resigning the chair to +the first vice-president, Mrs. Katharine Dexter McCormick, gave a +brief address, reserving a longer one for the League of Women Voters. +She said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When we met at St. Louis a year ago in the 50th annual convention +of our association, we knew that the end of our long struggle was +near. We comprehended in a new sense the truth of Victor Hugo's +sage epigram: "There is one thing more powerful than Kings and +Armies—the idea whose time has come to move." We knew that the +time for our idea was here, and as State after State has joined +the list of the ratified we have seen our idea, our cause, move +forward dramatically, majestically into its appropriate place as +part of the constitution of our nation. We have not yet the +official proclamation announcing that our amendment has been +ratified by the necessary thirty-six States, but thirty-one have +done so and another will ratify before we adjourn; three +Governors have promised special sessions very soon and two more +Legislatures will ratify when called together. There is no power +on this earth that can do more than delay by a trifle the final +enfranchisement of women.</p> + +<p>The enemies of progress and liberty never surrender and never +die. Ever since the days of cave-men they have stood ready with +their sledge hammers to strike any liberal idea on the head +whenever it appeared. They are still active, hysterically active, +over our amendment; still imagining, as their progenitors for +thousands of years have done, that a fly sitting on a wheel may +command it to revolve no more and it will obey. They are running +about from State to State, a few women and a few paid men. They +dash to Washington to hold hurried consultations with senatorial +friends and away to carry out instructions.... It does not +matter. Suffragists were never dismayed when they were a tiny +group and all the world was against them. What care they now when +all the world is with them? March on, suffragists, the victory is +yours! The trail has been long and winding; the struggle has been +tedious and wearying; you have made sacrifices and received many +hard knocks; be joyful to-day. Our final victory is due, is +inevitable, is almost here. Let us celebrate to-day, and when the +proclamation comes I beg you to celebrate the occasion with some +form of joyous demonstration in your own home State. Two +armistice days made a joyous ending of the war. Let two +ratification days, one a National and one a State day, make a +happy ending of the denial of political freedom to women!<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_598" id="Page_598">[Pg 598]</a></span></p> + +<p>Our amendment was submitted June 4, 1919, and to-day, eight +months and eight days later, it has been ratified by thirty-one +States. No other amendment made such a record but the time is not +the significant part of the story. Of the thirty-one +ratifications twenty-four have taken place in <i>special sessions</i>. +These mean extra cost to the State, opportunity for other +legislation and the chance of political intrigue for or against +the Governor who calls them. These obstacles have been difficult +to overcome, far more difficult than most of you will ever know, +and in a few instances well-nigh insurmountable, but the point to +emphasize to-day is that they <i>were</i> overcome. As a whole the +ratifications have moved forward in splendid triumphal +procession. There have been many inspiring incidents of daring +and clever moves on the part of suffragists to speed the campaign +and there have been many incidents of courage, nobility of +purpose and proud scorn of the pettiness of political enemies on +the part of Governors, legislators and men friends. On the other +hand there have been tricks, chicanery and misrepresentation, but +let us forget them all. Victors can afford to be generous.</p></div> + +<p>Referring to the cost of special sessions, Mrs. Catt said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>If the Governor is a Republican tell him that had it not been +that two Republican Senators, Borah of Idaho and Wadsworth of New +York, refused to represent their States as indicated by votes at +the polls, resolutions by their Legislatures and planks in their +party platforms, the suffrage amendment would have passed the +65th Congress. It then would have come into the regular sessions +of forty-two Legislatures with more than thirty-six pledged to +ratify and without a cent of extra cost to any State! When a +Republican Governor calls an extra session in order to ratify he +merely atones for the conduct of two members of his own party. +They, not he, are to blame that it became necessary. If the +Governor is Democratic say that had it not been for two northern +Democratic Senators, Pomerene of Ohio and Hitchcock of Nebraska, +who refused to represent their States on the question as +indicated by their Legislatures and platforms, Congress would +have sent the amendment to the 1919 Legislatures and it would +have cost the States nothing. The Democratic Governor who calls a +special session only makes honorable amends for the +misrepresentation of members of his own party....</p> + +<p>We should be more than glad and grateful to-day, we should be +proud—proud that our fifty-one years of organized endeavor have +been clean, constructive, conscientious. Our association never +resorted to lies, innuendoes, misrepresentation. It never accused +its opponents of being free lovers, pro-Germans and Bolsheviki. +It marched forward even when its forces were most disorganized by +disaster. It always met argument with argument, honest objection +with proof of error. In fifty years it never failed to send its +representatives to plead our cause before every national +political convention, although they went knowing that the +prejudice they would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_599" id="Page_599">[Pg 599]</a></span> meet was impregnable and the response would +be ridicule and condemnation. It went to the rescue of every +State campaign for half a century with such forces as it could +command, even when realizing that there was no hope. In every +corner it sowed the seeds of justice and trusted to time to bring +the harvest. It has aided boys in high school with debates and +later heard their votes of "yes" in Legislatures. Reporters +assigned to our Washington conventions long, long ago, took their +places at the press table on the first day with contempt and +ridicule in their hearts but went out the last day won to our +cause and later became editors of newspapers and spoke to +thousands in our behalf. Girls came to our meetings, listened and +accepted, and later as mature women became intrepid leaders.</p> + +<p>In all the years this association has never paid a national +lobbyist, and, so far as I know, no State has paid a legislative +lobbyist. During the fifty years it has rarely had a salaried +officer and even if so she has been paid less than her earning +capacity elsewhere. It has been an army of volunteers who have +estimated no sacrifice too great, no service too difficult.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Catt enumerated some of the immortal pioneer suffragists and +said: "How small seems the service of the rest of us by comparison, +yet how glad and proud we have been to give it. Ours has been a cause +to live for, a cause to die for if need be. It has been a movement +with a soul, a dauntless, unconquerable soul ever leading onward. +Women came, served and passed on but others took their places.... How +I pity the women who have had no share in the exaltation and the +discipline of our army of workers! How I pity those who have not felt +the grip of the oneness of women struggling, serving, suffering, +sacrificing for the righteousness of woman's emancipation! Oh, women, +be glad today and let your voices ring out the gladness in your +hearts! There will never come another day like this. Let joy be +unconfined and let it speak so clearly that its echo will be heard +around the world and find its way into the soul of every woman of +every race who is yearning for opportunity and liberty still +denied...."</p> + +<p>After this inspiring address the convention was turned into a +jollification meeting for a considerable time until the delegates were +tired out by their enthusiasm and composed themselves to receive a +telegram of greeting from President Woodrow Wilson addressed to Mrs. +Catt: "Permit me to congratulate your association upon the fact that +its great work is so near its triumphant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_600" id="Page_600">[Pg 600]</a></span> end and that you can now +merge it into a League of Women Voters to carry on the development of +good citizenship and real democracy; and to wish for the new +organization the same wise leadership and success." On motion of Mrs. +McCormick it was voted that "the gratitude of the convention be +expressed to the President for his constant cooperation and help, with +deep regret for his illness." On motion of Miss Mary Garrett Hay, +second vice-president, the convention authorized a letter of +appreciation to be sent to the Governors of States that had ratified +the Federal Amendment and telegrams to those who had not called +special sessions strongly urging them to do so.<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> This was made +especially emphatic to Governor Louis F. Hart of Washington, the only +equal suffrage State which had not ratified. [The session was called +and the Legislature ratified unanimously March 22, leaving but one +more to be gained.]</p> + +<p>At the evening session the Recommendations were considered as +presented by the Executive Council, which consisted of the president +of the association, officers, board of directors, chairmen of standing +and special committees, presidents of affiliated organizations and one +representative of each society which paid dues on 1,500 or more +members. After discussion and some amendment they were adopted as +follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Whereas, The sole object of many years' endeavor by the National +American Woman Suffrage Association has been "to secure the vote +to the women citizens of the United States by appropriate +national and State legislation" and that object is about to be +attained, and</p> + +<p>Whereas, The association must naturally dissolve or take up new +lines of work when the last suffrage task has been completed, +therefore, be it</p> + +<p>Resolved, That the association shall assume no new lines of work +and shall move toward dissolution by the following process:</p> + +<p>(1) That a Board of Officers shall be elected at this convention, +as usual, to serve two years (if necessary) in accordance with +the provisions of the constitution;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_601" id="Page_601">[Pg 601]</a></span></p> + +<p>(2) That the eight directors elected at the 50th annual +convention, and whose term of office does not expire until March, +1921, shall be asked to serve until the term of elected officers +shall expire;</p> + +<p>(3) That any vacancy or vacancies occurring in the list of +directors shall be filled by election at this convention;</p> + +<p>(4) That all vacancies in the Board of Directors occurring after +this convention shall be filled by majority vote of the board;</p> + +<p>(5) That the Board of Officers so constituted shall have full +charge of the remainder of the ratification campaign and all +necessary legal proceedings and shall dispose of files, books, +data, property and funds (if any remain) of the association +subject to the further instruction of this convention. The +Executive Council shall be subject to call by the Board of +Officers if necessary;</p> + +<p>(6) That the Board of Officers shall render a quarterly account +of its procedure and an annual report of all funds in its +possession duly audited by certified accountant, to the women who +in February, 1920, compose its Executive Council. When its work +is completed and its final report has been accepted by this +council it may by formal resolution dissolve.<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a></p></div> + +<p>A resolution was adopted regarding action in case of a referendum to +the voters of ratification by a Legislature but later the U. S. +Supreme Court declared this unconstitutional. Another urged the new +league to make political education of the voters its first duty. The +last resolution was as follows:</p> + +<p>"We recommend that the League of Women Voters, now a section of the +National American Woman Suffrage Association, be organized as a new +and independent society, and that its auxiliaries, while retaining +their relationship to the Board of Officers to be elected in this 51st +convention in form, shall change their names, objects and +constitutions to conform to those of the National League of Women +Voters and take up the plan of work to be adopted by its first +congress."</p> + +<p>Following the precedent of the last convention, in order to save time, +all headquarters' activities were summed up in the report of the +corresponding secretary, Mrs. Nettie Rogers Shuler. Much condensed the +report was as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In the greater glory of the Federal Amendment and the +ratifications which are bringing about our ultimate victory we +should not overlook the solid, constructive work of the past ten +and a half months and those successes of the National American +Woman Suffrage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_602" id="Page_602">[Pg 602]</a></span> Association and its branches in the various +States, which made possible the Federal Amendment.</p> + +<p>At our convention in St. Louis, March 24-29, 1919, when we met to +counsel together for the future and to gird on our armor for the +"one fight more—the last and the best," we celebrated the +Missouri victory, the twenty-seventh State to give Presidential +suffrage to women. Mrs. Catt, by resolution of the convention, +immediately wrote to the legislators of Tennessee and Iowa urging +passage of a similar bill. Tennessee gave Presidential and +Municipal suffrage to women April 14 and Iowa Presidential +suffrage on April 19, increasing the number of presidential +electors for whom women may vote to 306 out of 531, the total in +the United States.</p> + +<p>Connecticut women made a magnificent campaign for Presidential +suffrage, failing by only one vote in the Legislature. The +strength displayed by the suffragists, the obtaining of 98,000 +women's signatures and the dignity and ability shown under the +leadership of Miss Katherine Ludington, so advanced suffrage in +that State as to make the battle seem a victory rather than a +defeat.</p> + +<p>Municipal suffrage was given by the Legislature to the women of +Orlando, Fla., April 21, making sixteen towns in ten counties in +that State where women have this right. An effort to secure a +Primary suffrage bill for the entire State failed.</p> + +<p>Suffrage in the Democratic municipal primaries was granted by the +local Democratic committee to the women of Atlanta, Ga., May 3, +for one election.</p> + +<p>In a referendum vote on a State amendment, May 24, 1919, full +suffrage was defeated in Texas. The main causes were: The large +number of men who were so confident of the success of the +amendment that they did not take the trouble to go to the polls +to vote for it; illegal changes in the numbering and position of +the amendment on the ballots of the various counties; the absence +from the State of about 200,000 soldiers; unfavorable weather +conditions; the shortness of the time allowed for the campaign, +and, chief of all, the organized opposition of the foreign-born +and negro voters. The Texas suffragists won a clear-cut victory +January 28 when the State Supreme Court upheld the decisions of +the lower courts that the Primary suffrage bill was +constitutional....</p> + +<p>On June 28 the women of Nebraska won a distinctive victory when +the State Supreme Court held the Presidential and Municipal +suffrage act of 1917 to be constitutional. The history of woman +suffrage records no harder fought legal battle than this. They +won another victory in the decision by Attorney General Clarence +E. Davis that they had the right to help choose delegates to the +national political party conventions. On February 12 the +constitutional convention voted to leave the word "male" out of +the new constitution.</p> + +<p>In Tennessee the decision of the Court of Chancery, which +declared the Presidential and Municipal suffrage bill of 1918 +unconstitutional, has been reversed by the State Supreme +Court....<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_603" id="Page_603">[Pg 603]</a></span></p> + +<p>On February 13 the suffrage committee of the constitutional +convention then in session in Illinois voted unanimously to +strike "male" out of the new constitution.</p> + +<p>We began the year 1918 with nineteen organizers, but as the +legislative work came to occupy the place of chief importance +most of the States expressed a preference for the services of +their own women and it became necessary to reduce the national +staff.<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a></p> + +<p>During the winter of 1918-1919 a series of conferences was +offered to the southern States but for various reasons not +accepted. At the St. Louis convention in March, 1919, Mrs. Catt +requested the southern representatives to outline the definite +help desired from the National Association and their requests +were accepted by the board at its post-convention meeting as +follows: The National to give (a) one speaker or organizer to +each State for two months; (b) a suffrage school to each; (c) one +thousand copies of Senator Pollock's speech to each. This help +from the National was conditional upon the promise of the +southern States (a) that each State would furnish one of its own +workers to be under the instruction of the national worker and to +continue in charge after her departure; (b) that it would +establish and maintain a speakers' bureau; (c) that it would +begin the petition campaign. By October the association had +fulfilled its promise of an organizer for two months to Virginia, +West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Georgia, +Florida, Alabama and Tennessee and had arranged to send +organizers to Kentucky, Delaware and Mississippi when those +States were ready for them. Later, because of ratification, it +gave additional help, sending Mrs. McMahon to Delaware, Mrs. +Cunningham, Miss Watkins and Miss Peshakova to Mississippi; Miss +Pidgeon, Miss Miller and Mrs. McMahon to Alabama, where a +splendid campaign for ratification was directed by Mrs. Pattie +Ruffner Jacobs, State suffrage president.</p> + +<p>Not only were the promised copies of Senator Pollock's speech +sent but an additional 10,000 pieces of literature were given to +Maryland, North Carolina and Delaware; 5,000 to Virginia, South +Carolina, Georgia and Florida; 36,000 to West Virginia and 51,000 +to Mississippi. In place of the suffrage schools a series of +conferences was agreed to by the southern States. Three speakers +were selected with great care and an outline for the trip was +submitted to the States. Some responded that they could not +arrange satisfactory conferences, others that they could not make +dates to fit the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_604" id="Page_604">[Pg 604]</a></span> itinerary, two did not reply in time and two +did not respond at all. Since speakers could not be sent at such +great cost for small, unsatisfactory meetings or on an incomplete +itinerary, we were reluctantly forced to cancel the conferences. +With regard to the work which the southern States agreed to do, +only one State met the provision to provide a worker of its own +under the direction of the national organizer to take charge +after her departure. None of the States established a speakers' +bureau. Three States started the petition campaign but none +finished it.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Federal Amendment.</span> We were confident of victory for the amendment +in 1919 in the 66th Congress. The House passed it May 21 by an +affirmative vote of 304, a majority of 42 votes, and June 4 the +Senate by a vote of 56 to 25. The passage of this amendment +introduced in Congress over forty years ago by the National +Suffrage Association closed a long and interesting chapter of the +movement. The completion of that part of our work made it no +longer necessary for us to maintain a Washington headquarters. +Accordingly June 30, 1919, the doors of the Suffrage House, 1626 +Rhode Island Avenue, were closed after having received cabinet +members, senators, congressmen, distinguished persons from this +and foreign countries, thousands of American men and women and +those active suffragists who were called to Washington from time +to time to assist in the work of the congressional committee. +Mrs. Maud Wood Park, to whose indefatigable energy, honesty of +purpose and action and infinite tact we owe much, led the way to +victory for the amendment. Mrs. Helen H. Gardener, whose +diplomatic abilities made her the constant adviser of the +committee, Miss Marjorie Shuler, chief of publicity, Miss Mabel +Willard in charge of social affairs, Miss Caroline I. Reilly and +Mrs. Minnie Fisher Cunningham, secretaries, formed the personnel +of the Congressional Committee at the time of victory.</p> + +<p>During the months preceding the passage of the Federal Amendment +the National Association had carried not only the burden of the +actual amendment campaign but had planned and carried out the +preparatory work for ratification. Legislatures had been polled, +Governors interviewed on the subject of special sessions and +organization and publicity built up, looking forward to the final +ratification battle. The presidential suffrage campaigns and the +resolutions calling upon Congress to pass the suffrage amendment, +which the National Association had secured in State Legislatures, +were all part of the ratification strategy, a test of the +suffrage sentiment in the current Legislatures as well as an +impelling force on Congress to pass the amendment.</p> + +<p>We had hoped that from this point the State associations would +undertake their own campaigns and to that end Mrs. Catt issued a +bulletin May 24 telling each one just what steps to take. She +stated that the National Association would immediately ask +Governors of all equal suffrage States to call sessions and would +circularize all the Legislatures. She called upon the State +associations to (1)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_605" id="Page_605">[Pg 605]</a></span> circularize their legislators with the news +of the final victory; (2) send deputations to secure the pledge +of the vote of each legislator for ratification; (3) begin a +statewide campaign through the press, petitions, literature and +meetings to secure their own special sessions. It soon became +apparent that the States as a whole were not carrying out these +plans and instead of promises of special sessions excuses came +from the men with the endorsement of the women themselves. It was +evident that the national office in New York must be in command.</p> + +<p>During the following weeks up to the present time the days and +nights have been filled with intensive effort. Never before have +the members of the national force, the board, the office force of +forty persons in the national headquarters, the Leslie +Commission, the publicity department, the <i>Woman Citizen</i> and the +Publishing Company worked with so little sparing of themselves +and with such absolute concentration upon the matter in hand, +still carrying on citizenship preparation, organization and all +the routine work but always giving Ratification the right of way. +It was Mrs. Catt who sounded the rallying call, who mapped out +every step of the way, who did the work of a dozen women herself +and cheered the rest on. No one will ever know the full story of +her ingenious plans which brought about the ratification and in +some States even the women think it was easily won because they +do not know of the efforts put forth from the national office.</p> + +<p>As soon as the amendment had passed the Senate, Mrs. Catt kept +the agreement made by her in the bulletin and sent telegrams to +the Governors of full suffrage States, asking for special +sessions, and to Legislatures then in session asking for +ratification. With the cooperation of the suffrage associations, +Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan ratified on June 10, in six days +after the amendment was submitted by Congress. Kansas and New +York ratified in special session and Ohio in regular session on +June 16. Pennsylvania ratified on June 24, its blackness wiped +off the map. The change of black Massachusetts to the ratified +white on June 25 gave another big impetus to the campaign. Texas +distinguished itself by ratifying on June 28. This made nine +ratifications in nineteen days!</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt had previously asked the presidents of State suffrage +associations to interview their Governors regarding special +sessions and she had sent personal letters to them and to members +of the Legislatures enclosing facts concerning the Federal +Amendment. As a result the Governors of Nebraska, Indiana and +Minnesota sent letters and telegrams to twenty-two other +Governors asking them to call special sessions.</p> + +<p>To carry the appeal to the West, two commissions were sent out +the last of July, Mrs. John Glover South of Kentucky and Miss +Shuler of New York to the Republican States; Mrs. Cunningham of +Texas and Mrs. Hooper of Wisconsin to the Democratic States. +After a tour of the States and visits to the Governors they went +to Salt Lake City for the Governors' Conference. Their reports<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_606" id="Page_606">[Pg 606]</a></span> +revealed the fact that women in the enfranchised States had been +absorbed into the political parties, and, with their suffrage +campaign organizations practically dissolved, were in no position +to determine or carry out independent political action. The +replies of the Governors—that "the women of <i>my</i> State have the +suffrage, it will not help us, the cost of a special session is +too great, ill-advised legislation might be considered"—revealed +an even more deplorable fact, that both men and women in those +States were bounded in thought by their State lines and did not +have a national point of view on national issues.</p> + +<p>From the first Mrs. Catt had believed that the strategy of +ratification demanded rapid action by the western full suffrage +States, the partial suffrage States falling into line and the +last fight coming in the eastern States where women had not yet +become political factors. Therefore the Governors of the fully +enfranchised States were wired as soon as the Federal Amendment +passed. Those of Kansas and New York responded at once with +special sessions on June 16. Then came an ominous pause. No far +western States had yet ratified. What mysterious cause delayed +them?</p> + +<p>Ratifications came in Iowa July 2; Missouri July 3; Arkansas July +28; Montana July 30; Nebraska August 2; Minnesota September 8; +New Hampshire September 10; Utah September 30. Another ominous +pause, with Montana and Utah the only far western States yet +heard from.</p> + +<p>On October 23 Mrs. Catt opened a "drive" for ratification through +sixteen conferences in twelve States, all but two with equal +suffrage. She was accompanied by two chairmen of the League of +Women Voters, Dr. Valeria Parker of the Committee of Social +Hygiene, and Mrs. Edward P. Costigan of the Committee on Food +Supply and Demand, with Mrs. Jean Nelson Penfield speaking for +the Committee on Unification of Laws and Miss Shuler for that on +Child Welfare. Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch of the Committee on +Unification of Laws and Miss Julia Lathrop, chairman of the Child +Welfare Committee, spoke at one of the conferences and Miss +Jessie Haver substituted for Mrs. Costigan during the latter part +of the trip. Mrs. Catt's address—Wake Up America—was an appeal +for special sessions to ratify in those States where there were +to be no regular sessions until 1921 and an appeal to both men +and women to use their votes for a better America. Ratifications +in North Dakota December 1; South Dakota December 4; Colorado +December 12; Oregon January 12; Nevada February 7—were in answer +to those stirring appeals. California ratified November 1; Maine +November 5; Rhode Island and Kentucky January 6; Indiana January +16. Following soon New Jersey ratified by regular session +February 9. Idaho by special session February 11; Arizona +February 12. The special session is called in New Mexico February +16 and in Oklahoma February 23. [Both ratified.]</p> + +<p>In the story of our ratification campaign there occurs often the +name of our second vice-president, Miss Mary Garrett Hay, whose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_607" id="Page_607">[Pg 607]</a></span> +work for the National Association has always been valuable but +who has made her greatest contribution in work for the passage of +the Federal Amendment in the campaign to secure special sessions +and the overwhelming number of ratifications in Republican +States.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Shuler told of the Oversea Hospitals, which are considered in +another chapter. She gave an eloquent tribute to Dr. Anna Howard Shaw +and spoke of the beautiful memorial booklet prepared by a committee of +officers of the National Association, who distributed 5,000 copies. It +also aided in circulating 10,000 copies of her last speech—What the +War Meant to Women—prepared as a memorial by the League to Enforce +Peace. She spoke tenderly of the death of Mrs. Rachel Foster Avery, +corresponding secretary of the National Association twenty-one years; +of that of Mrs. Elizabeth Wheeler Walker, who presided so charmingly +over the headquarters in Washington, and of Miss Aloysius +Larch-Miller, who as secretary of the committee on ratification in +Oklahoma sacrificed her life through her work for it. Reference was +made to the contributory work of the National Board in stabilizing the +League of Women Voters; to the Citizenship Schools and Travelling +Libraries, and the very complete report closed with a testimonial to +the immeasurable value of the national organization which read in +part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Our State suffrage associations welded into a great chain have +made the National Association. Our members have been one in +heart, one in hope, one in purpose. We have held the same +standards, the same ideals. When the way has seemed long and dark +and the goal of our efforts afar off, we have supported, cheered +and encouraged each other. We have rejoiced over even the +smallest victory and have never been a downhearted group. The +suffrage spirit has ever buoyed us up and carried us on even when +the road was the steepest and the obstructions seemed almost +insurmountable. These experiences could not have been realized +through fifty-one years without "lengthening the cords and +strengthening the stakes of friendship" but more—the result has +been a liberal training, a greater belief in each other and more +confidence in the merits of our cause.</p> + +<p>While the value of any movement depends upon the success with +which its practical details are worked out, yet in the final +analysis the idealism of a movement is the mainspring of its +vitality.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The spirit stands behind the deed,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In holy thought the dream must start<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And every cause that moves the world<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Was born within a single heart."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_608" id="Page_608">[Pg 608]</a></span>So to-day we render homage to our great leader, Mrs. Catt, whose +hand has guided and whose genius has vitalized our movement. She +has given to a world of women her love, her faith. She has +dreamed a dream and then with prophetic vision and undaunted +courage led the way to victory and the consummation of that +dream.</p></div> + +<p>The exquisite poem, "Oh, Dreamer of Dreams," was quoted and the report +ended: "Year after year at national conventions women have agreed to +'carry on'. How well this has been done the records prove. All who +have shared in the service and sacrifice which were necessary to bring +about the great victory which we are here to celebrate will be glad +that they were given and rejoice that they helped in putting to flight +the powers of darkness."</p> + +<p>In the course of her report as national treasurer Mrs. Henry Wade +Rogers said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It was in November, 1914, at the Nashville convention, that I was +elected treasurer of the National Suffrage Association. In +November, 1919, I completed my fifth year of service, these last +three months additional being by way of good measure. I succeeded +with trepidation Mrs. Katharine Dexter McCormick's very efficient +service. She and I are the only members on the present board who +were members in 1914.</p> + +<p>In February, 1918, the duties of treasurer of the Women's Oversea +Hospitals were added to those of the association and the sum of +$178,000 has passed through the special treasury of the hospitals +to carry on the splendid war work undertaken by the National +Suffrage Association. A balance of about $35,000 remains in that +treasury, the use of which in some form of memorial this +convention will be asked to designate.<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a></p> + +<p>The receipts of the treasury since I took office have been, for +1914-1915, $43,186; 1915-1916, $81,862; 1916-1917, $103,826; +1917-1918, $107,736; 1919-1920, $97,379; a total of $443,989. +Adding the fund raised for the Hospitals the total is $611,991. +Each year I have solicited funds for the National Association +from hundreds of suffragists, in addition to the large sums +pledged at the conventions, and have had always most generous +responses. In November and December, 1919, 38,000 letters were +sent out signed by the president and treasurer of the National +Suffrage Association asking for a ratification fund of $100,000. +Very gratifying returns have come from this appeal and are still +coming....</p> + +<p>We come to this final convention of our National Association with +a balance in the treasury and it must be determined here whether +or not this sum is sufficient to finish the fight for nation-wide +suffrage.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_609" id="Page_609">[Pg 609]</a></span> Because of your sympathy and generous cooperation I +have found the treasurership a real pleasure. The actual work has +been lightened by the faithful service of Miss Eleanor Bates, +accountant of the association since 1912. We cannot too +gratefully acknowledge also the devoted service of many others, +who, unheralded and unsung, have helped to make possible this +victory hour....</p></div> + +<p>With this report were ten closely printed pages of perfectly kept and +audited accounts. They showed a balance of $10,905 in the treasury. +Mrs. Rogers continued the duties of her office at unanimous request +having given up to the present time about seven years of most +efficient service, spending days, weeks and months at the national +headquarters with no remuneration except the joy of helping the cause +of woman suffrage. At one session through the efforts of Miss Mary +Garrett Hay and Mrs. Raymond Brown, pledges of $44,500 were obtained +for the League of Women Voters, Miss Lucy E. Anthony making the first +contribution of $1,000 in memory of her aunt, Susan B. Anthony. The +Leslie Commission guaranteed $15,000 of this amount.</p> + +<p>The Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington had +during the year set apart a division of space for mementoes of +distinguished suffragists, and Mrs. Helen H. Gardener, through whose +efforts chiefly this concession had been secured, offered the +following resolution, which was unanimously adopted: "This convention +expresses to the Directors of the Smithsonian Institution profound +appreciation of this section devoted to the great women leaders of +liberty and civilization on the same broad basis accorded to men and +believes that this shrine will be an object of the reverence and +education of all womanhood.<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_610" id="Page_610">[Pg 610]</a></span></p> + +<p>A resolution was adopted to send congratulatory and affectionate +letters to the pioneers, Miss Emily Howland of Sherwood, N. Y.; the +Rev. Antoinette Brown Blackwell of Elizabeth, N. J., and Mrs. +Charlotte Pierce of Philadelphia. The Rev. Olympia Brown of Racine, +Wis., one of the few remaining pioneers, was guest of honor of the +convention and received especial attention throughout the week. A +telegram was sent to Mrs. Ida Husted Harper of New York in recognition +of her constant, untiring work on the last volumes of the History of +Woman Suffrage, still in progress. Very laudatory resolutions of +"sincere gratitude" were adopted and sent to Will H. Hays and Homer +Cummings, chairmen of the Republican and Democratic National +Committees, for their services in behalf of the Federal Suffrage +Amendment.</p> + +<p>Five large rooms in the hotel were required for the 1,400 guests who +attended the "ratification banquet" the evening of February 14 and +there were almost as many disappointed women who could not obtain +seats. Mrs. Catt presided and the following program of sparkling +speeches was given: The Apology of New York [for re-election of U. S. +Senator Wadsworth], Mrs. F. Louis Slade; The Specials of the Middle +West, Mrs. Peter Olesen, Minnesota; Tradition vs. Justice, Mrs. Pattie +Jacobs, Alabama; By the Grace of Governors, Dr. Grace Raymond Hebard, +Wyoming; "All's Well That Ends Well," Mrs. T. T. Cotnam, Arkansas. +Mrs. Halsey W. Wilson, "cheer leader," had prepared a program of +well-known songs cleverly adapted to suffrage and set to popular airs.</p> + +<p>The culminating feature, arranged by Mrs. Richard E. Edwards, was a +living "ratification valentine." On the stage was disclosed a big +heart of silver and blue and in the opening appeared one after another +the faces of the presidents of the States whose Legislatures had +ratified and they recited caustic but good humored rhymes at the +expense of the women whose States were still in outer darkness. It was +a hilarious occasion greatly enjoyed by the younger suffragists and +those who had come late<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_611" id="Page_611">[Pg 611]</a></span> into the movement. Many memories were +awakened, however, in those older in years and service of the days +when conventions were largely a time of serious conferences and +impassioned appeal; a time when one banquet table was all sufficient +but those who gathered around it were very near and dear to each other +as they consecrated themselves anew to continue the work till the hour +of victory, which seemed very far ahead.</p> + +<p>The 14th of February was the seventy-third birthday of Dr. Shaw, who +had died the preceding July 2, and the 15th was the one hundredth of +Susan B. Anthony, falling on Sunday this year, but it was arranged to +have the memorial services for Dr. Shaw on the afternoon of this day. +The following program was carried out:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="center"> +<span class="smcap">Memorial to Dr. Anna Howard Shaw</span><br /> +Fourth Presbyterian Church<br /> +Corner Lake Shore Drive and Delaware Place<br /> +Dr. Stone, pastor of the church, presiding.<br /> +Sunday, February 15, 1921.<br /> +</p> + +<p>"She was a genuine American with all the qualities which in +fiction collect about that name but which are not so often seen +in real life; an American with the measureless patience, the deep +and gentle humor, the whimsical and tolerant philosophy and the +dauntless courage, physical as well as moral, which we find most +satisfyingly displayed in Lincoln, of all our heroes."—New York +<i>Times</i>.</p> + +<p> +Organ Prelude, "In Memoriam."<br /> +Anthem by Choir, "How blest are they."<br /> +Invocation.<br /> +Anthem, "Crossing the bar."<br /> +Scripture Lesson, Bishop Samuel Fallows, D.D., LL.D.<br /> +Greetings and Communications, Miss Caroline Ruutz-Rees.<br /> +Address—Memory Pictures, Mrs. Florence Cotnam.<br /> +Anthem—The Shepherds and Wise Men. (Composed for this<br /> +occasion by Witter Bynner and A. Madely Richardson.)<br /> +Address—The Courageous Leader, Mrs. James Lees Laidlaw.<br /> +Address—Reminiscences, Miss Jane Addams.<br /> +Address—Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt.<br /> +A Closing Word, Rev. John Timothy Stone, D.D., LL.D.<br /> +The Last Farewell, Dr. Caroline Bartlett Crane.<br /> +Hymn—"My Country 'Tis of Thee."<br /> +Benediction.<br /> +Choir Refrain.<br /> +Organ Postlude—Toccata.<br /> +</p> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_612" id="Page_612">[Pg 612]</a></span></p> + +<p>Eric Delamater, formerly director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, +was the organist. It was a most impressive occasion with many +evidences of deep feeling, and, although it was a church service, the +audience responded with warm applause as Mrs. Catt closed her eulogy +with this beautiful comparison: "A significant ceremony is performed +each Easter in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. In the +wall that encloses the tomb of Christ there is an opening which on +Easter Sunday is surrounded by priests of the shrine carrying +unlighted candles. It is believed that the candles are touched into +flame by a holy fire emanating from Divinity through this opening. +Also provided with candles are the worshippers who throng the church, +the nearby receiving their light from the priests and passing it on +until every candle is aflame. Men nearest the door hasten to light the +candles of horsemen outside who speed away on the mission of +torchbearer to every home, so that by nightfall the candles on every +altar burn with a new brightness that has been transmitted from the +holy fire. Likewise the fire of inspiration, kindled in the great soul +of Anna Howard Shaw, touched into flame the zeal and courage of her +messengers, who in turn reached the homes throughout the nation with +her fervor and power."</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>[Dr. Shaw had given forty-five years of consecrated devotion to the +cause of woman suffrage and this was the first national convention for +nearly thirty years without the inspiration of her presence. She first +met Miss Anthony at the International Council of Women in Washington +in 1888 and from that time gave her the deepest affection and truest +allegiance. While the years went by she became nearer and dearer to +Miss Anthony and was loved by her beyond all others. As an orator she +played upon the whole gamut of human emotions, lifting her audiences +to intellectual heights, touching their sentiment with her exquisite +pathos, convincing them with her keen logic and winning their hearts +with her irresistible humor. People not only admired but loved her, +and this was true not alone in the United States but in all parts of +the world, as she had addressed international congresses in most of +the large cities of Europe. She lived to see the submission by +Congress of the Federal Suffrage Amendment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_613" id="Page_613">[Pg 613]</a></span> and to render most +valuable assistance to her country during the World War as chairman of +the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense, and she died +in its service.]</p> + +<p>There was considerable discussion in the convention of a suitable +memorial to Dr. Shaw and finally a resolution was adopted that the +association establish an official joint memorial—at Bryn Mawr College +a Foundation in Politics and at the Woman's Medical College of +Pennsylvania a Foundation in Preventive Medicine—as a fitting +continuation of her life work;<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> that a committee be appointed to +carry out the project by appealing to the women throughout the country +and that this committee be incorporated and assume the financial +responsibility.<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> The Chair presented as the first donation towards +the fund a check of $1,000 sent by Mrs. George Howard Lewis of +Buffalo, in memory of Dr. Shaw on her birthday. The gift was +accompanied by an eloquent tribute from Mrs. Lewis, an intimate and +devoted friend of nearly twenty years, in which she gave beautiful +quotations from Dr. Shaw's letters and an extract from her charming +autobiography, The Story of a Pioneer.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a></p> + +<p>As had long been the custom the officers of the association gave an +informal reception to the delegates and friends on Sunday evening. +This took place in the Congress Hotel and they were assisted by the +local committee of arrangements.</p> + +<p>The final report of the Oversea Hospitals maintained by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_614" id="Page_614">[Pg 614]</a></span> National +Association, as given by Mrs. Charles L. Tiffany, chairman, and Mrs. +Raymond Brown, general director in France, is in the chapter on the +War Work of Organized Suffragists.</p> + +<p>A brief report of the Leslie Bureau of Education was made by Miss +Young who said: "The Leslie Bureau was founded by Mrs. Catt in 1917, +as administratrix of the fortune left to her to promote the cause of +suffrage by Mrs. Frank Leslie. Mrs. Catt cherished the view that if +the public were thoroughly educated on the subject of suffrage it +would be wholly in favor of it. She proposed to set aside a large part +of the Leslie fund for use in channels of education. I was appointed +director of the bureau and departmentalized it under the following +heads: News, Field Work, Features, Research.... The <i>Woman Citizen</i> +was termed "an adventure in journalism." Miss Young was +editor-in-chief and business manager and Miss Mary Ogden White was +associate editor. "The great body of testimony shows," she said, "that +the service of the magazine has been at all times indispensable."</p> + +<p>Miss Esther G. Ogden, president of the National Woman Suffrage +Publishing Co., supplemented Mrs. Shuler's report of its dissolution, +paid a tribute to its board of directors and said: "In reviewing the +six years of the company's existence a few facts come to my mind which +I think may interest you. We have printed and distributed over +50,000,000 pieces of literature. Besides supplying suffrage material +to practically every State in the Union we have filled orders from +Switzerland, France, Italy, Great Britain, Norway, Canada, Philippine +Islands, Hawaiian Islands, Porto Rico, Argentina, China and Japan. +Recently we have been asked to send a complete line of our +publications to the new American Library in Rome, Italy, and nearly +every day we receive requests for pamphlets from libraries all over +the United States and from universities for their extension courses. +My correspondence and association with suffragists over the country +through the Publishing Company will ever be among the happiest +memories of my life."</p> + +<p>Almost every State president submitted a report of vigorous work +either to secure the suffrage or where this had been done to organize +and put into operation a League of Women Voters.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_615" id="Page_615">[Pg 615]</a></span> Never before in the +history of the National Association had so much interest and activity +been manifest in the States.</p> + +<p>The Pioneer Suffrage Luncheon with Mrs. McCormick presiding brought +together many of the older workers, whose rejoicing over the final +victory after their long years of toil and sacrifice such as the +younger ones had never known, was lessened by the thought that this +was the last of the love feasts which they had shared together for +many decades. The response to the leading toast—What the Modern Woman +Owes to the Pioneers—was made by the Rev. Olympia Brown, now +eighty-four years old, whose excellent voice was not equalled among +any of the younger women. Songs, reminiscences and clever, informal +speeches contributed to a most delightful afternoon.</p> + +<p>It had been a keen disappointment that the Jubilee Convention of the +preceding year—March, 1919—which marked the fiftieth anniversary of +the founding of the association, could not have celebrated the +submission of the Federal Suffrage Amendment but this had to await a +new Congress. Now it was almost unendurable that this commemoration of +Miss Anthony's one hundredth birthday could not have been glorified by +the proclamation that this amendment was forever a part of the +National Constitution. However, by the time another month had rolled +by, this culmination of her life work awaited the ratification of only +one more Legislature and it was so universally recognized as near at +hand that this last meeting could appropriately be termed the Victory +Convention. Following is the program of the celebration of her +centenary:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="center">SUSAN B. ANTHONY CENTENARY CELEBRATION.</p> + +<p>"To me Susan B. Anthony was an unceasing inspiration—the torch +that illumined my life. We went through some difficult times +together—years when we fought hard for each inch of headway +gained—but I found full compensation for every effort in the +glory of working with her for the cause that was first in our +hearts and in the happiness of being her trusted friend."—Anna +Howard Shaw.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Monday, February</span> 16, 1920, 2 p. m.</p> + +<p>What Happened in Ten Decades Briefly Told:<br /></p> +<p class="chronology">1820-1830—The Age of Mobs and Eggs. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_616" id="Page_616">[Pg 616]</a></span><br /> +Mrs. E. F. Feickert, president of New Jersey.</p> +<p class="chronology">1830-1840—The First School Suffrage.<br /> +Mrs. Desha Breckenridge, president of Kentucky.</p> +<p class="chronology">1840-1850—The Dawn of Property Rights.<br /> +Mrs. Walter McNab Miller, former president of Missouri.</p> +<p class="chronology">1850-1860—The First High School for Girls.<br /> +Miss Alice Stone Blackwell, president of Massachusetts.</p> +<p class="chronology">1860-1870—The World's First Full Suffrage.<br /> +Dr. Grace Raymond Hebard, professor of Political Science, University of Wyoming.</p> +<p class="chronology">1870-1880—The Negro's Hour.<br /> +Mrs. Henry Youmans, president of Wisconsin.</p> +<p class="chronology">1880-1890—The First Municipal Suffrage.<br /> +Mrs. William A. Johnston, president of Kansas.</p> +<p class="chronology">1890-1900—Suffrage Spreads.<br /> +Mrs. Ida Porter Boyer, former press director of Pennsylvania.</p> +<p class="chronology">1900-1910—Ridicule Gives Way to Argument, Indifference to +to Organization.<br /> +Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton, president of Ohio.</p> +<p class="chronology">1910-1920—The Portent of Victory.<br /> +Mrs. Raymond Brown, national vice-president.</p> + +<p>Miss Anthony—An Appreciation, Mrs. Harriette Taylor Treadwell, member of the Illinois board.</p> +<p>Miss Anthony—A Historical Recognition, Mrs. Helen H. Gardener, national vice-president.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class="center"><small>THE SUFFRAGE HONOR ROLL</small>.</p> + +<p class="center">"Undaunted by opposition brave spirits led on."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Presentation of Acknowledgements by the National American Woman +Suffrage Association</span> to Pioneers, those who labored before 1880; +Veterans, those who labored between 1880 and 1900; Honor Workers +after 1900.</p></div> + +<p>While Mrs. Catt was busy handing out the honor rolls to pioneers and +veterans with a few precious words to each, Mrs. Upton came suddenly +forward and laid a detaining hand on her arm. With tender +reminiscence, relieved by the sparkles of humor never absent from +whatever she said, she presented in the name of countless suffragists +an exquisite pin, a large star sapphire surrounded by diamonds and set +in platinum. It was the association's parting gift to its beloved +leader, whose usually perfect poise deserted her and she could not +acknowledge it. To her whispered appeal to Mrs. Upton to speak for +her, the latter laughingly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_617" id="Page_617">[Pg 617]</a></span> answered that this was the first time she +ever was able to do something that Mrs. Catt could not.</p> + +<p>The evening part of the celebration began with community singing, +William Griswold Smith, director, and was followed by an illustration +of Then and Now, Told in Pictures, under the management of Miss Young. +Down a wide flight of stairs came one picturesque figure after another +garbed to represent the passing years during the suffrage contest, +beginning with the middle of the last century, many clothed in the +actual garments worn at the period, and after crossing the stage they +took their seats in tiers, a lovely spectacle. At the last came the +Red Cross workers, the nurses, the motor corps and others in war +service. The picture ended with a gay group of debutantes in filmy +chiffon gowns to symbolize the present day of rejoicing. The triumphs +of women in the intellectual field were told in the program that +followed: Education—Professor Maria L. Sanford; Medicine—Dr. Julia +Holmes Smith; Law—Miss Florence Allen; Theology—the Rev. Olympia +Brown; Journalism—Miss Ethel M. Colson; Politics—Miss Mary Garrett +Hay.</p> + +<p>Different sections of the League of Women Voters were in session day +and night perfecting the organization of this most significant +association of women ever attempted. The culmination of seventy years' +continuous effort was about to be reached in the complete and +universal enfranchisement of women and now a new generation, under the +guidance of the older workers who remained, was bravely taking up +another great task, that of bringing about cooperation among women in +the effective use of this supreme power for the highest welfare of the +State. On the last afternoon of the convention the National American +Woman Suffrage Association and the League of Women Voters held a joint +session for discussion of matters in which they had a mutual interest. +On the last evening, just before the beginning of the first session of +the School for Political Education in the Florentine Room, Mrs. Catt, +with suitable ceremony formally adjourned the Victory Convention, the +last of a series held for fifty years by the old association.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Following are the officers of the association who were +elected at the convention in St. Louis in 1919 and re-elected in +Chicago in 1920 to remain in office until the association should go +out of existence: President, Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt; first +vice-president, Mrs. Katharine Dexter McCormick; second +vice-president, Miss Mary Garrett Hay; third vice-president, Mrs. +Guilford Dudley; fourth vice-president, Mrs. Raymond Brown; fifth +vice-president, Mrs. Helen H. Gardener; treasurer, Mrs. Henry Wade +Rogers; corresponding secretary, Mrs. Nettie R. Shuler; recording +secretary, Mrs. Halsey W. Wilson. All were of New York City except +Mrs. Dudley of Tennessee and Mrs. Gardener of the District of +Columbia. Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, who had been president from 1904 to +1915 and honorary president thereafter, had died July 2, 1919. +</p><p> +Directors: Mrs. Charles H. Brooks (Kans.); Mrs. J. C. Cantrill (Ky.); +Mrs. Richard E. Edwards (Ind.); Mrs. George Gellhorn (Mo.); Mrs. Ben +Hooper (Wis.); Mrs. Arthur L. Livermore (N. Y.); Miss Esther G. Ogden +(N. Y.); Mrs. George A. Piersol (Penn.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> Fraternal delegates were present from the Association +of Collegiate Alumnæ; Florence Crittenden Mission; General Federation +of Women's Clubs; Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic; National +Board of the Young Women's Christian Association; National Congress of +Mothers; Parent Teachers' Association; National Council of Jewish +Women; National Council of Women; National Council of College Women; +National Women's Trade Union League; National Women's Association of +Commerce; National Women's Relief Corps; National Women's Relief +Society; State Federation of Women's Clubs; State Trade Union League; +Woman's Christian Temperance Union; Women's City Club; State League of +Women Voters; Womens' International League for Peace and Freedom.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> To Governors who called special sessions: "On behalf of +the National American Woman Suffrage Association meeting in its 51st +annual convention I am instructed to express its official appreciation +and gratitude to you for your assistance in ratifying the Federal +Suffrage Amendment. Woman suffrage will soon be a closed chapter in +the history of our country and we are confident that the pride and +satisfaction of every Governor and legislator who has aided the +ratification will increase as time goes on. We want you to know that +the women of the nation are truly grateful to you for your part in +their enfranchisement. Nettie Rogers Shuler, corresponding secretary.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> For account of meetings of the Board of Officers and +Executive Council in April and June, 1921, see Appendix for this +chapter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> The names of the organizers retained, all of whom gave +most effective service, were Mrs. Augusta Hughston, Miss Edna Annette +Beveridge, Mrs. Maria S, McMahon, Miss Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon, Miss +Josephine Miller, Miss Lola Trax, Miss Edna Wright, Miss Marie Ames +and Miss Gertrude Watkins. Their organized work extended over Iowa, +Missouri, Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South +Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, +Kentucky, Delaware and New Hampshire. In addition to the regular force +Mrs. Minnie Fisher Cunningham and Miss Liba Peshakova were sent to +Mississippi for two months. The work of the organizers is regarded as +the hardest and most difficult connected with a State campaign and +Mrs. Shuler paid high tribute to them.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> The final report of the Oversea Hospitals Committee is +given in the chapter on War Work of Organized Suffragists.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> In this space have been placed the little mahogany +table on which were written the Call for the first Woman's Rights +Convention in 1848, the Declaration of Principles and the Resolutions; +a portrait in oil of Miss Anthony on her eightieth birthday; large +framed photographs of Dr. Shaw and Mrs. Catt; photographs of the +signing of the Federal Suffrage Amendment by Vice-president Marshall +and Speaker Gillett, the pens with which it was done and the pen with +which Secretary of State Colby signed the Proclamation that it was a +part of the National Constitution, and personal mementoes of Miss +Anthony. The table has special historical value. It stood for years in +the parlor of the McClintock family at Waterloo, N. Y., and was +bequeathed to Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who, with Mrs. McClintock, +Lucretia Mott and her sister, Martha C. Wright, wrote the Call, etc. +When Mrs. Stanton died in New York City it stood at the head of her +casket holding the Biography of Susan B. Anthony and the History of +Woman Suffrage, of which Mrs. Stanton and Miss Anthony wrote the first +three volumes. The table was left to Miss Anthony and was in her home +at Rochester, N. Y., until her death, when it stood at the head of her +casket, bearing a floral tribute from the National American Woman +Suffrage Association. It then passed to Dr. Anna Howard Shaw and was +in her home at Moylan, Penn., until the national suffrage headquarters +were opened in Washington December, 1916, when it was taken there. At +the time they were closed, after the Federal Suffrage Amendment had +been submitted by Congress, the table found a final haven in the +Smithsonian Institution.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Dr. Shaw was a graduate of Albion College, Mich.; of +the medical department of Boston University and of its School of +Theology. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on her by Temple +University, Philadelphia.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> Mrs. John O. Miller, president of the Pennsylvania +State Suffrage Association, was appointed chairman of this committee, +to which six others were added and it was decided to raise $500,000 to +be divided between the two colleges. When Bryn Mawr was making its +"drive" for $2,000,000 in 1920 it included an appeal for $100,000 for +this chair in politics, which were subscribed. The Medical College +raised $30,000 for the chair in preventive medicine. The committee +hopes to have the full amount by Feb. 14, 1922. +</p><p> +Several months before, at the invitation of Dean Virginia C. +Gildersleeve, a meeting had been held at Barnard College, Columbia +University, to arrange for the Anna Howard Shaw Chair of American +Citizenship. It was addressed by President Nicholas Murray Butler, who +strongly favored it; by Dean Gildersleeve, Mrs. James Lees Laidlaw and +other alumnæ and a committee formed to raise $100,000, of which amount +$4,000 were subscribed at that time. Mrs. George McAneny (a daughter +of Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi) was made chairman and the other members +were Barnard alumnæ and well-known workers for woman suffrage. The +convention was asked to endorse the project, which was done. The +committee expects soon to have the full amount. These lectures on +American Citizenship will not be confined to Barnard students but will +be offered to women in general.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> For accounts and tributes see Appendix for this +chapter.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_618" id="Page_618">[Pg 618]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX.</h2> + +<h3>THE FEDERAL AMENDMENT FOR WOMAN SUFFRAGE.<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a></h3> + + +<p>The first convention in all history to consider the Rights of Women +was called by Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and two others to +meet July 19, 20, 1848, at Seneca Falls in western New York, Mrs. +Stanton's home.<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> In 1851 the work was taken up by Susan B. +Anthony, destined to be its supreme leader for the next half century. +Meetings soon began to take place and societies to be formed in +various States, so that by 1861 there was a well-defined movement +toward woman suffrage. Large conventions were held annually in eastern +and western cities, in which the most prominent men and women +participated. The commencement of the Civil War ended all efforts for +this object and its leaders devoted themselves for the next five years +to the women's part of every war. In May, 1866, Mrs. Stanton and Miss +Anthony issued a call for the scattered forces to come together in +convention in New York City, and here began the movement for woman +suffrage which continued without a break for fifty-four years.</p> + +<p>No large extension of the franchise had been made since the government +was founded except to the working men between 1820 and 1830 and this +had been accomplished by amending State constitutions. There had been +no thought of enfranchising women in any other way but now Congress, +for the purpose of giving the ballot to the recently freed negro men, +was about to submit an amendment to the National Constitution. This +convention was called to protest against "class legislation" and +demand that women should be included. It adopted a Memorial to +Congress, prepared by Mrs. Stanton, which contained a portion of +Charles Sumner's great speech, Equal Rights for All, and was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_619" id="Page_619">[Pg 619]</a></span> a +complete statement of woman's right to the franchise. In Miss +Anthony's address she said: "Up to this hour we have looked only to +State action for recognition of our rights but now, by the results of +the war, the whole question of suffrage reverts to Congress and the +United States Constitution. The duty of Congress at this moment is to +declare what shall be the true basis of representation in a republican +form of government."</p> + +<p>As soon as the intention to submit the 14th Amendment was announced +Miss Anthony and her co-workers began rolling up petitions to Congress +that it should provide for the enfranchisement of women and tens of +thousands of names had been sent to Washington. These petitions +represented the first effort ever made for an amendment to the Federal +Constitution for woman suffrage and the action of this convention +marked the first organized demand—May 10, 1866. At this time the +American Equal Rights Association was formed and the Woman's Rights +Society merged with it, as having a larger scope.<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a></p> + +<p>The following month the 14th Amendment was submitted by Congress for +the ratification of the State Legislatures and it was declared adopted +by the necessary three-fourths in July, 1868. By this amendment the +status of citizenship was for the first time definitely +established—"All persons born or naturalized in the United States and +subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens." This plainly put +men and women on an exact equality as to citizenship. Then followed +the broad statement: "No State shall make or enforce any law which +shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United +States." This also seemed to guarantee the equal rights of men and +women. It was the second section which aroused the advocates of +suffrage for women to vigorous protest:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several +States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole +number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But +when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors +for President and Vice-President of the United States, +Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers +of a State or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied +to the <i>male</i> inhabitants of such State, being 21 years of age +and citizens of the United States,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_620" id="Page_620">[Pg 620]</a></span> or in any way abridged except +for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of +representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which +the number of such <i>male</i> citizens shall bear to the whole number +of <i>male</i> citizens 21 years of age in such State.</p></div> + +<p>Up to this time there was no mention of suffrage in the Federal +Constitution except the provision for electing members of the Lower +House of Congress but now for the first time it actually discriminated +against women by imposing a penalty on the States for preventing men +from voting but leaving them entirely free to prohibit women. When +even this penalty proved insufficient to protect negro men in their +attempts to vote, Congress in 1869 submitted a 15th Amendment which +was declared ratified the following year: "The right of citizens of +the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the +United States or by any State on account of race, color or previous +condition of servitude."</p> + +<p>Those who had been striving for two decades to obtain suffrage for +women protested by every means in their power against this second +discrimination. They implored and demanded that the word "sex" should +be included in this amendment, which would have forever settled the +question, just as the omission of the word "male" in the 14th +Amendment would have settled it. The most of the men who had stood by +them in their early struggles for the vote, when both were working +together for the freedom of the slaves, now sacrificed them rather +than imperil the political rights of the negro men. Some of the women +themselves were persuaded to abandon their opposition to these +amendments by the promise of the Republican leaders that as soon as +they were safely intrenched in the constitution another should be +placed there providing for woman suffrage. This promise they did not +try to keep and it remained unfulfilled over fifty years. Miss Anthony +and Mrs. Stanton were never for one moment deceived or silenced but in +their paper, <i>The Revolution</i>, they opposed these amendments as long +as they were pending.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>Although the protests were in vain the women had learned that they +might be relieved of the intolerable burden of having to obtain the +suffrage State by State through permission of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_621" id="Page_621">[Pg 621]</a></span> majority of the +individual voters. They had seen an entire class enfranchised through +the quicker and easier way of amending the Federal Constitution and +they determined to invoke this power in their own behalf. From the +office of <i>The Revolution</i> in New York in the autumn of 1868 went out +thousands of petitions to be signed and sent to Congress for the +submission of an amendment to enfranchise women. Immediately after its +assembling in December, 1868, Senator S. C. Pomeroy of Kansas +introduced a resolution providing that "the basis of suffrage shall be +that of citizenship and all native or naturalized citizens shall enjoy +the same rights and privileges of the elective franchise but each +State shall determine the age, etc." A few days later Representative +George W. Julian of Indiana offered one in the House which declared: +"The right of suffrage shall be based on citizenship ... and all +citizens, native or naturalized, shall enjoy this right equally ... +without any distinction or discrimination founded on sex." These were +the first propositions ever made in Congress for woman suffrage by +National Amendment.</p> + +<p>In order to impress Congress with the seriousness of the demand, a +woman's convention—the first of its kind to meet in the national +capital—was held in Washington in January, 1869. It continued several +days with large audiences and an array of eminent speakers, including +Lucretia Mott, Clara Barton, Mrs. Stanton, a number of men and Miss +Anthony, the moving spirit of the whole. In response Congress the next +month submitted the 15th Amendment with even a stronger discrimination +against women than the 14th contained.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>The annual gatherings of the Equal Rights Association had been growing +more and more stormy while the 14th and 15th Amendments were pending +and the point was reached where any criticism of them made by the +women was met by their advocates with hisses and denunciation. Finally +at the meeting of May 12, 1869, in New York City, with Mrs. Stanton +presiding, an attempt was made, led by Frederick Douglass, to force +through a resolution of endorsement. Miss Anthony opposed it in an +impassioned speech in which she said: "If you will not give the whole +loaf of justice to the entire people, then give it first to women, to +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_622" id="Page_622">[Pg 622]</a></span> most intelligent and capable of them at least.... If Mr. Douglass +had noticed who applauded when he said black men first and white women +afterwards, he would have seen that it was only the men."</p> + +<p>The men succeeded in wresting the control of the convention from the +women, who then decided that the time had come for them to have their +own organization and endeavor to have the question of their +enfranchisement considered entirely on its own merits. Three days +later, at the Women's Bureau in East 23rd Street, where now the +Metropolitan Life Building stands, with representatives present from +nineteen States, the National Woman Suffrage Association was formed. +Mrs. Stanton was made president, Miss Anthony chairman of the +executive committee. One hundred women became members that evening and +here was begun the organized work for an Amendment to the Federal +Constitution to confer woman suffrage which was to continue without +ceasing for half a century.<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> Its constitution declared the object +of the association to be "to secure the ballot to the women of the +Nation on equal terms with men." On June 1 its executive board sent a +petition to Congress for "a 16th Amendment to be submitted to the +Legislatures of the States for ratification which shall secure to all +citizens the right of suffrage without distinction of sex."</p> + +<p>Before the work for a 16th Amendment was fairly organized a number of +members of Congress and constitutional lawyers took the ground that +women were already enfranchised by the first clause of the 14th +Amendment. At the convention held in St. Louis in the autumn of 1869, +Francis Minor, a prominent lawyer of that city, presented this +position so convincingly that the newly formed National Association +conducted an active campaign in its favor for several years. In 1872 +women tried to vote in a number of States and in a few of them were +successful. Miss Anthony's vote was accepted in Rochester, N. Y., and +later she was arrested, charged with a <i>crime</i>, tried by a Justice of +the U. S. Supreme Court and fined $100. The inspectors in St. Louis +refused to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_623" id="Page_623">[Pg 623]</a></span> register Mrs. Francis Minor, she brought suit against +them, and her husband carried the case to the Supreme Court of the +United States (Minor vs. Happersett). He made an able and exhaustive +argument but an adverse decision was rendered March 29, 1875.<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a></p> + +<p>The women then returned to the original demand for a 16th Amendment, +which indeed many of them, including Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton, +never had entirely abandoned. Beginning with 1869 Congressional +committees had granted hearings on woman suffrage every winter, even +though no resolution was before them. Under the auspices of the +National Association petitions by the tens of thousands continued to +pour into Congress, which were publicly presented. Finally on Jan. 10, +1878, Senator A. A. Sargent of California offered the following joint +resolution: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall +not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on +account of sex."</p> + +<p>The Committee on Privileges and Elections granted a hearing which +consumed a part of two days, with the large Senate reception room +filled to overflowing and the corridors crowded. Extended hearings +were given also by the House Judiciary Committee and constitutional +arguments of the highest order were made by noted women in attendance +at the national suffrage convention. The Senate committee reported +adversely, however, and the House committee not at all. This took +place over forty years ago. Senator Sargent's amendment, which in +later years was sometimes called the Susan B. Anthony Amendment, was +presented to every Congress during this period and hearings were +granted by committees of every one. The women who made their pleadings +and arguments simply to persuade these committees to give a favorable +report and bring the question before their respective Houses for +debate comprised the most distinguished this country had produced. It +is only by reading their addresses in the History of Woman Suffrage +that one can form an idea of their masterly exposition of laws and +constitution, their logic, strength and oftentimes deep pathos.</p> + +<p>There are in the pages of history many detached speeches of rare +eloquence for the rights of man but nowhere else is there so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_624" id="Page_624">[Pg 624]</a></span> long an +unbroken record of appeals for these rights—the rights of man and +woman. Again and again at the close of the suffrage hearings the +chairman and members of the committee said that none on other +questions equalled them in dignity and ability. From 1878 to 1896 +there were five favorable majority reports from Senate committees, two +from House committees and four adverse reports. Thereafter, when Miss +Anthony no longer spent her winters in Washington and persisted in +having a report, none of any kind was made until the movement for +woman suffrage entered a new era in 1912. One significant event, +however, occurred during this time. Largely through the efforts of +Senator Henry W. Blair (Rep.) of New Hampshire, the resolution for a +16th Amendment was brought before the Senate. After a long and earnest +discussion the vote on Jan. 25, 1887, resulted in 16 ayes, all +Republican; 34 noes, eleven Republican, twenty-three Democratic; +twenty-six absent.<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>It early became apparent to the leaders of the movement that there +would have to be a good deal of favorable action by the States before +Congress would give serious consideration to this question and +therefore under the auspices of the National American Association, +they continuously helped with money and work the campaigns for +securing the suffrage by amendment of State constitutions. Miss +Anthony herself took part in eight such campaigns, only to see all of +them end in failure. Up to 1910 there had been at least twenty and +only two had been successful—Colorado, 1893; Idaho, 1896; Wyoming and +Utah had equal suffrage while Territories and came into the Union with +it in their constitutions, but all were sparsely settled States whose +influence on Congress was slight. Commercialism had become the +dominating force in politics and moral issues were crowded into the +background. Nevertheless in every direction was evidence of an +increasing public sentiment in favor of woman suffrage in the +accession of men and women of influence, in the large audiences at the +meetings, in the official endorsement of all kinds of +organizations—the Federation of Labor, the Grange and many others of +men, of women and of the two together, for educational, patriotic,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_625" id="Page_625">[Pg 625]</a></span> +religious, civic and varied purposes almost without number. There was +not yet, however, any strong political influence back of this movement +which was so largely of a political nature.</p> + +<p>In 1910 an insurgent movement developed in Congress and extended into +various States to throw off the party yoke and the domination of +"special interests" and adopt progressive measures. One of its first +fruits was the granting of suffrage to women by the voters in the +State of Washington. Under the same influence the women of California +were enfranchised in 1911, a far-reaching victory. In 1912 Oregon, +Arizona and the well populated State of Kansas adopted woman suffrage +by popular vote. In 1913 the new Legislature of Alaska granted it, and +that of Illinois gave all that was possible without a referendum to +the voters, including municipal, county and that for Presidential +electors. In 1914 Nevada and Montana completed the enfranchisement of +women in the western part of the United States, except in New Mexico.</p> + +<p>The effect upon Congress of the addition of between three and four +million women to the electorate was immediately apparent. A woman +suffrage amendment to the Federal Constitution had suddenly become a +live question. A circumstance greatly in its favor was the shattering +of the traditional idea that the Federal Constitution must not be +further amended, by the adoption of two new Articles—for an income +tax and the election of U. S. Senators by the voters.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>In 1912 came the division in Republican ranks and the forming of the +Progressive party, headed by former President Theodore Roosevelt, +which made woman suffrage one of the principal planks in its platform, +and for the first time it took a place among the other political +issues. The Republican party so long in power was defeated. Woman +suffrage never had received any special assistance from this party +during its long régime but the entire situation had now changed. The +National Association appointed a Congressional Committee of young, +energetic women headed by Miss Alice Paul, a university graduate with +experience in civic work in this country and England. They arranged an +immense suffrage parade in which women from many States participated.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_626" id="Page_626">[Pg 626]</a></span> +It took place in Washington March 3, 1913, the day before the +inauguration of Woodrow Wilson, and the new administration entered +into office with a broader idea of the strength of the movement than +its predecessor had possessed. An extra session was soon called and +Senate and House Resolution Number One, introduced April 7, was for a +Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment. The chairmanship of the new Senate +Committee on Woman Suffrage, instead of being filled as usual by an +opponent, was given to Senator Charles S. Thomas (Dem.) of Colorado, +always an ardent suffragist, and a friendly committee was +appointed—Robert L. Owen (Okla.); Henry F. Ashurst (Ariz.); Joseph E. +Ransdell (La.); Henry P. Hollis, (N. H.); George Sutherland (Utah); +Wesley L. Jones (Wash.); Moses E. Clapp (Minn.); Thomas B. Catron (N. +M.). There were now eighteen members of the Senate with women +constituents and several million women were eligible to vote, so that +it was possible to bring a pressure which had never before existed. +Many of the large newspapers were declaring that the time had come for +the submission of this amendment to the State Legislatures.</p> + +<p>On May 3 a great suffrage procession took place in New York with a +mass meeting in the Metropolitan Opera House addressed by Colonel +Roosevelt, who made a ringing speech in favor of votes for women. On +June 13 the Senate Committee on Woman Suffrage gave a unanimous +favorable report, Senator Catron, the only opponent, not voting. On +July 31 the resolution was discussed on the floor of the Senate, +twenty-two speaking in favor and three in opposition. It had been +referred to the Judiciary Committee in the Lower House, where +resolutions also were introduced for the creation of a Committee on +Woman Suffrage and referred to the Committee on Rules. During July +pilgrimages of women came from different parts of the country and on +the 31st a petition with 200,000 signatures was presented to the +Senate by 531 "pilgrims." Three deputations called on President Wilson +asking his support of the amendment, one from the National American +Association, one from the National College Equal Suffrage League and +one from the National Council of Women Voters, and in November a +fourth from his own State of New Jersey. Congress remained in session +all summer and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_627" id="Page_627">[Pg 627]</a></span> mass suffrage meetings in theaters were held in +Washington. The large corps of newspaper correspondents were +constantly supplied with news. Countless suffrage meetings were held +in Maryland, Virginia and all the way up to New York and the members +were kept constantly informed of the activities in their own +districts. On September 18 Senator Ashurst announced on the floor of +the Senate that he would press the resolution to a vote at the +earliest possible moment and Senator Andrieus A. Jones of New Mexico +spoke in favor and asked for immediate action.</p> + +<p>During the regular session in 1914 the resolution was discussed at +different times and many strong speeches in favor were made. The +Senate vote, which was taken on March 19, stood, ayes, 35; noes, 34; +lacking eleven of a necessary two-thirds majority. Twenty Republicans, +one Progressive and fourteen Democrats voted aye; twelve Republicans +and twenty-two Democrats voted no; ten Republicans and sixteen +Democrats were absent. For the first time southern Senators declared +in favor of giving suffrage to women by amending the National +Constitution—Senators Owen, Ransdell, Luke Lea of Tennessee and +Morris Sheppard of Texas voting in the affirmative.</p> + +<p>For a trial vote this was considered satisfactory. The effort in the +Lower House was not so successful. Its Judiciary Committee had been +continuously opposed to allowing the amendment to reach the +Representatives, but two favorable majority reports having been made +in the thirty-six years during which the question had been before it +(1883, 1890). A larger Congressional Committee had been formed by the +National Suffrage Association, of which the chairman was Mrs. Ruth +Hanna McCormick, a daughter of former U. S. Senator Mark Hanna, who +had inherited her father's genius for constructive politics. +Headquarters were opened in the Munsey Building in Washington and the +work was divided into three departments—Lobby, Publicity and +Organization. Careful and systematic effort was made and it was +followed by the Senate vote recorded above. A record was compiled of +the votes of every member of Congress on prohibition, child labor and +various humanitarian and welfare measures and sent to the women in his +district for use in urging him to vote for the suffrage amendment. +Organizers were placed where<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_628" id="Page_628">[Pg 628]</a></span> needed to hold meetings and arrange for +chairmen of counties who would cooperate with the national committee +in bringing pressure on members from their own constituencies.</p> + +<p>The Federal Amendment as usual was held up in the House Judiciary +Committee in 1914. The suffrage leaders had tried for years to get a +House Committee on Woman Suffrage, such as the Senate had. A +resolution for this purpose had been introduced by Representative +Edward T. Taylor of Colorado in April, 1913, referred to the Committee +on Rules, an extended hearing granted, but no action taken. Mrs. +McCormick's committee brought great pressure to bear and on Jan. 24, +1914, the question came before the Committee on Rules through a motion +by Representative Irvine L. Lenroot (Wis.) to make a favorable report. +Eight of the eleven members were present and Martin D. Foster (Ills.), +Philip P. Campbell (Kans.), and M. Clyde Kelly (Penn.) voted with Mr. +Lenroot; James C. Cantrill (Ky.), Finis J. Garrett (Tenn.), Edward W. +Pou (N. C.) and Thos. W. Hardwick (Ga.) voted in the negative, making +a tie. Two of the absent members were known to be favorable and a +Democratic caucus was called for February 3 to discuss the matter. +Just before it met the Democratic members of the Ways and Means +Committee, who constitute the ruling body of that party's membership, +met in the office of Representative Oscar W. Underwood (Ala.). +Representative John E. Raker (Cal.) offered a resolution for the +creation of a Committee on Woman Suffrage. Representative J. Thomas +Heflin (Ala.) moved a substitute: "Resolved, that it is the sense of +this caucus that woman suffrage is a State and not a Federal +question." It was carried by 123 ayes, 55 noes and further action +blocked.</p> + +<p>The House Judiciary Committee, after granting a hearing to the +suffragists on March 3, 1914, voted to report the resolution for a +Federal Amendment "without recommendation." At a meeting of the Rules +Committee August 27 Representative Campbell moved that an opportunity +be given to the House to vote on submitting this amendment. +Representatives Pou, Garrett and Cantrill voted to adjourn; Campbell, +Kelly and Goldfogle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_629" id="Page_629">[Pg 629]</a></span> (N. Y.) against it. Chairman Robert L. Henry +(Texas) gave the deciding vote to adjourn.<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a></p> + +<p>During this year of 1914, while such heroic efforts were being made to +secure favorable action by Congress on a Federal Amendment and the +workers were being told that they should look to the States for the +suffrage, hard campaigns were carried on for this purpose in seven +States. In only two, and those the most sparsely settled—Montana and +Nevada—were they successful. Even these had their influence, however, +as they added four to the U. S. Senators who were elected partly by +the votes of women. The National Suffrage Association continued Mrs. +McCormick as chairman of its Congressional Committee and she increased +her forces. Although the Judiciary Committee had reported the +resolution for the Federal Amendment "without recommendation" +Representative Frank W. Mondell, who introduced it, and its other +friends were determined to have a vote on it and a reluctant consent +was obtained from the Committee on Rules. The Congressional Committee +directed its fullest energies toward obtaining as large an affirmative +vote as was possible. Through the courtesy of Speaker Champ Clark they +learned who would be the probable speakers and carefully assorted +literature was sent them. Thousands of letters and telegrams poured in +upon the members from their constituencies. Every available pressure +was used to obtain favorable votes and to have all the friends +present. Mr. Mondell, the Republican leader, and Mr. Taylor, the +Democratic, gave fullest support. The first debate on this amendment +in the House of Representatives took place on Jan. 12, 1915, and +lasted ten hours without intermission. At its conclusion the vote +resulted in 174 ayes, 88 Republicans and Progressives, 86 Democrats; +204 noes, 33 Republicans and 171 Democrats. The affirmative vote was +larger than expected. The suffragists had been thirty-seven years +trying to secure a vote in the Lower House and they felt that this was +the beginning which could have but one end.</p> + +<p>Both the suffragists and the anti-suffragists now redoubled their +efforts. The four big campaigns of 1915 in Massachusetts<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_630" id="Page_630">[Pg 630]</a></span> New York, +New Jersey and Pennsylvania for suffrage amendments to their State +constitutions attracted the attention of the whole country. All failed +of success at the November election but the effects were not wholly +disastrous. The announcement by President Wilson and the majority of +his Cabinet that they were in favor of woman suffrage brought many +doubters into the fold. The two-thirds vote of Massachusetts in +opposition set that State aside as one in which women could only hope +to gain the suffrage through a Federal Amendment. In New Jersey in one +county alone thousands of votes were afterwards found to have been +cast illegally and there was colossal fraud throughout the State, yet +the law did not permit the question to be submitted again for five +years. In Pennsylvania the amendment polled over 46 per cent of the +whole vote cast on it and was defeated by the notoriously dishonest +election practices of Philadelphia, but by the law of that State it +could not be submitted again for four years. The facts thus disclosed +converted many people to a belief in the necessity for an amendment to +the National Constitution.</p> + +<p>In New York the measure had received 42½ per cent. of the vote cast +on it; in New Jersey 42 per cent. (by the returns), and the total vote +in the four States of a million and a quarter for the amendments was +indisputable evidence of the large sentiment for woman suffrage. The +immense cost of these campaigns in time, labor and money made it seem +more than ever necessary to bring about the short cut to the universal +enfranchisement of women through a Federal Amendment. The +Congressional Committee was strengthened and as Mrs. McCormick could +no longer act as chairman it was headed by Mrs. Frank M. Roessing, the +efficient president of the State association in the recent +Pennsylvania campaign. Resolutions for the amendment were presented to +the Senate on December 7 by Senators Thomas, Sutherland and Thompson +(Kans.). On Jan. 8, 1916, the favorable report was made by Senator +Thomas, a valuable document, widely circulated by the National +Association. This was the year of the Presidential campaign and there +was no time when the prospect for a majority vote seemed good enough +to take the risk. It was carefully considered after Judge Charles E. +Hughes, the Republican candidate for President, made his declaration +for the Federal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_631" id="Page_631">[Pg 631]</a></span> Amendment but many members were absent and a vote was +not deemed advisable. The planks in the Republican and Democratic +national platforms demanding woman suffrage by State action deprived +it of political support.</p> + +<p>The Judiciary Committee of the House, Edwin Y. Webb (N. C.), chairman, +added to its unpleasant reputation. Resolutions for the amendment were +introduced in December, 1915, by five members—Representatives +Mondell, Raker, Taylor, Keating of Colorado and Hayden of Arizona. +They were referred to a sub-committee which on Feb. 9, 1916, reported +one of them to the main committee "without recommendation." On the +15th it sent the resolution back to the sub-committee to hold until +the next December by a vote of 9, all Democrats, to 7, three Democrats +and four Republicans. As this was done when many were absent the +Congressional Committee undertook to have the Judiciary take up the +resolution again when the full committee could be present. It finally +agreed to do so on March 14. Twenty of the twenty-one members were +present, nine opponents and eleven friends, Hunter H. Moss of West +Virginia among the latter coming from a sick bed. A motion was made to +reconsider the action of February 15, which Chairman Webb ruled out of +order. A debate of an hour and a half followed and to relieve the +parliamentary tangle unanimous consent was given to act on the +amendment resolution March 28 at 10:30 a.m. Four members of the +National Association's Congressional Committee were on hand at that +time but the Judiciary went at once into executive session, which +barred them out. Instead of presenting the amendment resolution for +consideration, which was the chairman's duty when there was a special +order of business, he permitted a motion to postpone all +constitutional amendments indefinitely! Ten of the members present +were pledged to vote for a favorable report but Representative +Leonidas C. Dyer of Missouri defaulted and voted with the nine +opponents and no further action in 1916 was possible.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>With the whole country now aroused to the importance of the votes of +women in the election of a President the suffrage leaders saw the +opportune time for pushing a measure which they had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_632" id="Page_632">[Pg 632]</a></span> long advocated, +namely, the granting to women by State Legislatures of the right to +vote for Presidential electors. That of Illinois had been persuaded to +do this in 1913; they had exercised it in 1916 and its +constitutionality had been established by the acceptance of the +State's vote in the Electoral College. As soon as the Legislatures of +the various States met in 1917 they received from the headquarters of +the National American Association in New York the opinion of Chief +Justice Walter Clark of North Carolina that the Federal Constitution +empowered Legislatures to determine who should vote for Presidential +electors, with the authorities and arguments to support it. The +presidents of the State suffrage associations affiliated with the +National were prepared to take up the matter at once with their +Legislatures and as a result those of North Dakota, Nebraska, Indiana, +Michigan, Ohio and Rhode Island conferred this vote on women during +the winter. That of Arkansas gave to women full suffrage in all +Primaries, equivalent to a vote in regular elections, and that of +Vermont gave the Municipal franchise. The following November came the +great victory in New York.</p> + +<p>This was the situation when Congress met in December, 1917. Mrs. +Roessing could not serve longer as chairman of the Congressional +Committee and the National Association had appointed Mrs. Maud Wood +Park (Mass.), a founder and organizer of the National College Women's +Suffrage League, who had taken up the work in March. The association, +whose headquarters were in New York City, had enlarged its staff in +Washington and taken a large house for this committee and its work. +There on April 2 the first woman ever elected to Congress, Miss +Jeannette Rankin of Montana, was entertained at breakfast, made a +speech from an upper balcony and was escorted to the Capitol by Mrs. +Carrie Chapman Catt, national president, at the head of a cavalcade of +decorated automobiles, filled with suffragists. That day the President +asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. The +resolution for the Federal Suffrage Amendment was to have been the +first introduced in the Senate but the War Resolution took its place +and it became Number Two on the calendar. Senator Thomas had given up +the chairmanship of the Committee on Woman Suffrage and Senator +Andrieus A. Jones<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_633" id="Page_633">[Pg 633]</a></span> (N. M.) had been appointed. Senators Nelson +(Minn.), Johnson (S. D.) Cummins (Iowa) and Johnson (Cal.) had been +added to the committee and Senators Ashurst, Sutherland, Clapp and +Catron had retired.</p> + +<p>In the House the resolution was introduced by Representatives Rankin, +Raker, Mondell, Taylor, Keating and Hayden. Both Houses agreed that +only legislation pertaining to the war program should be considered +during the extra session, which excluded the amendment, but there were +some forms of work not prohibited. On April 20 the Senate Committee +gave a hearing on it with Mrs. Catt in charge and very strong +addresses were made by her and by Senators Shafroth (Colo.), Kendrick +(Wyo.), Walsh (Mont.), Smoot (Utah), Thomas, Thompson and +Representative Rankin. Thousands of copies were franked and given to +the National Association for distribution. On September 15 Chairman +Jones made a unanimous favorable report to the Senate. In the House +efforts were concentrated on securing a Committee on Woman Suffrage, +resolutions for which had been introduced by Representatives Raker, +Hayden and Keating and referred to the Committee on Rules. Mrs. Park's +report said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Our first step was to get the approval of Speaker Clark, who gave +us cordial support. Later, to offset the fear on the part of +certain members of conflicting with President Wilson's +legislative program, a letter was sent to Chairman Edward W. Pou +(N. C.) of the Rules Committee by the President, who stated that +he thought the creation of the committee "would be a very wise +act of public policy and also an act of fairness to the best +women who are engaged in the cause of woman suffrage."</p> + +<p>A petition asking for the creation of a Committee on Woman +Suffrage was signed by all members from equal suffrage States and +by many of those from Presidential suffrage States, and from +Arkansas. This was presented to the Rules Committee, which, on +May 18, granted a hearing. On June 6, by a vote of 6 to 5, on +motion of Mr. Cantrill a resolution calling for the creation of a +Committee on Woman Suffrage to consist of thirteen members, to +which all proposed action touching the subject of woman suffrage +should be referred, was adopted by the Rules Committee, with an +amendment, made by Mr. Lenroot to the effect that the resolution +should not be reported in the House until the pending war +legislation was out of the way.</p> + +<p>The report of the Rules Committee, therefore, was not brought +into the House until September 24, when the extremely active +opposition of Chairman Webb and most of the other members of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_634" id="Page_634">[Pg 634]</a></span> +Judiciary Committee made a hard fight inevitable. Thanks to the +hearty support of Speaker Clark, the good management of Chairman +Pou and the help of loyal friends of both parties in the House, +as well as to the admirable work done by our own State +congressional chairmen, the report was adopted by a vote of 180 +yeas to 107 nays, with 3 answering present and 142 not voting. Of +the favorable votes, 82 were from Democrats and 96 from +Republicans. Of the unfavorable votes, 74 were from Democrats and +32 from Republicans. Of those not voting, 59 were Democrats and +81 were Republicans. These facts show that the measure was +regarded, as we had hoped that it would be, as strictly +non-partisan. The victory came so late in the session that the +appointment of the new committee was postponed until the present +session.</p></div> + +<p>At the November election in 1917 occurred the greatest victory for +woman suffrage ever achieved, when the voters of New York by a +majority of 102,353 declared in favor of an amendment to the State +constitution granting the complete franchise to women. This added 45 +to the members of Congress elected partly by votes of women and +presumably obligated to support a Federal Amendment. Colonel Roosevelt +and other leading Republicans and Progressives were advocating it and +William Jennings Bryan headed the Democratic leaders in its favor. +President Wilson had not yet reached this point but he had +congratulated Mrs. Catt, Dr. Anna Howard Shaw and the other leading +suffragists on every victory gained. Both Republican and Democratic +opponents now realized that it was inevitable and they could only hope +to postpone it. After strong efforts to prevent it the Committee on +Woman Suffrage was appointed in the House on December 13 with Judge +Raker (Cal.) chairman. Besides himself nine of the thirteen members +were openly in favor of submitting the amendment: Benjamin C. Hilliard +(Colo.); James H. Mays (Utah); Christopher D. Sullivan (N. Y.); Thomas +L. Blanton (Texas); Jeannette Rankin (Mont.); Frank W. Mondell (Wyo.); +William H. Carter (Mass.); Edward C. Little (Kans.); Richard N. +Elliott (Ind.). Three were opposed: Edward W. Saunders (Va.); Frank +Clark (Fla.); Jacob E. Meeker (Mo.).</p> + +<p>The Judiciary refused to turn over the amendment resolution to the new +Committee but amended it by limiting to seven years the time in which +the Legislatures could ratify it, and reported it "without +recommendation" on December 11. Democratic floor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_635" id="Page_635">[Pg 635]</a></span> leader Claude +Kitchin (N. C.) announced that it would come to a vote on the 17th. He +was strongly pressed to set a later date, as the required number of +votes were not yet assured, but the alternative was probably a long +postponement. Finally he consented to wait until January 10. At the +beginning of the session, through the initiative of Mrs. Park, a +"steering committee" of fifty-three friendly Republicans had been +brought together with an executive composed of Mr. Hayden chairman, +Mr. French (Ida.) secretary, Mr. Keating, Mr. McArthur (Ore.) and Mr. +Cantrill, who had now become an ally. During all of December the +National Suffrage Association had a large lobby of influential women +working daily at the Capitol with the members from their States. The +national suffrage convention met in Washington December 10-16, and, +following a plan of Mrs. Catt, the president, Senators from about +thirty States invited the Representatives to their offices to meet the +women from their States who were attending the convention and many +pledges of votes were obtained. In the meantime, at the suggestion of +Speaker Clark and Chairman Pou, Judge Raker introduced a new amendment +resolution, which went automatically to his own committee, where it +was in the hands of a strong friend instead of a bitter opponent as +was Mr. Webb.</p> + +<p>The Committee on Woman Suffrage held hearings Jan. 3-7, 1918, for the +National Suffrage Association, the National Woman's Party and the +Anti-Suffrage Association.<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> On the 8th it reported favorably and +on the 9th the Committee on Rules voted to give to it instead of the +Judiciary Committee charge of the hearing.</p> + +<p>Great efforts were made to secure the cooperation of Democratic and +Republican leaders. Letters of endorsement were given out by +Secretaries McAdoo, Daniels and Baker of the Cabinet among others of +influence. It was now understood that President Wilson had come to +favor the Federal Amendment but he had not yet spoken. Finally through +the mediation of Mrs. Helen H. Gardener, vice-president of the +National Suffrage Association, an appointment was made for Chairman +Raker and eleven Democratic Representatives to call on the President +January 9. After<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_636" id="Page_636">[Pg 636]</a></span> a conference he wrote with his own hand the +following statement to be made public: "The Woman Suffrage Committee +found that the President had not felt at liberty to volunteer his +advice to members of Congress in this important matter but when we +sought his advice he very frankly and earnestly advised us to vote for +the amendment as an act of right and justice to the women of the +country and of the world." This declaration had a marked effect on the +Democratic members and on the party outside.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 329px;"> +<img src="images/v5-632.jpg" width="329" height="500" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="dense" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">BALCONY OF THE NATIONAL SUFFRAGE HEADQUARTERS IN WASHINGTON.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">Mrs. Helen H. Gardener,</td><td align="center">Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt,</td><td align="center">Mrs. Maud Wood Park.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>On the Republican side, Colonel Roosevelt wrote a letter to Chairman +Willcox of the Republican National Committee, urging that the party do +everything possible for the amendment, and Mr. Willcox went more than +once to Washington to labor with Republican leaders in the House to +secure fuller party support for it. On the evening of January 9, a +meeting was called in the hope of securing caucus action. It could not +be had but the following very moderate resolution was adopted: "The +Republican conference of the House of Representatives recommends and +advises that the Republican members support the Federal Suffrage +Amendment in so far as they can do so consistently with their +convictions and the attitude of their constituents"!</p> + +<p>Shortly after 12 o'clock on Jan. 10, 1918, with the galleries of the +House crowded, Representative Foster (Ills.) presented the rule, +which, when adopted, provided for the closing of debate at five +o'clock that afternoon and even division of time between supporters +and opponents. With Chairman Raker's consent the general debate was +opened by Miss Rankin and it continued until five o'clock, when +amendments were in order. One, offered by Representative Moores of +Indiana, providing for ratification by convention in the several +States instead of by the Legislatures, was defeated by a vote of 131 +to 274. A second, by Representative Gard of Ohio, limiting the time +allowed for ratification by the States to seven years, was defeated by +a vote of 158 to 274.</p> + +<p>Analyzed by parties and not including pairs, the vote on the joint +resolution for submitting the Federal Suffrage Amendment to the +Legislatures was as follows:</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">Republicans</td><td align="right">165</td><td align="center">ayes,</td><td align="right">33</td><td align="center">noes</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Democrats</td><td align="right">104</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">102</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Miscellaneous</td><td class="right bb">5</td><td align="center">"</td><td class="right bb">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">274</td><td align="center"> </td><td align="right">136</td><td align="center"> </td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_637" id="Page_637">[Pg 637]</a></span>This vote was a fraction less than one over the necessary two-thirds. +Twenty-three State delegations voted solidly for the amendment: +Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, +Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, +New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South +Dakota, Utah, Washington and Wyoming. The delegations of only six +States voted solidly against it—Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, +Louisiana, Mississippi and South Carolina.</p> + +<p>A number of men who voted favorably came to the Capitol at +considerable inconvenience to cast their votes. Republican Leader Mann +of Illinois at much personal risk came from a hospital in Baltimore. +He had not been present in Congress for months and his arrival shortly +before five o'clock caused great excitement in the chamber. +Representative Sims of Tennessee, who had broken his shoulder two days +before, refused to have it set until after the suffrage vote and +against the advice of his physician was on the floor for the +discussion and the vote. Representative Barnhart of Indiana was taken +from his bed in a hospital in Washington and stayed at the Capitol +just long enough to cast his vote. One of the New York Representatives +came immediately after the death of his wife, who had been an ardent +suffragist, and returned on the next train.</p> + +<p>When it became apparent that the resolution had carried, the opponents +became very active on the floor attempting to persuade some member to +change his vote. They demanded a recapitulation but it stood the same +as the original vote. Speaker Clark had given his assurance that in +case of a tie he would vote in favor. Only one member broke his pledge +to the women. The most remarkable feature was that 56 of the +affirmative votes were from southern States.</p> + +<p>The women were jubilant, as they believed the end of their long +struggle was near. It was not anticipated that there would be serious +difficulty in the Senate. Its committee had reported favorably and in +a short time promises were obtained for the needed two-thirds lacking +only three or four. There had been, however, an unprecedented series +of deaths in the Senate during the past few months which in the early +part of 1918 were increased<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_638" id="Page_638">[Pg 638]</a></span> to ten, seven of whom were pledged to +vote for the amendment. Some of the vacancies were filled by friends +and some by foes but there was a net loss to it of one. Nevertheless +no means were left untried to obtain help from individuals, committees +and organizations with influence.</p> + +<p>Through the national headquarters in New York a petition signed by a +thousand men of nation wide reputation was obtained and presented to +the Senate. Among the most important favorable resolutions adopted +were those by the Democratic National Committee Feb. 11, 1918; by the +Republican National Committee February 12; by the Democratic +Congressional Committee June 4; by the model State platforms of the +Republican and Democratic parties in Indiana in May and June; by the +Republican Congressional Committee; by the General Federation of +Women's Clubs May 3; by the American Federation of Labor June 14. Will +H. Hays, newly elected chairman of the Republican National Committee, +gave interviews in favor and worked diligently in many other ways for +its success, as did Vance McCormick, former chairman, and Homer +Cummings, present chairman of the National Democratic Committee, and +many other men conspicuous in public life.</p> + +<p>It was finally decided to take a vote on May 10 but on the 9th so +serious a fight in opposition had developed that it was considered +best to postpone it. By June 27 the outlook was so favorable that the +amendment was brought before the Senate. Senators Poindexter (Wash.) +and Thompson (Kans.) spoke in favor, Brandegee (Conn.) in opposition. +A wrangle over "pairs" followed and Reed (Mo.) launched a +"filibuster." After he had spoken two hours Chairman Jones saw that +the situation was hopeless and withdrew his motion.</p> + +<p>During the summer representatives of the National Association obtained +in Delaware a petition of over 11,000 to Senators Wolcott and +Saulsbury to support the amendment. Petitions poured in on other +opposing Senators and influence of many kinds was exerted. Only two +more votes were needed and it seemed important to put the amendment +through before the fall election. On August 24 a conference of +Republican Senators was held in Washington to elect a floor leader in +place of Senator Gallinger<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_639" id="Page_639">[Pg 639]</a></span> (N. H.), who had died, and it passed the +following resolution: "We shall insist upon the consideration of the +Federal Suffrage Amendment immediately after the disposition of the +pending unfinished business and upon a final vote at the earliest +possible moment, provided that this resolution shall not be construed +as in any way binding the action or vote of any member of the Senate +upon the merits of said suffrage amendment"!</p> + +<p>The friends of the measure could have had "immediate consideration" at +almost any time during the past year. They could have had a vote on +May 10 had they considered that time favorable. Even on June 27 some +way might have been found to obtain it had there been a very great +desire to have it taken then. This conference resolution called upon +the Senate to vote on it and get it out of the way, no matter whether +it should be carried or defeated, and did not even give it the +prestige of a favorable endorsement. Here, as in the State's rights +plank put into the Republican national platform in 1916, one could +easily see the fine hand of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of +Massachusetts.</p> + +<p>The way was now wide open for President Wilson to secure for the +Democratic party the credit for submitting the amendment, which the +suffrage leaders were quick to take advantage of. On September 18 a +delegation of Democratic women, members of the National American +Suffrage Association, had a conference with him to ask his help, which +he willingly promised. A few of the newly elected or appointed +Senators held out some hope and Chairman Jones gave notice that he +would call up the amendment on September 26, as it was most important +to get it through at this session, so as not to have it go back to the +House.</p> + +<p>On August 26 a five days' debate in the Senate began and the report of +it in the <i>Congressional Record</i> is a historic document which will +take its place with the debates on slavery before the Civil War. It +was soon apparent that three of the new Senators, who there was reason +to hope would vote in favor—Drew of New Hampshire, Baird of New +Jersey and Benet of South Carolina—were among the opponents and there +would be two less than a two-thirds majority. Every minute was filled +with the efforts to obtain these votes and finally an appeal was again +made to President Wilson. There was the greatest anxiety until it was +learned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_640" id="Page_640">[Pg 640]</a></span> that he would take the unprecedented step of addressing the +Senate in person on the subject September 30. This was done to the joy +of its friends and the wrath of its enemies. Mrs. Park, chairman of +the Congressional Committee of the National Suffrage Association, said +in her report: "For a while our fears were at rest and Monday +afternoon when the words of that noble speech fell upon our ears it +seemed impossible that a third of the Senate could refuse the +never-to-be-forgotten plea.<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a></p> + +<p>Scarcely had the door closed upon the President when Senator Underwood +took the floor for a prolonged State's rights argument against the +amendment. He was followed by others opposed and in favor, during +whose speeches the leaders of the opposition of both parties went +about among the members trying to counteract the influence of the +President's address.</p> + +<p>The next day various amendments proposed were defeated; one by Senator +Williams (Miss.) to amend by making the resolution read: "The right of +<i>white</i> citizens to vote shall not be denied, etc.," was laid on the +table by a vote of 61 to 22. One by Senator Frelinghuysen (N. J.), +denying the vote to "female persons who are not citizens otherwise +than by marriage" was also laid on the table by a vote of 53 to 33. +One by Senator Fletcher (Fla.) to strike out the words "or by any +State" so that the section would read: "The right of citizens of the +United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United +States on account of sex," was laid on the table by a vote of 65 to +17.</p> + +<p>The Senate vote Oct. 1, 1918, on the amendment itself, stood 54 in +favor to 30 against, or, including pairs, 62 in favor to 34 against, +two votes short of the needed two-thirds majority. Chairman Jones +changed his vote and moved reconsideration, which put the amendment +back in its old place on the calendar. Analyzed by parties and +including pairs the vote stood:</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">Yes</td><td align="right">No</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Democrats</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">22</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Republicans</td><td class="right bb">32</td><td class="right bb">12</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total</td><td align="right">62</td><td align="right">34</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_641" id="Page_641">[Pg 641]</a></span>President Wilson on the eve of sailing for Europe to the Peace +Conference included in his address to a joint session of Congress +December 2 another eloquent appeal for the passage of the Federal +Suffrage Amendment.</p> + +<p>It had become evident by the action of the 65th Congress that +something more efficacious than public opinion or pressure from high +sources was required to secure the needed two votes in the Senate. The +official board of the National Suffrage Association, therefore, for +the first time in its history decided to enter the political +campaigns. Those of New Hampshire, New Jersey, Massachusetts and +Delaware were selected in the hope of defeating the Senatorial +candidates for re-election who had opposed the amendment and electing +those who would support it. It was necessary to use influence against +Republican candidates in three States and a Democratic candidate in +Delaware. Two of these efforts were successful and a Republican, J. +Heisler Ball, defeated the Democratic Senator Saulsbury of Delaware, +and a Democrat, David I. Walsh, defeated the Republican Senator Weeks +of Massachusetts. Both of the new members voted for the amendment in +the 66th Congress.</p> + +<p>The election returns on November 6 indicated that the necessary +two-thirds majority in the 66th Congress had been secured. This belief +was shared by prominent Democrats, who from that time spared no effort +to make unfriendly Democratic Senators realize the folly of their +position in leaving the victory for the Republican Congress which had +been elected. At this election the voters of Michigan, South Dakota +and Oklahoma by large majorities fully enfranchised their women, +adding six Senators and twenty-four Representatives to the number +partly elected by the votes of women. Texas this year had given women +a vote at Primary elections, almost equal to the complete suffrage. +Resolutions were passed by twenty-five State Legislatures in January +and early February, 1919, calling upon the Senate to submit the +Federal Amendment. William P. Pollock of South Carolina, who had been +elected to succeed Senator Benet, was not only in favor of it but was +working to secure the one vote among the southern Senators which, +added to his own, would complete the two-thirds. A conference of +friendly Democratic Senators on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_642" id="Page_642">[Pg 642]</a></span> February 2 decided that a vote must +be taken the following week if this party was to have the credit. The +next day the Senate Woman Suffrage Committee met and unanimously voted +to bring up the amendment on February 10. The reasons for the decision +were, first, that there was a chance to win and nothing to be lost by +recording the friends and enemies; second, that one man had been +gained since the last vote and there was a possibility that another +could be won. President Wilson cabled from Paris urging doubtful +Senators to vote in favor. William Jennings Bryan came to Washington +to intercede for it.</p> + +<p>On petition of twenty-two Democratic Senators, a party caucus on +suffrage was held on February 5, but the enemies died hard. They +immediately made a motion to adjourn but the suffragists without +proxies defeated the "antis," who voted proxies, by 22 to 16. On a +resolution that the Democratic Senators support the Federal Suffrage +Amendment, twenty-two voted in the affirmative but when ten had voted +in the negative those ten were allowed by Senator Thomas S. Martin +(Va.), Democratic floor leader, to withdraw their votes in order that +he might declare that, as the vote stood 22 to 0, a quorum had not +voted!</p> + +<p>After the close of the morning business on Feb. 10, 1919, Chairman +Jones moved to take up the amendment. An extremely strong speech in +its favor was made by Senator Pollock. The only other speeches were by +Senator Frelinghuysen on points of naturalization and by Edward J. +Gay, the new Senator from Louisiana, in opposition. The vote taken +early in the afternoon showed 55 in favor and 29 opposed. As on +October 1, all the members who were not present to vote were accounted +for by pairs, so that it stood practically 63 to 33. In other words +the amendment was lost in the 65th Congress by only one vote and the +individual responsibility for the defeat lay at the door of every +Senator who voted against it.</p> + +<p>From the States west of the Mississippi River only three Senators +voted "no"—Borah of Idaho, Reed of Missouri and Hitchcock of +Nebraska.</p> + +<p>Only three States—Alabama, Delaware and Georgia—cast all their votes +in both Senate and House against the amendment.</p> + +<p>Twenty States cast all their votes in Senate and House in +favor—Arizona,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_643" id="Page_643">[Pg 643]</a></span> Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, +Indiana, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, New Mexico, +Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Washington and +Wyoming. In all of these women already had full or partial suffrage.</p> + +<p>On February 17 Senator Wesley L. Jones of Washington re-introduced the +amendment in its old form, stating that he expected no action during +the present Congress. On the following day Senator Gay introduced an +amendment in which the right of enforcement was given to the various +States and Congress was excluded. On the 20th Senator Kenneth McKellar +of Tennessee introduced one requiring personal naturalization of alien +women. Senator Gay agreed to support an amendment introduced February +28 by Chairman Jones, giving the States the right to enforce the +amendment, but, in case of their failure to do so, permitting Congress +to enact appropriate legislation. Just before the close of the session +on March 3, a southern Democrat, in response to a cablegram from +President Wilson, consented to give the measure the lacking vote if it +could be brought up again but this the Republicans declined to permit.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>During this winter of 1919 the National American Association continued +the work of obtaining from the Legislatures Presidential suffrage for +women and to the list were added Maine, Vermont, Wisconsin, Minnesota, +Iowa, Missouri and Tennessee, fourteen altogether. By May 1, adding +the States with this Presidential suffrage to the fifteen where women +had the complete franchise, it was estimated that about 15,500,000 +would be able to "vote for the President" in the general election of +1920. They could vote for 306 of the 531 members of the Electoral +College, 40 more than half. About half of the above number would +exercise the full suffrage. Thirty-four Senators and 130 +Representatives were now elected partly by women, including those from +Arkansas and Texas.</p> + +<p>One-third of the Senate and all of the House of Representatives were +elected in November, 1918. Many of the old members were re-elected, +some friends and some enemies of the Federal Suffrage Amendment. The +Republicans had a large majority and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_644" id="Page_644">[Pg 644]</a></span> both parties wanted an early +vote on it. President Wilson made this possible by calling a special +session to meet May 19, 1919. Representative Frank W. Mondell (Wyo.) +was elected majority leader of the House and Representative James R. +Mann (Ills.) appointed chairman of the Committee on Woman Suffrage, +both Republicans. The resolution for the Federal Amendment was +introduced by six members on the opening day and on the 20th was +favorably reported by the committee and placed on the calendar for the +next day, even before the President's message was read, in which it +was recommended. On May 21, after two hours' discussion, it was passed +by 42 more than the needed two-thirds. The vote stood as follows:</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">In Favor</td><td align="right">Opposed</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Republicans</td><td align="right">200</td><td align="right">19</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Democrats</td><td align="right">102</td><td align="right">70</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Miscellaneous</td><td class="right bb">2</td><td class="right bb">0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">304</td><td align="right">89</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Members from southern States cast 71 of the affirmative votes and four +from the North were born in the South. The Democrats polled 54 per +cent. of their voting strength for the amendment and the Republicans +polled 84 per cent. of theirs.</p> + +<p>In all the great area west of the Mississippi River, excluding Texas +and Louisiana, only one vote in the lower house was cast against the +amendment—that of Representative H. E. Hull (Rep.), Iowa. In the +group of Middle States only five opposing votes were cast—two from +Wisconsin, one from Michigan, two from Ohio. The opposition centered +in the coast States from Louisiana to Maryland; aside from these the +largest opposing majorities were from Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. +Twenty-six States—over half of the whole number—gave unanimous +support; thirteen had large favorable majorities; one was +tied—Maryland; five gave opposing majorities—Alabama, Georgia, +Louisiana, North Carolina, Virginia; only two cast a solid vote in +opposition—Mississippi and South Carolina.</p> + +<p>These statistics did not indicate that "a few States were trying to +force this amendment on a vast unwilling majority of States," as the +opponents asserted. The increase from the majority of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_645" id="Page_645">[Pg 645]</a></span> one in 1918 to +42 in 1919 is accounted for by the fact that at the congressional +election during the interim 117 new members were elected, of whom 103 +voted for the amendment. As it had been an issue in the campaign they +represented the sentiment of their constituencies. Fifteen of the +former members who were re-elected changed from negative to +affirmative. From January, 1918, to June, 1919, not one member of +either House broke his promise to vote for the amendment except +Representative Daniel J. Riordan (Dem.) of New York, although many of +them were subjected to extreme pressure by the interests opposed to +it.</p> + +<p>The resolution for the Amendment was introduced in the Senate May 23, +1919, by four members and half a dozen others expressed a wish to +present it. The new Committee on Woman Suffrage had not been appointed +and it was referred to the old one, whose chairman, Senator Jones, +asked unanimous consent to have it placed on the calendar at once. +Senators Underwood of Alabama; Hoke Smith of Georgia; Swanson of +Virginia; Reed of Missouri, Democrats; Borah of Idaho; Wadsworth of +New York, Republicans, and other opponents objected and it was delayed +several days. Meanwhile a new committee was appointed with Senator +James E. Watson (Rep.) of Indiana, as chairman. Finally on May 28 he +was able to report the resolution favorably, by unanimous vote of the +committee, and have it placed on the calendar for June 3.</p> + +<p>The discussion was continued for two days, principally by the +opposition, the friends of the amendment having agreed to consume no +time except when necessary to correct misstatements. For this purpose +Senators Lenroot of Wisconsin and Walsh of Montana, Republicans, and +Thomas of Colorado, King of Utah, Kirby of Arkansas and Ashurst of +Arizona, Democrats, made brief speeches. Senators Wadsworth, Brandegee +(Rep.) of Connecticut and Borah; Underwood, Smith (Dem.) of South +Carolina and Reed, consumed the rest of the time, Reed speaking +several hours. Senator Underwood offered an amendment to have the +ratifications by conventions instead of Legislatures, and Senator +Phelan (Dem.) of California wanted to amend this by requiring them to +be called the first week in December. Senator Harrison (Dem.) of +Mississippi tried to have the word "white" inserted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_646" id="Page_646">[Pg 646]</a></span> in the original +amendment. Senator Gay (Dem.) of Louisiana wished to amend by +providing that the States instead of the Congress should have power to +enforce it. All these amendments were defeated by large majorities.</p> + +<p>The Senators knew that all this debate was a waste of time, as enough +votes were pledged to pass the amendment. Senator Watson opened and +closed it in a dozen sentences. The roll was called at 5 p. m. June 4, +and the vote was announced, 56 ayes, 25 noes. With the "pairs" that +had been arranged the entire 96 members of the Senate were recorded +and they stood as follows:</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">Ayes</td><td align="right">Noes</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Republicans</td><td align="right">40</td><td align="right">9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Democrats</td><td class="right bb">26</td><td class="right bb">21</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total</td><td align="right">66</td><td align="right">30</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The certificate to be sent to the Legislatures for ratification was +signed by President of the Senate Thomas R. Marshall (Ind.) and +Speaker of the House Frederick H. Gillett (Mass.) both unyielding +opponents of the amendment.</p> + +<p>Thus ended the struggle for the submission to the Legislatures of an +amendment to the National Constitution to give complete universal +suffrage to women, which had been carried on without cessation for +almost exactly fifty years—a struggle which has no parallel in +history.</p> + +<p>It is not possible to give in this limited space due recognition to +all the Senators and Representatives who during this long period stood +faithfully by this Federal Amendment, many of them at serious +political risk. This was especially true of those from the South. The +speech of Senator Morris Sheppard of Texas, Aug. 5, 1918, was as +strong an argument as ever was made for the Federal Amendment. The +great corporate interests of the country, including the liquor +interests, which were the dominating force in politics, were +implacably opposed to woman suffrage and the women had no material +influence to counteract them. All the more honor is due, therefore, to +those members who loyally supported it in this long contest founded +upon abstract right, justice and democracy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_647" id="Page_647">[Pg 647]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="heading sc">Vote on Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment in the U. S. Senate, +June 4, 1919.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table class="dense" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="3"><i>Republicans, Aye</i></td><td align="center" colspan="3"><i>Democrats, Aye</i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Cal.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Johnson</td><td valign="middle" rowspan="2">Ariz.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Ashurst</td></tr> +<tr><td>Col.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Phipps</td><td>Smith</td></tr> +<tr><td>Del.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Ball</td><td valign="middle" rowspan="2">Ark.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Kirby</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">Ills.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>McCormick</td><td>Robinson</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sherman</td><td>Cal.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Phelan</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">Ind.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>New</td><td>Col.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Thomas</td></tr> +<tr><td>Watson</td><td>Ga.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Harris</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">Iowa</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Cummins</td><td>Ida.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Nugent</td></tr> +<tr><td>Kenyon</td><td>Ky.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Stanley</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">Kans.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Capper</td><td>La.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Ransdell</td></tr> +<tr><td>Curtis</td><td>Mass.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Walsh</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">Me.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Fernald</td><td rowspan="2">Mont.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Myers</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hale</td><td>Walsh</td></tr> +<tr><td>Md.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>France</td><td rowspan="2">Nev.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Henderson</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">Mich.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Newberry</td><td>Pittman</td></tr> +<tr><td>Townsend</td><td>N. M.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Jones</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">Minn.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Kellogg</td><td rowspan="2">Okla.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Gore</td></tr> +<tr><td>Nelson</td><td>Owen</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mo.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Spencer</td><td>Ore.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Chamberlain</td></tr> +<tr><td>Neb.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Norris</td><td>R. I.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Gerry</td></tr> +<tr><td>N. H.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Keyes</td><td>S. D.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Johnson</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">N. J.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Edge</td><td>Tenn.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>McKellar</td></tr> +<tr><td>Frelinghuysen</td><td rowspan="2">Tex.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Culberson</td></tr> +<tr><td>N. M.</td><td> </td><td>Fall</td><td>Sheppard</td></tr> +<tr><td>N. Y.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Calder</td><td>Utah</td><td align="center"> </td><td>King</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">N. D.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Gronna</td><td>Wyo.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Kendrick</td></tr> +<tr><td>McCumber</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ohio</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Harding</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ore.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>McNary</td></tr> +<tr><td>R. I.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Colt</td></tr> +<tr><td>S. D.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Sterling</td></tr> +<tr><td>Utah</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Smoot</td></tr> +<tr><td>Vt.</td><td align="center"> </td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">Wash.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Jones</td></tr> +<tr><td>Poindexter</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">W. Va.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Elkins</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sutherland</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">Wis.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td> LaFollette</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lenroot</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wyo.</td><td> </td><td class="bb">Warren</td><td> </td><td> </td><td class="bb"> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="right">Total</td><td> </td><td>40</td><td class="right">Total</td><td> </td><td class="left">26</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<div class="center"> +<table class="dense" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="3"><i>Republicans, No</i></td><td align="center" colspan="3"><i>Democrats, No</i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">Conn.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Brandegee</td><td rowspan="2">Ala.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Bankhead</td></tr> +<tr><td>McLean</td><td>Underwood</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ida.</td><td> </td><td>Borah</td><td>Del.</td><td> </td><td>Wolcott</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mass.</td><td> </td><td>Lodge</td><td rowspan="2">Fla.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Fletcher</td></tr> +<tr><td>N. H.</td><td> </td><td>Moses</td><td>Trammell</td></tr> +<tr><td>N. Y.</td><td> </td><td>Wadsworth</td><td>Ga.</td><td> </td><td>Smith</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">Penn.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Knox</td><td>Ky.</td><td> </td><td>Beckham</td></tr> +<tr><td>Penrose</td><td>La.</td><td> </td><td>Gay</td></tr> +<tr><td>Vt.</td><td> </td><td>Dillingham</td><td>Md.</td><td> </td><td>Smith</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3" rowspan="11"> </td><td rowspan="2">Miss.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Harrison</td></tr> +<tr><td>Williams</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mo.</td><td> </td><td>Reed</td></tr> +<tr><td>Neb.</td><td> </td><td>Hitchcock</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">N. C.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Overman</td></tr> +<tr><td>Simmons</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ohio</td><td> </td><td>Pomerene</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">S. C.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Dial</td></tr> +<tr><td>Smith</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tenn.</td><td> </td><td>Shields</td></tr> +<tr><td rowspan="2">Va.</td><td align="right" rowspan="2" class="mustache">{</td><td>Martin</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td class="bb"> </td><td class="bb">Swanson</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="right">Total</td><td> </td><td class="left">9</td><td class="right">Total</td><td> </td><td class="left">21</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>Benet was appointed for a few months to succeed Senator Tillman and +voted against the amendment October 1. Pollock was elected to serve +until March and voted for it February 10. Dial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_648" id="Page_648">[Pg 648]</a></span> was elected for the +full term beginning March 4. Senator Hale of Maine was the only +hold-over Senator who changed his position, voting "no" in October and +"aye" in June. The suffragists deeply regretted that Senator John F. +Shafroth of Colorado, an able and valued friend for the past +twenty-five years, was no longer a member of the Senate.</p> + +<p>After the woman suffrage amendment had become a part of the +Constitution of the United States Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, the +national president, prepared a complete summary of the several votes +on it in the two Houses of Congress according to the political parties +and sent it to Chairman Will H. Hays of the Republican National +Committee and Chairman George White of the Democratic. To the former +she said in part: "I take the occasion to express to you personally on +behalf of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, our +grateful appreciation of your own faithful, consistent and always +sincere efforts to carry out the platforms of your party wherein they +referred to the enfranchisement of women. Ratification at this date +would not have been achieved without your conscientious and +understanding help. I wish also to express our gratitude to the +Republican party for its share in the final enfranchisement of the +women of the United States...."</p> + +<p>To Mr. White Mrs. Catt said: "There is one important Democratic factor +which should be included in the record and that is the fearless and +able sponsorship of the amendment by the leader of your party, the +President of the United States.... He has never hesitated to let +members of his party know in every State that he favored +ratification.... His championship furnishes cause for pride to all +forward-looking Democrats, since his vision foresaw this now achieved +fact of the enfranchisement of the women of this country. On behalf of +the National American Woman Suffrage Association, I wish to thank you +and your party for its share in the completion of the task to which +our association set itself more than fifty years ago."</p> + +<p>Mrs. Catt said in the course of her summing up: "Women owe much to +both political parties but to neither do they owe so much that they +need feel themselves obligated to support that party if conscience and +judgment dictate otherwise. Their political<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_649" id="Page_649">[Pg 649]</a></span> freedom at this time is +due to the tremendous sentiment and pressure produced by their own +unceasing activities over a period of three generations. Had either +party lived up to the high ideals of our nation and courageously taken +the stand for right and justice as against time-serving, vote-winning +policies of delay, women would have been enfranchised long ago.... If, +however, neither of the dominant parties has made as clean and +progressive a record as its admirers could have wished, there is no +question but that individual men of both parties have given heroic +service to the cause of woman suffrage and this has been true in every +State, those which ratified and those which rejected. Women should not +forget these men who have stepped in advance of the more slow moving +of their own constituents to help this great cause of political +freedom."</p> + + +<h3>RATIFICATION.</h3> + +<p>Before this Federal Amendment could become effective it had to be +ratified by the Legislatures of thirty-six States, three-fourths of +the whole number. The plan by which Mrs. Catt, president of the +National American Suffrage Association, had expected ratification to +follow the submission immediately was that all of the western equal +suffrage States would ratify at once. To make certain that this would +be done a representative of the association was sent on a circuit of +these States while the amendment was still pending. She called on the +Governors and instructed the women as to the procedure when it was +submitted. If there had been the expected early vote this plan would +have succeeded but it was thwarted by the late submission. Had the +vote taken place even as late as February, 1919, the Legislatures +could have considered it, which was the principal reason why the +opponents prevented it. By June 4 most of them had adjourned not to +meet again for two years. A few, however, were still in session and of +these Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan ratified it within six days of +its submission and Pennsylvania and Massachusetts a little later. That +of Ohio had taken a recess until June 16 and ratified it on this date.</p> + +<p>To obtain enough extra sessions, with all the expense, time and +trouble entailed, seemed a hopeless undertaking. Nevertheless,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_650" id="Page_650">[Pg 650]</a></span> +scarcely had the Senate vote been announced when Mrs. Catt began +telegraphing to the Governors of many States a request that they would +call special sessions for the purpose of ratification. This was +favored by leaders in both political parties in order that it might be +completed in time for the women of the entire country to vote in the +general election of 1920.</p> + +<p>Governors Alfred E. Smith (Dem.) of New York and Henry J. Allen (Rep.) +of Kansas were the first to call special sessions. They were followed +by a few others, some willingly, others under great pressure from the +women of their States. Even the Governors of some of the equal +suffrage States were hesitating for various reasons and vigorous +action seemed to be necessary. Under the auspices of the National +Association four women, Mrs. Minnie Fisher Cunningham of Texas, Mrs. +John G. South of Kentucky, Mrs. Ben Hooper of Wisconsin and Miss +Marjorie Shuler of New York, were sent to these States in July. The +two Republican women visited Republican States and the two Democratic +women visited Democratic States, the four reaching Salt Lake City to +attend the National Conference of Governors. Despite their pledges of +extra sessions some of them still demurred, as special sessions were +not approved by the taxpayers. Two of these Governors, one Republican +and one Democratic, were threatened with impeachment proceedings +whenever the Legislature should meet. Others feared that matters +besides the ratification might come up.</p> + +<p>The summer waned and the required number of special sessions were not +called, although letters and telegrams and every kind of influence +were being used. Finally Mrs. Catt herself headed a deputation +consisting of Miss Julia Lathrop, chief of the U. S. Children's +Bureau; Mrs. Jean Nelson Penfield of New York; Dr. Valeria H. Parker +of Connecticut; Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch of Illinois, Mrs. +Edward P. Costigan of Colorado and Miss Shuler, who had continued +working in those western States. The Governors were again interviewed; +the situation was presented to the States through public meetings and +at last the desired pledges were secured. In Oregon the women agreed +to raise the money to pay for a special session. In Nevada, Wyoming +and South Dakota campaigns to persuade the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_651" id="Page_651">[Pg 651]</a></span> members to attend at their +own expense were started and carried through. Altogether sixteen +conferences were held in twelve western States. While this campaign in +the West was under way the women of other States were hard at work to +obtain legislative action. Those of Indiana had the Herculean task of +collecting a petition of 86,000 names asking for a special session and +securing pledges from two-thirds of the Legislature to consider no +other business, before the Governor would call the session.</p> + +<p>While this strenuous work was in progress, which continued into 1920, +the National Republican and Democratic Committees, Will H. Hays and +Homer S. Cummings, chairmen, used all of their great influence for +special sessions and for favorable action. Prominent politicians of +both parties lent their assistance. The successful efforts to secure +ratification planks in the national platforms of all the political +parties are described in <a href="#CHAPTER_XXIII">Chapter XXIII</a>. Every candidate for President +and Vice-president gave his full endorsement.</p> + +<p>It was only necessary for thirteen Legislatures to hold out against +ratification to prevent the adoption of the amendment and those of the +nine southeastern States from Maryland to Louisiana were certain to do +this. All of them defeated it except that of Florida, which did not +vote on it. By March 22, 1920, thirty-five Legislatures had ratified, +leaving but four States from which to obtain the thirty-sixth and +final ratification. Delaware defeated it in June, leaving only +Tennessee, Connecticut and Vermont. A provision in the State +constitution of Tennessee prevented action by its Legislature. The +Republican Governors of Connecticut and Vermont refused absolutely to +call a special session. The former declared that there was no +emergency requiring it and was adamant to every argument. Mrs. Catt +and her Board then undertook another Herculean task of bringing to +Connecticut an influential woman from every State, and, cooperating +with those of Connecticut, a mass meeting was held in Hartford. After +this they divided into groups and held meetings in every city and +large town, ending the campaign with a visit to the Governor, at which +earnest pleas were made that he would call the Legislature to give the +final vote for ratification, as the women of the nation were waiting +for it. In Vermont, under<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_652" id="Page_652">[Pg 652]</a></span> the auspices of the National Board, 400 +women of the State under most trying weather conditions met in +Montpelier and called on the Governor with pleadings and arguments for +a special session, through whose action the women of the whole country +would be enfranchised. Both Governors remained obdurate.</p> + +<p>In the meantime the opponents had succeeded in Maine under its +Initiative and Referendum law in having the ratification submitted to +the voters and they threatened to take this action in all States +having this law. The Ohio Supreme Court sustained the legality of a +petition for a referendum and it was carried to the Supreme Court of +the United States—Hawk vs. the Secretary of the State of Ohio. Here +it was argued April 23, 1920. On June 1 the Court announced its +decision that the ratification of a Federal Amendment was not subject +to action by the voters.</p> + +<p>This decision removed the obstacle that existed in Tennessee and its +Governor called a special session for August 9. Mrs. Catt took charge +of the campaign in person and the ratification was obtained in the +Senate on the 13th and the House on the 18th, in the latter with the +greatest difficulty. It called for assistance from President Wilson, +from both of the Presidential candidates, the National Committees of +both parties and many prominent men and women within and without the +State. A full account will be found in the Tennessee chapter. A vote +for reconsideration followed; enough members left the State to prevent +a quorum and it was not until the 24th that Governor Roberts could +forward the certificate of ratification to Secretary of State +Bainbridge Colby in Washington.<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> Here on August 26 he proclaimed +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_653" id="Page_653">[Pg 653]</a></span> 19th Amendment a part of the Federal Constitution. A body of the +Tennessee legislators, headed by Speaker of the House Seth Walker, +went immediately to Washington and undertook to obtain an injunction +on this action but it was refused by the court.</p> + +<p>Although the ratification by the Tennessee Legislature was due to the +votes of both Democrats and Republicans the former claimed the credit. +The general election was close at hand in which all women could take +part and Republican leaders felt that some action was necessary. +Governor Marcus H. Holcomb of Connecticut called a special session of +the Legislature for September 14 and its first act was to ratify the +Federal Amendment by unanimous vote of the Senate and 216 to 11 in the +House. Owing to a technical question the ratification was repeated +September 21.<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a></p> + +<p>The stories of these 37 ratifications are interesting—in some States +occasions of much pleasure accompanied by music and feasting; in +others strenuous contests which left some unpleasant memories. They +are described in each State chapter and the failures as well. Especial +reference should be made to those of States mentioned here and of +Delaware, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, +Mississippi and Louisiana.</p> + +<p>When the opponents could not prevent ratification they had recourse to +the law. The attempt to have a referendum to the voters has been +referred to. Efforts were made in many States to have the Attorney +Generals declare that the ratification was unconstitutional or that +further legislation by the States would be necessary, but they were +unavailing. In May, 1920, the official board of the National Woman +Suffrage Association retained former U. S. Supreme Court Justice +Charles Evans Hughes as counsel and his advice and his opinions widely +published proved to be of the greatest benefit. Although one of the +most eminent of lawyers his interest in woman suffrage was so great +that he never refused any appeal for assistance.</p> + +<p>On July 7, 1920, before the 36th State had ratified, Charles S. +Fairchild, president of the American Constitutional League, formerly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_654" id="Page_654">[Pg 654]</a></span> +the Men's Anti-Suffrage Association of New York, instituted injunction +proceedings in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia against +Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby and Attorney General A. Mitchell +Palmer. They sought to restrain the Secretary from proclaiming the +Federal Suffrage Amendment when it should receive the final +ratification and the Attorney General from doing anything to enforce +it. On July 13 the case for the Government was argued by Solicitor +General William L. Frierson and Assistant U. S. District Attorney +James B. Archer. Mr. Fairchild and the league were represented by +Everett P. Wheeler, a New York attorney and officer of the league. He +contended that under the U. S. Constitution Congress had no power to +submit the amendment and that various ratifications were illegal. +Justice Thomas J. Bailey dismissed the injunction proceedings on the +ground that neither Mr. Fairchild nor the league had sufficient +interest to entitle them to ask for an injunction and that the court +had no authority to go behind the action of the Legislatures in voting +for ratification. The case was taken to the District Court of Appeals. +On October 4 this court denied the injunction and dismissed the case +as "frivolous and brought for delay." It was then carried to the +Supreme Court of the United States.</p> + +<p>Litigation was threatened in Tennessee. In Maryland a League for State +Defense was formed to defeat ratification. It succeeded in the +Maryland Legislature and had delegations of legislators sent to +Tennessee and West Virginia for the purpose, who were not successful. +On Oct. 30, 1920, this league brought a test case in the Court of +Common Pleas in Baltimore through Attorney William L. Marbury against +J. Mercer Garnett et al., constituting the Board of Registry, to +compel them to strike the names of two women from the registration +books. The suit was filed in the name of Oscar Leser, a former Judge, +who had long fought woman suffrage, and twenty members of the league, +on the following grounds: The alleged 19th Amendment is not authorized +by Article V of the U. S. Constitution; it was never legally ratified +by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the States; (those of West +Virginia, Tennessee and Missouri were cited); it was rejected by the +Maryland Legislature. Everett P. Wheeler<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_655" id="Page_655">[Pg 655]</a></span> assisted in the trial just +before Christmas. The case was conducted for the State by Attorney +General J. Lindsay Spencer. Judge Heuisler gave an adverse decision on +Jan. 29, 1921. The case was taken to the Court of Appeals and set for +April 7. The decision of the lower court was sustained—that "the +power to amend the Constitution of the United States granted by +Article V is without limit except as to the words 'equal suffrage in +the Senate.' ... From all the exhibits and other evidence submitted +the court is of the opinion that there was due, legal and proper +ratification of the amendment by the required number of State +Legislatures."</p> + +<p>This case also went to the U. S. Supreme Court and there both of them +rested. Meanwhile millions of women voted in the general election on +Nov. 2, 1920, and in the State and local elections which followed +through 1921, and the cases were almost forgotten. Finally in +February, 1922, the court heard the arguments, the Government +represented by Solicitor General James M. Beck. On the 27th it handed +down its decision on the two cases. It upheld the authority of +Congress under the Constitution of the United States to submit the +amendment; declared that "the validity of the 15th Amendment had been +recognized for half a century"; that "the Federal Constitution +transcends any limitations sought to be imposed by the State"; that +"the Secretary of State having issued the proclamation the amendment +had become a part of the National Constitution."</p> + +<p>This was the decision of the highest legal authority, from which there +was no appeal.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> The History is indebted for this chapter to Mrs. Ida +Husted Harper, author of the Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, and +with Miss Anthony of Volume IV of the History of Woman Suffrage, which +ended with 1900.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> For full account see +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28020/28020-h/28020-h.htm#Page_67">History of Woman Suffrage, Volume I, page 67</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, Chapter XVI.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> The American Woman Suffrage Association was organized +in Cleveland, O., Nov. 25, 1869, with the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, +president; Lucy Stone, chairman of the executive committee, to work +especially for amending State constitutions. The two bodies united in +February, 1890, under the name National American and the association +thenceforth worked vigorously by both methods.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28039/28039-h/28039-h.htm#Page_734">History of Woman Suffrage, Volume II, page 734</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> For full account see +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29870/29870-h/29870-h.htm#CHAPTER_VI">History of Woman Suffrage, Volume IV, Chapter VI</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> In 1913 and the years following strenuous work with +members of Congress was done by the Congressional Union, afterwards +called the National Woman's Party.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> For full report of this hearing see <a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII">Chapter XVIII</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> For speech in full see <a href="#APPENDIX_FOR_CHAPTER_XX">Appendix for this chapter</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> As soon as the certificate was despatched Mrs. Catt +left Nashville, where she had been for six weeks, accompanied by Mrs. +Harriet Taylor Upton, vice-chairman of the National Republican +Executive Committee; Miss Charl Williams, vice-chairman of the +Democratic National Committee, and Miss Marjorie Shuler, the National +Association's chairman of publicity, who had been working with her +during this time. They went to Washington, called on the President and +Secretary of State and in the evening addressed an enthusiastic mass +meeting that filled the largest theater to overflowing. Secretary +Colby represented President Wilson, from whom he brought this message: +</p><p> +"Will you take the opportunity to say to my fellow citizens that I +deem it one of the greatest honors of my life that this great event, +the ratification of this amendment, should have occurred during the +period of my administration. Nothing has given me more pleasure than +the privilege that has been mine to do what I could to advance the +cause of ratification and to hasten the day when the womanhood of +America would be recognized by the nation on the equal footing of +citizenship that it deserves." +</p><p> +From Washington the women, joined by others, went to New York, where +Governor Alfred E. Smith was waiting at the station and said in +greeting Mrs. Catt: "I am here on behalf of the people of the State of +New York to convey congratulations to you on your great victory for +the motherhood of America." [See frontispiece Volume VI.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> Vermont was thus left the only State, except those in +the so-called "black belt," which did not ratify the Federal Amendment +and its Legislature was ready to do so any day when Governor Percival +W. Clement would permit it to meet. It ratified unanimously in the +Senate and with three negative votes in the House when it met in +regular session in 1921.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_656" id="Page_656">[Pg 656]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI.</h2> + +<h3>VARIOUS WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES.</h3> + + +<p>The National Woman Suffrage Association formed in New York City May +15, 1869, by pioneers in the movement from nineteen States was the +first of the kind in the world. [<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28039/28039-h/28039-h.htm#Page_400">History of Woman Suffrage, Volume II, +page 400</a>.] This was followed by the forming on November 24 at +Cleveland, O., of the American Woman Suffrage Association. [<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28039/28039-h/28039-h.htm#Page_576">Same, page +576</a>.] In 1890 these two were combined under the name National +American. [<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29870/29870-h/29870-h.htm#Page_164">Volume IV, pages 164</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29870/29870-h/29870-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>.] For various reasons other +organizations came into existence, as the years passed, which had some +claim to being considered national, but this great united association +was the bulwark of the movement for woman suffrage from its beginning +to its end in 1920. It was always the official authority recognized by +Congress, State Legislatures, the press and the public, but all of the +others assisted, each in its own way and degree, and, except in the +case of one, the National Woman's Party, there was no antagonism among +them, as all were consecrated to a common cause, and followed similar +methods.</p> + + +<h3>THE FEDERAL SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION.</h3> + +<p>This association was organized on March 3rd and 10th, 1892, in the +lecture room of the Sherman House, Chicago, with the following +officers: President, the Hon. M. B. Castle, Sandwich, Ills.; +vice-president, the Rev. Olympia Brown, Racine, Wis.; secretary, Mrs. +A. J. Loomis, Chicago; treasurer, Mrs. S. M. C. Perkins, Cleveland, O. +Judge Charles B. Waite of Chicago; Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker of +Hartford, Conn.; Mrs. Lucinda H. Stone of Kalamazoo, Mich., and Mrs. +Lucia E. Blount of Washington, D. C., with many other prominent people +assisted. The object was to secure the passage of a Law by Congress +authorizing women to vote for members of the House of +Representatives,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_657" id="Page_657">[Pg 657]</a></span> according to Sections 2 and 4, Article I of the +Federal Constitution, which gives Congress authority to change the +regulations made by the States for the election of these members. The +way for this organization had been prepared by articles in the <i>Forum</i> +and the <i>Arena</i> by Judge Francis Minor of St. Louis, presenting the +arguments for this law. He quoted James Madison, who said at the time +Virginia adopted the National Constitution that "the power was given +to Congress to change the regulations made by the States in order to +protect the people. Should the people at any time be deprived of the +right of suffrage for any cause it was deemed proper that it should be +remedied by the general government." At the first meeting a memorial +was adopted asking Congress to enact this law, which later was +presented by Representative Clarence D. Clark of Wyoming. The officers +of the association were instructed to present a memorial to the +Republican national convention in Minneapolis that summer asking that +a plank approving this Federal suffrage be inserted in the platform. +The Rev. Mrs. Brown and Mrs. Perkins attended the convention, where +they were treated with marked courtesy and given prominent seats. They +secured a hearing and the presentation of the memorial in the +Committee on Resolutions. The papers of Minneapolis printed it in +full, which was something unusual at that time when woman suffrage was +scarcely recognized by the press. At the Columbian Exposition in 1893 +a section in the Political Congress was assigned to the Federal +Association and a day appointed for its meetings. Two sessions were +held, addressed by prominent speakers and attended by large audiences.</p> + +<p>Much propaganda work was done and efforts were made to form local +organizations. The subject was kept before the Republican and +Democratic parties by memorials presented to their national +conventions. In 1902 the society was reorganized as the Woman's +Federal Equality Association in order to include other interests of +women besides suffrage. It was hoped thus to enlist the cooperation of +those employed by the Government but this hope not being realized the +name was changed to the original. Mrs. Belva A. Lockwood had been +chosen president in 1902 and was followed in 1903 by the Rev. Olympia +Brown, who held the office until the end in 1920, Mrs. Lockwood +continuing as honorary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_658" id="Page_658">[Pg 658]</a></span> president until her death. Mrs. Clara Bewick +Colby was chosen corresponding secretary in 1902 and devoted herself +to the interests of the association unceasingly until her death Sept. +7, 1916. No session of Congress was allowed to pass without the +presenting of a bill demanding the right of women to vote for federal +officers. These bills were referred to the Committee on Election of +President, Vice-President and Representatives in Congress. Usually +hearings were granted and arranged for with much care by Mrs. Colby, +who resided in Washington. They were very effective. Among the most +important was that of 1904, which attracted so much attention that the +committee appointed a second day to continue it and invited Mrs. Colby +to explain more fully the demand of the association. Another important +hearing was that of 1913, when the largest committee room was filled, +many standing outside. It began in the morning and was continued in +the evening, with the speakers nearly all members of Congress, a +remarkable circumstance at that time.</p> + +<p>At the hearings of 1914, 1915 and 1916 Representative Burton L. French +of Idaho was a valuable speaker, as was Representative John E. Raker +of California. Mrs. Lockwood and other women took part at different +times, Mrs. Colby in all the hearings and the Rev. Mrs. Brown in most +of them. Dr. Clara McNaughton, the treasurer, rendered important +service in raising money and in other ways. At the great Gettysburg +celebration in 1913 she and Mrs. Anna Harmon represented the +association, obtaining signatures to petitions, circulating literature +and finding a wide sentiment for woman suffrage among the old +soldiers.</p> + +<p>On July 11-13, 1915, the Federal Suffrage Association held a Congress +at the Panama Pacific Exposition in San Francisco, over which the Rev. +Olympia Brown presided. Mrs. Colby went out some time before the +meeting and made the arrangements. Among the distinguished people who +took part were Mrs. May Wright Sewall, founder of the International +Council of Women, Mrs. Ida Husted Harper, historian of woman suffrage +and biographer of Susan B. Anthony; Mrs. Adelaide Johnson, the noted +sculptor; the eminent Mrs. Elizabeth Lowe Watson of California; Mrs. +Emma Smith DeVoe of Tacoma, president of the National Council of Women +Voters, and Mrs. Mary G. Bellamy,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_659" id="Page_659">[Pg 659]</a></span> former member of the Wyoming +Legislature. The most notable of the exercises was the fine pageant in +the Court of Abundance on the closing night. This court was a most +beautiful place for scenic display, the arrangement of the platform, +lights and decorations all contributing to make any function there an +enchanting scene. Mrs. Colby had prepared a comprehensive lecture on +Woman's Part in the Building of America, and, with the assistance of a +skilful specialist, Mrs. Andrea Hofer, had arranged a memorable +entertainment. She stood on the pedestal of a massive column while she +gave her lecture, which was illustrated by tableaus on the platform in +the presence of a large audience. The congress was continued at San +Diego with largely attended meetings.</p> + +<p>The history of Federal Suffrage would not be complete without some +mention of the work of Miss Laura Clay and her sister, Mrs. Sarah Clay +Bennett, of Kentucky, who advocated the idea of Federal Suffrage even +before the forming of the association and long worked for a U. S. +Elections Bill. Miss Clay's maintenance of the Federal suffrage +principles, her writings and her strong personality were a guarantee +to many of the southern women that no infringement of the State's +rights idea was intended. By Aug. 26, 1920, the Federal Amendment had +been submitted by Congress and ratified. All the women of the United +States were fully enfranchised and the association had no longer any +reason for being.</p> + +<p class="right">[Prepared by the Rev. Olympia Brown.]</p> + + +<h3>UNITED STATES ELECTIONS BILL.</h3> + +<p>From the time the National Woman Suffrage Association was organized to +secure the enfranchisement of women by amending the Federal +Constitution there were among its members those who did not favor this +method because it was contrary to the doctrine of State's rights. They +did, however, want Congress to provide that woman should vote for its +own Representatives, which could be done simply by a Law requiring +only a majority vote of each House. From the early 80's this group was +led by Miss Laura Clay and Mrs. Sarah Clay Bennett of Kentucky. There +was no doubt that Congress had authority over the election of its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_660" id="Page_660">[Pg 660]</a></span> +Representatives, as was clearly shown in Article I, Section 2, which +prescribes the manner of their election and the qualifications of the +electors in the different States. Later it fixed a time for these +elections. This authority was conferred when, after the amendment was +adopted for the election of U. S. Senators by the voters, Congress +enacted that all who were qualified to vote for Representatives should +be eligible to vote for Senators. The leaders of the National American +Suffrage Association recognized the constitutionality of the bill and +for many years kept a standing committee on it but they did not +believe Congress ever would accept it. Its advocates claimed that if +members of Congress had women for their constituents they would soon +see that the States enfranchised them. The national leaders held that +if women could elect members of Congress it would not take them long +to compel the submission of a Federal Amendment and that the members +would not put this power into their hands. They held also that it +would be just as much a violation of the State's right to determine +its own voters as would the Federal Amendment itself. The Southern +Woman Suffrage Conference, or Association, however, had a committee to +further this U. S. Elections Bill.</p> + +<p>At the annual convention of the National American Association in 1914 +its Congressional Committee was instructed to include this bill in the +measures which it promoted. It was re-endorsed at the conventions of +1915 and 1916. Miss Clay went to Washington and lobbied for it with +all the prestige of her family back of her and with all her commanding +ability, supporting it by unanswerable argument. Members often +presented it in both Houses but it never was reported by a committee.</p> + + +<h3>NATIONAL COLLEGE EQUAL SUFFRAGE LEAGUE.</h3> + +<p>While Miss Maud Wood of Boston was a senior in Radcliffe College her +attention was directed to woman suffrage by the efforts of its women +opponents in Cambridge to enlist the college girls on their side. +Later, hearing a speech in favor of it by Miss Alice Stone Blackwell, +she associated herself with the Massachusetts Suffrage Association, +spoke at its next annual convention and was drawn into its work. After +hearing and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_661" id="Page_661">[Pg 661]</a></span> meeting Miss Susan B. Anthony she felt a deeper +obligation of service to the cause for which Miss Anthony and her +associates had sacrificed so much and she thought that college women +especially should pay their debt to those who had made their education +possible by helping them fight the battle for woman suffrage. In 1900, +with the help of Mrs. Inez Haynes Gillmore, also a Radcliffe student, +Miss Wood, now Mrs. Park, founded the Massachusetts College Equal +Suffrage League and steps were at once taken to form leagues in other +States. In 1906 the National American Woman Suffrage Association held +its annual convention in Baltimore and under the auspices of Dr. M. +Carey Thomas, president of Bryn Mawr, there occurred that remarkable +"college women's evening," when before an audience that filled the +theater women professors from the largest Colleges for Women in the +United States paid their tributes to Miss Anthony and announced their +allegiance to her cause.</p> + +<p>It was decided at this meeting that there ought to be a national +association of college women, the first steps toward it were taken, +and Mrs. Park was appointed to organize leagues in the States. In 1908 +a Call was sent out signed by Dr. Thomas, President Mary E. Woolley of +Mt. Holyoke College: Miss Mary E. Garrett, a founder of the Johns +Hopkins Medical School; Mrs. Elsie Clews Parsons, Ph.D. of Barnard +College; Miss Caroline E. Lexow (Barnard), president of the New York +College Equal Suffrage League, and Miss Florence Garvin of the Rhode +Island League, to meet for organization. The time and place selected +were during the annual convention of the National American Woman +Suffrage Association in Buffalo, N. Y., October 15-21. By this time +College Leagues had been formed in fifteen States extending across the +country to California. On October 17, in the beautiful club house of +the Woman's Twentieth Century Club, with delegates present from most +of these States, the National College League was organized with the +following officers: President, Dr. Thomas; Professor Sophonisba +Breckinridge of Chicago University at the head of a list of five +vice-presidents; secretary, Miss Lexow; treasurer, Dr. Margaret Long +(Smith) of Denver; Mrs. Park was made chairman of the organization +committee. The purpose of the league was announced to be "to promote +equal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_662" id="Page_662">[Pg 662]</a></span> suffrage sentiment among college women and men both before and +after graduation." It became auxiliary to the National Association and +its annual conventions were to be held at the same time and place as +those of the association. In its early existence office space was +given in the national suffrage headquarters in New York City.</p> + +<p>For the next nine years this National College League was a vital force +in the movement for woman suffrage. It soon had the largest voting +delegation at the national suffrage conventions except that of New +York. Dr. Thomas remained its president and Dr. Anna Howard Shaw its +honorary vice-president. Miss Martha Gruening and Miss Florence Allen +(now Judge of the Court of Common Pleas in Cleveland, O.), were +secretaries, and from 1914 Mrs. Ethel Puffer Howes (Smith) of New York +City. Organizers were sent throughout the States to form new leagues +and lecturers of note were engaged to address league meetings. Among +the latter were Professor Frances Squire Potter of the University of +Minnesota; Dr. B. O. Aylesworth and Mrs. Helen Loring Grenfell, State +Superintendent of Public Instruction of Colorado; Mrs. Charlotte +Perkins Gilman of New York and Mrs. Philip Snowden of England. Dr. +Shaw spoke a number of times. In 1915 a lecture tour among the +colleges was arranged for Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst. Literature and +letters were sent to colleges and to graduates. In 1914, for instance, +twenty colleges in New York State were supplied and letters were sent +to a thousand graduates in New Jersey, campaigns being in progress in +those States. During the Iowa campaign in 1916 the colleges of that +State received 12,000 leaflets. Travelling libraries of twenty-five +volumes relating to suffrage were circulated among the colleges. The +most important achievement of an individual league was that in +California in 1911. Under the presidency of Miss Charlotte Anita +Whitney the work of the league of over a thousand members was a large +factor in the success of the campaign for a woman suffrage amendment. +In 1917, during the second New York campaign, Miss M. Louise Grant +(Columbia), under the auspices of the National and State leagues, made +forty-five speeches to arouse the college women,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_663" id="Page_663">[Pg 663]</a></span> which contributed to +the victory for the suffrage amendment in November.</p> + +<p>The gaining of the franchise in this influential State made a Federal +Amendment a certainty of the not distant future and in December the +following official notice was sent to the branches of the National +League:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>At the meeting of the annual council of the National College +Equal Suffrage League, held at the New Ebbitt Hotel in +Washington, D. C., on Dec. 15, 1917, it was unanimously voted on +recommendation of the president and executive secretary to close +its work and go out of existence. The delegates present, the +officers, and many other suffragists who had been consulted were +of the opinion that the objects for which the league was +originally organized had been fully attained and that there was +no reason for it to continue its work as a separate suffrage +organization....</p> + +<p>At the time when the league began its work the subject of +suffrage could scarcely be mentioned in gatherings of college +students and college faculties and was forbidden even as a topic +for discussion in the annual conventions of the Association of +Collegiate Alumnæ, but in the nine years that have elapsed since +then an overwhelming change of opinion has taken place. Many +colleges in which it was planned to organize chapters have stated +that there is no need for them, as practically all the members of +their faculties and most of their students are already +suffragists. At the last biennial convention of the Association +of Collegiate Alumnæ held in Washington, D. C., in April, 1917, +by a unanimous vote it not only reaffirmed its belief in woman +suffrage but urged its members to win it for all American women +by working for the Federal Amendment. In bringing about this +revolution in educated opinion we are happy to believe that the +National College Equal Suffrage League has played an important +part....</p> + +<p>There are belonging to the National League 5,000 members enrolled +in over fifty State leagues and chapters and it suggests that +they become "Federal Amendment Suffrage Clubs" and arrange for +speakers and student debates on the amendment.... Its officers +wish to make an urgent appeal to all its leagues and chapters and +to every one of its individual members to put their whole force +behind the drive for this amendment.... We can perform no more +patriotic service for our country or for the world than to win +woman suffrage while we are working with all our might to win the +war.<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a></p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_664" id="Page_664">[Pg 664]</a></span></p> + +<p>This notice contained a statement that the small dues and special +gifts had never been sufficient to meet the expenses of the league and +said: "With the exception of $450 lent by one of its former officers +all the loans and debts of the National College League, amounting to +$6,686 were paid off by its president, who stated that in thus +financing its work during the past few years she believed she was +making the most valuable financial contribution that she could make to +the cause of woman suffrage."</p> + + +<h3>FRIENDS' EQUAL RIGHTS ASSOCIATION.<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a></h3> + +<p>The Society of Friends always has held advanced views on the woman +question and was for a long time the only religious body which gave +women equal rights with men in the church. Women of this sect were +naturally leaders in the great movement for the emancipation of women +educationally, professionally and politically. Lucretia Mott stepped +forth almost alone at first but soon Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone +(both of Quaker ancestry) stood by her side, powerful in vision to see +and will to do and dedicated to their great task.</p> + +<p>With such heritage comes unusual responsibility, and, feeling the +surge of this tremendous wave everywhere for human rights, the Society +of Friends at its Biennial or General Conference (liberal branch) +representing the seven Yearly Meetings of the United States and +Canada—Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and +Genesee (western New York and Canada)—held at Chautauqua, N. Y., 8th +month, 24th day, 1900, through the Union for Philanthropic Labor, +created a new department to be known as Women in Government and +recommended to the committees of the various Yearly Meetings that they +"should work in this direction." Before the adjournment of the +conference<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_665" id="Page_665">[Pg 665]</a></span> Mariana W. Chapman of Brooklyn was made superintendent of +the department and the name was changed to Equal Rights for Women. +This official action committed all the Yearly Meetings of this branch +of Friends to the endorsement of political rights for women.</p> + +<p>Realizing the need for increased enthusiasm and active participation +in the imminent struggle for the enfranchisement of women, members of +the New York Yearly Meeting organized the State Friends' Equal Rights +Association, with annual membership dues to meet necessary expenses. A +definite list of members was thus made, who could be called upon when +opportunity for service occurred. At Westbury (Long Island) Quarterly +Meeting in 1901 a proposal was approved that this association should +ask to co-operate as an auxiliary with the National American Woman +Suffrage Association and at the following annual convention of that +body in Washington, D. C., it was represented by five delegates. In +December, 1902, Mrs. Chapman, president of the New York association, +addressed a meeting in Philadelphia and a branch was formed there, +which in less than three months numbered about 200 members, with Susan +W. Janney as president. The Baltimore Yearly Meeting quickly followed +with a paid-up membership of 85, which increased the following year to +114, with Elizabeth B. Passmore president.</p> + +<p>In 1904 the entire dues-paying membership was over 500. The New York +association sent letters to members of the State Senate and Assembly +bearing on woman suffrage bills and was active in all State suffrage +campaigns. Much energy was devoted to public meetings and literature. +The Philadelphia and Baltimore associations worked mainly along +educational lines. This year the Baltimore branch sent out 4,000 +leaflets—For Equal Rights. The Philadelphia association reorganized +in 1905, with an enrolled instead of a paid membership. Their Yearly +Meeting is a large body with a membership scattered over Pennsylvania, +New Jersey, Delaware and the eastern shore of Maryland....</p> + +<p>The associations continued their work, holding meetings and "round +tables," especially at times of annual and biennial conferences, one +of the most effective of these meetings being held at Saratoga in +1914, addressed by Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_666" id="Page_666">[Pg 666]</a></span> president of the +International Woman Suffrage Alliance. The subject was kept constantly +under consideration by the Society of Friends at large and in local +gatherings, such as monthly and quarterly meetings, where it was +brought up in regular order as one of the departments of philanthropic +labor or social service to be reported upon. Each branch held a +meeting at the time of its Yearly Meeting. A business meeting of the +whole association (branches and general membership) was always held at +the Biennial Conference of the seven Yearly Meetings. Usually a fine +speaker was engaged to address the conference at a public meeting +numbering from 800 to 1,500. The Superintendent of the Department for +Equal Rights in the General Conference was always the president of the +Friends' Equal Rights Association as a whole and made the contact +between the Society of Friends and the National American Woman +Suffrage Association.</p> + +<p>In 1911 Mrs. Effie L. D. McAfee, a member of the New York branch, was +sent by the Friends' Equal Rights Association to the congress of the +International Alliance held at Stockholm, Sweden, where, in honor of a +sect so long identified with the cause of woman suffrage, she was +given a place on the program and filled it most acceptably. In 1916 +the Philadelphia branch returned to the regular dues-paying basis, +with Rebecca Webb Holmes of Swarthmore as president. The New York +branch, notwithstanding the enfranchisement of the women of that State +in 1917, continued its organization in order to help the less +fortunate sisters, with P. Francena Maine as president. The Illinois +Yearly Meeting in 1919 added to the membership of the Friends' Equal +Rights Association.</p> + +<p>The association usually has been represented at the annual conventions +of the N. A. W. S. A. Its presidents have been: Mrs. Chapman, New +York; Lucy Sutton, Baltimore; Mary Bentley Thomas, Ednor, Md.; Ellen +H. E. Price, Philadelphia; Anne Webb Janney, Baltimore. The specific +task of the association has been to get a clear utterance on woman +suffrage from the different Yearly Meetings, representing in total +membership about 20,000. Invariably they have endorsed the principle +and any pending legislation in favor. Affiliation with the National +Association has been deeply appreciated by its members, as to be an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_667" id="Page_667">[Pg 667]</a></span> +integral part of one of the glorious world forces is a privilege not +to be lightly held.</p> + + +<h3>THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY CONFERENCES.<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a></h3> + +<p>For half a dozen years toward the end of the long contest for the +enfranchisement of women—1912-1917 inclusive—an organization that +played a considerable part in it was the Mississippi Valley +Conference. From the time that the National Suffrage Association was +formed in 1869 to 1895 its annual conventions were held in Washington, +and from that date to 1912 nine of the seventeen were held in eastern +States. Because of the expense of travel the representation of western +women was very small compared to that of the eastern section of the +country. All the national presidents were from the East and in order +that the officers might attend board meetings and conferences most of +them were eastern women. Those of the West keenly realized the need of +greater opportunity of getting together, becoming acquainted, +developing leadership and planning their work, as all of the suffrage +campaigns at this time took place in the western States. This was felt +more especially by the women of the Middle West, as many of the States +in the far West had given the vote to their women.</p> + +<p>Finally in 1912 the initiative was taken by a group of women in +Chicago, headed by Mrs. Ella S. Stewart, six years president of the +Illinois Suffrage Association; Miss Jane Addams, national vice +president, and Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch, a former State and +national officer, to form an organization in the central part of the +country that could hold occasional conferences. They asked the +presidents of the State associations in that section if they would +join in a call for a meeting in Chicago for this purpose and sixteen +responded in the affirmative. Mrs. Stewart, as chairman of the +committee, took charge of the arrangements, assisted by Mrs. Mary R. +Plummer, and prepared the program. The meeting took place in La Salle +Hotel, May 21-23, with the following States represented by women +prominent in the movement for woman suffrage: Illinois, Wisconsin, +Minnesota, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_668" id="Page_668">[Pg 668]</a></span> Alabama, +Mississippi, Louisiana, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Iowa, Nebraska, +South Dakota, Mrs. Elvira Downey, president of the Illinois Suffrage +Association, presiding. There were three sessions daily with large +audiences and the <i>Woman's Journal</i> said: "Every session was like a +great study class with teachers and students, questions, answers and +discussion. It was not an occasion for a display of oratory but a +practical and business-like conference." All phases of the work for +suffrage were considered and especially the management of campaigns, +which were now frequent. The third day a meeting was held in +Milwaukee, arranged by Miss Gwendolen Brown Willis. The great need and +value of such an organization was clearly apparent and the Mississippi +Valley Conference was organized with Mrs. Stewart president. There was +no constitution or fixed rules, it was simply decided to hold a +meeting the next year and a committee to arrange for it appointed: +Mrs. Stewart, chairman; Miss Kate Gordon of Louisiana and Mrs. Maud C. +Stockwell of Minnesota.</p> + +<p>The second conference met in St. Louis April 2-4, 1913, in the +Buckingham Hotel, at the Call of nineteen State presidents. Mrs. +George Gellhorn, president of the Missouri association, had charge of +the arrangements, with a corps of committee chairmen. Mrs. Stewart +presided and the conference was welcomed by Mrs. David M. O'Neil. The +three daily sessions were crowded with eager, interested women. At one +evening mass meeting in the Sheldon Memorial Governor Joseph K. Folk +made an address. Miss Harriet E. Grim of Illinois was elected +president and Mrs. Gellhorn and Mrs. Pattie Ruffner Jacobs, president +of the Alabama Suffrage Association, were appointed to assist her in +arranging for the next conference.</p> + +<p>The third conference took place in Des Moines, Iowa, March 29-31, +1914, in the Savery Hotel, with the presidents of twenty State +Suffrage Associations among the delegates. It opened with a mass +meeting on Sunday afternoon in Berchel Theater and an overflow meeting +had to be held for the hundreds who could not gain admittance. +Governor George W. Clark, Miss Jane Addams, Rabbi Mannheimer, Miss +Dunlap and Mrs. Stewart were the speakers. In the morning and evening +most of the pulpits in the city were filled by delegates. The +conference<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_669" id="Page_669">[Pg 669]</a></span> was welcomed Monday by Miss Flora Dunlap, president of the +Iowa Suffrage Association and Mrs. Marie M. Carroll, president of the +Des Moines Woman's Club, and at the mass meeting in the evening by +Mayor James R. Hanna. Several hundred delegates were in attendance and +a valuable program of work occupied the sessions. Mrs. Harriet Taylor +Upton, president of the Ohio association, was elected president and +with Miss Laura Clay and Mrs. John Pyle, presidents of the Kentucky +and South Dakota Suffrage Associations, was appointed to arrange for +the next conference.</p> + +<p>The fourth conference was held at Indianapolis, March 7-9, 1915, in +the Hotel Claypool, with Dr. Amelia R. Keller, president of the Equal +Franchise League, chairman of the committee of arrangements. It opened +with a mass meeting Sunday afternoon in Murat Theater, Dr. Keller +presiding. An address of welcome was made by James A. Ogden in behalf +of the Chamber of Commerce, to which Mrs. Upton responded. The +principal speaker was Rosika Schwimmer of Hungary, formerly an officer +of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Presidents and delegates +from twenty-two State Suffrage Associations carried out the usual +comprehensive program. Mrs. Florence Bennett Peterson of Chicago was +elected president, with Mrs. W. E. Barkley and Miss Annette Finnegan, +presidents of the Nebraska and Texas Suffrage Associations, to assist +in the plans for the next meeting.</p> + +<p>The conference of 1916 met in Minneapolis, May 7-10, four days now +being none too long to carry out the important program of work. Mrs. +Andreas Ueland, president of the Minnesota Suffrage Association, was +chairman of the large committee of arrangements. The conference opened +with a mass meeting in the Auditorium Sunday afternoon, Mrs. Ueland +presiding. The invocation was pronounced by Dr. Cyrus Northrop, +president emeritus of the State University. The conference was +welcomed by Mayor Wallace G. Nye and Mrs. Peterson responded. +Professor Maria L. Sanford of the State University; president Frank +Nelson of Minnesota College; Mrs. Nellie McClung of Alberta, Can.; +Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, president of the International Suffrage +Alliance and the National American Association, and others made +addresses. An evening mass meeting was held in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_670" id="Page_670">[Pg 670]</a></span> St. Paul. At a banquet +attended by 500 guests Dr. George E. Vincent, president of the State +University, made his first declaration in favor of woman suffrage. +Twenty-six States were now members of the organization and nearly all +of those who took part at this time were prominent in the activities +of their various States. The <i>Woman's Journal</i> said: "It was a +magnificent and glorified Work Conference." Mrs. Peterson was +continued as president and Mrs. Ueland and Miss Elizabeth J. Hauser of +the Ohio Suffrage Association were placed on her committee, the latter +to act as chairman for arranging the next conference.</p> + +<p>The sixth annual meeting of what had now become an important factor in +the movement for woman suffrage took place at Columbus, O., May 12-14, +1917, in Hotel Deshler. At the Sunday afternoon mass meeting in +Memorial Hall, the Hon. William Littleford of Cincinnati, president of +the Ohio Men's League for Woman Suffrage, was in the chair and a +number of eminent men and women were on the platform. The speakers +were Governor James M. Cox and Mrs. Catt. The Governor strongly +endorsed the movement and pledged his support. Mrs. Catt gave a +masterly review of its progress throughout the world. Twenty-one +States were represented on the program. An important feature of this, +as of several preceding conferences, was the reports of what women had +been able to accomplish in the many States where they were now +enfranchised. Organization and political action in order to carry +State amendments formed the principal theme of discussion. Mrs. John +R. Leighty of Kansas was elected president with Mrs. Ueland and Mrs. +Grace Julian Clarke of Indianapolis on her committee to arrange for +the next conference. The shadow of war rested over the meeting, yet in +all the speeches was a note of victory for woman suffrage, which +evidently was not far distant.</p> + +<p>It was planned to hold the next Conference in Sioux Falls, May 26-28, +1918, as South Dakota was in the midst of an amendment campaign, but +Mrs. Catt called the Executive Council of the National Association to +meet at Indianapolis during the Indiana State convention April 16-18, +to plan action on the Federal Amendment, which seemed near passing. +This required the attendance of its members from every State and as +many of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_671" id="Page_671">[Pg 671]</a></span> them did not wish to spare the time and money for another +meeting so soon the conference was given up. In 1919 the convention of +the National Association was held in St. Louis and in 1920 in Chicago, +which made the conference unnecessary, and then the Federal Amendment +was ratified and the long contest was ended.</p> + + +<h3>THE SOUTHERN WOMAN SUFFRAGE CONFERENCE.</h3> + +<p>The Southern Woman Suffrage Conference was formed as the result of a +Call sent out in 1913 by women of the southern States to the Governors +of those States to meet them in conference and prepare for the +extension of woman suffrage by State enactment rather than by Federal +Amendment. Women from every southern State signed the Call, although +in North and South Carolina and Florida not a vestige of suffrage +organization existed. Miss Kate Gordon, who inaugurated the +conference, felt impelled to begin some distinctly southern suffrage +movement when listening to the effort of the Speaker of the House of +Representatives in Louisiana, to secure the ratification of the Income +Tax Amendment upon the sole and only ground that it was a Democratic +party measure. To make woman suffrage a Democratic party measure +seemed then the logical field for immediate, intensive propaganda. The +Congressional Committee of the National American Association was +vitalizing into activity the Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment. What +more logical from a political standpoint than for the southern +suffrage forces to advance with a flank movement in harmony with the +traditions and policies of the Democratic party?</p> + +<p>In November, 1913, there assembled in New Orleans the organization +force of the Southern Conference, with representatives from almost all +of the southern States. The platform adopted was primarily for State's +Right Suffrage. Miss Gordon was elected president and Miss Laura Clay +of Kentucky vice-president; Mrs. John B. Parker of Louisiana +corresponding secretary; Mrs. Nellie Nugent Somerville of Mississippi +treasurer. The plan of campaign consisted of the establishment of +headquarters in New Orleans; the creating of an active press bureau +and the holding of conferences in the southern States, particularly +those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_672" id="Page_672">[Pg 672]</a></span> where no suffrage organization existed. It was originally hoped +that the National Association would encourage with active support the +development of this specialized suffrage work but it refused any +financial assistance.</p> + +<p>The founders undaunted pursued their own plan of financing, when +suddenly through the generosity of Mrs. Oliver H. P. Belmont of New +York the wheels were set in motion. Under caution that secrecy be +maintained, Mrs. Belmont, a southern born woman, attracted by the +practicability of the plan, endorsed it by sending a check for +$10,000. Later at a meeting of the conference in Chattanooga, Tenn., +she said: "I plead guilty to so strong a desire for the political +emancipation of women that I am not at all particular as to how it +shall be granted. I have sworn allegiance to the National Amendment +for woman suffrage, while the Southern States Conference, of which I +am proud to be a member, holds rigidly to the principle of State's +rights. As a southerner I thoroughly understand the problems which +create this attitude and if that method proves effective I shall +gratefully accept the results."</p> + +<p>In May, 1914, the headquarters were opened in New Orleans with Mrs. +Ida Porter Boyer of Pennsylvania as their secretary. Within three +months 1,000 southern newspapers were using the specially prepared +weekly editorials and fillers sent out. In October was launched the +<i>New Southern Citizen</i>, a monthly suffrage magazine, which made its +initial trip with a distinctively southern suffrage appeal. This +little arsenal of facts reached every legislator in the South prior to +the sessions of the Legislatures. Special bills endorsed by +suffragists or women were made the theme of weekly news articles, +which called out editorials by wholesale. To illustrate: When +Mississippi women were making an effort to secure an amendment to +enable women to serve on public boards, an enthusiastic Mississippian +wrote to the conference of the support given by local papers in their +editorials and general comments. Every word printed had been furnished +by the news bulletins from the conference headquarters.</p> + +<p>The work of the Southern Conference would be incomplete without +special mention of the valuable services of Mrs. Wesley Martin Stoner +of Washington, D. C. Mrs. Stoner had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_673" id="Page_673">[Pg 673]</a></span> sent as the special +representative of the National Association's Congressional Committee +to make a survey of southern conditions, in the winter of 1913-14, and +reported that her observations led her to believe that the best +results would be obtained by a furtherance of the policies of the +Southern Conference and from that time she became a valued worker in +its ranks.</p> + +<p>The conference felt that in a great measure its chief purpose had been +achieved when the Democratic party, in its national platform of 1916, +went on record for woman suffrage by State enactment. It kept up an +active organization throughout the South, however, until May, 1917, +when the war situation demanded caution in continuing a movement which +was costing over $600 a month. An additional reason for discontinuance +was that Miss Gordon, who had been donating all of her time to the +work, was obliged to give attention to her own business affairs.</p> + +<p class="right"> +[Prepared by Miss Kate Gordon.]</p> + + +<h3>INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL MEN'S LEAGUES FOR WOMAN SUFFRAGE.</h3> + +<p>The National Men's League for Woman Suffrage in the United States was +the outgrowth of the State League in New York, formed in 1910, an +account of which is in the New York chapter. National Leagues were +afterwards formed in other countries. In Great Britain the Earl of +Lytton was president and among the vice-presidents were Earl Russell, +the Lord Bishop of Lincoln, Sir John Cockburn, K.C., M.G., Forbes +Robertson, Israel Zangwill and others of prominence in various fields. +At the time of the congress of the International Woman Suffrage +Alliance in Stockholm in the summer of 1911 delegates from these +national leagues held a convention there and formed an International +Men's League. The United States League was represented by Frederick +Nathan of New York. A second international convention of National +Men's Leagues took place in London in 1912, the sessions continuing +one week. The third convention occurred in Budapest in June, 1913, +when the International Woman Suffrage Alliance held its congress and +the delegates were warmly welcomed by the Men's League of Hungary. In +1914 came the World War. At the next congress of the Alliance, in +Geneva in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_674" id="Page_674">[Pg 674]</a></span> 1920, the International Men's League was represented by a +fraternal delegate, Colonel William Mansfeldt, president of the +National League of The Netherlands.</p> + +<p>The New York Men's League soon received requests for information from +far and wide and it was evident that such a league was needed in every +State. Correspondence followed and in 1911 Omar E. Garwood, Assistant +District Attorney of Colorado, came to New York. An association of +influential men had been formed in that State two years before to +refute the misrepresentations of the effects of woman suffrage and he +was interested in the New York Men's League. While here he assisted in +organizing a National League and consented to act as secretary. James +Lees Laidlaw, a banker and public-spirited man of New York City, who +was at the head of the State Men's League, was the unanimous choice +for president and continued in this office until the Federal Woman +Suffrage Amendment was ratified in 1920. In a comparatively short time +Men's Leagues were formed in California, Colorado, Connecticut, +Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, +Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New +Jersey, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas and +Virginia.</p> + +<p>As the years went by leagues were formed in other States and were more +or less active in furthering the cause of woman suffrage according to +their leaders. Their officers assisted the campaigns in various +States, spoke at hearings by committees of Congress and sent +delegations to the conventions of the National American Suffrage +Association. Here an evening was always set apart for their meetings, +at which Mr. Laidlaw presided, and addresses were made by men well +known nationally and locally. A delegation from the National League +marched in the big suffrage parade in Washington March 3, 1913. In +every State the members were of so much prominence as to give much +prestige to the movement. For instance in Pennsylvania Judge Dimner +Beeber was president and the Right Reverend James H. Darlington a +leading member. In Massachusetts Edwin D. Mead was president; former +Secretary of the Navy John D. Long vice-president; John Graham Brooks +treasurer; Francis H. Garrison<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_675" id="Page_675">[Pg 675]</a></span> chairman of the executive committee. A +similar roster could be given in other States. In New York the most +eminent men in many lines were connected with the league. The leagues +remained in existence until their services were no longer needed.</p> + + +<h3>THE NATIONAL WOMAN'S PARTY.</h3> + +<p>The National Woman's Party was organized in the spring of 1913 under +the name of the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage. Its original +purpose was to support the work of the Congressional Committee of the +National American Woman Suffrage Association and its officers were the +members of that committee: Miss Alice Paul (N. J.); Miss Crystal +Eastman (Wis.); Miss Lucy Burns (N. Y.); Mrs. Lawrence Lewis (Penn.); +Mrs. Mary Beard (N. Y.). In successive years names added to its +executive committee were those of Mesdames Oliver H. P. Belmont, +William Kent, Gilson Gardner, Donald R. Hooker, John Winters Brannan, +Harriot Stanton Blatch, Florence Bayard Hilles, J. A. H. Hopkins, +Thomas N. Hepburn, Richard Wainwright; Miss Elsie Hill, Miss Anne +Martin and others. A large advisory committee was formed.</p> + +<p>The object of the Union was the same as that of the National +Association—to secure an amendment to the Federal Constitution which +would give universal woman suffrage. At the annual convention of the +association in December, 1913, a new Congressional Committee was +appointed and the Congressional Union became an independent +organization. Its headquarters were in Washington, D. C. It never was +regularly organized by States, districts, etc., although there were +branches in various States. The work was centralized in the Washington +headquarters and the forces were easily mobilized. The exact +membership probably was never known by anybody. It was a small but +very active organization and Miss Paul was the supreme head with no +restrictions. A great deal of initiative was allowed to the workers in +other parts of the country who were often governed by the exigencies +of the situation. After the first few years annual conventions were +held in Washington.</p> + +<p>While the principal object of the National Association always was a +Federal Amendment, for which it worked unceasingly, it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_676" id="Page_676">[Pg 676]</a></span> realized that +Congress would not submit one until a number of States had made the +experiment and their enfranchised women could bring political pressure +to bear on the members. Therefore the association campaigned in the +States for amendments to their constitutions. The Union did no work of +this kind but when it was organized nine States had granted full +suffrage to women, the time was ripe for a big "drive" for a Federal +Amendment and it could utilize this tremendous backing. Within the +next five years six more States were added to the list, including the +powerful one of New York. In addition the National Association, +cooperating with the women in the States, had secured in fourteen +others the right for their women to vote for Presidential electors. +The Federal Amendment was a certainty of a not distant future but +there was yet a great deal of work to do.</p> + +<p>In carrying on this work, while the two organizations followed similar +lines in many respects there were some marked differences. The +National Association was strictly non-partisan, made no distinction of +parties, and followed only constitutional methods. The Congressional +Union held the majority party in Congress wholly responsible for the +success or failure of the Federal Amendment and undertook to prevent +the re-election of its members. In the Congressional elections of 1914 +its representatives toured the States where women could vote and urged +them to defeat all Democratic candidates regardless of their attitude +toward woman suffrage. This policy was followed in subsequent +campaigns.</p> + +<p>In 1915 the Union held a convention in San Francisco during the +Panama-Pacific Exposition and sent envoys across the country with a +petition to President Wilson and Congress collected at its +headquarters during the exposition. In 1916 it held a three days' +convention in Chicago during the National Republican convention and at +this time organized the National Woman's Party with the Federal +Suffrage Amendment as the only plank in its platform and a Campaign +Committee was formed with Miss Anne Martin of Nevada as chairman. At a +meeting in Washington in March, 1917, the name Congressional Union was +officially changed to National Woman's Party and Miss Paul was elected +chairman.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_677" id="Page_677">[Pg 677]</a></span></p> + +<p>On Jan. 10, 1917, the Union began the "picketing" of the White House, +delegations of women with banners standing at the gates all day "as a +perpetual reminder to President Wilson that they held him responsible +for their disfranchisement." They stood there unmolested for three +months and then the United States entered the war. Conditions were no +longer normal, feeling was intense and there were protests from all +parts of the country against this demonstration in front of the home +of the President. In June the police began arresting them for +"obstructing the traffic" and during the next six months over 200 were +arrested representing many States. They refused to pay their fines in +the police court and were sent to the jail and workhouse for from +three days to seven months. These were unsanitary, they were roughly +treated, "hunger strikes" and forcible feeding followed, there was +public indignation and on November 28 President Wilson pardoned all of +them and the "picketing" was resumed. Congress delayed action on the +Federal Amendment and members of the Union held meetings in Lafayette +Square and burned the President's speeches. Later they burned them and +a paper effigy of the President on the sidewalk in front of the White +House. Arrests and imprisonments followed.</p> + +<p>While these violent tactics were being followed the Union worked also +along legitimate lines, organized parades, lobbied in Congress, +attended committee hearings, went to political conventions, +interviewed candidates and worked unceasingly. When the amendment was +submitted for ratification it transferred its activities to the +Legislatures and the Presidential candidates.</p> + +<p>After the Federal Amendment was proclaimed a convention was called to +meet in Washington Feb. 15-19, 1921, and decide whether the +organization should disband or continue its work until women stood on +the same legal, civil, and economic basis as men. The convention +decided on the latter course. The name was retained. Miss Paul +insisted upon retiring from office and Miss Elsie Hill, who had long +been an officer, was elected chairman. A large executive committee was +named, headed by Mrs. Oliver H. P. Belmont of New York. An impressive +ceremony took place in the rotunda of the Capitol on February 15, the +101st birthday of Susan B. Anthony, when the party presented<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_678" id="Page_678">[Pg 678]</a></span> to +Congress a marble group of Miss Anthony, Mrs. Stanton and Lucretia +Mott, the work of Mrs. Adelaide Johnson, with representatives of sixty +organizations of women taking part. It was officially accepted by +Congress.</p> + +<p>The National Woman's Party will undertake to secure a Federal +Amendment removing all disabilities on account of sex or marriage and +will also have bills for this purpose introduced in State +Legislatures. In 1921 Mrs. Belmont, who had been the largest +contributor, gave $146,000 for the purchase of a historic mansion in +Washington to be used for permanent headquarters and for a national +political clubhouse for women. At a new election Mrs. Belmont was made +president; Miss Paul vice-president and Miss Hill chairman of the +executive committee.</p> + + +<h3>ASSOCIATIONS OPPOSED TO WOMAN SUFFRAGE.</h3> + +<p>The first society of women opposed to the suffrage seems to have been +formed in Washington, D. C., in 1871, with the wife of General +Sherman, the wife of Admiral Dahlgren and Mrs. Almira Lincoln Phelps, +a sister of Miss Emma Willard, as officers. Their first public effort +on record was two letters to the Washington <i>Post</i> published in 1876 +and a memorial from Mrs. Dahlgren in 1878 to a Senate Committee which +was to grant a hearing to the suffragists on a Federal Amendment.</p> + +<p>An Anti-Suffrage Committee was formed in Massachusetts in the early +'80's with Mrs. Charles D. Homans as chairman. About twenty prominent +women signed a remonstrance against a State suffrage amendment, which +was first presented to the Legislature in 1884 and each year +afterwards when there was a resolution before it for this purpose. An +Association Opposed to the Further Extension of Suffrage to Women was +organized in Massachusetts in May, 1895, with Mrs. J. Elliott Cabot +president and Mrs. Charles E. Guild secretary; Laurence Minot, +treasurer. Executive Committee, chairman, Mrs. Henry M. Whitney. A +paper called the <i>Remonstrance</i>, started about 1890, was published +quarterly in Boston, edited for some years by Frank Foxcroft. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_679" id="Page_679">[Pg 679]</a></span> +ceased publication October, 1920, at which time Mrs. J. M. Codman was +editor.</p> + +<p>In 1894, when a convention for revising the constitution of New York +State was held, Anti-Suffrage Committees were formed in Brooklyn, +April 18; in New York City, April 25; in Albany, April 28. These +committees combined to form the New York State Association Opposed to +Woman Suffrage on April 8, 1895, with Mrs. Francis M. Scott, +president. The other States in which there was an association or +committee in late years were as follows: Alabama, Connecticut, +Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, +Minnesota, New Hampshire, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, +Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, D. C., Wisconsin.</p> + +<p>The National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage was organized in +New York City in November, 1911, with the following officers: +President, Mrs. Arthur M. Dodge; vice-presidents, Miss Mary A. Ames, +Boston, and Mrs. Horace Brock, Philadelphia; secretary, Mrs. William +B. Glover, Fairfield, Conn.; treasurer, Mrs. Robert Garrett, +Baltimore. Mrs. James W. Wadsworth, Jr., succeeded Mrs. Dodge in July, +1917, and was followed by Miss Mary G. Kilbreth in 1920. The aim of +the association was "to increase general interest in the opposition to +universal woman suffrage and to educate the public in the belief that +women can be more useful to the community without the ballot than if +affiliated with and influenced by party politics." It held mass +meetings during campaigns; sent delegates to hearings given by +committees of Congress on a Federal Suffrage Amendment and other +matters connected with national woman suffrage; also to Legislatures +to oppose State amendments; sent speakers and workers to States where +amendment campaigns were in progress and circulated vast quantities of +literature.</p> + +<p>The national headquarters were in New York City at 37 West 39th St. +until 1918 when they were moved to Washington, D. C. Three papers were +published, the <i>Anti-Suffragist</i> in Albany; the <i>Woman's Protest</i> in +New York from May, 1912 to March 1, 1918, when it was succeeded by the +<i>Woman Patriot</i>, published in Washington.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_680" id="Page_680">[Pg 680]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>THE MAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION.</h3> + +<p>It is difficult to get statistics of the men's association to prevent +woman suffrage. Everett P. Wheeler, a prominent lawyer of New York +City, always the moving spirit of the association and its branches, +sent the following information:</p> + +<p>"The Man Suffrage Association, opposed to political suffrage for +women, was organized in New York in 1913 at the request of the State +Woman's Anti-Suffrage Association. Its officers were: Everett P. +Wheeler, chairman; executive committee: Walter C. Childs, Arthur B. +Church, John R. DosPassos, Chas. S. Fairchild, Eugene D. Hawkins, +Henry W. Hayden, George Douglas Miller, Robert K. Prentice, Louis T. +Romaine, Herbert L. Satterlee, George W. Seligman, Prof. Munroe Smith, +Francis Lynde Stetson, John C. Ten Eyck, Gilbert M. Tucker, Dr. +Talcott Williams, George W. Wickersham.</p> + +<p>"The association issued many pamphlets, briefs, legal arguments, +articles and speeches by prominent men, editorials, etc. The Case +Against Woman Suffrage, a pamphlet of 80 pages, was prepared as a +Manual for writers, lecturers and debaters and contained historical +sketches, statistics, opinions of men and women, bibliography, answers +to suffrage arguments—a mass of information from the viewpoint of +opponents.</p> + +<p>"The association continued in existence until after the adoption of +the suffrage amendment to the State constitution of New York in +November, 1917. It was not national in scope but was in affiliation +with similar societies in other States. The name of the New Jersey +association was Men's Anti-Suffrage League and its principal officers +were: Colonel William Libbey, president; Edward Q. Keasbey, +vice-president; Walter C. Ellis, secretary; John C. Eisele, treasurer. +There was also an association in Maryland and other States.</p> + +<p>"The name of the New York association was not changed but in November, +1917, a new one called the American Constitutional League, was formed. +The reason for the change was that the question so far as the +constitution of New York was concerned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_681" id="Page_681">[Pg 681]</a></span> had been settled by vote and +agitation was being pressed with vigor in Congress for the proposal by +that body of a National Suffrage Amendment. This league is still in +existence (1920). It was active in opposing the adoption of the +Federal Amendment, was heard before committees of Congress and +afterwards before committees of the Legislatures opposing +ratification. It is national in its scope and has members in fifteen +States.</p> + +<p>"When it was announced that the Legislature of West Virginia had +passed a resolution ratifying the Federal Amendment, the league +presented to Secretary of State Colby the evidence that it had not +been legally adopted. This evidence he declared he had no power to +consider but was bound by any certificate he might receive from the +Secretary of West Virginia. The league also urged upon him that under +the constitution of Tennessee, when the Legislature was called in +extra session it had no power to ratify the amendment. This evidence +he also declined to consider. Thereupon a suit was brought in the +Supreme Court of the District of Columbia to restrain him from issuing +the proclamation of ratification. The ground was taken that the +proposed amendment was not within the amending power of Article V of +the National Constitution; that its first ten amendments form a Bill +of Rights which can only be changed by the unanimous consent of all +the States. It was contended that it was essential to a republican +form of government that the States should have the right to regulate +and determine the qualifications for suffrage for the election of +their own officers and that the guarantee in the National Constitution +of a republican form of government would be violated if this amendment +should be held to be valid. The bill was dismissed in the Supreme +Court on several grounds, partly technical, and the decree was +affirmed in the District Court of Appeals apparently on the ground +that the proclamation of ratification was not final. An appeal from +this decree is now pending in the Supreme Court of the United States. +All this litigation has been conducted by the American Constitutional +League.</p> + +<p>"The New York headquarters are in Mr. Wheeler's office in William +Street; the Washington headquarters are where the official +anti-suffrage organ, the <i>Woman Patriot</i>, is published.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_682" id="Page_682">[Pg 682]</a></span> While the +declared object of the League is 'to protect the Federal Constitution +from further invasion' the only effort it has made is to defeat woman +suffrage. The Hon. Charles S. Fairchild, Secretary of the Treasury +under President Cleveland, is president; honorary vice-presidents, Dr. +Lyman Abbott, Francis Lynde Stetson, Herbert L. Satterlee, George W. +Wickersham, John C. Milburn, George W. Seligman, the Rev. Anson P. +Atterbury and Dr. William P. Manning; Mr. Wheeler, chairman of the +executive committee."</p> + +<p>During the struggle to secure ratification of the Federal Suffrage +Amendment from the Tennessee Legislature in August, 1920, Mr. Wheeler +went to that State and a branch of the league was formed there. The +strongest possible fight against it was made. Chancellor Vertrees +wrote articles and delivered speeches against it. Professor G. W. Dyer +of Vanderbilt University; Frank P. Bond, a Nashville attorney, and +others made a speaking tour of the State. When Governor Roberts sent +the certificate of ratification to Secretary of State Colby, Speaker +of the House Seth M. Walker headed a delegation to Washington to +protest against its being accepted. Failing in this they went on to +Connecticut to try to prevent ratification by its Legislature.</p> + +<p>In Maryland the Men's Anti-Suffrage Association took the name of +League for State Defense. Having defeated ratification in the +Legislature of that State a delegation went to the West Virginia +Legislature in a vain effort to prevent it there. After Maryland women +had voted in 1920, suit was brought in the Court of Common Pleas to +invalidate the action in the name of Judge Oscar Leser and twenty +members of the league's board of managers. Receiving an adverse +decision they carried the case to the Court of Appeals, which +sustained the decision. Mr. Wheeler and William L. Marbury, George +Arnold Frick and Thomas F. Cadwalader of Baltimore represented the +league. They carried the case to the U.S. Supreme Court, where it +remains at present.<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a></p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> The following were the officers of the National College +Equal Suffrage League at the time it disbanded: President, M. Carey +Thomas, president of Bryn Mawr College; First vice-president, Dr. Anna +Howard Shaw, honorary president of the National American Woman +Suffrage Association; vice-presidents: Mary E. Woolley, president of +Mount Holyoke College; Ellen F. Pendleton, president of Wellesley +College; Lucy M. Salmon, professor of history in Vassar College; +Lillian Welch, professor of physiology and hygiene in Goucher College +(Baltimore); Virginia C. Gildersleeve, dean of Barnard College +(Columbia University); Lois K. Mathews, dean of women in the +University of Wisconsin; Eva Johnston, dean of women in the University +of Missouri; Florence M. Fitch, dean of college women and professor of +Biblical literature, Oberlin College; Maud Wood Park, Boston; +executive secretary, Mrs. Ethel Puffer Howes, New York City; +treasurer, Mrs. Raymond B. Morgan, president Washington, D. C., +Collegiate Alumnæ. +<br /><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><span class="smcap">Ethel Puffer Howes</span>, <span class="smcap">M. Carey Thomas</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Executive Secretary. President.</span><br /> +</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> The History is indebted for this sketch to Anne Webb +(Mrs. O. Edward) Janney, president of the Friends' Equal Rights +Association and superintendent of the department of equal rights of +the Committee of Philanthropic Labor of the Friends' General +Conference.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Detailed accounts of these conferences may be found in +the <i>Woman's Journal</i> (Boston) of the dates following those on which +they were held.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> As this volume goes to press the U. S. Supreme Court on +Feb. 27, 1922, rendered a unanimous adverse decision in both cases and +declared that the Federal Amendment had been legally ratified.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_683" id="Page_683">[Pg 683]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXII" id="CHAPTER_XXII"></a>CHAPTER XXII.</h2> + +<h3>THE LEAGUE OF WOMAN VOTERS.<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a></h3> + + +<p>The League of Women Voters was first mentioned at the convention of +the National American Woman Suffrage Association in Washington, D. C., +Dec. 12-15, 1917, when its president, Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, +outlined a plan to unite the women of the equal suffrage States. She +suggested organization committees of five women in each, these +committees to be united in a central body known as the National League +of Women Voters. Upon the enfranchisement of its women each State +would automatically join the organization, which would provide a way +to retain suffrage associations for work on the Federal Amendment and +various reforms. It was voted that a committee be appointed to +undertake such a plan of organization. [Handbook of convention, page +48.]</p> + +<p>The League of Women Voters was organized at the national convention in +St. Louis March 24-29, 1919, in commemoration of the Fiftieth +Anniversary of the first grant of suffrage on equal terms with men in +the world (in Wyoming) and the Fiftieth Anniversary of the +organization of the first National Woman Suffrage Association. Women +were eligible at this time to vote for President in twenty-eight +States. The submission of the Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment was +promised by the Sixty-sixth Congress and early ratification was +assured, so that the object for which the association had labored +through half a century of arduous sacrifice and toil was nearly +attained. The natural question, therefore, was, Should the association +make plans to dissolve immediately upon ratification or was there +reason for continuance?</p> + +<p>On the opening night of the convention Mrs. Catt answered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_684" id="Page_684">[Pg 684]</a></span> this +question and gave the purpose and aims of the new organization in her +address The Nation Calls. She said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Every suffragist will hope for a memorial dedicated to the memory +of our brave departed leaders, to the sacrifices they made for +our cause, to the scores of victories won.... I venture to +propose one whose benefits will bless our entire nation and bring +happiness to the humblest of our citizens—the most natural, the +most appropriate and the most patriotic memorial that could be +suggested—a League of Women Voters to "finish the fight" and to +aid in the reconstruction of the nation. What could be more +natural than that women having attained their political +independence should desire to give service in token of their +gratitude? What could be more appropriate than that such women +should do for the coming generation what those of a preceding did +for them? What could be more patriotic than that these women +should use their new freedom to make the country safer for their +children and their children's children?</p> + +<p>Let us then raise up a League of Women Voters, the name and form +of organization to be determined by the members themselves; a +league that shall be non-partisan and non-sectarian and +consecrated to three chief aims: 1. To use its influence to +obtain the full enfranchisement of the women of every State in +our own republic and to reach out across the seas in aid of the +woman's struggle for her own in every land. 2. To remove the +remaining legal discriminations against women in the codes and +constitutions of the several States in order that the feet of +coming women may find these stumbling blocks removed. 3. To make +our democracy so safe for the nation and so safe for the world +that every citizen may feel secure and great men will acknowledge +the worthiness of the American republic to lead.</p></div> + +<p>The following ten points covered by Mrs. Catt in her address were +adopted later as the first aims of the League of Women Voters and made +the plan of work for the Committee on American Citizenship: 1. +Compulsory education in every State for all children between six and +sixteen during nine months of each year. 2. Education of adults by +extension classes of the public schools. 3. English made the national +language by having it compulsory in all public and private schools +where courses in general education are conducted. 4. Higher +qualifications for citizenship and more sympathetic and impressive +ceremonials for naturalization. 5. Direct citizenship for women, not +through marriage, as a qualification for the vote. 6. Naturalization +for married women to be made possible. 7. Compulsory publication<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_685" id="Page_685">[Pg 685]</a></span> in +foreign language newspapers of lessons in citizenship. 8. Schools of +citizenship in conjunction with the public schools, a certificate from +such schools to be a qualification for naturalization and for the +vote. 9. An oath of allegiance to the United States to be one +qualification for the vote for every citizen native and foreign born. +10. An educational qualification for the vote in all States after a +definite date to be determined.</p> + +<p>With Mrs. Catt in the chair and Miss Katharine Pierce of Oklahoma +secretary, after full discussion the League of Women Voters was +launched to replace the National American Woman Suffrage Association +when the work for which the latter was organized was fully +accomplished. Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, honorary president of the +association, expressed herself as "whole-heartedly in favor of the +proposed action." [Handbook of convention, page 43.] Mrs. Charles H. +Brooks of Kansas was elected national chairman. The recommendations of +the sub-committees on organization plans, Mrs. Raymond Brown (N. Y.) +chairman, were adopted as follows: 1. The Council of the League of +Women Voters will consist of the presidents of the States having full, +Presidential or Primary suffrage and the chairmen of the Ratification +Committees in the seven States of Montana, Idaho, Washington, +Colorado, Nevada, Arizona and Wyoming—this Council to pass upon all +policies of the league and approve the legislative programs. 2. The +permanent chairman, who will also be chairman of the legislative +committee, will conduct correspondence, direct organization in +unorganized States and visit States with the view of stimulating +organization and clarifying the objects of the league, the work for +suffrage to remain in the National Congressional Committee and the +State Ratification Committees. 3. The State Leagues of Women Voters +will consist of individual members and organized committees with the +addition of associations already established which subscribe to the +principles of the league. At the regular State convention or at a +special State conference to be called the object of the league will be +set forth and each department presented, with publicity and +advertising to bring it to the attention of the public.</p> + +<p>Eight departments each composed of a national chairman and one woman +from every State were recommended, the members of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_686" id="Page_686">[Pg 686]</a></span> these departments +to become familiar with all laws on the subjects under consideration, +recommend legislative programs, prepare and issue literature on their +subjects and work in the States through the State committees. A +"budget" of $20,000 was recommended.</p> + +<p>The program for the Women in Industry Committee presented by Mrs. +Raymond Robins (Ills.) was adopted. The greatest needs for Unification +and Improvement of Laws defining the Legal Status of Women were named +by Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch (Ills.), such as joint guardianship +of children, marriage and divorce laws, property rights, industry, +civil service, morality, child welfare and elections. Education was +set forth as the best means to Social Morality and Social Hygiene by +Dr. Valeria Parker (Conn.). Miss Julia Lathrop (Washington, D. C.), +chief of the Federal Child Welfare Bureau, spoke on present needs, +saying: "Child labor and an educated community, child labor and modern +democracy cannot co-exist.... Time does not wait, the child lives or +dies. If he lives he takes up his life well or ill equipped, not as he +chooses but as we choose for him."</p> + +<p>The following needed Improvements of Election Laws were named by Mrs. +Ellis Meredith (Colo.): <i>Federal</i>—A national amendment guaranteeing +women the franchise on the same terms as men; restricting the +franchise to those who are citizens; repealing the Act of 1907 which +disfranchises women marrying foreigners; an extension of the present +five-year time after which a foreigner becomes a full citizen by +virtue of having taken out two sets of papers and giving the oath of +allegiance. <i>State</i>—Adoption of the Australian ballot; reduction of +number of ballots printed to not more than 5 per cent. more than +registration; for "military" and "poll tax" substitution of "election +tax," to be remitted to persons voting and collected from those +failing to do so when not unavoidably prevented by illness; adoption +of absent voter law—Montana or Minnesota statutes recommended; +discontinuance of vehicles except for sick or feeble or crippled +persons; even division of Judges between major political parties, +examination required, more latitude in appointment and removal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_687" id="Page_687">[Pg 687]</a></span> for +cause; election of judicial, legislative and educational officers at a +different time from that for national and State.</p> + +<p>Miss Jessie R. Haver, legislative representative of the National +Consumers' League and executive secretary of the Consumers' League of +the District of Columbia, read a paper on The Government and the +Market Basket, after which she presented a resolution urging the +chairman of the Senate and House Interstate Commerce Committee to +re-introduce and pass the bill drafted by the Federal Trade Commission +in reference to the Packers' Trust.</p> + +<p>During the convention sectional conferences were held on the +department subjects. Out of these conferences came many suggestions +and two resolutions were adopted: 1. That the League of Women Voters +supports the Federal Trade Commission in its efforts to secure +remedial legislation in the meat-packing industry. 2. That the +convention endorses the principle of federal aid to the States for the +removal of adult illiteracy and the Americanization of the adult +foreign born.</p> + +<p>In June, 1919, the initial conference of the president, Mrs. Brooks, +and the committee chairmen of the League of Women Voters, was held at +the headquarters of the National Suffrage Association, 171 Madison +Avenue, New York City, and plans were made to render the league +effective throughout the United States.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>The record of the action of the Official Board of the National +American Woman Suffrage Association in 1919 on questions pertaining to +the League of Women Voters is as follows: In April it was voted that +the Americanization Committee and the Committee on Protection of Women +in Industry of the association be united with the committees of the +same name in the league. In May the following chairmen for new +committees were selected, subject to endorsement of the Council of the +league: Mrs. Edward P. Costigan, Washington, D. C., Food Supply and +Demand; Mrs. Jacob Baur (Ills.), Improvement of Election Laws and +Methods; Mrs. Percy V. Pennbacker (Tex.), Child Welfare. In July an +appropriation of $200 for each of the eight departments of the league +was made from the treasury of the association.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_688" id="Page_688">[Pg 688]</a></span></p> + +<p>As the National Association was the convener of the first congress of +the League of Women Voters and there was no method of determining the +number of delegates that any league was entitled to, the Board on +December 30, in preparation for the approaching annual convention in +Chicago, adopted the following resolution: 1. That each State +auxiliary of the association be invited to secure for the league +congress, which would be held at the same time, one delegate from the +State Federation of Women's Clubs, one from the State Woman's +Christian Temperance Union and one from the State Women's Trade Union +League; and ten delegates at large from the national organizations of +each. 2. That invitations be extended to the following national +bodies, asking each to send ten delegates at large: Association of +Collegiate Alumnæ, International Child Welfare League, Ladies of the +Grand Army of the Republic, Ladies of the Maccabees, National Council +of Jewish Women, National Congress of Mothers and Parent-Teachers' +Associations, Federation of College Women, Florence Crittenden +Mission, Women's Relief Corps, Women's Relief Society, Women's Benefit +Association of the Maccabees, Women's Department National Civic +Federation, United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Young Women's +Christian Association. 3. That each of the ten unorganized western +States be entitled to ten delegates to be secured by the chairman of +ratification.</p> + +<p>At the convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association +and the League of Women Voters in Chicago Feb. 12-18, 1920, there were +present 507 delegates, 102 alternates and 89 fraternal delegates. +Among the resolutions for dissolving the association recommended by +its Executive Council and adopted by vote of the delegates was the +following pertaining to the League of Women Voters:</p> + +<p><i>Citizenship</i>—Whereas, millions of women will become voters in 1920, +and, Whereas, the low standards of citizenship found in the present +electorate clearly indicate the need of education in the principles +and ideals of our Government and the methods of political procedure, +therefore be it resolved: 1. That the National League of Women Voters +be urged to make Political Education for the new women voters (but not +excluding men) its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_689" id="Page_689">[Pg 689]</a></span> first duty for 1920. 2. That the nation-wide plan +shall include normal schools for citizenship in each State followed by +schools in each county. 3. That we urge the League of Women Voters to +make every effort to have the study of citizenship required in the +public schools of every State, beginning in the primary grades and +continuing through the upper grades, high schools, normal schools, +colleges and universities.</p> + +<p>The recommendations were: 1. That the League of Women Voters, now a +section of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, be +organized as a new and independent society. 2. That the present State +auxiliaries of the association, while retaining their relationship in +form to the Board of Officers to be elected in this convention, shall +change their names, objects and constitutions to conform to those of +the league and take up the plan of work to be adopted in its first +congress.</p> + +<p>At the opening session of the congress of the League of Women Voters +Saturday afternoon, February 14, Mrs. Brooks, the chairman, presiding, +Mrs. Catt was made permanent chairman and Mrs. Halsey W. Wilson +recording secretary for the convention. By vote of the convention the +chair named the following committees and chairmen: Constitution, Mrs. +Raymond Brown (N. Y.); Nominations, Mrs. George Gellhorn (Mo.); +Regions, Mrs. Andreas Ueland (Wis.). The constitution was adopted +defining the aims of the league—to foster education in citizenship; +to urge every woman to become an enrolled voter, but as an +organization the league not to be allied with or support any party.</p> + +<p>Following are the officers elected for 1920-1921, the regional +division of States and the chairmen of departments: Directors at +Large—Mrs. Maud Wood Park (Mass.), Mrs. Richard E. Edwards (Ind.), +Mrs. Pattie Ruffner Jacobs (Ala.). Board as Organized—Chairman, Mrs. +Park; vice-chairman, Mrs. Gellhorn; treasurer, Mrs. Edwards; +secretary, Mrs. Jacobs. Mrs. Catt was made honorary chairman by the +board.</p> + +<p>Regional Directors—First Region: Miss Katharine Ludington +(Conn.)—Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut and +Rhode Island. Second: Mrs. F. Louis Slade (N. Y.)—New York, New +Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware. Third: Miss Ella Dortch +(Tenn.)—Virginia, District<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_690" id="Page_690">[Pg 690]</a></span> of Columbia, North Carolina, South +Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana and +Tennessee. Fourth: Miss Elizabeth J. Hauser (O.)—Michigan, Ohio, +Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Fifth: Mrs. +James Paige (Minn.)—Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, +Wyoming and Montana. Sixth: Mrs. George Gellhorn (Mo.)—Nebraska, +Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas and Missouri. +Seventh: Mrs. C. B. Simmons (Ore.)—Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, +Utah, Arizona and California.</p> + +<p>Chairmen of Departments.—1. American Citizenship, Mrs. Frederick P. +Bagley, Boston; 2. Protection of Women in Industry, Miss Mary +McDowell, Chicago; 3. Child Welfare, Mrs. Percy V. Pennybacker, Austin +(Tex.); Social Hygiene, Dr. Valeria H. Parker, Hartford (Conn.); 5. +Unification of Laws Concerning Civil Status of Women, Mrs. Catharine +Waugh McCulloch, Chicago; 6. Improvement in Election Laws and Methods, +Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, New York; 7. Food Supply and Demand, Mrs. +Edward P. Costigan, Washington, D. C.; 8. Research, Mrs. Mary Sumner +Boyd, New York.</p> + +<p>The recommendations of the Committee on Plans for Citizenship Schools, +appointed by the National Suffrage Association, Mrs. Nettie Rogers +Shuler, chairman, were adopted as follows:</p> + +<p>1. That a normal school be held in the most available large city in +each State, to which every county shall be asked to send one or more +representatives, the school to be open to all local people. 2. That no +State shall feel that it has approached the task of training for +citizenship which has not had at least one school in every county, +followed by schools in as many townships and wards as possible, with +the ultimate aim of reaching the women of every election district. 3. +That minimum requirement of a citizenship school should include (a) +the study of local, State and national government; (b) the technique +of voting and election laws; (c) organization and platform of +political parties; (d) the League of Women Voters—its aims, its +platforms, its plans of work. 4. That each State employ a director for +citizenship schools to be under the direction of the national director +of such schools. 5. That the States urge the assistance of State<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_691" id="Page_691">[Pg 691]</a></span> +universities through summer schools, extension departments and active +participation by professors from these departments to make the +teaching of citizenship of real benefit to the State. 6. That the +States invite the cooperation of local men who are experienced in +public affairs and that every agency, including that of publicity, be +employed which will tend to increased interest in the teaching of +citizenship. 7. That the States try to make the study of citizenship +compulsory in the public schools from the primary grades up.</p> + +<p>The following resolutions were adopted: 1. That a copy of the +legislative program as selected by the Board of Directors shall be +submitted to all State presidents and presidents of national women's +organizations for approval, and that a deputation from the League of +Women Voters be sent to the conventions of two at least of the +dominant political parties to present this program to the delegates +and to chairmen of the Resolutions Committees if announced in advance, +leaders of these parties having been previously interviewed or +circularized. 2. That the recommendations of the standing committees +as accepted by the convention be referred to the Board of Directors of +the League of Women Voters; after consultation with the chairmen the +Board in turn to pass on its recommendations to the State chairmen +with the request that they use as many of them as possible. 3. That +resolutions relating to Federal legislation, after submission to the +National Board, be considered binding; that resolutions affecting +State legislation be considered recommendations to be submitted to +States. 4. That in order to create a better understanding of the +purposes of the League of Women Voters and its relation to other +national organizations of women, the directors of the league make the +purposes of the league exceedingly clear to local groups—namely, that +its function is for the purpose of fostering education in citizenship +and of supporting improved legislation; that as far as possible +organizations already existing and doing similar work be used and +asked to cooperate in the work of educating women to an understanding +of these purposes; that a Committee on Congressional Legislation be +created with headquarters in Washington and that in addition to a +chairman<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_692" id="Page_692">[Pg 692]</a></span> the committee be made up of a representative from each of +the great national organizations of women.</p> + +<p>It was moved by Mrs. John L. Pyle (S. D.), seconded by Mrs. Harriet +Taylor Upton (O.) and carried by the convention that, Whereas, all +women citizens of the United States would today be fully enfranchised +had not James W. Wadsworth, Jr., misrepresented his State and his +party when continuously and repeatedly voting, working and +manœuvering against the proposed 19th Amendment to the Federal +Constitution, be it Resolved, That we, representing the enfranchised +women of the country, extend to the women of New York our appreciation +and our help in their patriotic work of determining to send to the U. +S. Senate to succeed the said James W. Wadsworth, Jr., a modern-minded +Senator who will be capable of comprehending the great American +principles of freedom and democracy.</p> + +<p>Before the convention opened there were eight conferences followed by +dinners presided over by the chairmen of the departments. The voting +members of each conference were the chairman and forty-eight State +members and representatives of other agencies doing the same work. The +purpose of each conference was to formulate a legislative program +combining the best judgment and experience of all workers for the same +cause. This program was presented to the convention of the League of +Women Voters for its consideration and after adoption it became the +platform to which the league was pledged. These conferences were open +to visitors without speaking or voting privileges.</p> + +<p>The program as submitted by the chairmen, approved by the conferences +and amended and adopted by the convention was as follows: Women in +Industry, Mrs. Raymond Robins; recommendations presented by Miss Grace +Abbott (Ills.):</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I. We affirm our belief in the right of the workers to bargain +collectively through trade unions and we regard the organization +of working women as especially important because of the peculiar +handicaps from which they suffer in the labor market.</p> + +<p>II. We call attention to the fact that it is still necessary for +us to urge that wages should be paid on the basis of occupation +and not on sex.</p> + +<p>III. We recommend to Congress and the Federal Government: 1. The +establishment in the U. S. Department of Labor of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_693" id="Page_693">[Pg 693]</a></span> permanent +Women's Bureau with a woman as chief and an appropriation +adequate for the investigation of all matters pertaining to wage +earning women and the determination of standards and policies +which will promote their welfare, improve their working +conditions and increase their efficiency. 2. The appointment of +women in the Mediation and Conciliation Service of the U. S. +Department of Labor and on any industrial commission or tribunal +which may hereafter be created. 3. The establishment of a Joint +Federal and State Employment Service with women's departments +under the direction of technically qualified women. 4. The +adoption of a national constitutional amendment giving to +Congress the power to establish minimum labor standards and the +enactment by Congress of a Child Labor Law extending the +application of the present Federal child labor tax laws, raising +the age minimum for general employment from 14 to 15 years and +the age for employment at night to 18 years. 5. Recognizing the +importance of a world-wide standardization of industry we favor +the participation of the United States in the International Labor +Conference and the appointment of a woman delegate to the next +conference.</p> + +<p>IV. We recommend to the States legislative provision for: 1. The +limitation of the hours of work for wage earning women in +industrial undertakings to not more than 8 hours in any one day +or 44 hours in any one week and the granting of one day's rest in +seven. 2. The prohibition of night work for women in industrial +undertakings. 3. The compulsory payment of a minimum wage to be +fixed by a Minimum Wage Commission at an amount which will insure +to the working woman a proper standard of health, comfort and +efficiency. 4. Adequate appropriations for the enforcement of +labor laws and the appointment of technically qualified women as +factory inspectors and as heads of women in industry divisions in +the State Factory Inspection Departments.</p> + +<p>V. We urge upon the Federal Board of Vocational Education and +upon State and local Boards of Commissioners of Education the +necessity of giving to girls and women full opportunity for +education along industrial lines, and we further recommend the +appointment of women familiar with the problems of women in +industry as members and agents of the Federal Board of Vocational +Education and of similar State and local Boards.</p> + +<p>VI. Recognizing that the Federal, State and Local Governments are +the largest employers of labor in the United States, we urge (a) +an actual merit system of appointment and promotion based on +qualifications for the work to be performed, these qualifications +to be determined in open competition, free from special privilege +or preference of any kind and especially free from discrimination +on the ground of sex; (b) A reclassification of the present +Federal civil service upon this basis with a wage or salary scale +determined by the skill and training required for the work to be +performed and not on the basis of sex; (c) A minimum wage in +Federal, State and local service which shall not be less than the +cost of living as determined<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_694" id="Page_694">[Pg 694]</a></span> by official investigations; (d) +Provisions for an equitable retirement system for superannuated +public employees; (e) Enlarging of Federal and State Civil +Service Commissions so as to include three groups in which men +and women shall be equally represented; namely, representatives +of the administrative officials, of the employees and of the +general public, and (f) The delegating to such commissions of +full power and responsibility for the maintenance of an +impartial, non-political and efficient administration.</p> + +<p>VII. Finally this department recommends that the League of Women +Voters shall keep in touch with the Women's Bureau of the U. S. +Department of Labor securing information as to the success or +failure of protective legislation in this and other countries, as +to standards that are being discussed and adopted and as to the +results of investigations that are made.</p></div> + +<p>Upon motion of Miss Abbott, duly seconded, it was voted that the +following resolutions be adopted: "That the report of the Women in +Industry Department of the National League of Women Voters in its +entirety be officially transmitted by the secretary to the +congressional legislative bodies or committees thereof before which +legislation on the subject is now pending and to the administrative +officials who may have authority to act upon any of its +recommendations; that the article concerning the establishment on a +permanent basis of the Women's Bureau of the U. S. Department of Labor +be telegraphed tonight to Representative James W. Good and Senator +Francis E. Warren, chairmen of the House and Senate Appropriations +Committees in Congress, and to Senator William S. Kenyon and +Representative J. M. C. Smith, chairmen of the Senate and House +Committees on Labor before which this legislation is now pending; that +the whole of the article concerning the Federal civil service be +telegraphed tonight to Senator A. A. Jones, chairman of the Joint +Congressional Commission on Reclassification of the Federal Service; +to Senator Kenyon of the State Labor Committee; Senator Thomas +Sterling and Representative Frederick R. Lehbach, chairmen of the +Senate and House Committees on the Civil Service.</p> + +<p>Food Supply and Demand, Mrs. Edward P. Costigan, chairman. Whereas, in +addition to the results of inflated currency due to the war, the high +cost of living in the United States is increased and the production of +necessary food supplies diminished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_695" id="Page_695">[Pg 695]</a></span> by unduly restrictive private +control of the channels of commerce, markets and other distributing +facilities by large food organizations and combinations; and, Whereas, +if our civilization is to fulfil its promise, it is vital that +nourishing food be brought and kept within the reach of every home and +especially of all the growing children of the nation, be it</p> + +<p>Resolved, First, that the principles and purposes of the +Kenyon-Kendrick-Anderson Bills now pending in Congress for the +regulation of the meat-packing industry be endorsed for prompt and +effective enactment into laws and that this declaration be brought to +the attention of the leading political parties in advance of an urgent +request for corresponding and unqualified platform pledges; Second, +that the Food Supply and Demand Committee be authorized to keep in +touch with the progress of the proposed legislation and to cooperate +with the National Consumers' League, the American Live Stock +Association, the Farmers' National Council and other organizations of +like policy in an effort to promote through legislation the +realization of such principles and purposes; furthermore, that the +committee be authorized to confer with the Department of Agriculture +in regard to the extension of its service, with a view to establishing +long-distance information to enable shippers and producers to know +daily the supplies and demands of the food market; Third, that the +early enactment of improved State and Federal Laws to prevent food +profiteering, waste and improper hoarding is urged and the strict +enforcement of all such present laws is demanded; Fourth, that the +various State Leagues of Women Voters are requested to consider the +advisability of establishing public markets, abattoirs, milk depots +and other terminal facilities; Fifth, that aid be extended to all +branches of the league in spreading knowledge of the methods and +benefits of legitimate cooperative associations and that endorsement +be given to suitable national and State legislation favoring their +organization and use.</p> + +<p>The meat packers asked for a hearing and by vote of the convention ten +minutes were allowed them to present their case. This was done by +Louis D. Weld, manager of the commercial research department of Swift +and Company, Chicago, who said during his remarks: "I believe you +ladies are not prepared to pass<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_696" id="Page_696">[Pg 696]</a></span> on such a vital matter as this +proposed legislation; it is a mighty complicated and intricate +subject." A decided titter ran around the room. Women who had been +making a study of the question from the home side for a number of +years did not resent being told that they did not understand it but +they smiled at a man's coming to tell them so. To show that they were +fair, when he said that the packers did a great amount of good in +carrying food in time of war he was cheered. His argument had no +effect. After he had finished the league adopted the committee's +recommendations and passed the resolution against which the packers +had directed their efforts.</p> + +<p>Social Hygiene, Dr. Valeria H. Parker, chairman. Resolutions +recommended and adopted on the abolition of commercialized +prostitution: (a) The abolition of all segregated or protected vice +districts and the elimination of houses used for vicious purposes. (b) +Punishment of frequenters of disorderly houses and penalization of the +payment of money for prostitution as well as its receipt. (c) Heavy +penalties for pimps, panderers, procurers and go-betweens. (d) +Prevention of solicitation in streets and public places by men and +women. (e) Elimination of system of petty fines and establishment of +indeterminate sentences. (f) Strict enforcement of laws against +alcohol and drug trades.</p> + +<p>Drastic resolutions were passed for the control of venereal diseases, +applying alike to men and women. Those on delinquents, minors and +defectives were as follows: (a) Legal age of consent to be not less +than 18 and laws to include protection of boys under 18 as well as of +girls. (b) Trying cases involving sex offenses in chancery courts +instead of in criminal courts is advocated. (c) Mental examination and +diagnosis of all children, registration of abnormal cases, education +suited to their possibilities; supervision during and after school +age; custodial care for those unable to adjust to a normal +environment. (d) Reformatory farms for delinquent men and women ... +these institutions to have trained officers. (f) Women on governing +boards of all charitable and penal institutions; as probation and +parole officers; as State and local police; as protective officers; as +court officials, as jurors; as physicians in institutions for women +and on all State and local boards of health. The committee recommends<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_697" id="Page_697">[Pg 697]</a></span> +the establishment of local protective homes for girls in all the +larger cities, proper detention quarters for women awaiting trial and +separate detention quarters for juvenile offenders, as well as +Travelers' Aid agents at all large railroad stations and steamship +embarkation points.</p> + +<p>Child Welfare—Mrs. Percy V. Pennybacker, chairman. The resolutions +adopted covered: 1. The endorsement of the Sheppard-Towner Bill for +the Public Protection of Maternity and Infancy; (2) of the principle +of a bill for physical education about to be introduced into Congress +to be administered by the Bureau of Education of the Department of the +Interior; (3) of an appropriation of $472,220 for the Children's +Bureau of the U. S. Department of Labor; (4) of the Gard-Curtis Bill +for the regulation of child labor in the District of Columbia.</p> + +<p>American Citizenship—Mrs. Frederick P. Bagley, chairman. Resolutions +provided for: 1. Compulsory education which shall include adequate +training in citizenship in every State for all children between six +and sixteen nine months of each year. 2. Education of adults by +extension classes of the public schools. 3. English made the basic +language of instruction in the common-school branches in all schools +public and private. 4. Specific qualifications for citizenship and +impressive ceremonials for naturalization. 5. Direct citizenship for +women, not through marriage, as a qualification for the vote. 6. +Naturalization for married women made possible, American women to +retain their citizenship after marriage to an alien. 7. Printed +citizenship instruction in the foreign languages for the use of the +foreign born, as a function of the Federal Government. 8. Schools of +citizenship in conjunction with the public schools, a certificate from +such schools to be a qualification for the educational test for +naturalization. 9. An educational qualification for the vote in all +States after a sufficient period of time and ample opportunity for +education have been allowed.</p> + +<p>Laws Concerning the Legal Status of Women, Mrs. Catharine Waugh +McCulloch, chairman. Following resolutions presented and adopted: 1. +Independent citizenship for married women. 2. Equal interest of +spouses in each other's real estate. 3. The married woman's wages and +business under her sole control.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_698" id="Page_698">[Pg 698]</a></span> 4. Just civil service laws in all +cities and States now under the spoils system; amendments to existing +civil service laws to enable men and women to have equal rights in +examinations and appointments. 5. Mothers' pensions with a minimum +amount adequate and definite; the maximum amount left to the +discretion of the administering court; the benefits of all such laws +extended to necessitous cases above the age specified in the law, at +the discretion of the administering body, and residence qualifications +required. 6. The minimum "age of consent" eighteen years. 7. Equal +guardianship by both parents of the persons and the property of +children, the Utah law being a model. 8. Legal workers should read a +book published by the Department of Labor entitled Illegitimacy Laws +of the United States. 9. A Court should be established having original +exclusive jurisdiction over all affairs pertaining to the child and +his interests. 10. The marriage age for women should be eighteen +years, for men twenty-one years. The State should require health +certificates before issuing marriage licenses. There should be Federal +legislation on marriage and divorce and statutes prohibiting the +evasion of marriage laws. 11. Laws should provide that women be +subject to jury service and the unit vote of jurors in civil cases +should be abolished. 12. Members of committees of the League of Women +Voters should not use their connection with the league to assist any +political party.</p> + +<p>On February 17 Miss Mary Garrett Hay in an appeal for funds secured +pledges of $44,450. Of this sum the amount of $15,000 by the Leslie +Commission was offered by Mrs. Catt as follows:</p> + +<p>(1) The <i>Woman Citizen</i> as an organ of the league until Jan. 1, 1921, +at which time we believe that it should issue a Bulletin of its own.</p> + +<p>(2) The full use of the publicity department of the National American +Woman Suffrage Association until May 1, 1920.</p> + +<p>(3) The remainder for the use of the league during the year.</p> + +<p>Following the convention Mrs. Catt conducted a School of Political +Education in the Auditorium of Recital Hall, in Chicago, February +19-24. Its aim was to train women already equipped with competent +knowledge of civil government and political science to teach new +voters the ideals of American Citizenship, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_699" id="Page_699">[Pg 699]</a></span> processes of +registering and casting a vote, the methods of making nominations and +platforms, the nature of political parties and the best ways of using +a vote to get what they want and to effect the general welfare of the +people. Mrs. Catt urged each State to hold a similar State school to +be followed by others in every election district, to carry the message +to every woman that good citizens not only register and vote but know +how to do so and why they do it; to set a standard of good citizenship +with an "irreducible minimum" of qualifications below which no person +can fall and lay claim to the title good citizen. It was planned to +give certificates of endorsement to those who passed 75 per cent. in +the examinations at the close.</p> + +<p>A widespread demand arose for Citizenship Schools, requests coming +even from women who were indifferent or opposed to suffrage but who, +now that the vote was assured, were anxious to make good and +intelligent use of the ballot. Under the direction of Mrs. Gellhorn, +vice-chairman of the National League of Women Voters and chairman of +Organization, twenty-seven field directors were employed and schools +held in thirty-five States. Missouri had 102 schools, Nebraska 30, +Ohio 35. In sixteen States, the State universities cooperated with the +League of Women Voters in their citizenship work. Those of Iowa and +Virginia employed in their extension departments directors of +citizenship schools, who, responding to calls, went to various +localities and conducted courses in citizenship. That of Missouri put +in a required course for every freshman, with five hours' credit. A +normal training school was conducted in St. Louis in August and a +correspondence course of twelve lessons was issued and used by +forty-two States. In many cases these schools made a thorough study of +the fundamental principles of government.</p> + +<p>In compliance with the instruction of the convention the Board of +Directors of the League of Women Voters at its post-convention meeting +in Chicago selected from the program recommended by the standing +committees the issues to be presented to the Resolution Committees of +the political parties with a request that they be adopted as planks in +the national platforms. Two of the Federal measures endorsed by the +League in Chicago—the bill for the Women's Bureau in the Department +of Labor and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_700" id="Page_700">[Pg 700]</a></span> Retirement Bill for Superannuated Public +Employees—were passed by Congress the following June and became law. +Twelve others were grouped into six planks and later condensed into a +single paragraph as follows:</p> + +<p>"We urge Federal cooperation with the States in the protection of +infant life through infancy and maternity care; the prohibition of +child labor and adequate appropriation for the Children's Bureau; a +Federal Department of Education; joint Federal and State aid for the +removal of illiteracy and increase of teachers' salaries; instruction +in citizenship for both native and foreign born; increased Federal +support for vocational training in home economics and Federal +regulation of the marketing and distribution of food; full +representation of women on all commissions dealing with women's work +and women's interests; the establishment of a joint Federal and State +employment service with women's departments under the direction of +technically qualified women; a reclassification of the Federal Civil +Service free from discrimination on account of sex; continuance of +appropriations for public education in sex hygiene; Federal +legislation which shall insure that American-born women resident in +the United States but married to aliens shall retain American +citizenship and that the same process of naturalization shall be +required of alien women as is required of alien men."</p> + +<p>Deputations from the Board of Directors of the League of Women Voters +presented this program to the Resolutions Committee of the Republican +party at its convention in Chicago; to that of the Democratic party in +San Francisco, and to the convention of the Farmer Labor party and the +Committee of Forty-eight held jointly in Chicago. The last named +included the following planks: Abolition of employment of children +under 16 years of age; a Federal Department of Education; Public +ownership and operation of stock yards, large abattoirs, cold-storage +and terminal warehouses; equal pay for equal work. Five of the planks +were included in the Republican platform: Prohibition of child labor +throughout the United States; instruction in citizenship for the youth +of the land; increased Federal support for vocational training in home +economics; equal pay for equal work; independent citizenship for +married women. The Democratic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_701" id="Page_701">[Pg 701]</a></span> Resolutions Committee incorporated in +its platform all of the requests made by the League of Women Voters +except a Federal Department of Education. The Socialist Party held its +convention before the planks were sent out. The Prohibition Party +adopted the full program of the League of Women Voters.</p> + +<p>One of the important steps taken in 1920 by the League of Women Voters +in support of its social welfare program was the presenting of these +platform planks to the Presidential candidates of the two major +parties for their approval. Its representatives with a deputation went +to Marion, O., the home of Senator Harding, Republican candidate, +October 1 and to Dayton, O., the home of Governor Cox, Democratic +candidate, the following day. Each promised assistance in the event of +his election.</p> + +<p>At the call of Mrs. Park, chairman of the league, delegates +representing national organizations which collectively numbered about +10,000,000 women, met in Washington on November 22. These included the +National League of Women Voters, General Federation of Women's Clubs, +National Council of Women, the Women's Christian Temperance Union, +National Women's Trade Union League, National Consumers' League, +National Congress of Mothers and Parent-Teachers' Associations, +Association of Collegiate Alumnæ, American Home Economics Association, +National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs. They +formed a Woman's Joint Congressional Committee and endorsed the +largest constructive, legislative program ever adopted. It was +arranged that all organizations might participate to the limit of +their specific field of work and purposes and at the same time all +possibility was eliminated of any being involved in supporting a +measure or a principle outside of its scope or contrary to its +opinions.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> The History is indebted for this chapter to Mrs. Nettie +Rogers Shuler, corresponding secretary of the National American Woman +Suffrage Association.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_702" id="Page_702">[Pg 702]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXIII.</h2> + +<h3>WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN NATIONAL PRESIDENTIAL CONVENTIONS.<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a></h3> + + +<p>The courage and patience of the woman suffrage leaders in their long +struggle for the ballot is nowhere more strongly evidenced than in +their continued appeals to the national political conventions to +recognize in their platforms woman's right to the franchise. These +distinguished women were received with an indifference that was +insulting until far into the 20th century. To two parties, the +Prohibition and the Socialist, it was never necessary to appeal. The +Prohibition party was organized in 1872 and from that time always +advocated woman suffrage in its national platform except in 1896, when +it had only a single plank, but this was supplemented by resolutions +favoring equal suffrage. The Socialist party, which came into +existence in 1901, declared for woman suffrage at the start and +thereafter made it a part of its active propaganda. All the minor +parties as a rule put planks for woman suffrage in their +platforms.<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a></p> + +<p>Before the conventions in 1904 the board of the National American +Woman Suffrage Association secured full lists of delegates and +alternates of the two dominant parties—667 Republicans and 723 +Democratic delegates; 495 Republican alternates and 384 Democratic, a +total of 2,269. To each a letter was sent directing his attention to a +memorial enclosed, signed by the officers of the association, an +urgent request for the insertion in the platform of the following +resolution: "Resolved, That we favor the submission by Congress to the +various State Legislatures of an amendment to the Federal Constitution +forbidding the disfranchisement of United States citizens on account +of sex."</p> + +<p>The Republican convention met in Chicago June 21-23. The committee +appointed by the National Association consisted of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_703" id="Page_703">[Pg 703]</a></span> Mrs. Harriet +Taylor Upton and Miss Elizabeth J. Hauser of Ohio, its treasurer and +headquarters secretary, and Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch of Chicago, +a former officer, who arranged the hearing. The beautiful rooms of the +Chicago Woman's Club were placed at their disposal, where they kept +open house, assisted by Mrs. Gertrude Blackwelder, president of the +Chicago Political League, Mrs. Ellen M. Henrotin and other prominent +club women. Mrs. McCulloch went to the Auditorium Annex to ask the +Committee on Resolutions for a hearing. Senator Hopkins of Illinois +presented her to Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, the chairman, and the +choice was given her of having it immediately or the next morning. She +chose the nearest hour and a little later returned with her committee. +Mrs. McCulloch introduced the speakers and made the closing argument. +Mrs. Upton, the Rev. Celia Parker Woolley and the Rev. Olympia Brown +addressed the committee. They were generously applauded, the suffrage +plank was referred to a sub-committee and buried.</p> + +<p>The Democratic convention was held in St. Louis July 6-9 and Mrs. +Priscilla D. Hackstaff, an officer of the New York Suffrage +Association, secured a hearing before the Resolutions Committee. Mrs. +Louise L. Werth of St. Louis and Miss Kate M. Gordon of Louisiana +joined her on the opening day of the convention and at 8 o'clock the +evening of the 7th they appeared before the committee. Mrs. Hackstaff +argued on the ground of abstract justice and Miss Gordon from the +standpoint of expediency. The committee listened attentively and were +liberal with applause but the resolution never was heard from.</p> + +<p>Undaunted by a failure which began in 1868 and had continued ever +since, the suffragists made their plans for 1908. The Republican +convention was again held in Chicago, June 16-20, and a committee of +eminent women presented the suffrage resolution—Miss Jane Addams, +Mrs. Henrotin, the Rev. Caroline Bartlett Crane, Miss Harriet Grim, +Mrs. Blackwelder and Mrs. Harriot Stanton Blatch. They were heard +politely but not the slightest attention was paid to their request. +Samuel Gompers, president of the American Federation of Labor, tried +to secure the adoption of a plank pledging the Republican party to +support a Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment but also was ignored.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_704" id="Page_704">[Pg 704]</a></span></p> + +<p>When the Democratic party met in national convention in Denver July +7-11, all the delegates and alternates received an appeal which read: +"You are respectfully requested by the National American Woman +Suffrage Association to place the following plank in your platform: +'Resolved, That we favor the extension of the elective franchise to +the women of the United States by the States upon the same +qualifications as it is accorded to men.' We ask this in order that +our Government may live up to the principles upon which it was founded +and in order that the women in the homes and the industries may have +equal power with men to influence conditions affecting these +respective spheres of action. In making this demand for justice our +association calls your attention to the fact that more than 5,000,000 +women who are occupied in the industries of the United States are +helpless to legislate upon the hours, conditions and remuneration for +their labor. We call your attention to the fact that through the +commercialized trend of legislation the children of our nation are +being sacrificed to a veritable Juggernaut—cheap labor—while this +same trend is wasting our mineral land and water resources, imperiling +thereby the inheritance of future generations. We call your attention +to the moral conditions menacing the youth of our country. Justice and +expediency demand that women be granted equal power with men to mould +the conditions directly affecting the industries, the resources and +the homes of the nation. We therefore appeal to the Democratic +convention assembled to name national standard bearers and to +determine national policies, to adopt in its platform a declaration +favoring the extension of the franchise to the women of the United +States."</p> + +<p>This appeal was signed by Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, president, Kate M. +Gordon, Rachel Foster Avery, Alice Stone Blackwell, Harriet Taylor +Upton, Laura Clay and Mary S. Sperry, national officers. It received +no consideration whatever, but, although the suffragists did not know +it, this was the last year when the two powerful political parties of +the country could stand with a united front hostile to all progressive +movements. There was shortly to be brought to the assistance of such +movements strong forces which could not be resisted.</p> + +<p>Early in 1912 President William Howard Taft and U. S.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_705" id="Page_705">[Pg 705]</a></span> Senator Robert +M. La Follette announced their intention of trying to secure the +Republican nomination for the presidency and the press of the country +took up the burning question, "Will Roosevelt be a candidate for a +third term?" On February 25 he announced his candidacy and from then +until the date of the Republican national convention the public +interest was intense. The convention met in Chicago, June 16-20. Miss +Jane Addams, vice-president of the National American Woman Suffrage +Association, had arranged with a number of women to appear at a few +hours' notice before the Resolutions Committee but she could not give +even that, as she learned at 8:30 p.m. on the 19th that the committee +would meet at 9:30 in the Congress Hotel and she must appear at that +time. There was hastily mustered into service a small but +distinguished group of suffragists consisting of Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen +and Miss Mary Bartelme of Chicago; Professor Sophonisba Breckinridge +of Kentucky; Mrs. B. B. Mumford of Richmond, Va.; Miss Lillian D. Wald +and Mrs. Simkovitch of New York City; Miss Helen Todd of California; +Professor Freund of the Chicago University Law Faculty and a few +others. At ten o'clock the suffragists were admitted to the committee +room and greeted cordially by Governor Hadley of Missouri and +courteously by the chairman, Charles W. Fairbanks. Miss Addams was +told that she might have five minutes (later extended to seven) and +present one speaker. She introduced Mrs. Bowen, president of the +Juvenile Protective Association, who spoke earnestly four minutes, +leaving Miss Addams three to make the final plea. There were confusion +and noise in the room and the attention of the committee was +distracted. The platform contained no reference to woman suffrage. +Senator LaFollette presented his own platform to the convention in +which was a plank favoring the extension of suffrage to women but it +went down to defeat. Two days later the convention amid great +excitement nominated President Taft by a vote of 561 while Colonel +Roosevelt's vote was only 107. Directly after the convention adjourned +the delegates who favored Roosevelt assembled at Orchestra Hall and +nominated him in the name of the new Progressive party, Miss Addams +seconding the nomination.</p> + +<p>Soon after Colonel Roosevelt announced his candidacy he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_706" id="Page_706">[Pg 706]</a></span> was visited +by Judge "Ben" Lindsey of Denver, a representative of the progressive +element in politics, who pointed out to him the great assistance it +would be to his campaign for him to come out for woman suffrage. +Roosevelt, who was an astute politician, saw the advantage of +enlisting the help of women, who through their large organizations had +become a strong factor in public life. Judge Lindsay therefore was +authorized to announce that he would favor a woman suffrage plank in +the Progressive platform and Roosevelt confirmed it. This caused wide +excitement and the suffragists throughout the country began to rally +under the Roosevelt banner. He had always been theoretically in favor +but with many reservations and during his two terms as President he +had refused all appeals to endorse it in any way. When he went to +Chicago to the first convention of the Progressive party August 5 he +carried with him the draft of the platform and in it was a plank +favoring woman suffrage but calling for a nation-wide referendum of +the question to women themselves!</p> + +<p>When this plank was submitted to the Resolutions Committee, on which +were such suffragists as Miss Addams, Judge Lindsay and U. S. Senator +Albert J. Beveridge, they vetoed it at once. It had already been +issued to the press in printed form and telegrams recalling it had to +be sent far and wide. The plank presented by the Resolutions Committee +and unanimously adopted by the convention read as follows: "The +Progressive party, believing that no people can justly claim to be a +true democracy which denies political rights on account of sex, +pledges itself to the task of securing equal suffrage to men and women +alike."</p> + +<p>Many States sent women delegates and they were cordially welcomed. The +convention was marked by a deep, almost religious zeal, the delegates +breaking frequently into the singing of hymns of which Onward +Christian Soldiers was a favorite. Women took a prominent part in the +proceedings and woman suffrage was made one of the leading features. +Senator Beveridge referred to it at length in his speech, saying: +"Because women as much as men are a part of our economic and social +life, women as much as men should have the voting power to solve all +economic and social problems. Votes are theirs as a matter of natural +right<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_707" id="Page_707">[Pg 707]</a></span> alone; votes should be theirs as a matter of political wisdom +also."</p> + +<p>Later in a glowing tribute Mr. Roosevelt said: "It is idle to argue +whether women can play their part in politics because in this +convention we have seen the accomplished fact, and, moreover, the +women who have actively participated in this work of launching the new +party represent all that we are most proud to associate with American +womanhood. My earnest hope is to see the Progressive party in all its +State and local divisions recognize this fact precisely as it has been +recognized at the national convention.... Workingwomen have the same +need to combine for protection that workingmen have; the ballot is as +necessary for one class as for the other; we do not believe that with +the two sexes there is identity of function but we do believe that +there should be equality of right and therefore we favor woman +suffrage." The Progressive party in State after State followed the +lead of the convention and women were welcomed into its deliberations. +From this time woman suffrage was one of the dominant political issues +throughout the country.</p> + +<p>The Democratic National Convention met in Baltimore June 25-July 3. +The Baltimore suffragists applied on Thursday for a hearing before the +Resolutions Committee for Dr. Anna Howard Shaw and were informed that +the hearings had ended on Wednesday. Urged by the women the chairman, +John W. Kern of Indiana, finally consented to give a hearing that day, +although he said he had turned away hundreds of men who wanted +hearings, and he allotted five minutes to it. Mrs. W. J. Brown of +Baltimore, Mrs. Lawrence Lewis of Philadelphia and several others went +with Dr. Shaw but after a long wait only Mrs. Lewis and she were +admitted. With a strong, logical speech Dr. Shaw presented the +following resolution and asked that it be made a plank in the +platform:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Whereas, The fundamental idea of a democracy is self-government, +the right of citizens to choose their own representatives, to +enact the laws by which they are governed, and whereas, this +right can be secured only by the exercise of the suffrage, +therefore,</p> + +<p>Resolved, That the ballot in the hand of every qualified citizen +constitutes the true political status of the people and to +deprive one-half of the people of the use of the ballot is to +deny the first principle of a democratic government.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_708" id="Page_708">[Pg 708]</a></span></p> + +<p>The committee was courteous and listened with marked attention, +William Jennings Bryan among them, but took no action on the +resolution.<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a></p> + +<p>The convention nominated Woodrow Wilson, who had answered a question +from a chairman of the New York Woman Suffrage Party the preceding +winter, while Governor of New Jersey: "I can only say that my mind is +in the midst of the debate which it involves. I do not feel that I am +ready to utter my confident judgment as yet about it. I am honestly +trying to work my way toward a just conclusion." President Taft had +written in answer to a letter of inquiry from the secretary of the +Men's Suffrage League of New York: "I am willing to wait until there +shall be a substantial, not unanimous, but a substantial call from +that sex before the suffrage is extended."</p> + +<p>As the result of the year's political work a summing up in December, +1912, showed a woman suffrage plank in the national platforms of the +Progressive, Socialist and Prohibition parties; a plank in the +platform of every party in New York State and in that of one or more +parties in many States. The Progressive party with woman suffrage as +one of its cardinal principles had polled 4,119,507 votes. Kansas, +Oregon and Arizona by popular vote had been added to the number of the +equal suffrage States. In 1914 these were increased by Montana and +Nevada, making eleven where women voted on the same terms as men. In +1913 Illinois granted a large amount of suffrage including a vote for +Presidential electors. In 1915 President Wilson and all his Cabinet, +except Secretary Lansing; Speaker Champ Clark and Mr. Bryan publicly +endorsed suffrage for women. Constitutional amendments were defeated +in four eastern States but they polled 1,234,470 favorable votes.</p> + +<p>By 1916, the year of the Presidential nominating conventions, there +had been so vast an advance of public sentiment that the official +board of the National American Woman Suffrage Association was +encouraged to believe that its effort of nearly fifty years to obtain +woman suffrage planks in the national platforms of the Republican and +Democratic parties would be successful.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_709" id="Page_709">[Pg 709]</a></span> Its president, Mrs. Carrie +Chapman Catt, in the letters sent to the delegates, who were +circularized three times, called attention to the great gains and the +existing status of the movement, adapting the appeal to each party. +Under her direction, as a preliminary to the conventions, favorable +opinions were obtained from many leading men who were to attend them, +similar to the following: Representative John M. Nelson of the House +Judiciary Committee said: "The endorsement of equal suffrage by either +of the two great parties would do more at this time to simplify the +question than any other one thing. It seems to me that in directing +their efforts toward securing this endorsement its advocates have +exhibited sound practical judgment and admirable political acumen." "I +am in favor of an endorsement in the Republican platform of the +principle of equal suffrage," said Senator Borah, a Republican +delegate. "I have no doubt there will be a plank offered to that +effect and it will receive my active support." U. S. Senator Owen on +the floor of the Senate declared: "This demand ought to be made by men +as well as by thinking, progressive women. I hope that all parties +will in the national conventions give their approval to this larger +measure of liberty to the better half of the human race." The +suffragists began preparations for two striking demonstrations during +the conventions.</p> + +<p>The Republican convention took place in Chicago June 7-10. On the 6th +a mass meeting was held under the auspices of the association at the +Princess Theater. Speeches by Mrs. Catt and others roused the audience +to great enthusiasm and the following resolution was adopted: "We, +women from every State, gathered in national assembly, come to you in +the name of justice, liberty and equality to ask you to incorporate in +your platform a declaration favoring the extension of suffrage to the +only remaining class of unenfranchised citizens, the women of our +nation, and to urge you to give its protecting power and prestige to +the final struggle of women for political liberty. We are not asking +your endorsement of an untried theory but your recognition of a fact. +The men of eleven States and Alaska have already fully enfranchised +their women and Illinois has granted a large degree of suffrage, +including the Presidential vote. The women<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_710" id="Page_710">[Pg 710]</a></span> of five States have gained +the vote since 1912, your last convention, and have party affiliations +yet to make."</p> + +<p>A parade of 25,000 women had been planned to show the strength of the +movement. A cold, heavy rain upset these plans but on June 7, 5,500 +women (the others believing the demonstration would not be given) +braved the storm, gathered in Grant Park and marched to the Coliseum, +where the Republican Resolutions Committee was meeting. The Chicago +<i>Herald</i> in describing that march said: "Over their heads surged a +vast sea of umbrellas extending two miles down the street; under their +feet swirled rivulets of water. Wind tore at their clothes and rain +drenched their faces but unhesitatingly they marched in unbroken +formation. Never before in the history of this city, probably of the +world, has there been so impressive a demonstration of consecration to +a cause." The first division reached the convention hall before five +o'clock. The committee had given a hearing to the suffragists and was +listening to the "antis." Just as Mrs. A. J. George of Brookline, +Mass., was asserting, "there is no widespread demand for woman +suffrage" hundreds of drenched and dripping women began to pour into +the hall, each woman's condition bearing silent witness to the +strength of her wish for the vote. Thousands of converts were made +among those who witnessed the courage and devotion of the women in +facing this storm.</p> + +<p>The hearing took place before a sub-committee of the Resolutions +Committee and instead of seven minutes being allotted to it, as in +1912, representatives of the National American Woman Suffrage +Association had half an hour, the National Association Opposed to +Woman Suffrage the next half hour and the Congressional Union a final +half hour. Mrs. Catt, Mrs. Abbie A. Krebs of California, Mrs. Ellis +Meredith of Colorado, Mrs. Grace Wilbur Trout of Illinois and Mrs. +Frank M. Roessing of Pennsylvania spoke for the National Suffrage +Association. They asked for the following resolution: "The Republican +party reaffirming its faith in government of the people, by the people +and for the people, as a measure of justice to one-half the adult +people of this country, favors the extension of the suffrage to +women." The speakers for the Congressional Union were Miss Anne +Martin,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_711" id="Page_711">[Pg 711]</a></span> Mrs. Harriot Stanton Blatch and Mrs. Sara Bard Field and they +asked for an endorsement of the Federal Suffrage Amendment. The +"antis" were represented by their national president, Mrs. Arthur M. +Dodge, and national secretary, Miss Minnie Bronson; Miss Alice Hill +Chittenden, New York State president, and Mrs. George. They asked that +there should be no mention of woman suffrage.</p> + +<p>The sub-committee reported against the adoption of a suffrage plank, +the vote standing five to four—Senators Lodge, Wadsworth, Oliver, and +Charles Hopkins Clark, editor of the Hartford (Conn.) <i>Courant</i>, and +former Representative Howland of Ohio opposed; Senators Borah, +Sutherland and Fall and Representative Madden of Illinois in favor.</p> + +<p>The question was then taken up in the full Committee on Resolutions. +Senators Borah and Smoot led a vigorous fight for a plank; Senator +Marion Butler of North Carolina headed the opposition. The strongest +possible influence was brought to bear against it by the party +leaders, Senators W. Murray Crane and Henry Cabot Lodge of +Massachusetts; Boies Penrose of Pennsylvania and James W. Wadsworth, +Jr., of New York and Speaker Cannon of Illinois. Nevertheless it was +carried by 26 to 21. Within a half hour defeat was again threatened +when seven absent members of the committee came and asked for a +reconsideration. After repeated parleys it was reconsidered and +emerged as the last plank in the platform. The final vote was 35 to 11 +but it was the result of a compromise, for it read: "The Republican +party, reaffirming its faith in government of the people, by the +people and for the people, as a measure of justice to one-half the +adult people of this country, favors the extension of the suffrage to +women but recognizes the right of each State to settle this question +for itself"!</p> + +<p>For the first time this party declared for the doctrine of State's +rights, which was the chief obstacle in the way of the Federal +Amendment, the goal of the National Association for nearly fifty +years. Mrs. Catt knew that it would be utterly useless to ask for a +plank favoring this amendment and so she asked simply for a clear-cut +endorsement of the principle of woman suffrage. This was secured, +after women had been appealing to national Republican<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_712" id="Page_712">[Pg 712]</a></span> conventions +since 1868, and although it was weakened by the qualifying +declaration, she realized that an immense gain had been made. By the +press throughout the country the adoption of the plank was hailed as +"a victory of supreme importance," and as guaranteeing a suffrage +plank in the Democratic national platform, which could not have been +obtained without it. It was adopted by the convention without +opposition and with great enthusiasm.</p> + +<p>The Democratic convention met in St. Louis June 14-16. The first day +the suffragists staged their "walkless parade," which the press +poetically called "the golden lane," as the 6,000 white-robed women +who formed a continuous lane from the convention headquarters in the +Jefferson Hotel to the Coliseum where the convention was held carried +yellow parasols and wore yellow satin sashes. They gave resplendent +color to the aisle through which hundreds of delegates walked to their +political councils. On the steps of the Art Museum the suffragists +presented a striking tableau showing Liberty, a symbolic figure +effectively garbed, surrounded by three groups of women, those in +black typifying the non-suffrage States; those in gray representing +the partial suffrage States; those in red, white and blue the States +where political equality prevailed. The suffragists had now no +difficulty in obtaining a hearing and plenty of time. Representatives +of the National American Association, the National Woman's Party, the +Southern States Woman Suffrage Conference and the National Association +Opposed to Woman Suffrage appeared before the sub-committee of the +Resolutions Committee.</p> + +<p>The entire Resolutions Committee met in the evening of the 15th to +make the final draft of the platform. Although it was a foregone +conclusion that it would have to contain a woman suffrage plank the +enemies did not intend to concede it willingly. It was not reached +until 3 o'clock in the morning, when platform building was suspended +while a contest raged. The sleepy committeemen became wide awake and +their voices rose till they could be heard in the corridors and out +into the street. The unqualified endorsement of woman suffrage asked +for by the National Association was defeated by a vote of 24 to 20. +The approval of the Federal Amendment asked for by the National<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_713" id="Page_713">[Pg 713]</a></span> +Woman's Party was rejected by a vote of 40 to 4. The plea of the +"antis" not to mention the subject was defeated by 26 to 17. Finally +the committee fell back on what was said to have been President +Wilson's suggestion for a plank, which was adopted by 25 ayes, 20 +noes. A minority report was immediately prepared by James Nugent of +New Jersey, Senator Smith of South Carolina, former Representative +Bartlett of Georgia, Stephen B. Fleming of Indiana, Governor Ferguson +of Texas and Governor Stanley of Kentucky, in opposition.</p> + +<p>The Resolutions Committee adjourned at 7:15 a.m. and the convention +opened at 11. Senator William J. Stone of Missouri, chairman of the +Resolutions Committee, brought forward the platform but confessed that +he was too tired to read it, so Senators Hollis and Walsh took turns +at it and when the suffrage plank was reached it was greeted with +applause and cheers. Senator Stone moved the adoption of the platform +and Governor Ferguson was given thirty minutes to present the minority +report, which finally was signed by himself, Nugent, Bartlett and +Fleming. The resolution was supported by the chairman. The young +Nevada Senator, Key Pittman, handled the signers of the minority +report without gloves, showed up their unsavory records and stirred +the convention to a frenzy. Yells and catcalls on the floor were met +with the cheers of the women who filled the gallery and waved their +banners and yellow parasols. Again and again he was forced to stop +until Senator John Sharp Williams took the gavel and restored a +semblance of order. Senator Walsh of Montana made a powerful speech +from the standpoint of political expediency and pointed out that the +minority report was signed by only four of the fifty members of the +Resolutions Committee. Attempts were made to howl him down and in the +midst of the turmoil a terrific storm broke and flashes of lightning +and roars of thunder added to the excitement. At last the vote was +taken on the minority report and stood 888 noes, 181 ayes. That ended +the opposition.</p> + +<p>Senator Stone had said to the delegates: "I may say that President +Wilson knows of this plank and deems it imperative to his success in +November that it be inserted in the platform." The plank, which was +adopted by a viva voce vote read as follows:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_714" id="Page_714">[Pg 714]</a></span> "We favor the extension +of the franchise to the women of this country, State by State, on the +same terms as to the men." It transpired afterwards that President +Wilson had written it.</p> + +<p>As soon as the convention adjourned Mrs. Catt, president of the +National Suffrage Association, who with the board of officers was +present, sent the following telegram to President Wilson: "Inasmuch as +Governor Ferguson of Texas and Senator Walsh of Montana made +diametrically opposite statements in the Democratic convention today +with regard to your attitude toward the suffrage plank adopted, we +apply to you directly to state your position on the plank and give +your precise interpretation of its meaning." To this message the +President replied on June 22: "I am very glad to make my position +about the suffrage plank clear to you, though I had not thought that +it was necessary to state again a position that I have repeatedly +stated with entire frankness. The plank received my entire approval +before its adoption and I shall support its principle with sincere +pleasure. I wish to join with my fellow Democrats in recommending to +the several States that they extend the suffrage to women upon the +same terms as to men." Later the President made it plain that the +Democratic plank was to be considered a distinct approval of the +suffrage movement and that it did not necessarily disapprove of a +Federal Amendment.</p> + +<p>The general sentiment of the press was to the effect that as a result +of the endorsement of the national conventions woman suffrage went +before the country with its prestige immeasurably strengthened and +recognized as a great force to be reckoned with. The suffragists ended +their political convention campaign with planks in the platforms of +all the five parties, Republican, Democratic, Progressive, +Prohibitionist and Socialist. The Progressive party made its +declaration stronger than at its national convention in 1912, its +plank reading: "We believe that the women of the country, who share +with the men the burden of government in times of peace and make equal +sacrifice in times of war, should be given the full political right of +suffrage both by State and Federal action." It was adopted unanimously +and with great applause at the party's national convention in Chicago +June 7-10. The planks were taken by the suffragists as pledges that +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_715" id="Page_715">[Pg 715]</a></span> parties would help in a practical way to assist the movement in +the various States and nationally and this view was made plain to the +leaders and to the rank and file of the voters.</p> + +<p>Results were soon apparent and between 1916 and 1920 the cause of +woman suffrage took immense strides forward. In 1917 New York State +gave the complete suffrage to women. In 1918 Michigan, South Dakota +and Oklahoma fully enfranchised them, increasing the number of equal +suffrage States to fifteen. In thirteen other States women obtained +the Presidential franchise and in two the vote in Primary elections. +The resolution for a Federal Amendment passed both Houses of Congress +in May and June, 1919, and was submitted to the State Legislatures for +ratification. By March 22, 1920, it had been ratified by 35, lacking +only one of the three-fourths required to make it a part of the +National Constitution. The women, therefore, approached the political +parties this year in quite a different frame of mind from that of the +past, feeling the strength of their position and realizing that where +they had formerly pleaded they could now demand. The burning question +of the hour was whether the 36th State would ratify in time to enable +the millions of women to vote in the Presidential elections in +November. The National Committees of the two dominant parties had +become ardently in favor of it. Through the influence of Republican +women suffragists, the committee of that party sent on June 1 to the +Republican Governors and legislators of Delaware, Connecticut and +Vermont the following appeal to ratify the Federal Amendment so that +the Republican party might have the credit of assisting women to win +their final battle and thus gain their gratitude and allegiance:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Whereas, The Republican National Committee at its regular +meetings has repeatedly endorsed woman suffrage and the 19th +Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and has +called upon the Congress to submit and the States to ratify such +amendment; and, whereas, it still lacks ratification by a +sufficient number of States to become a law, therefore be it</p> + +<p>Resolved, by the Republican National Committee that the 19th +Amendment be and the same is hereby again endorsed by this +committee, and such Republican States as have not already done so +are now urged to take such action by their Governors and +Legislatures as will assure its ratification and establish the +right of equal suffrage at the earliest possible time.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_716" id="Page_716">[Pg 716]</a></span></p> + +<p>When the Republican National Convention met in Chicago June 8-12 the +Resolutions Committee received the following memorial:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The National American Woman Suffrage Association asks permission +to place on record with the National Republican Convention its +appreciation of the resolution of the National Republican +Executive Committee on June 1.... It seems the spirit of fairness +underlying the committee's action must commend it to every lover +of liberty regardless of party and its political far-sightedness +must be evident to every Republican desirous of party victory.</p> + +<p>Conceding to the committee's action its full and friendly +significance, this association further asks permission to +re-emphasize before this convention the fact that on the very eve +of complete victory a deadlock supervenes in the ratification of +this amendment and for that deadlock the Republican party must +carry its full share of responsibility, since three States with +Republican Legislatures remain on the unratified list. Republican +leaders frequently point out that their party has insured a far +larger proportion of ratifications than has the Democratic, and +apparently count on this situation to accrue to its advantage. +This position would be logical if the relative proportion between +Republicans and Democrats were the essential thing but it is by +no means the essential thing. The 36th State is the essential +thing.</p> + +<p>Women who are waiting on that State for their right to vote in +the Presidential elections of 1920 cannot rest satisfied with the +assurance or the evidence that Republican leaders are doing all +in their power to bring about ratification. Women who are going +to vote the Republican ticket anyhow may be satisfied but they +are not the women whose vote is important to the party. The +important vote is the vote of the undecided woman who would just +as soon be a Republican as a Democrat. That woman has not been +convinced by the final Republican showing on ratification and she +will not be convinced until the 36th State has ratified. This +ratification is the only solution of the situation that can make +actual what is so far a merely potential claim of the Republican +party on the woman voter.</p> + +<p>The National American Woman Suffrage Association urges upon this +convention the necessity for such action as will make inevitable +and immediate the ratification of the Federal Suffrage Amendment +by the 36th State.</p></div> + +<p>This was signed by Mary Garrett Hay, acting president, in the absence +of Mrs. Catt in Europe; Gertrude Foster Brown, vice-president; Nettie +Rogers Shuler, corresponding secretary; Emma Winner Rogers, treasurer; +Esther G. Ogden, director, and Rose Young, press chairman.</p> + +<p>Miss Hay called a conference of the suffragists attending the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_717" id="Page_717">[Pg 717]</a></span> +convention in Chicago and a plank was drawn up. Miss Hay, Mrs. Richard +Edwards, Mrs. Maud Wood Park, Mrs. George Gellhorn, Miss Ada Bush and +Mrs. Pattie Ruffner Jacobs constituted a committee to present this +plank to the Resolutions Committee of which Senator James E. Watson +(Ind.) was chairman. Miss Hay made the principal speech and Mrs. +Gellhorn and Miss Bush spoke briefly. A sub-committee of the +Resolutions Committee accepted the plank which was given out to the +press on June 10. It read:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We welcome women into full participation in the affairs of +government and the activities of the Republican party. We urge +Republican Governors whose States have not yet acted upon the +suffrage amendment to call immediately special sessions of their +Legislatures for the purpose of ratifying said amendment, to the +end that all the women of the nation of voting age may +participate in the coming election, so important to the welfare +of our country.</p></div> + +<p>As soon as this appeared in the Chicago papers, members of the +Connecticut delegation rushed to leaders of the Platform Committee and +protested that it was a gross insult to their Governor, Marcus H. +Holcomb, and they wanted the wording changed. Accordingly the +offending sentence was revised and in the plank adopted by the +convention read: "We earnestly hope that Republican Legislatures in +States which have not yet acted upon the suffrage amendment will +ratify it, to the end that all the women of the nation of voting age +may participate in the election of 1920 so important to the welfare of +our country."</p> + +<p>Republican women in attendance at the convention united in a demand +for a fifty-fifty recognition inside of the party. They asked for a +woman vice-chairman of the National Republican Committee and for men +and women to be represented on it in equal numbers. The Committee on +Rules, responding to this demand, changed the rules for representation +and provided that seven members be added to the National Executive +Committee, all to be women. With this concession the women had to be +content.</p> + +<p>The Democratic National Convention met in San Francisco June 28-July +5. Prior to the convention the National Committee had yielded to the +pressure from the suffrage leaders and Democratic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_718" id="Page_718">[Pg 718]</a></span> women and on May 30 +sent out the following Call: "This committee calls upon the +Legislatures of the various States for special sessions, if necessary, +to ratify woman suffrage when the Constitutional Amendment is passed +by Congress, in order to enable women to vote at the Presidential +election in 1920." On June 26, after the amendment had been submitted +by Congress, the committee again gave its aid by sending the following +message to Governor Roberts of Tennessee:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We most earnestly emphasize the extreme importance and urgency of +an immediate meeting of your State Legislature for the purpose of +ratifying the proposed 19th Amendment to the Federal +Constitution. We trust that for the present all other legislative +matters may, if necessary, be held in abeyance and that you will +call an extra session for such brief duration as may be required +to act favorably on the amendment. Tennessee occupies a position +of peculiar and pivotal importance and one that enables her to +render a service of incalculable value to the women of America. +We confidently expect, therefore, that under your leadership and +through the action of the Legislature of your State, the women of +the nation may be given the privilege of voting in the coming +Presidential election.</p></div> + +<p>The National American Woman Suffrage Association appointed Mrs. +Guilford Dudley, one of its vice-presidents, who was a +delegate-at-large from Tennessee to the convention and a member of the +Credentials Committee, to present the following plank to the +Resolutions Committee: "The Federal Suffrage Amendment, whose passage +in Congress was greatly furthered by the efforts of a Democratic +President, is one State short of the number required to make its +ratification effective. In two Republican States, Vermont and +Connecticut, where ratification could be at once achieved, Republican +Governors are refusing to call special sessions. In simple justice to +women, we, Democrats in national convention assembled, urge the +cooperation of Democratic Governors and legislators in North Carolina, +Tennessee, Florida and other Democratic States that have not ratified, +in a united effort to complete ratification by the addition of the +36th State in time for the women of America to participate in the +approaching elections."</p> + +<p>The National Woman's Party through Mrs. Abby Scott Baker, its +publicity chairman, presented a plank through U. S. Senator<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_719" id="Page_719">[Pg 719]</a></span> Carter +Glass of the Resolutions Committee, which read: "The Democratic Party +endorses the proposed amendment to the U. S. Constitution +enfranchising women and calls upon all Democratic Governors of States +which have not yet ratified the amendment immediately to convene their +Legislatures so that they may act upon it and urges all Democratic +members of such Legislatures immediately to vote for the +amendment...."</p> + +<p>The plank finally adopted by the convention read: "We endorse the +proposed 19th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States +granting equal suffrage to women. We congratulate the Legislatures of +35 States which have already ratified said amendment and we urge the +Democratic Governors and Legislatures of Tennessee, North Carolina and +Florida and such States as have not yet ratified it to unite in an +effort to complete the process of ratification and secure the 36th +State in time for all the women of the United States to participate in +the fall election. We commend the effective advocacy of the measure by +President Wilson."</p> + +<p>The Democratic women achieved a victory also in the important decision +which was reached in regard to the representation of women in future +national conventions, this convention deciding that full sex equality +should be observed in its delegations and that the National Committee +hereafter should include one man and one woman from each State.</p> + +<p>Thus the struggle begun in 1868 for the approval of woman suffrage by +the National Presidential Conventions of the political parties ended +with its complete endorsement by all of them in 1920.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> The History is indebted for this chapter to Miss Mary +Garrett Hay, second vice-president of the National American Woman +Suffrage Association.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> For a full account of the effort to obtain planks in +the national platforms from 1868 to 1900, inclusive, see <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29870/29870-h/29870-h.htm#CHAPTER_XXIII">Chapter +XXIII, Volume IV, History of Woman Suffrage</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> One evening during the convention the Maryland +suffragists, reinforced by others from surrounding cities, had a long +and handsomely equipped parade.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_720" id="Page_720">[Pg 720]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXIV.</h2> + +<h3>WAR SERVICE OF ORGANIZED SUFFRAGISTS.<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a></h3> + + +<p>The response of the women of the United States to the call of their +country as it entered the World War was as vigorous and eager as had +been that of women of other more deeply involved nations. Although +American women had little opportunity for giving first line aid in +comparison with the women of the Allied countries they gave a second +or supporting line service in organization and conservation to which +they applied their full energy. These efforts brought them close in +spirit to the firing line long before the Stars and Stripes were +carried to Chateau Thierry and beyond.</p> + +<p>It is the province of this chapter to review especially the work of +the organized suffragists in their loyalty to their government—a +government which from the first had refused to women all voice and +part in its proceedings. This work may best be examined under two +headings: 1. War Service of the National American Woman Suffrage +Association; 2. War Service of suffragists as a whole under the +direction of the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense.</p> + +<p>On Feb. 5, 1917, the president of the association, Mrs. Carrie Chapman +Catt, issued the following Call to its Executive Council of One +Hundred to meet in Washington on February 23-24 to confer upon the +approaching crisis in national affairs:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"To Members of the Executive Council:</p> + +<p>"Our nation may be on the brink of war. To those who live in the +interior war may seem a long way off but in the East, where +public buildings, water works, forts, etc., are now under +military guard and where some of the regiments of the National +Guard have been called to duty, it comes as a sad realization +that our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_721" id="Page_721">[Pg 721]</a></span> country is facing a far more serious crisis than most +of us have ever known. A few days may determine whether our +people are to be drawn into war at once or whether the break can +be patched up and the more tragic circumstances postponed or even +averted.</p> + +<p>"If the worst comes, very serious problems confront us. Our +suffrage work would unquestionably come to a temporary +standstill. How shall we dispose of our headquarters, our +workers, our plans? How shall we hold our organization and +resources meanwhile, so that our movement will not lose its +prestige and place among the political issues of our country? +These are questions we must not leave to answer themselves. If we +are 'not the hammer, our cause will be the anvil.' Women not +connected with any particular movement are calling meetings in +order to pass pointless resolutions of the promised service of +women if required. The big question presents itself, shall +suffragists do the 'war work' which they will undoubtedly want to +do with other groups newly formed, thus running the risk of +disintegrating our organizations, or shall we use our +headquarters and our machinery for really helpful constructive +aid to our nation? The answer must be given <i>now</i>.</p> + +<p>"Because this unexpected turn of public affairs creates an +unprecedented condition, the majority of the National Board +avails itself of the provision of the constitution which permits +the call of the Executive Council on a two weeks' notice. I +therefore issue this call to all Elected Officers, all +Presidents, all Auxiliaries, all State Members, (auxiliaries +which pay dues on a membership of 1500 or more are entitled to a +State member in addition to the president), and all Chairmen of +Standing and Special Committees to meet in Washington at the +National Suffrage Headquarters, 1626 Rhode Island Avenue, +February 23-25 inclusive, as per inclosed program. Each State is +urged to send its State Congressional Chairmen also to this +meeting...."</p></div> + +<p>It was, therefore, for the Executive Council to decide what the +association could best do to help the Government in case of war. The +summons came as no surprise to the members of the National +Association, since for many months their eyes had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_722" id="Page_722">[Pg 722]</a></span> fixed on the +war-clouds gathering upon the horizon. It was evident that the United +States was about to enter the World War.</p> + +<p>When this council met at the headquarters in Washington the national +officers submitted to it the draft of a Note that specified various +concrete ways in which, according to their ideas, the members of the +association might give aid to their country in an emergency. This +draft was discussed section by section and the motion then came to +adopt the Note as a whole. This called out the most important debate +of the two-days' meeting, remarkable for the kindly spirit and good +temper with which were set forth opposing views on a vital matter +concerning which public feeling ran high. The president gave an +opportunity to all "conscientious objectors" to come forward and +record their names as dissenting. Almost all who did so stated that +they believed women should give their assistance in case of war but +they feared that an offer of help to the Government made in advance +might tend to fan the war spirit and create a psychological impetus +towards war. Even this minority felt that the proposed services were +judiciously chosen, as they were such as would benefit the country +were it at war or at peace. The majority decision was that the +National Association should now abandon its unbroken custom of not +participating in any matters except those relating directly to woman +suffrage and that in view of the national emergency it should offer +its assistance to the Government of the United States and proceed to +organize for war service. The registered vote on such action was 63 to +13. As the attendance at the conference represented 36 States out of +the 45 in which the association had auxiliaries, it might be +considered as expressing an almost nation-wide conviction among the +members of the association. On February 24 the conference issued the +following Note:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"To the President and Government of the United States:</p> + +<p>"We devoutly hope and pray that our country's crisis may be +passed without recourse to war. We declare our belief that the +settlement of international difficulties by bloodshed is unworthy +of the 20th Century, and also our confidence that our Government +is using every honorable means to avoid conflict. If,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_723" id="Page_723">[Pg 723]</a></span> however, +our nation is drawn into the maelstrom, we stand ready to serve +our country with the zeal and consecration which should ever +characterize those who cherish high ideals of the duty and +obligation of citizenship. With no intention of laying aside our +constructive forward work to secure the vote for the womanhood of +this country as 'the right protective of all other rights,' we +offer our services in the event that they should be needed, and, +in so far as we are authorized, we pledge the loyal support of +our more than two million members. We make this offer now in +order to avoid waste of time and effort in an emergency; also, +that the executive ability, industry and devotion of our women, +trained through years of arduous endeavor, may be utilized, with +all other national resources, for the protection of our country +in its time of stress. We propose that a National Committee be +formed at once, composed of a representative from each national +organization of women willing to aid in war work, if the need +arises. The object shall be to establish a clearing house between +the Government and those organizations in order that service may +be rendered in the most expeditious manner. With this end in view +we recommend that each component organization list its resources +and report to this central committee concerning the definite work +it is prepared to do. To further the practical application of +this suggestion our association declares its willingness to +undertake the following departments of work:</p> + +<p>"I. The Establishing of Employment Bureaus for Women.—Through +its local, State and national headquarters to register the names +and qualifications of women available for occupations which men +will leave to enter the army; to supply these women to employers +and to protect the work of such women.</p> + +<p>"II. The increase of the Food Supply by the Training of Women for +Agricultural Work and by the Elimination of Waste. The aid of the +Department of Agriculture will be sought in planning systematic +courses for women to accomplish these purposes. The cultivation +by women of garden plots and vacant lots in cities will be +encouraged at the same time that the larger importance of regular +farming is urged.</p> + +<p>"III. The Red Cross.—As the Red Cross, in which many of our +members are zealous workers, is already equipped to render<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_724" id="Page_724">[Pg 724]</a></span> +hospital, medical and general supply service, we offer our +organized service in other fields and we promise continued +cooperation with the Red Cross as needed.</p> + +<p>"IV. Americanization.—A problem unknown to other lands will +become accentuated in the event of war. Within our borders are +eight millions of aliens, who by birth, tradition and training +will find it difficult, if not impossible, to understand the +causes which have led to this war. War invariably breeds +intolerance and hatred and will tend to arouse antagonisms +inimical to the best interests of the nation. With the desire to +minimize this danger, our association, extending as it does into +every precinct of our great cities and into the various counties +of the States, offers to conduct classes in school centers +wherein national allegiance shall be taught, emphasizing +tolerance, to the end that the Stars and Stripes shall wave over +a loyal and undivided people.</p> + +<p>"V. Conference Committee.—In order to carry out our expressed +desire and purpose, a committee of three is hereby ordered +appointed to confer with the proper authorities of the +Government. If need arises, this committee shall be the +intermediary between the Government and our association."</p> + +<p class="center"> +<br /> +Signed, Executive Council, National American Woman Suffrage<br /> +Association.</p> + +<p>by Anna Howard Shaw, honorary president; Carrie Chapman Catt, +president; Helen Guthrie Miller, first vice-president; Katharine +Dexter McCormick, second vice-president; Esther G. Ogden, third +vice-president; Emma Winner Rogers, treasurer; Mrs. Thomas +Jefferson Smith, recording secretary; Nettie Rogers Shuler, +corresponding secretary; Pattie Ruffner Jacobs, first auditor; +Heloise Meyer, second auditor.</p></div> + +<p>The conference ended on Saturday and on Sunday afternoon a public mass +meeting was held. Poli's Theater was filled by a representative +audience and on the platform were four members of the Cabinet: +Secretaries Baker, McAdoo, Daniels and Houston, with their wives; also +United States Senators, Representatives and many other prominent +people, including Miss Margaret Wilson, the daughter of the President. +The meeting was opened with an address by Mrs. Catt on The Impending +Crisis, expressing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_725" id="Page_725">[Pg 725]</a></span> the hope that after the war there would arise a +truer democracy than ever known before and that the world would never +see another war. The Note to President Wilson was read by Mrs. Ida +Husted Harper and handed to Secretary of War Baker. In accepting it he +paid a tribute to the aspirations of women and expressed the belief +that at the close of the war the United States would take its place in +a concert of neutral nations and having practiced justice at home it +would have earned the right to help establish international justice. +Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton delighted the rather tense audience with her +inimitable humor and Dr. Shaw closed the meeting with one of her +strongest speeches. The addresses of Mrs. Catt and Dr. Shaw emphasized +not only the desire of women to do effective patriotic service in time +of stress but also their wish that a more civilized way than by the +waste and destructiveness of war might be found to settle +international disputes.</p> + +<p>President Wilson immediately answered as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Secretary of War has transmitted to me the Resolutions +presented to him at the meeting held on Sunday afternoon, +February 25, under the auspices of the National American Woman +Suffrage Association. I want to express my great and sincere +admiration of the action taken.</p> + +<p class="right">Cordially and sincerely yours, Woodrow Wilson."</p> + +</div> + +<p>On April 6, 1917, the United States declared that a state of war with +Germany existed. News of the severance of diplomatic relations +elicited a deep and reverberating response from the millions of +suffragists over the country. At the New York and Washington +headquarters of the National Association telephone calls and telegrams +were received all day, as State by State the suffrage organizations +proffered concerted action with the national on any program of +constructive service which it might decide to offer to the Government. +The National Suffrage Association at once commenced its war work on +the lines adopted at the Washington conference. This comprised +departments under four sections: Thrift; Food Production; Industrial +Protection of Women and Americanization. Branches of these four +sections had already been formed by all its State auxiliaries and +Mrs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_726" id="Page_726">[Pg 726]</a></span> McCormick, its second vice-president, had been appointed general +chairman of the War Service Department. In many States the president +of the suffrage association became chairman of the War Service +Committee. Thus the suffragists of the United States started their war +activities with as much vigor as they had been accustomed to put into +efforts for their own cause.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>There had been created in August, 1916, by an Act of Congress, the +Council of National Defense, composed of the Secretaries of War, Navy, +Interior, Agriculture, Commerce and Labor. This council was formed in +order that an emergency might not find the country without a central +agency to direct the mobilization of troops back of the regular army. +It was not an executive body; its function was to consider and advise. +By a wise provision of the Congressional Act the formation of +subordinate agencies was authorized and upon the declaration of war +advantage of this was quickly taken. Large fields of action were +mapped out and assigned to committees on which were appointed the +foremost men and women of the country. It was at once evident that the +women of the United States had a definite and powerful rôle to play in +the great war and the council decided that "for the purpose of +coordinating the women's preparedness movement a central body of woman +should be formed under the Council of National Defense." On April 19, +1917, the director, Secretary of War Baker, telegraphed to Dr. Anna +Howard Shaw that Secretary of the Interior Lane and he would like to +consult her in regard to important matters concerning the relations of +women to the council. She was on a lecture tour in the South but +arranged to meet with them in Washington on April 27. On April 21, +before the time for this meeting, the Council of National Defense +voted that a Woman's Committee be formed with the following personnel: +Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, Mrs. Katharine Dexter +McCormick, Mrs. Josiah Evans Cowles, Mrs. Philip North Moore, Mrs. +Antoinette Funk, Miss Ida Tarbell, Miss Maude Wetmore, Mrs. Joseph R. +Lamar. Later Miss Agnes Nestor and Miss Hannah J. Patterson were +added. Of the eleven members of the committee all were prominent +suffragists except Miss Tarbell, Mrs. Lamar and Miss Wetmore,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_727" id="Page_727">[Pg 727]</a></span> who +were well-known "antis." It was learned that the names had been +carefully considered by the council. Dr. Shaw was designated as +chairman of the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense +and asked to hold a meeting in Washington at the earliest possible +date. Its headquarters were opened in this city and the members +accepted their appointments as a call by the Government to the service +of the country.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>In December, 1917, the 49th annual convention of the National American +Woman Suffrage Association was held at Washington. The chairman of its +War Service Department, Mrs. McCormick, described the combination of +efforts desirable between its branches and those of the Woman's +Committee of the Council of National Defense, saying that such a +combination was essential to efficient war-service by the women of the +country. Comprehensive reports were made of the activities of the four +sections by their chairmen which may be read in full in the Handbook +of the association for 1917 and space can be used here only for the +briefest summaries.</p> + +<p>(1) Thrift and Elimination of Waste. The chairman, Mrs. Walter McNab +Miller, first vice-president of the association, said in part: "After +consultation with Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Vrooman and the +heads of Economics and Extension Departments and the Children's +Bureau, a letter was sent to each State suffrage president outlining +the plan of work and asking that a chairman be appointed to inaugurate +and carry out the Thrift program. Food conservation was the subject +stressed, for the experience of the European countries made it of +prime importance. It is a matter of interest that the original food +outline sent out in April contained all the suggestions afterwards +insisted upon by Mr. Hoover, and the outline on Clothing contained the +same advice as was later given out by the Woman's Committee of the +Council of National Defense. The response from the southern States was +especially gratifying. I have spoken 100 times for Thrift, travelled +6,000 miles, sent out 144 form letters and written 100 individual +letters. Reports from States where Thrift Committees have been at work +show constantly increasing interest and the gradual adoption of a +definite line of effort."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_728" id="Page_728">[Pg 728]</a></span></p> + +<p>(2) Food Production. The chairman, Mrs. Henry Wade Rogers, treasurer +of the association, after speaking of the cooperation received from +the Department of Agriculture, said in part: "We appealed to all State +suffrage presidents to appoint chairmen and encourage their local +leagues to cooperate in every way possible in increasing the food +supply and a splendid response came. We urged the importance of +enlisting women to undertake practical gardening or farming and to +provide training for women to this end. We urged the opening in every +State of two or three Farm Employment Bureaus for women through which +graduates of Agricultural Colleges and others with less training could +be placed on farms, and farmers who were progressive enough to want +women's help could be reasonably sure of securing it. We arranged with +the largest overalls company in the United States to design and put +out a suitable farm uniform for women, which was extensively sold and +used.... The reports at the end of the season testified to the +millions of gardens worked by suffragists, to the thousands who helped +on farms or went to farm training schools, to canning kitchens and +home canning on a scale hitherto unthought-of."</p> + +<p>(3) Industrial Protection of Women. The chairman, Miss Ethel M. Smith, +said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"This committee was created by the National Suffrage Board to +secure women workers to fill the places of men called for +military service and it promised to 'protect the work of such +women.' A letter was sent to five hundred Chambers of Commerce +over Mrs. Catt's signature, asking for their cooperation in +behalf of women workers against the danger of excessive overtime +and underpay. The slogan of 'Equal Pay for Equal Work' was +utilized and vigilance committees were planned for each State to +note the conditions in industrial localities and report back to +Washington. The questions of equal pay for equal work and equal +opportunity for women were then taken up with the Government +departments, which have been quite as unfair to women employees +as have private firms. The scale of pay is notoriously less than +for men, and women have been excluded from the civil service +examinations for many positions which they are well equipped to +fill. We therefore sent a letter to the Departments<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_729" id="Page_729">[Pg 729]</a></span> of War, +Navy, State and Commerce where the discrimination had been +proved, asking whether they would not modify their regulations to +give women equal chances with men, and, now that men were needed +for the army, give women the clerical positions in preference to +men. We published these letters and received favorable replies +from all but the State Department." Miss Smith told of the +discovery that women in the Bureau of Engraving, under the +Treasury Department, were working twelve hours a day seven days +in the week; of the protest of her committee sent through Mrs. +Catt to Secretary McAdoo and of his order restoring the +eight-hour day and removing all cause of complaint."</p></div> + +<p>(4) Americanization. The chairman, Mrs. Frederick P. Bagley, said that +her first act was to secure three wise and experienced suffragists to +form with her a central committee, Mrs. Shuler, corresponding +secretary of the National Suffrage Association; Mrs. Robert S. Huse of +New Jersey, and Mrs. Winona Osborn Pinkham, executive secretary of the +Boston Equal Suffrage Association. A plan for Americanization work was +printed in the <i>Woman Citizen</i>, June 30, 1917, and was sent to each +State president with a letter asking for the appointment of a State +chairman. Mrs. Bagley's thorough résumé of the work of her committee +filled eleven pages of the printed convention report and among the +various branches described were recruiting in the foreign tenement +quarters for attendance at the public schools; securing cooperation +with foreign leaders and with existing agencies for Americanization +work; enlisting the cooperation of employers in providing school +facilities for employees; teaching English in the homes where the +women had not been able to attend school and aiding in the carrying on +of the day school for immigrant women now established in the North End +of Boston. She told of two new departments, Americanization for rural +districts and citizenship classes for women voters. She urged, not +only the necessity of schools for adult foreigners but the +desirability of good ones that would hold their attention and she made +a special plea for the immigrant women. She also called attention to +the imperative need for teaching patriotism.</p> + +<p>The plan of work recommended by the Executive Council and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_730" id="Page_730">[Pg 730]</a></span> adopted by +this convention provided that the association during 1918 should +continue the four departments and add the Woman's Hospital Unit in +France and Child Welfare; that these six departments be placed under +the direction of a committee, the chairman of which should be a member +of the national suffrage board; that each State suffrage auxiliary be +asked to establish a War Service Committee, composed of chairmen of +the above sections, with an additional one on Liberty Bonds. This +Committee of Eight was to direct the war work for each State in +cooperation with the State division of the Woman's Committee, Council +of National Defense. The Land Army Section was added in the spring of +1918 and took the place of the Food Production section. The name of +the Thrift section was changed to that of Food Conservation; Miss +Hilda Loines became its chairman and its work was combined as closely +as possible with the similar section in the Woman's National Defense +Committee directed by Mrs. McCormick.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>The National Suffrage Association held no convention in 1918 but it +met in March, 1919, at St. Louis for its 50th Anniversary. The +Armistice had been declared and the final reports of the association's +war activities were rendered. In that of the War Service Department +the chairman, Mrs. McCormick, stated that the reason the reports did +not cover all six of its sections but only Land Army, Americanization +and Oversea Hospitals was that the other sections, after the +convention of 1917, were merged with the similar sections of the +Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense. Detailed statements +regarding Food Conservation and Industrial Protection for women in +which the suffrage committees took so large a part, may be found in +the reports of the Government Agriculture and Labor Departments. The +Child Welfare Department was combined with that of the Woman's +National Defense Committee and both were put under the guidance of +Miss Julia Lathrop, chief of the Children's Bureau of the United +States Department of Labor. Miss Lathrop made an address to the +convention in St. Louis on this subject which was published in full in +its Handbook for 1919.</p> + +<p>In the section Industrial Protection of Women Mrs. Gifford<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_731" id="Page_731">[Pg 731]</a></span> Pinchot +had followed Miss Ethel M. Smith as chairman and in a brief report +told how nominal the function of her committee had recently become, +owing to the fact that all agencies working in this field had been +consolidated under the direction of the U. S. Department of Labor. +Before this amalgamation three interesting lines of effort had been +carried forward by this committee: An attempt was made to secure a +representation of women on the War Labor Board, which did not succeed; +action was taken against the decision of this board in dismissing +women street car conductors in Cleveland, O., and the committee's +position was upheld; an unsuccessful effort was made through Mr. +Gompers to have women appointed on the committee of labor delegates +who went abroad to confer with the labor representatives of other +countries during the Peace Conference.</p> + +<p>Land Army. Miss Hilda Loines, chairman, said in part:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The training of women for agricultural work as a war necessity +was early foreseen by the National Suffrage Association and was +made a part of its program of war service. Early in the spring of +1917 a number of organizations undertook to register and place +women who could and would do agricultural labor. Bureaus were +opened for their registry and field workers were sent out to +secure promises of employment from the farmers. This was +difficult at first but as the season wore on and there were no +men to cultivate the crops and pick the fruit the farmers in +desperation turned to the women. During the spring and summer of +1918 the Woman's Land Army was organized in thirty States, and +about 15,000 women were placed on the land, 10,000 in units and +5,000 in emergency groups. The majority of these women had had no +previous experience and most of them could receive little +training but they did practically every kind of farm labor, +ploughing, planting, cultivating and harvesting. They cut, +stacked and loaded hay, corn and rye and filled the silos; worked +on big western farms and orchards, dairy farms, truck farms, +private estates and home gardens; did poultry work, beekeeping +and teaming; learned to handle tractors, harvesters and other +farm machinery. Their efficiency is best proved by the change of +attitude from skepticism to enthusiastic appreciation on the part +of the farmers for whom they worked."</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_732" id="Page_732">[Pg 732]</a></span></p> + +<p>Americanization. The chairman, Mrs. Bagley, continued her report of +the preceding year of the work in connection with the Councils of +Defense of the several States "by means of the local machinery of the +various suffrage organizations." She urged the teaching of English to +aliens as the first step in Americanization, with emphasis on the +point that the immigrant women must not be left out. "This +Americanization is a function peculiarly appropriate to suffragists," +she said, "as a woman married to an alien must herself forever remain +an alien unless her husband becomes a citizen, and as the States +enfranchise women hundreds of thousands will still be left without the +vote. Every married alien whom suffragists help to take out +naturalization papers means not only a vote for him but also for his +wife.</p> + +<p>During the convention in December, 1917, the plan for Oversea +Hospitals was presented to the delegates by Mrs. Charles L. Tiffany of +New York, at the request of Mrs. Catt, the national president, to whom +the matter had been suggested by the action of the Scottish Suffrage +Societies in sending to France in 1914 the Scottish Women's Hospitals, +units managed and staffed entirely by women, and was accepted. Mrs. +Tiffany was made chairman of the Hospital Committee and Mrs. Raymond +Brown director of the work in France. At the convention of March, +1919, in St. Louis, Mrs. Brown made a full report, from which the +following is an extract.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"At its convention in 1917 the National Suffrage Association, as +part of its war work, agreed to support a hospital unit in France +and undertook to raise $125,000 for its maintenance for a year. +This unit was already in process of organization by a group of +women physicians of the New York Infirmary for Women and Children +and was to be composed entirely of women. Since the U. S. +Government does not accept women in its Medical Reserve Corps, +and at that time neither it nor the Red Cross was sending women +surgeons for service abroad, the unit was offered to the French +Government, which accepted it by cable. The first group of the +unit sailed on Feb. 17, 1918, and expected to establish a +hospital for refugees in the devastated area. Before they could +be installed the villages to which they had been assigned were +taken in a new drive by the Germans and about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_733" id="Page_733">[Pg 733]</a></span> half the group, +headed by Dr. Caroline Finley, was suddenly called upon for +hospital service within the war zone. The hospital to which they +were assigned was evacuated before they could reach it and they +were finally placed in Chateau Ognon, a few miles north of Senlis +on the road to Compiègne.</p> + +<p>"Soon after the first group was sent into the war zone, the +French Government asked the remainder of the unit to go to the +Department of Landes in the south of France in order to establish +there a hospital for refugees. The Germans were still advancing +and as the refugees poured into the south the government was +trying to build villages of barracks for them. When Dr. Alice +Gregory with a group of fifteen women, including a carpenter, +plumber, chemist and chauffeur, reached Labouheyre, early in +April, a site had still to be found for the hospital and the +buildings were still to be built, furnished and equipped. The +barracks were erected in due time by the government; the +equipment was the gift of the American Red Cross; the planning, +directing purchasing and installing were done by our women. Dr. +Marie Formad was finally put in charge. Later, at the request of +the French Service de Sante, a 300-bed hospital unit for gas +cases was organized by the Women's Oversea Hospitals and was +started on its way from America to France. This was the first +hospital unit exclusively for gas cases and had a personnel +solely of women. Its principal group in Lorraine cared for 19,307 +cases in three months."</p></div> + +<p>The Oversea Hospitals service was divided and sent from point to point +to answer the many demands of war, having charge of hospitals and +treating tens of thousands of cases. "With the signing of the +Armistice," Mrs. Brown's report said, "the great problem in France +became the care of refugees and repatriates, who were returning at the +rate of thousands a day, most of them utterly destitute and in need of +medical care, to homes in many cases completely destroyed." The +hospital and dispensary service was therefore continued. Dr. Finley +and her group were sent to Germany and here met the returned prisoners +of war, who were in desperate condition.</p> + +<p>"The work of the Oversea Hospitals has been handled with great +economy," the report said, "and has cost less than was anticipated,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_734" id="Page_734">[Pg 734]</a></span> +both because of the large amount of volunteer work and because the +units in French military hospitals received French rations. The State +suffrage organizations have contributed most generously." A list was +furnished of the trucks and ambulances given by the women's +organizations in the United States. "The total number of women sent to +France with the hospitals was seventy-four, who came from all parts of +the United States. Several of the doctors received the French +equivalent of a commission; three obtained the Croix de Guerre and two +were decorated with the Medaille d'Honneur."</p> + +<p>The report of Mrs. Henry Wade Rogers, treasurer of the National +Association, given at the convention, stated that funds for the +hospitals service to the amount of $133,340 had passed through her +hands. Their disbursement, carefully audited, is published in the +Handbook of the association for 1918, page 111.</p> + +<p>At the annual convention of the National Suffrage Association held in +Chicago, in February, 1920, the report of Mrs. Rogers stated that +Oversea Hospitals funds to the amount of $178,000 had passed through +the treasury and a balance of $35,000 remained. (See Handbook, page +116.) The question of the disposition of this balance was put to the +convention, which voted that it be divided equally between the work in +France of the Women's Oversea Hospitals and the American Hospital for +French Wounded in Rheims. Mrs. Tiffany, chairman of the committee, and +Mrs. Brown, director in France, made a final report to the convention, +stating that the work in France was continued until September 1, 1919, +in order to care for the French disabled soldiers, and to maintain +hospitals, dental clinics, dispensaries, ambulances, motor cars, etc. +Such work proceeded in connection with the American Fund for French +Wounded. The principal group was transferred from Lorraine to Rheims +in April, with Dr. Marie Lefort still in charge. On September 1, with +its mission finished, the hospital and all its equipment were +presented to the American Fund for French Wounded. The Mayor sent a +letter to Dr. Lefort which said in part: "The Municipality of Rheims +would like to express to you and the Women's Oversea Hospitals its +profound gratitude for the splendid assistance you have given our +population. France and the city of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_735" id="Page_735">[Pg 735]</a></span> Rheims are deeply moved." The full +equipment of the smaller hospital groups was given to the French +government for its own hospital service. Dr. Caroline Finley returned +to the U. S. in August, still a Lieutenant in the French Army. The +Prince of Wales, who was in New York, invited her on board H. M. S. +<i>Renown</i>, where he conferred on her the Order of the British Empire in +recognition of her work at Metz, where British prisoners stricken with +influenza were cared for as they arrived from German prison-camps.</p> + +<p>This ends the story of the Women's Oversea Hospitals, for which the +National Suffrage Association willingly raised nearly $200,000 at the +crisis in its own fifty-year movement. Desks for suffrage work were +vacant over all the country while their occupants were cheerfully +giving their best service to the demands of the war. For the vast +majority this took the forms indicated by the above committee reports. +In addition there were the activities of money-raising; caring for +children and other dependents; safeguarding public health; the usual +tasks of nursing and other Red Cross work; the distribution of food +administration pledge cards, the organizing of food committees in all +townships under the direction of district captains, with "clean-up" +days and "elimination of waste" days in counties; canning +demonstrations throughout communities; alloting and directing garden +plots; holding normal training schools to teach gardening; making +collections for the Red Cross and other war funds, with countless +other activities. Liberty Bonds in the second, third and fourth +campaigns to the amount of one-fourth of the total sales were disposed +of through the National Suffrage Association, its State branches and +women throughout the country.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>While the suffragists were devoting themselves to war-service they did +not lay down arms for their own cause, which had reached a stage where +further delay was impossible. There was a general tacit understanding +that, while the war needs of their country were and should be +uppermost, their hands must never relinquish the suffrage throttle, +and the double tasks of war work and suffrage work were undertaken in +a fine spirit of devotion to both. Nevertheless, the anti-suffrage +women seized upon the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_736" id="Page_736">[Pg 736]</a></span> occasion to accuse them of disloyalty, +pacifism, pro-Germanism and of placing the interests of woman suffrage +above those of the nation! These attacks were repeatedly made in the +press and on the platform, Mrs. Catt, the president of the National +Association, being especially the victim. At times they grew so +virulent that it became necessary to answer them through the +newspapers.</p> + +<p>Her letters were published with headlines and widely quoted. One of +these letters, under date of Oct. 2, 1917, addressed to Mrs. Margaret +C. Robinson of Cambridge, Mass., chairman of the press committee of +the National Anti-Suffrage Association, began: "My attention has been +called to the fact that you are circulating by public letter and +bulletin various statements that impugn my loyalty as an American and +thereby put in jeopardy my good name and reputation. These assertions +are made by you either with wilful intent to injure my name and +standing in the community or without having made an effort to +establish their proof. I hereby set forth the facts which have been +distorted by you into untruths, either by contrary statements or by +implications." It ended: "In the name of our common womanhood, I ask +you to meet the suffrage issue fairly and squarely, and I warn you +that for personal attacks tending to injure my name or those of my +fellow-workers, you will be held responsible."</p> + +<p>Another letter dated Nov. 1, 1917, addressed by Mrs. Catt to Mrs. +James W. Wadsworth, Jr., president of the Anti-Suffrage Association; +Mrs. Robinson and Miss Alice Hill Chittenden, president of the New +York State Anti-Suffrage Association, took up and refuted the charges +saying: "To every single and collective insinuation, implication or +direct charge, published or spoken in any place at any time by +professional anti-suffrage campaigners, which has conveyed the +impression that I or any other officially responsible leader of the +National Suffrage Association has by word or deed been disloyal to our +country, I make complete and absolute denial here and now." It said in +closing: "In this connection I wish to call your attention to the fact +that the late John Hay, the father of the president of the National +Association of Anti-suffragists, had his own experiences with people +who challenged his loyalty and 'cursed me,' he says, 'for being the +tool of England.' In May, 1898, when our country<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_737" id="Page_737">[Pg 737]</a></span> was at war with +Spain, John Hay actually had the temerity to draft a peace project, +although he knew, so he said, that he 'would be lucky if he escaped +lynching for it.' Are you willing to apply to Mrs. Wadsworth's father +the chain of alleged reasoning that you apply to me, and, because of +his great faith in and hope for peace, call him a traitor to his +country?"</p> + +<p>These letters had no effect on the abuse and misrepresentation of the +suffragists but the charges were continued by the leaders of the +"antis" until after the close of the war. There can be no doubt that +the splendid war work of the suffragists was a principal factor in the +submission and ratification of the Federal Amendment. Their instant +and universal response in New York to the call of the Government, and +later the actual conscription of all women over sixteen years of age +by the Governor, proved that not only were women capable of war +service but actually liable for it. These facts were largely +responsible for the big majority vote cast by the men for woman +suffrage in November, 1917, and the action of this great State paved +the way for the success of the Federal Amendment in Congress.</p> + +<p>It is impossible in this brief space to set forth the achievements of +the Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense, whose chairman, +Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, was honorary president of the National American +Woman Suffrage Association and had been for eleven years its +president; two of whose members, Mrs. Catt and Mrs. McCormick, were +now its president and vice-president, while five of the remaining +eight were prominent suffragists. Its accomplishments were on so large +a scale and embodied so much important detail that only a full review +could do them justice. The facts attested to the work of an +organization which built up branches in forty-eight States comprising +18,000 component units and capable in at least one instance of +reaching as many as 82,000 women in a single State. The reader is +referred to the excellent account by Mrs. Emily Newell Blair—The +Woman's Committee, United States Council of National Defense, an +interpretative report. (Government Printing Office.)</p> + +<p>From the time Dr. Shaw called the first meeting, May 2, 1917, to the +middle of March, 1919, the committee labored unceasingly to perform +its great task. On New Year's Day, 1918, a telegram<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_738" id="Page_738">[Pg 738]</a></span> to Dr. Shaw from +Queen Mary expressed the "thanks of the women of the British Empire +for the inspiring words of encouragement and assurance from the +Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense of America."</p> + +<p>On Nov. 11, 1918, the Armistice was signed and on the 18th +representatives of New York organizations of women met in the +ball-room of the Hotel McAlpin at the call of Mrs. Catt. The second +vice-president, Miss Mary Garrett Hay, presided and Mrs. Catt offered +the following resolution:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Whereas, the great war just ended has been a partnership of all +the people of all belligerent countries composing two vast +armies, one of soldiers in the trenches and one of civilians who +formed a second line of defense to supply the needs of the +fighters, thus making it possible to fight; and whereas, the war +could not have been carried to a victorious conclusion without +the aid of women in civilian activities, as is shown by the +testimony of men in high authority in every belligerent land; and +whereas, all truly civilized, intelligent people now wish to make +a final end of war and to organize the forces of civilization so +as to make future war impossible; and whereas, women compose half +of society with very special and peculiar interests to be +conserved and protected—all too frequently overlooked by +men—therefore</p> + +<p>Resolved, that we urge the President of the United States to give +women adequate representation on the United States delegation to +the Peace Conference to meet in Paris. We urge him to select +women whose broad experience and sympathies render them competent +to support and defend every point which bears upon the +establishment of liberty for all the peoples of the world and +especially upon the proper protection of women and children in +peace and war. We urge him to select women who may be relied upon +to uphold free representative institutions, based upon the will +of the people in every land in which independence is established, +in order that democratic institutions may make an end of war."</p></div> + +<p>No attention was paid to this resolution by the President or the +Government and no women were appointed on the Peace delegation as a +recognition of their work and sacrifice.</p> + +<p>The Woman's Committee gradually closed up its affairs and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_739" id="Page_739">[Pg 739]</a></span> at a +meeting on Feb. 12, 1919, Dr. Shaw was instructed to write to the +Secretary of War that it believed its work to be at an end and +tendered its resignation to take effect when, in the judgment of his +Council, its services should no longer be required. This resignation +was accepted by President Wilson on February 27 with a splendid +tribute to the work of the committee. The announcement was formally +made on March 15, and the committee passed out of existence.<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> Two +of its members, the chairman and the resident director, Miss Hannah J. +Patterson, received from the Government in May the distinguished +service medal.</p> + +<p>Secretary of War Newton D. Baker in a Foreword to Mrs. Blair's report +said: "The chairman of the Woman's Committee of the Council of +National Defense from the beginning was Dr. Anna Howard Shaw—ripened +by a long life devoted intensely to the advocacy of great causes; +cheered and heartened by recent victories for the greatest cause for +which she had fought in her long and unusual life; loved and honored +by her sex as their leader and by men as a citizen combining in a rare +degree high qualities of intellect, force of character and persuasive +eloquence in speech. She and her committee wrought a work the like of +which had never been seen before, and her reward was to see its +success and then to be caught up as she was engaged in another high +and fierce conflict into which she threw herself when hostilities +ceased in order that this great work might be but a helpful part of a +greater thing in the hope and history of mankind.... The Woman's +Committee was the leader of the women of America. It informed and +broadened the minds of women everywhere, and with no thought of +propaganda it made an argument by producing results. The Council of +National Defense fades out of this work and the Woman's Committee +looms large—and yet larger still is the American woman...."</p> + +<p>It was the earnest desire of Dr. Shaw and the suffragists that she +might now give her important services to the Federal Suffrage +Amendment, which was at a critical stage, but this hope could not be +realized. Former President Taft and President<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_740" id="Page_740">[Pg 740]</a></span> Lowell of Harvard +University, both of whom had done valuable work for the Peace Treaty +and the League of Nations, were starting in May, 1919, on a speaking +tour to advocate the League in fifteen States and they urged Dr. Shaw +to cancel all other engagements and join them on this tour. For two +years she had been giving her time and labor without price and now she +had commenced again to fill her own lecture dates. She was going later +to Spain as the guest of Dr. M. Carey Thomas, president of Bryn Mawr +College, for a well-earned and much-needed rest, but at this call +everything was given up willingly and cheerfully to continue her +service to her country. As the tour was arranged, every night was to +be spent on a sleeping car and Dr. Shaw was to speak only once in +twenty-four hours. She could not, however, resist the pleading of +people in different cities and at Indianapolis she filled eight +engagements of various kinds in one day. The following day at +Springfield, Ills., she succumbed to her old foe, pneumonia. She +received every possible care in the hospital and after two weeks +recovered sufficiently to make the journey to her home at Moylan, +Pennsylvania. She had, however, put too great a strain on her vital +forces and died July 2, at the age of seventy-two.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>Whatever may have been the unthinking verdict passed upon suffragists +and their activities prior to the World War, it was thereafter widely +acknowledged that in the national crisis they played a leading rôle in +the support and defense of the nation. While it is a matter for regret +that their war record cannot be chronicled as fully and definitely as +can their work for suffrage, nevertheless, even a casual examination +will show that it was a heroic one and none the less so because it was +frequently merged, through far-sighted efficiency, in the war-service +of all American women, of which it formed a distinguished part.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> The History is indebted for this chapter to Mrs. +Katharine Dexter McCormick, first vice-president of the National +American Woman Suffrage Association and general chairman of its War +Service Department.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> It was a question long and seriously discussed whether +this vast organization should be wholly dissolved or whether it should +be continued in the various States for civic and humanitarian +purposes. Dr. Shaw was strongly in favor of preserving it and her +earnest appeal will be found in Mrs. Blair's Report, page 137.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_741" id="Page_741">[Pg 741]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX TO CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<h3>THE DEATH OF MRS. STANTON.</h3> + +<p>From the address of an old and valued friend, the Rev. Moncure D. +Conway of Virginia, who was many years at the head of the Ethical +Culture Society of London, at the funeral of Elizabeth Cady Stanton in +her home in New York City, Oct. 28, 1902.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A lighthouse on the human coast is fallen. To vast multitudes the +name Elizabeth Cady Stanton does not mean so much a person as a +standard inscribed with great principles. Roses will grow out of +her ashes; individual characters will give a resurrection to her +soul and genius, but the immortality she has achieved is that of +her long and magnificent services to every cause of justice and +reason. Beginning her career amid ridicule and obloquy, all the +worth she put into her life has not only been returned to her +personally in the love and friendship which have surrounded her +and made life happy even to her last day, but has been returned +to her tenfold in the successes of her cause.</p> + +<p>Could I utter to her my farewell I would say: Revered and beloved +friend, you pass to your rest after a brave and beautiful life; +you have journeyed by a path of unsullied light. If ever there +shall be established in America a republic—a Constitution and +Government free from all caste and privilege, whether of color, +creed or sex—its founders will be discovered not in those who +purchased by their valor and blood mere independence of territory +in which a government allied with slavery was founded, but among +those who, while faithful to heart and home, toiled unweariedly +for an ideal civilization.</p></div> + +<p>A few touching words were spoken by the Rev. Antoinette Brown +Blackwell, a contemporary in the early days of the movement for woman +suffrage. At Woodlawn Cemetery the committal to earth was pronounced +by the Rev. Phoebe A. Hanaford, another companion in the long contest.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>MISS ANTHONY'S LAST BIRTHDAY LETTER TO MRS. STANTON, WRITTEN A FEW +DAYS BEFORE HER SUDDEN DEATH.</h3> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>My Dear Mrs. Stanton:—</p> + +<p>I shall indeed be happy to spend with you November 12, the day on +which you round out your four-score and seven, over four years +ahead of me, but in age as in all else I follow you closely. It +is fifty-one years since first we met and we have been busy +through every one of them, stirring up the world to recognize the +rights of women. The older we grow the more keenly we feel the +humiliation of disfranchisement and the more vividly we realize +its disadvantages in every department of life and most of all in +the labor market.</p> + +<p>We little dreamed when we began this contest, optimistic with the +hope and buoyancy of youth, that half a century later we would be +compelled to leave the finish of the battle to another generation +of women. But our hearts are filled with joy to know that they +enter upon this task equipped with a college education, with +business experience, with the fully admitted right to speak in +public—all of which were denied to women fifty years ago. They +have practically but one point to gain—the suffrage; we had all. +These strong, courageous, capable young women will take our place +and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_742" id="Page_742">[Pg 742]</a></span> complete our work. There is an army of them where we were +but a handful. Ancient prejudice has become so softened, public +sentiment so liberalized and women have so thoroughly +demonstrated their ability as to leave not a shadow of doubt that +they will carry our cause to victory.</p> + +<p>And we, dear, old friend, shall move on to the next sphere of +existence—higher and larger, we cannot fail to believe, and one +where women will not be placed in an inferior position but will +be welcomed on a plane of perfect intellectual and spiritual +equality.</p> + +<p class="ltr-closing">Ever lovingly yours,</p> +<p class="ltr-from2">Susan B. Anthony.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Practically every magazine in the United States contained an article +about Mrs. Stanton and her great work and there was scarcely a +newspaper that did not have an editorial. An extended account, with +tributes from Miss Anthony, will be found in her Life and Work, +Chapter LXI.</p> + +<p>In the <i>Review of Reviews</i> for December, 1902, appeared an +appreciation from the writer of these volumes.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>APPENDIX TO CHAPTER IV.</h3> + +<h4>DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES.</h4> + +<p>The following Declaration of Principles, prepared by Mrs. Catt, Dr. +Shaw, Miss Blackwell and Mrs. Harper, was adopted by the convention of +the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1904.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When our forefathers gained the victory in a seven years' war to +establish the principle that representation should go hand in +hand with taxation, they marked a new epoch in the history of +man; but though our foremothers bore an equal part in that long +conflict its triumph brought to them no added rights and through +all the following century and a quarter, taxation without +representation has been continuously imposed on women by as great +tyranny as King George exercised over the American colonists.</p> + +<p>So long as no married woman was permitted to own property and all +women were barred from the money-making occupations this +discrimination did not seem so invidious; but to-day the +situation is without a parallel. The women of the United States +now pay taxes on real and personal estate valued at billions of +dollars. In a number of individual States their holdings amount +to many millions. Everywhere they are accumulating property. In +hundreds of places they form one-third of the taxpayers, with the +number constantly increasing, and yet they are absolutely without +representation in the affairs of the nation, of the State, even +of the community in which they live and pay taxes. We enter our +protest against this injustice and we demand that the immortal +principles established by the War of the Revolution shall be +applied equally to women and men citizens.</p> + +<p>As our new republic passed into a higher stage of development the +gross inequality became apparent of giving representation to +capital and denying it to labor; therefore the right of suffrage +was extended to the workingman. Now we demand for the 4,000,000 +wage-earning women of our country the same protection of the +ballot as is possessed by the wage-earning men.</p> + +<p>The founders took an even broader view of human rights when they +declared that government could justly derive its powers only from +the consent of the governed, and for 125 years this grand +assertion was regarded as a corner-stone of the republic, with +scarcely a recognition of the fact that one-half of the citizens +were as completely governed without their consent as were the +people of any absolute monarchy in existence. It was only when +our government was extended over alien races in foreign countries +that our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_743" id="Page_743">[Pg 743]</a></span> people awoke to the meaning of the principles of the +Declaration of Independence. In response to its provisions, the +Congress of the United States hastened to invest with the power +of consent the men of this new territory, but committed the +flagrant injustice of withholding it from the women. We demand +that the ballot shall be extended to the women of our foreign +possessions on the same terms as to the men. Furthermore, we +demand that the women of the United States shall no longer suffer +the degradation of being held not so competent to exercise the +suffrage as a Filipino, a Hawaiian or a Porto Rican man.</p> + +<p>The remaining Territories within the United States are insisting +upon admission into the Union on the ground that their citizens +desire "the right to select their own governing officials, choose +their own judges, name those who are to make their laws and levy, +collect, and disburse their taxes." These are just and +commendable desires but we demand that their women shall have +full recognition as citizens when these Territories are admitted +and that their constitutions shall secure to women precisely the +same rights as to men.</p> + +<p>When our government was founded the rudiments of education were +thought sufficient for women, since their entire time was +absorbed in the multitude of household duties. Now the number of +girls graduated by the high schools greatly exceeds the number of +boys in every State and the percentage of women students in the +colleges is vastly larger than that of men. Meantime most of the +domestic industries have been taken from the home to the factory +and hundreds of thousands of women have followed them there, +while the more highly trained have entered the professions and +other avenues of skilled labor. We demand that under this new +régime, and in view of these changed conditions in which she is +so important a factor woman shall have a voice and a vote in the +solution of their innumerable problems.</p> + +<p>The laws of practically every State provide that the husband +shall select the place of residence for the family, and if the +wife refuse to abide by his choice she forfeits her right to +support and her refusal shall be regarded as desertion. We +protest against the recent decision of the courts which has added +to this injustice by requiring the wife also to accept for +herself the citizenship preferred by her husband, thus compelling +a woman born in the United States to lose her nationality if her +husband choose to declare his allegiance to a foreign country.</p> + +<p>As women form two-thirds of the church membership of the entire +nation; as they constitute but one-eleventh of the convicted +criminals; as they are rapidly becoming the educated class and as +the salvation of our government depends upon a moral, +law-abiding, educated electorate, we demand for the sake of its +integrity and permanence that women be made a part of its voting +body.</p> + +<p>In brief, we demand that all constitutional and legal barriers +shall be removed which deny to women any individual right or +personal freedom which is granted to man. This we ask in the name +of a democratic and a republican government, which, its +constitution declares, was formed "to establish justice and +secure the blessings of liberty."</p></div> + +<hr /> + +<h3>APPENDIX TO CHAPTER VII.</h3> + +<h4>THE ANTHONY MEMORIAL BUILDING IN ROCHESTER, N. Y.</h4> + +<p>Shortly after the death of Susan B. Anthony a group of her co-workers +and other friends in Rochester set out to raise a fund for the purpose +of erecting, as a memorial to her, a building for the use of women +students at the University of Rochester. This seemed to them +especially fitting, as Miss Anthony had been intensely interested and +very active in the raising of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_744" id="Page_744">[Pg 744]</a></span> Co-education Fund which admitted +women students to the University in 1900.<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> Endorsement of this +plan and the use of their names were given by her sister, Mary S. +Anthony, Dr. Anna Howard Shaw and many well known women throughout +this country and several from over-seas.</p> + +<p>A Memorial Association was formed with an executive committee of +Rochester women<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> but very little organized committee work was +done. Suffragists were by this time too busy with the growing +intensity of their own campaigns and said, truly enough, that Miss +Anthony would much rather they would spend their time and money for +the cause. However, an appeal was issued, coupon books were scattered +among many women's organizations and individuals and the chairman of +the committee addressed her personal appeal to every club and +conference that would give her a hearing.</p> + +<p>The largest single gift was from Miss Anthony's old friend Mrs. Sarah +L. Willis of Rochester, $5,250. Mrs. Susan Look Avery of Louisville, +Ky., gave $1,199. Of nine gifts of $1,000 each, five were from +Rochester women—Miss Mary S. Anthony, Mrs. Hannah M. Byam, Mrs. Mary +H. Hallowell, Miss Ada Howe Kent and Miss Frances Baker. The other +$1,000 gifts were from Mrs. Emma J. Bartol, George and Mary A. Burnham +of Philadelphia; John C. Haynes of Boston; Mrs. Lydia Coonley Ward of +Chicago. Among many interesting gifts may be noted one from the women +of The Netherlands and one from the Portia Suffrage Club of New +Orleans. Women students at the college made class gifts from time to +time but the fund grew slowly. After eight years it had reached +$27,475. At this point the college authorities offered to complete the +amount necessary for the building as planned, if the committee would +turn over its money, which it gladly did. The cost was $58,763, the +balance, which came to $31,288, being paid from the Co-education Fund +raised by and for the women in 1900.</p> + +<p>In the fall of 1914 the college girls took possession of the handsome +gray stone building, bearing on its face, cut in stone, "Anthony +Memorial." It contains a well-equipped gymnasium, a lunch room and +four parlors for the social life of the students and the use of the +Alumnæ Association. The possession of this building and Catherine +Strong Hall, the two connected by a cloistered walk, has added greatly +to the enjoyment and convenience of the women students. Miss Eddy's +half-length portrait of Miss Anthony hangs over the chimney-piece in +the largest parlor and these rooms furnish a homelike place for their +smaller social gatherings: larger affairs, such as the alumnæ dinner, +are held in the gymnasium. "Miss Anthony would certainly rejoice if +she could look in on some February 15th and see the girls +commemorating her birthday, as they do in some way every year," Mrs. +Gannett writes in sending information for this account.</p> + +<p>Dr. Rush Rhees, president of the university, who has sent for this +volume a picture of the Memorial Building and some additional +information, says:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_745" id="Page_745">[Pg 745]</a></span> "The building is in constant use and is a great +contribution to the comfort, health and pleasure of our women +students."</p> + +<p>Friends of Miss Anthony gave a scholarship for women in her name and +Miss Mary S. Anthony gave the money for one in her own name. The +university has seven other scholarships for women.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>APPENDIX TO CHAPTER X.</h3> + +<h4>STATEMENT BY MRS. CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT AT SENATE HEARING IN 1910</h4> + +<p>Although the Constitution of the United States in section 2 of Article +I seems to have relegated authority over the extension of the suffrage +to the various States, yet, curiously, few men in the United States +possess the suffrage because they or the class to which they belong +have secured their right to it by State action. The first voters were +those who possessed the right under the original charters granted by +the mother country and as the restrictions were many, including +religious tests in most of the colonies and property qualifications in +all, the number of actual voters was exceedingly small. When it became +necessary at the close of the Revolution to form a federation for the +"common defense" and the promotion of the "general welfare," it was +obvious that citizenship must be made national. To do this it became +clearly necessary that religious tests must be abandoned, since +Catholic Maryland, Quaker Pennsylvania and Congregational +Massachusetts could be united under a common citizenship by no other +method. The elimination of the religious test enfranchised a large +number of men and this without a struggle or any movement in their +behalf.</p> + +<p>In 1790 the first naturalization law was passed by Congress. Under the +Articles of Confederation citizenship had belonged to the States but +since it was apparent that it must now be national, a compromise was +made between the old idea of State's rights and the new idea of +Federal union. Each of the original States had its representatives in +the convention which drafted the Federal Constitution and by common +consent it was there planned that citizenship should carry with it the +right to vote, although this was to be put into the State +constitutions and not into the National. These delegates, influencing +their own States in the forming of their constitutions, easily brought +this about and without any movement on the part of those who were to +be naturalized. This common understanding in the National +Constitutional Convention and the Naturalization Act of Congress in +1790 certainly enfranchised somewhere between three-fourths and +four-fifths of all men in the United States at this time.</p> + +<p>The population of the colonies at the time of the Revolution was two +and a half millions and even though all men had been voters the number +could not have been more than seven or eight hundred thousand. By the +census of 1900 there were 21,000,000 men of voting age in the United +States. The Act, therefore, of the U. S. Government virtually +enfranchised millions upon millions of men. Generations then unborn +have come into the right of the suffrage in this country under that +Act and men of every nationality have availed themselves of its +privileges to become voting citizens. Although, technically speaking,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_746" id="Page_746">[Pg 746]</a></span> +enfranchisement of the foreign-born was extended by the States, yet in +reality it is obvious that the real granting of this privilege came +from Congress itself. The thirteen original States retained their +property qualifications after the formation of the Union and these +were removed by State amendments. This extension of the suffrage was +made in most cases many years ago, when the electorate was very small +in numbers.</p> + +<p>The history of the enfranchisement of the negro is well known. States +attempted it by amending their constitutions but in no case was this +accomplished. Congress undertook to secure it by national amendment +and although this was ratified by the necessary three-fourths of the +State Legislatures yet it must be remembered that all the southern +States were virtually coerced into giving their consent.... The +Indians were enfranchised by Acts of Congress.</p> + +<p>The evolution of man suffrage in the United States shows that but one +class received their votes by direct State action—the nonproperty +holders. They found political parties and statesmen to advocate their +cause and their enfranchisement was made easy by State constitutional +action.</p> + +<p>In the 120 years of our national life no class of men have been forced +to organize a movement in behalf of their enfranchisement; they have +offered no petition or plea or even given sign that the extension of +suffrage to them would be acceptable. Yet American women, who have +conducted a persistent, intelligent movement for a half-century, which +has grown stronger and stronger with the years, appealing for their +own enfranchisement and supported now by a petition of 400,000 +citizens of the United States are told that it is unnecessary to +consider their plea since all women do not want to vote!</p> + +<p>Gentlemen, is it not manifestly unfair to demand of women a test which +has never been made in the case of men in this or any other country? +Is it not true that the attitude of the Government toward an +unenfranchised class of men has ever been that the vote is a privilege +to be extended and it is optional with the citizen whether or not he +shall use it? If any proof is needed it can be found in the fact that +the U. S. Government has no record whatever of the number who have +been naturalized in this country. It has no record of the number of +Indians who have accepted its offer of the vote as a reward for taking +up land in severalty. Manifestly the Government, as represented by +Congress and the State Legislatures, considers it entirely unnecessary +to know whether men who have had the suffrage "thrust upon them" use +it or not, but imperative that women must not only demand it in very +large numbers but give guaranty that they will use it, before its +extension shall be made to them.</p> + +<p>Is it not likewise unfair to compel women to seek their +enfranchisement by methods infinitely more difficult than those by +means of which any man in this country has secured his right to a +vote? Ordinary fair play should compel every believer in democracy and +individual liberty, no matter what are his views on woman suffrage, to +grant to women the easiest process of enfranchisement and that is the +submission of a Federal Amendment.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_747" id="Page_747">[Pg 747]</a></span></p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XIV.</h3> + +<h4>THE SHAFROTH-PALMER WOMAN SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT.</h4> + +<p>In 1914 the Congressional Committee of the National American Woman +Suffrage Association, of which Mrs. Medill McCormick was chairman and +Mrs. Antoinette Funk vice-chairman, caused to be introduced in +Congress, with the sanction of the National Board, a Federal Amendment +for woman suffrage radically different from the one for which the +association had been working since 1869. It was named for its +introducers in Senate and House. The merits of the proposed amendment, +as stated by Mrs. Funk, which are given in condensed form in <a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">Chapter +XIV</a>, will be found in full in the published Handbook or Minutes of the +national suffrage convention of this year. Specimens of the objections +made as published in the <i>Woman's Journal</i> are given herewith:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch (Ills.), a lawyer: Senator +Shafroth's new suffrage amendment may do good by keeping +law-makers discussing woman suffrage but as a practical method of +securing it has serious defects. It is open to all the States' +rights objections raised against our Susan B. Anthony +amendment,<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> for it goes further and proposes a universal +method of amending 48 State constitutions. State law-makers and +Judges and even State voters from the North as well as the South +will resent such dictation as an unwarrantable interference. The +Initiative and Referendum scheme will have its own enemies, who +will fear that this way may be an entering wedge for more +Initiative and Referendum amendments to be pushed into State +constitutions.</p> + +<p>The amendment is, however, too indefinitely framed to be +workable. No officer is named to whom the petitions should go; no +officer is obligated to submit the question; no method of +authenticating the petitions is prescribed and no time for voting +is fixed. The United States has no facilities of its own for +conducting any such elections or punishing State or county +officers who may not volunteer to do the work. The Congressional +Committee would better keep this amendment in committee rather +than let the country know the great objection there is to it on +the part of our constituency....</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>Mrs. M. Tascan Bennett (Conn.): The three principal objections to +the new amendment appear to be as follows: It divides suffragists +all over the country. The Anthony Amendment has had the support +since 1869 of the annual conventions, where the members of the +National Association have their one opportunity to direct its +work. The Shafroth Amendment furnishes an excellent excuse to +Congress for taking no action on the Anthony Amendment. It might +well appear as a happy way to dispose of the whole question of +woman suffrage by foisting responsibility for it back on the +States where it already is.... It defeats what I consider to be +the unanswerable advantage of the Anthony Amendment, whose +ratification by the required three-fourths of the States will +force the remaining one-fourth into line. The southern States, +for whose special benefit the Shafroth Amendment appears to have +been conceived, will undoubtedly be many years in accepting woman +suffrage. With this new amendment ratified, they can still hold +it back within their borders as long as they cling to their +prejudices.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>George H. Wright, M.D. (Conn.): The greatest objection is that, +if passed, this amendment would throw the whole suffrage campaign +into chaos. At<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_748" id="Page_748">[Pg 748]</a></span> present when we have carried one State we stop +worrying about that State. The women cannot again be +disfranchised except by an amendment to the State constitution, +which would first have to pass a Legislature elected by the whole +people. No such Legislature would dare to pass such a bill; the +members who voted for it would accomplish nothing and would at +once be ousted by their outraged women constituents. But under +the Shafroth Amendment 8 per cent. of the voters could force a +referendum on the question at any time.... Also a large part of +the effort and money now used to gain new victories would be +spent in defending what we had already won.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>The Rev. Olympia Brown (Wis.), a pioneer suffragist: The passage +of the Shafroth Amendment is spoken of several times in the +explanations and arguments for it as being an "endorsement of +woman suffrage by Congress." "Federal sanction," it is said, +"would dignify the movement." This is another misnomer. There is +no "indorsement" by Congress and no "federal sanction" about it. +There is not even a hint that Congress favors woman suffrage. The +amendment merely provides for the Initiative and Referendum in +the States.</p> + +<p>The <i>Woman's Journal</i> lately called attention to the statement +twice made that "the effect of the amendment, if ratified, would +be the same as if every State in the Union had passed a suffrage +amendment." This is a most singular assertion. If every State +adopted a suffrage amendment our work would be done. Again: "The +passage of this resolution would have the same effect over the +United States as if any other suffrage amendment had passed." +Surely anyone can see that if the Anthony Amendment had been +passed by Congress the effect would be entirely different from +that produced by the passage of one merely giving the Initiative +and Referendum to the States. And again: "If ratified, this +amendment would have the same effect in every State as if a +suffrage amendment had already passed its Legislature." Even this +is untrue. If any Legislature had submitted a suffrage amendment, +the subject would at once go to the men to be voted on but by +this method there must be a petition signed by 8 per cent. of the +voters....</p> + +<p>One thing, however, seems to be ignored by all. When once an +amendment to the Federal Constitution is passed and ratified by +three-fourths of the Legislatures it becomes a part of the +Constitution and is fixed for all time. No amendment has ever yet +been repealed but it would be difficult, if not impossible, to +secure another amendment on the same subject, especially one +providing for a course of action entirely different from the +former.</p> + +<p>Therefore, this Shafroth Amendment, if passed, will place an +impassable barrier to future Congressional action in behalf of +woman suffrage. It simply refers the matter to the States. As a +reason for passing it, it is claimed that we cannot secure the +submission of the original amendment. Perhaps not today or during +this session of Congress; possibly not during this +administration, but with the wonderful progress of our cause, the +spread of the recognition of the rights of women and the "new +doctrine of freedom," the demand for it will be overwhelming and +it will be gained at no distant day.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>Mrs. Ida Husted Harper, historian of the suffrage movement: In +behalf of many loyal and experienced suffragists I wish to enter +two strong protests—one against the resolution which has been +presented in the U. S. Senate by Senator Shafroth of Colorado, by +request of Mrs. Medill McCormick and Mrs. Antoinette Funk; the +other against their statement made to Congress that they speak +for the 642,000 members of the National American Suffrage +Association in offering this resolution.</p> + +<p>The Congressional Committee, of which they are chairman and +vice-chairman, was appointed, according to the understanding of +the convention which met in Washington last fall, to work for the +submission by Congress of the Federal Amendment for which the +association has stood sponsor forty-five years. It was organized +in 1869 for the express purpose of securing this amendment: "The +right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be +denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on +account of sex." No other ever has been considered by the +association.</p> + +<p>When this committee opened its headquarters in Washington the +National<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_749" id="Page_749">[Pg 749]</a></span> Board asked contributions for its support through the +<i>Woman's Journal</i>, saying: "The speedy submission of this Federal +Amendment is of vital concern to every suffragist." Later it +announced: "The Washington office will be occupied largely with +the political end of the Federal Amendment campaign, while a +Chicago office will specialize in the work of organizing the +congressional districts of the United States in cooperation with +the various State associations." All this, of course, was for the +old, original amendment. No experienced suffragist expected it to +receive the necessary two-thirds vote this session, but, as it +had been reported favorably to the Senate, the desire was to have +it brought to a discussion; to secure as large a vote as possible +and to ascertain which members were friends and which were +enemies. In spite of most unfavorable conditions this was +accomplished and the amendment received a majority. There were no +more negative votes than when it was acted upon in 1887 by the +Senate and over twice as many favorable votes. The opposition was +based almost entirely on the doctrine of State's rights, as was +to be expected; but three Southern Senators voted in the +affirmative. Before another session of Congress several more +States are certain to be carried for woman suffrage, thus +insuring more votes for this Federal Amendment. The defeat of +suffrage bills in a number of Legislatures in the South is +converting the women of that section to the necessity of action +by Congress. Just at the most favorable moment in the entire +history of this amendment, the committee having it in charge +suddenly throws it on the dust heap; has another introduced of a +radically different character, and announces to the public that +this is done with the sanction of the National Board and that it +represents the sentiment of the 642,000 members of the National +American Association!... In behalf of countless members of this +association, I protest against this high-handed action. I insist +that the National Board exceeded its prerogatives when it +sanctioned so radical and complete a change in the time-honored +policy of the association without first bringing it before a +national convention and giving the delegates a chance to pass +upon it. The proposed amendment seems undesirable from every +point of view....</p></div> + +<p>These and all protests were answered by Miss Alice Stone Blackwell, +editor of the <i>Woman's Journal</i>, generally recognized as high +authority by the suffragists of the country. Throughout the months of +controversy she kept up a vigorous defense and advocacy of the +Shafroth Amendment, saying: "The old amendment has not been dropped +and many of us believe that the new amendment will pave the way for +the passage of the old one. Most of the suffragists are much attached +to the old nation-wide amendment. If any proposal should be made at +the next national convention to drop it the proposal could hardly +carry, or, if it did, the resulting dissatisfaction would greatly +weaken the National Association, but at present nothing of the sort is +proposed." She did, however, say in mild criticism:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The National Board has authority to decide questions that come up +in the interim between the national conventions. On the other +hand it has never before had to pass upon anything so important +as committing the association to the advocacy of a wholly new +amendment to the U.S. Constitution. It would probably have been +the part of wisdom to get a vote of the National Executive +Council. This would not have taken long and would have saved +considerable hard feeling and perplexity. The approval of the +majority of the Council could probably have been had, for there +is no earthly ground for objecting to the Shafroth Amendment when +it is thoroughly understood. It merely furnishes a short cut to +amendments in the States—a method which any State could use or +not as it chose. Supposing the Shafroth Amendment to have passed +Congress and been ratified, if the suffragists of any State +preferred the old way of amending their State constitution, it +would still be open. The Shafroth Amendment would lay no +compulsion upon any State; it would only take snags out of the +way of amendments in those States where the snags are now very +thick.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_750" id="Page_750">[Pg 750]</a></span></p> + +<p>Feeling on this subject is more acute than it needs to be because +the suffrage atmosphere just now is highly charged with +electricity. The Shafroth Amendment is a first-rate little +amendment and the sooner it passes the better.</p></div> + +<p>The National Convention at Nashville in November, 1914, after many +hours of heated discussion, finally adopted a resolution that it +should be the policy of the association to "support by every means +within its power the Anthony Amendment and to support such other +legislation as the National Board might authorize to the end that the +Anthony resolution should become law." (Minutes, p. 26.) At the +convention of December, 1915, in Washington it was voted that the last +year's action in regard to the Shafroth Amendment be rescinded; that +the association re-indorse the Anthony Amendment and that no other be +introduced by it during the coming year. (Minutes, page 43.) This +ended the matter for all time.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XV.</h3> + +<h4>FROM ADDRESS OF DR. ANNA HOWARD SHAW WHEN RESIGNING THE PRESIDENCY OF +THE NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION, DEC. 15, 1915.</h4> + +<p>After a brief sketch of the condition of the world after a year and a +half of the war in Europe, the address continued:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As an association we are confronted through the eternal law of +progress by changes in our methods such as we have not met since +the union of the two national societies in 1890. Our enlarged and +expanding status as an association, the new and varied duties +which devolve upon us and the innumerable demands increasing with +the accumulation of means and workers call for a new kind of +service in leadership. Political necessity has supplanted the +reform epoch; the reapers of the harvest have replaced the +ploughman and seed sower, each equally needed in the process of +the cultivation and the development of an ideal as in the harvest +of the land. When this movement began its pioneers were +reformers, people who saw a vision and dreamed dreams of the time +when all mankind should be free and all human beings have an +equal opportunity under the law. Other reformers became possessed +by it, and, following it in the spirit of Him who cried, "I was +not disobedient to the Heavenly vision," they went forth +proclaiming it to the world, knowing that misunderstanding, +misrepresentation and persecution would combine to make the task +difficult. It was not that they sought persecution but that they +loved justice and freedom more than escape from it—these +pioneers of the greatest political reform which history recounts. +Year after year the task has been carried forward until the time +has come when "new occasions teach new duties, time makes ancient +good uncouth," and the idealist and the reformer are supplanted +in our movement by the politician. Our cause has passed beyond +the stage of academic discussion and has entered the realm of +practical politics. The time has come when our organized +machinery must be political in its character and work along +political lines directed by political leaders....</p> + +<p>The United States is looked upon as being the most powerful +neutral nation, which with its high human ideal is the best +equipped to present its good offices in mediation between the +warring nations of the East, but is this true? What better +preparation could it make than by removing from within its own +borders the very cause which led to the present barbarous +conditions across the sea?... How can the United States, in any +spirit of a truly great nation, offer its services as mediator +when it is following the same line of action towards its own +people? How can it plead for justice in the East when it denies +this to its own women? How can it claim that written agreements +between nations are binding when it violates the fundamental +principles of its own National<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_751" id="Page_751">[Pg 751]</a></span> Constitution which declare that +"the right of the citizen to vote shall not be denied or abridged +by the United States or any State," and for forty-five years +Congress has turned a deaf ear to the appeal of our own citizens +for protection under this law? Is it true that the United States +Constitution too is but a "scrap of paper" to be repudiated at +will? If, as a mediator of justice, we hold out our hands to lift +other nations from the abyss into which injustice has plunged +them, they must be clean hands. Our words must ring true....</p> + +<p>Many appeals will be made to our association to abandon its one +purpose of securing votes for women and turn its attention and +organized machinery to the real or imaginary dangers which beset +us as a nation, but let us never for a moment forget the specious +promises and assurances that were given to the pioneers, who, +when the Civil War took place, gave up their associated work and +turned their efforts to its demand in the belief that when the +war was over the country would recognize their patriotic services +and the dependence of the nation upon women in war as in peace +and reward them with the ballot, the crowning symbol of +citizenship. But instead of recognizing their service and +rewarding the loyal women, the cry went forth: "This is the +negroes' hour. Let the women wait"—and they are still waiting. +As they wait they are not blind to the fact that this nation did +what no other nation has ever done, when it voluntarily made its +former slaves the sovereign rulers of its loyal and patriotic +women.</p> + +<p>The greatest service suffragists can render their country and +through it the whole world at this time, is to teach it that +there is no sex in love of individual liberty and to stand +without faltering by their demand for justice and equality of +political rights for men and women.</p></div> + +<p>Dr. Shaw impressed upon the workers, especially the younger ones, not +to be discouraged at what seemed slow progress and said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It has been the privilege of your president to participate +actively in twenty-four out of twenty-seven State campaigns; in +the New Hampshire constitutional convention campaign, the +Wheeling municipal campaign and directly though not actively in +all the others except that of Illinois. The vote cast upon the +amendments but inadequately expresses the expanding sentiment in +behalf of woman suffrage and it needs only consecrated, +persistent, systematic service to reach the goal and complete the +task begun by the pioneers of 1848 and led by Susan B. Anthony +until her death in 1906. While we accept as our motto her last +public utterance, "Failure is impossible," we must also remember +her prophetic words, uttered just before she laid down her life +work: "There is nothing which can ultimately prevent the triumph +of our cause but the time of its coming depends largely upon the +loyalty and devotion of those who believe in it." ...</p> + +<p>While recognizing that our primary object is to secure the ballot +for women citizens and that as an organization we are not wedded +to one method of obtaining it but are willing to adopt any just +plan which promises success, nevertheless until a better way is +found we will seek to secure an amendment to the National +Constitution prohibiting disfranchisement on account of sex, and +at the same time will appeal to the States that by their action a +sufficiently strong support may be given to the Federal Amendment +to secure its adoption, unless it become unnecessary by action of +the States themselves.... We must face the fact that large bodies +of our new recruits know practically little of the history of the +suffrage movement, of the long years of faithful devotion and the +wise and statesmanlike service which have brought it to its +present successful position. These recruits are attracted by new +and spectacular methods, are impatient of delay and eagerly +follow any scheme which promises to "get it quick." ... If we +analyze the arguments set forth by these most ardent advocates of +the Federal Constitutional Amendment as the only means of +securing immediate results and learn upon what they base their +hopes of success, we shall see, as has been shown again and +again, that every one of them has its source in the enfranchised +States; that instead of State by State action being "wasteful, +expensive and slow," it is the foundation of hope. This is the +strongest argument in behalf of the wisdom of the founders of +our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_752" id="Page_752">[Pg 752]</a></span> movement, that they recognized the necessity that State and +Federal action must go together.</p></div> + + +<h4>ADDRESS OF MRS. CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT AT SENATE HEARING, DEC. 15, 1915.</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Committee:</p> + +<p>Since our last appeal was made to your committee a vote has been +taken in four Eastern States upon the question of amending their +constitutions for woman suffrage. The inaction of Congress in not +submitting a Federal amendment naturally leads us to infer that +members believe the proper method by which women may secure the +vote is through the referendum. We found in those four States +what has always been true whenever any class of people have asked +for any form of liberty and was best described by Macaulay when +he said: "If a people are turbulent they are unfit for liberty; +if they are quiet, they do not want it." We met a curious +dilemma. On the one hand a great many men voted in the negative +because women in Great Britain had made too emphatic a demand for +the vote. Since they made that demand it is reported that +10,000,000 men have been killed, wounded or are missing through +militant action, but all of that is held as naught compared with +the burning of a few vacant buildings. Evidently the logic that +these American men followed was: Since some turbulent women in +another land are unfit to vote, no American woman shall vote. +There was no reasoning that could change the attitude of those +men. On the other hand the great majority of the men who voted +against us, as well as the great majority of the members of +Legislatures and Congress who oppose this movement, hold that +women have given no signal that they want the vote. Between the +horns of this amazing dilemma the Federal amendment and State +suffrage seem to be caught fast.</p> + +<p>So those of us who want to learn how to obtain the vote have +naturally asked ourselves over and over again what kind of a +demand can be made. We get nothing by "watchful waiting" and if +we are turbulent we are pronounced unfit to vote. We turned to +history to learn "what kind of a demand the men of our own +country made and determined to do what they had done. The census +of 1910 reported 27,000,000 males over 21. Of these 9,500,000 are +direct descendants of the population of 1800; 2,458,873 are +negroes; 15,040,278 are aliens, naturalized or descendants of +naturalized citizens since 1800. The last two classes compose +two-thirds of the male population over 21. The enfranchisement of +negro men is such recent history that it is unnecessary to repeat +here that they made no demand for the vote. The naturalization +laws give citizenship to any man who chooses to make a residence +of this country for five years and automatically every man who is +a citizen becomes a voter in the State of his residence. In the +115 years since 1800 not one single foreigner has ever been asked +whether he wanted the vote or whether he was fit for it—it has +literally been thrust upon him. Two-thirds of our men of voting +age today have not only made no demand for the vote but they have +never been asked to give any evidence of capacity to use it +intelligently.</p> + +<p>We turned again to history to see how the men who lived in this +country in 1800 got their votes. At that time 8 per cent. of the +total population were voters in New York as compared with 25 per +cent. now. There was a struggle in all the colonial States to +broaden the suffrage. New York seemed always to have lagged +behind the others and therefore it forms a good example. It was +next to the last State to remove the land qualification and it +was not a leader in the extension of the suffrage to any class.</p> + +<p>In 1740 the British Parliament disqualified the Catholics for +naturalization in this country. That enactment had been preceded +in several of the States by their definite disfranchisement. In +1699 they were disfranchised by an Act of the Assembly of New +York. Although the writers on the early franchise say that Jews +were not permitted to vote anywhere in this country in 1701, as +they certainly were not in England, yet occasionally they +apparently did so. In New York that year there was a definite +enactment disfranchising them. In 1737 the Assembly passed +another disfranchising Act. Catholics and Jews were disfranchised +in most States. It is interesting to learn how they became +enfranchised. One would naturally suppose that together or +separately<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_753" id="Page_753">[Pg 753]</a></span> they would make some great demand for political +equality with Protestants but there is no record that they did. I +find that the reason why our country became so liberal to them +was not because there was any demand on their part and not +because there was any special advocacy of their enfranchisement +by statesmen. It was due to the fact that in the Revolution, +Great Britain, having difficulty with the American colonies on +the south side of the St. Lawrence River, did as every +belligerent country does and tried to hold Canada by granting her +favors. In order to make the Canadian colonies secure against +revolution the British Parliament, which had previously +disfranchised the Catholics and the Jews, now extended a vote to +them. The American Constitution makers could not do less than +Great Britain had done, and so in every one of the thirteen +States they were guaranteed political equality with Protestants.</p> + +<p>The next great movement was the elimination of the land +qualification and on this we find that history is practically +silent. In Connecticut and Rhode Island a small petition was +presented to the Assembly asking for its removal. In New York in +the constitutional convention of 1821 when some members advocated +its removal others asked, "Where is the demand? Who wants to vote +that has no land?" The answer was that there had been some +meetings in New York in behalf of removing this qualification. No +one of them had seen such a meeting but some members had heard +that a few had been held in the central districts of the State. +This constitutes the entire demand that has been made by the men +of our country for the vote.</p> + +<p>In contrast we may ask what have women done? Again I may say that +New York is a fair example because it is the largest of the +States in population and has the second city in size in the world +and occupies perhaps the most important position in any land in +which a suffrage referendum has been taken. Women held during the +six months prior to the election in 1915, 10,300 meetings. They +printed and circulated 7,500,000 leaflets or three-and-a-half for +every voter. These leaflets weighed more than twenty tons. They +had 770 treasuries in the State among the different groups doing +suffrage work and every bookkeeper except two was a volunteer. +Women by the thousands contributed to the funds of that campaign, +in one group 12,000 public school teachers. On election day 6,330 +women watched at the polls from 5:45 in the morning until after +the vote was counted. I was on duty myself from 5:30 until +midnight. There were 2,500 campaign officers in the State who +gave their time without pay. The publicity features were more +numerous and unique than any campaign of men or women had ever +had. They culminated in a parade in New York City which was +organized without any effort to secure women outside the city to +participate in it, yet 20,000 marched through Fifth Avenue to +give some idea of the size of their demand for the vote.</p> + +<p>What was the result? If we take the last announcement from the +board of elections the suffrage amendment received 535,000 +votes—2,000 more than the total vote of the nine States where +women now have suffrage through a referendum. It was not +submitted in Wyoming, Utah or Illinois. Yet New York suffragists +did not win because the opponents outvoted them. How did this +happen? Why did not such evidence of a demand win the vote? +Because the unscrupulous men of the State worked and voted +against woman suffrage, aided and abetted by the weakminded and +illiterate, who are permitted a vote in New York. In Rochester +the male inmates of the almshouse and rescue home were taken out +to vote against the amendment. Men too drunk to sign their own +names voted all over the State, for drunkards may vote in New +York. In many of the polling places the women watchers reported +that throughout the entire day not one came to vote who did not +have to be assisted; they did not know enough to cast their own +vote.</p> + +<p>Those are some of the conditions women must overcome in a +referendum. One can eventually be carried even in New York but we +believe we have made all the sacrifices which a just Government +ought to expect of us. Even the Federal Amendment is difficult +enough, with the ratification of 36 Legislatures required, but we +may at least appeal to a higher class of men. We were obliged to +make our campaign in twenty-four different languages.... It is +too unfair and humiliating treatment of American women to compel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_754" id="Page_754">[Pg 754]</a></span> +us to appeal to the men of all nations of the earth for the vote +which has been so freely and cheaply given to them. We believe we +ought to have the benefit of the method provided by the Federal +Constitution.</p></div> + +<hr /> + +<h3>APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XVII.</h3> + +<h4>HEADQUARTERS OF THE NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION.</h4> + +<p>During the early years of the movement for woman suffrage the +headquarters were in the home of Miss Susan B. Anthony, in Rochester, +N. Y. In 1890 her strong desire to have a center for work and social +features in Washington was fulfilled by the National Association's +renting two large rooms in the club house of Wimodaughsis, a newly +formed stock company of women for having classes and lectures on art, +science, literature and domestic and political economy, with Dr. Anna +Howard Shaw president. It did not prove to be permanent, however, and +in two years the association had to give up the rooms and the work +went back to Rochester, where much of it had continued to be done.</p> + +<p>In October, 1895, when Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt became chairman of the +Organization Committee, she opened headquarters in one room of her +husband's offices in the <i>World</i> Building, New York City. At the same +time Miss Anthony, with a gift of $1,000 from Mrs. Louisa Southworth +of Cleveland, had Mrs. Rachel Foster Avery, national corresponding +secretary, open headquarters in Philadelphia, with Miss Nicolas Shaw +as secretary. Both acts were endorsed by the Business Committee of the +association. At the next convention Mrs. Avery recommended that the +Philadelphia headquarters be removed to those of New York. This was +done April 1, 1897; two large rooms were rented in the <i>World</i> +Building and all the work of the association except the treasurer's +and the convention business was transacted here. For six years the +national headquarters, in charge of Mrs. Catt, remained in New York. +In May, 1903, they were removed to Warren, Ohio, near Cleveland, and +Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton, national treasurer, took charge of them, +with Miss Elizabeth J. Hauser, executive secretary. Here they were +beautifully housed, first in the parlors of an old mansion and later +on the ground floor of the county court house where formerly was the +public library. In 1909, partly through the contribution of Mrs. +Oliver H. P. Belmont, they were returned to New York City and with the +New York State Association occupied the entire seventeenth floor of a +large, new office building, 505 Fifth Avenue, corner of 42nd Street. +When Mrs. Catt again became president the work of the association had +outgrown even these commodious headquarters and in January, 1916, the +fourteenth floor, with much more space, was taken in an office +building at 171 Madison Avenue, corner of 33rd Street. In March, 1917, +the Leslie Commission opened its Bureau of Suffrage Education in this +building and the two organizations occupied two floors with a staff of +fifty persons. On May 1, 1920, their work was concentrated on one +floor, as the great task of securing complete, universal suffrage for +the women of the United States was almost finished.</p> + +<p>Branch Headquarters: In January, 1914, branch headquarters were opened +in the Munsey Building on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington for the +work<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_755" id="Page_755">[Pg 755]</a></span> of the association's Congressional Committee. They continued +there until the effort to obtain a Federal Amendment became of such +magnitude as to require a great deal more room and in December, 1916, +a large house was taken at 1626 Rhode Island Avenue, just off of Scott +Circle [see page 632]. This was occupied by the committee, national +officers, the lobbyists and other workers until July, 1919, when the +amendment had been submitted by Congress.</p> + +<p>The first headquarters in a business building in 1895 had been rented +for $15 a month; the last year's rent for the headquarters in New York +and Washington was $17,500.</p> + + +<h4>BEQUEST OF MRS. FRANK LESLIE.</h4> + +<p>Mrs. Frank Leslie, long at the head of the Leslie publications in New +York City, died Sept. 18, 1914, leaving a will which made the +following provisions:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>All the rest, residue and remainder of my estate, whatsoever and +wheresoever situate, whereof I may be seized or possessed, or to +which I may be in any manner entitled at the time of my death, +including the amount of any legacies hereinbefore given which may +for any reason lapse or fail, I do give, devise and bequeath unto +my friend, Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt of the city of New York. It +is my expectation and wish that she turn all of my said residuary +estate into cash, and apply the whole thereof as she shall think +most advisable to the furtherance of the cause of Women's +Suffrage, to which she has so worthily devoted so many years of +her life, and that she shall make suitable provision, so that in +case of her death any balance thereof remaining unexpended may be +applied and expended in the same way; but this expression of my +wish and expectation is not to be taken as creating any trust or +as limiting or affecting the character of the gift to her, which +I intend to be absolute and unrestricted.</p></div> + +<p>Mrs. Leslie had previously made two wills of a similar character. The +estate was appraised at $1,800,000 in stocks, bonds and real estate. +There was an immense inheritance tax to be paid and harassing +litigation was at once begun and continued. It was not until the +winter of 1917 that the executors commenced a distribution of the +funds. Mrs. Catt incorporated the Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission, +which has received and expended all monies realized from the estate. +They were a large factor in the legitimate expenditures for obtaining +the submission of the Federal Suffrage Amendment from Congress and its +ratification by 36 State Legislatures. They were also of great +assistance in the campaigns of the last years to secure the amendments +of State constitutions, which required organizers, speakers, printing, +postage, etc. Contributions have been made to women's struggle for the +franchise in other countries.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XIX.</h3> + +<h4>PRESENT STATUS OF THE NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION, +ORGANIZED IN 1869.</h4> + +<p>Acting on the plan adopted at the last convention of the National +American Association at Chicago in February, 1920, Mrs. Carrie Chapman +Catt, president, issued a call for a meeting of the Executive Council +in Hotel Statler at the time of the second annual convention of the +National League of Women<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_756" id="Page_756">[Pg 756]</a></span> Voters in Cleveland, Ohio. The meeting took +place at 10 a. m., April 13, 1921, Mrs. Catt in the chair. She made a +report of the receipts and disbursements of the Leslie Fund, saying +that as soon as the estate was finally settled she would render a +detailed statement. She said there were reasons why the association +should not at this time be dissolved and gave them as follows:</p> + +<p>(1) Legal attacks on the Federal Amendment are still pending and there +are attempts to secure submission of a repeal to the voters. The +association must remain till no further efforts are made to invalidate +the amendment.</p> + +<p>(2) The necessity of some authority to give advice and to help our +dependencies where suffrage campaigns are pending.</p> + +<p>(3) Several bequests, delayed because estates are not settled, also +require the continuation of the association.</p> + +<p>The Chair stated that the incorporation does not expire till 1940. +Conventions of elected delegates are no longer feasible and, +therefore, continuation without conventions should be provided for in +an amended constitution, such amendments to be confirmed by the +Executive Council.</p> + +<p>It was unanimously agreed that the association be continued and on +motion of Mrs. Catharine Waugh McCulloch, attorney, of Chicago, it was +voted that the Chair appoint two other members of the Council to +co-operate with her in revising the constitution in accordance with +the new arrangement. She appointed Mrs. McCulloch and Mrs. Nettie +Rogers Shuler, the corresponding secretary of the association.</p> + +<p>The report of the national treasurer from Jan. 1, 1920, to March 31, +1921, showed that $12,451 had been used for the expenses connected +with the ratification in eleven difficult States; the headquarters had +been maintained; legal fees paid; the expenses of the Chicago +convention met; deficit of the National Woman Suffrage Publishing Co. +paid; printing and other bills settled, and a balance of $3,534 +remained in the treasury.</p> + +<p>The General Officers had been re-elected in Chicago to serve until the +end. At the present meeting the Directors, whose term of office had +expired, were re-elected to serve continuously, except Mrs. Arthur L. +Livermore, whose resignation was accepted and Mrs. Harriet Taylor +Upton was chosen to fill the vacancy. It was voted that the League of +Women Voters be asked to take the place of the National Suffrage +Association as auxiliary to the International Woman Suffrage Alliance; +also that the association no longer continue as auxiliary of the +National Council of Women of the United States.</p> + +<p>Brief remarks were made by delegates present and enthusiastic +appreciation was expressed of the action of the Tennessee Legislature +in giving the 36th ratification of the Federal Suffrage Amendment. +Mrs. Catt closed the meeting with advice to the delegates to put their +State records, literature, etc., into libraries for preservation and +she urged the necessity of the best training for their new +responsibilities, reminding them that the duty would always rest on +women to conserve civilization.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>The committee, consisting of Mrs. Catt, Mrs. Shuler and Mrs. +McCulloch, recommended the adoption of an abridged constitution with +the elimination of all the by-laws and articles of the old one which +were now unnecessary. The Board could incur no financial obligations +beyond the assets in their hands; they could fill vacancies caused by +death or resignation as heretofore; adopt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_757" id="Page_757">[Pg 757]</a></span> such rules for their +meetings as they deemed proper and amend the constitution by a +two-thirds vote. The Board should continue to consist of nine officers +and eight directors, with the power to summon the Executive Council. +This Council should comprise the Board and the presidents and +executive members of State auxiliaries as they existed in 1920. The +name of the association would be retained.</p> + +<p>The abridged constitution was sent to every member of the Council to +be voted on.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>The Executive Council was called to meet at the headquarters of the +National American Woman Suffrage Association in New York at 10:30 +a.m., June 22, 1921, for final action on the new constitution. Mrs. +Catt presided and Mrs. Lewis J. Cox, State executive member from +Indiana, acted as secretary. It was voted that the following sentence +be added to the objects of the association: "To remove as far as it is +possible all discriminations against women on account of sex." +Sixty-six of the eighty-two members of the Council having voted in the +affirmative and none in the negative the constitution was declared to +be legally adopted.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="APPENDIX_TO_CHAPTER_XIX" id="APPENDIX_TO_CHAPTER_XIX"></a>APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XIX.</h3> + +<h4>DEATH OF DR. ANNA HOWARD SHAW.</h4> + +<p>It is literally true that a nation mourned the death of Anna Howard +Shaw. Having lectured from ocean to ocean for several decades she was +universally known and there were few newspapers which did not contain +a sympathetic editorial on her public and personal life. Telegrams +were received at her home from all parts of the world and the letters +were almost beyond counting. Friend and foe alike yielded to the +unsurpassed charm of her personality and the rare qualities of her +mind and heart.</p> + +<p>In February, 1919, the Woman's Council of National Defense, of which +Dr. Shaw had been chairman since its beginning in April, 1917, +dissolved with its duties ended. For the past two years she had +practically given up her platform work for woman suffrage, then at its +most critical stage with the Federal Amendment pending. Now she had +made a large number of speaking engagements for the spring in its +behalf and had accepted the invitation of Dr. M. Carey Thomas, +president of Bryn Mawr College, to be her guest on a trip to Spain +afterwards. Everything was put aside when in May came an urgent +request from former President Taft and President Lowell, of Harvard +University, to join them in a speaking tour of fourteen States from +New Hampshire to Kansas to arouse sentiment in favor of the League of +Nations as a means of assuring peace forevermore. She was to speak but +once a day but she could not resist the appeals in the different +cities and it became four or five times a day. At Indianapolis she +made speeches, gave interviews, etc., eight times. The next day at +Springfield, Ill., she was stricken with pneumonia and was in the +hospital two weeks. By June 12 she was able to leave for her home in +Moylan, a residence suburb of Philadelphia, with her beloved friend +and companion, Lucy Anthony, who had gone to her and who wrote to +anxious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_758" id="Page_758">[Pg 758]</a></span> friends: "She made the journey without even a rise of +temperature, found the house all bright with sunshine and flowers and +was the happiest person in the world to be at home again." She seemed +to recover entirely but on June 30 had a sudden relapse and died at 7 +o'clock on the evening of July 2.</p> + + +<h4>DR. SHAW'S TRIBUTE TO THE AMERICAN FLAG, GIVEN MANY TIMES.</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"This is the American flag. It is a piece of bunting and why is +it that, when it is surrounded by the flags of all other nations, +your eyes and mine turn first toward it and there is a warmth at +our hearts such as we do not feel when we gaze on any other flag? +It is not because of the beauty of its colors, for the flags of +England and France which hang beside it have the same colors. It +is not because of its artistic beauty, for other flags are as +artistic. It is because you and I see in that piece of bunting +what we see in no other. It is not visible to the human eye but +it is to the human soul.</p> + +<p>"We see in every stripe of red the blood which has been shed +through the centuries by men and women who have sacrificed their +lives for the idea of democracy; we see in every stripe of white +the purity of the democratic ideal toward which all the world is +tending, and in every star in its field of blue we see the hope +of mankind that some day the democracy which that bit of bunting +symbolizes shall permeate the lives of men and nations, and we +love it because it enfolds our ideals of human freedom and +justice."</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>In 1917. "It is because we love our country so much and because +we are so anxious to give ourselves entirely to the great service +of winning the war, that we want the freedom of American women +now. We suffragists would be thrice traitors if at this time of +the great struggle of the world for democracy we should fail to +ask for the fundamental principles here which America is trying +to help bring to other countries."</p></div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>When Dr. Shaw received the Distinguished Service Medal from Secretary +of War Baker she said: "I realize that in conferring upon me the +Distinguished Service Medal, the President and the Secretary of War +are not expressing their appreciation of what I as an individual have +done but of the collective service of the women of the county. As it +is impossible to decorate all women who have served equally with the +Chairman of the Woman's Committee, I have been chosen, and while I +appreciate the honor and am prouder to wear this decoration than to +receive any other recognition save my political freedom, which is the +first desire of a loyal American, I nevertheless look upon this as the +beginning of the recognition by the country of the service and loyalty +of women, and above all that the part women are called upon to take in +times of war is recognized as equally necessary in times of peace. +This departure on the part of the national government through the +President and Secretary of War gives the greater promise of the time +near at hand when every citizen of the United States will be esteemed +a government asset because of his or her loyalty and service rather +than because of sex."</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>Dr. Shaw was a valued member of the executive committee of the League +to Enforce Peace, under whose auspices she was making the tour with +former President Taft and President Lowell of Harvard University, and +it sent her a transcript of her speech to revise for publication. This +she did on the last Sunday of her life and the committee prepared tens +of thousands of copies of it for circulation. It was entitled What the +War Meant to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_759" id="Page_759">[Pg 759]</a></span> Women and mere extracts can give little idea of its +strength and beauty. After speaking of the Woman's Committee of the +Council of National Defense, the Peace Treaty and President Wilson's +declaration that the United States did not want any material advantage +out of the war, she ended:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>While Mr. Wilson declared we want nothing out of the war, I said +in my own heart: "It may be that we want nothing material out of +the war, but, oh, we want the biggest thing that has ever come to +the world—we want Peace now and Peace forever." If we cannot get +that peace out of this war what hope is there that it will ever +come to humanity? Was there ever such a chance offered to the +world before? Was there ever a time when the peoples of all +nations looked towards America as they are looking to-day because +of our unselfishness in our dealings with them during the war? We +have not always been unselfish but we have been in this war.</p> + +<p>The war is over as far as the fighting is concerned but it is +only begun as far as the life of the people is concerned. What +would there be of inspiration to them to come back to their +ruined homes and build up again their cities if within a few +years the same thing could be repeated and homes destroyed and +cities devastated, the people outraged and made slaves as they +have been?</p> + +<p>Men and women, they are looking to us as the hope of the world +and whenever I gaze on our flag, whenever I look on those stars +on their field of blue and those stripes of red and white, I say +to myself: "I do not wonder that when that flag went over the +trenches and surmounted the barriers, the people of the world +took heart of hope. It was then that they began to feel they +could unite with us in some sort of security for the future. And +that flag means so much to me. I never look on its stars but that +I see in every star the hope that must stir the peoples of the +old world when they think of us and the power we have of helping +to lead them up to a place where they may hope for their children +and for their children's children the things that have not come +to them." ...</p> + +<p>We women, the mothers of the race, have given everything, have +suffered everything, have sacrificed everything and we say to you +now: "The time is come when we will no longer sit quietly by and +bear and rear sons to die at the will of a few men. We will not +endure it. We demand either that you shall do something to +prevent war or that we shall be permitted to try to do something +ourselves." Could there be any cowardice, could there be any +injustice, could there be any wrong, greater than for men to +refuse to hear the voice of a woman expressing the will of women +at the peace table of the world and then not provide a way by +which the women of the future shall not be robbed of their sons +as the women of the past have been?</p> + +<p>To you men we look for support. We look for your support back of +your Senators and from this day until the day when the League of +Nations is accepted and ratified by the Senate of the United +States, it should be the duty of every man and every woman to see +that the Senators from their State know the will of the people; +know that the people will that something shall be done, even +though not perfect; that there shall be a beginning from which we +shall construct something more perfect by and by; that the will +of the people is that this League shall be accepted and that if, +in the Senate of the United States, there are men so blinded by +partisan desire for present advantage, so blinded by personal +pique and narrowness of vision, that they cannot see the large +problems which involve the nations of the world, then the people +of the States must see to it that other men sit in the seats of +the highest.</p></div> + + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>In the beautiful Memorial issued by the Board of Directors of the +National American Woman Suffrage Association were affectionate +tributes from those who were officially associated with her for many +years. Among the many from eminent men and women which were reproduced +in the Memorial were the following:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_760" id="Page_760">[Pg 760]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It was not my privilege to know Dr. Shaw until the later years of +her life but I had the advantage then of seeing her in many +lights. I saw her acting with such vigor and intelligence in the +service of the Government, and, through the Government, of +mankind, as to win my warmest admiration. I had already had +occasion to see the extraordinary quality of her clear and +effective mind and to know how powerful and persuasive an +advocate she was. When the war came I saw her in action and she +won my sincere admiration and homage.</p> + +<p class="ltr-from2"> +<span class="smcap">Woodrow Wilson</span>,<br /> +President of the United States.</p> +</div> + +<p>(President and Mrs. Wilson, who were on the way home from France, sent +a wireless message of sympathy and a handsome floral tribute from the +White House.)</p> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The world is infinitely poorer by the death of so great and good +a woman.</p> + +<p class="ltr-from2"> +<span class="smcap">Thomas R. Marshall</span>,<br /> +Vice-President of the United States.</p> + +</div> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Dr. Anna Howard Shaw was a member of the Executive Committee of +the League to Enforce Peace. She was constant in her attendance, +full of suggestion and earnest in support of the cause. It was my +great pleasure to speak with her from many a platform in favor of +the League and to enjoy the very great privilege of listening to +her persuasive eloquence and her genial wit and humor, which she +always used to enforce her arguments. She thought nothing of the +sacrifice she had to make and was only intent upon the +consummation of our purpose. She was a remarkable woman. I deeply +regret her death. There were many avenues of great usefulness +which a continuance of her life would have enabled her to pursue. +Her going is a great loss to the community.</p> + +<p class="ltr-from2"> +<span class="smcap">William Howard Taft</span>,<br /> +President of the League to Enforce Peace.</p> + +</div> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I desire officially to pay tribute to the passing of Dr. Shaw. +Aside from her epic contribution to the cause of progressive +American womanhood it is in no sense perfunctory to say that +whether in war time Washington, organizing and directing the +eighteen thousand units of the Woman's Committee of National +Defense, or with indomitable courage and power going up and down +the country pleading great public causes relating to the war, +this woman of seventy years was an inspiration to all of us. +There was no one in American life who epitomized more finely +Roosevelt's philosophy that in the public arena one must to the +uttermost spend and be spent. It was a magnificent and enduring +trail that Dr. Shaw blazed. Everywhere her endeavors had the +impersonal and unselfish touch that marks the great protagonist +of new ideals. She was a gallant and stirring figure in the +history of this country and leaves the government of the United +States distinctly in her debt.</p> + +<p class="ltr-from2"> +<span class="smcap">Grosvenor B. Clarkson</span>,<br /> +Director United States Council National Defense.</p> + +</div> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As a member of the Council of National Defense I wish to express +my very sincere appreciation of the patriotic service that Dr. +Shaw rendered during the past two years, the magnitude of which +cannot be appreciated except by those intimately familiar with +it. Her distinguished service medal was well earned.</p> + +<p class="ltr-from2"> +<span class="smcap">Franklin K. Lane</span>,<br /> +Secretary of the Interior.</p> + +</div> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I hardly know how to write you about the death of our dear Anna +Howard Shaw. She has been such a tower of strength to our cause +everywhere and now her place knows her no more! There is one +comfort in that she lived long enough to know of the triumph of +your cause in the passage of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_761" id="Page_761">[Pg 761]</a></span> Federal Amendment. She will be +sorely missed and deeply mourned, first and foremost in America +and Great Britain, but really all over the world, in every +country where woman's cause is a living issue.</p> + +<p class="ltr-from2"> +<span class="smcap">Millicent Garrett Fawcett</span>,<br /> +Honorary President,<br /> +National Union of Societies for<br /> +Equal Citizenship of Great Britain.</p> + +</div> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>My deepest sorrow and sympathy go out to the family of Dr. Shaw, +to the National Council of Women of the United States and to the +International Council and the Woman Suffrage Alliance. Her +passing is indeed a great loss to the women of the whole world.</p> + +<p class="ltr-from2"> +<span class="smcap">Ishbel Aberdeen and Temair</span>,<br /> +President International Council of Women.</p> + +</div> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Truly all womanhood has lost a faithful friend.</p> + +<p class="ltr-from2"> +<span class="smcap">Elizabeth C. Carter</span>,<br /> +President Northeastern Federation<br /> +of Women's Clubs (colored).</p> + +</div> + +<p>Loving and appreciative tributes were sent from the officers of +National and International Associations in all parts of the world.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="APPENDIX_FOR_CHAPTER_XX" id="APPENDIX_FOR_CHAPTER_XX"></a>APPENDIX FOR CHAPTER XX.</h3> + +<h4>APPEAL OF PRESIDENT WILSON TO THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES TO +SUBMIT THE FEDERAL AMENDMENT FOR WOMAN SUFFRAGE DELIVERED IN PERSON +SEPT. 30, 1918.</h4> + + +<p>Gentlemen of the Senate: The unusual circumstances of a World War in +which we stand and are judged in the view not only of our own people +and our own consciences but also in the view of all nations and +peoples, will, I hope, justify in your thought, as it does in mine, +the message I have come to bring you.</p> + +<p>I regard the concurrence of the Senate in the constitutional amendment +proposing the extension of the suffrage to women as vitally essential +to the successful prosecution of the great war of humanity in which we +are engaged. I have come to urge upon you the considerations which +have led me to that conclusion. It is not only my privilege, it is +also my duty to apprise you of every circumstance and element involved +in this momentous struggle which seems to me to affect its very +processes and its outcome. It is my duty to win the war and to ask you +to remove every obstacle that stands in the way of winning it.</p> + +<p>I had assumed that the Senate would concur in the amendment, because +no disputable principle is involved but only a question of the method +by which the suffrage is to be now extended to women. There is and can +be no party issue involved in it. Both of our great national parties +are pledged, explicitly pledged, to equality of suffrage for the women +of the country.</p> + +<p>Neither party, therefore, it seems to me, can justify hesitation as to +the method of obtaining it, can rightfully hesitate to substitute +Federal initiative for State initiative if the early adoption of this +measure is necessary to the successful prosecution of the war, and if +the method of State action proposed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_762" id="Page_762">[Pg 762]</a></span> in the party platforms of 1916 is +impracticable within any reasonable length of time, if practical at +all. And its adoption is, in my judgment, clearly necessary to the +successful prosecution of the war and the successful realization of +the objects for which the war is being fought.</p> + +<p>That judgment I take the liberty of urging upon you with solemn +earnestness for reasons which I shall state very frankly and which I +shall hope will seem as conclusive to you as they seem to me.</p> + +<p>This is a people's war and the people's thinking constitutes its +atmosphere and morale, not the predilections of the drawing room or +the political considerations of the caucus. If we be indeed democrats +and wish to lead the world to democracy, we can ask other peoples to +accept in proof of our sincerity and our ability to lead them whither +they wish to be led, nothing less persuasive and convincing than our +actions.</p> + +<p>Our professions will not suffice. Verification must be forthcoming +when verification is asked for. And in this case verification is asked +for—asked for in this particular matter. You ask by whom? Not through +diplomatic channels; not by foreign ministers; not by the intimations +of parliaments. It is asked for by the anxious, expectant, suffering +peoples with whom we are dealing and who are willing to put their +destinies in some measure in our hands, if they are sure that we wish +the same things that they do.</p> + +<p>I do not speak by conjecture. It is not alone that the voices of +statesmen and of newspapers reach me, and that the voices of foolish +and intemperate agitators do not reach me at all. Through many, many +channels I have been made aware what the plain, struggling, workaday +folk are thinking, upon whom the chief terror and suffering of this +tragic war fall. They are looking to the great, powerful, famous +democracy of the West to lead them to the new day for which they have +so long waited; and they think, in their logical simplicity, that +democracy means that women shall play their part in affairs alongside +men and upon an equal footing with them.</p> + +<p>If we reject measures like this, in ignorant defiance of what a new +age has brought forth, of what they have seen but we have not, they +will cease to believe in us; they will cease to follow or to trust us. +They have seen their own governments accept this interpretation of +democracy—seen old governments like that of Great Britain, which did +not profess to be democratic, promise readily and as of course this +justice to women, though they had before refused it; the strange +revelations of this war having made many things new and plain to +governments as well as to peoples.</p> + +<p>Are we alone to refuse to learn the lesson? Are we alone to ask and +take the utmost that our women can give—service and sacrifice of +every kind—and still say we do not see what title that gives them to +stand by our side in the guidance of the affairs of their nation and +ours? We have made partners of the women in this war. Shall we admit +them only to a partnership of suffering and sacrifice and toil and not +to a partnership of privilege and right? This war could not have been +fought, either by the other nations engaged or by America, if it had +not been for the services of the women—services rendered in every +sphere—not merely in the fields of efforts in which we have been +accustomed to see them work but wherever men have worked and upon the +very skirts and edges of the battle itself.</p> + +<p>We shall not only be distrusted, but shall deserve to be distrusted if +we do<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_763" id="Page_763">[Pg 763]</a></span> not enfranchise women with the fullest possible +enfranchisement, as it is now certain that the other great free +nations will enfranchise them. We cannot isolate our thought or action +in such a matter from the thought of the rest of the world. We must +either conform or deliberately reject what they approve and resign the +leadership of liberal minds to others.</p> + +<p>The women of America are too intelligent and too devoted to be +slackers whether you give or withhold this thing that is mere justice; +but I know the magic it will work in their thoughts and spirits if you +give it to them. I propose it as I would propose to admit soldiers to +the suffrage—the men fighting in the field of our liberties of the +world—were they excluded.</p> + +<p>The tasks of the women lie at the very heart of the war and I know how +much stronger that heart will beat if you do this just thing and show +our women that you trust them as much as you in fact and of necessity +depend upon them.</p> + +<p>I have said that the passage of this amendment is a vitally necessary +war measure and do you need further proof? Do you stand in need of the +trust of other peoples and of the trust of our own women? Is that +trust an asset or is it not? I tell you plainly, as the +commander-in-chief of our armies and of the gallant men in our fleets; +as the present spokesman of this people in our dealings with the men +and women throughout the world who are now our partners; as the +responsible head of a great government which stands and is questioned +day by day as to its purpose, its principles, its hope.... I tell you +plainly that this measure which I urge upon you is vital to the +winning of the war and to the energies alike of preparation and of +battle.</p> + +<p>And not to the winning of the war only. It is vital to the right +solution of the great problems which we must settle, and settle +immediately, when the war is over. We shall need in our vision of +affairs, as we have never needed them before, the sympathy and insight +and clear moral instinct of the women of the world. The problems of +that time will strike to the roots of many things that we have +hitherto questioned, and I for one believe that our safety in those +questioning days, as well as our comprehension of matters that touch +society to the quick, will depend upon the direct and authoritative +participation of women in our counsels. We shall need their moral +sense to preserve what is right and fine and worthy in our system of +life as well as to discover just what it is that ought to be purified +and reformed. Without their counsellings we shall be only half wise.</p> + +<p>That is my case. This is my appeal. Many may deny its validity, if +they choose, but no one can brush aside or answer the arguments upon +which it is based. The executive tasks of this war rest upon me. I ask +that you lighten them and place in my hands instruments, spiritual +instruments, which I have daily to apologize for not being able to +employ.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> See Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, page 1221 and +following.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> Executive Committee: Mrs. Mary T. L. Gannett, chairman; +Mrs. Georgia F. Raynsford, first vice-chairman; Mrs. Helen B. +Montgomery, second; Mrs. William S. Little, third; Mrs. W. L. Howard, +fourth; Mrs. Henry G. Danforth, treasurer; Miss Jeannette W. +Huntington, assistant; Miss Charlotte P. Acer, corresponding +secretary; Mrs. Emma B. Sweet, assistant; Mrs. Adele R. Ingersoll, +recording secretary. Security Trust Co., Rochester, N.Y., Financial +Agent. +</p><p> +A national committee of prominent women was formed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> For the purpose of making a clear distinction between +the two amendments the name of Susan B. Anthony is permitted in this +one instance for the original Federal Amendment. It is not just to the +others who worked for it to give it this designation.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_764" id="Page_764">[Pg 764]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_765" id="Page_765">[Pg 765]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2> + +<p>Readers of this volume of the History of Woman Suffrage will be spared +some trouble in searching the index by noticing the arrangement of the +chapters as shown in the Table of Contents. The Introduction gives a +very brief outline of the movement for woman suffrage. The first 19 +chapters contain accounts of the annual conventions of the National +American Association during the last twenty years chronologically +arranged, including the hearings before the committees of each +Congress. Enough extracts from speeches are included to show the line +of argument. The plans of work and the reports of committees indicate +the development from year to year. These chapters record the work for +a Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment, for which the association was +especially organized.</p> + +<p><a href="#CHAPTER_XX">Chapter XX</a> contains in condensed form the full story of the contest +for the Federal Suffrage Amendment. It is followed by chapters on +various suffrage associations; the League of Women Voters; Woman +Suffrage in National Presidential Conventions of the political parties +and the War Service of the Organized Suffragists. Each has practically +complete information on its particular subject, to which reference is +made in other chapters and indexed.</p> + +<p>The activities in the States auxiliary to the National Association are +recorded in Volume VI, also accounts of the work in Great Britain and +other countries and the chapter on the International Woman Suffrage +Alliance.</p> + +<h4>A.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_A" name="IX_A"></a>Abbot, Grace, <a href="#Page_692">692-3</a>.</li> +<li>Abbott, Dr. Lyman, Dr. Shaw criticizes, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>; <a href="#Page_256">256</a>; <a href="#Page_682">682</a>.</li> +<li>Aberdeen and Temair, Marchioness of, pres. Intl. Council of Women, tribute to Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_761">761</a>.</li> +<li>Adams, Abigail, makes first decl. for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> +<li>Adams, Gov. Alva, tribute to wom. suff. in Colorado, answers criticisms; State will never repeal, <a href="#Page_103">103-105</a>.</li> +<li>Addams, Jane, on child labor, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>noteworthy address on Municipal Franchise for Women, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li> + <li>guest of Miss Garrett, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>; <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</li> + <li>entertains natl. suff. conv. at Hull House, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>; <a href="#Page_207">207</a>; <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li> + <li>guest of honor Coll. Wom. Suff. League, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li> + <li>working woman's need of vote, humanitarian woman's need, domestic woman's need, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</li> + <li>elected first vice-pres. of Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>helps sub-station for suff. lit. in Chicago, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</li> + <li>necessity for women to deal with social evil, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>presides at suff. hearing 1912; says America falling behind rest of world; if women are to continue humanitarian efforts they must have the franchise, <a href="#Page_354">354-356</a>;</li> + <li>urges a commssn. to investigate the equal suff. States and report, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</li> + <li>men and women must solve social problems together with ballots in the hands of both, <a href="#Page_364">364-5</a>;</li> + <li>at hearing bef. House Com. on Rules, gives nine instances where Cong. controlled suff, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</li> + <li>unfair process for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</li> + <li>western campaigning, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</li> + <li>at Nashville conv. refers to Andrew Jackson and Chief Justice Marshall, asks why southern men so progressive in their day and so reactionary now, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>; <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;</li> + <li>resigns office, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>; <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>at mem. service for Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>; <a href="#Page_613">613</a>;</li> + <li>org. Miss. Valley Conf, <a href="#Page_667">667-8</a>;</li> + <li>at Repub. Natl. Conv, 1908, <a href="#Page_703">703</a>;</li> + <li>bef. Repub. Res. Com. in 1912; seconds Roosevelt's nomination, <a href="#Page_705">705</a>;</li> + <li>for wom. suff. plank in Progressive platform, <a href="#Page_706">706</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Additon, Lucia Faxon, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Advisory Committee on Woman Suffrage in Senate, <a href="#Page_413">413-14</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>approves Shafroth Amend, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Alabama, peculiar chivalry, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>hostility of members of Cong. to Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Alaska, wom. suff. granted, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_625">625</a>.</li> +<li>Alaska - Yukon - Pacific Exposition, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>great beauty, suff. day, <a href="#Page_264">264-5</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Alden, Cynthia Westover, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> +<li>Allen, Florence E, in Independence Square, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>advises amending city charters for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>; <a href="#Page_617">617</a>; <a href="#Page_662">662</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Allen, Gov. Henry J. (Kans.), addresses suff. conv, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>calls spec, session to ratify Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Allen, Mrs. Henry Ware, at suff. hearing; world calls for mother voice, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>, <a href="#Page_581">581</a>.</li> +<li>Allender, Nina, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> +<li>Amalgamated Copper Co, works against wom. suff, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li> +<li>Amendments, State, failure of campaigns for, <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Natl. Assn. assists, <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> + <li>difficulty of, <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a>;</li> + <li>requirements in different States; record of, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</li> + <li>in New York, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>defeated in 1915 in Mass, N. Y, Penn. and N. J, but reed, million and a quarter votes, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>;</li> + <li>campaigns for must have consent of Natl. Bd, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>carried in Mich, S. Dak. and Okla, <a href="#Page_550">550</a>;</li> + <li>the campaigns, <a href="#Page_557">557</a>; <a href="#Page_620">620</a>; <a href="#Page_630">630</a>;</li> + <li>foundation of Fed. Wom. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_751">751</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>American Constitutional League, at last suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tries to prevent proclaiming of Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_653">653</a>;</li> + <li>work against Amend, <a href="#Page_680">680-682</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>American Equal Rights Association, formed, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>women desert, <a href="#Page_621">621-2</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li><a name="American_Federation_of_Labor" id="American_Federation_of_Labor"></a>American Federation of Labor, endorses wom. suff, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>record of wom. suff. res, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>; <a href="#Page_638">638</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>American Woman Suffrage Association, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>; <a href="#Page_311">311</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>formed, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Americanization, Natl. Suff. Assn. works for, <a href="#Page_724">724</a>, <a href="#Page_729">729</a>, <a href="#Page_732">732</a>.</li> +<li>Ames, Mayor Albert A, (Minneapolis), <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li>Ammons, Prof. Theodosia, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> +<li>Anderson, Martha Scott, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> +<li>Anthony, U. S. Rep. Daniel R. (Kans.), <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> +<li>Anthony, Lucy E, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>gives $1,000 to League of Women Voters in memory of her aunt, Susan B, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>; <a href="#Page_757">757</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Anthony, Mary S, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>; <a href="#Page_107">107</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>reads Decl. of Sentiments to conv, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</li> + <li>death, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li> + <li>last message to suff. conv, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>; <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</li> + <li>assists memorial bldg. at Rochester University; scholarship, <a href="#Page_744">744-5</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Anthony Memorial Building at Rochester University, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>names of exec. com; list of donors; Miss Anthony's work for admission of girls; they commemorate her birthday; Pres. Rhees calls bldg. great contribution, <a href="#Page_743">743-745</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Anthony, Susan B, work for Hist, of Wom. Suff, <a href="#Page_iii">iii</a>, <a href="#Page_iv">iv</a>, resigns as pres. of Natl. Amer. Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at natl. conv. in Minneapolis, reads Mrs. Stanton's letter on church and wom. suff. and comments, <a href="#Page_3">3-5</a>; <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li> + <li>appeal against "regulated" vice, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li> + <li>work on Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li> + <li>vase presented, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> + <li>interest in N. Y. Sun suff. dept, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li> + <li>presides and introduces pioneers, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> + <li>extract from biography, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li> + <li>Clara Barton's tribute, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li> + <li>welcomes intl. suff. conf, had early idea of it, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> + <li>presides at pioneer's meeting, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li>on eductl. qualif. for suff, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li> + <li>introd. Mr. Blackwell, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li> + <li>at teacher's conv, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</li> + <li>82d birthday celebr. in Washtn, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> + <li>lack of self-consciousness, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>on com. to interview Pres. Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> + <li>pen picture of on suff. platform, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>at natl. suff. conv. in New Orleans, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Mrs. Merrick, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> + <li>flowers presented from Phyllis Wheatly Club, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li> + <li>presides at conv, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>; <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Mrs. Stanton, <a href="#Page_73">73-4</a>;</li> + <li>writes to Govs. of equal suff. States, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li> + <li>dele. to intl. suff. conv. in Berlin, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li> + <li>attends White House reception, tells Pres. Roosevelt to expect the suffs; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Alice Roosevelt greets, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>84th birthday celebr. in Washtn, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> + <li>incident, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt's tribute, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</li> + <li>presides on Colo, evening, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</li> + <li>women pledge loyalty, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>; <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Miss Barton, who responds, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> + <li>presides at Senate hearing, says she has appealed to seventeen Congresses, urges a report for the last time, <a href="#Page_110">110-11</a>;</li> + <li>recep. by Chicago Woman's Club and others en route to Portland, <a href="#Page_117">117-18</a>;</li> + <li>entertained by U.S. Sen. and Mrs. Carey in Cheyenne, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li> + <li>responds to greetings to natl. suff. conv, receives ovation, tells of Mrs. Stanton's and her visit to Ore. in '71 and early opposition, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> + <li>presides at first session, pen picture of, not always roses that were thrown, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li> + <li>introduces Mrs. Duniway, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> + <li>tells of her paper, <i>The Revolution</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</li> + <li>speaks at unveiling of Sacajawea statue, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> + <li>recep. on Expos. grounds, central figure, tribute of Miss Blackwell, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> + <li>appeal to Pres. Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> + <li>fills pulpit in Portland, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</li> + <li>would not compel natl. suff. convs. to be held in Washtn, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</li> + <li>for helping Ore. campaign, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</li> + <li>fervent appeal, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</li> + <li>dedicates park in Chico, cordial recep. in Calif, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li> + <li>attends her last suff. conv, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li> + <li>tribute of Clara Barton, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> + <li>Pres. M. Carey Thomas and Miss Mary E. Garrett assure her of their interest in the natl. conv. in Baltimore, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> + <li>guest of Miss Garrett, very ill but goes to conv. on college evening; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>warmly greeted;</li> + <li>account of Baltimore <i>American</i>, great triumph, <a href="#Page_167">167-8</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>tribute of women college presidents and professors, <a href="#Page_168">168-173</a>;</li> + <li>supreme moment, her response, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</li> + <li>Miss Garrett's social functions in her honor, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Thomas and Miss Garrett promise her to raise large fund for suff. work; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>her great happiness, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>gives birthday money to Ore. campaign, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> + <li>last words to a suff. conv, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</li> + <li>not able to attend Congressl. hearing, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li> + <li>last birthday celebr. in Washtn, letters of congratulation, places work in Dr. Shaw's charge, pays tribute to the suff. workers, speaks last words in public, <a href="#Page_191">191-2</a>;</li> + <li>Lorado Taft's bust of, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw's farewell tribute, Miss Anthony never missed natl. suff. convs, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li> + <li>plans for memorials, <a href="#Page_201">201-2</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Johnson's bust of; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>mem. bldg. in Rochester;</li> + <li>mem. fund, <a href="#Page_200">200-1</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>celebr. of birthday, 1907, mem. services, <a href="#Page_202">202-4</a>;</li> + <li>favorite poem, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li> + <li>champion of colored race, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li> + <li>wide comment of press on her death, magazine articles, accounts of funeral, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> + <li>leaves Hist. of Wom. Suff. to Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>; <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Lewis gives Natl. Assn. $10,000 in her memory, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li> + <li>wanted stenog. rept. of Dr. Shaw's speeches, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</li> + <li>memorial fund, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</li> + <li>urged bequests for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</li> + <li>at first wom. suff. hearings, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</li> + <li>early visit to Ky, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li> + <li>writes Women's Decl. of Rights, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</li> + <li>at Senate hearings, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</li> + <li>secured reports from coms. of Cong, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</li> + <li>argument for Fed. Suff. Amend. bef. Judic. Com, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</li> + <li>urges Dr. Shaw to accept presidency; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>places duty in her hands but would be satisfied with Mrs. Catt, <a href="#Page_455">455-6</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Dr. Shaw wishes she could know present Senate com, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>address to Cong. in 1866, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>;</li> + <li>Susan B. Anthony room at natl. suff. headquarters, <a href="#Page_527">527</a>;</li> + <li>collections for assn. in early days, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>; <a href="#Page_546">546</a>; <a href="#Page_561">561</a>;</li> + <li>U.S. Sen. Shafroth helped, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>;</li> + <li>mem. meeting at natl. suff. conv, Dr. Shaw's and Mrs. Avery's reminis, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>;</li> + <li>centennial to be celebr. by assn, <a href="#Page_574">574</a>;</li> + <li>at suff. hearings, <a href="#Page_581">581</a>; <a href="#Page_609">609</a>; <a href="#Page_611">611</a>;</li> + <li>first meets Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_612">612</a>;</li> + <li>celebr. of 100th birthday by natl. suff. conv.; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tribute of Dr. Shaw; program of exercises, <a href="#Page_615">615-16</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>enters wom. suff. movement, calls first conv. after Civil War, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>;</li> + <li>her first demand and work for Fed. Suff. Amend; opposes 14th and 15th Amends, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>;</li> + <li>in her paper, <i>The Revolution</i>, <a href="#Page_620">620-1</a>;</li> + <li>arranges first conv. in Washtn, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>;</li> + <li>scores Amer. Rights Assn, deserts it and forms Natl. Wom. Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_621">621-2</a>;</li> + <li>in eight campaigns, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>; <a href="#Page_661">661</a>; <a href="#Page_664">664</a>;</li> + <li>last birthday letter to Mrs. Stanton, <a href="#Page_741">741</a>;</li> + <li>work for admis. of girls to Rochester University; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>memorial bldg. for her, <a href="#Page_743">743</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>her portrait over fireplace, birthday celebr. each year, <a href="#Page_744">744</a>;</li> + <li>scholarship, <a href="#Page_745">745</a>;</li> + <li>has natl. suff. headqrs. in Rochester, N. Y, till 1890; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>later in Washtn.;</li> + <li>still later in Phila, then back to Rochester, <a href="#Page_754">754</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>last words, <a href="#Page_751">751</a>;</li> + <li>see <a href="#Susan_B_Anthony_Amendment">Susan B. Anthony Amend</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Anti-Suffrage Associations, weakness of, <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Australia, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li> + <li>undeveloped women, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>; <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Assn. asks Pres. Taft not to welcome suff. conv, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</li> + <li>urges Cong. not to grant petition of suffs, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</li> + <li>at Congressl. hearing in 1912, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362-3</a>;</li> + <li>at hearing on appointmt. of Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Arthur M. Dodge presides, list of speakers, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Assn. membership compared with that of Natl Suff. Assn, same with petitions, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>; <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</li> + <li>U.S. Sen. Lea answers, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>work in Mont, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>;</li> + <li>bef. House Judic. Com. to oppose Fed. Suff. Amend, 1914, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>;</li> + <li>membership analyzed, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>;</li> + <li>bef. Senate Com, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>bef. House com, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>com. "heckles" speakers, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>some male speakers appear, <a href="#Page_478">478-9</a>;</li> + <li>expenditures of men's associations to defeat wom. suff. amends, in N. Y, Penn. and Mass, <a href="#Page_478">478-9</a>;</li> + <li>alliance with liquor interests, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Assn. holds one day conv. in Washtn. hotel, re-elects Mrs. Wadsworth pres, makes Mrs. Lansing secy, <a href="#Page_536">536</a>;</li> + <li>at Senate com. hearing, 1916, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>;</li> + <li>at last suff. hearing, 1918, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>;</li> + <li>misrepresents Pres. Wilson on Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>;</li> + <li>two members of men's assn. occupy whole day, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>;</li> + <li>hearing continued, <a href="#Page_584">584-589</a>; <a href="#Page_592">592</a>;</li> + <li>last efforts, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>; <a href="#Page_635">635</a>;</li> + <li>first heard in Washtn, com. in Mass, assn. org. there, officers, <i>Remonstrance</i> published, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>;</li> + <li>coms. and assns. in N.Y. and other States, Natl. Assn. formed, officers, work, headqrs, papers published, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>;</li> + <li>Men's assns. organized, officers, various branches, work, name changed, <a href="#Page_680">680</a>;</li> + <li>oppose. Fed. Suff. Amend, in Cong. and ratif. by States; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>take cases to the courts, <a href="#Page_681">681-2</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>at Rep. Natl. Conv. in 1912, <a href="#Page_710">710</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>1916, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>at Dem, <a href="#Page_712">712</a>;</li> + <li>attack Mrs. Catt and other suffs, during the war, Mrs. Catt makes defense, <a href="#Page_735">735-737</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Arizona, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Gov. Brodie vetoes Wom. Suff. Bill, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> + <li>admission to Statehood, <a href="#Page_129">129-30</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Assn. helps suff. work, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</li> + <li>gives majority vote for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>; <a href="#Page_337">337</a>; <a href="#Page_625">625</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Arkansas, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>gives Primary suff. to women, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>dele. to suff. conv. reed, by Pres. Wilson, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Armistice, effect on wom. suff, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>.</li> +<li>Armstrong, Eliza, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> +<li>Arthur, Clara B, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>; <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> +<li>Ashley, Jessie, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Natl. treas. report, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</li> + <li>re-elected, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>reports $55,200 receipts for 1912, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>; <a href="#Page_342">342</a>; <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Ashurst, U. S. Sen. Henry F, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>urges wom. suff, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</li> + <li>Senate speech, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>; <a href="#Page_626">626-7</a>;</li> + <li>speaks for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Asquith, Prime Minister Herbert H. (Gt. Brit.), <a href="#Page_281">281</a>; <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li> +<li>Atlantic City, entertains natl. suff. conv. in 1916, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.</li> +<li>Australia, grants natl. suff. to women, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mrs. Watson-Lister describes, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Avery, Rachel Foster, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>; <a href="#Page_12">12</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>testimonial to, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> + <li>on Phila. women in civic work, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> + <li>chmn. Anthony mem. fund com, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li> + <li>re-elected to Natl. Bd, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li> + <li>report on natl. petit, for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li> + <li>vast work of petit, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li> + <li>resigns office, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</li> + <li>urges fav. rept. on petit, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>; <a href="#Page_540">540</a>;</li> + <li>reminis. of suff. pioneers, <a href="#Page_569">569-70</a>;</li> + <li>21 years cor. secy. Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>; <a href="#Page_704">704</a>;</li> + <li>has charge of natl. suff. headqrs. in Phila, <a href="#Page_754">754</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Avery, Susan Look, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> +<li>Axtel, Frances C, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>B.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_B" name="IX_B"></a>Babcock, Elnora M, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>work with press, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li> + <li>natl. chmn. Press Com, gives rept, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>; <a href="#Page_61">61-2</a>; <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</li> + <li>wide work of natl. press dept, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li> + <li>makes last rept, efficient work, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Bacharach, Mayor Harry, presents key to Atlantic City to Mrs. Catt, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</li> +<li>Bacon, Anna Anthony, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> +<li>Bacon, Elizabeth D, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> +<li>Bagley, Mrs. Frederick P, reports for natl. assn's, war com. on Americanization, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>; <a href="#Page_560">560</a>; <a href="#Page_690">690</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>chmn. Amer. citizenship, <a href="#Page_697">697</a>;</li> + <li>work for Americanization, <a href="#Page_729">729</a>, <a href="#Page_732">732</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Bailey, ex-U. S. Sen. Joseph W, star speaker for "antis" at last suff. hearing; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>women cannot perform sheriff's duties or jury or military service;</li> + <li>have no time to vote;</li> + <li>men can make laws for them;</li> + <li>single standard of morals "iridescent dream";</li> + <li>flouts petitions from his constituents, <a href="#Page_586">586-589</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt answers, <a href="#Page_590">590</a>;</li> + <li>he leaves the room, <a href="#Page_592">592</a>;</li> + <li>Texas women defeat for Governor, <a href="#Page_589">589</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Baker, Abby Scott, <a href="#Page_718">718</a>.</li> +<li>Baker, La Reine, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>; <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li> +<li>Baker, Secretary of War Newton D, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>addresses natl. suff. conv; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>the war will bring broadening of liberty to women, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>favors Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>;</li> + <li>speaks at suff. meeting and carries message to Pres. Wilson, <a href="#Page_724">724-5</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Dr. Shaw and Woman's Com. Natl. Defense, <a href="#Page_739">739</a>;</li> + <li>presents disting. service medal to Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_758">758</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Baker, Mrs. Newton D, <a href="#Page_515">515-16</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>sings for natl. conv, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Baldwin, Mrs. Felix, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> +<li>Balentine, Katharine Reed, <a href="#Page_217">217-18</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>danger in women's disfranchisement, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>; <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Ball, U. S. Sen. J. Heisler, <a href="#Page_641">641</a>.</li> +<li>Ballantyne, Grace H, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li> +<li>Baltimore, entertains natl. suff. conv, a noteworthy meeting, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> +<li>Banker, Henrietta L, bequest to Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> +<li>Barber, Mrs. A. L, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>receives conv, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Barker, Pres. H. S. (Ky. University), <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> +<li>Barkley, Edna M, <a href="#Page_570">570</a>; <a href="#Page_669">669</a>.</li> +<li>Barnard College, Chair of Amer. Citizenship, mem. to Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.</li> +<li>Barnhart, U. S. Rep. Henry A. (Ind.), <a href="#Page_637">637</a>.</li> +<li>Barnum, Gertrude, says suff. movement needs working women, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> +<li>Barrett, Kate Waller, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>speaks for Intl. Council; safety of the country depends on women's having a vote, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Barrett, Mrs. Seymour, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>.</li> +<li>Barrows, Isabel C, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> +<li>Barrows, Rev. Samuel J, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> +<li>Bartol, Emma J, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>Barton, Clara, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at intl. suff. conv, address, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>; <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> + <li>receives natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</li> + <li>gives adherence to Miss Anthony, who responds, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> + <li>at natl. suff. conv. in Baltimore, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li> + <li>pen picture of, tribute to Mrs. Stanton and Miss Anthony, wom. suff. near, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>; <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; <a href="#Page_258">258</a>; <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Suff. Assn. endorses bill for mem. to her in Red Cross bldg. in Washtn, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw speaks of unworthy treatment of her work, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>;</li> + <li>at first suff. conv. in Washtn, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Bass, Mrs. George, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>bef. Senate com. shows women's work in the home, schools, factories, offices, philanthropies handicapped without the ballot, <a href="#Page_464">464-5</a>;</li> + <li>bef. House com, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</li> + <li>on limited suff, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>;</li> + <li>urges women to help finance war, <a href="#Page_533">533-4</a>;</li> + <li>on Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_567">567</a>;</li> + <li>protests against "antis'" use of Pres. Wilson's name, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Bates, Eleanor, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>.</li> +<li>Baur, Mrs. Jacob, <a href="#Page_687">687</a>.</li> +<li>Bazar, natl, in New York, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +<li>Beard, Mary Ritter, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>bef. Com. on Rules, shows small constituencies back of southern members; asks them not to abuse their power, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;</li> + <li>bef. House Judic. Com, demolishes State's rights argument against wom. suff; gives record of Dem. party, <a href="#Page_430">430-432</a>; <a href="#Page_547">547</a>; <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Beck, Solicitor Genl. James M, <a href="#Page_655">655</a>.</li> +<li>Bedford, Mrs. J. Claude, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</li> +<li>Beeber, Judge Dimner, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>; <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.</li> +<li>Beecher, Henry Ward, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>; <a href="#Page_622">622</a>.</li> +<li>Belden, Evelyn H, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>Belford, Helen, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>Belgium, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> +<li>Bellamy, Mary G, member Wyo. Legislature, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>; <a href="#Page_568">568</a>.</li> +<li>Belmont, Mrs. Oliver H. P, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>offers to assist taking natl. suff. headqrs. to New York, conv. accepts and thanks, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</li> + <li>maintains natl. suff. press dept, <a href="#Page_276">276-7</a>; <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</li> + <li>recog. of her support of press bureau, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>; <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</li> + <li>moves to take natl. suff. headqrs. from New York to Washtn, natl. officers oppose, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;</li> + <li>gives $10,000 to South. Wom. Conf, <a href="#Page_672">672</a>; <a href="#Page_675">675</a>;</li> + <li>chmn. exec. com. Natl. Wom. Party, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>;</li> + <li>gives it natl. headqrs, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>;</li> + <li>contributes to Natl. Assn. headqrs, <a href="#Page_754">754</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Benedict, Crystal Eastman, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>; <a href="#Page_366">366</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>bef. House Judic. Com, tells Dem. members their party will be held responsible for Fed. Suff. Amend; they object, <a href="#Page_429">429-30</a>; <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Bennett, Belle, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> +<li>Bennett, Mrs. M. Toscan, objections to Shafroth Palmer Amend, <a href="#Page_747">747</a>.</li> +<li>Bennett, Sarah Clay, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Fed. Suff, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>; <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>urges a Fed. Elections Bill, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>; <a href="#Page_501">501</a>; <a href="#Page_659">659</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Berger, U. S. Rep. Victor L. (Wis.), + <ul class="IX"> + <li>wom. suff. necessary from polit. and economic standpoint; women who do the same work as men could enforce an equal wage rate, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Beveridge, U. S. Sen. Albert J, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; <a href="#Page_291">291</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>for wom. suff. plank in Progressive platform, <a href="#Page_706">706-7</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Bible, edicts on women are perverted by men, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> +<li>Bidwell, Annie K, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> +<li>Bigelow, Rev. Herbert S, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>; <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> +<li>Biggars, Kate L, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> +<li>Bissell, Emily P, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>; <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> +<li>Bitting, Rev. W. C, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li> +<li>Bjorkman, Frances Maule, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report of Lit. Com, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>; <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Black, Hannah, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.</li> +<li>Blackwelder, Gertrude, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>pres. Chicago Woman's Club, receives Natl. Suff. conv, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>; <a href="#Page_703">703</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Blackwell, Alice Stone, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>; <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>edits <i>Progress</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> + <li>addresses Senate Com, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>; <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li> + <li>how to please editors, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Mrs. Hussey, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> + <li>prepares Decl. of Principles, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li> + <li>writes of Wyo, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li> + <li>of Portland conv, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>; <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> + <li>reminis. of mother and aunts Elizabeth and Emily, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>; <a href="#Page_149">149</a>; <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> + <li>presents testimony from equal suff. States to coms. of Cong. 190; <a href="#Page_199">199</a>; <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; <a href="#Page_210">210</a>; <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li> + <li>makes "exhibit" of liquor dealers anti wom. suff. circular, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>; <a href="#Page_249">249</a>; <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li> + <li>retires as rec. secy. after 20 yrs; work on <i>Woman's Journal</i>, conv. thanks, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</li> + <li>account of expos. and suff. day in Seattle, <a href="#Page_264">264-5</a>;</li> + <li>comment on Pres. Taft's speech to natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</li> + <li>misses conv. of 1910, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>; <a href="#Page_282">282</a>; <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li> + <li>offers to make <i>Woman's Journal</i> offic. organ of Natl. Assn; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>accepted, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>edits <i>Woman's Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li> + <li>answer to Barry's article on Colo, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</li> + <li>has to resume charge of <i>Woman's Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to men, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</li> + <li>refutes statements of "antis" at hearing bef. House Com. on Rules in 35 pages of fine print, complete answer, <a href="#Page_391">391-393</a>; <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>supports Shafroth Amend, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>; <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>presents resolutions, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>;</li> + <li>addresses House com, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>gives reminis. of pioneers, conv. pays tribute to her, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>;</li> + <li>presents 14 resolutions, <a href="#Page_574">574</a>;</li> + <li>at Anthony celebr, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>; <a href="#Page_660">660</a>; <a href="#Page_704">704</a>;</li> + <li>defends Shafroth Palmer Amend, but criticises, <a href="#Page_749">749</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Blackwell, Antoinette Brown, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on chivalry, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li> + <li>at Portland conv, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt's tribute, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>; <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</li> + <li>goes to Alaska, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>; <a href="#Page_179">179</a>; <a href="#Page_188">188</a>; <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> + <li>tells of early days at Oberlin Coll, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>; <a href="#Page_278">278</a>; <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li> + <li>natl. conv. sends greetings, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_559">559</a>, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>;</li> + <li>farewell words for Mrs. Stanton, <a href="#Page_741">741</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Blackwell, Dr. Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</li> +<li>Blackwell, Dr. Emily, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> +<li>Blackwell, Henry B, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mrs. Catt introd. to conv, refers to marriage;</li> + <li>he urges effort for Pres. suff. for women, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> + <li>presents resolutions, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> + <li>tells of marriage, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li> + <li>reports on Pres. suff, argument for, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li>"the open door", <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Deborah and the Jewish race, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li> + <li>work in Colo, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>; <a href="#Page_118">118</a>; <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</li> + <li>speaks against class govt.;</li> + <li>Portland <i>Journal</i> pays tribute, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> + <li>physical vigor, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> + <li>presents resolutions, <a href="#Page_145">145-6</a>;</li> + <li>natl. conv. expresses appreciation, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; <a href="#Page_147">147</a>; <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</li> + <li>chmn. Res. Com, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>; <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</li> + <li>pays tribute to Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>; <a href="#Page_210">210</a>; <a href="#Page_212">212</a>; <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</li> + <li>presents resolutions showing women's great progress, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</li> + <li>at Spokane, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</li> + <li>report on Pres. Suff. and resolutions, his last suff. conv, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>; <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</li> + <li>audience rises to greet, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</li> + <li>mem. service at natl. suff. conv. of 1910;</li> + <li>tributes of Mrs. Villard, Mrs. McCulloch, Miss Campbell, Miss Miller and Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_277">277-280</a>;</li> + <li>natl. suff. conv. passes resolution of indebtedness, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Blair, Emily Newell, writes history of Woman's Com. Council of Natl. Defense, <a href="#Page_737">737</a>, <a href="#Page_739">739</a>.</li> +<li>Blair, U. S. Sen. Henry W, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>secures first Senate vote on wom. suff, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Blake, Katharine Devereux, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>campaign work in West, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</li> + <li>in N. Y, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Blankenburg, Lucretia L, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>addresses Senate Com, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + <li>shows need of women's votes in Phila, <a href="#Page_72">72-3</a>;</li> + <li>dele. to Berlin suff. conf, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li> + <li>report on laws for women, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> + <li>on women's Phila. civic campaign and the way they were ignored, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; <a href="#Page_188">188</a>; <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li> + <li>brings to suff. conv. greetings Genl. Fed. of Clubs, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> + <li>report on legis. for women, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</li> + <li>greets natl. suff. conv. in Phila, <a href="#Page_333">333-4</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Blankenburg, Mayor Rudolph, on educatl. qualif. for suff, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>welcomes natl. suff. conv. to Phila, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Blanton, U. S. Rep. Thomas L. (Tex.), <a href="#Page_584">584</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>presents petition for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_588">588</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Blatch, Harriot Stanton, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>; <a href="#Page_92">92</a>; <a href="#Page_111">111</a>; <a href="#Page_220">220</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>speaks of Mrs. Stanton's clear vision, saw need of suff. for women, <a href="#Page_222">222-3</a>;</li> + <li>workingwomen's need of vote, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li> + <li>demonstrates out-door meetings, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</li> + <li>objects to Shafroth Amend, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>; <a href="#Page_675">675</a>;</li> + <li>at Repub. natl. convention of 1908, <a href="#Page_703">703</a>;</li> + <li>of 1916, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Blount, Dr. Anna E, shows women doctors' need of suff, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>; <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> +<li>Blount, Lucia E, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>.</li> +<li>Bock, Annie, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> +<li>Booth, Elizabeth K, work for Pres. suff. in Ills, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>; <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li> +<li>Booth, Maud Ballington, addresses natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> +<li>Booth, Mrs. Sherman M, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_411">411-12</a>; <a href="#Page_414">414-15</a>;</li> + <li>card catalogues membs. of Cong, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>at hearing, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Borah, U. S. Sen. William E, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>opp. Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;</li> + <li>effort for wom. suff. plank in Natl. Repub. platform, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>refuses to represent his State on Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_598">598</a>; <a href="#Page_645">645</a>;</li> + <li>for wom. suff. plank in 1916, <a href="#Page_709">709</a>, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Boutwell, Gov. George S. (Mass.), <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Bowen, Mrs. Joseph T, <a href="#Page_341">341-2</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>shows need for women police, Judges and jurors, <a href="#Page_705">705</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Bowne, Prof. Borden P, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> +<li>Boyd, Mary Sumner, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report of natl. Research Bureau, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>;</li> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>; <a href="#Page_531">531</a>;</li> + <li>invaluable service, <a href="#Page_571">571</a>; <a href="#Page_690">690</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Boyer, Ida Porter, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tells of lax system in libraries, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>; <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> + <li>makes bibliog. of wom. suff, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</li> + <li>sent to help Ore. campaign, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li> + <li>rept. on libraries, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>; <a href="#Page_261">261</a>; <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;</li> + <li>at Anthony celebr, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>;</li> + <li>ed. <i>New Southern Citizen</i>, <a href="#Page_672">672</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Brackenridge, Eleanor, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> +<li>Bradford, Mary C. C, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>presents gavel to Mrs. Catt, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>; <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li> + <li>effect of wom. suff. in Colo, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>; <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</li> + <li>on Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</li> + <li>pres. Natl. Educ. Assn, dele. natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>;</li> + <li>same, St. Supt. of Educ, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Braly, J. H, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tells of Calif. victory and work of Polit. Equal. League;</li> + <li>presents State flag to Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_317">317-319</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Brandegee, U. S. Sen. Frank B, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>; <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</li> +<li>Brannan, Mrs. John Winters, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.</li> +<li>Breckinridge, Desha, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> +<li>Breckinridge, Mrs. Desha, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Prospect of Woman Suffrage in the South;</li> + <li>Dem. party may secure it;</li> + <li>would insure preponderance of Anglo-Saxon over the African, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</li> + <li>on. com. to ask Pres. Wilson for interview on wom. suff, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>; <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;</li> + <li>at hearing bef. Com. on Rules, shows right of southern women to ask for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</li> + <li>women's part in war justifies their demand, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>on Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</li> + <li>suggests special campn. com, its members, <a href="#Page_418">418-19</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a>; <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</li> + <li>speaks at Anthony celebr, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Breckinridge, Prof. Sophonisba, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>need of Munic. suff. for women, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>all classes need ballot, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>; <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li> + <li>addresses natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</li> + <li>elected vice-pres, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>helps sub-station for suff. lit. in Chicago, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>; <a href="#Page_342">342</a>; <a href="#Page_346">346</a>; <a href="#Page_661">661</a>; <a href="#Page_705">705</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Brehaut, Ella C, opp. wom. suff, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> +<li>Brehm, Marie C, <a href="#Page_180">180-1</a>.</li> +<li>Brent, Mistress Margaret, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> +<li>Brewer, Justice U. S. Sup. Ct. David J, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> +<li>Brewer, Mary Grey, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>.</li> +<li>Breyman, Mrs. Arthur H, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> +<li>Bright, John and Jacob, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> +<li>Bright, William H, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> +<li>Bristow, U. S. Sen. Joseph L, on Shafroth Amend, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> +<li>British Colonies, women vote in, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> +<li>Brock, Mrs. Horace, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>; <a href="#Page_679">679</a>.</li> +<li>Bronson, Minnie, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>secy. Natl. Anti-Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>; <a href="#Page_437">437</a>; <a href="#Page_548">548</a>;</li> + <li>at last suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_584">584</a>;</li> + <li>at Natl. Repub. Conv, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Brooks, Mrs. Charles H, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>director, Natl. Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_559">559</a>;</li> + <li>chmn. League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_570">570</a>; <a href="#Page_685">685</a>; <a href="#Page_687">687</a>; <a href="#Page_689">689</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Brooks, John Graham, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.</li> +<li>Brougher, Rev. J. Whitcomb, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> +<li>Brown, Jennie A, addresses Senate com, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> +<li>Brown, Rev. Olympia, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at natl. conv. in Minneapolis, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>; <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li> + <li>conv. sermon, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li> + <li>in Washtn, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li> + <li>in Baltimore, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>addresses Sen. Com, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>; <a href="#Page_179">179</a>; <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</li> + <li>prepares mem. to Mrs. Colby, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>;</li> + <li>guest of honor at Jubilee conv, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>;</li> + <li>speaks at Pioneer suff. luncheon, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>;</li> + <li>on last evening, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>;</li> + <li>heads Fed. Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_656">656-659</a>;</li> + <li>at Repub. Natl. Conv, <a href="#Page_703">703</a>;</li> + <li>objections to Shafroth Palmer Amend, <a href="#Page_748">748</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Brown, Mrs. Raymond, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>; <a href="#Page_339">339</a>; <a href="#Page_372">372</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>rept. on N. Y. campn, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>; <a href="#Page_423">423</a>; <a href="#Page_444">444</a>; <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>presents res. to make Dr. Shaw hon. pres, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>; <a href="#Page_519">519</a>;</li> + <li>elected natl. vice-pres, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>; <a href="#Page_555">555</a>;</li> + <li>rept. on Oversea Hospitals, <a href="#Page_560">560</a>, <a href="#Page_568">568</a>;</li> + <li>raises fund for League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>;</li> + <li>Oversea Hospitals, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>;</li> + <li>at Anthony celebr, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>; <a href="#Page_685">685</a>; <a href="#Page_689">689</a>; <a href="#Page_716">716</a>;</li> + <li>full rept. of work of women's Oversea Hospitals during the war, <a href="#Page_732">732-734</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Brownlow, Mrs. Louis, <a href="#Page_567">567</a>.</li> +<li>Bruce, Laura, bequest to Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> +<li>Bruns, Dr. Henry Dixon, addresses natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> +<li>Bryan, U. S. Rep. J. W. (Wash), <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</li> +<li>Bryan, Mrs. J. W, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> +<li>Bryan, William Jennings, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>helps wom. suff, <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>;</li> + <li>speaks for it in Neb, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>; <a href="#Page_435">435</a>;</li> + <li>supports Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>;</li> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>;</li> + <li>at Dem. Natl. conv. 1912, <a href="#Page_708">708</a>;</li> + <li>endorses wom. suff. in 1915, <a href="#Page_708">708</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Bryn Mawr College Foundation in Politics, mem. to Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.</li> +<li>Buckley, Lila Sabin, bequest to Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> +<li>Buffalo, entertains natl. suff. conf. 1901, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>same, 1908, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Bulkley, Mary, <a href="#Page_559">559</a>.</li> +<li>Burke, Alice, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>,000 mile motor suff. trip, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</li> +<li>Burleson, Mrs. Albert Sidney, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>; <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> +<li>Burnett, Frances Hodgson, for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> +<li>Burns, Frances E, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</li> +<li>Burns, Lucy, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>; <a href="#Page_370">370</a>; <a href="#Page_377">377</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Eng. "militant" movement; on Natl. Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_377">377-8</a>;</li> + <li>resigns, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>; <a href="#Page_454">454</a>; <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Bush, Ada, <a href="#Page_717">717</a>.</li> +<li>Butler, U. S. Sen. Marion, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>.</li> +<li>Butler, Pres. Nicholas Murray, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.</li> +<li>Butt, Hala Hammond, on restricted suff, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> +<li>Bynner, Witter, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>.</li> +<li>Byrns, Elinor, rept. of Natl. Press Com, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_405">405-6</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> + +<h4>C.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_C" name="IX_C"></a>Cabot, Mrs. J. Elliott, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>.</li> +<li>Calhoun, Judge William J, on Shafroth Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</li> +<li>California, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>wom. suff. amend, carried, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a>;</li> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw's comment; reports from State officials, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</li> + <li>natl. conv. sends greetings, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</li> + <li>anti-suff. petition fails, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</li> + <li>contrib. to natl. suff. assn, <a href="#Page_559">559</a>; <a href="#Page_625">625</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Calkins, Prof. Mary W, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at natl. suff. conv. in Balto; what leaders of movement have a right to ask of college women, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Calls to convs. of Natl. Suff. Assn, at beginning of first 19 chapters.</li> +<li>Campaigns and Surveys, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mrs. Shuler's rept.; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>great progress in polit. parties;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt's plans for nation-wide Fed. Amend, campn. carried out;</li> + <li>res. of protest against delay sent to Pres. Wilson from large orgztns. in this country and in Europe, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>nearly every State visited by members of the Natl. Bd.; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>the work of the Press and Research bureaus, the bulletins and travelling libraries have extended over the country;</li> + <li>resolutions have been put through Legislatures;</li> + <li>polit. work has been done, <a href="#Page_556">556-7</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Campaigns, State, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>fund for, given by Mrs. Quincy A. Shaw, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</li> + <li>in 1912, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt shows usual weaknesses, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;</li> + <li>record of, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>;</li> + <li>in New York Mrs. Catt describes, <a href="#Page_753">753</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Campbell, Ida E, invites ass'n. to Canada, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> +<li>Campbell, Isabel, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> +<li>Campbell, Jane, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>satire on The Unbiased Editor, takes Mr. Bok for example, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>; <a href="#Page_181">181</a>; <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> + <li>mem. tribute to Mr. Blackwell and Lucy Stone, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>; <a href="#Page_333">333</a>; <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Campbell, Margaret W, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>Campbell, U. S. Rep. Philip P. (Kans.), <a href="#Page_628">628</a>.</li> +<li>Campbell, Mrs. Philip P, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> +<li>Canada, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>sends message to natl. suff. conv.; its natl. assn. hopes to greet members in Canada, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Eq. Franchise Union sends greetings to natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>enfranchises women, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Suff. Assn. sends return greetings, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Cannon, Speaker Joseph G, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>.</li> +<li>Cantrill, U.S. Rep. James C. (Ky.), offers res. for Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>; <a href="#Page_548">548</a>; <a href="#Page_628">628</a>; <a href="#Page_633">633</a>; <a href="#Page_635">635</a>.</li> +<li>Cantrill, Mrs. James C, <a href="#Page_559">559</a>.</li> +<li>Capen, Pres. Elmer H. (Tufts Coll.), <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Carey, U. S. Sen. Joseph M, addresses Council of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> +<li>Carey, U. S. Sen. and Mrs. Joseph M, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> +<li>Carey, Mrs. Joseph M, obtains suff. petit, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> +<li>Carpenter, Alice, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.</li> +<li>Carter, Elizabeth C, pres. N. E. Fed. of Women's Clubs (colored), tribute to Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_761">761</a>.</li> +<li>Carter, Franklin, secy, of N. Y. Anti-Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> +<li>Castle, M. B, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>.</li> +<li>Catholics, how enfranchised, <a href="#Page_752">752</a>.</li> +<li>Catron, U. S. Sen. Thomas B, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>; <a href="#Page_626">626</a>.</li> +<li>Catt, Carrie Chapman, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>elected natl. pres, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</li> + <li>secures special legis. sessions, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>;</li> + <li>at natl. suff. conv. in Minneapolis, 1901, address on obstacles to wom. suff, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>gavel presented;</li> + <li>plan of work for Fed. Amend, orgztn, <a href="#Page_3">3-22</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>appeal against "regulated" vice, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li> + <li>introd. Mr. Blackwell, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>; <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li> + <li>arr. trip to Yellowstone, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li> + <li>at natl. conv. in Washtn, 1902, first steps toward Intl. Alliance, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li> + <li>introd. Clara Barton, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li> + <li>president's address, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li> + <li>presides over Congressl. hearing, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li> + <li>estab. natl. suff. headqrs. in New York, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>; <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>tour of States, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</li> + <li>scores Seth Low, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> + <li>card case presented, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> + <li>on Miss Anthony's birthday, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>obtains foreign reports, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>; <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> + <li>presides at Congressl. hearing, urges appoint. of a com. to investigate effects in equal suff. States, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li> + <li>presides at natl. suff. conv. in New Orleans, 1903, <a href="#Page_56">56-7</a>;</li> + <li>annual address, receives ovation, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> + <li>work of natl. headqrs, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> + <li>reports Cong. ignores appeals, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> + <li>tributes to the dead, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> + <li>says each State must decide race problem for itself, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li> + <li>lectures in New Orleans, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li> + <li>presides at natl. suff. conv. in Washtn. in 1904, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li> + <li>prepares Decl. of Principles, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li> + <li>dele. to Berlin intl. suff. conf, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li> + <li>tells of Miss Anthony's visit to White House, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li> + <li>pres. address, less illiteracy among women than men, would disfranchise for failure to vote, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</li> + <li>presides over work conf, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li> + <li>speaks for peace and arbitration, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> + <li>tribute on Miss Anthony's birthday, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</li> + <li>work in Colo, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</li> + <li>compliments Ladies of the Maccabees, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> + <li>resigns presidency of Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> + <li>its tribute; introd. Dr. Shaw; remains as vice-pres. at large, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li> + <li>presents Miss Anthony and Miss Barton, closes conv, <a href="#Page_109">109-10</a>;</li> + <li>on success of wom. suff. in Colo, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> + <li>urges House Judic. Com. to report on Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</li> + <li>recep. en route to Portland conv, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li> + <li>responds to greetings to conv, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> + <li>estab. "work conferences", <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li> + <li>raises fund for Ore. campn, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</li> + <li>presides at conv, tributes to speakers, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li> + <li>Fourth of July address, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</li> + <li>tribute of <i>Oregonian</i>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> + <li>resigns vice-presidency, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> + <li>for helping Ore. campn, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</li> + <li>rept. on Intl. Suff. Alliance, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li> + <li>would abolish proxy votes at conv. <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> + <li>rept. on Intl. Suff. Alliance; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>opens Evening with Women in History, says women are not the inferior sex, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>brings Intl. Suff. Alliance greeting, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li> + <li>report as chmn. Congressl. Com, its work for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li> + <li>appoint. frat. dele. to Peace conf, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li> + <li>powerful speech, The Battle to the Strong, woman's hour has struck, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw pays tribute, natl. conv. in Seattle sends greetings, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> + <li>work as chmn. of natl. petit. for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li> + <li>added to Official Bd, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</li> + <li>work on Fed. Amend. petition, her contrib, conv. expresses appreciation, <a href="#Page_274">274-5</a>;</li> + <li>address ordered printed, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</li> + <li>on Polit. Dist. Orgztn, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</li> + <li>address bef. Senate Com. 1910, most men in U.S. received suff. from Govt. not States, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_745">745</a>;</li> + <li>leaflet on What to Do, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</li> + <li>sends letter from South Africa to natl. suff. conv, 1911;</li> + <li>"suffs. of two countries are actuated by the same motives, inspired by the same hopes, working to the same end;"</li> + <li>letter of good wishes sent her with regrets for absence, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</li> + <li>home from trip around world, address at natl. suff. conv, 1912; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>need for polit. power in hands of women to combat social evil, <a href="#Page_345">345-6</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>speaks in Carnegie Hall, New York, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>; <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;</li> + <li>inquires about Congressl. Union at natl. suff. conv. in 1913;</li> + <li>has its report separated from that of Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_380">380-1</a>;</li> + <li>reviews advanced position of women and great responsibilities, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</li> + <li>bef. House Com. on Rules asking for Wom. Suff. Com, says while Judic. Com. has been refusing to report a res. on wom. suff, 12 European countries have considered it; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>has spirited discussion with Rep. Hardwick;</li> + <li>says men have not had to ask other men for the vote, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>tells of N. Y. amend. campn, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>explains to Alice Paul why Natl. Suff. Assn, cannot coöperate with Congressl. Union, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>;</li> + <li>had persuaded Dr. Shaw to accept natl. presidency in 1904, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw wants her to take it in 1915; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>her duties as pres. of Intl. Alliance and chmn. of N.Y. campn. com. prevent;</li> + <li>pressure from delegates forces her to yield;</li> + <li>unanimously elected, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Dr. Shaw casts first vote with tribute, <a href="#Page_456">456-7</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt asks loyalty of members who show joy over her election, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>;</li> + <li>addresses Washtn. mass meeting, resents Mr. Malone's assertion that women would vote for "preparedness" and declares they would settle disputes without war, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>;</li> + <li>bef. Senate com. reviews way men got the vote, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, (Appendix <a href="#Page_745">745</a>);</li> + <li>account of four recent St. campns, tribute to Sen. Thomas, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;</li> + <li>presides at House hearing; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>says when a man believes in wom. suff. it is a natl. question and when he doesn't it is one for the States, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>tells of great vote for wom. suff. during past year; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>parade in New York of 20,000 women, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>,000 public school teachers;</li> + <li>in that city women must ask for it in 24 languages, there is no argument against it, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>argues with Rep. Chandler whether a member should obey mandate of his district or broad principle of justice, <a href="#Page_470">470-1</a>;</li> + <li>calls natl. suff. conv. to meet in Atlantic City, 1916, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</li> + <li>mayor presents key to city, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>;</li> + <li>report as chmn. of Campaign and Survey Com, had visited 23 States, members of the Natl. Bd. nearly all the others and questionnaires sent to all St. presidents; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>convinced crisis has been reached which if recognized will lead to speedy victory, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>discusses recent Iowa campn.; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>shows its weaknesses, same as in all;</li> + <li>lessons learned for future;</li> + <li>methods of liquor interests and other "antis", alliance between them, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>opens conv, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>;</li> + <li>president's address on The Crisis, keynote of great campn, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>;</li> + <li>declares Fed. Amend, only method; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>women must sit on steps of Cong.;</li> + <li>a "call to arms," <a href="#Page_489">489</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>introd. Pres. Wilson to natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>asks Dr. Shaw to respond, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + <li>says no suggestion has been made to lessen work for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>work with Cong, <a href="#Page_503">503-4</a>;</li> + <li>for planks in party platforms, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>;</li> + <li>calls on presidential candidates, 1916, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>;</li> + <li>tribute from chmn. Natl. Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>presides over mass meeting Sunday afternoon, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;</li> + <li>closes the conv, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>;</li> + <li>reception, with wives of Cabinet at suff. conv, 1917, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>;</li> + <li>arr. for dele, to meet their Senators and Reps, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>opens conv, thinks Cong. will not allow this country to be outstripped by Europe in giving suff. to women; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>urges necessity for war work, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>presides at N. Y. victory meeting, <a href="#Page_518">518</a>;</li> + <li>says Legis. can legally grant Pres. suff. to women, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>president's address to Cong.; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>plea for Fed. Amend.;</li> + <li>pen picture in <i>Woman Citizen</i>;</li> + <li>in pamphlet form standard literature of Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_521">521-2</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Dr. Shaw nominates her for office, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</li> + <li>calls for nation-wide appeal for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</li> + <li>escorts Hon. Jeannette Rankin to Capitol, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt's tribute, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>;</li> + <li>condemns "picketing", <a href="#Page_530">530</a>;</li> + <li>presides at Amer. Women's War Serv. meeting in Washtn, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>;</li> + <li>writes book on Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>;</li> + <li>originates suff. schools, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>;</li> + <li>instructs organizers, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Rev. Olympia Brown, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>;</li> + <li>re-elected pres, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>first suggests League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>plan for million dollar fund, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>contrib. to Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>;</li> + <li>closes conv. with "ringing words of inspiration," <a href="#Page_545">545</a>;</li> + <li>presides at Senate hearing, April, 1917, believes it will be last, <a href="#Page_545">545</a>;</li> + <li>says action of Govt. in denying suff. has "saddened women's lives"; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>thousands of copies circulated, <a href="#Page_547">547</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>opens natl. suff. conv. 1919, gives president's address, The Nation Calls; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>outlines plan for Natl. League of Women Voters;</li> + <li>names vital needs of Govt, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>presented with illuminated testimonial by southern dele, <a href="#Page_554">554</a>;</li> + <li>Govt. puts her on Woman's Com. of Natl. Defense and Liberty Loan Com, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>;</li> + <li>carries for'd great campn. for Fed. Amend.; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>women of entire world owe thanks, <a href="#Page_555">555-6</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>presides at "inquiry" dinner at St. Louis Conv, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>;</li> + <li>announces suff. soc. in Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii and Philippines, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>;</li> + <li>presides at meeting of suff. war workers, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>;</li> + <li>work with Cong, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>;</li> + <li>help to Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_567">567</a>;</li> + <li>urges dele. to conv. to "finish the fight," <a href="#Page_569">569</a>;</li> + <li>outlines aims of League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_570">570</a>;</li> + <li>conv. adopts res. of apprec. and loyalty, <a href="#Page_575">575</a>;</li> + <li>closing speech on Looking Forward, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>;</li> + <li>at last suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>;</li> + <li>reads testimony from South, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>; <a href="#Page_581">581</a>;</li> + <li>address to com.; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>analyzes "negro problem";</li> + <li>scores attitude of southern members on Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_582">582</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>tells members of com. to have conf. with Pres. Wilson, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>;</li> + <li>answers speech of ex-Sen. Bailey; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>he reminds her of pres. of Harvard who said there were witches and Daniel Webster who objected to admitting western States to the Union;</li> + <li>tells of Premier Asquith's change of views;</li> + <li>heard such speeches 40 years ago;</li> + <li>Mr. Bailey leaves room, <a href="#Page_590">590-592</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>presides at last natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>;</li> + <li>responds to greetings, gives president's address, says Fed. Amend. close at hand, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>;</li> + <li>describes spec. sessions of Legis. to obtain; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>both Repubs. and Dems. responsible for delay;</li> + <li>unsullied record of Natl. Suff. Assn.;</li> + <li>its vast work, <a href="#Page_598">598-9</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>pities those not in it; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tribute to pioneers, <a href="#Page_599">599</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Pres. Wilson sends greetings, <a href="#Page_599">599</a>; <a href="#Page_602">602</a>;</li> + <li>asks southern women to state help desired from Natl. Assn; granted, <a href="#Page_603">603</a>;</li> + <li>her immense work for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>;</li> + <li>for ratification, having special sessions called, Legis. polled, commissns. of women sent, etc, <a href="#Page_604">604-606</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Shuler's tribute, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>;</li> + <li>western trip for Amend, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>;</li> + <li>presides at ratif. banquet, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>;</li> + <li>eulogy at Dr. Shaw's mem. service, <a href="#Page_612">612</a>;</li> + <li>founds Leslie Bureau of Educatn, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>;</li> + <li>gives honor rolls to early workers; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>suffs. present with diamond pin;</li> + <li>asks Mrs. Upton to respond, <a href="#Page_616">616</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>closes Victory conv. and opens School for Polit. Education, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>;</li> + <li>escorts Rep. Jeannette Rankin to Capitol, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>;</li> + <li>addresses Senate Com, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>;</li> + <li>Pres. Wilson congratulates, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>; <a href="#Page_635">635</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt sends to Repub. and Dem. Natl. chairmen a summary of votes on Fed. Wom. Suff. Amend, thanking their parties and dividing the credit; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tribute to Pres. Wilson, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>says women are not bound to either party, <a href="#Page_649">649</a>;</li> + <li>plans and works for ratification, <a href="#Page_649">649</a> et seq. (See <a href="#Ratification">Ratification</a>.)</li> + <li>Mass meeting in Washtn. to greet Mrs. Catt and workers for ratif. in Tenn; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Pres. Wilson sends message;</li> + <li>Gov. Smith welcomes at railroad station in New York, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>addresses Friends' Eq. Rights Assn, <a href="#Page_665">665</a>;</li> + <li>Miss. Valley Conf. in Minnesota, <a href="#Page_669">669</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Ohio, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>calls Exec. Council meeting in Indpls, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>;</li> + <li>launches League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_681">681-4-5</a>; <a href="#Page_689">689</a>; <a href="#Page_690">690</a>;</li> + <li>offers assistance of Leslie Commissn, <a href="#Page_698">698</a>;</li> + <li>conducts school for polit. educatn, <a href="#Page_698">698-9</a>;</li> + <li>sends letter to delegates of natl. pres. convs. in 1916; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>addresses mass meeting in Chicago, <a href="#Page_709">709</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>marches in parade, <a href="#Page_710">710</a>;</li> + <li>secures plank, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>;</li> + <li>asks Pres. Wilson meaning of Dem. suff. plank, <a href="#Page_714">714</a>; <a href="#Page_716">716</a>;</li> + <li>calls Exec. Council of Natl. Suff. Assn. to consider helping Govt. in war work, <a href="#Page_720">720</a>;</li> + <li>speaks on Impending Crisis, deprecates war, <a href="#Page_724">724</a>;</li> + <li>on Woman's Com. Natl. Defense, <a href="#Page_726">726</a>;</li> + <li>asks equal pay for equal work, <a href="#Page_728">728-9</a>;</li> + <li>resents attacks of anti-suffs. during the war and answers them, <a href="#Page_736">736-7</a>;</li> + <li>after war calls meeting and urges appt. of some women to Peace Conf; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>President and Govt. ignore them, <a href="#Page_738">738</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>address before Senate com. in 1910, Federal Enfranchisement of Men, <a href="#Page_745">745</a>;</li> + <li>in 1915, progress of men's enfranchisement, different treatment of women, small effort by men; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>how Jews and Catholics obtained suff;</li> + <li>land qualif. removed;</li> + <li>immense effort of women;</li> + <li>plea for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_752">752-754</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>natl. suff. headqrs, under her presidency, <a href="#Page_754">754-5</a>;</li> + <li>opens natl. suff. headqrs, in N. Y. City in 1905 and again in 1916; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>branch headqrs. in Washtn. in 1916, <a href="#Page_754">754</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>calls Exec. Council to meet in Cleveland in 1921; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>later in New York, to arr. end of Natl. Amer. Wom. Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_756">756-7</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Catt, George W, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> +<li>Chamberlain, Gov. George E. (Ore.), + <ul class="IX"> + <li>welcomes suff. conv, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li> + <li>as U. S. Senator, <a href="#Page_547">547</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Chandler, U. S. Rep. Walter M. (N. Y.), <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</li> +<li>Chapin, Rev. Augusta, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Chapman, Mariana W, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; <a href="#Page_47">47</a>; <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; <a href="#Page_665">665</a>.</li> +<li>Charleston, S. C, wom. suff. conf, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> +<li>Chase, Mary N, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>; <a href="#Page_141">141</a>; <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> +<li>Cheney, Ednah D, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Chicago, entertains natl. suff. conv. 1907, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>women petit. for Munic. suff, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>;</li> + <li>their power doubled when gained, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</li> + <li>entertains natl. conv. 1920, <a href="#Page_594">594</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Child Labor, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mrs. Kelley speaks on, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Suff. Assn. calls for legislation, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Kelley shows backwardness of U. S, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li> + <li>natl. suff. conv. protests against, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li> + <li>its end waits on wom. suff, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Lovejoy shows help of women in securing natl. law; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>need of women in politics, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Chittenden, Alice Hill, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>; <a href="#Page_437">437</a>; <a href="#Page_711">711</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mrs. Catt refutes her attacks during the war, <a href="#Page_736">736</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Church and Woman Suffrage; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mrs. Stanton's views, Miss Anthony's, Dr. Shaw's, Olympia Brown's, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> + <li>Ministers at natl. suff. convs. listed in each chapter;</li> + <li>church work for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>; <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> + <li>in 1908, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</li> + <li>women comprising two thirds of membership demand ballot, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</li> + <li>effort to secure admission of women to M. E. Genl. Conf, South, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li> + <li>religious gatherings addressed on wom. suff. ministers asked to preach on it, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</li> + <li>thousands asked to preach on it Mother's Day, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</li> + <li>apathy of women for suff, clergy favor, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</li> + <li>southern Ministerial Assns. friendly to wom, suff.; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Miss. Valley Conf. in Des Moines 18 pulpits filled by delegates;</li> + <li>letters sent to 4,000 clergymen asking for wom. stiff, in sermons on Mother's Day, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>work in N. J. and W. Va, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>;</li> + <li>see <a href="#Clergy">Clergy</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Churchill, Isabella, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>Churchill, Mrs. Winston, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> +<li>Citizenship Schools, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>; <a href="#Page_690">690</a>.</li> +<li>Clapp, U. S. Sen. Moses E, invites natl. suff. conv. to St. Paul, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>; <a href="#Page_383">383</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on suff. platform, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>; <a href="#Page_626">626</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Clark, Speaker Champ, helps wom. suff, <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>name applauded at suff. conv, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;</li> + <li>invites Dr. Shaw to Speaker's bench, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>;</li> + <li>assists Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>; <a href="#Page_515">515</a>;</li> + <li>promises vote for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>supports creation of Com. on Wom. Suff, <a href="#Page_524">524-5</a>;</li> + <li>assists in vote for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>;</li> + <li>advises new res. for Amend, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>;</li> + <li>assists Amend, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>, <a href="#Page_633">633-4-5</a>;</li> + <li>promises vote for, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>;</li> + <li>endorses wom. suff, <a href="#Page_708">708</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Clark, Mrs. Champ, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>greetings to natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</li> + <li>sends flowers to, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Clark, U. S. Rep. Clarence D. (Wyo.), <a href="#Page_657">657</a>.</li> +<li>Clark, U. S. Rep. Frank (Fla.), <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</li> +<li>Clark, Gov. George W. (Iowa), <a href="#Page_668">668</a>.</li> +<li>Clark, Mrs. Orton H, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</li> +<li>Clark, Chief Justice Walter, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.</li> +<li>Clarke, Grace Julian, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>.</li> +<li>Clarkson, Director U. S. Council of Natl. Defense Grosvenor B, tribute to Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_760">760</a>.</li> +<li>Clay, U. S. Sen. Alexander S, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>; <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> +<li>Clay, Laura, address to conv. 1901, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; <a href="#Page_89">89</a>; <a href="#Page_98">98</a>; <a href="#Page_118">118</a>; <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; <a href="#Page_140">140</a>; <a href="#Page_180">180</a>; <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; <a href="#Page_211">211</a>; <a href="#Page_220">220-1</a>; <a href="#Page_244">244</a>; <a href="#Page_260">260</a>; <a href="#Page_265">265</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>responds to welcome of natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>; <a href="#Page_282">282</a>; <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li> + <li>every protection which manhood can offer to womanhood should be extended, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li> + <li>social order depends on women, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li> + <li>founder and pres. Ky. Eq. Rights Assn, welcomes natl. suff. conv. to Louisville; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>recalls visits of the pioneers, Lucy Stone and Susan B Anthony;</li> + <li>pays tribute to Men's Leagues for Wom. Suff, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>makes suff. address bef. House of Governors, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</li> + <li>has Natl. Suff. Bd. ask members of Cong, to empower woman to vote for U. S. Senators, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>; <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</li> + <li>for Fed. Elect. Bill, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</li> + <li>explains it, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>;</li> + <li>debate on future work of Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>;</li> + <li>speaks on U. S. Elections Bill, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>;</li> + <li>conv. endorses, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>; <a href="#Page_504">504</a>;</li> + <li>wants form of Fed. Amend, changed, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>;</li> + <li>work for Fed. Elections Bill, <a href="#Page_659">659</a>, <a href="#Page_660">660</a>, <a href="#Page_669">669</a>;</li> + <li>vice-pres. South Wom. Conf, <a href="#Page_671">671</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Clay, Mary B, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>Clayton, Judge Henry D, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>presides at House hearing on wom. suff, photographed, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>asks questions, <a href="#Page_360">360-1</a>;</li> + <li>promises consideration and offers to "frank" the hearing reports, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>; <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Clement, Gov. Percival W. (Vt.), <a href="#Page_653">653</a>.</li> +<li><a name="Clergy" id="Clergy"></a>Clergy, in New Orleans endorse wom. suff, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Washtn, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> + <li>objections reviewed, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li> + <li>changed attitude, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li> + <li>in Canada, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</li> + <li>testimony in equal suff. States, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li> + <li>See names in footnotes of first 19 chapters of those officiating at natl. suff. convs.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Cleveland, President Grover, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Dr. Shaw answers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li> + <li>she criticizes article against women's clubs, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</li> + <li>second against wom. suff, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; <a href="#Page_166">166</a>; <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Cockran, Mrs. Bourke, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> +<li>Codman, Mrs. J. M, <a href="#Page_679">679</a>.</li> +<li>Coe, Mrs. Henry Waldo, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> +<li>Coggeshall, Mary J, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; <a href="#Page_89">89</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tributes to, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>; <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li> + <li>bequest to Natl. Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>;</li> + <li>used for Iowa campn, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Colby, Secretary of State Bainbridge, proclaims Fed. Wom. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>; <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>; <a href="#Page_652">652</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>effort to enjoin, <a href="#Page_653">653-4</a>;</li> + <li>brings message from Pres. Wilson to suff. mass meeting, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>;</li> + <li>Men's Anti-Suff. Assn. tries to prevent proclaiming Amend, <a href="#Page_681">681-2</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Colby, Clara Bewick, Industrial Problems of Women, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>shows Govt. and civil service unfair to women, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li> + <li>ed. of <i>Woman's Tribune</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>; <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</li> + <li>addresses House Judic. Com, describes past hearings, Mrs. Stanton's and Miss Anthony's speeches, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</li> + <li>life work for Fed. Elections Bill, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_658">658</a>;</li> + <li>memorial to, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>College Women's Equal Suffrage League, formed, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>object of, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li> + <li>fully org. in 1908, evening at natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229-30</a>;</li> + <li>at natl. suff. conv. of 1909, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</li> + <li>of 1910, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</li> + <li>of 1911, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li> + <li>has an evening at conv, noted speakers, <a href="#Page_320">320-1</a>;</li> + <li>debate at natl. suff. conv. in 1912 bet. suffs. and pretended "antis", <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</li> + <li>in 1914, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</li> + <li>in 1915, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>; <a href="#Page_483">483</a>;</li> + <li>deputation calls on President, <a href="#Page_626">626</a>;</li> + <li>sketch of; organization, officers, <a href="#Page_661">661-2</a>-3;</li> + <li>great force for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>;</li> + <li>results among college women, <a href="#Page_663">663</a>;</li> + <li>Pres. M. Carey Thomas's contribution, league dissolves, <a href="#Page_664">664</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>College Women's Evening at natl. suff. conv. in Balto, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>program of eminent speakers, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> + <li>all tell of indebtedness to suff. leaders, <a href="#Page_168">168-173</a>;</li> + <li>Miss Anthony's response, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Collins, Emily P, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>Collins, Franklin W, anti-suff, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</li> +<li>Colorado, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>effect of wom. suff, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li> + <li>eminent speakers testify as to wom. suff, <a href="#Page_100">100-105</a>;</li> + <li>Gov. Adams, Mrs. Grenfell and others refute charges, <a href="#Page_112">112-115</a>;</li> + <li>U. S. Sen. Shafroth on election frauds, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> + <li>highest testimony exonerates women, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> + <li>wom. suff. re-affirmed by large majority, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> + <li>Sen. Shafroth testifies as to wom. suff, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</li> + <li>Rep. Rucker, same, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li> + <li>Men's Defense League, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Dorr's article, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</li> + <li>Richard Barry's slanders in <i>Ladies Home Journal</i>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>thousands of copies of Miss Blackwell's answer sent to editor by women with protest, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>report on wom. suff. by Rep. Taylor, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</li> + <li>women satisfied with suff, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</li> + <li>Sen. Shafroth answers charges against it, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>State gives wom. suff, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Committee on Rules, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>natl. suff. conv. asks for an especial Com. on Wom. Suff, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</li> + <li>grants a hearing in Dec, 1913, Dr. Shaw presides, "antis" out in force, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</li> + <li>names of com, tie vote on reporting res, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>;</li> + <li>grants a hearing 1917 and creates Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>, <a href="#Page_548">548-9</a>;</li> + <li>names of Rules Com, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>;</li> + <li>sets time for suff. debate in House, <a href="#Page_593">593</a>; <a href="#Page_628">628</a>;</li> + <li>action of House Judic. Com, <a href="#Page_631">631</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Park's report of Com. on Rules, <a href="#Page_634">634-5</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Committee on Woman Suffrage, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>the natl. conv. of 1913 makes strenuous effort for in Lower House; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>appeals to Pres. Wilson to recommend, he approves, <a href="#Page_373">373-376</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>three res. for presented, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</li> + <li>Rep. Edward T. Taylor's referred to Com. on Rules, which grants hearings;</li> + <li>"antis" out in force, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</li> + <li>names of com, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>tie vote on reporting, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>;</li> + <li>in 1917 Pres. Wilson approves; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Speaker Clark supports;</li> + <li>all members from equal suff. States sign petition, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Com. on Rules grants hearing; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>creates desired com.;</li> + <li>vote on, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>House Judic. Com. had prevented it for years, <a href="#Page_537">537-8</a>;</li> + <li>hearing for bef. Com. on Rules, May, 1917, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>;</li> + <li>com. appointed, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>;</li> + <li>it gives 4 days' hearing on Fed. Amend.; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>names of com, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>reports favorably to House, <a href="#Page_593">593</a>;</li> + <li>effort for com. in Lower House, <a href="#Page_626">626</a>, defeated, <a href="#Page_628">628</a>;</li> + <li>full report, Pres. Wilson favors, House votes for, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>;</li> + <li>names of com, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>;</li> + <li>Judic. Com. hostile, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>;</li> + <li>friendly "steering" com. names, <a href="#Page_635">635</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Committees, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>of National American Woman Suffrage Association (special) for war work, <a href="#Page_723">723</a>, <a href="#Page_725">725</a>, <a href="#Page_727">727</a>, <a href="#Page_730">730</a>, <a href="#Page_734">734</a>;</li> + <li>on State Councils of Natl. Defense, <a href="#Page_726">726</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Committees, Senate, on Wom. Suff, <a href="#Page_626">626</a>; <a href="#Page_632">632</a>; <a href="#Page_642">642</a>; <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</li> +<li>Conger-Kanecko, Josephine, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.</li> +<li>Congress, United States, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>deaf to appeals for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a>, <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a>;</li> + <li>converted, <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>;</li> + <li>votes on Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>;</li> + <li>no power to give wom. suff, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>;</li> + <li>committees urged by suff. leaders to appt. com. to investigate results of equal suff, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;</li> + <li>they refuse, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</li> + <li>many members kind and helpful, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>;</li> + <li>first petitioned for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_618">618-19</a>;</li> + <li>submits 14th and 15th Amends, <a href="#Page_619">619-20</a>;</li> + <li>receives first petition for 16th, <a href="#Page_622">622-3</a>;</li> + <li>insurgency in, <a href="#Page_625">625</a>;</li> + <li>no. of members elected by women, <a href="#Page_643">643</a>;</li> + <li>James Madison says it has right to confer suff, <a href="#Page_657">657</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Congressional Committee of National American Woman Suffrage Association, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mrs. Catt reports for, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li> + <li>Emma M. Gillett's report; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>com. entered upon polit. work;</li> + <li>letters sent to candidates for Cong. asking opinion on wom. suff.;</li> + <li>dif. bet. Dems. and Repubs, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>com. for 1913, tribute to by natl. cor. secy.; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>assn. coöperates, <a href="#Page_366">366-368</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>in 1910-11-12, Mrs. William Kent chmn, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</li> + <li>declines to serve longer, Alice Paul appt.; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report for 1913;</li> + <li>hearings bef. Senate and House coms.;</li> + <li>processions, pilgrimages, deputations to Pres. Wilson, State campns, press work, etc;</li> + <li>fav. report from Senate com.;</li> + <li>reasons for progress, new Congressl. Com. appt, names of, headqrs, <a href="#Page_380">380-1</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Washtn. and Chicago officers, Mrs. Medill McCormick's work, <a href="#Page_403">403-4</a>; <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>com. for 1914, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</li> + <li>protest against Congressl. Union's effort for Dem. caucus on forming Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;</li> + <li>members of Cong. canvassed, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;</li> + <li>Shafroth Amend. decided on, <a href="#Page_414">414-15</a>;</li> + <li>attends hearing on the original amend, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>;</li> + <li>its lobby, publicity and campn. work, <a href="#Page_418">418-422</a>;</li> + <li>self-denial day, the "melting pot," 419;</li> + <li>assists Neb, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>;</li> + <li>natl. conv. appreciates its work, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</li> + <li>on "blacklisting" candidates, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</li> + <li>Ethel M. Smith's report; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>members of Cong. catalogued, pressure from women of home district to vote on Fed. Suff. Amend, checking up records, votes compared with those on Prohib. Amend.;</li> + <li>work in Congressl. districts necessary to success, <a href="#Page_448">448-450</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Mrs. Funk's report, important work for vote on Fed. Amend.; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>for Shafroth Amend, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Mrs. McCormick's report, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;</li> + <li>shows 6,500,000 votes cast for wom. suff. in 1915, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;</li> + <li>instructed by natl. conv. to concentrate forces on Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>report of work in 1916 by Mrs. Roessing, chmn, <a href="#Page_503">503-511</a>;</li> + <li>effort for Fed. Amend. in Cong, fav. report from Senate Com.; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Senators urged action, no vote taken, <a href="#Page_503">503-4</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>unfair treatment by House Judic. Com, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>. (See pages to 511.)</li> + <li>Names of Congressl. Com, headqrs, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>;</li> + <li>its work divided into depts, lobby work, <a href="#Page_506">506-7</a>;</li> + <li>report of Maud Wood Park, chmn, for 1917, <a href="#Page_523">523-527</a>;</li> + <li>headqrs. in Washtn, Mrs. Miller's report, <a href="#Page_526">526-7</a>;</li> + <li>report of Mrs. Park, <a href="#Page_562">562-567</a>;</li> + <li>see ref. under Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Park praises members of com. and tells of their work; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>gives names, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>at time of victory, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>;</li> + <li>its work under Alice Paul, <a href="#Page_625">625</a>;</li> + <li>under Ruth Hanna McCormick, <a href="#Page_627">627-8</a>;</li> + <li>under Mrs. Frank M. Roessing, <a href="#Page_630">630</a>;</li> + <li>under Maud Wood Park, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>;</li> + <li>her report on effort for a Wom. Suff. Com. in House, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>; <a href="#Page_671">671</a>; <a href="#Page_673">673</a>;</li> + <li>com. made up of many orgztns. under League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_701">701</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li><i>Congressional Record</i>, report of debate on Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_563">563</a>.</li> +<li><a name="Congressional_Union" id="Congressional_Union"></a>Congressional Union, (National Woman's Party), + <ul class="IX"> + <li>organized to assist Natl. Congressl. Com.; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>headqrs.;</li> + <li>large work;</li> + <li>first appears at natl. suff. conv. of 1913;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt will not recognize;</li> + <li>proves to be orgztn. to duplicate work of Natl. Amer. Assn.;</li> + <li>Natl. Bd. demands complete separation;</li> + <li>it continues as independt. society, <a href="#Page_380">380-1</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>urges Dems. in Cong. to caucus on forming Wom. Suff. Com.; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>disastrous result, decides on policy of fighting party in power, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>; <a href="#Page_415">415</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>names Fed. Amend. Susan B. Anthony, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>arr. suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>;</li> + <li>speakers urge Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_429">429-434</a>;</li> + <li>difference in policy from Natl. Amer. Assn, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>House Judic. Com. asks its size, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>;</li> + <li>fights the party in power, opp. re-election of best friends of wom. suff; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>res. offered in natl. suff. conv. of 1915 for com. to secure cooperation with Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>each orgztn. appoints five; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Union declines to change policy;</li> + <li>will duplicate the work of Assn. in States;</li> + <li>no affiliation possible, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>hope for dividing on lobby work given up, Union opens fight on Dem. party, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>;</li> + <li>hearing bef. Senate com, 1915; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>list of speakers, <a href="#Page_466">466-7</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>bef. House com, <a href="#Page_473">473-476</a>;</li> + <li>com. "heckles" speakers, <a href="#Page_474">474-476</a>;</li> + <li>result of its policy summed up, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;</li> + <li>hearings bef. Senate and House Coms, <a href="#Page_547">547-549</a>;</li> + <li>account of orgztn. put in <i>Congressl. Record</i>, <a href="#Page_571">571</a>;</li> + <li>at last suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>;</li> + <li>(Natl. Woman's Party) work with Congress, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>, <a href="#Page_635">635</a>; <a href="#Page_656">656</a>;</li> + <li>organized by Alice Paul, officers, headqrs, object, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>;</li> + <li>opp. party in power, convs. in San Francisco and Chicago, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>;</li> + <li>"picketing" and "militancy," jail sentences, reorganizes, presents busts of pioneers to Cong, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>;</li> + <li>seeks Fed. Amend. for civil rights of women, Mrs. Belmont presents headqrs. in Washtn, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>;</li> + <li>at natl. Repub. conv. 1916, <a href="#Page_710">710</a>;</li> + <li>at Dem. Natl. Conv, <a href="#Page_719">719</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Connecticut, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>98,000 women ask for Pres. suff. in vain, <a href="#Page_602">602</a>;</li> + <li>ratif. of Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_653">653</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li><a name="Conventions" id="Conventions"></a>Conventions, annual, of National American Woman Suffrage Association, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Minneapolis, 1901, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</li> + <li>Washington, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li> + <li>New Orleans, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> + <li>Washington, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li> + <li>Portland, Ore, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> + <li>Baltimore, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li> + <li>Chicago, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</li> + <li>Buffalo, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</li> + <li>Seattle, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</li> + <li>Washington, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</li> + <li>Louisville, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</li> + <li>Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</li> + <li>Washington, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</li> + <li>Nashville, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</li> + <li>Washington, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>;</li> + <li>Atlantic City, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</li> + <li>Washington, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>;</li> + <li>St. Louis, <a href="#Page_550">550</a>;</li> + <li>Chicago (last), <a href="#Page_594">594</a>.</li> + <li>Names of speakers given in each: chronologically arranged in first 19 chapters; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tribute to in Anthony Biography, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Conventions, Woman's Rights, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>first ever held, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>;</li> + <li>first in Washtn, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Conway, Rev. Moncure D, funeral service for Mrs. Stanton, <a href="#Page_741">741</a>.</li> +<li>Cooke, Katharine, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>; <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> +<li>Cooke, Marjorie Benton, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li> +<li>Coover, Bertha, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> +<li>Costello, Ray (England), tribute of Buffalo <i>Express</i>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>; <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li> +<li>Costigan, Mrs. Edward P, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on tour for ratif, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>; <a href="#Page_650">650</a>; <a href="#Page_687">687</a>; <a href="#Page_690">690</a>;</li> + <li>assn's. chmn. Food Supply and Demand, <a href="#Page_694">694</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Cotnam, Mrs. T. T, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>shows injustice of Cong. to women, failure of America to stand by its ideals, <a href="#Page_490">490-1</a>;</li> + <li>instructs suff. schools, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>; <a href="#Page_541">541</a>; <a href="#Page_561">561</a>; <a href="#Page_610">610</a>;</li> + <li>at service for Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Coudon, Chaplain Henry N, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>.</li> +<li>Council of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>; <a href="#Page_495">495</a>.</li> +<li>Court decisions, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on length of women's work day, <a href="#Page_306">306-7</a>;</li> + <li>in Ills, St. Supreme Court upholds Pres. suff, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>;</li> + <li>in Texas, Primary suff. for women constitutl, <a href="#Page_602">602</a>;</li> + <li>in Tenn. and Neb. Pres. and Munic. constitl, <a href="#Page_602">602</a>;</li> + <li>on Miss Anthony's voting under 14th Amend, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>;</li> + <li>on Mrs. Minor's attempt, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>;</li> + <li>on referendum of Fed. Amends, Ohio St. Sup. Ct, U. S. Sup. Ct, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>;</li> + <li>to prevent ratif. and proclaiming of Amend in D. C. and Md, <a href="#Page_654">654-5</a>;</li> + <li>U. S. Sup. Ct. decision, <a href="#Page_655">655</a>;</li> + <li>in D. C. on Fed. Wom. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_681">681</a>;</li> + <li>in Md, on its ratif, <a href="#Page_682">682</a>;</li> + <li>in U. S. Sup. Ct. on its validity, <a href="#Page_682">682</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Cowles, Commssr. Grace Espey Patton, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Cowles, Mrs. Josiah Evans, <a href="#Page_726">726</a>.</li> +<li>Cox, Gov. James M. (Ohio), + <ul class="IX"> + <li>addresses wom. suff. conf, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>;</li> + <li>as presidential candidate receives League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_701">701</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Cox, Mrs. Lewis J, <a href="#Page_757">757</a>.</li> +<li>Craigie, Mary E, chmn. church work, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>points out real opp. to wom. suff, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> + <li>church work for wom. suff. in Canada, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>; <a href="#Page_260">260-1</a>;</li> + <li>says church women are seeing need of suff, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</li> + <li>church not appreciating the resources lying dormant with two-thirds of its membership disfranchised, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>; <a href="#Page_338">338</a>; <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</li> + <li>on church work in 1914, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>;</li> + <li>church work most important to be done for wom. suff, must be non-sectarian and omni-sectarian, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Crane, Rev. Caroline Bartlett, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>women must vote as well as pray, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</li> + <li>addresses natl. suff. conv. in 1911, "politics a noble profession in which women long to engage," <a href="#Page_322">322</a>; <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</li> + <li>at mem. service for Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>; <a href="#Page_703">703</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Crane, U. S. Sen. W. Murray, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>.</li> +<li>Crosby, John S, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> +<li>Crossett, Ella Hawley, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>responds for New York, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>; <a href="#Page_216">216</a>; <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</li> + <li>on N. Y. campn, <a href="#Page_518">518</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Crowley, Teresa A, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Mass. campn, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>; <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Cuba, suff. soc. formed, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li> +<li>Cummings, Homer S, chmn. Dem. Natl. Com, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>natl. suff. conv. thanks for help with Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>; <a href="#Page_638">638</a>;</li> + <li>helps ratif. in Tenn, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Cummins, U. S. Sen. Albert B, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li> +<li>Cummins, Mrs. Albert B, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> +<li>Cunningham, Minnie Fisher, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>; <a href="#Page_556">556</a>; <a href="#Page_566">566</a>; <a href="#Page_570">570</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on suff. commssn. to West, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>; <a href="#Page_650">650</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> + +<h4>D.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_D" name="IX_D"></a>Dana, Paul, gives space in N. Y. <i>Sun</i> for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> +<li>Daniels, Secretary of the Navy Josephus, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>; <a href="#Page_724">724</a>.</li> +<li>Daniels, Mrs. Josephus, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>; <a href="#Page_515">515</a>; <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.</li> +<li>Dargan, Olive Tilford, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> +<li>Darlington, Rt. Rev. James Henry, congratulates suffs. and scores "antis," <a href="#Page_345">345</a>; <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.</li> +<li>Darrow, Clara L, tells of defeat in N. Dak, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>; <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li> +<li>Data Department (Research Bureau), org. 1915, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</li> +<li>Davenport, Mrs. John D, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> +<li>Davis, Dr. Katharine Bement, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>elected natl. vice-pres, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>; <a href="#Page_456">456</a>; <a href="#Page_459">459</a>;</li> + <li>asks wom. suff. in the interest of good morals, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>; <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Day, Lucy Hobart, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>; <a href="#Page_94">94</a>; <a href="#Page_98">98</a>; <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li> +<li>De Baun, Anna, with Natl. Suff. Pub. Co, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li> +<li>Deborah, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>; <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> +<li>Decker, Sarah Platt, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> +<li>Declaration of Principles, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>presented to natl. conv. 1904, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li> + <li>in full, reasons for demanding wom. suff, <a href="#Page_742">742</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Deering, Mabel Craft, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> +<li>Delano, Jane, Red Cross and the War, <a href="#Page_533">533</a>.</li> +<li>Delemater, Eric, organist at mem. service for Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_612">612</a>.</li> +<li>De Merritte, Laura, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> +<li>Democratic National Committee, gives natl. suff. com. list of its candidates for Cong, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>receives suff. speakers, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>;</li> + <li>natl. suff. conv. thanks chmn. for help with Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>; <a href="#Page_638">638</a>; <a href="#Page_648">648</a>; <a href="#Page_651">651-2</a>;</li> + <li>urges Gov. Roberts to call spec. session of Tenn. Legis. to ratify Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_718">718</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Democratic National Conventions, Dr. Shaw describes one in Balto, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in 1916 refuses plank for Fed. Amend. but endorses wom. suff, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>; <a href="#Page_505">505</a>;</li> + <li>action on wom. suff. planks in 1904, <a href="#Page_703">703</a>;</li> + <li>in 1908, <a href="#Page_704">704</a>;</li> + <li>in 1912, <a href="#Page_707">707</a>;</li> + <li>great struggle in 1916, <a href="#Page_710">710-12</a>;</li> + <li>in 1920 League of Women Voters' planks accepted, <a href="#Page_701">701</a>;</li> + <li>women welcomed, strong Fed. Amend. plank adopted, full polit. recog. granted, <a href="#Page_717">717-719</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Democratic Party, hostile to wom. suff, adopts plank, <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>vote in Cong, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>;</li> + <li>members in Cong. caucus against Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;</li> + <li>Senators for State's rights, <a href="#Page_413">413-14</a>;</li> + <li>reasons for holding it responsible for Fed. Wom. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>;</li> + <li>early leaders ignored State's rights, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>;</li> + <li>this argument against wom. suff. demolished by its own record, <a href="#Page_430">430-432</a>;</li> + <li>not strong enough in Cong. to submit Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>;</li> + <li>candidates for Cong. fought by Congressl. Union, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>vote of members of Cong. on Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>;</li> + <li>on Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_562">562-3</a>, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>;</li> + <li>folly in leaving victory to Repubs, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>;</li> + <li>unfair caucus on Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>;</li> + <li>members in Cong. responsible for delay of Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_598">598</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Democratic Vote in Congress on Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>, <a href="#Page_627">627</a>, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>, <a href="#Page_646">646</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>see <a href="#Page_647">647-8-9</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Denison, Flora MacDonald, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>.</li> +<li>Denmark, greeting to suff. conv. in U. S, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; <a href="#Page_213">213</a>; <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> +<li>Dennett, Mary Ware, elected natl. cor. secy, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>; <a href="#Page_289">289</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in report of 1911, tells of vast work of natl. suff. headqrs. in New York; pushed plan of polit. dist. orgztn; sent out tens of thousands of suff. stamps and seals and scores of thousands of leaflets; letters to members of Cong. to give women a vote in direct election of U.S. Senators, etc, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</li> + <li>re-elected, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>report for 1912; <a href="#Page_3">3</a>,000,000 pieces of literature published, 250 kinds of printed matter, reference library established, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</li> + <li>report 1913, suff. bills passed by ten Legislatures; campns, parades, tours, petitions, mass meetings, work with Cong, delegations to Europe, <a href="#Page_366">366-368</a>;</li> + <li>report for 1914; record of State amends, tribute to Mrs. Medill McCormick, nation-wide work of speakers and organizers, women's Independence Day, <a href="#Page_403">403-5</a>;</li> + <li>resigns office, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>;</li> + <li>supports Shafroth Amend, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>De Rivera, Belle, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> +<li>Devine, Edward T, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> +<li>Devlin, T.C, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> +<li>De Voe, Emma Smith, welcomes delegates to St. of Wash, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>; <a href="#Page_247">247</a>; <a href="#Page_254">254</a>; <a href="#Page_257">257</a>; <a href="#Page_263">263-4</a>; <a href="#Page_495">495</a>; <a href="#Page_561">561</a>; <a href="#Page_568">568</a>.</li> +<li>Dewey, Dr. Nina Wilson, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</li> +<li>Dexter, Mrs. Wirt, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>.</li> +<li>Dickinson, Mary Lowe, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> +<li>"Dix, Dorothy," Elizabeth M. Gilmer, speaks to colored women's club, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>addresses conv. on The Woman with a Broom, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> + <li>gives "Mirandy's Reason Why Women Can't Vote, No Backbone," <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li> + <li>Dodge, Mrs. Arthur M, presides at hearing bef. Rules Com, opposes Wom. Suff. Com. in Lower House, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</li> + <li>speaks bef. House Judic. Com. against Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_436">436-7</a>;</li> + <li>urges Senate com. not to report Amend, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>tells House com. women are willing to be represented by men, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>says her assn. believes women should have School suff. but not take part in politics and govt; question should be submitted to women; tax paying men can look after rights of tax paying women; men of Kans. didn't know what they were doing and women wish they hadn't suff, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>;</li> + <li>is told these statements contrary to facts, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>;</li> + <li>at Senate com. hearing, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>; <a href="#Page_679">679</a>;</li> + <li>at Natl. Repub. Conv, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Dorman, Marjorie, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</li> +<li>Dorr, Rheta Childe, article on Colorado Women Voters, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>; <a href="#Page_367">367</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>edits wom. suff. paper, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>; <a href="#Page_547">547</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Dos Passos, John R, says suff. would convert women into beasts, <a href="#Page_437">437-8</a>.</li> +<li>Doty, Madeline Z, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.</li> +<li>Douglas, Judith Hyams, restriction put upon women came from man not God, <a href="#Page_220">220-2</a>.</li> +<li>Douglass, Frederick, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>.</li> +<li>Downey, Elvira, <a href="#Page_668">668</a>.</li> +<li>Dreier, Mrs. H. Edward, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>; <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</li> +<li>Drewsen, Mrs. Gudrun, 27: 40; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>addresses Senate com. on wom. suff. in Norway, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Du Bois, Dr. W. E. Burghardt, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> +<li>Dudley, Mrs. Guilford, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>welcomes natl. suff. conv. to Nashville, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</li> + <li>on changed attitude of southern women toward suff; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>now demand it, <a href="#Page_491">491-2</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>elected natl. vice-pres, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>; <a href="#Page_554">554-5</a>; <a href="#Page_559">559</a>; <a href="#Page_561">561</a>; <a href="#Page_566">566</a>;</li> + <li>at last suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>;</li> + <li>repudiates State's rights doctrine as applied to wom. suff; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>discusses negro vote, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Duniway, Abigail Scott, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; <a href="#Page_45">45</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>meets delegates to Portland suff. conv, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</li> + <li>writes ode, presents gavel to Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li> + <li>tour with Miss Anthony in '71, tribute to both, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> + <li>makes fine address, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> + <li>tells of her paper the <i>New Northwest</i>, tribute to <i>Woman's Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</li> + <li>speaks at unveiling of Sacajawea statue, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> + <li>son wants her to vote, she receives full recog, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>; <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</li> + <li>reminis. of pioneer suff. days in northwest, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>; <a href="#Page_254">254</a>; <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Duniway, Willis, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> +<li>Dunlap, Flora, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>; <a href="#Page_668">668-9</a>.</li> +<li>Dunn, Arthur, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> +<li>Dunne, Mayor and Gov. Edward F. (Ills.), <a href="#Page_197">197-8</a>.</li> +<li>Dye, Eva Emery, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; <a href="#Page_255">255</a>; <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> +<li>Dyer, U. S. Rep. Leonidas C. (Mo.), <a href="#Page_631">631</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>E.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_E" name="IX_E"></a>Eager, Harriet A, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> +<li>Eaker, Helen N, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> +<li>Eastman, Max, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on need of politics to develop women; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>will improve family life, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> +<li><a name="Eaton" id="Eaton"></a>Eaton, Dr. Cora Smith, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tribute to, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; <a href="#Page_37">37</a>; <a href="#Page_42">42-3</a>; <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Pioneers, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; <a href="#Page_145">145</a>; <a href="#Page_150">150</a>; <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li> + <li>see <a href="#King">King</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Eberhard, Gov. Adolph O. (Minn.), <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> +<li>Eddy, Sarah J, portrait of Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_744">744</a>.</li> +<li>Edson, Katharine Philips, <a href="#Page_559">559</a>.</li> +<li>Education, opportunities for women, <a href="#Page_iv">iv.</a></li> +<li>Educational Qualifications for Suffrage, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>plea of Mrs. Swift, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>argument of Mayor Rudolph Blankenburg, <a href="#Page_77">77-8</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Gilman objects, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> + <li>natl. suff. conv. votes in favor but not policy of assn, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> + <li>Miss Kearney's demand for it, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt approves, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li> + <li>Miss Mills for, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Edwards, Mrs. Richard E, <a href="#Page_559">559</a>; <a href="#Page_570">570</a>; <a href="#Page_610">610</a>; <a href="#Page_689">689</a>; <a href="#Page_717">717</a>.</li> +<li>Eichelberger, J. S, at last suff. hearing; grilled by members of com, <a href="#Page_584">584</a>.</li> +<li>Election of Officers of National American Suffrage Association, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in 1901, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li> + <li>in 1902, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li>in 1903, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> + <li>in 1904, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> + <li>in 1905, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> + <li>in 1906, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> + <li>in 1907, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</li> + <li>in 1908, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</li> + <li>in 1909, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</li> + <li>in 1910, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</li> + <li>in 1911, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>in 1912, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</li> + <li>in 1913, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</li> + <li>in 1914, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</li> + <li>in 1915, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>;</li> + <li>in 1916, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>in 1917, <a href="#Page_540">540-1</a>;</li> + <li>in 1919, directors elected, <a href="#Page_559">559</a>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>old board continued, <a href="#Page_574">574</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>in 1920, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>, <a href="#Page_600">600-1</a>;</li> + <li>list of officers at beginning of first 19 chapters;</li> + <li>newspapers compliment election methods, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Eliot, Rev. Thomas L. and Mrs, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> +<li>Ellicott, Mrs. William M, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>; <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> +<li>Ely, Richard T, for wom, suff, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> +<li>Engle, Mrs. L. H, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>.</li> +<li>Equal Guardianship, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li> +<li>Etz, Anna Cadogan, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> +<li>Eustis, William Henry, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li>Evald, Emmy, <a href="#Page_40">40-1</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>addresses House com. on status of women in Sweden, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> + <li>urges wom. suff. in U. S, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Evans, Ernestine, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>; <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li> +<li>Evans, Mrs. Glendower, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>bef. House Judic. Com, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>;</li> + <li>closes hearing with eulogy of Pres. Wilson, stirs com, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>;</li> + <li>bef. Senate com, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>debate on future work of Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Evans, Sarah A, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>F.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_F" name="IX_F"></a>Fairbanks, Vice-President Charles W, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>; <a href="#Page_705">705</a>.</li> +<li>Fairchild, Charles S, <a href="#Page_653">653-4</a>; <a href="#Page_680">680</a>; <a href="#Page_682">682</a>.</li> +<li>Fall, U. S. Sen. Albert B, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>.</li> +<li>Fallows, Bishop Samuel, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>espouses cause of wom. suff, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li> + <li>officiates at Dr. Shaw's mem. service, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Farmer Labor Party and Committee of 48 on League of Women Voters' planks, <a href="#Page_700">700</a>.</li> +<li>Farraday, Mabel, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> +<li>Farrar, Edgar H, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> +<li>Fawcett, Millicent Garrett (Mrs. Henry), hon. pres. of British Natl. Union, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>writes chapter for History, <a href="#Page_iii">iii</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_761">761</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Federal Amendments, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>14th, defines citizenship, puts "male" in Natl. Constitution, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>;</li> + <li>15th guarantees male suff, women protest, <a href="#Page_620">620</a>;</li> + <li>women demand 16th, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>;</li> + <li>try to vote under 14th, Miss Anthony arrested, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Minor brings suit, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>;</li> + <li>res. for 16th presented in Cong, first hearings granted, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>;</li> + <li>reports of committees, first Senate vote, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>;</li> + <li>for income tax and election of U. S. Senators, <a href="#Page_625">625</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li><a name="Federal_Elections_Bill" id="Federal_Elections_Bill"></a>Federal Elections Bill, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>natl. conv. approves, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</li> + <li>introd. in Cong, Miss Clay explains, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>;</li> + <li>natl. conv. endorses, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>; <a href="#Page_504">504</a>;</li> + <li>see <a href="#United_States_Elections_Bill">U. S. Elections Bill</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Federal Enfranchisement of Men, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>natl. constl. conv. and naturalization act enfranchised most men in U. S. religious and property tests abolished, <a href="#Page_745">745-6</a>;</li> + <li>congressl. action gave suff. to negro and Indian men; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>only women sent to States, <a href="#Page_746">746</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>effect on laws for women and office holding, <a href="#Page_iv">iv</a>;</li> + <li>natl. assn's. work for, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>, <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> + <li>vote taken, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a>;</li> + <li>submitted and 6,000 legislators vote for, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>;</li> + <li>proclaimed, text of, <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>;</li> + <li>work described in full in first 20 chapters;</li> + <li>plan of work for, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> + <li>petitions for in 1913, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Assn's. work for, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</li> + <li>Pres. Wilson urged to recommend, <a href="#Page_373">373-376</a>;</li> + <li>great effort for in 1913, <a href="#Page_378">378-380</a>;</li> + <li>Senate Com. reports favorably, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</li> + <li>Dem. members of Cong. caucus against, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>;</li> + <li>in danger of being replaced, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</li> + <li>status in 1914 in Senate and House, <a href="#Page_412">412-13</a>;</li> + <li>receives majority vote in Senate but not two-thirds; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>votes in the past, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>re-introduced by Sen. Bristow, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>;</li> + <li>hearing bef. House Com, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> + <li>Amend. reported, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>sometimes called Susan B. Anthony Amend, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li> + <li>For arguments on see Congressl. Hearings and conv. speeches.</li> + <li>Voted on first time in House of Representatives, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>;</li> + <li>first measure introd. in Cong, in 1915, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw asks Pres. Wilson to use his influence for, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>;</li> + <li>conv. speeches show work for it paramount, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>Com. on Rules reports it; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>pressure by women on members of Cong. from their districts, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>natl. suff. conv. 1915, resolves to work only for original Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>;</li> + <li>strong demand for it, <a href="#Page_460">460-1</a>;</li> + <li>lost in Senate and House, 1914-15, new hearings granted by committees, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>;</li> + <li>southern women appeal for, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</li> + <li>record of Dem. and Repub. members of Cong, <a href="#Page_474">474-5</a>;</li> + <li>Prog. Prohib. and Soc. natl. convs. declare for, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</li> + <li>debate at Atlantic City suff. conv. on continuing work for, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>;</li> + <li>vote largely in favor, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</li> + <li>object lesson in its necessity, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt says only way to wom. suff, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>;</li> + <li>natl. conv. resolves to concentrate all its resources on getting it through Cong, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>Congressl. Com. report of great "drive" for, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>;</li> + <li>members of Lower House from equal suff. States have hearing for bef. House Judic. Com, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>;</li> + <li>nation-wide plan of work for, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>conditions at end of 1917 favorable to, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>;</li> + <li>delegates to natl. suff. conv. discuss it with their Senators and Representatives, many pledged, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt says Cong. must deal with, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>;</li> + <li>Pres. Wilson reaches a belief in, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt's strong plea for, <a href="#Page_520">520-1</a>;</li> + <li>issues nation-wide appeal, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</li> + <li>her book on, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Shuler reports work for all over the country, <a href="#Page_538">538-9</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Assn. will campaign against enemies in Cong, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>;</li> + <li>Cong. urged to submit as a War measure, <a href="#Page_543">543</a>;</li> + <li>hearings bef. coms. of Cong, <a href="#Page_545">545-549</a>;</li> + <li>Lower House votes in favor, Senate defeats, 1918, <a href="#Page_550">550-1</a>;</li> + <li>nation-wide campaign by Natl. Amer. Assn, <a href="#Page_554">554-557</a>;</li> + <li>Pres. Wilson sends best wishes for, <a href="#Page_558">558</a>;</li> + <li>change of form proposed, conv. refuses, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>;</li> + <li>no merging of assn. till Fed. Amend, secured, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Park's report, complete summary; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>House Judic. Com. tries to defeat;</li> + <li>Pres. Wilson advises the Amend, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Wom. Suff. Com. appt. gives five days' hearing; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Speaker Clark assists;</li> + <li>five hours' debate, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>vote in House; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>five days' discussion in Senate;</li> + <li>Pres. Wilson's appeal in person;</li> + <li>vote, Oct. 1918, <a href="#Page_563">563</a>, <a href="#Page_761">761</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>second appeal from the President; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>vote in Feby, 1919, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>twenty-five State Legislatures call for submission, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>;</li> + <li>Dem. caucus opposes, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Assn. continues its efforts, <a href="#Page_574">574</a>;</li> + <li>last hearing bef. com. of Cong, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>;</li> + <li>Roosevelt and Pres. Wilson support; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>not to ask for it would be treason, <a href="#Page_579">579</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Pres. Wilson urges, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>;</li> + <li>sentiment in South, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>, <a href="#Page_582">582-3</a>, <a href="#Page_588">588-9</a>, <a href="#Page_590">590</a>;</li> + <li>four days' hearing ends; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>favorable report, debate in Lower House and vote to submit, <a href="#Page_593">593</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>record of ratifications, <a href="#Page_598">598</a>;</li> + <li>Governors called on by natl. suff. conv. for spec. sessions, <a href="#Page_600">600</a>;</li> + <li>strenuous work for from natl. suff. headqrs. in New York and Washtn, under Mrs. Catt's supervision, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>;</li> + <li>great "drive" for ratification, <a href="#Page_604">604-606</a>.</li> + <li>Entire chapter on Amend, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>;</li> + <li>first petitions for, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>;</li> + <li>first resolutions for in Cong, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>;</li> + <li>first vote in Senate, 1887, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>discussed, <a href="#Page_626">626</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>second vote, 1914, <a href="#Page_627">627</a>;</li> + <li>first vote in Lower House, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>;</li> + <li>struggle for second, <a href="#Page_635">635</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>vote, <a href="#Page_636">636-7</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>action of House Judic. Com, <a href="#Page_627">627-8</a>-9, <a href="#Page_631">631</a>;</li> + <li>Senate com. gives hearing and makes favorable report, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>;</li> + <li>difficulty in Senate, <a href="#Page_637">637-8</a>;</li> + <li>1,000 prominent men petition for, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>;</li> + <li>five days' debate, <a href="#Page_639">639</a>;</li> + <li>vote, Oct. 1, 1918, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>;</li> + <li>vote, Feb. 10, 1919; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>analyzed by States, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>final vote in House, analyzed by States, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>;</li> + <li>debate in Senate, final vote, signed by Vice-pres. and Speaker, <a href="#Page_645">645-6</a>;</li> + <li>friends and foes, <a href="#Page_641">641-646</a>;</li> + <li>table of votes, <a href="#Page_647">647</a>.</li> + <li>See <a href="#Ratification">Ratification</a>.</li> + <li>Proclaimed by Secy. of State, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>;</li> + <li>many law suits; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>U. S. Sup. Ct, decides in favor, <a href="#Page_653">653-655</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>opp. by women's Anti-Suff. Assns, <a href="#Page_679">679</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>by men's, <a href="#Page_681">681-2</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>record of polit. natl. convs, <a href="#Page_702">702-719</a>;</li> + <li>appeals for amend, in 1912, <a href="#Page_709">709</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Repub. natl. conv, 1916, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>;</li> + <li>at Dem, <a href="#Page_712">712</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>great change, <a href="#Page_715">715</a>;</li> + <li>endorsed by all parties at natl. convs, 1920, <a href="#Page_714">714</a>, <a href="#Page_717">717</a>, <a href="#Page_718">718</a>;</li> + <li>indebtedness to bequest of Mrs. Frank Leslie, <a href="#Page_755">755</a>;</li> + <li>Pres. Wilson's address to Senate in its favor, <a href="#Page_761">761</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Federal Woman Suffrage Association, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at hearings, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</li> + <li>organized, officers, object, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>;</li> + <li>memorializes Cong. and polit. convs; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Columbian Expos, <a href="#Page_657">657</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Congressl. hearings on bills, conv. in San Francisco, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>;</li> + <li>Miss Clay's U. S. Elec. bill, <a href="#Page_659">659</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Federation of Women's Clubs, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Genl. and State, endorse wom. suff, <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a>;</li> + <li>Genl. Fedn. invites suff. speaker, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li> + <li>coöperates with Natl. Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li> + <li>sends first greeting to natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> + <li>causes "epidemic of suffrage meetings," <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</li> + <li>in States, bills show civic conscience, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</li> + <li>Genl Fedn, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Feickert, Lillian J, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on N. J. campn, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>; <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>at Anthony celebr, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Fels, Joseph, <a href="#Page_340">340-1</a>.</li> +<li>Fels, Mrs. Joseph, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>.</li> +<li>Fensham, Florence (Turkey), <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> +<li>Ferguson, Gov. James E. (Texas), <a href="#Page_713">713</a>.</li> +<li>Fernald, Fannie J, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> +<li>Fessenden, Susan, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>; <a href="#Page_185">185</a>; <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> +<li>Field, Mrs. Cyrus W, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>; <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</li> +<li>Field, Sara Bard, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>motors from San Francisco to Washtn. with suff. petition, <a href="#Page_466">466-7</a>;</li> + <li>bef. House Judic. Com, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>at natl. Repub. conv, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li><a name="Finley" id="Finley"></a>Finley, Dr. Caroline, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>work in women's Oversea Hospitals during the war, <a href="#Page_733">733</a>;</li> + <li>decorated by Prince of Wales, <a href="#Page_735">735</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Finnegan, Annette, <a href="#Page_669">669</a>.</li> +<li>Fitch, Dean Florence M, <a href="#Page_664">664</a>.</li> +<li>FitzGerald, Susan Walker, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>asks suff. for home makers, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> + <li>elected natl. rec. secy, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>; <a href="#Page_326">326</a>;</li> + <li>at Senate hearing, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>; <a href="#Page_425">425</a>; <a href="#Page_456">456</a>; <a href="#Page_556">556</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Flags, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Miss Barton's at Intl. Suff. Conf.; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>the suff. flag, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Penn. suff. assn. presents one to Natl, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw's tribute to flag of U. S, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;</li> + <li>"service" flag of assn, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw's tribute to American, <a href="#Page_758">758</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Fleischer, Rabbi Charles, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> +<li>Fleming, Stephen B, <a href="#Page_713">713</a>.</li> +<li>Fletcher, U. S. Sen. Duncan U, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>.</li> +<li>Formad, Dr. Marie (France), <a href="#Page_733">733</a>.</li> +<li>Foss, Samuel Walter, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> +<li>Foster, J. Ellen, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>Foster, Genl. John W, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> +<li>Foster, Mabel, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> +<li>Foster, U. S. Rep. Martin D. (Ills.), <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.</li> +<li>Fouke, Mrs. Philip B, <a href="#Page_560">560</a>.</li> +<li>Foulke, Commissr. William Dudley, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>; <a href="#Page_64">64</a>; <a href="#Page_178">178</a>; <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> +<li>Foxcroft, Frank, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>.</li> +<li>Fray, Ellen Sully, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> +<li>Frazer, Helen, tells of British women's war work, which brought suff, <a href="#Page_544">544</a>; <a href="#Page_576">576</a>.</li> +<li>Freeman, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> +<li>Freeman, Mary Wilkins, for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> +<li>Frelinghuysen, U. S. Sen. Joseph S, as St. Senator approves School suff. for women, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>; <a href="#Page_565">565</a>; <a href="#Page_640">640</a>.</li> +<li>French, U. S. Rep. Burton L. (Ida.), <a href="#Page_658">658</a>.</li> +<li>French, Mrs L. Crozier, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>welcomes natl. suff. conv. to Nashville, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>; <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>French, Rose, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> +<li>Friedland, Sofja Levovna, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>; <a href="#Page_40">40</a>; <a href="#Page_45">45</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>addresses House com. on status of woman in Russia, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>; <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Friends' Equal Rights Association, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>orgztn. and work for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_664">664-667</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Frierson, Solicitor General William L, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>.</li> +<li>Fry, Susannah M. D, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> +<li>Fuller, Mrs. B. Morrison, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</li> +<li>Fuller, Chief Justice Melville Weston, decision on appointment of presidential electors, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> +<li>Funck, Emma Maddox, arranges for and welcomes natl. suff. conv. in Balto, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>it passes vote of thanks, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Funck, Dr. William, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> +<li>Funk, Antoinette, work for Pres. suff. in Ills, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>; <a href="#Page_381">381</a>; <a href="#Page_409">409</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</li> + <li>bef. House Judic. Com, refers to new Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_415">415-16</a>;</li> + <li>explains and defends Shafroth Amend, to natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_416">416-418</a>;</li> + <li>report of campn. work in western States; found liquor interests active; travels 8,000 miles, <a href="#Page_419">419-422</a>;</li> + <li>re-appointed vice chmn, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</li> + <li>foreshadows new Fed. Amend, at Congressl. hearing, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>;</li> + <li>chmn. Campn. and Survey Com, work in N. J. campn, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>;</li> + <li>report for Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>; <a href="#Page_454">454</a>; <a href="#Page_503">503</a>;</li> + <li>resigns from com, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>; <a href="#Page_726">726</a>;</li> + <li>sponsor for Shafroth Palmer Amend, <a href="#Page_747">747-8</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> + +<h4>G.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_G" name="IX_G"></a>Gage, Matilda Joslyn, writes Women's Declaration of Rights, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> +<li>Gains, for wom. suff. in 1907, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in 1908, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Gale, Zona, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>offers res. to unite work of Natl. Suff. Assn. and Congressl. Union, <a href="#Page_453">453-4</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Gannett, Mrs. William C, chmn. com. for Anthony mem. bldg, <a href="#Page_201">201-2</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>women's duty to want to vote, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</li> + <li>work for bldg, <a href="#Page_744">744</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Gano, Eveline, shows disadvantage to teachers in having no vote, quotes New York, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li> +<li>Gardener, Helen H, arr. parade to carry Fed. Amend, petition to Cong, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>"unstinted personal service," <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</li> + <li>tells how to get Congressl. docs, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>; <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;</li> + <li>urges appt. of Com. on Wom. Suff, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>on Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</li> + <li>bef. House Judic. Com, quotes Bryan's declaration that Pres. Wilson insists the Govt. must derive just powers from consent of governed and applies it to women's demand for suff, <a href="#Page_435">435-6</a>;</li> + <li>arr. for natl. suff. conv, 1917, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>;</li> + <li>asks Pres. Wilson for letter on forming Com. on Wom. Suff, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>;</li> + <li>called "diplomatic corps," <a href="#Page_525">525</a>;</li> + <li>elected natl. vice-pres, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>bef. Rules Com, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>;</li> + <li>natl. suff. conv. sends greeting, <a href="#Page_559">559</a>;</li> + <li>vice-chmn. Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_567">567</a>; <a href="#Page_604">604</a>;</li> + <li>secures space in Smithsonian Inst. for suff. exhibit; offers res. of thanks to Inst, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>;</li> + <li>at Anthony celebr, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>; <a href="#Page_635">635</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Gardner, Gov. Frederick D. (Mo.), for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</li> +<li>Gardner, Mrs. Gilson, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>; <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.</li> +<li>Garrett, U. S. Rep. Finis J. (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.</li> +<li>Garrett, Mary E, entertainments for natl. suff. conv. in Balto, <a href="#Page_152">152-167</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>conv. sends letter of thanks, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li> + <li>invitations "to meet Miss Anthony," account of functions, distinguished women house guests, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</li> + <li>with Dr. Thomas raises large fund for suff. work, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>; <a href="#Page_289">289</a>; <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Garrett, Mrs. Robert, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>; <a href="#Page_679">679</a>.</li> +<li>Garrett-Thomas Suffrage Fund, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li> +<li>Garrison, Eleanor, <a href="#Page_571">571</a>.</li> +<li>Garrison, Francis J, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.</li> +<li>Garrison, William Lloyd, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li> +<li>Garrison, William Lloyd, Jr, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>mem. service at natl. suff. conv, 1910; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tributes of Dr. Shaw and Mrs. McCulloch, <a href="#Page_277">277-280</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Garvin, Florence, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.</li> +<li>Garwood, Omar E, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>secy. Natl. Men's League, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Gay, U. S. Sen. Edward J, opp. Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>; <a href="#Page_642">642-3</a>; <a href="#Page_646">646</a>.</li> +<li>Gellhorn, Mrs. George, welcomes natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_554">554</a>; <a href="#Page_559">559</a>; <a href="#Page_668">668</a>; <a href="#Page_689">689</a>; <a href="#Page_690">690</a>; <a href="#Page_699">699</a>; <a href="#Page_717">717</a>.</li> +<li>George, Mrs. A. J, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in anti-suff. speech attacks Mormons, says suffs. place their cause above needs of country, <a href="#Page_467">467-8</a>;</li> + <li>makes State's rights argument bef. House com, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>; <a href="#Page_548">548</a>; <a href="#Page_710">710-11</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>German American Alliance, anti-suff. work in Ky, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.</li> +<li>Germany, venerates suff. pioneers, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> +<li>Geyer, Rose Lawless, press work in Iowa campn, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report to natl. conv, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>; <a href="#Page_528">528</a>;</li> + <li>report on natl. press work, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>;</li> + <li>instructs suff. schools, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to her work, <a href="#Page_571">571</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Gibbons, Cardinal, Dr. Shaw answers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mrs. Harper answers, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li> + <li>opp. women's societies, Dr. Shaw criticizes, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Gilbert, Judge Hiram, on Shafroth Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</li> +<li>Gilder, Richard Watson, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> +<li>Gildersleeve, Dean Virginia C, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>; <a href="#Page_663">663</a>.</li> +<li>Gillett, Emma M, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report as chmn. of Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Gillett, Speaker Frederick H, <a href="#Page_584">584</a>; <a href="#Page_646">646</a>.</li> +<li>Gillmore, Inez Haynes, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.</li> +<li>Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>mem. poem, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> + <li>on educated suff, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> + <li>describes Lester F. Ward's biolog. theory of the sexes, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>; <a href="#Page_110">110</a>; <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</li> + <li>on "hand that rocks the cradle," 149;</li> + <li>woman's right to citizenship, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</li> + <li>economic dependence cause of immorality, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>; <a href="#Page_244">244</a>; <a href="#Page_260">260</a>; <a href="#Page_262">262</a>; <a href="#Page_265">265</a>; <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Giltner, Prof. William S, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> +<li>Glasgow, Ellen, for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> +<li>Glass, U. S. Sen. Carter, <a href="#Page_719">719</a>.</li> +<li>Gleason, Kate, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</li> +<li>Goddard, Mary Catherine, Congress ignored her paper in days of Revolution, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> +<li>Goldenberg, Rosa H, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +<li>Goldstein, Vida, <a href="#Page_40">40-1</a>; <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>addresses Senate com. on wom. suff, in Australia and New Zealand, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li>candidate for Senate, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Gompers, Samuel, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>greeting to suff. conv, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; <a href="#Page_258">258</a>; <a href="#Page_703">703</a>; <a href="#Page_731">731</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Goodlett, Caroline Meriwether, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> +<li>Goodrich, Gov. James P. (Ind.), <a href="#Page_551">551</a>.</li> +<li>Goodrich, Sarah Knox, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> +<li>Gordon, Anna A, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> +<li>Gordon, Rev. Eleanor, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> +<li>Gordon, Jean, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>welcomes Miss Anthony to New Orleans, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li> + <li>receives testimonial from natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> + <li>address on duty of women of leisure to workingwomen, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>; <a href="#Page_286">286</a>; <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Gordon, Kate M, elected natl. cor. secy, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report in 1902, chivalry in Ala, <a href="#Page_34">34-36</a>; <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li> + <li>welcomes natl. suff. conv. to New Orleans, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li> + <li>report of year's work, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>; <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> + <li>receives loving cup, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> + <li>tells of Dr. Shaw's southern tour attitude of South, <a href="#Page_87">87-8</a>; <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li> + <li>report in 1905, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li> + <li>protests against southern members' attitude on wom. suff, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li> + <li>shows need of personal acquaintance of suff. leaders with editors, politicians, teachers, women's clubs; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>appeals for funds for Ore. campn, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>tells of women's Munic. suff. in New Orleans, <a href="#Page_195">195-6</a>; <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; <a href="#Page_211">211</a>; <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> + <li>describes interview with Pres. Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</li> + <li>arr. hearings, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>; <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li> + <li>tells of liquor dealers' fight on wom. suff. in Ore, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> + <li>urges suff. assn. to use polit. methods, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</li> + <li>resigns as cor. secy, convention thanks, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>; <a href="#Page_263">263-4</a>;</li> + <li>elected vice-pres, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>; <a href="#Page_287">287</a>; <a href="#Page_324">324</a>; <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</li> + <li>debate on future work of Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>; <a href="#Page_668">668</a>;</li> + <li>org. Southern Wom. Suff. Conf 671; <a href="#Page_673">673</a>;</li> + <li>at Dem. natl. conv, 1912, <a href="#Page_703">703-4</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Gordon, Laura de Force, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> +<li>Gordon, Dr. Margaret (Canada), <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.</li> +<li>Graddick, Laura J, working women polit. nonentities forced to compete with those having full polit. rights, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> +<li>Graham, Frances W, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> +<li>Gram, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li> +<li>Grand Army of Republic, for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</li> +<li>Grange, National and State, endorses wom. suff, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>always for it, Dr. Shaw a member, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> + <li>Natl, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Grant, M. Louise, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>.</li> +<li>Gray, James, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li>Great Britain, wom. suff. work not finished, <a href="#Page_iii">iii</a>; <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>official and polit. status of women, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li> + <li>women made eligible to office, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</li> + <li>women's demonstratn, "militancy," situation in Parliament, <a href="#Page_237">237-8</a>;</li> + <li>"militant" movement, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>enfranchises women, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>;</li> + <li>chapter on in Vol. VI.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Greeley, Helen Hoy, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>; <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li> +<li>Greene, Judge Roger S, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> +<li>Greenleaf, Halbert S, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> +<li>Gregg, Laura, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; edits <i>Progress</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; <a href="#Page_71">71</a>; <a href="#Page_110">110</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>indifferent women real enemy to equal suff, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>; <a href="#Page_261">261</a>; <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Gregory, Dr. Alice, work in women's Oversea Hospitals during the war, <a href="#Page_733">733</a>.</li> +<li>Gregory, Mrs. Thomas W, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> +<li>Grenfell, Helen Loring, describes effect of wom. suff. in Colo, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>; <a href="#Page_105">105</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>refutes charges against women, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Grew, Mary, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> +<li>Griffin, Frances A, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> +<li>Grim, Harriet, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>; <a href="#Page_283">283</a>; <a href="#Page_404">404</a>; <a href="#Page_668">668</a>; <a href="#Page_703">703</a>.</li> +<li>Gruening, Martha, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>.</li> +<li>Guernsey, Mrs. George Thatcher, pres. genl. D. A. R, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> +<li>Guild, Mrs. Charles E, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>.</li> +<li>Gulick, Alice Gordon, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>H.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_H" name="IX_H"></a>Hackstaff, Priscilla D, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>work on natl. petit, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>; <a href="#Page_703">703</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Haggart, Dr. Mary E, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Hale, Rev. Edward Everett, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> +<li>Hale, U. S. Sen. Frederick, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>.</li> +<li>Haley, Margaret A, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> +<li>Hall, Florence Howe (N. J.), speaks for her mother at conv. of 1906, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> +<li>Hall, Florence H. (Penn.), + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in anti-suff. speech attacks Mormonism; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Sen. Sutherland objects, <a href="#Page_467">467-8</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Hall, Louise, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>.</li> +<li>Hall, Dr. Stanley, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li> +<li>Hallinan, Charles T, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>; <a href="#Page_418">418</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report of Natl. Publicity Dept; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tribute to Dr. Shaw;</li> + <li>orgztn. of Data Dept, <a href="#Page_442">442-3</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Hamilton, Mrs. L. A. (Canada), <a href="#Page_400">400</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>pres. natl. assn, <a href="#Page_584">584</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Hanaford, Rev. Phoebe A, last words for Mrs. Stanton, <a href="#Page_741">741</a>.</li> +<li>Hanna, Mayor James R. (Des Moines), <a href="#Page_669">669</a>.</li> +<li>Harbert, Elizabeth Boynton, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; <a href="#Page_288">288</a>; <a href="#Page_559">559</a>.</li> +<li>Harding, U. S. Sen. Warren G, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>votes for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>as Pres. candidate receives League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_701">701</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Hardwick, U. S. Rep. Thomas W. (Ga.), <a href="#Page_384">384</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>discussion with Mrs. Catt at com. hearing, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Hardy, Jennie Law, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</li> +<li>Harmon, Mrs. Anna, <a href="#Page_658">658</a>.</li> +<li>Harper, Ida Husted, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tells of suff. dept. in N. Y. <i>Sun</i>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>; <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> + <li>presents Decl. of Principles to natl. conv, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li> + <li>answers Cardinal Gibbons, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li> + <li>presides at press conf, 1905, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li> + <li>address, wom. suff. will come from the West, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li> + <li>has interview with Pres. Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> + <li>articles on death of Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</li> + <li>report as chmn. of Natl. Press Com, immense increase of notice of wom. suff; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>appreciation of support of natl. press bureau by Mrs. Belmont, <a href="#Page_287">287-8</a>; <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>presents and supports res. that officers of Natl. Assn. must be non-partisan, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>; <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>bef. House Judic. Com, 1912, makes constitl. argument; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>quotes from Presidents Taft and Roosevelt;</li> + <li>says women have been asking Cong. for Fed. Amend. 43 years;</li> + <li>shows St. amends. practically impossible;</li> + <li>no other country subjects women to this struggle;</li> + <li>answers questions, <a href="#Page_359">359-361-2</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>bef. House Com. on Rules; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>asks appoint. of Com. on Wom. Suff;</li> + <li>shows treatment of res. for a Fed. Suff. Amend. by Judic. Coms. for over forty years;</li> + <li>the defeats in St. campns;</li> + <li>the need of a Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_385">385-387</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>no class of men in U. S. have lifted a finger to get suff. but women have struggled 65 yrs, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;</li> + <li>debate at Atlantic City conv. on future work of Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>; <a href="#Page_527">527</a>;</li> + <li>editorial dept. Leslie Bureau of Education, describes work with editors, espec. for Fed. Amend; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>concrete results;</li> + <li>many letters to editors on "picketing" and results;</li> + <li>change in southern papers, <a href="#Page_528">528-530</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>natl. suff. conv. sends greeting, <a href="#Page_559">559</a>;</li> + <li>second report of dept. in Leslie Bureau; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>letters to 2,000 editors;</li> + <li>letters to and from ex-President Roosevelt;</li> + <li>work for Fed. Amend;</li> + <li>8,000 letters sent;</li> + <li>articles to <i>Intl. Suff. News</i>;</li> + <li>change in character of editorials, <a href="#Page_571">571-2</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>prepares to finish History of Wom. Suff, <a href="#Page_573">573</a>;</li> + <li>conv. sends telegram of recog. for work on History, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>;</li> + <li>writes chapter on Fed. Suff. Amend. for History, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>; <a href="#Page_658">658</a>;</li> + <li>objections to Shafroth Palmer Amend, <a href="#Page_748">748</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Harriman, Mrs. J. Borden, in war service, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>; <a href="#Page_526">526</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_567">567</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Harrison, U. S. Rep. Pat (Miss.), <a href="#Page_548">548</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>U. S. Sen, <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Hart, Gov. Louis F. (Wash.), urged to call spec. session, <a href="#Page_600">600</a>.</li> +<li>Hartshorne, Myra Strawn, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>; <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</li> +<li>Harvey, Col. George, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>; <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> +<li>Haslup, Mary R, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +<li>Haskell, Oreola Williams, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>; <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> +<li>Hatch, Lavina, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> +<li>Hathaway, Margaret, member Mont. Legis, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>; <a href="#Page_540">540</a>.</li> +<li><a name="Hauser" id="Hauser"></a>Hauser, Elizabeth J, shares work of natl. suff. headqrs. in 1903, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tells of work at conv. of 1904, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</li> + <li>in 1905, vast amount of literature distrib. res. secured from convs, etc, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</li> + <li>describes the Statehood Protest of 400 orgztns. of women to Senate com. against proposed bill for admitting new territories, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; <a href="#Page_130">130</a>; <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li> + <li>in 1906, endorsement of orgztns, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>; <a href="#Page_163">163-4</a>;</li> + <li>in 1907, describes vast work, <a href="#Page_204">204-6</a>;</li> + <li>headqrs. secy's. report for 1908;</li> + <li>thousands of articles furnished, hundreds of orgztns. endorse, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</li> + <li>presides at press conf, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</li> + <li>report for 1909, polit. work; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>many endorsements, widely extended press work;</li> + <li>conv. thanks;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>goes to N. Y. headqrs, <a href="#Page_248">248-250</a>; <a href="#Page_287">287</a>; <a href="#Page_315">315</a>; <a href="#Page_485">485</a>; <a href="#Page_670">670</a>; <a href="#Page_690">690</a>;</li> + <li>at Repub. Natl. Conv, <a href="#Page_703">703</a>; <a href="#Page_754">754</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Haver, Jessie R, on tour for ratif, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>; <a href="#Page_687">687</a>.</li> +<li>Hawaii, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Natl. Assn. asks wom. suff. for, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li> + <li>suff. soc. formed, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>;</li> + <li>action of Cong. on wom. suff, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Hawk, George, takes referendum on Fed. Amend, to U. S. Sup. Ct, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.</li> +<li>Hay, Secy. of State John, <a href="#Page_736">736</a>.</li> +<li>Hay, Mary Garrett, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at natl. conv, 1901, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li> + <li>conv. thanks, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>; <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li> + <li>champion money raiser, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>report on organization, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> + <li>work on Fed. Amend. petition, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li> + <li>arr. parade to carry it to Cong, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</li> + <li>tells how to organize, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>natl. conv. thanks for arr. Pres. Wilson's visit, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>; <a href="#Page_503">503</a>;</li> + <li>on Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>;</li> + <li>shows why New York campn. was won, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>;</li> + <li>scores circular of Mrs. Wadsworth on New York victory; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>gives figures to show not due to Socialist vote, <a href="#Page_536">536-7</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>elected natl. vice-pres, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>Repub. party gives important positions, <a href="#Page_554">554-5</a>;</li> + <li>does congressl. and war work, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>;</li> + <li>wants name of Natl. Assn. retained, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>;</li> + <li>on Congressl. steering com, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>; <a href="#Page_568">568</a>;</li> + <li>raises "budget" for 1919, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>;</li> + <li>offers res. to thank Governors who have called spec. sessions and urge others to do so, <a href="#Page_600">600</a>;</li> + <li>great service in securing ratif. of Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>;</li> + <li>raises money for League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>, <a href="#Page_698">698</a>;</li> + <li>speaks on Women in Politics, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>;</li> + <li>at Repub. natl. conv, 1920, calls conf. of suffs; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>they present plank to Res. Com, <a href="#Page_716">716-17</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>presides at meeting for women on Peace conf, <a href="#Page_738">738</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Hayden, U. S. Rep. Carl (Ariz.), <a href="#Page_524">524</a>; <a href="#Page_549">549</a>.</li> +<li>Hays, Will H, chmn. Natl. Repub. Com, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>natl. suff. conv. thanks for help with Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>;</li> + <li>work for it, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt thanks in name of Natl. Amer. Suff. Assn. for his own and party's support of Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>;</li> + <li>helps in Tenn, <a href="#Page_657">657</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Headquarters, National Suffrage, in New York, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a>; <a href="#Page_34">34</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>removed to Warren, O, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> + <li>important work described, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</li> + <li>see <a href="#Hauser">Hauser</a>;</li> + <li>removed to New York, Mrs. Belmont assists financially, thanked by natl. conv, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</li> + <li>Ills. dele. want them removed to Chicago, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. conv. votes to retain in New York, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Belmont offers res. to move to Washtn, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Roessing urges it, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Bd. decides not wise to move from New York but estab. branch in Washtn, activities, <a href="#Page_525">525-527</a>;</li> + <li>closed, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>; <a href="#Page_627">627</a>; <a href="#Page_632">632</a>;</li> + <li>summary, in Rochester, New York, Washington, Philadelphia, Warren, O, and New York City, <a href="#Page_754">754</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Hearings, before Committees of Congress for quarter of a century, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in 1902, names of Senate com, Miss Anthony hon. pres. Natl. Suff. Assn. presides and pleads for a Fed. Suff. Amend; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>noted speakers, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>bef. House Judic. Com, Mrs. Catt introd. foreign speakers, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li> + <li>she and Dr. Shaw urge Cong. to appoint a com. to investigate results of wom. suff, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>; <a href="#Page_53">53-4</a>;</li> + <li>in 1904 Miss Anthony presides at Senate hearing, her last; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>had appealed to 17 Congresses;</li> + <li>Mrs. Watson-Lister tells of wom. suff. in Australia;</li> + <li>a report promised, none made, <a href="#Page_110">110-11</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>House Judic. Com, Mrs. Catt presides; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>urges a commsn. to investigate conditions in equal suff. States;</li> + <li>Sen. Shafroth, Gov. Adams and eminent Colo. women speak, <a href="#Page_111">111-116</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>in 1906, Miss Anthony, unable to attend; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>had missed but two hearings in 37 years;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw presided at Senate, Mrs. Florence Kelley at House;</li> + <li>strong speeches but no report, <a href="#Page_187">187-191</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>in 1908, hearing given but convention not in session, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</li> + <li>in 1910, first in splendid new office bldgs; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>names of Senate com;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw presides, tells of great petition for Fed. Suff. Amend, just presented;</li> + <li>introd. women speakers representing different professions, <a href="#Page_291">291-8</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>closes with strong appeal for a report; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>the chairman promises one, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>none ever made, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> + <li>bef. House Judic. Com. in 1910; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>names of com;</li> + <li>Mrs. Kelley presides, tells of great petition;</li> + <li>many strong speeches along industrial lines, <a href="#Page_300">300-309</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>in 1912, arr. by Mrs. William Kent, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>; <a href="#Page_346">346-363</a>;</li> + <li>names of Senate com, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</li> + <li>of House com, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>in 1913, <a href="#Page_382">382-397</a>;</li> + <li>bef. Com. on Rules in 1913, Dr. Shaw presides, asks for a spec. com. because Judiciary never reports suff. res, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>bef. House Judic. Com, in 1914, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>;</li> + <li>in 1915, bef. Senate, names of com, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>;</li> + <li>House, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>;</li> + <li>Representatives from equal suff. States bef. Judic. Com, list of, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>;</li> + <li>bef. Senate com, 1917, entire forenoon given, <a href="#Page_545">545</a>;</li> + <li>Apr. 26 to Natl. Wom. Party, <a href="#Page_547">547</a>;</li> + <li>May 3 to Anti-Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>;</li> + <li>May 18 bef. Com. on Rules, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>;</li> + <li>bef. Wom. Suff. Com. last ever held, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>;</li> + <li>résumé, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Park's report, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>; <a href="#Page_635">635</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Heaslip, Charles T, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</li> +<li>Hebard, Dr. Grace Raymond, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>; <a href="#Page_610">610</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Anthony celebr, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Heflin, U. S. Rep. J. Thomas (Ala.), at suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>southern women incensed, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;</li> + <li>Rep. Mondell ridicules, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>;</li> + <li>offers res. against Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;</li> + <li>sends his anti-suff. speeches to western States, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</li> + <li>quotes poetry against wom. suff, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>; <a href="#Page_628">628</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Helm, Mrs. Ben Hardin, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li> +<li>Hemphill, Robert R, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> +<li>Henderson, Rev. Charles R, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> +<li>Henderson, Mrs. John B, receives conv, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>; <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> +<li>Heney, Mrs. Francis J, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li> +<li>Henrotin, Ellen M, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>asks ballot for working women, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>; <a href="#Page_703">703</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Henry, Alice, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>; <a href="#Page_209">209</a>; <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li> +<li>Henry, U. S. Rep. Robert L. (Texas), <a href="#Page_307">307</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>opposes sending Fed. Amend. to the House, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Henshaw, Virgil, at suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.</li> +<li>Hepburn, Mrs. Thomas N. (Katharine Houghton), <a href="#Page_382">382</a>; <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.</li> +<li>Hidden, Mrs. M. L. T, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> +<li>Hifton, Harriette J, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> +<li>Higgins, U. S. Rep. Edwin W. (Conn.), at Congressl. hearing, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</li> +<li>Higginson, Col. Thomas Wentworth, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> +<li>"Hikes," headed by members of Senate Com. on Wom. Suff, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li> +<li>Hill, Elsie, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>; <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.</li> +<li>Hill, Mrs. Homer M, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> +<li>Hilles, Florence Bayard, bef. House com, <a href="#Page_473">473-4</a>; <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.</li> +<li>Himes, Dr. George H, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Hinchey, Margaret, <a href="#Page_364">364-5</a>.</li> +<li>Hindman, Matilda, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Hirsch, Rabbi Emil, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>appeal for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> + <li>address in Chicago, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Histories, give no place to women, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li> +<li>History of Woman Suffrage, early vols; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>work of Mrs. Stanton, Miss Anthony, Mrs. Harper; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mrs. Catt arranges for last two, labor in preparing, wide scope, their value, see <a href="#PREFACE">Preface</a>; <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; <a href="#Page_74">74</a>; <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Miss Anthony bequeaths to Natl. Assn, its wide distribution, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>; <a href="#Page_249">249</a>; <a href="#Page_335">335</a>; <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Harper begins last vols, <a href="#Page_573">573</a>; <a href="#Page_610">610</a>;</li> + <li>contain great speeches, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Hitchcock, U. S. Sen. Gilbert H, refuses to represent his State on Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_598">598</a>.</li> +<li>Hoar, U. S. Sen. George F, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>first to suggest Pres. suff. for women, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Hobby, Gov. W. P. (Texas), invites natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>.</li> +<li>Holcomb, Gov. Marcus H. (Conn.), <a href="#Page_653">653</a>; <a href="#Page_717">717</a>.</li> +<li>Hollis, U. S. Sen. Henry P, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>; <a href="#Page_383">383</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Senate hearing, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>; <a href="#Page_467">467</a>; <a href="#Page_626">626</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Hollister, Lillian M, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>; <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> +<li>Holmes, Lydia Wickliffe, <a href="#Page_568">568</a>.</li> +<li>Hooker, Mrs. Donald, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>contrib. to Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</li> + <li>at Senate hearing, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;</li> + <li>bef. House Judic. Com, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>; <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Hooker, Isabella Beecher, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>; <a href="#Page_191">191</a>; <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; <a href="#Page_656">656</a>.</li> +<li>Hooper, Gov. Ben W. (Tenn.), addresses natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> +<li>Hooper, Mrs. Ben (Wis.), <a href="#Page_559">559</a>; <a href="#Page_568">568</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on commissn. to West, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>; <a href="#Page_650">650</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Hoover, Mrs. Herbert C, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> +<li>Hopkins, J. A. H, at suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.</li> +<li>Hopkins, Mrs. J. A. H, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.</li> +<li>Horton, Albert H, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Horton, Mrs. John Miller, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>presents greetings and flowers, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> + <li>recep. to natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>House of Governors in Ky. and N. J. hears suff. speeches by Miss Clay and Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Natl. Suff. Assn. represented in 1913, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</li> + <li>suffs. received in 1919, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Houston, Secretary of Agriculture David Franklin and Mrs, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>; <a href="#Page_724">724</a>.</li> +<li>Houston, Mrs. David Franklin, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> +<li>Howard, Emma Shafter, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> +<li>Howe, Frederick C, on The City for the People, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>; <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> +<li>Howe, Julia Ward, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at natl. suff. conv. in Balto, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li> + <li>introd, by Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> + <li>escorted by Governor, responds to greetings, speaks of Lucy Stone and Mrs. Livermore, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</li> + <li>guest of Miss Garrett, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</li> + <li>too ill to give address, read by her daughter, tells of conversion to wom, suff; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>speaks of the great leaders, plea for the ballot, <a href="#Page_184">184-5</a>; <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>suff. dele, to Genl. Fed. of Women's Clubs, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>; <a href="#Page_258">258</a>; <a href="#Page_288">288</a>; <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li> + <li>gets testimony on wom. suff. from ministers and editors, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Howe, Dr. Lucian, at suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.</li> +<li>Howe, Marie Jenney, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>; <a href="#Page_176">176</a>; <a href="#Page_179">179</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li>See <a href="#Jenney">Jenney</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Howells, William Dean, for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> +<li>Howes, Elizabeth Puffer, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> +<li>Howes, Ethel Puffer, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>; <a href="#Page_664">664</a>.</li> +<li>Howland, Emily, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; <a href="#Page_40">40</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tells of pioneers, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>; <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> + <li>at Anthony mem. meeting, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li> + <li>tells of first Wom. Rights Conv, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>; <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</li> + <li>natl. conv. sends greetings, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>; <a href="#Page_559">559</a>;</li> + <li>conv. sends letter, 1920, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Howse, Mayor Hilary (Nashville), <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li> +<li>Hughes, Gov. Charles Evans (N. Y.), <a href="#Page_223">223</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on teachers' salaries, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</li> + <li>as Presidential candidate, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>;</li> + <li>in favor of Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>;</li> + <li>personal but not party endorsement, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>;</li> + <li>natl. suff. leaders interview, tells them he will endorse Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>;</li> + <li>declares for it, <a href="#Page_630">630</a>;</li> + <li>counsel for Natl. Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_653">653</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Hughes, James L. (Canada), <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> +<li>Hughes, Rev. Kate, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; <a href="#Page_69">69</a>; <a href="#Page_71">71</a>; <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> +<li>Huidobro, Carolina Holman (Chili), <a href="#Page_40">40-1</a>; <a href="#Page_186">186</a>; <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> +<li>Hull, U. S. Rep. Harry E. (Iowa), <a href="#Page_644">644</a>.</li> +<li>Hultin, Rev. Ida C, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>; <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> +<li>Humphrey, Mrs. Alexander Pope, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li> +<li>Hundley, Mrs. Oscar, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> +<li>Hunt, Gov. George P. (Ariz.), greets natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</li> +<li>Huntington, Bishop Daniel T, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Huse, Mrs. Robert S, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>; <a href="#Page_539">539</a>; <a href="#Page_729">729</a>.</li> +<li>Hussey, Cornelia C, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>contrib. to Natl. Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> + <li>bequest to assn, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Hussey, Dr. Mary D, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>; <a href="#Page_73">73</a>; <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li> +<li>Hutchinson, John, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> +<li>Hutton, May Arkwright, tells anecdote of McKinley, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>writes ode to suff, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> + <li>welcomes suff. dele, to Spokane, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>; <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Huxley, Thomas H, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>I.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_I" name="IX_I"></a>Idaho, effect of wom. suff, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> +<li>Indianapolis, entertains Natl. Exec. Council, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>.</li> +<li>Indians, men enfranchised by Congress, <a href="#Page_746">746</a>.</li> +<li>Industrial Problems, Govt. discriminates against women, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>unpaid housework, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Industrial Program, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Congressl. hearings on, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Initiative and Referendum, endorsed by natl. suff. conv, adverse effect on suff. and prohib, <a href="#Page_136">136-7</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>natl. conv. re-endorses, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li> + <li>again, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li> + <li>petit. to repeal wom. suff. in Calif, failed, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</li> + <li>suff. campn. in Mo. and other States, <a href="#Page_402">402-3</a>;</li> + <li>Shafroth Palmer Suff. Amend, called Natl. I. and R, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>;</li> + <li>Dem. party and Pres. Wilson in favor of, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>on ratif. Fed. Suff. Amend, in Me; in Ohio, St. Sup. Ct. sustains; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>U. S. Sup. Ct. decides against, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> +<li>International Council of Nurses of 9 nations endorses wom suff, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> +<li>International Council of Women, forms wom. suff. com, <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a>; <a href="#Page_25">25</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>estab. Standing Com. on Equal Rights, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; <a href="#Page_612">612</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li><i>International Suffrage News</i>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>.</li> +<li>International Woman Suffrage Alliance, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>formed, <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a>;</li> + <li>first conf. held in Washtn, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li> + <li>its duty, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li>intl. com. formed, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li>sends greeting to Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt's presiding, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li> + <li>See complete chapter on in Vol. VI.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Iowa, Mrs. Catt discusses suff. campn, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>.</li> +<li>Ivins, Mrs. William M, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>furnishes Dr. Shaw's office, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> + +<h4>J.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_J" name="IX_J"></a>Jacobi, Dr. Mary Putnam, addresses suff. conv, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; <a href="#Page_296">296</a>; <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.</li> +<li>Jacobs, Pattie Ruffner, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>answers Rep. Heflin, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;</li> + <li>elected to Natl. Bd. 456;</li> + <li>at Senate hearing, shows attitude of southern women, proud of past but do not live in it; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Fed. Suff. Amend, does not interfere with State's rights, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>bef. House com. shows unjust laws for women in the South; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>members try to disprove, <a href="#Page_472">472-3</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>report of extensive field work, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>; <a href="#Page_506">506</a>; <a href="#Page_560">560-1</a>; <a href="#Page_610">610</a>; <a href="#Page_668">668-9</a>; <a href="#Page_717">717</a>; <a href="#Page_724">724</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>James, Ada L, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</li> +<li>James, Prof. William, for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> +<li>Janney, Dr. O. Edward, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> +<li>Janney, Mrs. O. Edward, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>; <a href="#Page_664">664</a>; <a href="#Page_666">666</a>.</li> +<li>Jeffreys, Dr. Annice, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>Jenks, Agnes M, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>bef. Senate com, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Jenney, Julie R, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> +<li><a name="Jenney" id="Jenney"></a>Jenney, Rev. Marie (Howe), <a href="#Page_68">68-9</a>; <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> +<li>Jewett, Cornelia Telford, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li> +<li>Jews, how enfranchised, <a href="#Page_752">752</a>.</li> +<li>Johns, Laura M, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Civil Rights, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Johnson, Addie M, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Johnson, Adelaide, makes bust of Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>; <a href="#Page_658">658</a>.</li> +<li>Johnson, U. S. Sen. Hiram W, <a href="#Page_547">547</a>.</li> +<li>Johnson, Philena Everett, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> +<li>Johnson, Dr. and Mrs. Rossiter, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> +<li>Johnston, Dean Eva, <a href="#Page_664">664</a>.</li> +<li>Johnston, Mary, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>; <a href="#Page_297">297</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>addresses natl. suff. conv. in 1911, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>; <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Johnston, Mrs. William A, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report of Kans. campn, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</li> + <li>on Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</li> + <li>at Anthony celebr, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Jolliffe, Frances, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>controversy with House com, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Jones, U. S. Sen. Andrieus A, speaks for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>chmn. Senate Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</li> + <li>makes favorable report, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>; <a href="#Page_565">565</a>; <a href="#Page_627">627</a>; <a href="#Page_632">632-3</a>; <a href="#Page_638">638-9</a>; <a href="#Page_640">640</a>; <a href="#Page_642">642-3</a>; <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Jones, Effie McCollum, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</li> +<li>Jones, Dr. Harriet B, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> +<li>Jones, Jenkin Lloyd, tribute to Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> +<li>Jones, U. S. Sen. Wesley L, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>; <a href="#Page_383">383</a>; <a href="#Page_643">643</a>.</li> +<li>Jordan, Prof. Mary A, address at natl. suff. conv. in Balto, college</li> +<li>women's tribute to suff. leaders, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> +<li>Jubilee Convention of National American Woman Suffrage Association in St. Louis, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>.</li> +<li>Julian, U. S. Rep. George W. (Ind.), offers first res. for Fed. Wom. Suff, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>.</li> +<li>Juries, women on, Dr. Shaw's idea, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>ex-Senator Bailey's idea, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Jury service for women, <a href="#Page_iv">iv.</a></li> +<li><i>Jus Suffragii</i>, <i>offic.</i> organ, Intl. Wom. Suff. Alliance, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>; <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>K.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_K" name="IX_K"></a>Kauffman, Reginald Wright, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> +<li>Kearney, Belle, on the South's Need of Woman Suffrage, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>; <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> +<li>Keating, U. S. Rep. Edward (Colo.), introd. Fed. Amend, and res. for Wom. Suff. Com, 1917, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>; <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.</li> +<li>Keble, Dean John Bell, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> +<li>Keil, Mayor Henry W. (St. Louis), <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</li> +<li>Keith, William, picture for suff. bazaar, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>memorial, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Keller, Dr. Amelia, <a href="#Page_669">669</a>.</li> +<li>Kelley, Florence, on labor laws for women and children, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>comment on editors, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</li> + <li>speaks on child labor, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li> + <li>elected natl. vice-pres, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> + <li>gives facts on child labor, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li> + <li>presides at hearing, speaks of work for wom. suff. by her father, William D. Kelley, asks for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190-1</a>;</li> + <li>shows need of Munic. suff. for women, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>; <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</li> + <li>on the social evil, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</li> + <li>describes struggle of Consumer's League for working women in New York, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>; <a href="#Page_233">233-4</a>; <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li> + <li>Ore. decision on woman's work-day, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>; <a href="#Page_260">260</a>; <a href="#Page_262">262</a>; <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</li> + <li>declines re-election, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>; <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</li> + <li>presides at Judic. Com. hearing, discusses conflicting court decisions on labor laws for women, gives tragic instances, need of vote; women's war service, <a href="#Page_300">300-308</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Kelley, William D, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>work in Cong. for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Kelly, U. S. Rep. M. Clyde (Penn.), <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.</li> +<li>Kendall, Dr. Sarah A, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> +<li>Kendrick, Gov. John B, addresses Council of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as U. S. Senator bef. Senate Com. tribute to wom. suff. in Wyo.;</li> + <li>endorsement of Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>; <a href="#Page_633">633</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Kennedy, Julian, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> +<li>Kent, Carrie E, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>welcomes natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Kent, Mrs. William, report for Congressl. Com, 1912, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>speaks of wom. suff. in Calif, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;</li> + <li>Congressl. Com. work, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>; <a href="#Page_382">382</a>; <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</li> + <li>urges House Judic. Com. to spare women drudgery of St. campns, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>; <a href="#Page_585">585</a>; <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Kern, Chairman Democratic National Convention John W, <a href="#Page_707">707</a>.</li> +<li>Ketcham, Emily B, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> +<li>Kilbreth, Mary, <a href="#Page_679">679</a>.</li> +<li>Kimber, Helen, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> +<li><a name="King" id="King"></a>King, Dr. Cora Smith, bef. House Judic. Com, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>see <a href="#Eaton">Eaton</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>King, U. S. Sen. William H, <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</li> +<li>Kingsley, Charles, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> +<li>Kirby, U. S. Sen. William F, speaks for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</li> +<li>Kitchin, U. S. Rep. Claude (N. C.), <a href="#Page_584">584</a>.</li> +<li>Knowland, U. S. Rep. Joseph R, praises wom. suff. in Calif, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> +<li>Knowles, Antoinette, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> +<li>Knox, U. S. Sen. Philander Chase, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>.</li> +<li>Kramers, Martina G. (Holland), <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</li> +<li>Krebs, Abbie A, <a href="#Page_710">710</a>.</li> +<li>Krog, Gina (Norway), letter to intl. conf, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>L.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_L" name="IX_L"></a>Labor, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>93 unions endorse wom. suff. in 1907, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</li> + <li>St. Fedn. for it in Wash, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li> + <li>organizations demand it, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> + <li>See <a href="#American_Federation_of_Labor">American Federation of Labor</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li><i>Ladies' Home Journal</i>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>prints attacks on women's clubs and wom. suff, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li> + <li>refuses to allow answers, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</li> + <li>Barry's article on Colo, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</li> + <li>tries to find "antis" in Colo, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Lafferty, U. S. Rep. A. W. (Ore.), urges Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> +<li>La Follette, Fola, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li> +<li>La Follette, U. S. Sen. Robert M, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>presents Fed. Amend. petition, natl suff. conv. thanks, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. La Follette, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>Sen. and Mrs. receive delegates to natl. suff. conv, many in official life present, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</li> + <li>Senator asks wom. suff. plank in natl. platform, <a href="#Page_705">705</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Laidlaw, James Lees, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>presides at Men's Night, natl. suff. conv, 1912, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</li> + <li>at Senate hearing, expediency of wom. suff, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</li> + <li>presides Men's League, 1913, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</li> + <li>says anti-suffs. distrust democracy, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</li> + <li>presides, 1914, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>;</li> + <li>holds Dr. Shaw's annuity fund, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>;</li> + <li>pres. Natl. Men's Suff. League, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Laidlaw, Mrs. James Lees, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at natl. suff. conv, 1910, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</li> + <li>elected natl. auditor, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>responds to conv. greetings, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</li> + <li>speaks at Senate hearing, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</li> + <li>assists in ovation to Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;</li> + <li>presents war service flag, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>; <a href="#Page_519">519</a>;</li> + <li>women's war work in N. Y, <a href="#Page_533">533</a>; <a href="#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>at mem. service for Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Lamar, Mrs. Joseph R, <a href="#Page_726">726</a>.</li> +<li>Lambson, Nellie H, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Lane, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. + <ul class="IX"> + <li>with Mrs. Lane, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</li> + <li>on suff. platform, brings good will of Pres. Wilson to natl. conv. and expresses his own belief in wom. suff, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_760">760</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Lane, Mrs. Franklin K, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> +<li>Langhorne, Orra, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Langston, J. Luther, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> +<li>Lansing, Secretary of State Robert, opp. to wom. suff, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>; <a href="#Page_708">708</a>.</li> +<li>Lansing, Mrs. Robert, opp. to wom. suff, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> +<li>Larch-Miller, Aloysius, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>.</li> +<li>Lathrop, Julia, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>great speech at natl. suff. conv; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>woman suff. inevitable step in march of society;</li> + <li>not a mad revolution;</li> + <li>working women's is not the ignorant vote;</li> + <li>women must vote to protect the family, <a href="#Page_343">343-345</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>asks wom. suff. for welfare of mother and child, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>;</li> + <li>on recep. com. for natl. conv, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>;</li> + <li>speaks for ratif. of Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>;</li> + <li>works for it, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>;</li> + <li>on child labor, <a href="#Page_686">686</a>;</li> + <li>report of Child Welfare Dept. during the war, <a href="#Page_730">730</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Laughlin, Gail, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on The Industrial Laggard, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; <a href="#Page_37">37</a>; <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li> + <li>addresses Senate Com, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + <li>praised, asks square deal for women, at natl. conv. of 1905, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Lawther, Anna B, <a href="#Page_559">559</a>; <a href="#Page_568">568</a>.</li> +<li>Lea, U. S. Sen. Luke, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>addresses natl. suff. conv, 1914, gives reasons for voting for Fed. Suff. Amend; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>results in equal suff. States irrefutable argument;</li> + <li>scores "anti" women, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>; <a href="#Page_627">627</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> +<li>League of Nations, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Natl. Suff. Assn. sends dele. to congresses, <a href="#Page_557">557</a>;</li> + <li>assn. favors, <a href="#Page_575">575</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw makes speaking tour for it with former Pres. Taft and Pres. Lowell, <a href="#Page_739">739-40</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>League to Enforce Peace, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>memorial to Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw, mem. exec. com, speaks for, <a href="#Page_758">758</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>League of Women Voters, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>National, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>;</li> + <li>originated by Mrs. Catt, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>Call for, <a href="#Page_552">552</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt urges orgztn, shows necessity; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>dominating feature of natl. suff. conv. in 1919, <a href="#Page_553">553-4</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Natl. Assn. refuses to merge till Fed. Amend. is secured, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>;</li> + <li>name decided on, constitn. adopted, Mrs. Catt outlines aims, <a href="#Page_570">570</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Exec. Council recommends;</li> + <li>$20,000 appropriated, <a href="#Page_574">574</a>;</li> + <li>formal orgztn, objects agreed upon, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>;</li> + <li>Call to first cong, 1919, <a href="#Page_594">594</a>;</li> + <li>lion's share of natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Shuler writes chapter on, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>;</li> + <li>Pres. Wilson sends best wishes, <a href="#Page_599">599</a>;</li> + <li>org. as independent society, auxiliaries of Natl. Assn. to join, <a href="#Page_601">601</a>;</li> + <li>chairmen make western tour for ratif. of Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>;</li> + <li>large fund raised, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>;</li> + <li>org. in States, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>;</li> + <li>orgztn. perfected, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>;</li> + <li>points of Mrs. Catt's address at orgztn. in 1919, its object and plan of work, <a href="#Page_683">683-4</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw favors, <a href="#Page_685">685</a>;</li> + <li>officers, duties, eight depts, <a href="#Page_685">685</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>each discussed, <a href="#Page_686">686</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>plans adopted by board of Natl. Suff. Assn, chairmen elected, <a href="#Page_687">687</a>;</li> + <li>permanent orgztn. at natl. suff. conv. in Chicago in 1920, <a href="#Page_668">668</a>;</li> + <li>its cong. opens, officers elected, <a href="#Page_689">689</a>;</li> + <li>schools for citizenship arranged, <a href="#Page_690">690</a>;</li> + <li>purposes of league, <a href="#Page_691">691</a>;</li> + <li>censures U. S. Sen. Wadsworth, <a href="#Page_692">692</a>;</li> + <li>confs. and dinners, program of work, resolutions adopted, improved legislation for women demanded; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Cong. notified of action, <a href="#Page_692">692-695</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>program presented to natl. polit. convs. and Pres. candidates, <a href="#Page_699">699-701</a>;</li> + <li>it forms large Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_701">701</a>;</li> + <li>takes place of Natl. Suff. Assn. in the Intl. Alliance, <a href="#Page_756">756</a>.</li> + <li>See <a href="#CHAPTER_XXII">Chapter XXII</a> for full account.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Leckenby, Ellen S, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> +<li>Legislatures, special sessions for ratifying Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii.</a></li> +<li>Leighty, Mrs. John R, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>.</li> +<li>Lenroot, U. S. Sen. Irvine L, moves to report res. for Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>; <a href="#Page_548">548</a>; <a href="#Page_628">628</a>; <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</li> +<li>Leonard, Gertrude Halliday, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> +<li>Leser, Judge Oscar, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>opp. Fed. Suff. Amend, bef. Senate Com; <a href="#Page_548">548</a>,</li> + <li>brings suit to test, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>;</li> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_682">682</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Leslie Bureau of Suffrage Education, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>reports of depts, <a href="#Page_527">527-531</a>;</li> + <li>founded by Mrs. Catt with bequest of Mrs. Frank Leslie, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Leslie, Mrs. Frank, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>legacy for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_iv">iv</a>, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a>; <a href="#Page_527">527</a>; <a href="#Page_614">614</a>;</li> + <li>great bequest to Mrs. Catt for wom. suff, terms of will, <a href="#Page_755">755</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>organizes bureau of research, <a href="#Page_iv">iv</a>;</li> + <li>its work, <a href="#Page_527">527</a>;</li> + <li>contrib. to Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_542">542-558</a>;</li> + <li>sends out travelling suff. libraries, <a href="#Page_557">557</a>;</li> + <li>assists League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_698">698</a>;</li> + <li>incorporated, headqrs. in New York, <a href="#Page_754">754-5</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt's report, <a href="#Page_756">756</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Leupp, Constance, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> +<li>Lewis and Clark Exposition, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>entertains natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> + <li>woman's day, recep. to Miss Anthony and the conv, <a href="#Page_132">132-3</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Lewis, Mrs. George Howard, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>entertains officers of Natl. and State Suff. Assns. and Coll. League, 1908, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</li> + <li>presents $10,000 to Natl. Assn. in memory of Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li> + <li>conv. sends greetings, 1910, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li> + <li>contrib. to assn, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</li> + <li>presents res. that natl. officers must be non-partisan, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</li> + <li>at Dr. Shaw's right hand when she resigns, contrib. salary of her secy, <a href="#Page_457">457-8</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Dr. Shaw and contrib. to memorial fund, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Lewis, Mrs. Lawrence, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>; <a href="#Page_454">454</a>; <a href="#Page_675">675</a>; <a href="#Page_707">707</a>.</li> +<li>Lexow, Caroline, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; <a href="#Page_212">212</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>speaks on coll. wom. eve, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>; <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; <a href="#Page_233">233</a>; <a href="#Page_255">255</a>; <a href="#Page_283">283</a>; <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Miss Anthony on "college women's evening" at Balto. conv, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</li> + <li>Miss Garrett's recep, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</li> + <li>large fund for suff. work, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li> + <li>gives birthday money to Ore. campn, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> + <li>account of last birthday, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</li> + <li>accounts of death and funeral services, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; <a href="#Page_205">205</a>; <a href="#Page_218">218</a>; <a href="#Page_249">249</a>; <a href="#Page_335">335</a>; <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</li> + <li>account of Mrs. Stanton's death, <a href="#Page_742">742</a>;</li> + <li>of Miss Anthony's effort for co-education in Roch. Univ, <a href="#Page_744">744</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Lindsey, Judge Ben, visits Roosevelt to urge wom. suff. in Prog. Party platform, <a href="#Page_706">706</a>.</li> +<li>Lindsey, Louise, gavel to Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li> +<li>Lindsey, Mrs. W. E, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>.</li> +<li>Liquor interests, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>hostility to wom. suff, <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a>;</li> + <li>power ends, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>; <a href="#Page_166">166</a>; <a href="#Page_206">206</a>; <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</li> + <li>power in politics, at bottom of opp. to wom. suff, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</li> + <li>fight on wom. suff. in Ore, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> + <li>work against in Ky, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;</li> + <li>in Neb, S. Dak. and Mont, <a href="#Page_420">420-1</a>;</li> + <li>in Mich, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>work in Iowa, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>;</li> + <li>alliance with women "antis", <a href="#Page_486">486</a>;</li> + <li>opp. even Pres. suff. for women, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Littlefield. Paul, of Men's Anti-Suff. Com. (Penn.), <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</li> +<li>Littleford, Hon. William, pres. Ohio Men's League, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>.</li> +<li>Littleton, U. S. Rep. Martin W. (N. Y.), + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Congressl. hearing, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>allies wom. suff. with Socialism, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Livermore, Mrs. Arthur L, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report for Literature Com, 1916, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>same, 1917, over 1,000,000 copies of pamphlets, speeches, etc, distributed, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>;</li> + <li>directs suff. school, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>; <a href="#Page_541">541</a>; <a href="#Page_556">556</a>; <a href="#Page_559">559</a>; <a href="#Page_561">561</a>; <a href="#Page_573">573</a>; <a href="#Page_756">756</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Livermore, Mary A, letter to natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>memorial res. of Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Howe's tribute to, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Livingston, Deborah Knox, speaks at natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report on Maine campn, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Lobby, for Fed. Wom. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_635">635</a>.</li> +<li>Locke, Leon, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> +<li>Lockwood, Belva A, <a href="#Page_657">657</a>.</li> +<li>Lodge, U. S. Sen. Henry Cabot, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>anti-Fed. Suff. Amend. res, <a href="#Page_639">639</a>; <a href="#Page_703">703</a>;</li> + <li>opp. wom. suff. plank in Repub. platform, 1916, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Loines, Hilda, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report as chmn. of assn's Food Production Com, <a href="#Page_560">560</a>; <a href="#Page_730">730</a>;</li> + <li>report on Women's Land Army during the war, <a href="#Page_731">731</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Long, ex-Secy, of Navy John D, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Suff. Advisory Com, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li> + <li>vice-pres. Men's Suff. League, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Long, Dr. Margaret, treas. Natl. Coll. Women's League, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.</li> +<li>Longshore, Dr. Hannah, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>; <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> +<li>Loomis, Rev. Alice Ball, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> +<li>Lord. Mrs. M. B, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li> +<li>Lord, Rev. William R, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> +<li>Lorimer, Rev. George C, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Louisville, Ky, entertains natl. suff. conv. in 1911, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li> +<li>Lovejoy, Dr. Owen R, shows need of wom. suff. in the cause of child labor, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> +<li>Low, Seth, ignores women, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> +<li>Lowe, Caroline A, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>speaks at hearing for 7,000,000 working women, denial of ballot greatest injustice, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Lowell, Pres. A. Lawrence, Dr. Shaw joins on speaking tour for League of Nations, <a href="#Page_740">740</a>; <a href="#Page_757">757</a>.</li> +<li>Lowell, Josephine Shaw, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>; for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> +<li>Lowell, Judge Stephen R, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> +<li>Ludington, Katharine, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_568">568</a>;</li> + <li>work in Conn, <a href="#Page_602">602</a>; <a href="#Page_689">689</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Luscomb, Florence, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>M.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_M" name="IX_M"></a>Mack, Judge Julian, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li> +<li>Mackay, Mrs. Clarence, on Advisory Com, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> +<li>McAdoo, Secy, of the Treasury William G, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_590">590</a>;</li> + <li>on suff. platform, <a href="#Page_724">724</a>;</li> + <li>restores 8-hour day to women, <a href="#Page_729">729</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>McAdoo, Mrs. William G, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on recep. com. for suff. conv, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>;</li> + <li>speaks at conv. on Liberty Loan, <a href="#Page_533">533</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>McAfee, Effie L. D, <a href="#Page_666">666</a>.</li> +<li>McAneny, Mrs. George, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.</li> +<li>McArthur, U. S. Rep. C. N. (Ore.), <a href="#Page_549">549</a>.</li> +<li>McCall, Sarah J, bequest to Natl. Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</li> +<li>McClintock, Mary Ann, calls first Wom. Rights Conv, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> +<li>McClung, Nellie, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tells of Canadian women's war work and how it brought suffrage, <a href="#Page_544">544</a>;</li> + <li>in Minn, <a href="#Page_669">669</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>McClure, S. S. and T. C, for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> +<li>McCormack, Mrs. James M, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</li> +<li>McCormick, Mrs. Cyrus H, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>.</li> +<li>McCormick, Katharine Dexter, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>appt. to natl. board, address on broadening effects of suff. work, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>sends gift of suff. literature to many States, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</li> + <li>pays Natl. Assn's deficit of $6,000 on <i>Woman's Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</li> + <li>treas. report for 1913, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>; <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;</li> + <li>elected vice-pres, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</li> + <li>organizes Volunteer Suff. League, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>; <a href="#Page_454">454</a>;</li> + <li>re-elected, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>; <a href="#Page_484">484</a>;</li> + <li>unique evening program, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>; <a href="#Page_527">527</a>;</li> + <li>re-elected, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>contrib. to Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>;</li> + <li>on Wom. Com. of Natl. Defense, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>;</li> + <li>chmn. assn's War Service Dept, presides at meeting, <a href="#Page_560">560</a>;</li> + <li>refutes slanders of "antis", <a href="#Page_560">560</a>;</li> + <li>assists Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_567">567</a>;</li> + <li>address at natl. conv, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>;</li> + <li>moves res. of gratitude to Pres. Wilson, <a href="#Page_600">600</a>; <a href="#Page_608">608</a>; <a href="#Page_615">615</a>;</li> + <li>writes chapter on war work of suffs. for History, <a href="#Page_720">720</a>; <a href="#Page_724">724</a>; <a href="#Page_726">726-7</a>; <a href="#Page_730">730</a>; <a href="#Page_737">737</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>McCormick, Mrs. Medill, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>work for Pres. suff. in Ills, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</li> + <li>offers res. to ask Pres. Wilson for interview on wom. suff. and is on com, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</li> + <li>chmn. Natl. Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;</li> + <li>valuable service, estab. Woman's Independence Day, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>; <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</li> + <li>report of Congressl. Com's. work for Fed. Suff. Amend; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>reasons for introd. Shafroth Amend, and defense of it, <a href="#Page_411">411-416</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>report for Campn. Com, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>her com. assists Neb, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</li> + <li>re-apptd. chmn, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</li> + <li>elected natl. auditor; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>produces play, Your Girl and Mine, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>contrib. to publicity work, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> + <li>bef. House Judic. Com, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>;</li> + <li>shows difference between Natl. Suff. Assn. and Congressl. Union, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>;</li> + <li>presides at conf, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>; <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>report as chmn. Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>; <a href="#Page_454">454</a>;</li> + <li>report to Senate com, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;</li> + <li>suff. work in Ills, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>;</li> + <li>resigns as chmn. Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>;</li> + <li>moves for com. to confer with Red Cross War Council, is herself appt, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>; <a href="#Page_567">567</a>; <a href="#Page_627">627</a>; <a href="#Page_629">629</a>;</li> + <li>sponsor for Shafroth Palmer Amend, <a href="#Page_747">747-8</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>McCormick, Vance, for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>.</li> +<li>McCracken, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_114">114-15</a>; <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> +<li>McCulloch, Catharine Waugh, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; on legal privileges of women, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>legal adviser to Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> + <li>conducts protest against bill admitting new Territories with women classed with insane, idiots and felons, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> + <li>legislative work, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</li> + <li>mem. tributes to Mr. Blackwell and Mr. Garrison, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;</li> + <li>elected natl. vice-pres, <a href="#Page_282">282-3</a>;</li> + <li>report as legal adviser, rising vote of thanks, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>; <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li> + <li>at Senate hearing as justice of the peace, shows professional women's demand for the vote, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</li> + <li>pays tribute to "family of Clay," tells of new chivalry, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>; <a href="#Page_314">314</a>; <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>report on mother's equal guardianship, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;</li> + <li>early work for Pres. suff. in Ills, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</li> + <li>presides at hearing bef. Com. on Rules, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>; <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</li> + <li>offers res. of non-partisanship, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>;</li> + <li>on limited suff, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>;</li> + <li>on tour for ratif, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>;</li> + <li>works for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>;</li> + <li>org. Miss. Valley Conf, <a href="#Page_667">667</a>;</li> + <li>on Legal Status of Women, <a href="#Page_686">686</a>, <a href="#Page_690">690</a>, <a href="#Page_697">697</a>;</li> + <li>at Repub. Natl. Conv, <a href="#Page_703">703</a>;</li> + <li>objects to Shafroth Palmer Amend, <a href="#Page_747">747</a>;</li> + <li>helps revise constn. of Natl. Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_756">756</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>McDowell, Mary E, on The Workingwomen as a Natl. Asset, tribute to Miss Anthony and suffs, <a href="#Page_209">209-10</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>ballot will give wage-earning women new status in industry, <a href="#Page_356">356-7</a>; <a href="#Page_690">690</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>McDowell, R. A, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> +<li>McFarland, Henry B.F, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>; <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> +<li>McGehee, Mrs. Edward, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> +<li>McIvor, Mrs. Campbell (Canada), <a href="#Page_334">334</a>; <a href="#Page_501">501</a>.</li> +<li>McKeller, U. S. Sen. Kenneth, invites natl. suff. conv. to Chattanooga, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>; <a href="#Page_643">643</a>.</li> +<li>McKinley, Pres. William, for wom. suff. when a youth, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> +<li>McKinley, Mrs. William, gives doll for suff. bazaar, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +<li>McLaren, Priscilla Bright, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> +<li>McLean, Frances W, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> +<li>McNaughton, Dr. Clara W, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>; <a href="#Page_658">658</a>.</li> +<li>Macy, Mrs. V. Everit, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>.</li> +<li>Maddox, Etta, obtains admis. of women to the bar in Md, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; <a href="#Page_98">98</a>; <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> +<li>Mahoney, Nonie, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>.</li> +<li>Malone, Collector of the Port Dudley Field, on natl. suff. platform, plea for wom. suff, says women would vote for "preparedness," Mrs. Catt and Dr. Shaw object, <a href="#Page_459">459-60</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>bef. Senate com, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Manila, natl. suff. assn. protests against "regulated" vice in, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> +<li>Mann, U. S. Rep. James R. (Ills.), votes for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>; chmn. Com. on Wom. Suff, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>.</li> +<li>Mann, Mrs. James R, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> +<li>Manning, Rev. William P, <a href="#Page_682">682</a>.</li> +<li>Mansfeldt, Lieut. Col. W. A. E. (Holland), <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.</li> +<li>Maps, difficulty with suff. maps, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li> +<li>Marbury, William L, brings suit to test Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_682">682</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Marshall, Vice-pres. Thomas R, <a href="#Page_646">646</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tribute to Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_760">760</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Martha Washington Hotel, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> +<li>Martin, Anne, tells natl. conv. of successful suff. campn. in Nev, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>work in Nev, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>; <a href="#Page_425">425</a>; <a href="#Page_454">454</a>;</li> + <li>presides at Senate hearing of Congressl. Union, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_547">547</a>; <a href="#Page_549">549</a>;</li> + <li>at last suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>; <a href="#Page_675">675</a>;</li> + <li>chmn. Natl. Wom. Party, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>;</li> + <li>at natl. Repub. conv, <a href="#Page_710">710</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Martin, U. S. Sen. Thomas S, unfairness in Dem. caucus on Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Marvel, Lulu H, natl. suff. conv. thanks, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>.</li> +<li>Mathews, Dean Lois K. (Wis. Univ.), <a href="#Page_664">664</a>.</li> +<li>Matthews, J. N, opp. wom. suff, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</li> +<li>Matthews, Prof. Shailer, for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> +<li>Maud, Queen of Norway, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li> +<li>Mead, Edwin D, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.</li> +<li>Mead, Lucia Ames, pleads for world orgztn. for peace, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>; <a href="#Page_105">105</a>; <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>work for peace, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> + <li>responsibility of U. S. for Peace and Arbitration, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</li> + <li>all classes of women need the suffrage, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>; <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li> + <li>report on Peace conferences; Amer. School Peace League, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</li> + <li>urges Natl. Suff. Assn. to work for peace, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>; <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li> + <li>tells of great peace funds and endowments and "Pres. Taft's noble efforts to secure treaties," <a href="#Page_326">326</a>; <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Meehan, Mrs. S. D, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> +<li>Meeker, U. S. Rep. Jacob E. (Mo.), <a href="#Page_516">516</a>.</li> +<li>Memorials, to pioneer suffs. at natl. conv, 1901, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>to Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_201">201-2</a>; <a href="#Page_569">569</a>; <a href="#Page_615">615</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Men's Leagues for Woman Suffrage, International and National, Mr. Blackwell's interest in, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Calif, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li> + <li>from Calif. to Va, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li> + <li>in U.S, has an evening at natl. suff. conv. in 1912, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</li> + <li>in 1913, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</li> + <li>in 1914, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>;</li> + <li>league formed in Tenn, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>chapter on, <a href="#Page_673">673</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Meredith, Ellis, address on Menace of Podunk, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>edits <i>Progress</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>on effect of wom. suff. in Colo, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>; <a href="#Page_112">112</a>; <a href="#Page_585">585</a>;</li> + <li>improved election laws, <a href="#Page_686">686</a>;</li> + <li>at Repub. Natl. Conv, <a href="#Page_710">710</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Merrick, Caroline E, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>pioneer suff. of La, shares honors with Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>; <a href="#Page_80">80</a>; <a href="#Page_106">106</a>; <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; <a href="#Page_191">191</a>; <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Merrick, Edwin, need of wom. suff, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> +<li>Meyer, Heloise, elected to Natl. Bd, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in war service, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>; <a href="#Page_526">526-7</a>;</li> + <li>retires from office, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>; <a href="#Page_724">724</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Michigan, gives women taxpayers a vote, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>wom. suff. amend. defeated by fraud, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</li> + <li>other reasons, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>gives suff. to women, <a href="#Page_550">550</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Assn. assists campn, <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Milholland, Inez, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li> +<li>"Militancy," in Gt. Brit, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mrs. Snowden justifies, <a href="#Page_237">237-8</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw and natl. suff. conv. sympathize, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</li> + <li>Alice Paul's account, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Pankhurst says women stood 8 hrs. at entrance of House of Commons;</li> + <li>assault of police, <a href="#Page_330">330-1</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Miller, Alice Duer, Sisterhood of Women, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>; <a href="#Page_502">502</a>.</li> +<li>Miller, Anne Fitzhugh, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tribute to Mr. Blackwell, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Miller, Caroline Hallowell, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; <a href="#Page_45">45</a>; <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> +<li>Miller, Elizabeth Smith, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>; <a href="#Page_60">60</a>; <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; <a href="#Page_288">288</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>memorial, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Miller, Florence Fenwick, at intl. conf. in Washtn, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; <a href="#Page_40">40-1</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>addresses House com. on official and polit. status of women in Gt. Brit, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>; <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Miller, Mayor John F. (Seattle), wom. suff. record of Wash, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</li> +<li>Miller, Mrs. John O, presents suff. flag from Penn. assn. to Natl, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>chmn. com. on Dr. Shaw's mem. fund, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Miller, Mrs. Walter McNab, tells of suff. petition in Mo, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>elected to Natl. Bd, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>; <a href="#Page_456">456</a>;</li> + <li>report of extensive field work, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>; <a href="#Page_485">485</a>; <a href="#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>reports for assn's war com. on Thrift, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>work as chmn. of Congressl. Com;</li> + <li>spoke 200 times in 15 States, wrote 3,000 letters, travelled 13,000 miles;</li> + <li>work at Washtn. headqrs, <a href="#Page_526">526-7</a>;</li> + <li>welcomes natl. suff. conv. to St. Louis, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>;</li> + <li>report on Food Conservation, 1918, <a href="#Page_560">560</a>;</li> + <li>at Anthony celebr, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>; <a href="#Page_724">724</a>;</li> + <li>work on Thrift Com, <a href="#Page_727">727</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Mills, Mrs. C. D. B, <a href="#Page_559">559</a>.</li> +<li>Mills, Harriet May, addresses Senate com, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> + <li>speaks at natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</li> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</li> + <li>on N. Y. campn, <a href="#Page_518">518</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Miner, Maude E, no danger in immoral women's vote, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>; <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li> +<li>Minor, Judge Francis, urges women to vote under 14th Amend, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>carries case to U. S. Sup. Ct, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>;</li> + <li>wants Cong. to enable women to vote for its members, <a href="#Page_657">657</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Minor, Mrs. Francis, tries to vote under 14th Amend, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>.</li> +<li>Mississippi Valley Conference, members opp. Shafroth Amend, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>orgztn, great need of, valuable work, <a href="#Page_667">667-671</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Mitchell, John, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> +<li>Mitchell, U. S. Sen. John A, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> +<li>Mitchell, Mrs. Willis G, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>.</li> +<li>Mondell, U. S. Rep. Frank W. (Wyo.), introd. Fed. Suff. Amend, 1910, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>testimony for equal suff. in Wyo, criticises Pres. Wilson for not referring to wom. suff. in message, calls for special suff. com, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>;</li> + <li>speaks for Amend. bef. House Judic. Com, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>; <a href="#Page_449">449</a>;</li> + <li>natl. suff. conv. thanks for assistance, <a href="#Page_450">450-1</a>;</li> + <li>introd. Fed. Amend, 1917, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>;</li> + <li>speaks for Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>;</li> + <li>speaks for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>;</li> + <li>on Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>;</li> + <li>majority leader, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Mondell, Mrs. Frank W, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> +<li>Monroe, Lilla Day, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> +<li>Montana, successful suff. campn, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>liquor interests and copper company opp. Wom. Suff. Amend, Miss Rankin's work, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>;</li> + <li>Repub. and Dem. women's vote, <a href="#Page_584">584</a>;</li> + <li>gives wom. suff, <a href="#Page_625">625</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Moore, Laura, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> +<li>Moore, Mrs. Philip North (Eva Perry), pays tribute to Miss Anthony and other suff. pioneers, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>; <a href="#Page_540">540</a>; <a href="#Page_558">558</a>; <a href="#Page_726">726</a>.</li> +<li>Morawetz, Mrs. Victor, in N. Y. campn, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>.</li> +<li>Morgan, Laura Puffer, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>; <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</li> +<li>Morgan, Mrs. Raymond B, <a href="#Page_664">664</a>.</li> +<li>Morgan, Mrs. W. Y, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>; <a href="#Page_517">517</a>.</li> +<li>Mormonism, attack on in anti-suff. speech, Sen. Sutherland protests; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>its part in wom, suff, <a href="#Page_467">467-8</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Morris, Esther, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>; <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> +<li>Morrisson, Mrs. James W, elected natl. rec. secy, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>work for suff. parade in Chicago during Repub. Natl. Conv, tribute to Mrs. Medill McCormick, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>; <a href="#Page_485">485</a>; <a href="#Page_501">501</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Morton, Dr. Rosalie Slaughter, urges higher moral standard for men, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li> +<li>Moses, U. S. Sen. George H, Roosevelt urges to vote for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_571">571</a>.</li> +<li>Moss, U. S. Rep. Hunter H. (W. Va.), votes for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_631">631</a>.</li> +<li>Mosshart, Gertrude C, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.</li> +<li>Mott, Anna C, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Mott, Lucretia, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>; <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>"the inspired preacher," <a href="#Page_333">333-4</a>;</li> + <li>reminis. of, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>;</li> + <li>calls first Woman's Rights Conv, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>;</li> + <li>at first one in Washtn, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>; <a href="#Page_664">664</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Mountford, Lydia von Finkelstein, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> +<li>Moylan, Penn, home of Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, <a href="#Page_740">740</a>.</li> +<li>Munds, Frances W, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</li> +<li>Municipal Suffrage, plan of work for, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Jane Addams shows women's need of, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li> + <li>campn. for, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</li> + <li>Prof. Sophonisba Breckinridge urges; its value in New Orleans, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>Anna E. Nicholas shows need of, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</li> + <li>defeated in Chicago by charter conv, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>Miss Addams tells of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</li> + <li>in Kans, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</li> + <li>in New Orleans, <a href="#Page_195">195-6</a>;</li> + <li>women's petitions for in Chicago, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>;</li> + <li>granted in Tenn, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>;</li> + <li>in Fla. and Atlanta, <a href="#Page_602">602</a>;</li> + <li>in Vt, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Municipal Work, women's, in New York, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Phila, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Murdock, U. S. Rep. Victor (Kans.), <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</li> +<li>Mussey, Ellen Spencer, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> +<li>Myers, Dr. Annice Jeffreys, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>; <a href="#Page_145">145</a>; <a href="#Page_147">147</a>; <a href="#Page_152">152</a>; <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>memorial, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Myers, Jefferson, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>pays tribute to Miss Anthony, her co-workers and their cause, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Mythen, Rev. James Grattan, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>N.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_N" name="IX_N"></a>Names, distinguished list on receiving com. for natl. suff. conv. of 1915, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>those in war service, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Nashville, entertains natl. suff. conv. of 1914 in Representatives' Hall, welcomed by Mayor Hilary Howse, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li> +<li>Nathan, Maud, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on the Wage Earner and the Ballot, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>; <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> + <li>on Women Warriors, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>; <a href="#Page_559">559</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>National American Woman Suffrage Association, efforts for planks in natl. polit. convs, see <a href="#Planks">Planks</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>work for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a>;</li> + <li>orgztn. of two branches and their union, objects and work, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> + <li>its convs, Congressl. hearings, money raised, nation-wide efforts and their result, chapters I to XIX inclusive;</li> + <li>list of officers, first page of each;</li> + <li>business women's tribute, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li> + <li>calls intl. suff. conf, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li> + <li>conv. protests against "regulated" vice in Philippines, appts. com. to see Pres. Roosevelt, who declares against it and War Dept. stops it, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> + <li>attacked on "race question" states its neutral position, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> + <li>plan of work for 1903, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> + <li>assists campns. in Ore, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>S. Dak, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</li> + <li>Okla, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</li> + <li>Ariz, S. Dak, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>passes res. of non-partisanship, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>membership and petitions compared with anti-suff's, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>;</li> + <li>permeated with new life in 1915, great accession of young women, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>;</li> + <li>repudiates Shafroth Palmer Amend; resolves to work only for original Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>;</li> + <li>coöperation with Congressl. Union found impossible, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>;</li> + <li>elects Mrs. Catt pres, <a href="#Page_455">455-6</a>;</li> + <li>ovation to Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;</li> + <li>demand for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>;</li> + <li>work of 63 St. auxiliaries; attacks no party, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw shows diff. bet. it and Congressl. Union, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>debate at Atlantic City conv. on its future policy, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw urges no change, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt takes same view, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>nation-wide plan of work, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>Call for conv. of 1917 demands Fed. Amend. from Cong, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>;</li> + <li>officers in war service, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>;</li> + <li>Exec. Council pledges loyalty and service to Govt, <a href="#Page_518">518</a>, <a href="#Page_527">527</a>;</li> + <li>decides to enter polit. campns, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>;</li> + <li>celebrates 50th anniv, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>;</li> + <li>no conv. in 1918;</li> + <li>conf. of Exec. Council at Indpls; Call for natl. conv. in 1919; changed character of convs, <a href="#Page_552">552</a>;</li> + <li>nation-wide work for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_554">554-557</a>;</li> + <li>campns. against anti-suff. candidates for Cong, <a href="#Page_557">557</a>;</li> + <li>gives $30,720 to suff. campns. in Mich, S. Dak. and Okla, <a href="#Page_558">558</a>;</li> + <li>natl. conv. vetoes proposal to merge assn. in League of Women Voters till Fed. Amend. is secured, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>;</li> + <li>Pioneers' evening, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>;</li> + <li>recommendations of Natl. Exec. Council for 1919, <a href="#Page_574">574</a>;</li> + <li>first organized body of women to offer services to Govt. for war;</li> + <li>attitude toward peace, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>;</li> + <li>Chicago entertains last natl. suff. conv. and first cong. of League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_594">594</a>;</li> + <li>Jubilee conv. to celebr. end of its work, <a href="#Page_594">594</a>;</li> + <li>Exec. Council program for future action, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>;</li> + <li>thanks Governors who called spec. sessions to ratify amend, <a href="#Page_600">600</a>;</li> + <li>program adopted by conv. assn. shall "move toward dissolution," <a href="#Page_600">600</a>;</li> + <li>auxiliaries will join League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_601">601</a>;</li> + <li>large assistance to southern States, <a href="#Page_603">603</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Shuler's tribute to, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>;</li> + <li>presents honor rolls to early workers, <a href="#Page_616">616</a>;</li> + <li>meets with League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>;</li> + <li>assn. was formed for amending Fed. Constitn, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>;</li> + <li>united with American Assn, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>;</li> + <li>works against election of anti-suff. Senators, <a href="#Page_641">641</a>;</li> + <li>assists League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_698">698</a>;</li> + <li>effort for wom. suff. planks in natl. polit. platforms, <a href="#Page_702">702</a>;</li> + <li>calls on Res. Com. of Natl. Repub. Conv. in 1920 to secure final ratif. of Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_718">718</a>;</li> + <li>war service to Govt. during the war, <a href="#Page_720">720</a> et seq;</li> + <li>Pres. Wilson approves, <a href="#Page_725">725</a>;</li> + <li>its officers and members on Woman's Com. of Council of Natl. Defense, <a href="#Page_726">726</a>;</li> + <li>action on Shafroth Palmer Amend, in 1914 and 1915, <a href="#Page_750">750</a>;</li> + <li>reasons for continuing after suff. was gained, new constitn. made, officers elected, principal object to remove legal and civil discriminations against women, present status, <a href="#Page_755">755-757</a>;</li> + <li>Official Bd. issues Mem. for Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_759">759</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>National Council of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>res. for wom. suff. in 1909, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li> + <li>greetings to natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</li> + <li>in Washtn, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_626">626</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Nationality of wives, Miss Rankin's bill for, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</li> +<li>National Junior Suffrage Corps, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</li> +<li>National Press Bureau, reports, Mrs. Babcock, chmn, 1901, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>1905, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li> + <li>1906, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + <li>Miss Hauser, chmn, 1907, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</li> + <li>1908, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</li> + <li>1909, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</li> + <li>Mrs. Harper, chmn, 1910, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li> + <li>Miss Reilly, chmn, 1911, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</li> + <li>1912, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</li> + <li>Miss Byrns, chmn, 1913, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>1914, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</li> + <li>Mr. Hallinan, chmn, 1915, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li> + <li>Mr. Heaslip, chmn, 1916, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + <li>Mrs. McCormick, chmn, 1917, <a href="#Page_527">527</a>.</li> + <li>Mrs. Harper, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.</li> + <li>Miss Young, chmn, 1918, 1919, <a href="#Page_570">570</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Harper, <a href="#Page_571">571</a>.</li> + <li>At Washtn. headqrs, Miss Shuler, chmn, 1918, 1919, <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>National Woman Suffrage Conventions, described in first 19 chapters; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tribute to, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li> + <li>descrip. by <i>Woman's Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> + <li>Changed character of, <a href="#Page_552">552</a>;</li> + <li>see <a href="#Conventions">Conventions</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li><a name="National_Woman_Suffrage_Publishing" id="National_Woman_Suffrage_Publishing"></a>National Woman Suffrage Publishing Co, organized, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>; <a href="#Page_405">405</a>; <a href="#Page_481">481</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report, 1917, over 10,000,000 pieces of suff. literature printed, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>;</li> + <li>1918, 6,000,000 pieces, <a href="#Page_573">573</a>;</li> + <li>total, 50,000,000;</li> + <li>see <a href="#Ogden">Ogden, Esther G.</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li>National Woman's Party, see <a href="#Congressional_Union">Congressional Union</a>.</li> +<li>Nebraska, liquor interests in suff. campn, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Pres. and Munic. suff. declared legal and "male" left out of new constitn, <a href="#Page_602">602</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li><a name="Negroes" id="Negroes"></a>Negroes, "race question" injected at natl. suff. conv. in New Orleans, Official Board responds, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>delegates address Phyllis Wheatley Club; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>its president gives flowers to Miss Anthony with touching words, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Dr. Shaw settles color questions, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>; <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt says each State must decide, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Terrill pleads for negroes, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</li> + <li>Miss Anthony champions cause, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li> + <li>danger of vote in South discussed, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>;</li> + <li>men enfranchised by Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_746">746</a>;</li> + <li>after Civil War, <a href="#Page_751">751</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Nelson, Pres. Frank (Minn. Coll.), <a href="#Page_669">669</a>.</li> +<li>Nelson, U. S. Rep. John M. (Wis.), <a href="#Page_709">709</a>.</li> +<li>Nelson, Julia B, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> +<li>Nelson, U. S. Sen. Knute, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li> +<li>Nestor, Agnes, <a href="#Page_726">726</a>.</li> +<li>Nevada, story of successful campn, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</li> +<li>New Jersey, sends wom. suff. deputn. to Pres. Wilson, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>fraudulent vote on wom. suff, <a href="#Page_630">630</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>New Orleans, entertains natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_55">55-6</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>delightful entertainment, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li><i>News Letter</i>, published by Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> +<li>New York, gives suff. to women, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>discriminates against women teachers, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</li> + <li>adoption of State amend. decides suff. question, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>;</li> + <li>natl. conv. devotes evening to victory, story of great campn.;</li> + <li>cost $682,500, <a href="#Page_518">518-19</a>;</li> + <li>women's war service, <a href="#Page_533">533</a>;</li> + <li>statistics of vote on wom. suff. amend, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>;</li> + <li>great value of, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt describes campn, <a href="#Page_753">753</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Nicholes, Anna E, women's need of Munic. suff, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> +<li>Nicholes, S. Grace, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> +<li>Nicholson, Eliza J, ed. of <i>Picayune</i>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> +<li>Nightingale, Florence, for wom, suff, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> +<li>Nixon, Frederick S, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> +<li>Non Partisanship, natl. suff. conv. 1912, defeats res. for and then passes one, <a href="#Page_342">342-3</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Natl. Amer. Assn. opposed to holding party in power responsible for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> + <li>members of Congressl. Union give reasons for, Dems. object, <a href="#Page_429">429-30</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Suff. Assn. stands for non partisanship, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>; <a href="#Page_461">461</a>; <a href="#Page_464">464</a>; <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>reaffirmed at natl. conv, 1916, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>;</li> + <li>at conv. 1919, <a href="#Page_574">574</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Northrop, Dr. Cyrus, <a href="#Page_669">669</a>.</li> +<li>Norway, wom. suff. and women in office, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> +<li>Nugent, James R, <a href="#Page_713">713</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>O.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_O" name="IX_O"></a>Obenchain, Lida Calvert, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> +<li>Oberlin College, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>; <a href="#Page_226">226</a>; <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> +<li>O'Connor, Mrs. T. P, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li> +<li>Odenheimer, Cordelia R. P, Pres. Genl. Daughters of Confederacy, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> +<li>Officers, women, effect of Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_iv">iv</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Norway, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> + <li>in Australia, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li><a name="Ogden" id="Ogden"></a>Ogden, Esther G, elected natl. vice-pres, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tells of Natl. Suff. Pub. Co. and little "golden flier," <a href="#Page_481">481-2</a>;</li> + <li>reports for Natl. Suff. Pub. Co, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>; <a href="#Page_541">541</a>; <a href="#Page_559">559</a>; <a href="#Page_573">573</a>;</li> + <li>final report of Natl. Suff. Pub. Co, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>; <a href="#Page_716">716</a>; <a href="#Page_724">724</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Ohio, effort to ratify Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_649">649</a>; <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.</li> +<li>Oklahoma, Natl. Assn. assists effort for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>first suff. campn, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li> + <li>second, <a href="#Page_557">557</a>;</li> + <li>successful, <a href="#Page_641">641</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Olds, Emma S, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; <a href="#Page_107">107</a>; <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>Oleson, Mrs. Peter, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>.</li> +<li>Oliphant, Mrs. O. D, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>; <a href="#Page_437">437</a>; <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> +<li>Olmstead, Rev. Margaret T, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> +<li>Olsen, Justice Harry, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</li> +<li>O'Neil, Mrs. David M, <a href="#Page_668">668</a>.</li> +<li>Oregon, polit. leaders urge suff. campn; Natl. Assn. agrees to assist, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Dr. Shaw points out responsibility of Ore. men and women, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</li> + <li>assn. helps, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> + <li>appeal for campn. funds at natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> + <li>generous response, Miss Anthony gives her birthday money, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> + <li>defeat of amend, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>work of Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>; <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</li> + <li>majority vote for amend, 1912, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>; <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>O'Reilly, Leonora, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>bef. Senate Com; demand of working women for the ballot, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Organizations, large number endorse wom. suff, 1906, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>none oppose, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</li> + <li>in 1908, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</li> + <li>in 1909, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li> + <li>in 1910, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Organizations of Women, efforts for better laws, <a href="#Page_iv">iv.</a></li> +<li>Organizers, 225 employed in 1917, instructed by Mrs. Catt, work done, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in 1918, work in 20 States, <a href="#Page_556">556-7</a>;</li> + <li>list of in 1919, Mrs. Shuler praises, <a href="#Page_603">603</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Osborn, Gov. Chase S. (Mich.), greets natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</li> +<li>Osborne, Eliza Wright, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>; <a href="#Page_288">288</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>memorial, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>O'Shaughnessy, U. S. Rep. George F. (R. I.), <a href="#Page_549">549</a>.</li> +<li>O'Sullivan, Mary Kenney, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>asks suff. for working women, injustice of Govt, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Oversea Hospitals, Women's, Natl. Suff. Assn. maintains, <a href="#Page_558">558</a>; <a href="#Page_568">568</a>; <a href="#Page_574">574</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Assn's. fund for, <a href="#Page_608">608</a>;</li> + <li>final report, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>;</li> + <li>report of Mrs. Tiffany and Mrs. Brown, its directors, at natl. conv. of 1919, valuable work in France, recognition by French Govt, <a href="#Page_732">732-735</a>;</li> + <li>financial report of Mrs. Rogers, natl. treas, <a href="#Page_734">734</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Owen, U. S. Sen. Robert L, natl. suff. conv. greets mother, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>his powerful argument for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>; <a href="#Page_323">323</a>; <a href="#Page_383">383</a>; <a href="#Page_501">501</a>; <a href="#Page_504">504</a>; <a href="#Page_627">627</a>; <a href="#Page_709">709</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Owens, Helen Brewster, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>P.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_P" name="IX_P"></a>Page, Mary Hutcheson, conf. on polit. work, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li> +<li>Palmer, Atty. Gen. A. Mitchell, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>.</li> +<li>Palmer, Alice Freeman, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Palmer, Prof. George Herbert, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> +<li>Palmer, U. S. Sen. Thomas W, bequest to Natl. Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</li> +<li>Pankhurst, Emmeline, advises U. S. suff. headqrs. to sell not give literature, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>receives ovation at natl. suff. conv.;</li> + <li>explains revolution of women in Gt. Brit, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Parades, begun in U. S, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in London, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</li> + <li>in Gt. Brit, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</li> + <li>with Fed. Amend, petit, in Washtn, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</li> + <li>in New York and Washtn, 1913, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</li> + <li>in Washtn. bef. inauguration, <a href="#Page_378">378-9</a>;</li> + <li>in New York, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>;</li> + <li>in Chicago during Repub. Natl. Conv, <a href="#Page_482">482-3</a>;</li> + <li>"walkless parade," in St. Louis at Dem. Natl. Conv, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>;</li> + <li>in Chicago, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>;</li> + <li>of British women during the war, <a href="#Page_534">534</a>;</li> + <li>in Washtn, <a href="#Page_625">625</a>;</li> + <li>New York, <a href="#Page_626">626</a>;</li> + <li>Washtn, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>;</li> + <li>Men's Leagues march, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>;</li> + <li>in Balto, <a href="#Page_708">708</a>;</li> + <li>rainy day parade in Chicago in 1916, <a href="#Page_710">710</a>;</li> + <li>the "walk-less" in St. Louis, <a href="#Page_712">712</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Park, Alice L, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> +<li>Park, Maud Wood, natl. suff. conv, 1903, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>; <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; <a href="#Page_148">148</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at conv. in Balto, unselfishness of suff. leaders, duty of college women to assist their work, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>; <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li> + <li>describes Coll. Wom. Suff. League, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>; <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li> + <li>on Mass, campn, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>; <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>report for Congressl. Com, 1917, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</li> + <li>presides at hearing bef. Rules Com, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>; <a href="#Page_561">561</a>;</li> + <li>report as chmn. of Congressl. Com, 1919, <a href="#Page_562">562-567</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to helpful Senators; names them, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>;</li> + <li>praise for members of Congressl. Com, names them, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>;</li> + <li>conv. gives rising vote of thanks and dele, speak words of praise, <a href="#Page_567">567-8</a>;</li> + <li>re-elected, <a href="#Page_574">574</a>;</li> + <li>at last suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>;</li> + <li>excellent speech, <a href="#Page_590">590</a>; <a href="#Page_604">604</a>; <a href="#Page_632">632</a>;</li> + <li>Congressl. Com. report, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Pres. Wilson, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>;</li> + <li>org. Coll. Wom. Suff. League, <a href="#Page_660">660-1</a>; <a href="#Page_664">664</a>;</li> + <li>chmn. Natl. League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_689">689</a>; <a href="#Page_701">701</a>;</li> + <li>bef. Repub. Natl. Com, <a href="#Page_717">717</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Parker, Adella M, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>; <a href="#Page_257">257</a>; <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> +<li>Parker, U. S. Rep. Richard Wayne (N. J.), chmn. at suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>compliments speakers, makes no report, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Parker, Dr. Valeria, on tour for ratif, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>; <a href="#Page_650">650</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on social hygiene, <a href="#Page_686">686</a>, <a href="#Page_690">690</a>, <a href="#Page_696">696</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Parsons, Elsie Clews, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.</li> +<li>Parsons, National Committeeman Herbert, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</li> +<li>Parsons, Mary Ely, furnishes Dr. Shaw's office, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> +<li>Patten, Dr. Simon N, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> +<li>Patterson, Hannah J, report on Penn. campn, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on how to organize, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>; <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>elected natl. vice-pres, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>;</li> + <li>natl. cor. secy's, report, 1916, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>; <a href="#Page_485">485</a>; <a href="#Page_501">501</a>; <a href="#Page_503">503</a>;</li> + <li>tribute from chmn. Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>on Woman's Com. of Council of Natl. Defense, <a href="#Page_726">726</a>;</li> + <li>receives distinguished service medal, <a href="#Page_739">739</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Patterson, U. S. Sen. Thomas M, addresses natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> +<li>Patterson, Mrs. Thomas M, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Paul, Alice, tells of "militancy" in Gt. Brit, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>chmn. Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</li> + <li>arranges for Pres. Wilson to receive wom. suff. deputation, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</li> + <li>takes part in English "militant" movement, sent to prison;</li> + <li>wants to start one in U. S. but idea frowned upon by Dr. Shaw, who appoints her chmn. Congressl. Com. to organize parade in Washtn.;</li> + <li>shows much exec. ability;</li> + <li>makes com. report to natl. conv, <a href="#Page_377">377-381</a>;</li> + <li>forms Congressl. Union, is chmn.; Mrs. Catt makes inquiries, <a href="#Page_379">379-80</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Suff. Bd. will not permit her to act as chmn. of both and she is deposed from Congressl. Com.; remains head of Union, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;</li> + <li>has it fight Dem. party, <a href="#Page_454">454-5</a>;</li> + <li>presides at hearing bef. House Com.; members attack her for trying to defeat Dems, who were friends of wom. suff; she defends this action, <a href="#Page_474">474-5</a>;</li> + <li>asks chairman Webb what will be in Dem. platform, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>heads Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_625">625</a>;</li> + <li>org. Congressl. Union, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>;</li> + <li>reorganized as Natl. Woman's Party, 1917, Miss Paul chmn, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>; <a href="#Page_678">678-9</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Peabody, George Foster, on wom. suff. platform, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>holds Dr. Shaw's annuity fund, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Peace and Arbitration, Natl. Suff. Assn. favors, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mrs. Mead and Mrs. Catt appeal for, <a href="#Page_97">97-8</a>;</li> + <li>responsibility of U. S. for, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</li> + <li>natl. suff. conv. endorses recommendation of Inter Parliamentary Union, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>; <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Mead calls on Natl. Amer. Suff. Assn. to assist educatl, work for it, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</li> + <li>Pres. Taft's effort for treaties, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>; <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</li> + <li>natl. suff conv. in 1914 demands women should have a voice, commends Pres. Wilson's effort for peace, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> + <li>assn's. attitude during the war, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw's demand for world peace, <a href="#Page_759">759</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Peck, Prof. Mary Gray, elected natl headqrs. secy, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>gives report of new headqrs, value of New York center, increased demand for literature, large sales, valuable suggestions, <a href="#Page_267">267-9</a>;</li> + <li>on Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Pendleton, Pres. Ellen F, <a href="#Page_663">663</a>.</li> +<li>Penfield, Jean Nelson, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>bef. Senate com, women's need of ballot in social service work, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</li> + <li>on tour for ratif, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>; same, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Penfield, Perle, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>; <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> +<li>Penn, Hannah, only woman Governor, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> +<li>Penn, William, Govt. free only when people make laws, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> +<li>Pennybacker, Mrs. Percy V, report on Child Welfare, <a href="#Page_560">560</a>; <a href="#Page_687">687</a>; <a href="#Page_690">690</a>; <a href="#Page_697">697</a>.</li> +<li>Penrose, U. S. Sen. Boies, refuses to see suff. dele, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>opp. to suff. plank in Repub. natl. platform, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Perkins, Prof. Emma M, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> +<li>Perkins, Mrs. Roger G, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</li> +<li>Perkins, Mrs. S.M.C, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>.</li> +<li>Petersen, Florence Bennett, <a href="#Page_669">669-70</a>.</li> +<li>Petition of National American Suffrage Association for Federal Amendment, list of com, immense work, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report on vast work, Mrs. Catt's contrib. signatures of writers; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>automobile parade to Capitol to present;</li> + <li>vote of thanks to members from natl. suff. conv, 1910;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>last petition, <a href="#Page_274">274-5</a>;</li> + <li>distinguished signers, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> + <li>in 1913, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>200,000 names presented to Senate, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</li> + <li>those of suffs. and "antis" compared, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>;</li> + <li>first to Cong, for worn, suff, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>;</li> + <li>first for 16th Amend, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>;</li> + <li>great petition 1913, <a href="#Page_626">626</a>;</li> + <li>for Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>;</li> + <li>to senate for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>;</li> + <li>initiative petit, of 38,000 in Mo, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;</li> + <li>98,000 Conn, women petit. Legis. for Pres. suff, <a href="#Page_602">602</a>;</li> + <li>11,000 in Del. to U.S. Senate for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>;</li> + <li>treatment of petitions in Mass, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Phelan, U. S. Sen. James D, <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</li> +<li>Philadelphia, municipal corruption, need of women's votes, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>ignoring of women's civic work, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</li> + <li>entertains natl. suff. conv. of 1912, overflow meetings, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</li> + <li>great rally in Independence Square, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Philippines, wom. suff. soc. formed, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li> +<li>Phillips, Elsie Cole, at Senate hearing; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>need of the ballot by wives and mothers of working classes;</li> + <li>theirs not the ignorant vote, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>; <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</li> + <li>"Picketing," work of natl. Press Bureau to counteract;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt and Dr. Shaw condemn, editorials on, <a href="#Page_529">529-30</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Pierce, Charlotte, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; <a href="#Page_209">209</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>sole survivor of first Woman's Rights Convention, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>; <a href="#Page_559">559</a>;</li> + <li>natl. conv. sends letter, 1920, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Pierce, Katherine, <a href="#Page_685">685</a>.</li> +<li>Pierce, Rev. U. G. B, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>; <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> +<li>Pinchot, Gifford, shows nation's need of women's vote, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</li> +<li>Pinchot, Mrs. Gifford, entertains Natl. Bd, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report on Industrial Protection of Women, <a href="#Page_560">560</a>; <a href="#Page_731">731</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Pinkham, Winona Osborne, <a href="#Page_729">729</a>.</li> +<li>Pioneers, at natl. conv. '02, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>suff. luncheon at natl. conv. in Chicago, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Pittman, U. S. Sen. Key, <a href="#Page_713">713</a>.</li> +<li>Pitzer, Annie, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</li> +<li><a name="Planks" id="Planks"></a>Planks, for Woman Suffrage, efforts to obtain in platforms of polit. parties; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Repub. and Dem. endorse suff. in 1916 but not Fed. Amend.; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>efforts at State convs, <a href="#Page_504">504-5</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Natl. Assn's. effort to secure from natl. Pres. convs, in 1904, <a href="#Page_702">702</a>;</li> + <li>in 1908, <a href="#Page_703">703</a>;</li> + <li>in 1912, <a href="#Page_704">704-8</a>;</li> + <li>in 1916, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>, <a href="#Page_708">708</a>;</li> + <li>in 1920, <a href="#Page_715">715</a>.</li> + <li>See <a href="#CHAPTER_XXIII">Chapter XXIII.</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Plan of work, for 1901, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>for 1906, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li> + <li>for 1909, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</li> + <li>for 1917, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Platt, Margaret B, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li> +<li>Plummer, Mary R, <a href="#Page_667">667</a>.</li> +<li>Podell, Nettie A, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li> +<li>Pohl, Dr. Esther Lovejoy, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> +<li>Poindexter, U. S. Sen. Miles, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>.</li> +<li>Poindexter, Mrs. Miles, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> +<li>Polk, Gov. Joseph K. (Mo.), <a href="#Page_668">668</a>.</li> +<li>Pollock, U. S. Sen. William P, speaks for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>copies of speech sent to southern States, <a href="#Page_603">603</a>;</li> + <li>tries to obtain needed vote, <a href="#Page_641">641</a>; <a href="#Page_647">647</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Pomerene, U.S. Sen. Atlee, refuses to represent his State on Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_598">598</a>.</li> +<li>Pomeroy, U. S. Sen. S. C, offers first res. for Fed. Wom. Suff. Amend, in 1868, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>.</li> +<li>Porritt, Annie G, Laws Affecting Women and Children, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>; <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li> +<li>Portland, Ore, entertains natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mrs. Duniway and others meet the delegates, cordial welcome from press and people, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Porto Rico, Natl. Assn. asks wom. suff. for, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>suff. soc. formed, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Post, Louis F, on Ethics of Suffrage, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; <a href="#Page_205">205</a>; <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> +<li>Potter, Eva, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>.</li> +<li>Potter, Prof. Frances Squire, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Women and the Vote, speech on coll. women's eve, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</li> + <li>at Spokane, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</li> + <li>masterly speech on Coll. Women and Democracy, <a href="#Page_255">255-6</a>; <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</li> + <li>elected natl. cor. secy, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>; <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</li> + <li>sends letter of regret from Natl. Suff. Bd. to Pres. Taft, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</li> + <li>address on The Making of Democracy, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li> + <li>natl. cor. secy's, report, conv. gives rising vote, declines re-election, <a href="#Page_381">381-3</a>;</li> + <li>on Res. Com, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>; <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Pou, U. S. Rep. Edward W. (N. C.), + <ul class="IX"> + <li>chmn. Rules Com, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>; <a href="#Page_548">548</a>; <a href="#Page_628">628</a>; <a href="#Page_633">633</a>;</li> + <li>for Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_634">634-5</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Pound, L. Annice, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>Poyntz, Juliet Stuart, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> +<li>Pratt, Mayor N.S, welcomes suff. dele, to Spokane, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li> +<li>Presidential Conventions, treatment of wom. suff, see <a href="#CHAPTER_XXIII">Chapter XXIII</a>.</li> +<li>Presidential Suffrage, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>natl. assn's. early work for, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li> + <li>Mr. Blackwell's argument for, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> + <li>right of Legis. to grant, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li>great value of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li> + <li>Chief Justice Fuller's decision, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</li> + <li>line of least resistance, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</li> + <li>gained in Ills. and other States, power it gives women; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>first suggested by U. S. Sen. Hoar, <a href="#Page_369">369-70</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Ills. Sup. Ct. declares legality, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Exec. Council strongly endorses, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>;</li> + <li>bills introduced in 1916, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt declares grant by Legis. legal, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>great "drive" for begun, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Assn. works for, victories gained, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>;</li> + <li>great gains in 1918, <a href="#Page_550">550-1</a>;</li> + <li>Mo. Legis. grants during natl. suff. conv; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>appeals to conv. from Iowa, Tenn. and Conn, to ask their Legis. for it, <a href="#Page_559">559</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>98,000 women ask for in Conn, <a href="#Page_602">602</a>;</li> + <li>granted in many States, <a href="#Page_602">602</a>, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>, <a href="#Page_643">643</a>;</li> + <li>effect on personnel of Cong, <a href="#Page_643">643</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Price, Ellen H. E, welcomes natl. suff. conv. to Phila, <a href="#Page_33">33-4</a>; <a href="#Page_666">666</a>.</li> +<li>Price, Lucy J, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>; <a href="#Page_467">467</a>; <a href="#Page_476">476</a>; <a href="#Page_548">548</a>; <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li> +<li>Primary Suffrage, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Texas, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>;</li> + <li>in Ark, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>;</li> + <li>in Texas, <a href="#Page_641">641</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Prince of Wales, decorates Amer. woman doctor for war service, <a href="#Page_735">735</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li>See <a href="#Finley">Finley</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li><i>Progress</i>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>natl. suff. organ, begun, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>wide circulation, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li> + <li>62,000 distrib, made a monthly, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> + <li>changed to weekly, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Progressive Party, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>adopts worn, suff, <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>;</li> + <li>women assist, 1912, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Conv. declares for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</li> + <li>for worn, suff, <a href="#Page_625">625</a>;</li> + <li>formed in Chicago, adopts worn, suff, women flock into it, <a href="#Page_705">705-707</a>;</li> + <li>strong woman suffrage plank, <a href="#Page_714">714</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Prohibition, Federal Amendment adopted, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>vote for compared with vote for Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>;</li> + <li>submitted by Cong; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>suffs. see State's rights advocates voting for it, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Prohibition Party, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>wom. suff. in platform, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li> + <li>women assist, 1912, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Conv. declares for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</li> + <li>accepts League of Women Voters' planks, <a href="#Page_700">700</a>;</li> + <li>always for wom, suff, <a href="#Page_702">702</a>; <a href="#Page_714">714</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Proxies, natl, suff. conv. 1912, abolishes their voting, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</li> +<li>Publishing Company, Woman Suffrage; see <a href="#National_Woman_Suffrage_Publishing">Natl. Wom. Suff. Pub. Co.</a></li> +<li>Pyle, Mrs. John L, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>work in S. Dak, <a href="#Page_420">420-1</a>;</li> + <li>describes successful campn, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>; <a href="#Page_570">570</a>; <a href="#Page_669">669</a>;</li> + <li>offers res. against U. S. Sen. Wadsworth in natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_692">692</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> + +<h4>Q.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_Q" name="IX_Q"></a>Queen Mary, cables Dr. Shaw thanks of British women to Woman's Com. of Council of Natl. Defense, <a href="#Page_738">738</a>.</li> +<li>Queen Maud, of Norway, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>R.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_R" name="IX_R"></a>Race Problem, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Natl. Suff. Assn. declares its neutral position, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt says each State must decide it, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li> + <li>U. S. Sen. Borah's opinion, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</li> + <li>See <a href="#Negroes">Negroes</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Rainey, Mrs. Henry T, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> +<li>Raker, U. S. Rep. John E. (Calif.), + <ul class="IX"> + <li>wom. suff. clean cut question of right, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li> + <li>demands Com. on Wom. Suff. in Lower House, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;</li> + <li>at hearing in 1916, <a href="#Page_504">504-5</a>;</li> + <li>introd. Fed. Amend, and res. for Wom. Suff. Com, 1917, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>; <a href="#Page_548">548</a>;</li> + <li>introd. new res. for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>;</li> + <li>presides at hearing, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>;</li> + <li>interviews Pres. Wilson, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>; <a href="#Page_628">628</a>;</li> + <li>chmn. new Com. on Wom. Suff, <a href="#Page_634">634-5-6</a>;</li> + <li>for Fed. Elections Bill, <a href="#Page_658">658</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Raker, Mrs. John E, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> +<li>Rankin, Jeannette, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report as field secy, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>tells of Montana victory, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>on Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>;</li> + <li>as U. S. Rep. addresses suff. conv, <a href="#Page_520">520-1</a>;</li> + <li>tells of her bill for nationality of wives, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>;</li> + <li>speaks at natl. suff. headqrs. in Washtn, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</li> + <li>introd. Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>;</li> + <li>urges it at Senate hearing, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>; <a href="#Page_548">548</a>;</li> + <li>grills anti-suff. speaker, <a href="#Page_584">584</a>;</li> + <li>vote against war, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>;</li> + <li>first wom. Representative, speaks at suff. headqrs. and escorted to Capitol, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>; <a href="#Page_633">633</a>;</li> + <li>opens debate on Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Ranlett, Helen, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>; <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</li> +<li>Ransdell, U. S. Sen. Joseph E, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</li> + <li>votes for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_627">627</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li><a name="Ratification" id="Ratification"></a>Ratification of Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mrs. Catt's plans and work for; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>sends representatives to Governors, <a href="#Page_649">649-650</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>effort for spec, sessions of Legis, New York and Kans. lead; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mrs. Catt heads deputation to western States, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>action of southern section; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Conn, and Vt, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>great fight in Tenn, Mrs. Catt leads, Pres. Wilson assists, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>;</li> + <li>Maine and Ohio try referendum, U. S. Sup. Ct. decision, final victory, Amend, proclaimed, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>;</li> + <li>Conn, then ratifies and later Vt, <a href="#Page_653">653</a>;</li> + <li>appeals to courts, <a href="#Page_653">653-655</a>.</li> + <li>See St. chapters in Vol. VI near end of each.</li> + <li>Fight on by Men's Anti-Suff. Assn. in Conn, Md, W. Va, and Tenn, <a href="#Page_681">681-2</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Ratifications of Federal Amendment, partial list, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.</li> +<li>Red Cross, <a href="#Page_535">535</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>natl. suff. conv. asks that women be represented on its War Council; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>women do much of its work, plan of worn, nurses in army hospitals orig. with a woman and first military hospital was estab. by a woman;</li> + <li>com. appointed to confer with Red Cross, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>branch in natl. suff. headqrs, <a href="#Page_567">567</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Reed, U. S. Sen. James A, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>; <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</li> +<li>Reed, Speaker Thomas B, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>for wom. suff. 236.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Reid, Mrs. Ogden Mills, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>.</li> +<li>Reilley, Mrs. Eugene, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</li> +<li>Reilly, Caroline I, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report of Natl. Press Bureau for 1911; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>its work extends around the globe, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>for 1912, 20 syndicates on list, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>,000 copies of press bulletin sent weekly to every State and many countries, spec, editions for papers prepared, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>,000 letters answered during year, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>; <a href="#Page_604">604</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Remsen, Pres. Ira, presides at coll. wom. suff. evening, in Balto, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>invites natl. suff. conv. to visit Johns Hopkins, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Reports on Federal Suffrage Amendment, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Senate and House Coms, urged to report, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</li> + <li>refuse, 1912, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</li> + <li>from coms, of Cong, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>;</li> + <li>favorable from Senate, <a href="#Page_626">626</a>, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>;</li> + <li>few reports from House, <a href="#Page_627">627</a>;</li> + <li>from House Com. on Rules, <a href="#Page_628">628</a>;</li> + <li>from House Judic, <a href="#Page_631">631</a>;</li> + <li>from House Wom. Suff. Com. <a href="#Page_635">635</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Republican National Committee refuses to give natl. suff. com. list of its candidates for Cong, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>receives suff. speakers, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>;</li> + <li>natl. suff. conv. thanks chmn. for help with Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>;</li> + <li>effort for amend, <a href="#Page_636">636-638</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt thanks, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>;</li> + <li>work for ratification, <a href="#Page_651">651-2</a>;</li> + <li>in 1920 sends out appeal for it, <a href="#Page_715">715</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Republican National Conventions, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>one in 1916 declares for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</li> + <li>refuses plank for Fed. Amend, but endorse wom. suff, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>;</li> + <li>struggle over plank, <a href="#Page_509">509-10</a>;</li> + <li>action on League of Women Voters' planks, <a href="#Page_700">700</a>;</li> + <li>on wom. suff. planks in 1904, <a href="#Page_702">702</a>;</li> + <li>in 1908, <a href="#Page_703">703</a>;</li> + <li>in 1912, <a href="#Page_704">704</a>;</li> + <li>great struggle in 1916, names of friends and foes, State's rights plank, <a href="#Page_710">710-712</a>;</li> + <li>in 1920, Natl. Suff. Assn. demands ratif. of Fed. Amend, presents plank, Res. Com. evades, <a href="#Page_716">716-17</a>;</li> + <li>women ask representation in party, partially conceded, <a href="#Page_717">717</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Republican Party, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>attitude toward wom. suff, <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a>, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a>;</li> + <li>adopts plank, <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>;</li> + <li>vote in Cong, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a>, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a>;</li> + <li>record on Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>;</li> + <li>why was it not held responsible, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>;</li> + <li>record of members of Cong, on Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_474">474-5</a>;</li> + <li>vote of members of Cong, on Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>;</li> + <li>vote of members of Cong, on Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_563">563</a>, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>;</li> + <li>members in Cong, responsible for delay of Amend, <a href="#Page_598">598</a>;</li> + <li>promise Amend, <a href="#Page_620">620</a>;</li> + <li>do not assist, <a href="#Page_625">625</a>;</li> + <li>vote in Cong, on Fed. Amend, Senate, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>, <a href="#Page_627">627</a>;</li> + <li>Lower House, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>;</li> + <li>Senate, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>;</li> + <li>House, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>;</li> + <li>Senate, <a href="#Page_646">646</a>.</li> + <li>See <a href="#Page_647">647-8-9</a>.</li> + <li>Res. of Senators, <a href="#Page_639">639</a>;</li> + <li>party makes first declaration for State's rights in wom. suff. plank, 1916, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Resolutions, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>adopted by natl. suff. conv. of 1901, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> + <li>of 1902, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li>1903, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> + <li>of 1904, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</li> + <li>of 1905, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145-6</a>;</li> + <li>of 1906, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</li> + <li>of 1907, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li> + <li>of 1908, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</li> + <li>of 1909, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li> + <li>of 1911, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</li> + <li>of 1912, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</li> + <li>of 1913, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</li> + <li>of 1914, <a href="#Page_425">425-6</a>;</li> + <li>of 1915, sacredness of home and marriage, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>;</li> + <li>of 1916, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>of 1917, loyalty and service to the Govt, <a href="#Page_518">518</a>;</li> + <li>Cong. urged to submit Fed. Suff. Amend. as a War measure; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>rejoicing over many important victories;</li> + <li>support for war measures of Govt;</li> + <li>equal pay for equal work, <a href="#Page_543">543</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>of 1919, <a href="#Page_574">574-5</a>;</li> + <li>of 1920, <a href="#Page_600">600-1</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Resolutions for Woman Suffrage by various organizations, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> +<li>Reynolds, Minnie J, work on natl. suff. petit, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>secures writers' names, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</li> + <li>gives eminent list at Senate hearing, <a href="#Page_295">295-297</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Rhees, Pres. Rush, speaks of Anthony Mem. Bldg, <a href="#Page_744">744</a>.</li> +<li>Rhinelander, Rt. Rev. Philip Mercer, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> +<li>Richards, Janet, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>bef. House Judic. Com, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>;</li> + <li>on recep. com, 1917, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Richardson, A. Madely, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>.</li> +<li>Richardson, Nell, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>,000 mile motor suff. trip, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</li> +<li>Richardson, "Tom", welcomes natl. suff. conv. to New Orleans, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> +<li>Ringrose, Mary E, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> +<li>Riordan, U. S. Rep, Daniel J. (N. Y.), <a href="#Page_548">548</a>; <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</li> +<li>Roberts, Gov. Albert H, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>helps ratif. in Tenn, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>;</li> + <li>Dem. Natl. Com. urges to call spec. session for ratif, <a href="#Page_717">717</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Robertson, Beatrice Forbes, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</li> +<li>Robins, Raymond, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>; <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</li> +<li>Robins, Mrs. Raymond, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>pres. Natl. Wom. Trade Union League, on White Slave Traffic, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</li> + <li>appeals for vote in name of the league, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>; <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</li> + <li>res. that suffs. support only candidates favoring Fed. Amend, stirs up Atlantic City conv, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>;</li> + <li>asks ballot for women wage earners, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>; <a href="#Page_564">564</a>; <a href="#Page_570">570</a>;</li> + <li>chmn. Women in Industry Com, <a href="#Page_686">686</a>, <a href="#Page_692">692</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Robinson, State Sen. Helen Ring (Colo.), <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> +<li>Robinson, Margaret C, accused by Mrs. Catt of making false assertions against her during the war, <a href="#Page_736">736</a>.</li> +<li>Rochester University, mem. bldg. for Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_200">200-1</a>.</li> +<li>Rodgers, Helen Z. M, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> +<li>Roessing, Mrs. Frank M, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tells of Penn. campn, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>; <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>elected natl. vice-pres, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>; <a href="#Page_485">485</a>; <a href="#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>appt. chmn. Congressl. Comm, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>;</li> + <li>report of work, <a href="#Page_503">503-511</a>;</li> + <li>aids Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>; <a href="#Page_566">566</a>;</li> + <li>work at Repub. Natl. Conv, <a href="#Page_710">710</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Rogers, Mrs. Henry Wade, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>elected natl. treas, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</li> + <li>report, large receipts, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>;</li> + <li>re-elected, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>;</li> + <li>report for 1916, receipts, $81,869; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>obligations to "finance com. of fifty," <a href="#Page_482">482-3</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>report as chmn. for war com. on Food Production, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>re-elected, treas. report for 1917, comparison with early days, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>; <a href="#Page_555">555</a>;</li> + <li>report for 1918, receipts, $107,736; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Oversea Hospitals' fund, $133,339, <a href="#Page_558">558</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>report, receipts from 1914 to 1920; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>with Oversea Hospitals' fund, $612,000, <a href="#Page_608">608</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>seven years of gratuitous service, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>;</li> + <li>at Repub. Natl. Conv, <a href="#Page_716">716</a>; <a href="#Page_724">724</a>;</li> + <li>report of funds for Women's Oversea Hospitals during the war, <a href="#Page_734">734</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Rogers, Mrs. John, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> +<li>Roosevelt, Alice, greets Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> +<li>Roosevelt, President Theodore, <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>invites Miss Anthony to White House, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li> + <li>receives natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</li> + <li>it asks him to recommend Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li> + <li>Miss Anthony presents list of requests, all ignored, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> + <li>birthday letter to Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</li> + <li>suff. com. interviews, he says a petition would have no effect on him, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>; <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</li> + <li>says people have a right to change Natl. Constitn, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</li> + <li>speaks for wom. suff, in Metrop. Opera House, New York, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</li> + <li>urges U. S. Sen. Moses to vote for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_571">571</a>;</li> + <li>favors Amend, <a href="#Page_579">579</a>;</li> + <li>favors wom. suff. plank in Progressive platform, <a href="#Page_625">625</a>;</li> + <li>speaks for it, <a href="#Page_626">626</a>;</li> + <li>urges Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>;</li> + <li>at Natl. Repub. Conv, 1912, <a href="#Page_705">705</a>;</li> + <li>forms Progressive Party; its res. com. substitutes another for his wom. suff. plank, <a href="#Page_706">706</a>;</li> + <li>he accepts and speaks for it, <a href="#Page_707">707</a>;</li> + <li>while Pres, he refused all appeals, <a href="#Page_706">706</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Roosevelt, Jr, Mrs. Theodore, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> +<li>Root, Mrs. Elihu, advises Pres. Taft not to welcome natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li> +<li>Root, Martha S, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>; <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Rowe, Charlotte, amazing "anti" speech, <a href="#Page_592">592</a>.</li> +<li>Rucker, U. S. Rep. A. W, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>speaks for Colo, at suff. conv, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</li> + <li>introd. Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> + <li>women's vote in Colo, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>; <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Rumely, Edward A, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.</li> +<li>Russia, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>loyal to U. S, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li> + <li>legal and polit. status of women, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>; <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Ruutz-Rees, Caroline, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>elected natl. vice-pres, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</li> + <li>org. Junior Suff. Corps, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>;</li> + <li>chmn. Com. on Literature, compiles some of Dr. Shaw's speeches, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>;</li> + <li>bef. Senate com, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;</li> + <li>bef. House com, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</li> + <li>at mem. service for Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Ryan, Agnes E, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>; <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</li> +<li>Ryerson, Mrs. Arthur, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>.</li> +<li>Ryshpan, Bertha, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>S.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_S" name="IX_S"></a>Sacajawea, statue dedicated, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> +<li>Safford, Rev. Mary A, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>; <a href="#Page_541">541</a>; <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</li> +<li>Sage, Mrs. Russell, contributions to suff. work, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> +<li>St. Louis, entertains Jubilee Conv. of Natl. Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_552">552</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report fills 322 pages.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Salmon, Prof. Lucy M, college women's debt to suff. pioneers, address at natl. suff. conv. in Balto, <a href="#Page_168">168-9</a>; <a href="#Page_663">663</a>.</li> +<li>Sanders, M. J, shows need of wom. suff, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> +<li>Sanford, Prof. Maria L, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>; <a href="#Page_669">669</a>.</li> +<li>Sargent, U. S. Sen. A. A, first to present Fed. Wom. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>.</li> +<li>Sargent, Ellen Clark (Mrs. A. A.), <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>entertains suff. leaders, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>; <a href="#Page_180">180</a>; <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</li> + <li>memorial, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Sargent, Mrs. James, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> +<li>Savage, Bessie J, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> +<li>Savage, Clara, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> +<li>Schall, U. S. Rep. Thomas D. (Minn.), <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.</li> +<li>Schauss, Elizabeth, shows working women's need of suff, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li> +<li>Schneiderman, Rose, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>no chivalry to working women, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>; <a href="#Page_519">519</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Schoff, Mrs. Frederick, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> +<li>Schools for citizenship, under League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_688">688</a>, <a href="#Page_690">690</a>, <a href="#Page_698">698-9</a>.</li> +<li>Schwimmer, Rosika (Hungary), + <ul class="IX"> + <li>brings petition for peace to Pres. Wilson and says wom. suff. would do away with war, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>at Miss. Valley Conf, <a href="#Page_669">669</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Scott, Mrs. Francis M, <a href="#Page_679">679</a>.</li> +<li>Scott, Prof. John A, invites suff. conv. to visit Northwestern Univ, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>Scott, Mrs. Townsend, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li> +<li>Scott, Mrs. William Force, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> +<li>Seattle, entertains natl. suff. conv. of 1909, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>receives vote of thanks, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Semple, Patty Blackburn, tells of "indirect influence," <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li> +<li>Senate Committee on Woman Suffrage, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>grants six hearings in 1913, names of com, <a href="#Page_382">382-3</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Seneca Falls, has first Woman's Rights Conv, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>; <a href="#Page_618">618</a>.</li> +<li>Seton, Ernest Thompson, for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> +<li>Seton, Mrs. Ernest Thompson, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report of Art Publicity Com, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>; <a href="#Page_442">442</a>;</li> + <li>arr. display of suff. posters, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Severance, Caroline M, pioneer suff, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> +<li>Sewall, May Wright, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>speaks for Peace and Arbitration, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> + <li>for memorial bust of Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_201">201-2</a>;</li> + <li>founder Intl. Council of Women, <a href="#Page_658">658</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Sexton, Minola Graham, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> +<li>Shafroth, U. S. Sen. John F, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>addresses natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>answers Pres. Cleveland's anti-suff. article, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li> + <li>bef. Senate com. in 1910, men have usurped suff. rights, <a href="#Page_297">297-8</a>;</li> + <li>arr. hearing for Dr. Shaw bef. House of Governors, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</li> + <li>introd. Shafroth Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>;</li> + <li>answers misrepresentations on wom. suff. in Colo, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>natl. suff. conv. thanks for assistance, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>on suff. platform, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>;</li> + <li>has conf. of Senators on wom, suff, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>;</li> + <li>700,000 copies Amend, speech circulated, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt introd. to Senate com. as an "unfailing friend" of wom. suff; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>he declares it to be "simply another step in the evolution of govt," <a href="#Page_545">545</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>tribute of chmn. Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>; <a href="#Page_571">571</a>;</li> + <li>speech for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>; <a href="#Page_648">648</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Shafroth-Palmer National Woman Suffrage Amendment, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>full story of, <a href="#Page_411">411-418</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422-424</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>;</li> + <li>drawn up and submitted to lawyers and Senators, introd. by Sen. Shafroth and Rep. Palmer, <a href="#Page_414">414-416</a>;</li> + <li>Official Bd. approves it, text of, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>;</li> + <li>its merits presented to conv. by Mrs. Funk; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>refers to at hearing bef. Judic. Com;</li> + <li>U. S. Sen. Bristow calls it a national initiative and referendum;</li> + <li><i>Woman's Journal</i> says it should have been submitted to Natl. Exec. Council, <a href="#Page_416">416-418</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>strong protest at Miss. Valley Conf, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</li> + <li>great dissatisfaction among suffs; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Official Bd. stands by it;</li> + <li>discussion at natl. conv;</li> + <li>Miss Blackwell supports it, <a href="#Page_422">422-3</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>will hasten day of Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Blatch objects, res. adopted, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>effect on election of officers, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Funk calls it natl. initiative; Congressl. Com. works for, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>;</li> + <li>natl. suff. conv. 1915, rescinds last year's action; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>passes res. that Natl. Amer. Assn. will work only for old Fed. Amend;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw explains her action;</li> + <li>end of Amend, <a href="#Page_452">452-3</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>letters on it in <i>Woman's Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_747">747-750</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Shaw, Dr. Anna Howard, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at natl. conv. in 1901, would rather starve than give up wom. suff, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li> + <li>on chivalry, scores "antis," <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + <li>appeal against "regulated" vice, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>; <a href="#Page_12">12</a>; <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li> + <li>welcomes intl. suff. conf, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> + <li>at Balto. conv, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>on Miss Anthony's birthday, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> + <li>speech on Power of an Incentive, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>addresses Senate com. and urges Cong. to investigate practical working of wom. suff, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li>at natl. suff. conv. in New Orleans, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li> + <li>responds to greetings, tribute to southern women, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> + <li>preaches Sunday sermon, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li> + <li>presides at meetings, <a href="#Page_70">70-1</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Mrs. Stanton, Miss Anthony and Lucy Stone, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> + <li>lively answers to question box, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> + <li>on The Modern Democratic Ideal, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li> + <li>on Fate of Republics, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li> + <li>at natl. conv. of 1904, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li> + <li>prepares Decl. of Principles; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>dele, to Berlin conf;</li> + <li>makes southern tour, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>optimistic view of wom. suff, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>; <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> + <li>on hymn, America, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li> + <li>elected pres. of Natl. Assn; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mrs. Catt presents, tribute of Washtn, <i>Star</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>speaks on Woman without a Country, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> + <li>recep. en route to Portland conv, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li> + <li>presides at conv, Ore. Hist. Society presents gavel, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li> + <li>gives first written address, pen picture of, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> + <li>pays tribute to Sacajawea, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</li> + <li>extols work of suffs, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li> + <li>answers criticisms of Cardinal Gibbons and ex-Pres. Cleveland, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li> + <li>describes great "dreamers" of the past, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li> + <li>chmn. of suff. com. of Intl. Council of Women, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; <a href="#Page_130">130</a>; <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</li> + <li>on Ore. suff. campn, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</li> + <li>cordial recep. in Calif, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li> + <li>opens natl. suff. conv. in Balto, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</li> + <li>responds to greetings, says people must help God to answer their prayers, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li> + <li>replies to Gov. Warfield, time women ceased to be proxy voters, <a href="#Page_153">153-4</a>;</li> + <li>introd. Mrs. Howe and Miss Barton, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> + <li>gives written address, hearers protest, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li> + <li>criticises Pres. Roosevelt's statement that women in industry decreases marriage, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li> + <li>that woman's domain is home, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</li> + <li>has fun with the "oracles," Cardinal Gibbons, ex-Pres. Cleveland and Dr. Lyman Abbott, <a href="#Page_157">157-8</a>;</li> + <li>women need self-respect; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>scores Legislatures, loss to country by women's disfranchisement, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>great injustice from time of Civil War; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>when will Pres. and Cong. act, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>would continue proxy votes at convs, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> + <li>asks for women on Natl. Divorce Commissn, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li> + <li>guests of Miss Garrett at Balto. conv, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> + <li>conducts Sunday services, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>; <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> + <li>closes conv. with appeal for consecrated work, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</li> + <li>presides at Senate hearing, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li> + <li>Miss Anthony places the work in her charge, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</li> + <li>presides over natl. suff. conv. of '07, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</li> + <li>president's address, rejoices over victories; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>never will be orgztn. of Tories;</li> + <li>farewell tribute to Miss Anthony and her sister, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>on mem. fund com, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to suff. pioneers, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</li> + <li>addresses Chicago Univ. girls, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li> + <li>reads last message of Mary Anthony, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</li> + <li>closes conv. with hopeful words, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li> + <li>presides at natl, conv. of 1908, flowers presented, comment on teachers, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> + <li>sends suff. assn's. greetings to Natl. W. C. T. U, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> + <li>president's address on revolution of the pioneers; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tribute of Buffalo <i>Express</i>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>opens coll. evening, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. George Howard Lewis gives luncheon at 20th Century Club, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</li> + <li>presides at Sunday service, personal notice, believes in dignity of labor, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</li> + <li>women work but do not receive wages, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li> + <li>tells of parade in London, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</li> + <li>rec. first salary as Pres, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li> + <li>rec. Mrs. Lewis's gift to Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li> + <li>sympathy with Brit, "militants," <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</li> + <li>eloquent peroration, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</li> + <li>at St. Paul, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li> + <li>presented with gavel at Spokane, says blow for wom. suff. will be struck on Pacific coast, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li> + <li>opens suff. conv. at Seattle, pays tribute to Mrs. Catt, <a href="#Page_246">246-7</a>;</li> + <li>is member of Grange, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>; <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li> + <li>no stenographic report of speeches, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</li> + <li>"question box," 257; <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li> + <li>Sunday services, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</li> + <li>thanks Miss Gordon, compliments Gov. Vessey, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</li> + <li>does not know politics, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>; <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</li> + <li>closing speech, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li> + <li>at Expos, on suff. day, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li> + <li>opens natl. conv. of 1910, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</li> + <li>presiding when Pres. Taft makes address of welcome, distressed at apparent hissing, expresses regret in the conv, sends letter to the President in name of Official Bd, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272-3</a>;</li> + <li>tributes to Mr. Blackwell and Mr. Garrison, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</li> + <li>re-elected pres, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</li> + <li>presides at Sunday meeting, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li> + <li>closes conv. 290;</li> + <li>presides at Senate hearing, tells of great petit, says democracy never has been tried; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>introd. speakers;</li> + <li>scores women "antis";</li> + <li>begs for a report, <a href="#Page_291">291-299</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>opens natl. conv. in Louisville, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li> + <li>gives $3,000 from unknown contrib, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</li> + <li>president's address; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tribute to men of Wash, and Calif, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>guest of honor Coll. Women's Suff. League, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li> + <li>presides at Sunday afternoon meeting, introd. noted speakers, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;</li> + <li>re-elected, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>closing address, "eloquent with hope," <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</li> + <li>"citizen of the world," <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</li> + <li>large fund for campns. received from Mrs. Quincy A. Shaw, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</li> + <li>president's address, "American women are ruled by the men of every country in the world," <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</li> + <li>sends congrat. of Natl. Assn. to Governors of States with suff. victories, who respond, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</li> + <li>presides at great Sunday meeting in Phila, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>; <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;</li> + <li>at Senate hearing, 1912, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</li> + <li>begs the com. to bring a Fed. Suff. Amend, bef. the Senate and to appoint a com. to investigate its working in equal suff. States, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;</li> + <li>speaks in 13 States and 5 countries of Europe in 1913, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</li> + <li>president's address at natl. conv; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>has heard objections against wom. suff. but no reasons;</li> + <li>women too emotional;</li> + <li>compares last Pres. conv. in Balto. with natl. convs. of women, <a href="#Page_370">370-1</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>criticizes Pres. Wilson for ignoring wom. suff. in his first message, <a href="#Page_373">373-4</a>;</li> + <li>recd. by him and presents case for suffs, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;</li> + <li>appoints Alice Paul head of Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</li> + <li>closes conv, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</li> + <li>presides at hearing for a Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>; <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</li> + <li>says suffs. would not ask partisan com, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;</li> + <li>business of the Govt. to protect women in their right to vote, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</li> + <li>presides at natl. conv. in Nashville, presented with gavel from tree planted by Andrew Jackson, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</li> + <li>pays tribute to southern women, calls on southern men to give them the ballot, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</li> + <li>conv. passes res. of appreciation for her "splendid services" of past year and willingness to stand for re-election, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</li> + <li>president's address, divine right of Kings soon obsolete; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>with wom. suff. war could be averted, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>asks Pres. Wilson to proclaim Women's Independence Day, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;</li> + <li>uses her campn. fund, her long itinerary, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</li> + <li>rec. testimonial from organizers, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to people of Nashville, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>agrees to Shafroth-Palmer Amend, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</li> + <li>re-elected, 1914, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</li> + <li>sits on Speaker's bench at opening of Cong; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>recd, by Pres. Wilson, asks him to use his influence for a Fed. Suff. Amend, and plank in Dem. natl. platform, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>welcomes new workers, thanks God for old, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>;</li> + <li>tribute of publicity chmn, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>;</li> + <li>decides to retire from presidency, states reasons in <i>Woman's Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>;</li> + <li>president's address, leading' feature of convs; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>outlines future work of assn, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>shows need of loyalty and co-operation bet. officers and members; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>receives ovation, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>shows Miss Anthony's pin from Wyoming women; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>conv. orders address printed, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>compilation of her speeches made; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>speaks 30 times in N. J. campn, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>204 in N. Y, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;</li> + <li>addresses Coll. League, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>attitude on Shafroth Amend, opposed but yields to Official Bd, thinks it was introd. too soon, <a href="#Page_450">450-1</a>;</li> + <li>accepted presidency of Natl. Assn. in 1904 only because urged by Miss Anthony; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>compelled to give it up by other duties, wants Mrs. Catt for her successor, <a href="#Page_455">455-6</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>votes for her and pays tribute, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;</li> + <li>natl. suff. conv. releases Dr. Shaw with beautiful ceremonies, elects her hon. pres. and friends present her with annuity, <a href="#Page_457">457-8</a>;</li> + <li>she responds and introd. Mrs. Catt, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>;</li> + <li>presides at mass meeting Sunday, <a href="#Page_459">459-60</a>;</li> + <li>appreciation and thanks of Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>;</li> + <li>presides at Senate hearing, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>;</li> + <li>takes up world questions and asks for woman's vote on them; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tribute to com, <a href="#Page_465">465-6</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>at House hearing asked to state diff. between Natl Suff. Assn. and Congressl. Union and does so, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>urges no change in policy of Natl. Am. Assn, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</li> + <li>stands for non partisanship, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>;</li> + <li>responds to Pres. Wilson's address to natl. suff. conv, "women want suff, now," <a href="#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + <li>presides over last evening session; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>closes address with a definition of Americanism and tribute to the flag, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>reception with wives of Cabinet at suff. conv. 1917, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>;</li> + <li>opens convention with invocation, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>;</li> + <li>moves rising vote on pledge of war service to Govt, <a href="#Page_518">518</a>;</li> + <li>appointed by Govt. as chmn. of Woman's Com. of Council of National Defense, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>presides at evening session, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>nominates Mrs. Catt for office, <a href="#Page_522">522-3</a>;</li> + <li>condemns "picketing", <a href="#Page_530">530</a>;</li> + <li>proposes message of loyalty and support to Pres. Wilson, which conv. sends, <a href="#Page_533">533</a>;</li> + <li>speech on women and war, <a href="#Page_534">534-6</a>;</li> + <li>women the army at home; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>must not make all the sacrifices;</li> + <li>should be "smokeless" days;</li> + <li>describes Woman's Com. of Natl. Defense, <a href="#Page_536">536</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>speaks of injustice to Clara Barton; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>presents Mrs. Avery, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>tribute to her oratory, <a href="#Page_544">544</a>;</li> + <li>invocation at opening of natl. conv. 1919; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>presents Mrs. Catt, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>southern dele. give illuminated testimonial and she responds, <a href="#Page_554">554</a>;</li> + <li>moves a res. of thanks to Pres. Wilson, <a href="#Page_558">558</a>; <a href="#Page_559">559</a>;</li> + <li>assistance to Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_567">567</a>;</li> + <li>at Pioneer's evening gives reminis. of Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_569">569-70</a>;</li> + <li>presides on last evening, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>;</li> + <li>at last suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>;</li> + <li>speech shows Govt's recognition of loyalty of Natl. Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>;</li> + <li>other countries recognize women's service by giving suff, <a href="#Page_579">579</a>;</li> + <li>eminent supporters of Fed. Suff. Amend; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>to fail to ask it would be treason, <a href="#Page_579">579</a>; <a href="#Page_581">581</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>opened natl. convs. with prayer 28 yrs, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>;</li> + <li>tribute of Mrs. Shuler, memorial booklet by Natl. Bd; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>her last speech, What the War Meant to Women, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>memorial service at natl. suff. conv, program, tribute of N. Y. <i>Times</i>, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt's eulogy, beautiful comparison, <a href="#Page_612">612</a>;</li> + <li>devotion to cause of wom. suff; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>nearest and dearest to Miss Anthony;</li> + <li>great power of oratory, <a href="#Page_612">612</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>work for her country; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>two college foundations estab. as memorials;</li> + <li>her college degrees. Autobiography, Story of a Pioneer, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>her tribute to Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>;</li> + <li>Pres. Wilson congratulates, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>;</li> + <li>vice-pres. Coll. Equal Suff. League, <a href="#Page_663">663</a>;</li> + <li>favors League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_685">685</a>;</li> + <li>appeals to Dem. natl. conv. in 1908, <a href="#Page_704">704</a>;</li> + <li>in 1912, <a href="#Page_707">707</a>; <a href="#Page_724">724</a>;</li> + <li>on women's attitude toward war, <a href="#Page_725">725</a>;</li> + <li>Govt. appoints her chmn. Woman's Com. of Council of Natl. Defense, <a href="#Page_726">726-7</a>;</li> + <li>her work, <a href="#Page_737">737</a>;</li> + <li>telegram from Queen Mary, <a href="#Page_738">738</a>;</li> + <li>tribute by Secy. of War Baker; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>receives distinguished service medal, <a href="#Page_739">739</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>closes work of Woman's Com. but thinks it should be continued for civic work, <a href="#Page_739">739</a>;</li> + <li>goes on speaking tour in behalf of League of Nations with former Pres. Taft and Pres. Lowell, <a href="#Page_739">739</a>;</li> + <li>overworks and dies before it is finished, <a href="#Page_740">740</a>.</li> + <li>Appendix, approves Anthony Mem. Bldg, <a href="#Page_744">744</a>, <a href="#Page_754">754</a>;</li> + <li>address on resigning presidency of Natl. Amer. Assn; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>U. S. Govt. violates its own principles in refusing suff. to women, <a href="#Page_750">750</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>assn. must not be swerved from its purpose, new recruits want spectacular methods, State action is the foundation, <a href="#Page_751">751</a>;</li> + <li>on tour for League of Nations; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>nation mourns death, <a href="#Page_757">757-8</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>tribute to Amer. flag; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>women traitors to democracy not to demand suff;</li> + <li>receives disting. service medal;</li> + <li>accepts it for service of all women;</li> + <li>on Exec. Com. of League to Enforce Peace;</li> + <li>it circulates her last speech, <a href="#Page_758">758</a>;</li> + <li>"out of this war must come world peace;</li> + <li>American flag means hope for the world;</li> + <li>mothers will not endure war;</li> + <li>will of the people must prevent it," <a href="#Page_759">759</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>memorial of Natl. Suff. Bd; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>tributes of Pres. Wilson, Vice-pres. Marshall, former Pres. Taft, Director Grosvenor B. Clarkson, Secy. of the Interior Lane, Mrs. Henry Fawcett, Lady Aberdeen, Elizabeth C. Carter, Natl. and Intl. Assns, <a href="#Page_760">760-1</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Shaw, Helen Adelaide, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> +<li>Shaw, Nicolas, <a href="#Page_754">754</a>.</li> +<li>Shaw, Mrs. Quincy A. (Pauline Agassiz), <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>gives fund for campn. work, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Shaw, Mrs. Robert Gould, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>contrib. to wom. suff, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Shepherd, Lulu Loveland, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> +<li>Sheppard, U. S. Sen. Morris, speech for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_572">572</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>votes for it, <a href="#Page_627">627</a>; <a href="#Page_646">646</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Shetter, Charlotte, designs seal, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> +<li>Shibley, George H, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> +<li>Shores, Mrs. E. A, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> +<li>Shortt, Rev. J. Burgette, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +<li>Shuler, Marjorie, natl. chmn. of Publicity, in Fla, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Okla. campn, <a href="#Page_558">558</a>;</li> + <li>on Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>;</li> + <li>report of Washtn. suff. press bureau, <a href="#Page_573">573</a>;</li> + <li>on Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>;</li> + <li>on commissn. to West, <a href="#Page_605">605-6</a>;</li> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>;</li> + <li>welcomed in Washtn, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Shuler, Nettie Rogers, pres. Western New York Fed. of Wom. Clubs, welcomes natl. conv, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>elected natl. cor. secy, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>; <a href="#Page_527">527</a>;</li> + <li>report for 1917; tells of universal demonstrations for Fed. Amend, vast distrib. of literature, suff. schools, work of 225 organizers instructed by Mrs. Catt, <a href="#Page_538">538-9</a>;</li> + <li>work for Pres. suff, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>;</li> + <li>re-elected, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>campns. in western States, <a href="#Page_550">550</a>;</li> + <li>valuable report for Com. of Campaigns and Surveys, <a href="#Page_554">554-558</a>;</li> + <li>in campn. States, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>; <a href="#Page_562">562</a>; <a href="#Page_568">568</a>; <a href="#Page_570">570</a>;</li> + <li>chapter for Hist, on League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>, <a href="#Page_683">683</a>;</li> + <li>sends letter of thanks to Governors for Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_600">600</a>;</li> + <li>report for 1919, most important year in history of assn, <a href="#Page_601">601-608</a>;</li> + <li>lines of work indexed under respective heads; great "drive" for ratif; of Fed. Amend. from natl. headqrs, under Mrs. Catt's direction, <a href="#Page_604">604-607</a>;</li> + <li>renders homage to her, <a href="#Page_608">608</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Natl. Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>;</li> + <li>chmn. Citizenship Schools Com, <a href="#Page_690">690</a>;</li> + <li>at Natl. Repub. Conv, <a href="#Page_716">716</a>; <a href="#Page_724">724</a>;</li> + <li>helps revise constn. of Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_756">756</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Siewers, Dr. Sarah M, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> +<li>Simkovitch, Mary M. K, <a href="#Page_705">705</a>.</li> +<li>Simpson, Mrs. David, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</li> +<li>Sims, U. S. Rep. Thetus W. (Tenn.), <a href="#Page_637">637</a>.</li> +<li>Sioussat, Mrs. Albert L, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +<li>Skinner. Mrs. Otis, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> +<li>Slade, Mrs. Louis F, women's war service in N. Y, <a href="#Page_533">533</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>offers res. for women on Red Cross War Council, <a href="#Page_539">539-40</a>;</li> + <li>New York's apology for U. S. Sen. Wadsworth, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>; <a href="#Page_689">689</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Smith, Gov. Alfred E. (N. Y.), calls spec, session to ratify Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>welcomes Mrs. Catt from Tenn. campn, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Smith, Caroline M, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> +<li>Smith, Charles Sprague, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> +<li>Smith, Mrs. Draper, tells of defeat in Neb, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>campn. work, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>; <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Smith, U. S. Sen. Ellison D, <a href="#Page_713">713</a>.</li> +<li>Smith, Ethel M, estab. natl. speakers' bureau, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>work on Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>;</li> + <li>report on Indust. Protect. of Women, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>chmn. of publicity, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>;</li> + <li>report on Protect. of Women in Government service, <a href="#Page_728">728</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Smith, U. S. Sen. Hoke, <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</li> +<li>Smith, Judith W, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; <a href="#Page_208">208</a>; <a href="#Page_501">501</a>.</li> +<li>Smith, Dr. Julia Holmes, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>.</li> +<li>Smith, Mrs. Thomas Jefferson, speaks at natl. conv, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>elected to Natl. Bd, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>; <a href="#Page_724">724</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Smithsonian Institution, gives space for suff. exhibit; list of articles including historic table on which Call for first Woman's Rights Conv. was written; story of, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>.</li> +<li>Smoot, U. S. Sen. Reed, "glories in every victory for wom. suff," <a href="#Page_546">546</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>speaks at Senate hearing, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>;</li> + <li>for wom. suff. plank in Repub. platform, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Smoot, Mrs. Reed, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> +<li>Snell, U. S. Rep. Bertrand H. (N. Y.), <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.</li> +<li>Snowden, Mrs. Philip, situation in Brit. Parl, defends "militancy," <a href="#Page_236">236-238</a>.</li> +<li>Social Evil, natl. suff. conv. protests against "regulated" vice in Manila, and Hawaii, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>again; govt. "regulation" in Philippines stopped by War Dept, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> + <li>conv. protests against it in Cincinnati, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> + <li>protests against legal sanction, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</li> + <li>calls for suppression of white slave traffic, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li> + <li>discussion of social evil, <a href="#Page_224">224-226</a>;</li> + <li>position of Natl. Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</li> + <li>Miss Addams shows necessity for women to deal with, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt demands polit. power in the hands of women to deal with, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Socialist Party, for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>the only one, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</li> + <li>Rep. Berger at House hearing, <a href="#Page_361">361-2</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. conv. declares for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</li> + <li>statistics of vote in N. Y. suff. amend, campn, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>;</li> + <li>did not carry N. Y, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>;</li> + <li>"antis" say they did, <a href="#Page_584">584</a>;</li> + <li>always advocate wom. suff, <a href="#Page_702">702</a>;</li> + <li>plank in platform, <a href="#Page_714">714</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Somerville, Nellie Nugent, natl. vice-pres, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>; <a href="#Page_671">671</a>.</li> +<li>South, members of Cong, vote for Fed. Suff. Amend, women work for it, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>attitude toward wom. suff, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li> + <li>see <a href="#CHAPTER_III">Chap. III</a>;</li> + <li>child labor laws, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</li> + <li>resentment of southern women against attitude of southern members of Cong. on wom. suff, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw pays tribute to the women, says it is duty of southern men to give them suff, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</li> + <li>Jane Addams speaks of the men, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>attitude of women toward suff, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + <li>want Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;</li> + <li>at natl. suff. conv, speakers demand wom. suff, <a href="#Page_490">490-3</a>;</li> + <li>position of members of Cong. on Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>press sentiment changes, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>;</li> + <li>southern dele. to natl. suff. conv. present testimonials to Mrs. Catt and Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_554">554</a>;</li> + <li>shall southern men stand in the way, <a href="#Page_579">579</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Dudley says State's rights doctrine a fallacy; negro vote discussed, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>;</li> + <li>many petitions for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>;</li> + <li>from Texas, <a href="#Page_588">588-9</a>;</li> + <li>from other southern States, <a href="#Page_589">589-90</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Assn. gives large assistance for wom. suff. but States fail in their part, <a href="#Page_603">603</a>;</li> + <li>vote in Cong. for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>;</li> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_641">641-647</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>South Africa, <a href="#Page_iii">iii.</a></li> +<li>South Dakota, Natl. Assn. helps campns, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>; <a href="#Page_254">254</a>; <a href="#Page_277">277</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>liquor interests in suff. campn. 1913, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</li> + <li>in 1918, <a href="#Page_557">557</a>;</li> + <li>gives worn, suff, <a href="#Page_641">641</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>South, Mrs. John G, on commissn. for ratif. to West, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>; <a href="#Page_650">650</a>.</li> +<li>South, Mrs. Oliver, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</li> +<li>Southworth, Louisa, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>contrib. to suff. headqrs, <a href="#Page_754">754</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Southern Woman Suffrage Conference, reason for, organization, officers, plan of campn, <a href="#Page_671">671</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mrs. Belmont finances, headqrs, paper started, <a href="#Page_673">673</a>;</li> + <li>with State's rights plank in Dem. natl. platform conf. is discontinued, <a href="#Page_673">673</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Spargo, John, at suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.</li> +<li>Spencer, Rev. Anna Garlin, conv. sermon in 1902, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Felix Adler's tribute, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</li> + <li>conv. sermon in 1908, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> + <li>first woman's rights conv. result of wave of idealism, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</li> + <li>strong speech on social evil, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Spencer, U. S. Sen. Selden P, speaks at suff. conv, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.</li> +<li>Sperry, Mary S, birthday gift to Miss Anthony in 1902, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>entertains suff. leaders, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li> + <li>pres. Calif, suff. assn, responds to greetings, 1907, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</li> + <li>elected to Natl. Bd, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</li> + <li>responds to greetings at Portland conv, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>; <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li> + <li>at Louisville conv, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</li> + <li>signs appeal to natl. Repub. conv, 1904, <a href="#Page_704">704</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Spofford, Jane H, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; <a href="#Page_45">45</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>mem. res. for, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Spokane, entertains dele. to natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_244">244-246</a>.</li> +<li>Springer, Elmina, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> +<li>Stanford, Mrs. Leland, mem. res. for, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Stanley, U. S. Sen. A. O, <a href="#Page_713">713</a>.</li> +<li>Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, work for Hist, of Wom. Suff, <a href="#Page_iii">iii</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>pres. natl. suff. assn, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>; <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> + <li>letter on Church and Wom. Suff, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li> + <li>Clara Barton's tribute, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li> + <li>had first idea of intl. suff. conf, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> + <li>on Educated Suff, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li> + <li>last address to natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>; <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>tributes of Miss Anthony and Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> + <li>early fight for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> + <li>tributes from college women at natl. suff. conv. in Balto, <a href="#Page_169">169-173</a>;</li> + <li>for admission of women to Cornell Univ, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>; <a href="#Page_185">185</a>; <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</li> + <li>on first Wom. Rights Conv, 1848, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> + <li>signs Call for it, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</li> + <li>at early wom. suff. hearings, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</li> + <li>writes Women's Decl. of Rights, 1876, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</li> + <li>bef. House Judic. Com, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</li> + <li>address to Cong. in 1866, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>;</li> + <li>mem. evening at natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>;</li> + <li>at suff. hearings, <a href="#Page_581">581</a>;</li> + <li>calls first woman's rights conv. and first after Civil War, 1866, prepares Memorial to Cong. <a href="#Page_618">618</a>;</li> + <li>at first suff. conv. in Washtn, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>;</li> + <li>deserts Amer. Equal Rights Assn, forms Natl. Suff. Assn, made pres, <a href="#Page_621">621-2</a>;</li> + <li>address at funeral by the Rev. Moncure D. Conway; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>farewell words by women ministers;</li> + <li>Miss Anthony's last birthday letter to;</li> + <li>extended tributes in the press, <a href="#Page_741">741-3</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Stapler, Martha, prepares Wom. Suff. Year Book, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> +<li>Statehood Protest, Natl. Suff. Assn. heads protest against bill for admitting new Territories classing women with insane, idiots and felons, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> +<li>State's Rights, this argument against wom. suff. demolished by history of Dem. party; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>a continuous record of Fed. control, <a href="#Page_430">430-432</a>;</li> + <li>all nations but U. S. regard suff. as a natl. matter, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</li> + <li>fallacy shown in vote for Fed. Prohib. Amend, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>;</li> + <li>vote for this Amend, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>;</li> + <li>a "phantom" in South, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>;</li> + <li>Repub. natl. conv. declares for, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>;</li> + <li>most men in U. S. recd. suff. from Govt, not States, <a href="#Page_745">745-6</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>States, six more grant wom. suff, <a href="#Page_708">708-9</a>, <a href="#Page_715">715</a>.</li> +<li>Stearns, Sarah Burger, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Steele, Mrs. W. D, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</li> +<li>Steinem, Pauline, <a href="#Page_187">187-8</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>educatl. suff. work, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>; <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</li> + <li>women neglected in histories, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</li> + <li>chmn. Com. on Education, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</li> + <li>valuable work, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Stern, Meta L, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> +<li>Stevens, Isaac N, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> +<li>Stevenson, U. S. Sen. Isaac, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> +<li>Stevenson, Dr. Sarah Hackett, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> +<li>Stewart, Ella S, reviews clergy's objection to wom. suff, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>scores ex-Pres. Cleveland and Dr. Abbott, ridicules so-called chivalry, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> + <li>at Congressl. hearing, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</li> + <li>welcomes natl. conv. to Chicago, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>; <a href="#Page_220">220-1</a>;</li> + <li>elected natl. vice-pres, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>; <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</li> + <li>witty remarks, <a href="#Page_261">261-2</a>; <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</li> + <li>re-elected, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>; <a href="#Page_289">289</a>; <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>at Senate hearing, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</li> + <li>work for Pres. suff. in Ills, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</li> + <li>at House hearing, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;</li> + <li>org. Miss. Valley Conf, <a href="#Page_667">667-8</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Stewart, Oliver W, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> +<li>Stiles, Florence, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> +<li>Stilwell, Mrs. Horace C, director Natl. Assn, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>assists Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_567">567</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Stockman, Eleanor C, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> +<li>Stockwell, Maud C. (Mrs. S. A.), welcomes natl. suff. conv. to Minneapolis, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>meets dele, to Seattle conv, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>; <a href="#Page_249">249</a>; <a href="#Page_668">668</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Stockwell, S. A, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li> +<li>Stolle, Antonie, <a href="#Page_40">40-1</a>.</li> +<li>Stone, Rev. John Timothy, D. D, officiates at mem. service for Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>.</li> +<li>Stone, Lucinda H, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>.</li> +<li>Stone, Lucy, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>marriage, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw's tribute, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> + <li>great leader, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>; <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Howe tells of, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>; <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</li> + <li>tributes from college women at natl. suff. conv. in Balto, <a href="#Page_160">160-172</a>;</li> + <li>for admis. of women to Cornell Univ, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>; <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</li> + <li>days at Oberlin Coll, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</li> + <li>tribute of Mrs. Villard, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</li> + <li>of Mrs. McCulloch, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>; <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</li> + <li>visit to Ky. in early '50's, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li> + <li>natl. suff. conv. passes res. of indebtedness, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>; <a href="#Page_622">622</a>; <a href="#Page_664">664</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Stone, Melville E, for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> +<li>Stone, Collector of Port William F, welcomes natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> +<li>Stone, U. S. Sen. William J, for wom. suff. plank in Dem. natl. platform, <a href="#Page_713">713</a>.</li> +<li>Stoner, Mrs. Wesley Martin, <a href="#Page_672">672</a>.</li> +<li>Stowe-Gullen, Dr. Augusta (Canada), <a href="#Page_27">27</a>; <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> +<li>Strachan, Grace C, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> +<li>Straight, Dorothy Whitney, contrib. to N. Y. campn, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>.</li> +<li>Strong, Dr. Josiah, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> +<li>Stubbs, Gov. W. R. (Kans.), greetings to natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</li> +<li>Stubbs, Mrs. W. R, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> +<li>Suffrage Schools, originated by Mrs. Catt, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>large number in 1917, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Amer. Assn. endorses, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>in S. Dak, <a href="#Page_556">556-7</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Sun, N. Y, suff. dept. under Paul Dana, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> +<li><a name="Susan_B_Anthony_Amendment" id="Susan_B_Anthony_Amendment"></a>Susan B. Anthony Amendment, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Natl. Assn. endorses; Stanton family and others object to name, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>assn. re-endorses, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>; <a href="#Page_747">747</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Sutherland, U. S. Sen. George, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Senate hearing, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>objects to attack on Mormons in anti-suff. speech, <a href="#Page_467">467-8</a>;</li> + <li>introd. res. for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>; <a href="#Page_630">630</a>; <a href="#Page_711">711</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Sutton, Lucy, <a href="#Page_666">666</a>.</li> +<li>Swanson, U. S. Sen. Claude A, <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</li> +<li>Sweden, legal and polit. status of women, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>; <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> +<li>Swift, Mary Wood, birthday gift to Miss Anthony, 1902, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>speaks at natl. suff. conv. in New Orleans, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li> + <li>pres. Natl. Council of Women; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>brings its greetings to natl. conv. 1904, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>bef. Senate com, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> + <li>brings greetings in 1905, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</li> + <li>entertains suff. leaders, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li> + <li>greetings, 1907, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> + +<h4>T.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_T" name="IX_T"></a>Taft, Gov. Genl. William Howard, on social evil in Philippines, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Taft, President William Howard, accepts invitation to welcome natl. suff. conv; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>while speaking sound like hissing heard; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Dr. Shaw's distress, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>text of speech, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</li> + <li>officers of Natl. Assn. frame a res. of appreciation of his welcome to conv, which delegates endorse and send with letter expressing sorrow at the incident; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>the President returns a cordial answer, <a href="#Page_272">272-3</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li><i>Woman's Journal</i> says he should have welcomed conv. without declaring his opinions, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</li> + <li>peace treaties, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</li> + <li>appoints Miss Lathrop head of Children's Bureau, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</li> + <li>says Fed. Constn. guarantees self-govt, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>; <a href="#Page_495">495</a>;</li> + <li>nominated in 1912, <a href="#Page_705">705</a>;</li> + <li>not ready for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_708">708</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw joins on speaking tour for League of Nations, <a href="#Page_739">739</a>, <a href="#Page_757">757</a>;</li> + <li>his tribute to her, <a href="#Page_760">760</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Taggart, U. S. Rep. Joseph (Kans.), at House hearing, scores Congressl. Union, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>quizzes "antis", <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Talbot, Dean Marion, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> +<li>Talbot, Mrs. M. C, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> +<li>Talbot, Mrs. R. C, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> +<li>Talmage, Rev. T. De Witt, for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> +<li>Tarbell, Ida M, <a href="#Page_736">736</a>.</li> +<li>Tarkington, Booth, for worn, suff, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> +<li>Tasmania, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> +<li>Taylor, A. S. G, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> +<li>Taylor, U. S. Rep. Edward T, presents record of wom. suff. in Colo, calls it unqualified success, women back of 150 good laws, valuable campn. document, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>natl. suff. conv. thanks for assistance, <a href="#Page_450">450-1</a>;</li> + <li>Congressl. Union tries to defeat, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>introd. Fed. Suff. Amend, 1917, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>;</li> + <li>for Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>;</li> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_628">628-9</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Taylor, U. S. Rep. Ezra B. (Ohio), <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> +<li>Taylor, Graham Romeyn, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>; <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> +<li>Taylor, Dr. Howard S, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> +<li>Ten Eyck, John C, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> +<li>Tennessee, grants Pres. and Munic. suff. to women, <a href="#Page_602">602</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Legis. gives final ratif. of Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>;</li> + <li>Speaker and opposing members carry case to Washtn, <a href="#Page_653">653</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Terrell, Mary Church, pleads for negroes, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> +<li>Terry, Mrs. D. D, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> +<li>Testimony in favor of wom. suff. from Governors, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>from Colo, <a href="#Page_100">100-105</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112-115</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Texas, officials invite natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>prominent citizens petition for Fed. Suff. Amend;</li> + <li>Legis. gives Primary suff. to women, <a href="#Page_588">588-9</a>;</li> + <li>defeats St. wom. suff. amend;</li> + <li>court declares Primary suff. legal, <a href="#Page_602">602</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Thaw, Mrs. William, Jr, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>.</li> +<li>Thomas, U. S. Sen. Charles S, friendly chmn. of Senate Com. on Wom. Suff, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>his re-election opposed by Congressl. Union, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>;</li> + <li>presides at Senate com. hearing;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw's tribute, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt's, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;</li> + <li>refuses to preside at Congressl. Union hearing, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>re-elected, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>reports Fed. Suff. Amend, from com, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>;</li> + <li>effort for a vote, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>;</li> + <li>"never failing friend of wom. suff," urges Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>; <a href="#Page_626">626</a>; <a href="#Page_630">630</a>; <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Thomas, Pres. M. Carey of Bryn Mawr, arr. College Women's evening at natl. suff. conv. in Balto, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>her own strong speech, shows increase of women in colleges, their inevitable demand for suff, their gratitude to early leaders, <a href="#Page_171">171-2</a>;</li> + <li>splendid tribute to Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</li> + <li>conv. sends letter of thanks, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li> + <li>assists Miss Garrett in hospitality, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</li> + <li>with Miss Garrett raises large fund for suff. work, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li> + <li>declares in intellect no sex;</li> + <li>elected pres. Natl. Coll. Wom. Equal Suff. League, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>; <a href="#Page_230">230</a>; <a href="#Page_233">233</a>; <a href="#Page_283">283</a>; <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li> + <li>presides over Coll. League, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li> + <li>says coll. women's work for social reconstruction amounts to little without franchise, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>; <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</li> + <li>presides at college women's evening at natl. conv. 1912, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>same, 1915, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>presents Dr. Shaw with laurel wreath, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;</li> + <li>on com. to confer with Red Cross War Council, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>;</li> + <li>speaks for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_630">630</a>;</li> + <li>work for Coll. League, contrib. to, <a href="#Page_661">661-664</a>;</li> + <li>invites Dr. Shaw for trip to Spain, <a href="#Page_757">757</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Thomas, Mary Bentley, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; <a href="#Page_180">180</a>; <a href="#Page_188">188</a>; <a href="#Page_666">666</a>.</li> +<li>Thompson, Ellen Powell, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>; <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> +<li>Thompson, Harriet Stokes, appeals to House com. for working girls, future mothers of the race and teachers who train citizens, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</li> +<li>Thompson, Jane, field secy, presents testimonial of organizers to Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li> +<li>Thompson, Dr. Mary H, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Thompson, U. S. Sen. William Howard, bef. Senate com, tells beneficent results of wom. suff. in Kans, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>; <a href="#Page_630">630</a>; <a href="#Page_633">633</a>; <a href="#Page_638">638</a>.</li> +<li>Tiffany, Mrs. Charles L, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in N. Y. campn, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>; <a href="#Page_564">564</a>;</li> + <li>report on Oversea Hospitals, <a href="#Page_560">560</a>, <a href="#Page_568">568</a>, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>;</li> + <li>work for Hospitals, <a href="#Page_732">732</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Tillinghast, Anna C, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>.</li> +<li>Tinnin, Glenna, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> +<li>Todd, Helen, motor suff. trip, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>bef. Com. on Rules, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</li> + <li>bef. House com, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;</li> + <li>heated dialogue, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;</li> + <li>at Repub. Natl. Conv, <a href="#Page_705">705</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Tone, Mrs. F. J, in N. Y. campn, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>.</li> +<li>Tours, pilgrimages to Washtn, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>the "golden flier," motor suff. trip from New York to San Francisco, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Towle, Mary Rutter, report as legal adviser to assn, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> +<li>Treadwell, Harriet Taylor, at Anthony celebr, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>.</li> +<li>Troupe, Hattie Hull, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +<li>Trout, Grace Wilbur, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>work for Pres. suff. in Ills, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</li> + <li>on limited suff, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>; <a href="#Page_561">561</a>;</li> + <li>chmn. com. of arr. for natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>;</li> + <li>welcomes dele, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>;</li> + <li>at Repub. natl. conv, <a href="#Page_710">710</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Trumbull, Lillie R, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Tucker, Mrs. James, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li> +<li>Tumulty, Joseph P, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> +<li>Turner, Robert, of Mass. Anti-Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</li> +<li>Twain, Mark, for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>U.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_U" name="IX_U"></a>Ueland, Mrs. Andreas, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>bef. House com. <a href="#Page_473">473</a>; <a href="#Page_568">568</a>;</li> + <li>arr. Miss. Valley Conf, <a href="#Page_669">669-70</a>; <a href="#Page_689">689</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Underhill, Charles L, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> +<li>Underwood, U. S. Rep. Oscar (Ala.), <a href="#Page_397">397</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as U. S. Senator, <a href="#Page_628">628</a>; <a href="#Page_640">640</a>; <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>United Mine Workers of America, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> +<li><a name="United_States_Elections_Bill" id="United_States_Elections_Bill"></a>United States Elections Bill to permit women to vote for members of Cong, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>, <a href="#Page_659">659</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Natl. Suff. Assn. and Southern Women's Conf. favor, <a href="#Page_660">660</a>.</li> + <li>See <a href="#Federal_Elections_Bill">Federal Elections Bill</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Upton, Harriet Taylor, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>treas. report at natl. conv. of 1901, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>; <a href="#Page_41">41</a>; <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> + <li>accepts charge of suff. headqrs, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> + <li>presents testimonials to the Misses Gordon, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>; <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li> + <li>work as natl. treas, love for suff. cause, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li> + <li>tribute of Washtn. <i>Post</i>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>; <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> + <li>report, 1005, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</li> + <li>has interview with Pres. Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> + <li>how to deal with newspapers, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>; <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> + <li>report for 1906, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li> + <li>bef. Senate com, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li> + <li>on Anthony mem. com, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</li> + <li>report for 1907, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>; <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li> + <li>interviews Pres. Roosevelt, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</li> + <li>report for 1908;</li> + <li>salaries paid for first time, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>; <a href="#Page_244">244</a>; <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</li> + <li>treas. report for 1909, where the money went, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>; <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li> + <li>report for 1910; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>legacies recd, work as treas. for 17 yrs;</li> + <li>ed. of <i>Progress</i> 7 yrs;</li> + <li>conv. thanks, <a href="#Page_276">276-7</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>re-elected, resigns, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</li> + <li>bef. House com, urges that the mother heart and home element be expressed in Govt, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>; <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</li> + <li>on Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>; <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</li> + <li>bef. House com, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>; <a href="#Page_402">402</a>; <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>on limited suff, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>; <a href="#Page_516">516</a>; <a href="#Page_561">561</a>;</li> + <li>speaks at Anthony celebr, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>;</li> + <li>in Tenn. ratif. campn, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>; <a href="#Page_669">669</a>;</li> + <li>res. against U. S. Sen. Wadsworth, <a href="#Page_692">692</a>;</li> + <li>at Repub. natl. conv, 1904, <a href="#Page_703">703-4</a>; <a href="#Page_754">754</a>;</li> + <li>elected director of Natl. Amer. Assn, <a href="#Page_756">756</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>U'Ren, W. S, father of Initiative and Referendum, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>V.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_V" name="IX_V"></a>Valentine, Lila Meade, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>pres. Va. suff. assn, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li> + <li>speaks to House of Governors, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</li> + <li>asks suff. for development of woman and the race, <a href="#Page_492">492-3</a>;</li> + <li>on Congressl. Com, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>; <a href="#Page_568">568</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Vanderlip, Frank A, on recep. com. for natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> +<li>Van Klenze, Camilla, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li> +<li>Van Rensselaer, Prof. Martha (Cornell), Financing the War, <a href="#Page_533">533</a>.</li> +<li>Van Sant, Gov. Samuel R. (Minn.), <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +<li>Van Winkle, Mina, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>; <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</li> +<li>Van Wyck, Mayor Robert A. (New York), women without a vote waste time appealing to legislators, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> +<li>Varney, Rev. Mecca Marie, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> +<li>Vermont, struggle for ratif. of Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>, <a href="#Page_653">653</a>.</li> +<li>Vernon, Mabel, bef. House com, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>; <a href="#Page_549">549</a>.</li> +<li>Vessey, Gov. Robert S. (S. Dak.), <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> +<li>Victoria (Australia), gives women State vote, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> +<li>Victory Convention of National American Woman Suffrage Association in Chicago to celebr. end of its work; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Call, <a href="#Page_594">594</a>;</li> + <li>largest ever held, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>;</li> + <li>list of frat. dele, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>;</li> + <li>festivities, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Villard, Fanny Garrison (Mrs. Henry), <a href="#Page_40">40</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Anthony Fund Com, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>; <a href="#Page_220">220-1</a>;</li> + <li>at natl. suff. conv, 1908, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</li> + <li>at St. Paul, recalls visit with her husband when N.P. R.R. was completed, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li> + <li>same at Spokane, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</li> + <li>at Seattle, his devotion to wom. suff. and education, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</li> + <li>she appeals for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Lucy Stone, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>; <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</li> + <li>mem. tribute to Mr. Blackwell and Lucy Stone, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li> + <li>by Dr. Shaw's side when she resigns natl. presidency, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Villard, Henry, <a href="#Page_244">244-5</a>; <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li> +<li>Villard, Oswald Garrison, <a href="#Page_37">37-8</a>.</li> +<li>Vincent, Dr. George E, declares for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>.</li> +<li>Volunteer League, eminent officers, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> +<li>Von Suttner, Baroness Bertha, plea for peace of world and wom. suff. as necessary factor, <a href="#Page_345">345-6</a>.</li> +<li>Vorce, Mrs. Myron, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>; <a href="#Page_570">570</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<h4>W.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_W" name="IX_W"></a>Wadsworth, U. S. Sen. James W, <a href="#Page_560">560</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>refuses to represent his State on Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_598">598</a>; <a href="#Page_645">645</a>;</li> + <li>censured by Natl. League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_692">692</a>;</li> + <li>opp. wom. suff. plank, 1916, <a href="#Page_711">711</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Wadsworth, Mrs. James W, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>re-elected pres. Natl. Anti-Suff. Assn; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>during natl. suff. conv. issues circular in Washtn. saying suffs. are pacifists and Socialists and the N. Y. victory was due to latter;</li> + <li>Mary Garrett Hay answers, <a href="#Page_536">536-7</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>at Senate com. hearing, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>;</li> + <li>calls suffs. pro-Germans and "slackers," <a href="#Page_560">560</a>;</li> + <li>at last suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>;</li> + <li>introd. her "staff", <a href="#Page_584">584</a>;</li> + <li>scores members of Cong. who favor Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>; <a href="#Page_592">592</a>; <a href="#Page_679">679</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt resents her attacks during the war, refers to her father, John Hay, <a href="#Page_736">736-7</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Wainwright, Mrs. Richard, bef. coms. of Cong, <a href="#Page_547">547</a>, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>; <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.</li> +<li>Waite, Judge Charles B, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>; <a href="#Page_656">656</a>.</li> +<li>Wald, Lillian D, <a href="#Page_705">705</a>.</li> +<li>Waldo, Clara H, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> +<li>Walker, Elizabeth Wheeler, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>; <a href="#Page_567">567</a>; <a href="#Page_607">607</a>.</li> +<li>Walker, Dr. Mary, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li> +<li>Walker, Speaker Seth (Tenn.), + <ul class="IX"> + <li>opp. Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_653">653</a>;</li> + <li>goes to Washtn. and Conn, to prevent, <a href="#Page_682">682</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Wallace, Zerelda G, suff. petit. scorned, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> +<li>Walsh, U. S. Sen. David I, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>;</li> + <li>voted for it, <a href="#Page_641">641</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Walsh, U. S. Sen. Thomas J, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>bef. Senate com, "duty of Govt. to see that every citizen is assured of fundamental right of suff"; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>speech widely circulated, <a href="#Page_547">547</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>same, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>; <a href="#Page_645">645</a>;</li> + <li>for wom. suff. plank in Dem. platform, <a href="#Page_713">713</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Ward, Lester F, on development of sexes, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> +<li>Ward, Lydia Avery Coonley, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> +<li>Warfield, Gov. Edwin (Md.), + <ul class="IX"> + <li>welcomes natl. suff. conv, pays tribute to suffs, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li> + <li>later sends letter of appreciation, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>; <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Warner, Mrs. Leslie, speaks at natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_568">568</a>.</li> +<li>Warren, Ohio, natl. suff. headqrs, removed to, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> +<li>War Service of Women in Europe, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>natl. conv. devotes evening to it, speakers from various countries, <a href="#Page_544">544</a>;</li> + <li>of suffs. in the Civil War, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>War Work of Organized Suffragists, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Canada, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>; <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>in U. S, officers of suff. assns. in service;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt urges necessity for war work, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>;</li> + <li>Exec. Council of Natl. Assn. pledges loyalty and service to the Govt, <a href="#Page_518">518</a>;</li> + <li>four depts. of work, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>war work of suffs. reviewed by Mrs. Katharine Dexter McCormick;</li> + <li>"Dr. Shaw's appt. as chmn. of Woman's Com. of Council of National Defense has made coöperation with Govt. closer", <a href="#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Assn. plans more depts. of war work, reaffirms loyalty to Govt and support of its war measures, <a href="#Page_543">543</a>;</li> + <li>all officers of Natl. Assn. in service, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>;</li> + <li>Oversea Hospitals, <a href="#Page_558">558</a>, <a href="#Page_568">568</a>;</li> + <li>mass meeting in Washtn, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>;</li> + <li>reports of War Coms, 1918, Mrs. McCormick's chapter on, refutes charges of "antis", <a href="#Page_560">560</a>; <a href="#Page_574">574</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Assn. first organized body of women to offer services to Govt; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>President accepts and calls upon suff. leaders to coöperate, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>patriotism where women vote, <a href="#Page_579">579</a>;</li> + <li>see <a href="#CHAPTER_XXIV">Chap. XXIV</a>, <a href="#Page_720">720</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt calls Exec. Council of Natl. Assn. to Washtn, <a href="#Page_720">720</a>;</li> + <li>board of officers submits plan for aiding the Govt, which is discussed and adopted, <a href="#Page_722">722</a>;</li> + <li>depts. of work, <a href="#Page_723">723</a>;</li> + <li>mass meeting held and plan sent to Pres. Wilson by Secy. of War Baker; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>he expresses approval and assn. begins its work, <a href="#Page_724">724-5</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Dr. Shaw, its hon. pres, appt. by Council of Natl. Defense chmn. of Woman's Com, which is named, <a href="#Page_726">726-7</a>;</li> + <li>assn. makes Mrs. McCormick genl. chmn. of its War Service Dept, reports of heads to natl. suff. conv. of 1917, <a href="#Page_727">727-730</a>;</li> + <li>to conv. of 1919, <a href="#Page_730">730-732</a>;</li> + <li>report of Oversea Hospitals, <a href="#Page_732">732-734</a>;</li> + <li>to conv. of 1920, <a href="#Page_734">734-5</a>;</li> + <li>women's war work in N. Y. obtains the suff. for them, <a href="#Page_737">737</a>;</li> + <li>work of suits, on Woman's Com. of Council of Natl. Defense, <a href="#Page_737">737</a>;</li> + <li>its work ended, Secy. Baker's tribute, <a href="#Page_739">739</a>;</li> + <li>heroic record, <a href="#Page_740">740</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Washington City, entertains natl. suff. conv. of 1904, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>of 1910, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</li> + <li>of 1913, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</li> + <li>of 1915, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>;</li> + <li>of 1917, under war conditions, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>;</li> + <li>distinguished recep. com, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Washington, State, wom. suff. amend, carried, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>how women were disfranchised when Territory, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li> + <li>adopts constitl. amend, for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw's comment; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>reports from State officers, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>natl. conv. sends greetings, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>; <a href="#Page_625">625</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Waterman, Julia T, opp. wom. suff, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> +<li>Watson, Elizabeth Lowe, tells of Calif. victory, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> +<li>Watson, U. S. Sen. James E, chmn. Senate Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_645">645-6</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Natl. Repub. Conv. 1920, <a href="#Page_717">717</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Watson-Lister, Mrs. A, tells of wom. suff. in Australia, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> +<li>Watterson, Col. Henry, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li> +<li>Way, Amanda, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> +<li>Weaver, Ida M, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> +<li>Webb, U. S. Rep. Edwin Y. (N. C.), <a href="#Page_307">307</a>; <a href="#Page_434">434</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>chmn. Judic. Com, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>;</li> + <li>tells suffs. they should not come "bothering" Congress, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</li> + <li>says there will be no wom. suff. plank in Dem. platform, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>tries to prevent Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>;</li> + <li>suppresses report on Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>;</li> + <li>unfair treatment of res, <a href="#Page_631">631</a>, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>, <a href="#Page_635">635</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Webster, Jean, for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> +<li>Weeks, Anna O, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</li> +<li>Welch, Prof. Lillian, <a href="#Page_663">663</a>.</li> +<li>Weld, Louis D. (Swift and Co.), addresses League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_695">695</a>.</li> +<li>Wells, Mrs. James B, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>amuses House com, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Wentworth, Jennie Wells, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> +<li>West, Gov. Oswald (Ore.), greetings to natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</li> +<li>Wester, Catharine J, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> +<li>Western New York Federation of Women's Clubs, first to admit suff. societies, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> +<li>Wetmore, Maude, <a href="#Page_726">726</a>.</li> +<li>Wheat, Fannie J, vase to Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +<li>Wheeler, Everett P, bef. Com. on Rules, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>; <a href="#Page_438">438</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at last suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>;</li> + <li>brings suit against Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>;</li> + <li>org. Men's Anti-Suff. Assns. in N. Y, Tenn, and Maryland, conducts cases in court, <a href="#Page_680">680-682</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>White, Armenia S, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>White, Natl. Dem. Chmn. George, Mrs. Catt thanks in name of Natl. Amer. Suff. Assn. for his own and party's support of Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>.</li> +<li>White, Mrs. George P, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> +<li>White, Mrs. Henry, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</li> +<li>White, Mary Ogden, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>report on natl. publicity, returns reach millions of words; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>instances given, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>work on <i>Woman Citizen</i>, <a href="#Page_571">571</a>; <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>White, Nettie Lovisa, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>; <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>secures names to Fed. Amend, petition, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>; <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>White, Ruth, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>natl. exec, secy, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>;</li> + <li>resigns, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Whitehouse, Norman deR, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.</li> +<li>Whitehouse, Mrs. Norman deR, interviews Pres. candidate Hughes, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on N. Y. campn, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Whitney, Charlotte Anita, tells of Coll. Women's League in Calif, campn, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>elected natl. vice-pres, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</li> + <li>work in Calif, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Whitney, Mrs. Henry M, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>.</li> +<li>Whitney, Rosalie Loew, at last suff. hearing, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>.</li> +<li>Wickersham, George W, <a href="#Page_680">680</a>; <a href="#Page_682">682</a>.</li> +<li>Wilbur, Henry, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li> +<li>Wildman, John K, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Wiley, Dr. Harvey W, address at natl. suff. conv, 1911, <a href="#Page_322">322-3</a>.</li> +<li>Wilkes, Rev. Eliza Tupper, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> +<li>Willard, Mabel Caldwell, at natl. suff. headqrs, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>work in Del, <a href="#Page_556">556-7</a>; <a href="#Page_604">604</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Willcox, William R, chmn. Repub. Natl. Com, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>.</li> +<li>Williams, Charl, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.</li> +<li>Williams, Fannie Barrier, offers tribute of colored people to Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> +<li>Williams, Jesse Lynch, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li> +<li>Williams, U. S. Sen. John Sharp, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>; <a href="#Page_713">713</a>.</li> +<li>Williams, Mrs. Richard, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>; <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> +<li>Williams, Sylvanie, addresses Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> +<li>Willis, Gwendolen Brown, <a href="#Page_668">668</a>.</li> +<li>Willis, Sarah L, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li> +<li>Wills, M. Frances, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> +<li>Wilson, Agnes Hart, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> +<li>Wilson, Mrs. Benjamin F, entertains natl. suff. conv. <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</li> +<li>Wilson, Mrs. Halsey W, instructs suff. schools, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>elected natl. rec. secy, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>; <a href="#Page_556">556</a>; <a href="#Page_570">570</a>;</li> + <li>at ratif. banquet, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>; <a href="#Page_689">689</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Wilson, Margaret, on hon. com. for natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>showers Dr. Shaw with flowers, sits on suff. platform, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>;</li> + <li>at suff. meeting in Washtn, <a href="#Page_724">724</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Wilson, Gov. Woodrow (N. J.), approves of School suff. for women, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> +<li>Wilson, Pres. Woodrow, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>converted to wom. suff, <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>;</li> + <li>first delegation recd. is a group of suffs; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>they quote from his book The New Freedom, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>urged by natl. suff. conv. to make Fed. Suff. Amend. administration measure and recommend it in his message; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>he pays no attention;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw and conv. resent;</li> + <li>make appt. to call on him;</li> + <li>he receives them, first President to do so, <a href="#Page_373">373-4</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Dr. Shaw presents their case, tells how Cong. has ignored them, asks him to send spec. message and recom. a Wom. Suff. Com. in Lower House; he answers that he cannot speak as an individual but only as directed by his party but he favors the Wom. Suff. Com; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>delegation pleased, <a href="#Page_374">374-5</a>; <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>asked to proclaim Women's Independence Day, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</li> + <li>Miss Schwimmer brings petition for peace, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>favors initiative and referendum, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>Natl. Suff. Assn. commands effort for peace, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>; <a href="#Page_434">434</a>;</li> + <li>with seven of his Cabinet declares for wom. suff; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>votes in N. J. for amend;</li> + <li>receives natl. suff. conv;</li> + <li>says he is thinking of suff. plank in Dem. platform, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>natl. conv. expresses appreciation of his declaration for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>;</li> + <li>it received more votes at last election than he did, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>; <a href="#Page_475">475</a>; <a href="#Page_488">488-9</a>;</li> + <li>addresses natl. suff. conv. in 1916; scene in theater, <a href="#Page_495">495-6</a>;</li> + <li>listens to other speakers; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mrs. Catt introduces;</li> + <li>text of speech, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>pictures the evolution of the Govt, says movement for wom. suff. has come with conquering power and will prevail; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>he has come to fight with its advocates and they will not quarrel as to method, <a href="#Page_496">496-498</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Dr. Shaw tells him women want it in his administration and he smiles and bows, <a href="#Page_498">498-9</a>;</li> + <li>signs Natl. Child Labor Law "with pride and pleasure," 500;</li> + <li>suff. leaders urge him to endorse Fed. Amend, but he declines, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>;</li> + <li>sends congrat. to natl. suff. conv; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>has reached a belief in Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>calls extra session of Cong. asks for declaration of war, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</li> + <li>says creation of Com. on Wom. Suff. would be very wise act, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>;</li> + <li>"democracy a rule of action," <a href="#Page_533">533</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw proposes message of loyalty and support which conv. sends, <a href="#Page_533">533</a>;</li> + <li>chairmen of four minor parties petition for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>;</li> + <li>sends best wishes for Fed. Amend, to natl. suff. conv; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>it returns appreciation of his support, <a href="#Page_558">558</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Dem. members call on him; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>he advises submission of Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>appeals to Senate in person, <a href="#Page_563">563</a>;</li> + <li>makes second appeal, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>;</li> + <li>accepts services of Natl. Suff. Assn. for war, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>;</li> + <li>favors Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_579">579</a>;</li> + <li>anti-suffs. misuse his declaration on wom. suff, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>;</li> + <li>members of House com. interview and he urges it, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>;</li> + <li>sends best wishes to League of Women Voters, <a href="#Page_599">599</a>;</li> + <li>natl. conv. expresses gratitude, <a href="#Page_600">600</a>;</li> + <li>inaugurated, receives four deputns. for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_626">626</a>;</li> + <li>favors it, <a href="#Page_630">630</a>;</li> + <li>favors Wom. Suff. Com, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>; <a href="#Page_634">634</a>;</li> + <li>declares for Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_635">635</a>;</li> + <li>Dem. women confer with, <a href="#Page_639">639</a>;</li> + <li>appeals to Senate, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>;</li> + <li>second appeal, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>;</li> + <li>cables from Paris, <a href="#Page_642">642-3</a>;</li> + <li>calls spec. session of Cong, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Catt pays tribute for his support of Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>;</li> + <li>assists ratif. in Tenn; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>sends message to jubilee suff. meeting, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>on wom. suff. in 1912 and 1915, <a href="#Page_708">708</a>;</li> + <li>suggests wom. suff. plank in 1916, <a href="#Page_713">713-14</a>;</li> + <li>explains it; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>does not disapprove Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_714">714</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>Natl. Amer. Wom. Suff. Assn. offers its services for war work, <a href="#Page_722">722</a>;</li> + <li>he expresses appreciation, <a href="#Page_725">725</a>;</li> + <li>women ask representn. at Peace Conf, <a href="#Page_738">738</a>;</li> + <li>he pays tribute to Woman's Com. of Council of Natl. Defense, <a href="#Page_739">739</a>;</li> + <li>Dr. Shaw answers his declaration that U. S. wants nothing material out of the war, <a href="#Page_759">759</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Dr. Shaw after her death, <a href="#Page_760">760</a>;</li> + <li>with Mrs. Wilson sends sympathy and flowers, <a href="#Page_760">760</a>;</li> + <li>address to U. S. Senate urging submission of Fed. Suff. Amend;</li> + <li>"wom. suff. necessary to prosecution of the war and trust of other peoples," <a href="#Page_761">761-763</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Winslow, Rose, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>brings to natl. conv. res. for suff. of Natl. Wom. Trade Union League, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Winsor, Mary, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li> +<li>Wise, Rabbi Stephen S, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> +<li>Wollstonecraft, Mary, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> +<li><i>Woman Citizen</i>, <i>Woman's Journal</i> and other papers merged in, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>work for Fed. Amend, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>;</li> + <li>acct. of Senate debate on Fed. Suff. Amend, <a href="#Page_563">563</a>;</li> + <li>"service indispensable," <a href="#Page_614">614</a>; <a href="#Page_698">698</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Woman Suffrage, status in 1901, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> +<li>Woman Suffrage Committee, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>gives five days' hearing on Fed. Suff. Amend, reports favorably, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>;</li> + <li>again, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Woman Suffrage Party, name widely adopted, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li> +<li>Woman Suffrage Publishing Co, Natl, final report, printed and distrib. 50,000,000 pieces of literature, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li>See <a href="#Ogden">Ogden, Esther G.</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Woman's Christian Temperance Union, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>State of Tasmania sends greetings to natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li> + <li>World's, endorses wom. suff, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</li> + <li>action of States, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li> + <li>close cooperation with suff. assns, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>; <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> + <li>many references.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Woman's Committee of Council of National Defense, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Govt. appoints Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, chairman, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>she describes its duties, asks cooperation of Natl. Suff. Assn, <a href="#Page_534">534-536</a>;</li> + <li>further acct, other members, <a href="#Page_726">726-7</a>; <a href="#Page_730">730</a>;</li> + <li>great work, <a href="#Page_737">737</a>;</li> + <li>its duties ended, Secy, of War Baker's tribute, <a href="#Page_739">739</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li><i>Woman's Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on natl. conv. in New Orleans, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>; <a href="#Page_73">73</a>; <a href="#Page_79">79</a>; <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li> + <li>accounts of suff. conv. in Portland, <a href="#Page_118">118-19</a>;</li> + <li>compliments to, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</li> + <li>tribute to Miss Anthony, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> + <li>comment on change of heart of Miss Anthony and Mr. Blackwell, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</li> + <li>report on wom. suff. in Legislatures, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</li> + <li>Miss Blackwell's work on, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</li> + <li>account of expos, at Seattle and suff. day, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li> + <li>criticises Pres. Taft's speech to natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</li> + <li>Mr. Blackwell's work on paper, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li> + <li>Miss Blackwell offers to make it offic. organ of Natl. Amer. Assn, which accepts, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li> + <li>descrip. of natl. suff. convs, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</li> + <li>founder and editors, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li> + <li>first report under auspices of Natl. Amer. Assn, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</li> + <li>high praise for Ky. women, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</li> + <li>bound vols. at natl. suff. headqrs, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</li> + <li>deficit under control of Natl. Assn, paid by Mrs. McCormick and paper returned to Miss Blackwell, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</li> + <li>says Shafroth Amend, should have been submitted to Natl. Exec. Council but supports it, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</li> + <li>merged in <i>Woman Citizen</i>, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>; <a href="#Page_667">667</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, Foundation in Preventive Medicine, mem. to Dr. Shaw, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.</li> +<li>Woman's Rights Convention, first, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>60th anniv. celebr, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</li> + <li>Mrs. Stanton's and Miss Howland's descriptions, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> + <li>program of meeting, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Women's Trade Union League, Natl. res. for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</li> +<li>Wood, C. E. S, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> +<li>Wood, Harriette Johnson, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li> +<li>Wood, Henry A. Wise, at last suff. hearing, "voting a man's job," <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li> +<li>Wood, U. S. Rep. William R. (Ind.), <a href="#Page_548">548</a>.</li> +<li>Woods, Dr. Frances, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> +<li>Woodward, Mrs. C. S, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> +<li>Woolley, Rev. Celia Parker, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; <a href="#Page_703">703</a>.</li> +<li>Woolley, Pres. Mary E, at natl. suff. conv. in Balto, shows indebtedness of higher education of women to suff. leaders, tribute to Miss Anthony, plea for wom, suff, <a href="#Page_168">168-9</a>; <a href="#Page_442">442</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>signs Call for Natl. Coll. Wom. Suff. League, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>;</li> + <li>an officer, <a href="#Page_663">663</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Woolsey, Kate Trimble, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li> +<li>Working women, laws for, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>need of vote, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>; <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> + <li>suff. movement needs, <a href="#Page_165">165-6</a>;</li> + <li>their need of vote, injustice of Govt, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>; <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</li> + <li>their need of suff, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li> + <li>conditions in New York, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</li> + <li>duty of women of leisure, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</li> + <li>Congressl. suff. hearing devoted to, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>; <a href="#Page_302">302</a>; <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li> + <li>Miss Lathrop says theirs would not be the ignorant vote, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;</li> + <li>their case presented at natl. suff. conv, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350-2</a>; <a href="#Page_356">356</a>; <a href="#Page_357">357</a>; <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>on natl. wom. suff. platform, 1913, the ballot and a square deal demanded, <a href="#Page_364">364-5</a>;</li> + <li>their large orgztns. want suff, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>;</li> + <li>laws for in equal suff. States, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</li> + <li>they demand the vote, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</li> + <li>no chivalry for, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>; <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</li> + <li>they only can reach working men, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Works, U. S. Sen. John D, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>; <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> +<li>Works, Mrs. John D, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> +<li>Wright, Carroll D, for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> +<li>Wright, Dr. George H, objects to Shafroth Amend, <a href="#Page_747">747</a>.</li> +<li>Wright, Martha C, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in anti-slavery days, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li> + <li>calls first Wom. Rights Conv, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Writers and editors, eminent list sign petit, for wom. suff, <a href="#Page_296">296-7</a>.</li> +<li>Wyoming, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>first to give wom. suff, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</li> + <li>effect of, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>; <a href="#Page_624">624</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> + +<h4>Y.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><a id="IX_Y" name="IX_Y"></a>Yates, Elizabeth Upham, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>pres. R. I. assn, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li> + <li>report on Pres. suff, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</li> + <li>shows value of Pres. suff. already gained, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>; <a href="#Page_539">539-40</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Yellowstone Park, delegates visit, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> +<li>Yost, Mrs. Ellis A, describes W. Va. suff. campn, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</li> +<li>Youmans, Mrs. Henry, at Anthony celebr, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>.</li> +<li>Young, Ella Flagg, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>; <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</li> +<li>Young, Rose, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>describes Mrs. Catt's address to Cong, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>;</li> + <li>report of <i>Woman Citizen</i> and Leslie Bureau of Educatn. in 1917; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>founded with Mrs. Frank Leslie fund under six depts, <a href="#Page_527">527-8</a>; <a href="#Page_561">561</a>;</li> + </ul></li> + <li>report in 1919, vast field of activity described, <a href="#Page_570">570</a>;</li> + <li>in 1920, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>;</li> + <li>arranges tableaux at last suff. conv, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>; <a href="#Page_716">716</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Young, Virginia Durant, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; <a href="#Page_69">69</a>; <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> +<li>Younger, Maud, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Rules Com. hearing, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>;</li> + <li>at Wom. Suff. Com. hearing, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> + +<h4>Z.</h4> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li>Zakrzewska, Dr. Marie, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="trans-note"> +<a name="END" id="END"></a> +<p class="heading">Transcriber's Notes</p> + +<p>The transcriber made changes as below +indicated to the text to correct obvious errors:</p> + +<pre class="note"> + 1. p. 98 February 15, -illegible text- Anthony's 84th birthday --> + February 15, was Miss Anthony's 84th birthday + 2. p. 102 applicaation --> application + 3. p. 175 pertainng --> pertaining + 4. p. 191 suffrange --> suffrage + 5. p. 297 this chapter. --> this chapter.] + 6. p. 415 we though --> we thought + 7. p. 457 wth --> with + 8. p. 457 triumpant --> triumphant + 9. p. 668 Misissippi --> Mississippi + 10. p. 717 Gellborn --> Gellhorn + 11. p. 756 acordance --> accordance + 12. p. 765 Punctuation in Index standardized + 13. p. 790 Cingressl. --> Congressl. + 14. p. 812 U'Rea --> U'Ren +</pre> + +</div> + +<hr class="pg" /> + +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE, VOLUME V***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 29878-h.txt or 29878-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/9/8/7/29878">http://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/8/7/29878</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution.</p> + + + +<pre> +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license">http://www.gutenberg.org/license)</a>. + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's +eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, +compressed (zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over +the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org">http://www.gutenberg.org</a> + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000, +are filed in directories based on their release date. If you want to +download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular +search system you may utilize the following addresses and just +download by the etext year. + +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/">http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/</a> + + (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, + 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90) + +EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are +filed in a different way. The year of a release date is no longer part +of the directory path. The path is based on the etext number (which is +identical to the filename). The path to the file is made up of single +digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename. For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL">http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL</a> + +*** END: FULL LICENSE *** +</pre> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/29878-h/images/v5-172.jpg b/29878-h/images/v5-172.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1315642 --- /dev/null +++ b/29878-h/images/v5-172.jpg diff --git a/29878-h/images/v5-336-1.jpg b/29878-h/images/v5-336-1.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..222e61b --- /dev/null +++ b/29878-h/images/v5-336-1.jpg diff --git a/29878-h/images/v5-336-2.jpg b/29878-h/images/v5-336-2.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a10656 --- /dev/null +++ b/29878-h/images/v5-336-2.jpg diff --git a/29878-h/images/v5-526.jpg b/29878-h/images/v5-526.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..783d093 --- /dev/null +++ b/29878-h/images/v5-526.jpg diff --git a/29878-h/images/v5-632.jpg b/29878-h/images/v5-632.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..780f74b --- /dev/null +++ b/29878-h/images/v5-632.jpg diff --git a/29878-h/images/v5-frontis.jpg b/29878-h/images/v5-frontis.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b3f644d --- /dev/null +++ b/29878-h/images/v5-frontis.jpg diff --git a/29878-h/images/v5-xxiv.jpg b/29878-h/images/v5-xxiv.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..832675c --- /dev/null +++ b/29878-h/images/v5-xxiv.jpg |
