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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/29737-8.txt b/29737-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b96c8ed --- /dev/null +++ b/29737-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2211 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Leper in England: with some account of +English lazar-houses, by Robert Charles Hope + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Leper in England: with some account of English lazar-houses + +Author: Robert Charles Hope + +Release Date: August 19, 2009 [EBook #29737] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LEPER IN ENGLAND *** + + + + +Produced by Julie Barkley, Irma Spehar and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +THE LEPER IN ENGLAND: + +WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF + +English Lazar Houses. + +WITH NOTES. + +BY + +ROBERT CHARLES HOPE, F.S.A., F.R.S.L., + +_Peterhouse, Cambridge, and Lincoln's Inn. +Member of the Royal Archęological Institute of Great Britain._ + +_Editor of Barnabe Googe's "Popish Kingdome." +Author of "Glossary of Dialectal Place-Nomenclature." +"An Inventory of the Church Plate in Rutland." +"English Goldsmiths," &c., &c._ + + +SCARBOROUGH: JOHN HAGYARD, PRINTER, "GAZETTE" ST. NICHOLAS STREET. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + +TITLE 1 + +DEDICATION 3 + +CONTENTS 5 + +FORESPEECH 7 + +THE LEPROSY OF SCRIPTURE 9 + +THE LEPROSY OF THE MIDDLE AGES 13 + +LAZAR HOUSES 16 + +STATUS OF LEPERS 26 + +SUMMARY 29 + +APPENDIX A.--NOTES 39 + + " B.--ENGLISH LAZAR HOUSES 43 + + + + + Dedicated + TO + THE VEN. R. FREDERICK L. BLUNT, A.K.C., M.A., D.D., + ARCHDEACON OF THE EAST RIDING; CANON RESIDENTIARY OF YORK; + VICAR OF SCARBOROUGH; + CHAPLAIN-IN-ORDINARY TO THE QUEEN; SURROGATE; + FELLOW OF KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON; + CHAPLAIN TO THE ROYAL NORTHERN SEA-BATHING INFIRMARY, SCARBOROUGH, + WHO OCCUPIED THE CHAIR ON THE OCCASION, AND AT WHOSE REQUEST, + THE LECTURE WAS DELIVERED. + + + + +FORESPEECH. + + +The subject matter embraced within these covers, consists chiefly of +notes, made for a lecture delivered in Christ Church Schoolroom, +Scarborough, on Thursday, March 5th, 1891, and is published by special +request. + +No claim for originality is made. The works of the late Sir James Y. +Simpson, Professor of Medicine in the University of Edinburgh, +(Archęological Essays, Vol. II.); Sir Risdon Bennett, M.D., LL.D., +F.B.S., "Diseases of the Bible"; Dr. Greenhill, in "Bible Educator"; +Leland's "Itinerary"; Dugdale's "Monasticon," &c., &c., have been +freely drawn upon, and to these writers, therefore, it is the desire +here to acknowledge the indebtedness which is due. + +Various Notes will be found in the Appendix, which it is hoped will +prove of interest. + + + + +THE LEPER IN ENGLAND. + + +There is perhaps no subject of greater interest, nor one which awakens +more sympathy, than that of the Leper; it affords a most curious, +though painful topic of enquiry, particularly in the present day, when +so much has been said and written, as to the probability and +possibility of the loathsome scourge again obtaining a hold in this, +our own country. + +Much confusion and ignorance exists, as to what true Leprosy really +is. I do not pretend, nor do I assume, to be in any way an authority +on the disease, nor to be at all deeply versed in the matter; my +remarks will consist chiefly in retailing to you, some of the many and +curious circumstances connected with the malady, with which I have +become acquainted in studying the various Lazar Houses and Leper +Wells, once so liberally scattered all over the country, from an +antiquary's point of view, and in examining the writings of those +competent to express an opinion, from personal and other observations. +Your kind indulgence is, therefore, asked for any shortcomings on my +part. + + +THE LEPROSY OF THE BIBLE. + +It is necessary at the outset, to state clearly, that the disease +known as Leprosy in Holy Scripture, was an entirely and altogether +different disorder, to that, which, in the Middle Ages, was so +terribly prevalent, not in this country only, but over the whole +Continent of Europe. + +Sir Risdon Bennett tells us the Leprosy of Scripture was a skin +disease known to the medical faculty as _Psoriasis_. The use of the +Greek and Latin word _Lepra_, to signify both kinds of Leprosy, has no +doubt contributed largely to the confusion existing as to these two +disorders. The Leprosy of the Bible was _Psoriasis_, that of the +Middle Ages _Elephantiasis Gręcorum_. + +There are six cases only, which include nine instances of Leprosy, +recorded in the Old Testament:-- + + Moses--Exodus, iv., 6. } + Miriam--Numbers, xii., 10. } Miraculously + Gehazi--2 Kings, v., 27. } afflicted. + Uzziah--2 Chronicles, xxvi., 19. } + Naaman--2 Kings, v., 1. + Four Lepers--2 Kings, vii., 3. + +In the New Testament we have but three cases, involving twelve +persons, viz.:-- + + (1) Man, recorded by St. Matthew, viii, 2; St. Mark, i., 40; + St. Luke, v., 12. + + (2) Ten Lepers, St. Luke, xvii., 12. + + (3) Simon, St. Matthew, xxvi., 6; St. Mark, xiv., 3. + +The first account or mention of the disorder in the Bible, is to be +found in Leviticus; nearly three chapters, xiii., xiv., xv., being +devoted to the examination and cleansing of the afflicted, with the +minutest detail. + +In chapter xiii., we are told that "if a man has a bright spot deeper +than the skin of the flesh, the hair on which has turned white, or the +white spot has a raw in it, and the scab be spread in the skin--then +shall the priest pronounce him _unclean_." But, if he have all the +above symptoms, and "the scabs do not spread, or, if he be covered +from head to foot--as white as snow--with the disease, then shall the +priest pronounce him _clean_." It should be observed, that whereas +the "_unclean_" Leper "shall dwell alone," no such restriction was +placed upon the "clean or White Leper," who was free to go about as he +desired, and also to mingle with his fellow-men. This is clear from +the accounts given us of Gehazi conversing with the King; of Naaman +performing his ordinary duties as captain of the host of the King of +Syria; we are told he was "a great man with his master, and +honourable, because by him the Lord had given victory unto Syria; he +was also a mighty man of valour," and also, from the instance of our +Blessed Lord being entertained in the house of Simon the "Leper." On +no other ground than this assumption, can these instances be +reconciled with the Levitical Law. + +In the Levitical, and in every other account of the disease, it is +significant that there is no mention, or hint, of any loss of +sensation in connection with the disorder, of any affection of the +nerves, nor of any deformity of the body; no provision is made for +those who were unable to take care of themselves, nor is there a +tittle of evidence, or the barest hint given, that the disease was +either contagious or dangerous. Only two persons in the whole of the +Bible are stated to have died from the disease, and in each of these +cases, it was specially so ordained by the Almighty, as a specific +punishment for a particular sin. Cures were not only possible, and +common, but they were the rule. Josephus speaks of Leprosy in a man as +but "a misfortune in the colour of his skin." S. Augustine said that +when Lepers were restored to health, "they were _mundati_, not +_sanati_, because Leprosy is an ailment affecting merely the colour, +not the health, or the soundness of the senses, and the limbs." + +It is a most curious, and interesting problem which has yet to be +solved, why a man should be "unclean" when he was but partially +covered by the disease, and yet, when he was wholly covered with it, +he should be "clean." + +That no argument in support of contagion can be drawn simply from the +sentence of expulsion from the camp, is evident from Numbers v., 2-4; +for Lepers, and non-Lepers, are equally excluded on the ground of +"uncleanness." The laws of seclusion applied as rigorously to the +uncleanness induced by _touching_ a leper, or even a dead body, as +well as in other cases, where no question of contagion could exist. It +appears more than probable that the "cleansing" was merely a +ceremonial, ordained for those attacked by the disease at a certain +stage, implying some deeper meaning, than I for one, am able to +discern. I therefore leave it to the theologian to whom it appertains, +rather than to a humble and enquiring layman as myself. + +That the descriptions of the various forms of skin disease were +intended, not to denote differences in their nature or pathology, but +to enable the priests to discriminate between the "clean" and +"unclean" forms, is manifest. They were intended purely for practical +use. + +The first allusion--the only one in the Bible--we have to a Lazar, or +Leper house, occurs in 2 Kings, xv., 5, "And the Lord smote the King +so that he was a Leper unto the day of his death, and dwelt in a +_'several' house_." + + +THE LEPROSY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. + +The Leprosy of the Middle Ages known as _Elephantiasis Gręcorum_, +_Lepra Arabum_, and _Lepra tuberculosis_, is not yet extinct. It is +very curious that whilst _Lepra Arabum_ is the same as _Elephantiasis +Gręcorum_ or true Leprosy, the _Elephantiasis Arabum_ is a totally +distinct disease. The former is the most loathsome and revolting of +the many awful and terrible scourges, with which the Almighty, in his +wisdom, has seen fit, from time to time, to visit mankind. + +It is, I believe, a singular fact, that the Jews, "the chosen people +of God," have a special immunity from the disease, being less +predisposed than other races. Dr. V. Carter says that during a period +of seventeen years, out of a very large number of cases in Bombay, he +had seen only four cases, and but one death among Jews, that is of +_Elephantiasis Gręcorum_. + +Belcher on "Our Lord's Miracles," says that in Tangiers at the present +day, the two diseases are found, the _Lepra Hebręorum_ prevailing +chiefly among the Jewish residents, and presenting exactly the +symptoms as described in Leviticus. On the other hand, in Syria, +_Elephantiasis Gręcorum_ is unknown among the Jews. + +It appears to have been very prevalent in this country; but when, and +how it was introduced, is not known. Some certify it was brought back +by the Crusaders, being the only thing they ever did bring back. But +it existed here long anterior to the days of the _first_ crusade. The +City of Bath is said to have originated from an old British King +afflicted with Leprosy, who being obliged, in consequence, to wander +far from the habitation of men, and being finally reduced to the +condition of a swineherd, discovered the medicinal virtues of the hot +springs of Bath, while noticing that his pigs which bathed therein +were cured of sundry diseases prevailing among them. + +The following epigram on King Bladud, who was killed 844, +B.C.,--father of King Leir, or Leal, d. 799, B.C.,--was written by a +clergyman of the name of Groves, of Claverton:-- + + "When Bladud once espied some hogs + Lie wallowing in the steaming bogs, + Where issue forth those sulphurous springs, + Since honour'd by more potent kings, + Vex'd at the brutes alone possessing + What ought t' have been a common blessing, + He drove them, thence in mighty wrath, + And built the mighty town of Bath. + The hogs thus banished by their prince, + Have lived in Bristol ever since." + +Many Lazar or Leper Houses were built in England during the early part +of the reign of William the Norman, who founded several. + +The medical writers of the 13th and 14th centuries, which include the +names of Theodoric, the monk, a distinguished surgeon of Bologna; the +celebrated Lanfranc, of Milan and afterwards of Paris; Professor +Arnold Bachuone, of Barcelona, reputed in his day the greatest +physician in Spain; the famous French surgeon Guy de Chauliac; +Bernhard Gordon; and our own countrymen Gilbert, _c._ 1270; John of +Gaddesden, Professor of Medicine in Merton College, Oxford, and Court +Physician to Edward II., minutely describe the disease. + +It was the custom in those affected days, when a medical man or anyone +wrote a book on medicine or a medicinal subject, to call it either a +"rose" or a "lily," as "_Rosa Angelica_," "_Lilium medecinę_." + +The following description of the malady is from the _Lilium medecinę_, +by Bernhard Gordon, written about 1305 or 1309. He gives three stages +or classes of the disease, viz., the (1) occult, (2) the infallible, +and (3) the last, or terminating signs. None of these indications are +laid down in Leviticus for the guidance of the Jewish Priests. + +(i.) "The occult premonitory signs of Leprosy are, a reddish colour of +the face, verging to duskiness; the expiration begins to be changed, +the voice grows hoarse, the hairs become thinned and weaker, and the +perspiration and breath incline to foetidity; the mind is +melancholic with frightful dreams and nightmare; in some cases scabs, +pustules, and eruptions break out over the whole body; disposition of +the body begins to become loathsome, but still, while the form and +figure are not corrupted, the patient is not to be adjudged for +separation; but is to be most strictly watched." + +(ii.) "The infallible signs, are, enlargement of the eyebrows, with +loss of their hair; rotundity of the eyes; swelling of the nostrils +externally, and contraction of them within; voice nasal; colour of the +face glossy, verging to a darkish hue; aspect of the face terrible, +and with a fixed look; with acumination or pointing and contraction of +the pulps of the ear. And there are many other signs, as pustules and +excrescences, atrophy of the muscles, and particularly of those +between the thumb and forefinger; insensibility of the extremities; +fissures, and infections of the skin; the blood, when drawn and +washed, containing black, earthy, rough, sandy matter. The above are +those evident and manifest signs, which, when they do appear, the +patient ought to be separated from the people, or, in other words, +secluded in a Lazar House." + +(iii.) "The signs of the last stage and breaking-up of the disease, +are, corrosion and falling-in of the cartilage forming the septum of +the nose; fissure and division of the feet and hands; enlargement of +the lips, and a disposition to glandular swelling; dyspnoea and +difficulty of breathing; the voice hoarse and barking; the aspect of +the face frightful, and of a dark colour; the pulse small, almost +imperceptible." Sometimes the limbs drop off, piecemeal or in their +entirety. + +All the writers agree in urging most earnestly that no one ought to be +adjudged a Leper, unless there manifestly appears a corruption of the +figure, or, that state indicated as _signa infallibilia_. + + +LAZAR HOUSES. + +The period from its introduction into this country, as far as we know, +to its final or nearly final extinction, may be embraced within the +10th and 16th centuries. It was at the zenith of its height during the +11th, 12th, and 13th centuries. As early as A.D. 948 laws were enacted +with regard to Lepers in Wales by Howel Dda, the Good--the great Welsh +King, who died 948. + +The enormous extent to which it prevailed during that period may be +gauged from the fact, that there were above 200 Lazar Houses in +England alone, probably providing accommodation for 4,000 at least, +and this, at a time when the whole population of England was only +between 2,000,000 and 3,000,000 of persons; being something like two +in every thousand. + +I have been enabled to compile the following English Lazar Houses, +which is however far from being a complete one. These Lazar Houses +were founded by the charitably disposed, and were usually under +ecclesiastical rule:-- + + 1 Berkshire. + 2 Buckinghamshire. + 2 Cambridgeshire. + 3 Cornwall. + 1 Cumberland. + 4 Derbyshire. + 6 Devonshire. + 3 Dorsetshire. + 2 Durham. + 4 Essex. + 6 Gloucestershire. + 2 Hampshire. + 1 Herefordshire + 6 Hertfordshire. + 1 Huntingdonshire. + 15 Kent. + 1 Lancashire. + 2 Lincolnshire. + 4 Leicestershire. + 7 Middlesex. + 22 Norfolk. + 5 Northamptonshire. + 3 Northumberland. + 3 Nottinghamshire. + 4 Oxfordshire. + 2 Shropshire. + 6 Somersetshire. + 3 Staffordshire. + 10 Suffolk. + 1 Surrey. + 6 Sussex. + 3 Warwickshire. + 4 Westmoreland. + 7 Wiltshire. + 1 Worcester. + 20 Yorkshire. + +Total: 173 + +They were presumably under the rule of S. Austin or Augustine. + +Chalmers' _Caledonia_ states 9 hospitals existed in the County of +Berwick alone. + +It is said that, by a Bull of Alexander III., exemption from the +payment of tithes was granted to all the possessions of the Lazar +Houses; this, however, does not appear to have always been acted upon, +at least in this country, as at Canterbury, etc. + +A Prior--usually a Leper--and a number of Priests were attached to +each house. + +Where a chapel was not attached, the inmates appear to have attended +the parish church for service. + +There was a special order of Knights founded very early, in Jerusalem, +united to the general order of the Knights Hospitallers, whose +especial province was to look after the sick, particularly Lepers. +They seem to have separated from the Knights Hospitallers at the end +of the 11th, or beginning of the 12th centuries. They were at first +designated Knights of S. Lazarus, or, of SS. Lazarus and Mary of +Jerusalem, from the locality of their original establishment, and from +their central preceptory being near Jerusalem. The Master or Prior of +the Superior Order was a Leper, that he might be more in sympathy with +his afflicted brethren. They were afterwards united by different +European princes, with the Military Orders of Notre Dame and Mount +Carmel, and, in 1572 with that of S. Maurice. We first hear of them in +England, in the reign of King Stephen, when they seem to have made +their headquarters at Burton-Lazars, near Melton Mowbray in +Leicestershire, where a rich and famous Lazar House was built by a +general subscription throughout the country, and greatly aided by the +munificence of Robert de Mowbray. The Lazar-houses of S. Leonard's, +Sheffield; Tilton, in Leicestershire; Holy Innocents', Lincoln; S. +Giles', London; SS. Mary and Erkemould, Ilford, Essex; and the +preceptory of Chosely, in Norfolk, besides many others, were annexed +to it, as cells containing _fratres leprosos de Sancto Lazaro de +Jerusalem_. The house received at least 35 different charters, +confirmed by various sovereigns. Camden in his _Britannia_, p. 447, +says that "The masters of all the smaller Lazar-houses in England, +were in some sort subject to the Master of Burton Lazars, as he +himself was, to the Master of the Lazars in Jerusalem." + +The rules of these Lazar-houses were very strict. The inmates were +allowed to walk within certain prescribed limits only, generally a +mile from the house. They were forbidden to stay out all night, and +were not on any account permitted to enter the bakehouse, brewhouse, +and granary, excepting the brother in charge, and he was not to dare +to touch the bread and beer, since it was "most unfitting that persons +with such a malady, should handle things appointed for the common use +of men." A gallows was sometimes erected in front of the houses, on +which offenders were summarily despatched from this world, for breach +of the rules. + +The comforts in these houses varied greatly as the house was richly, +or poorly endowed. At some of the smaller ones, the inmates would seem +to have depended almost, if not entirely, on the precarious +contributions of the charitably disposed for their very sustenance. At +Beccles, in Suffolk, one of the Lepers of S. Mary Magdalene's, was by +a royal grant empowered to beg on behalf of himself and his brethren. +Sometimes, these poor and wretched outcasts would sit by the roadside, +with a dish placed on the opposite side, to receive the alms of the +good Samaritans that passed by, who would give them as wide a berth as +possible. The Lepers were not allowed to speak to a stranger, lest +they should contaminate him with their breath. To attract attention, +they would clash their wooden clappers together. + +In the larger and richer houses, the inmates were well provided for. +The account of the food supplied to the inmates of the Lazar House of +S. Julian, at S. Albans, c. 1335-1349, is very curious:--"Let every +Leprous brother receive from the property of the Hospital for his +living and all necessaries, whatever he has been accustomed to receive +by the custom observed of old, in the said Hospital, namely--Every +week seven loaves, five white, and two brown made from the grain as +thrashed. Every seventh month, fourteen gallons of beer, or 8d. for +the same. Let him have in addition, on the feasts of All Saints, Holy +Trinity, S. Julian, S. John the Baptist, S. Albans, The Annunciation, +Purification, Assumption, and Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, for +each feast, one loaf, one jar of beer, or 1d. for the same, and one +obolus[a] which is called the charity of the said Hospital; also, let +every Leprous brother receive, at the feast of Christmas, forty +gallons of good beer, or 40d. for the same; two qrs. of pure and clean +corn--which is called the great charity; also at the Feast of S. +Martin, each Leper shall receive one pig from the common stall, or the +value in money, if he prefer it." The pigs were selected by each leper +according to his seniority in having become an inmate; also, each +Leper shall receive on the Feast of S. Valentine, for the whole of the +ensuing year, one quarter of oats; also, about the feast of S. John +the Baptist, two bushels of salt, or the current price; also, on the +feast of S. Julian, and at the feast of S. Alban, one penny for the +accustomed pittance; also, at Easter, one penny, which is called by +them 'Flavvones-peni'; also, on Ascension Day, one obolus for buying +pot herbs; also, on each Wednesday in Lent, bolted corn[b] of the +weight of one of their loaves; also, on the feast of S. John the +Baptist, 4s. for clothes; also, at Christmas, let there be distributed +in equal portions, amongst the Leprous brethren, 14s. for their fuel +through the year, as has been ordained of old, for the sake of peace +and concord; also, by the bounty of Our Lord the King, 30s. 5d. have +been assigned for ever for the use of the Lepers, which sum, the +Viscount of Hertford has to pay them annually, at the feasts of Easter +and Michaelmas. + +At the Lazar House, dedicated in honour of "The Blessed Virgin, +Lazarus, and his two sisters Mary and Martha," at Sherburn, Durham, +which accommodated no less than 65 Lepers, a more varied, and at the +same time less complex dietary was in vogue. The daily allowance was a +loaf of bread weighing 5 marks[c] and a gallon of ale to each; and +betwixt every two, one mess[d] or commons of flesh, three days in the +week, and of fish, cheese, and butter, on the remaining four. On high +festivals, a double mess, and in particular on the Feast of S. +Cuthbert. In Lent, fresh salmon, if it could be had, if not, other +fresh fish; and on Michaelmas Day, four messed on one goose[e]. With +fresh flesh, fish, or eggs, a measure of salt was delivered. When +fresh fish could not be had, red herrings were served, three to a +single mess; or cheese and butter by weight; or three eggs. During +Lent, each had a razer of wheat to make furmenty[f], and two razers of +beans to boil; sometimes greens or onions; and every day, except +Sunday, the seventh part of a razer of bean meal; but on Sundays, a +measure-and-a-half of pulse to make gruel. Red herrings were +prohibited from Pentecost to Michaelmas, and at the latter, each +received two razers of apples. They had a kitchen and cook in common, +with utensils for cooking, etc.:--A lead, two brazen pots, a table, a +large wooden vessel for washing, or making wine, a laver, two ale[g] +and two bathing vats. The sick had fire and candles, and all +necessaries, until they became convalescent or died. + +Each Leper received an annual allowance for his clothing, three yards +of woollen cloth, white or russet, six yards of linen, and six of +canvas. Four fires were allowed for the whole community. From +Michaelmas to All Saints, they had two baskets of peat, on double mess +days; and four baskets daily, from All Saints to Easter. On Christmas +Day, they had four Yule logs each a cartload, with four trusses of +straw; four trusses of straw on All Saints' Eve, and Easter Eve; and +four bundles of rushes, on the Eves of Pentecost, S. John the Baptist, +and S. Mary Magdalene; and on the anniversary of Martin de Sancta +Cruce, every Leper received 5s. 5d. in money. + +This luxurious living was not without its leaven. The rules of the +House were strict, and enforced religious duties on its inmates, of a +most severe and austere nature. All the Leprous brethren, whose health +permitted, were required daily to attend Matins, Nones, Vespers, and +Compline[h]. + +The bed-ridden sick were enjoined to raise themselves, and say Matins +in their bed; and for those who were still weaker, "let them rest in +peace." During Lent and Advent, all the brethren were required to +receive corporal discipline three days in the week, and the sisters in +like manner. + +From the rules of the Lazar House of SS. Mary and Erkemould, at Ilford +in Essex, which accommodated 13 Lepers--we learn, in 1336, that the +inmates were ordered "to preserve silence, and, if able, to hear Mass +and Matins throughout, and whilst there, to be intent on prayer and +devotion. In the hospital, every day, each shall say for morning duty +a Pater-noster and Ave Maria[i] thirteen times; and for the other +hours of the day--1st, 3rd, and 6th of Vespers; and again, at the hour +of concluding service, a Pater-noster and Ave Maria seven times; +besides the aforesaid prayers each Leper shall say a Pater-noster and +Ave Maria thirty times every day, for the founder of the Hospital--the +Abbess of Barking, 1190--the Bishop of the place, all his benefactors, +and all other true believers, living or dead; and on the day on which +any one of their number departs from life, let each Leprous brother +say in addition, fifty Paters and Aves three times, for the soul of +the departed, and the souls of all diseased believers." Punishment was +meted out to any who neglected or shirked these duties. + +Some of the Leper Houses in France excited the jealousy and avarice of +Phillip V., who caused many of the inmates to be burned alive, in +order that the fire might purify at one and the same time, the +infection of the body and that of the soul, giving as an ostensible +reason for his fiendish barbarity, the absurd and baseless allegation, +that the Lepers had been bribed to commit the detestable sin and +horrible crime of poisoning the wells, waters, etc., used by the +Christians. The real cause being a desire, through this flimsy excuse, +to rob the richer hospitals of their funds and possessions, this is +clearly manifest in the special wording of his own edict, "that all +the goods of the Lepers be lodged and held for himself." A similar +persecution was renewed about 60 years afterwards, in 1388, under +Charles VI. of France. + +As soon as a man became a prey to the disease, his doom on earth was +finally and irrevocably sealed. The laws, both civil and +ecclesiastical, were awful in their severity to the poor Leper; not +only was he cut off from the society of his fellow-men, and all family +ties severed, but, he was dead to the law, he could not inherit +property, or be a witness to any deed. According to English law Lepers +were classed with idiots, madmen, outlaws, etc. + +The Church provided a service to be said over the Leper on his +entering a Lazar House[j]. The Priest duly vested preceded by a cross, +went to the abode of the victim. He there began to exhort him to +suffer with a patient and penitent spirit the incurable plague with +which God had stricken him. Having sprinkled the unfortunate Leper +with Holy Water, he conducted him to the Church, the while reading +aloud the beginning of the Burial Service. On his arrival there, he +was stripped of his clothes and enveloped in a pall, and then placed +between two trestles--like a corpse--before the Altar, when the +_Libera_ was sung and the Mass for the Dead celebrated over him. + +After the service he was again sprinkled with Holy Water, and led from +thence to the Lazar House, destined for his future, and final abode, +here on earth. + +A pair of clappers, a stick, a barrel, and a distinctive dress were +given to him. The costume comprised a russet tunic[k], and upper tunic +with hood cut from it, so that the sleeves of the tunic were closed +as far as the hand, but not laced with knots or thread after the +secular fashion of the day. The upper tunic was to be closed down to +the ankles, and a close cape of black cloth of the same length as the +hood, for outside use. + +A particular form of boot or shoe, laced high, was also enjoined, and +if these orders were disobeyed the culprit was condemned to walk +bare-footed, until the Master, considering his humility said to him +"enough." An oath of obedience and a promise to lead a moral and +abstemious life was required of every Leper on admission. The Bishops +of Rome from time to time issued Bulls, with regard to the +ecclesiastical separation and rights of the afflicted. + +Lepers were excluded from the city of London by Act 20 Edward the +III., 1346[l]. + +The Magistrates of Glasgow, in 1573, appeared to have exercised some +right of searching for Lepers. + +Piers, the ploughman, makes frequent allusions to "Lepers under the +hedges." + +The Lazar Houses were often under the authority of some neighbouring +Abbey, or Monastery. _Semler_ quotes a Bull, issued by one of the +Bishops of Rome, appointing every Leper House to be provided with its +own burial ground and chapel; as also ecclesiastics; these in the +middle ages were probably the only physicians of the body, as well as +of the soul--some appear to have devoted themselves as much to the +study of medicine as to that of theology. + +It was customary in the medięval times to address the secular clergy +as "Sir." + + +STATUS OF LEPERS. + +The rank and status of any one, was no guarantee against attacks from +this dire disorder, with its fearful ravages. Had the victims been +confined, as it is generally thought, to those who dwelt amid squalor, +dirt and vice, in close and confined dens, veritable hot beds for +rearing and propagating disease of every kind; we should not be +surprised, but should be entitled to assume, that to such +circumstances, in a very great measure might the origin be expected to +be found; but, when we find, that not only was the scourge a visitant +here, but, that it numbered amongst the afflicted, members of some of +the most illustrious households in this kingdom, aye, even the august +monarchs themselves, the source from whence _Elephantiasis +Gręcorum_--the malady not being contagious--first originated must be +sought for elsewhere. + +First amongst our ancient and illustrious families, we find--if he may +be so classed--the case of S. Finian, who died 675 or 695[m]. + +A nobleman of the South of England, whose name unfortunately is not +recorded, is reputed to have been miraculously cured at the tomb of S. +Cuthbert, at Durham, 1080[n]. + +A daughter of Mannasseh Bysset, a rich Wiltshire gentleman, sewer[o] +to Henry II., being a Leper, founded the Lazar House at Maiden +Bradley, dedicated to the honour of the Blessed Virgin, "for poore +leprous women" and gave to it her share of the town of Kidderminster, +c. 1160. Mannasseh Bysset founded the Lazar House dedicated in honour +of S. James, Doncaster, for women, c. 1160. + +The celebrated Constance, Duchess of Brittany, who was allied to the +royal families of both England and Scotland, being a grand-daughter of +Malcolm III. of Scotland, and the English Princess Margaret Atheling, +and also a descendant of a natural daughter of Henry I. She died of +Leprosy in the year 1201[p]. + +In 1203 in the King's Court, a dispute was heard respecting a piece of +land in Sudton, Kent, between two kinswomen--Mabel, daughter of +William Fitz-Fulke, and Alicia, the widow of Warine Fitz-Fulke. Among +the pleas, it was urged by Alicia, that Mabel had a brother, and that +his right to the land must exclude her claim, whereupon Mabel answered +that her brother was a Leper[q]. + +It was certified to King Edward I. in 1280, that Adam of Gangy, +deceased, of the county of Northumberland, holding land of the King in +chief, was unable to repair to the King's presence to do homage, being +struck with the Leprosy[r]. + +In the reign of Richard II. c. 1380, William, son of Robert +Blanchmains, being a Leper, founded the Lazar House, dedicated in +honour of S. Leonard, outside the town of Leicester, to the north[s]. + +Richard Orange, a gentleman of noble parentage, and Mayor of Exeter in +1454, was a Leper. In spite of his great wealth he submitted himself +to a residence in the Lazar House of S. Mary Magdalene in that city, +where he died, and was buried in the chapel attached. A mutilated +inscription still remains over the spot where he is interred[t]. + +Some of the Lazar Houses were specially endowed for persons above the +lower ranks who happened to become affected with the disease. In +1491, Robert Pigot gave by will to the Leper House of Walsingham, in +the Archdeaconry of Norwich, a house in, or near that town, for the +use of two Leprous persons "of good families." + +Before considering the Royal Lepers, it will not be out of place to +mention the death of S. Fiacre from Leprosy, in 665. He was the +reputed son of Eugenius IV., King of Scotland, and is canonised in the +Roman branch of the Church Catholic[u]. + +Amongst Royal Lepers, the case of Adelicia or Adelais, daughter of +Godfrey, Duke of Louraine, and niece of Calextus II., Bishop of Rome, +1118; the second Queen of Henry I. of England, and afterwards wife of +William de Albion, to whom she was tenderly attached; stands first in +order of state. Being stricken with leprosy, she left him and entered +a convent, where she died of the disease, 1151. This reputed instance, +it is right to mention, requires confirmation. The above is mentioned +by a contributor to _Notes and Queries_, 7, S. viii., 174, but no +authority is given. + +Baldwin IV., King of Jerusalem, a direct descendant like the Royal +Plantagenets of England, from Fulk, Count of Anjou and Touraine, died +of Leprosy in 1186, leaving a child nephew to succeed him; the +consequence being, the loss of the Holy Land, and the triumph of +Saladin after eighty-eight years of the Christian kingdom[v]. + +Henry III. is said to have been a Leper. + +Edward the Black Prince, used to bathe in the Holy Well at Harbledon, +near Canterbury, for his Leprosy, and Robert Bruce, King of Scotland, +had a licence at one time from the King of England to bathe in the +waters of S. Lazarus' Well on Muswell Hill, near where now stands the +Alexandra Palace. The well belonged to the Order of S. John, +Clerkenwell, a hospital order for Lepers. Three years before his +death, he was unable to undertake the command of the army in its +descent upon the northern counties of England, by reason of his +Leprosy, of which he died in 1329, at the age of 55[w]. + +Henry IV. King of England, was a Leper without doubt[x]. + +Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI. of England, is reputed, like her +ancestor Baldwin IV., to have died a Leper[y]. + +Louis the XIV., is said to have died of the disease in 1715. It is +also recorded, that in order to effect a cure, recourse was had to a +barbarous superstitious custom, once unhappily common in Brazil, that +of killing several fine healthy children, eating their hearts, livers, +&c.; then washing in their blood, and annointing the body with grease +made from the remains. Let us at least hope this impious and inhuman +act is but "legend[z]". + + +SUMMARY. + +It is trusted that the fact has been established that the Leprosy of +the Bible, and of the Middle Ages, were entirely different diseases. +The only essential characteristics in common being that both were +cutaneous and neither was contagious, excepting by innoculation by a +wound or a cut. Both were possibly hereditary, though this is denied +by some. + +The Biblical Leprosy never ended in death, whereas that of the Middle +Ages always did. In one case there was little suffering, in the other +usually a great deal. + +In one the isolation was temporary only, in the other permanent. + +The origin of the Medięval Scourge is enshrouded in impenetrable +mystery. The cure is as enigmatical. + +The late Father Damian, who gave his life to ministration and +alleviation of the sufferings of the 2,000 Lepers of Hawaii, in the +island of Molakai, no doubt caught the disease of which he died, owing +to the fact, that Lepers only handled and cooked the food, kneaded and +baked the bread, washed the clothes, etc. The whole surroundings being +Leprous, it is difficult to see how the good Father could well have +avoided contamination. Still, the disease is not contagious if +reasonable precautions are taken. + +Two remarkable meetings were held in London in 1889, under the +presidency of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. At the first +one, held in Marlborough House, June 17th, the Prince of Wales made +the startling and unwelcome announcement of the case of Edward Yoxall, +aged 64, who was carrying on his trade as butcher, in the Metropolitan +Meat Market, from whence he was subsequently removed. + +At the second meeting held in the rooms of the Medical Society, +Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, two Lepers were exhibited. The +verdict of the medical men present was, "There is no curative +treatment of Leprosy." Dr. Thornton, of the Leper Hospital of Madras, +said:--That his experience showed him that Leprosy was contagious, +and that it was likely to spread to this country; that the disease, +however, could rarely, if ever, be communicated, except in the case of +a healthy person by an abraded skin, coming in contact with a Leper. +"The sufferings of the afflicted can be alleviated by (1) a liberal +diet; (2) oleaginous anointings, by which the loss of sleep, one of +the most distressing symptoms of the disease, can be prevented." + +The Rev. Father Ignatius Grant called my attention to the use of +"simples" in England, as elsewhere, for the alleviation of the +suffering. He says, "_Les Capitulaires, Legislatio domestica_, of +Charlemagne, contains the enumeration of the sorts of fruit trees and +plants to be grown in the Imperial gardens, as a guide to monastic +establishments throughout his empire. The list is entirely of culinary +and medicinal herbs, simples and vegetables. As to flowers, only the +lily and the rose are permitted for _agrément_; whilst all the rest +are for food or medicinal remedies. All the common simples are +specified. + +"Herein is a mine of information, which I only allude to, but it was +doubtless the plan followed by most religious houses. For one thing is +clear, that as the monastic gardens were all arranged on a certain and +utilitarian method, there is an antecedent probability of a consequent +fact. That fact is, that we shall find out if we examine the purlieus +of our own ruined abbeys, many a plant medicinal or culinary which has +reset itself and persisted in its original _locale_ for four +centuries, though its original native earth and climate was not that +of England. + +"Such herbs proper for making salves and lotions are plentifully +mentioned in part i. 301-455 of Ducange, v. _areola florarium_, +_lilietum_, &c., and there is a catalogue of _des plus excellentes +fruits qui se cultivent chez les Chartreux_ (Paris, 1752.) Also, as a +specimen of this sort of "find," the Woolhope Natural Club found the +valuable medicinal plant asarabica (_asarum Europeum_) in the forest +of Deerfold, having wandered from the old abbey garden, and +perpetuated itself for ages. This one instance shows how the old +gardeners had introduced foreign plants into their wort-beds. + +"Many writers have told me, he goes on to observe, but especially a +Franciscan Father of the Holy Land and two Franciscan Sisters from a +hospital at Vialas (_Lazére_) par Génalhac, that-- + +"1. They use elm bark for cutaneous eruptions, herpes, and lepra. Four +ounces of the bark boiled in decoction in two quarts of water down to +one quart. That half a pint given twice a day has made inveterate +eruptions of lepra, both dry and humid, to disappear. + +"2. The rose burdock--_lappa rosea_--they give in cases of lepra +_icthyosis_, and it has succeeded where other remedies had failed. + +"3. They have used also the root of the mulberry-tree. Half a dram of +the powder to a dose. + +"4. _Lapathum bononicense_, or fiddle-dock, and also the dwarf +trefoil--_trefolium pusillum_. + +"The following is the list of simples which I obtained from the +Lazar-house still existing in Provence, les Alpes Maritimes, and from +that in Cyprus, and especially Nicosia, as also from the well-known +Leper hospital in Provence: + +"Food, baths, and oleaginous applications stand first. Then some +preparation of the following ordinary simples, which were most known +among our own common people, and which are still used in various parts +of England by simple folk for skin diseases and sores. You will see +how they entered into the monastic pharmacopoeia of the middle ages, +how they were at their doors, and especially cultivated in monastery +gardens. + +"1. Plantain--_plantago major_. Qualities: alterative, diuretic, +antiseptic. For scrofulous and cutaneous affections. It has also the +property of destroying living microscopical matter in or on the human +body. The Negro Casta, who discovered this herb, afterwards, as a +remedy against the deadly bite of the rattlesnake, received a +considerable reward from the Assembly of South Carolina. It is a +native of most parts of Europe and Asia, as also of Japan. Plantain +stands in the forefront of all the _cartels des hospitaličres_. + +"2. Yellow dock--_rumex_. Alterative, tonic, astringent, detergent, +and anti-scorbutic. Employed in scrofula, Leprosy, cutaneous diseases, +and purigo, and that with much effect. + +"3. Sorrel--_rumex ascetocella_. Employed locally to cancers, tumours, +and the open wounds of the Leper. + +"4. Burdock--_arctenus lappa_. Aperient, sudorific, and diuretic. +Employed in venereal and Leprous disorders, scrofula, and scurvy. +Fluid extract of lappa is exhibited even now to lepers. Dose, 1/2 to 1 +dram. + +"5. Monk's rhubarb--_rumex alpinus_. Used for the same purposes as +true rhubarb. + +"6. Lily roots. This ancient remedy is in all the books to which the +Franciscan Fathers of the Holy Land have access, and comes down from +Pliny and Dioscorides. "Effugant lepras lilium radices." (Plin.) + +"7. Common wormwood--_absinthium vulgare_, _artemisia_. + +"8. Daffodil--_narcissus purpurens et narcissus croceus_, called so +from _torpor_. The _oleum narcissenum et unguentum_ is found in all +hospital books, and comes down from Pliny, 2, 19: "Narcissi duogenera +medici usu recipiunt." For Leprosy and cutaneous eruptions called +_mala scabies_. This was what Canon Bethune calls _les calmantes_. Of +this flower, I may say that eight out of ten monastic ruins in England +abound with it, to such a degree that one cannot but conclude that it +was set there of old, that it was cultivated for some purpose, and has +reset and reproduced itself for centuries. Father Birch, S.J., +confirms this in regard to Roche Abbey--_de Rocca_--an old +Premonstratensian house, in Derbyshire, to which people come from afar +to see the daffodils, which make of the purlieus of the abbey one +great _tapis jaune_ (_sic._), but a carpet varied by every sort of +English spring flowers. + +"9. Scurvy grass--_cochlearia officinalis_--has long been considered, +at Nicosia, Cyprus, and elsewhere, as the most effectual of all the +anti-scorbutic plants. It grows in high latitudes, where scurvy is +most obnoxious. Not only religious (_sic._) and physicians, but +sailors speak highly of it. + +"10. The _sedum acre_--wall stone-crop. Used by nuns in Provence for +ulcers and leprous eruptions. It is boiled in six pints of milk until +reduced to three or four pints. For fungous flesh, it promotes +discharge, and destroys both gangrenes and carbuncles. This is found +in abundance on the cottage roofs about Melton Mowbray and +Burton-Lazars. + +"11. Celandine--_chelidonium_. Tintern Abbey, about Whitsuntide, is +one large white tapestry of celandine. When I visited Tintern, I was +struck by the lush clustering growth of this flower in 1885. An old +legend says that it is so called because the swallow cures the eyes of +its young of blindness by application of this herb. "Certainly," says +P. Xavier, Franciscan of the Holy Land, "it makes a good lotion for +the eyes of the Leper, and is often used by us in France." + +"If I were to add here the history of the _quinquina_, or Jesuit's +bark--is it not told us that the lions drank of a well into which +chincona had fallen, and thus suggested the useful Jesuits' bark, or +quinine?--it would take me into the seventeenth century, and be a +little out of my track; but one word must be added on the girjan oil, +the _dipterocarpus_ of quite modern days, which seems to have great +vogue in Barbadoes. This I do because it is the product of a +magnificent tropical tree, and the hospitals did not forget in the +treatment of Leprosy the use of common trees." + +Isolation is the only known effectual way of stamping out the disease, +by its means was the great diminution in the numbers of victims +affected here, by the end of the 14th century, and the almost total +and complete extinction of it in the middle of the 16th century, 1560. + +In 1350 at S. Julian's Lazar House, S. Alban's it is recorded that +"the number of Lepers had so diminished, their maintenance was below +the revenue of the institution; there are not now above three, +sometimes only two, occasionally only one." + +In 1520 the Lazar House of S. Mary Magdalene, Ripon, founded in 1139, +by Archbishop Thurstan, for the relief of the Lepers of the whole +district, contained only two priests and five poor people to pray for +all "Christen sowlez." Some parts of this Hospital, including the +chapel and its altar _in situ_, remain. + +In 1553 at the Lazar House of SS. Mary and Erkemould, Ilford, Essex, +founded by the Abbess of Barking, c. 1190, it is recorded that +"instead of 13 pore men beying Lepers, two pryest, and one clerke +thereof there is at this day but one pryest and two pore men." + +In Scotland the disease lingered till the middle of last century. A +day for public thanksgiving for the supposed total deliverance of that +country from the scourge of Leprosy, was enjoined, in 1742. The +disease however was not quite extinct there; it may be now. + +We are told at the present day, there are 123,924 Lepers in Hawaii; +and in India not less than 250,000, or a quarter of a million. There +are also large numbers in Barbadoes, and in the Sandwich Islands. + +A striking and recent proof of the efficacy of isolation is seen in +the fact, that in Norway there were 2,000 Lepers in 1867. That number +has now been reduced to 700. + +There are probably not more than 20 Lepers in England at the present +day. + +In the February number of the Monthly Record of the Association in +aid of the Bishop of Capetown, is a short account of the Lepers on +Robben Island, to whom Her gracious Majesty the Queen has graciously +sent two photographs of herself, which we are informed will be much +appreciated, probably a great deal more, than the superabundance of +scientific literature which is sent for their delectation, not a word +of which can they read, much less understand. They are also surfeited, +we are told, by no small numbers of copies of that book, so dear and +so well known, to all Cambridge undergraduates, _Paleys' Evidences of +Christianity_. It would have been more considerate had the munificent +benefactors sent the lighter edition of the writer's great work, +familiarly known as _Paley's Ghost_. + +There is just one other subject to mention, namely the common error +that the low narrow windows often seen in our older parish churches, +were to enable the Leper to hear the service, and to receive the +Eucharist, said to have been handed out to him. In support of this we +have but guess-work; of proof, there is none. + +In concluding, it will not fail to be interesting, to quote a few +words from so eminent an authority as Sir Risdon Bennett, M.D., LL.D., +F.R.C.S., ex-President of the Royal College of Physicians:--"If we +adopt the view that Leprosy is another instance of disease induced by +the presence of a particular microbe or bacillus, as in so many other +diseases now the subject of absorbing interest to both the +professional and the non-professional public, we may account for most +of the facts adduced in support of the various theories; especially if +we admit that there is reason to believe that such microbes, or +self-propagating infecting agents, vary greatly in the rapidity with +which they permeate the body. For all observers allow, that as a rule +_true leprosy_ is a disease of very slow development. In the Middle +Ages it is certain that the belief in the contagion of the _true +leprosy_ was very general, both among physicians and the common +people; but it is also true that as medical science advanced, and the +diagnosis of disease became more definite and reliable, this opinion +lost ground, and was at length abandoned." + +The efforts being made by the "Missions to Lepers in India" cannot be +too strongly commended to the benevolently inclined. The Asylums or +Lazar Houses at Almora, Dara, and elsewhere, in India, are entirely +supported by this society, which has under its care above 100 Lepers, +at the cost of only about £6 per annum for each adult. + +If I have awakened an interest in this remarkable and unique subject, +and at the same time, above all, excited a stronger feeling of +sympathy for our brothers and sisters suffering at the present time +from the disease--a living death--in various portions of the globe, my +humble efforts will not have been in vain. + + + + +APPENDIX A. + + +NOTES. + +[a] An obolus = a halfpenny. + + +[b] Bolted Corn was so-called from it being "boulted" or sifted in a +bulter or bolter; this was a special cloth for the purpose of +separating the fine flour from the bran, after the manner of a modern +sieve. Bread made from un-bolted flour was known as "Tourte bread," +bakers of such were not permitted by law to have a bolter, nor were +they allowed to make white bread; nor were bakers of white bread to +make "Tourte." The best kind of white bread was called Simnel, +manchet, Pain demaign or payman, so-called from having an impress of +our Lord upon it, the next best was the Wastell or Puff, the third and +inferior sort was called Cocket or Light bread. + +Black bread was known as "All Sorts." + +Bakers might only make certain kinds of bread. A table called the +Assize of Bread was set up in every city and town, showing the weight +of each kind of loaf according to the law, according as the price of +wheat varied from one shilling to twenty shillings per quarter. The +weight of the loaves was 'set' each year by the Mayors or Bailiffs. + + +[c] The weight of bread is given as five marks, that is £3 +6s. 8d., at one time pounds, shillings, and pence, took the place of +our weights--pounds, ounces, and pennyweights, hence these loaves +would weigh 3 pounds 6 ounces and 8 pennyweights. The price of bread +never varied, but the weight did; contrary to the modern custom. + + +[d] Mess--a particular number or set who eat together. At the +Inns of Court at the present day, a mess consists of four persons. + + +[e] This rather upsets the theory as to the origin of eating +a goose at Michaelmas, connected with Queen Elizabeth and the news of +the English victory over the Spanish Armada. + + +[f] Furmenty or Frumenty was made of new wheat boiled in milk +and seasoned with sugar and spices. + + +[g] Ale, anciently was made of wheat, barley, and honey, the +term was then applied exclusively to malt liquor. Hops are supposed to +have been introduced into this country in 1524 from Flanders, and the +term "Beer" was used to describe liquors brewed with an infusion of +hops. The two terms are now generally used synonymously. + + +[h] The seven Canonical hours of the Church were:-- + + { Mattins or Nocturns, usually sung between midnight and daybreak. +(1) { Lauds, a service at daybreak following closely on and sometimes + { joined to mattins. + +(2) Prime, a later morning service, about six o'clock. + +(3) Tierce, a service at nine o'clock. + +(4) Sexts, a service at noon. + +(5) Nones, a service at three in the afternoon. + +(6) Vespers, a service at six in the evening. + +(7) Compline, a service at eight or nine in the evening, being the last + of the seven hours. + +These seven offices were condensed in 1519 into two, our present +Mattins and Evensong. + + +[i] A Paternoster is a chaplet of beads. + +A Rosary comprises 15 Paternosters and Glorias, and 150 Ave Marias, +divided into three parts, each of which contains five decades +consisting of one paternoster, ten Ave Marias, and one Gloria, each +preceded by the Creed. + + +[j] Similar Services and Masses for the Dead were sung over Monks and +Nuns on retiring from the world to a Monastery or Nunnery. See Manuale +ad usum Sarum. + + +[k] Russet was a coarse cloth of a reddish brown or grey colour, said +by Henry de Knyghton c. 1380, to have been introduced into England by +the Lollards. + +Hall in his "Satires" says, "Russet clothes in the 16th century are +indicative of countryfolk." + +The tunic is a very ancient garment, it is found on the sculptures and +paintings of Early Egypt; it was in constant use by the Greeks, and +was ultimately adopted by the Romans. It was worn in this country, in +a variety of forms and lengths until the end of the fifteenth century. +(Costumes in England, by Fairholt, ed. by Hon. H. Dillon, Vol. II.) + + +[l] _Royal Mandate, enjoining the exclusion of Leprous persons front +the City._ + +20 Edward III. A.D. 1346. Letter-Book F. fol. cxvi. (Latin.) + +"EDWARD, by the grace of God, etc. Forasmuch as we have been given to +understand, that many persons, as well of the city aforesaid, as +others coming to the said city, being smitten with the blemish of +leprosy, do publicly dwell among the other citizens and sound persons, +and there continually abide; and do not hesitate to communicate with +them, as well in public places as in private; and that some of them, +endeavouring to contaminate others with that abominable blemish, (that +so, to their own wretched solace, they may have the more fellows in +suffering,) as well in the way of mutual communications, and by the +contagion of their polluted breath, do so taint persons who are sound, +both male and female, to the great injury of the people dwelling in +the city, aforesaid, and the manifest peril of other persons to the +same city resorting;--We, wishing in every way to provide against the +evils and perils which from the cause aforesaid may unto the said +city, and the whole of our realm, arise, do command you, strictly +enjoining, that immediately on seeing these presents, you will cause +it to be publicly proclaimed on our behalf in every Ward of the city +aforesaid, and in the suburbs thereof, where you shall deem it +expedient, that all persons who have such blemish, shall, within +fifteen days from the date of these presents, quit the city and the +suburbs aforesaid, on the peril which is thereunto attached, and +betake themselves to places in the country, solitary, and notably +distant from the said city and suburbs, and take up their dwelling +there; seeking their victuals, through such sound persons as may think +proper to attend thereto, wheresoever they may deem it expedient. And +that no persons shall permit such leprous people to dwell within their +houses and buildings in the City, and in the suburbs aforesaid, on +pain of forfeiture of their said houses and buildings, and more +grievous punishment on them by us to be inflicted, if they shall +contravene the same. And further, taking with you certain discreet +and lawful men who have the best knowledge of this disease, all those +persons, as well as citizens as others, of whatever sex or condition +they may be, whom, upon diligent examination in this behalf to be +made, within the city and suburbs aforesaid you shall find to be +smitten with the aforesaid blemish of leprosy, you are to cause to be +removed from the communion of sound citizens and persons without +delay, and taken to solitary places in the country, there, as above +stated, to abide. And this, as you shall wish to keep yourself +scatheless, and to avoid our heavy indignation, you are not to delay +doing; and as to that which you shall have done herein, you are +distinctly and openly to certify us in our Chancery under your seals, +within the fifteen days next ensuing herefrom. Witness myself, at +Westminster, the 15th day of March, in the 20th year of our reign in +England, and of our reign in France the 7th." + +Proclamation of this writ was made on the Wednesday next after the +Feast of St. Gregory the Pope [12 March], in the 20th year aforesaid. + + +_The Porters of the City Gates sworn that they will prevent Lepers +from entering the City._ + +49 Edward III. A.D. 1375. Letter-Book H. fol. xx. (Latin) + +WILLIAM DUERHIRST, _barbir_, porter of Algate, and the several porters +of Bisshopesgate, Crepulgate, Aldrichesgate, Neugate, Ludgate, Bridge +Gate, and the [1]Postern,--were sworn before the Mayor and Recorder, +on the Monday next after the Feast of St. Bartholomew the Apostle [24 +August], in the 49th year etc., that they will well and trustily keep +the Gates and Postern aforesaid, each in his own office and bailiwick; +and will not allow lepers to enter the City, or to stay in the same, +or in the suburbs thereof; and if anyone shall bring any leprous +person to any such Gate, or to the Postern aforesaid, or if any lepers +or leper shall come there, and wish to enter, such persons or person +shall be prohibited by the porter from entering; and if, such +prohibition notwithstanding, such persons or person shall attempt to +enter, then they or he shall be distrained by their or his horses or +horse, if they or he shall have any such, and by their outer garment; +the which such persons or person are not to have back, without leave +of the Mayor, for the time being. And if even then such persons or +person shall attempt to enter, they or he shall be attached by their +bodies or body, and in safe custody be kept, until as to such persons +or person it shall by the Mayor, for the time being, have been +otherwise ordained. + + [1] Near the Tower. + +And further, the same porters were told, on pain of the pillory, that +they must well and trustily observe and keep this Ordinance, as +aforesaid. + +William Cook, [2]_forman_ at [3]Le Loke, and William Walssheman, +_forman_ at Hakeney, were sworn that they will not bring lepers, or +know of their being brought, into the City aforesaid; but that they +will inform the said porters, and prevent the said lepers from +entering, as far as they may. + + [2] Foreman, or manager. + + [3] The Lock, adjacent to Southwark; these were Lazar-houses + for Lepers. + + +Memorials of London and London Life, XIII, XIV, and XV centuries, +Riley. + +In the _Liber Albus_ p. 273, is a regulation that no Leper is to be +found in the city, night or day, on pain of imprisonment; alms were, +however, to be collected for them on Sundays. Again on p. 590, are +further regulations that Jews, Lepers, and Swine are to be driven out +of the city. + + +[m] See Dr. Lanigan's Eccles. Hist. of Ireland vol. III. p. 83-88, +Dublin 1822, quoted by Dr. Stewart in "Arch. Essays" 1872, ii. + + +[n] See vol. I. Surtees soc: pp. 37,41. + + +[o] A Sewer was an Usher. Vide Catholicon Anglicum. + +See Dugdale's Mon: Angl. vi. 643, 2nd ed. + +Lord Lyttleton's the Life of Henry II. etc. (London 1767) append of +Documents iv. 220. + +Leland's Itinerary iv. 105. (Hearnes ed.) + + +[p] See authorities quoted by Simpson in Arch. Essays, (ed. Stewart) +ii. 115. + + +[q] See p. 179, ii. Arch. Essays, Simpson ed: ed Stewart. + + +[r] See Rot: Orig: in Curia Scacecrie Abbrev: i. 33, London 1805. + + +[s] See Dugdale's Mon: Angl: vi. 687. Cheon Hencia Knyghton, _Bod: +Lib:_ ii. cap. 2. quoted by the late Sir J. G. Simpson, Bt. in Arch. +Essays, ii. + + +[t] See Alex. Jenkin's, H. and Discrip: of the City of Exeter, etc. +(1806) p. 384 quoted by Simpson. + + +[u] Simpson quotes Bellenden's Transl. of Boece, Chronikles of +Scotland, ii. 102, ed. of 1821. Dempter's Hist. Eccles Gentis Scotorum +(1627) p. 278, etc. + + +[v] See Fuller's Hist. of the Holy Warre (3rd ed. 1647) p. 94, quoted +by Simpson. Notes and Queries 7th S viii. 218. + + +[w] See Orygynale Cronikil of Scotland, (Macpherson's ed.) ii. 136. + +Simpson's Arch. Essays, ii. 113 et sq. + +Froisart's Chron. of England etc., by Lord Berners (London 1812) i. +19. + +A large number of other authorities are quoted by Simpson. Notes and + +Queries, 7th S viii. 108, 217. + + +[x] See Notes and Queries, 7th S. viii. 108. Lingard's H. of England +(1st ed.) iii. 315. + +Rapin's H. of E. (ed. Tindal) ii. 185. Sharon Turner H. of E. ii. 272. + +Duchesne's Hist. d'Angleterre, (Paris 1614) p. 1010. Strickland's +Lives of the Queens of England iii. 114, and others quoted by Simpson, +late Professor Thorold Rogers in Notes and Queries 7th S. viii. 278. + + +[y] Notes and Queries 7th S viii. 277. + + +[z] Notes and Queries 7th S viii. 363. + +Leprosy was sometimes called Meselrie and Spiteluvel in the Middle +Ages, see Catholicon Anglicum, a Leper, elefancia, missella, mesel. +_ibid._ also Promptorium Parvulorum. + + + + +APPENDIX B. + +ENGLISH LAZAR HOUSES. + + +BERKSHIRE. + + Reading S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Auchirius, 2nd Abbot, + 1134, for 13 Lepers. + + +BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. + + Aylesbury SS. John & Leonard. Founded by Robert Ilhale and + others, _temp_ Henry I. & II. Fell into decay previous + to 1360. + + High Wycombe SS. Giles & Margaret. Founded _ante_ 13 Henry III. + + +CAMBRIDGESHIRE. + + Cambridge SS. Anthony & Eligius. _Ante_ 1397. + + Stourbridge S. Mary Magdalene. Suppressed 1497. + + +CORNWALL. + + Bodmin S. Laurence, for 19 Lepers. + + Launceston S. Leonard. + + Liskeard S. Mary Magdalene. + + +CUMBERLAND. + + Carlisle S. Nicholas. _Ante_ 1200, for 13 Lepers. + + +DERBYSHIRE. + + Chesterfield S. Leonard. _Ante_ 1195. + + Derby Maison Dieu. _Temp_ Henry II. + + " S. Leonard. + + Locko S. Mary Magdalene. + + +DEVONSHIRE. + + Exeter S. Mary Magdalene. In being 1163. + + Honiton S. Martin. Founded by Robert Chard, _last_ Abbot of Ford. + + Pilton S. Margaret. Exists, though not for Lepers. + + Plymouth Holy Trinity & S. Mary Magdalene. + + Plymton S. Mary Magdalene. Founded in Edward II. + + Tavistock S. Mary Magdalene. + + +DORSETSHIRE. + + Allington S. Mary Magdalene. + + Long Blandford + + Lyme S. Mary & Holy Spirit. _Ante_ 1336. + + +DURHAM. + + Badele, near Darlington _Ante_ 1195. + + Sherburn Blessed Virgin, Lazarus, and his Two Sisters. Still existing. + Founded by Hugh Pudsey, Bishop of Durham, 1181, for 65 Lepers. + + +ESSEX. + + Colchester S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Eudo, Seneschal of Henry I. + + Ilford SS. Mary & Erkemould. By Abbess of Barking, _c._ 1190, for + 13 Lepers. + + Little Maldon S. Giles. + + Southweald S. John the Baptist. Still going on as an almshouse. + + +GLOUCESTERSHIRE. + + Bristol S. Lawrence. + + " S. Mary Magdalene. + + " S. John the Baptist. Founded by John Earl of Morton. + + Gloucester S. Margaret; or, the Lepers of S. Sepulchre. _Ante_ + 1320, for men and women. + + S. George S. Leonard. + + Tewkesbury _c._ John. + + +HAMPSHIRE. + + Southampton S. Mary Magdalene. Founded 1173-4. + + Winchester + + +HEREFORDSHIRE. + + Hereford S. Giles. + + +HERTFORDSHIRE. + + Baldock _Temp_ Henry III. + + Berkhampstead S. John the Evangelist. For men and women. + + Hoddesdon SS. Landers & Anthony. Founded 1391. + + S. Albans S. Mary. + + " S. John. + + " S. Julian. Founded by Geoffrey de Gorham, 16th Abbot of S. + Alban's. _Temp_ Henry I., between 1109 and 1146, for 6 Lepers. + + +HUNTINGTONSHIRE. + + Huntingdon S. Margaret. Founded by Malcolm IV., King of + Scotland, who died 1165. + + +KENT. + + Bobbing + + Boughton-under-Blean S. Nicholas. + + Buckland-in-Dover S. Bartholomew. Founded 1141. + + Canterbury S. Laurence. Founded by Hugh, Abbot of S. + Augustine's in 1137, or _ante_ 1089. + + " S. Nicholas. + + Chatham S. Bartholomew. Founded by Gundulph, Bishop of Rochester, or + by Henry I. Goes on as a hospital. The chapel remains and is + still used. + + Dartford S. Mary Magdalene. Founded _c._ 1380. + + Dartfort Holy Trinity. + + Dover S. Bartholomew. Founded _c._ 1141. + + Harbledon S. Nicholas. Founded by Lanfranc in 1084. For men and + women. Still used, though not for Lepers. + + Hythe S. Andrew. _Ante_ 1336. + + Olford _Temp_ Henry III. + + Ramsay, Old SS. Stephen and Thomas of Canterbury. Founded by + Adam de Charing. _Temp_ Archbishop Baldwin. + + Rochester S. Catherine. Founded by Simon Postyn 1316. Still + going on, though not for Lepers. + + Tannington S. James. _Ante_ 1189. + + +LANCASHIRE. + + Lancaster S. Leonard Founded by John White, Earl of Moreton. + + +LEICESTERSHIRE. + + Burton Lazars Blessed Virgin and S. Lazarus. Founded chiefly by + Roger de Mowbray, _temp_ Stephen. + + Leicester S. Leonard. Founded by William, son of Robert + Blanchmains, _temp_ Richard I. + + Stamford _Ante_ 1493. + + Tilton Founded by Sir Wm. Burdett. Annexed to Burton Lazars + _temp_ Henry II. + + +LINCOLNSHIRE. + + Bassingthorpe + + Lincoln Holy Innocents. Founded by Remegius, 1st Bishop, or + Henry I. Annexed to Burton Lazars. + + +MIDDLESEX. + + Bloomsbury S. Giles-in-the-Fields. Founded by Queen Matilda, + 1101, for 40 Lepers. + + Kingsland (Hackney) + + Knightsbridge Holy Trinity? + + London S. James'. Westminster. Founded _pre_ Conquest, for 14 Leprous + maids; 8 men added at a later date (site of S. James' Palace.) + + Savoy + + Smithfield S. John of Jerusalem. Founded by Jordan Bristol and + his wife, 1100. + + Southwark + + +NORFOLK. + + Choseley + + Hardwick S. Lawrance. + + Langwade + + Little Snoring Founded 1380. + + Lynn (6) S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Peter the Chaplain, 1145, for + 1 Prior and 12 brethren; 3 to be Lepers. + + S. Nicholas. Men and women. + + Cowgate + + Gaywood + + Setchhithe + + West Lynn + + Norwich (6) SS. Mary and Clement. S. Austin's Gate. (Still existing + as the Pest House.) + + S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Herbert de Lozinga _ante_ 1119. + + Without Fibriggate or S. Magdalene Gate. + + " Nedham or S. Stephen's Gate. + + " S. Giles' Gate. + + " Westwyk or S. Benet's Gate. + + Racheness-in-Southacre S. Bartholomew. _Ante_ 1216. + + Thetford S. John. _Temp_ Edward I. + + " S. Margaret. _C._ 1390. + + Walsingham + + Yarmouth Outside North Gate. _Ante_ 1314. + + +NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. + + Cotes, near Rockingham. + + Cotton Far S. Leonard. Founded by William I. + + Northampton S. Leonard. Founded by William I. 11th century. Men + and women. + + Peterborough S. Leonard. Founded in the reign of Stephen. + _Ante_ 1154. Towcester S. Leonard. _C._ 1200. + + +NORTHUMBERLAND. + + Bolton S. Thomas the Martyr or Holy Trinity. Founded by Robert + de Ross of Hamlake. _Ante_ 1225, for 13 Lepers. + + Hexham S. Giles. _C._ 1210. + + Newcastle-on-Tyne S. Mary Magdalene. + + +NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. + + Blythe S. John the Evangelist. Founded by William de Cressy. + + Nottingham S. John. + + " S. Leonard. + + +OXFORDSHIRE. + + Banbury S. John. _Temp_ John. + + Crowmarsh + + Oxford S. Bartholomew. Founded by Henry I. _Temp_ Henry I. + _Ante_ 1200, for 12 Lepers. + + S. Clement's S. Bartholomew. + + +SHROPSHIRE. + + Bridgenorth S. James. + + Shrewsbury S. Giles. Founded by Henry II. Men and women. + + +SOMERSETSHIRE. + + Bath + + Berrington + + Bridgewater S. Giles. + + Langport S. Mary Magdalene. _Ante_ 1310. + + Selwood + + Taunton + + +STAFFORDSHIRE. + + Penkridge + + Stafford S. Leonard. + + " Henry II. + + +SUFFOLK. + + Beccles S. Mary Magdalene. _C._ 1327. + + Bury S. Edmunds S. Peter. _C._ 1327. + + Dunwich Maison Dieu. (Chancel of Church remains.) + + " S. James. _Ante_ 1199. + + Eye S. Mary Magdalene. _C._ 1330. + + Gorleston Existing 1372. + + Ipswich S. James. _Temp_ John. + + " S. Mary Magdalene. + + Sudbury S. Leonard. Founded by John Colnays. + + " S. Lazars. Founded by Amicia, Countess of Clare. _Temp_ John. + + +SURREY. + + Newington Blessed Mary and S. Catharine. + + +SUSSEX. + + Arundel Founded by Henry of Arundel. _Temp_ Edward II. + + Beddington S. Mary Magdalene. + + Bramber + + Chichester SS. John & Mary Magdalene. _Temp_ Richard I. + + Herting S. John the Baptist. _Ante_ 1199. + + Shoreham S. James? + + +WARWICKSHIRE. + + Coventry S. James. + + " S. John. + + Warwick S. Michael. Founded _c._ Henry I. or Stephen. + + +WESTMORELAND. + + Appleby S. Leonard. + + " S. Nicholas. + + Kirby-in-Kendal S. Leonard. + + Kirkby By Henry II. + + +WILTSHIRE. + + Devizes Founded _ante_ 1207. + + Cricklade S. John the Baptist. + + Fuggleston SS. Giles and Anthony. Founded by Adelicia, 2nd + Queen of Henry I., for men and women. + + Maiden Bradley Blessed Virgin. Founded by Manasseh Biset. _Temp_ Stephen + or Henry II., _c._ 1154, for "pore Lepers and women." + + Marlborough S. John? For Lepers. + + Wilton S. John. Founded 1217. + + " S. Giles. Founded by Alicia or Adelicia, 2nd Queen of Henry + I. 1217. + + +WORCESTERSHIRE. + + Droitwich Founded by William de Donére. Edward I. + + +YORKSHIRE. + + Bawtry S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Robert Moreton, 1316. + + Beverley S. Nicholas (without Keldgate Bar). _Ante_ 1286. + + " " (without North Bar). + + Brough S. Giles. Founded by Henry Fitz-Randolph of Ravenswood. + _Temp_ Henry III. ? For Lepers. + + Doncaster S. James. Founded by Manasseh Biset, _c._ 1154. For women. + + Doncaster S. Nicholas. + + Hedon Holy Sepulchre. Founded by Alan Fitz-Oubern, for men and women. + + Hull Maison Dieu? + + Hutton Locras, or Lowcross S. Leonard. Founded by William de Bernaldby. + + Pontefract S. Mary Magdalene. _Temp_ Henry III. + + Otley _Temp_ Henry II., or Edward II. + + Ripon S. John. Founded by William I. 1068. + + " S. Mary Magdalene. Archbishop Thurstan, 1139. Some parts, + including chapel with its altar _in situ_, are left. + + " S. Nicholas. Maude the Empress. + + Sheffield S. Leonard. + + Whitby S. John the Baptist. Founded by Abbot William de Percy, + 1109. For one Leper[A]. + + [A] Who gave to it the wood and thorny ground adjacent to the + spot. The building being for the habitation of one Leper + only, one Orme being the first, was necessarily small. Orme + was supplied with his provisions daily from the Abbey. After + him Geoffrey Mansell, a Leprous monk of Whitby also lived + here in solitude. On his death the hospital ceased to be used + as a Lazar House, and was enlarged for the reception of + several poor people both healthy and sick, Robert de Alnett + being appointed master of it. + + Yarm S. Nicholas. Founded by Robert de Brus, _c._ 1180. + + York (4) S. Mary Magdalene. + + " S. Nicholas. Early _c._ 1110. For men and women. + + " S. Oswald. Founded by Bishop Oswald, 1268. + + * * * * * + +_This is not a complete list of all the Lazar Houses once existing in +England, but has been hurriedly compiled from Dugdale's Mon. Ang. vol. +vi.; Lewis' Top. Dic. of England; Promptorium Parvulorum; Historic +Towns--Exeter, by Professor Freeman, and other sources._ + + * * * * * + +JOHN HAGYARD, PRINTER, ST. NICHOLAS STREET, SCARBOROUGH. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Leper in England: with some +account of English lazar-houses, by Robert Charles Hope + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LEPER IN ENGLAND *** + +***** This file should be named 29737-8.txt or 29737-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/7/3/29737/ + +Produced by Julie Barkley, Irma Spehar and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Leper in England: with some account of English lazar-houses + +Author: Robert Charles Hope + +Release Date: August 19, 2009 [EBook #29737] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LEPER IN ENGLAND *** + + + + +Produced by Julie Barkley, Irma Spehar and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<h1><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span><small>THE</small><br /> +LEPER IN ENGLAND:</h1> + +<p class="center" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em; line-height: 200%"><small>WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF</small><br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 160%">English Lazar Houses.</span></p> + +<p class="center">WITH NOTES.</p> + +<p class="center" style="padding-top: 1em; font-size: 90%">BY</p> + +<p class="center" style="padding-top: 1em; font-size: 130%">ROBERT CHARLES HOPE, F.S.A., F.R.S.L.,</p> + +<p class="center"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span><i>Peterhouse, Cambridge, and Lincoln’s Inn.<br /> +Member of the Royal Archæological Institute of Great Britain.</i></p> + +<p class="center" style="padding-top: 0.5em"><i>Editor of Barnabe Googe’s “Popish Kingdome.”<br /> +Author of “Glossary of Dialectal Place-Nomenclature.”<br /> +“An Inventory of the Church Plate in Rutland.”<br /> +“English Goldsmiths,” &c., &c.</i></p> + +<p class="publisher">SCARBOROUGH:<br /> +<small>JOHN HAGYARD, PRINTER, “GAZETTE” ST. NICHOLAS STREET.</small></p> + +<p class="dedication"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> +<span style="font-size: 150%">Dedicated</span><br /> +TO<br /> +<span class="smcap"><big>The Ven. R. Frederick L. Blunt, A.K.C., M.A., D.D.,</big><br /> +Archdeacon of the East Riding; Canon Residentiary of York;<br /> +Vicar of Scarborough;<br /> +Chaplain-in-Ordinary to the Queen; Surrogate;<br /> +Fellow of King’s College, London;<br /> +Chaplain to the Royal Northern Sea-Bathing Infirmary, Scarborough,<br /> +Who occupied the Chair on the occasion, and at whose request,<br /> +the Lecture was delivered.</span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> +</p> + + +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></h2> + +<hr /> + +<table summary="toc"> +<tr><td class="leftalign"> </td><td class="rightalign"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="leftalign"><span class="smcap">Title</span></td><td class="rightalign"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="leftalign"><span class="smcap">Dedication</span></td><td class="rightalign"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="leftalign"><span class="smcap">Contents</span></td><td class="rightalign"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="leftalign"><span class="smcap">Forespeech</span></td><td class="rightalign"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="leftalign"><span class="smcap">The Leprosy of Scripture</span></td><td class="rightalign"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="leftalign"><span class="smcap">The Leprosy of the Middle Ages</span></td><td class="rightalign"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="leftalign"><span class="smcap">Lazar Houses</span></td><td class="rightalign"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="leftalign"><span class="smcap">Status of Lepers</span></td><td class="rightalign"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="leftalign"><span class="smcap">Summary</span></td><td class="rightalign"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="leftalign"><span class="smcap">Appendix A.—Notes</span></td><td class="rightalign"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="leftalign"><span style="padding-left: 2em">"</span><span class="smcap" style="padding-left: 1.9em">B.—English Lazar Houses</span></td><td class="rightalign"><a href="#Page_43">43</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + + + + + +<h2><a name="FORESPEECH" id="FORESPEECH"></a>FORESPEECH.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></h2> + +<hr /> +<p>The subject matter embraced within these covers, +consists chiefly of notes, made for a lecture delivered in +Christ Church Schoolroom, Scarborough, on Thursday, +March 5th, 1891, and is published by special request.</p> + +<p>No claim for originality is made. The works of the +late Sir James Y. Simpson, Professor of Medicine in +the University of Edinburgh, (Archæological Essays, +Vol. II.); Sir Risdon Bennett, M.D., LL.D., F.B.S., +“Diseases of the Bible”; Dr. Greenhill, in “Bible +Educator”; Leland’s “Itinerary”; Dugdale’s “Monasticon,” +&c., &c., have been freely drawn upon, and to +these writers, therefore, it is the desire here to acknowledge +the indebtedness which is due.</p> + +<p>Various Notes will be found in the Appendix, which +it is hoped will prove of interest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p> + + + +<h2><a name="THE_LEPER_IN_ENGLAND" id="THE_LEPER_IN_ENGLAND"></a>THE LEPER IN ENGLAND.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></h2> +<hr /> + + +<p>There is perhaps no subject of greater interest, nor +one which awakens more sympathy, than that of the +Leper; it affords a most curious, though painful topic +of enquiry, particularly in the present day, when so much +has been said and written, as to the probability and +possibility of the loathsome scourge again obtaining a +hold in this, our own country.</p> + +<p>Much confusion and ignorance exists, as to what +true Leprosy really is. I do not pretend, nor do I assume, +to be in any way an authority on the disease, nor to be +at all deeply versed in the matter; my remarks will +consist chiefly in retailing to you, some of the many and +curious circumstances connected with the malady, with +which I have become acquainted in studying the various +Lazar Houses and Leper Wells, once so liberally scattered +all over the country, from an antiquary’s point of +view, and in examining the writings of those competent to +express an opinion, from personal and other observations. +Your kind indulgence is, therefore, asked for any shortcomings +on my part.</p> + + +<h3>THE LEPROSY OF THE BIBLE.</h3> + +<p>It is necessary at the outset, to state clearly, that +the disease known as Leprosy in Holy Scripture, was an +entirely and altogether different disorder, to that, which, +in the Middle Ages, was so terribly prevalent, not in this +country only, but over the whole Continent of Europe.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sir Risdon Bennett tells us the Leprosy of Scripture +was a skin disease known to the medical faculty as +<i>Psoriasis</i>. The use of the Greek and Latin word <i>Lepra</i>, +to signify both kinds of Leprosy, has no doubt contributed +largely to the confusion existing as to these two disorders. +The Leprosy of the Bible was <i>Psoriasis</i>, that of the Middle +Ages <i>Elephantiasis Græcorum</i>.</p> + +<p>There are six cases only, which include nine +instances of Leprosy, recorded in the Old Testament:—</p> + +<table summary="leperlist" class="leperlist"> +<tr><td>Moses—Exodus, iv., 6.</td><td rowspan="4" style="padding-top: 1.4em"><span style="font-size: 450%">｝</span></td><td rowspan="4" style="text-align: center">Miraculously afflicted.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Miriam—Numbers, xii., 10.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Gehazi—2 Kings, v., 27.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Uzziah—2 Chronicles, xxvi., 19.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Naaman—2 Kings, v., 1.</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Four Lepers—2 Kings, vii., 3.</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p>In the New Testament we have but three cases, +involving twelve persons, viz.:—</p> + +<ul> +<li>(1) Man, recorded by St. Matthew, viii, 2; St. Mark, i., 40; St. Luke, v., 12.</li> + +<li>(2) Ten Lepers, St. Luke, xvii., 12.</li> + +<li>(3) Simon, St. Matthew, xxvi., 6; St. Mark, xiv., 3.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The first account or mention of the disorder in the +Bible, is to be found in Leviticus; nearly three chapters, +xiii., xiv., xv., being devoted to the examination and +cleansing of the afflicted, with the minutest detail.</p> + +<p>In chapter xiii., we are told that “if a man has a +bright spot deeper than the skin of the flesh, the hair on +which has turned white, or the white spot has a raw in +it, and the scab be spread in the skin—then shall the +priest pronounce him <i>unclean</i>.” But, if he have all the +above symptoms, and “the scabs do not spread, or, if he +be covered from head to foot—as white as snow—with +the disease, then shall the priest pronounce him <i>clean</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>” +It should be observed, that whereas the “<i>unclean</i>” +Leper “shall dwell alone,” no such restriction was placed +upon the “clean or White Leper,” who was free to go +about as he desired, and also to mingle with his fellow-men. +This is clear from the accounts given us of Gehazi +conversing with the King; of Naaman performing his +ordinary duties as captain of the host of the King of +Syria; we are told he was “a great man with his +master, and honourable, because by him the Lord had +given victory unto Syria; he was also a mighty man of +valour,” and also, from the instance of our Blessed Lord +being entertained in the house of Simon the “Leper.” +On no other ground than this assumption, can these +instances be reconciled with the Levitical Law.</p> + +<p>In the Levitical, and in every other account of the +disease, it is significant that there is no mention, or +hint, of any loss of sensation in connection with the +disorder, of any affection of the nerves, nor of any deformity +of the body; no provision is made for those who +were unable to take care of themselves, nor is there a +tittle of evidence, or the barest hint given, that the disease +was either contagious or dangerous. Only two +persons in the whole of the Bible are stated to have +died from the disease, and in each of these cases, it +was specially so ordained by the Almighty, as a specific +punishment for a particular sin. Cures were not only +possible, and common, but they were the rule. Josephus +speaks of Leprosy in a man as but “a misfortune in the +colour of his skin.” S. Augustine said that when Lepers +were restored to health, “they were <i>mundati</i>, not <i>sanati</i>, +because Leprosy is an ailment affecting merely the colour,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +not the health, or the soundness of the senses, and the +limbs.”</p> + +<p>It is a most curious, and interesting problem which +has yet to be solved, why a man should be “unclean” +when he was but partially covered by the disease, and +yet, when he was wholly covered with it, he should be +“clean.”</p> + +<p>That no argument in support of contagion can be +drawn simply from the sentence of expulsion from the +camp, is evident from Numbers v., 2-4; for Lepers, +and non-Lepers, are equally excluded on the ground of +“uncleanness.” The laws of seclusion applied as rigorously +to the uncleanness induced by <i>touching</i> a leper, or +even a dead body, as well as in other cases, where no +question of contagion could exist. It appears more than +probable that the “cleansing” was merely a ceremonial, +ordained for those attacked by the disease at a certain +stage, implying some deeper meaning, than I for one, +am able to discern. I therefore leave it to the theologian +to whom it appertains, rather than to a humble +and enquiring layman as myself.</p> + +<p>That the descriptions of the various forms of skin +disease were intended, not to denote differences in their +nature or pathology, but to enable the priests to discriminate +between the “clean” and “unclean” forms, is +manifest. They were intended purely for practical use.</p> + +<p>The first allusion—the only one in the Bible—we +have to a Lazar, or Leper house, occurs in 2 Kings, +xv., 5, “And the Lord smote the King so that he was a +Leper unto the day of his death, and dwelt in a <i>‘several’ +house</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>”</p> + + +<h3>THE LEPROSY OF THE MIDDLE AGES.</h3> + +<p>The Leprosy of the Middle Ages known as <i>Elephantiasis +Græcorum</i>, <i>Lepra Arabum</i>, and <i>Lepra tuberculosis</i>, is +not yet extinct. It is very curious that whilst <i>Lepra +Arabum</i> is the same as <i>Elephantiasis Græcorum</i> or true +Leprosy, the <i>Elephantiasis Arabum</i> is a totally distinct +disease. The former is the most loathsome and revolting +of the many awful and terrible scourges, with which +the Almighty, in his wisdom, has seen fit, from time to +time, to visit mankind.</p> + +<p>It is, I believe, a singular fact, that the Jews, “the +chosen people of God,” have a special immunity from the +disease, being less predisposed than other races. Dr. V. +Carter says that during a period of seventeen years, out +of a very large number of cases in Bombay, he had seen +only four cases, and but one death among Jews, that is +of <i>Elephantiasis Græcorum</i>.</p> + +<p>Belcher on “Our Lord’s Miracles,” says that in +Tangiers at the present day, the two diseases are found, +the <i>Lepra Hebræorum</i> prevailing chiefly among the +Jewish residents, and presenting exactly the symptoms as +described in Leviticus. On the other hand, in Syria, +<i>Elephantiasis Græcorum</i> is unknown among the Jews.</p> + +<p>It appears to have been very prevalent in this +country; but when, and how it was introduced, is not +known. Some certify it was brought back by the Crusaders, +being the only thing they ever did bring back. But +it existed here long anterior to the days of the <i>first</i> crusade. +The City of Bath is said to have originated from an old +British King afflicted with Leprosy, who being obliged, +in consequence, to wander far from the habitation of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +men, and being finally reduced to the condition of a +swineherd, discovered the medicinal virtues of the hot +springs of Bath, while noticing that his pigs which +bathed therein were cured of sundry diseases prevailing +among them.</p> + +<p>The following epigram on King Bladud, who was +killed 844, <small>B.C.</small>,—father of King Leir, or Leal, d. 799, +<small>B.C.</small>,—was written by a clergyman of the name of Groves, +of Claverton:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“When Bladud once espied some hogs<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Lie wallowing in the steaming bogs,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where issue forth those sulphurous springs,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Since honour’d by more potent kings,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Vex’d at the brutes alone possessing<br /></span> +<span class="i0">What ought t’ have been a common blessing,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He drove them, thence in mighty wrath,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And built the mighty town of Bath.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The hogs thus banished by their prince,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Have lived in Bristol ever since.”<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Many Lazar or Leper Houses were built in England +during the early part of the reign of William the +Norman, who founded several.</p> + +<p>The medical writers of the 13th and 14th centuries, +which include the names of Theodoric, the monk, +a distinguished surgeon of Bologna; the celebrated +Lanfranc, of Milan and afterwards of Paris; Professor +Arnold Bachuone, of Barcelona, reputed in his day the +greatest physician in Spain; the famous French surgeon +Guy de Chauliac; Bernhard Gordon; and our own +countrymen Gilbert, <i>c.</i> 1270; John of Gaddesden, +Professor of Medicine in Merton College, Oxford, and +Court Physician to Edward II., minutely describe the +disease.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> + +<p>It was the custom in those affected days, when a +medical man or anyone wrote a book on medicine or a +medicinal subject, to call it either a “rose” or a “lily,” +as “<i>Rosa Angelica</i>,” “<i>Lilium medecinæ</i>.”</p> + +<p>The following description of the malady is from the +<i>Lilium medecinæ</i>, by Bernhard Gordon, written about 1305 +or 1309. He gives three stages or classes of the disease, +viz., the (1) occult, (2) the infallible, and (3) the last, or +terminating signs. None of these indications are laid +down in Leviticus for the guidance of the Jewish Priests.</p> + +<p>(i.) “The occult premonitory signs of Leprosy are, +a reddish colour of the face, verging to duskiness; the +expiration begins to be changed, the voice grows hoarse, +the hairs become thinned and weaker, and the perspiration +and breath incline to fœtidity; the mind is +melancholic with frightful dreams and nightmare; in +some cases scabs, pustules, and eruptions break out over +the whole body; disposition of the body begins to +become loathsome, but still, while the form and figure +are not corrupted, the patient is not to be adjudged for +separation; but is to be most strictly watched.”</p> + +<p>(ii.) “The infallible signs, are, enlargement of the +eyebrows, with loss of their hair; rotundity of the eyes; +swelling of the nostrils externally, and contraction of +them within; voice nasal; colour of the face glossy, +verging to a darkish hue; aspect of the face terrible, +and with a fixed look; with acumination or pointing and +contraction of the pulps of the ear. And there are +many other signs, as pustules and excrescences, atrophy +of the muscles, and particularly of those between the +thumb and forefinger; insensibility of the extremities;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> +fissures, and infections of the skin; the blood, when +drawn and washed, containing black, earthy, rough, +sandy matter. The above are those evident and manifest +signs, which, when they do appear, the patient ought to +be separated from the people, or, in other words, secluded +in a Lazar House.”</p> + +<p>(iii.) “The signs of the last stage and breaking-up +of the disease, are, corrosion and falling-in of the cartilage +forming the septum of the nose; fissure and division of +the feet and hands; enlargement of the lips, and a +disposition to glandular swelling; dyspnœa and difficulty +of breathing; the voice hoarse and barking; the aspect +of the face frightful, and of a dark colour; the pulse +small, almost imperceptible.” Sometimes the limbs drop +off, piecemeal or in their entirety.</p> + +<p>All the writers agree in urging most earnestly that +no one ought to be adjudged a Leper, unless there manifestly +appears a corruption of the figure, or, that state +indicated as <i>signa infallibilia</i>.</p> + + +<h3>LAZAR HOUSES.</h3> + +<p>The period from its introduction into this country, as +far as we know, to its final or nearly final extinction, may +be embraced within the 10th and 16th centuries. It was +at the zenith of its height during the 11th, 12th, and +13th centuries. As early as <small>A.D.</small> 948 laws were enacted +with regard to Lepers in Wales by Howel Dda, the Good—the +great Welsh King, who died 948.</p> + +<p>The enormous extent to which it prevailed during +that period may be gauged from the fact, that there were +above 200 Lazar Houses in England alone, probably<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +providing accommodation for 4,000 at least, and +this, at a time when the whole population of England +was only between 2,000,000 and 3,000,000 of persons; +being something like two in every thousand.</p> + +<p>I have been enabled to compile the following +English Lazar Houses, which is however far from being +a complete one. These Lazar Houses were founded +by the charitably disposed, and were usually under +ecclesiastical rule:—</p> + +<table summary="lazarhouses" class="lazarhouses"> + +<tr><td>1 Berkshire.</td><td>1 Herefordshire</td><td>4 Oxfordshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td>2 Buckinghamshire.</td><td>6 Hertfordshire.</td><td>2 Shropshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td>2 Cambridgeshire.</td><td>1 Huntingdonshire.</td><td>6 Somersetshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td>3 Cornwall.</td><td>15 Kent.</td><td>3 Staffordshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td>1 Cumberland.</td><td>1 Lancashire.</td><td>10 Suffolk.</td></tr> +<tr><td>4 Derbyshire.</td><td>2 Lincolnshire.</td><td>1 Surrey.</td></tr> +<tr><td>6 Devonshire.</td><td>4 Leicestershire.</td><td>6 Sussex.</td></tr> +<tr><td>3 Dorsetshire.</td><td>7 Middlesex.</td><td>3 Warwickshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td>2 Durham.</td><td>22 Norfolk.</td><td>4 Westmoreland.</td></tr> +<tr><td>4 Essex.</td><td>5 Northamptonshire.</td><td>7 Wiltshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td>6 Gloucestershire.</td><td>3 Northumberland.</td><td>1 Worcester.</td></tr> +<tr><td>2 Hampshire.</td><td>3 Nottinghamshire.</td><td>20 Yorkshire.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align: center; line-height: 200%">Total:<span style="padding-left: 2em">173</span></td></tr> +</table> + +<p>They were presumably under the rule of S. Austin +or Augustine.</p> + +<p>Chalmers’ <i>Caledonia</i> states 9 hospitals existed in +the County of Berwick alone.</p> + +<p>It is said that, by a Bull of Alexander III., exemption +from the payment of tithes was granted to all the +possessions of the Lazar Houses; this, however, does +not appear to have always been acted upon, at least in +this country, as at Canterbury, etc.</p> + +<p>A Prior—usually a Leper—and a number of Priests +were attached to each house.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> + +<p>Where a chapel was not attached, the inmates +appear to have attended the parish church for service.</p> + +<p>There was a special order of Knights founded very +early, in Jerusalem, united to the general order of the +Knights Hospitallers, whose especial province was to look +after the sick, particularly Lepers. They seem to have +separated from the Knights Hospitallers at the end of +the 11th, or beginning of the 12th centuries. They were +at first designated Knights of S. Lazarus, or, of SS. +Lazarus and Mary of Jerusalem, from the locality of +their original establishment, and from their central preceptory +being near Jerusalem. The Master or Prior of +the Superior Order was a Leper, that he might be more +in sympathy with his afflicted brethren. They were +afterwards united by different European princes, with +the Military Orders of Notre Dame and Mount Carmel, +and, in 1572 with that of S. Maurice. We first hear of +them in England, in the reign of King Stephen, when +they seem to have made their headquarters at Burton-Lazars, +near Melton Mowbray in Leicestershire, where a +rich and famous Lazar House was built by a general +subscription throughout the country, and greatly aided +by the munificence of Robert de Mowbray. The Lazar-houses +of S. Leonard’s, Sheffield; Tilton, in Leicestershire; +Holy Innocents’, Lincoln; S. Giles’, London; +SS. Mary and Erkemould, Ilford, Essex; and the preceptory +of Chosely, in Norfolk, besides many others, were +annexed to it, as cells containing <i>fratres leprosos de Sancto +Lazaro de Jerusalem</i>. The house received at least 35 +different charters, confirmed by various sovereigns. +Camden in his <i>Britannia</i>, p. 447, says that “The masters<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +of all the smaller Lazar-houses in England, were in some +sort subject to the Master of Burton Lazars, as he himself +was, to the Master of the Lazars in Jerusalem.”</p> + +<p>The rules of these Lazar-houses were very strict. +The inmates were allowed to walk within certain prescribed +limits only, generally a mile from the house. +They were forbidden to stay out all night, and were not +on any account permitted to enter the bakehouse, brewhouse, +and granary, excepting the brother in charge, and +he was not to dare to touch the bread and beer, since it +was “most unfitting that persons with such a malady, +should handle things appointed for the common use of +men.” A gallows was sometimes erected in front of the +houses, on which offenders were summarily despatched +from this world, for breach of the rules.</p> + +<p>The comforts in these houses varied greatly as the +house was richly, or poorly endowed. At some of the +smaller ones, the inmates would seem to have depended +almost, if not entirely, on the precarious contributions of +the charitably disposed for their very sustenance. At +Beccles, in Suffolk, one of the Lepers of S. Mary Magdalene’s, +was by a royal grant empowered to beg on +behalf of himself and his brethren. Sometimes, these +poor and wretched outcasts would sit by the roadside, +with a dish placed on the opposite side, to receive the +alms of the good Samaritans that passed by, who would +give them as wide a berth as possible. The Lepers were +not allowed to speak to a stranger, lest they should contaminate +him with their breath. To attract attention, +they would clash their wooden clappers together.</p> + +<p>In the larger and richer houses, the inmates were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +well provided for. The account of the food supplied to +the inmates of the Lazar House of S. Julian, at S. Albans, +c. 1335-1349, is very curious:—“Let every Leprous +brother receive from the property of the Hospital for his +living and all necessaries, whatever he has been accustomed +to receive by the custom observed of old, in the +said Hospital, namely—Every week seven loaves, five +white, and two brown made from the grain as thrashed. +Every seventh month, fourteen gallons of beer, or 8d. for +the same. Let him have in addition, on the feasts of +All Saints, Holy Trinity, S. Julian, S. John the Baptist, +S. Albans, The Annunciation, Purification, Assumption, +and Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, for each feast, +one loaf, one jar of beer, or 1d. for the same, and one +obolus<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[a]</a> which is called the charity of the said Hospital; +also, let every Leprous brother receive, at the feast of +Christmas, forty gallons of good beer, or 40d. for the +same; two qrs. of pure and clean corn—which is called +the great charity; also at the Feast of S. Martin, each +Leper shall receive one pig from the common stall, or the +value in money, if he prefer it.” The pigs were selected +by each leper according to his seniority in having become +an inmate; also, each Leper shall receive on the Feast +of S. Valentine, for the whole of the ensuing year, one +quarter of oats; also, about the feast of S. John the +Baptist, two bushels of salt, or the current price; +also, on the feast of S. Julian, and at the feast of S. +Alban, one penny for the accustomed pittance; also, at +Easter, one penny, which is called by them ‘Flavvones-peni’; +also, on Ascension Day, one obolus for buying pot +herbs; also, on each Wednesday in Lent, bolted corn<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[b]</a> of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +the weight of one of their loaves; also, on the feast of +S. John the Baptist, 4s. for clothes; also, at Christmas, +let there be distributed in equal portions, amongst the +Leprous brethren, 14s. for their fuel through the year, +as has been ordained of old, for the sake of peace and +concord; also, by the bounty of Our Lord the King, +30s. 5d. have been assigned for ever for the use of the +Lepers, which sum, the Viscount of Hertford has to pay +them annually, at the feasts of Easter and Michaelmas.</p> + +<p>At the Lazar House, dedicated in honour of “The +Blessed Virgin, Lazarus, and his two sisters Mary and +Martha,” at Sherburn, Durham, which accommodated no +less than 65 Lepers, a more varied, and at the same time +less complex dietary was in vogue. The daily allowance +was a loaf of bread weighing 5 marks<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[c]</a> and a gallon of +ale to each; and betwixt every two, one mess<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[d]</a> or commons +of flesh, three days in the week, and of fish, cheese, and +butter, on the remaining four. On high festivals, a +double mess, and in particular on the Feast of S. Cuthbert. +In Lent, fresh salmon, if it could be had, if not, other +fresh fish; and on Michaelmas Day, four messed on one +goose<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[e]</a>. With fresh flesh, fish, or eggs, a measure of salt +was delivered. When fresh fish could not be had, red +herrings were served, three to a single mess; or cheese +and butter by weight; or three eggs. During Lent, each +had a razer of wheat to make furmenty<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[f]</a>, and two razers of +beans to boil; sometimes greens or onions; and every +day, except Sunday, the seventh part of a razer of bean +meal; but on Sundays, a measure-and-a-half of pulse +to make gruel. Red herrings were prohibited from +Pentecost to Michaelmas, and at the latter, each received<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +two razers of apples. They had a kitchen and cook in +common, with utensils for cooking, etc.:—A lead, two +brazen pots, a table, a large wooden vessel for washing, +or making wine, a laver, two ale<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[g]</a> and two bathing vats. +The sick had fire and candles, and all necessaries, until +they became convalescent or died.</p> + +<p>Each Leper received an annual allowance for his +clothing, three yards of woollen cloth, white or russet, +six yards of linen, and six of canvas. Four fires were +allowed for the whole community. From Michaelmas to +All Saints, they had two baskets of peat, on double mess +days; and four baskets daily, from All Saints to Easter. +On Christmas Day, they had four Yule logs each a cartload, +with four trusses of straw; four trusses of straw on +All Saints’ Eve, and Easter Eve; and four bundles of +rushes, on the Eves of Pentecost, S. John the Baptist, +and S. Mary Magdalene; and on the anniversary of +Martin de Sancta Cruce, every Leper received 5s. 5d. in +money.</p> + +<p>This luxurious living was not without its leaven. +The rules of the House were strict, and enforced religious +duties on its inmates, of a most severe and austere +nature. All the Leprous brethren, whose health permitted, +were required daily to attend Matins, Nones, +Vespers, and Compline<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[h]</a>.</p> + +<p>The bed-ridden sick were enjoined to raise themselves, +and say Matins in their bed; and for those who +were still weaker, “let them rest in peace.” During +Lent and Advent, all the brethren were required to +receive corporal discipline three days in the week, and +the sisters in like manner.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p> + +<p>From the rules of the Lazar House of SS. Mary +and Erkemould, at Ilford in Essex, which accommodated +13 Lepers—we learn, in 1336, that the inmates +were ordered “to preserve silence, and, if able, to hear +Mass and Matins throughout, and whilst there, to be +intent on prayer and devotion. In the hospital, every +day, each shall say for morning duty a Pater-noster and +Ave Maria<a name="FNanchor_I_9" id="FNanchor_I_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_9" class="fnanchor">[i]</a> thirteen times; and for the other hours of the +day—1st, 3rd, and 6th of Vespers; and again, at the hour +of concluding service, a Pater-noster and Ave Maria seven +times; besides the aforesaid prayers each Leper shall say +a Pater-noster and Ave Maria thirty times every day, for the +founder of the Hospital—the Abbess of Barking, 1190—the +Bishop of the place, all his benefactors, and all other +true believers, living or dead; and on the day on which +any one of their number departs from life, let each +Leprous brother say in addition, fifty Paters and Aves three +times, for the soul of the departed, and the souls of all +diseased believers.” Punishment was meted out to any +who neglected or shirked these duties.</p> + +<p>Some of the Leper Houses in France excited the +jealousy and avarice of Phillip V., who caused many of +the inmates to be burned alive, in order that the fire +might purify at one and the same time, the infection of +the body and that of the soul, giving as an ostensible +reason for his fiendish barbarity, the absurd and baseless +allegation, that the Lepers had been bribed to commit +the detestable sin and horrible crime of poisoning the +wells, waters, etc., used by the Christians. The real +cause being a desire, through this flimsy excuse, to rob the +richer hospitals of their funds and possessions, this is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> +clearly manifest in the special wording of his own edict, +“that all the goods of the Lepers be lodged and held for +himself.” A similar persecution was renewed about 60 +years afterwards, in 1388, under Charles VI. of France.</p> + +<p>As soon as a man became a prey to the disease, his +doom on earth was finally and irrevocably sealed. The +laws, both civil and ecclesiastical, were awful in their +severity to the poor Leper; not only was he cut off from +the society of his fellow-men, and all family ties severed, +but, he was dead to the law, he could not inherit property, +or be a witness to any deed. According to English +law Lepers were classed with idiots, madmen, outlaws, etc.</p> + +<p>The Church provided a service to be said over the +Leper on his entering a Lazar House<a name="FNanchor_J_10" id="FNanchor_J_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_J_10" class="fnanchor">[j]</a>. The Priest duly +vested preceded by a cross, went to the abode of the +victim. He there began to exhort him to suffer with a +patient and penitent spirit the incurable plague with +which God had stricken him. Having sprinkled the +unfortunate Leper with Holy Water, he conducted him +to the Church, the while reading aloud the beginning of +the Burial Service. On his arrival there, he was stripped +of his clothes and enveloped in a pall, and then placed +between two trestles—like a corpse—before the Altar, +when the <i>Libera</i> was sung and the Mass for the Dead +celebrated over him.</p> + +<p>After the service he was again sprinkled with Holy +Water, and led from thence to the Lazar House, destined +for his future, and final abode, here on earth.</p> + +<p>A pair of clappers, a stick, a barrel, and a distinctive +dress were given to him. The costume comprised +a russet tunic<a name="FNanchor_K_11" id="FNanchor_K_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_K_11" class="fnanchor">[k]</a>, and upper tunic with hood cut from it,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +so that the sleeves of the tunic were closed as far as +the hand, but not laced with knots or thread after the +secular fashion of the day. The upper tunic was to be +closed down to the ankles, and a close cape of black cloth +of the same length as the hood, for outside use.</p> + +<p>A particular form of boot or shoe, laced high, was +also enjoined, and if these orders were disobeyed the +culprit was condemned to walk bare-footed, until the +Master, considering his humility said to him “enough.” +An oath of obedience and a promise to lead a moral and +abstemious life was required of every Leper on admission. +The Bishops of Rome from time to time issued Bulls, +with regard to the ecclesiastical separation and rights of +the afflicted.</p> + +<p>Lepers were excluded from the city of London by +Act 20 Edward the III., 1346<a name="FNanchor_L_12" id="FNanchor_L_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_L_12" class="fnanchor">[l]</a>.</p> + +<p>The Magistrates of Glasgow, in 1573, appeared to +have exercised some right of searching for Lepers.</p> + +<p>Piers, the ploughman, makes frequent allusions to +“Lepers under the hedges.”</p> + +<p>The Lazar Houses were often under the authority +of some neighbouring Abbey, or Monastery. <i>Semler</i> +quotes a Bull, issued by one of the Bishops of Rome, +appointing every Leper House to be provided with its +own burial ground and chapel; as also ecclesiastics; these +in the middle ages were probably the only physicians +of the body, as well as of the soul—some appear to have +devoted themselves as much to the study of medicine as +to that of theology.</p> + +<p>It was customary in the mediæval times to address +the secular clergy as “Sir.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>”</p> + + +<h3>STATUS OF LEPERS.</h3> + +<p>The rank and status of any one, was no guarantee +against attacks from this dire disorder, with its fearful +ravages. Had the victims been confined, as it is generally +thought, to those who dwelt amid squalor, dirt and vice, +in close and confined dens, veritable hot beds for rearing +and propagating disease of every kind; we should not be +surprised, but should be entitled to assume, that to such +circumstances, in a very great measure might the origin +be expected to be found; but, when we find, that not only +was the scourge a visitant here, but, that it numbered +amongst the afflicted, members of some of the most +illustrious households in this kingdom, aye, even the +august monarchs themselves, the source from whence +<i>Elephantiasis Græcorum</i>—the malady not being contagious—first +originated must be sought for elsewhere.</p> + +<p>First amongst our ancient and illustrious families, +we find—if he may be so classed—the case of S. Finian, +who died 675 or 695<a name="FNanchor_M_16" id="FNanchor_M_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_M_16" class="fnanchor">[m]</a>.</p> + +<p>A nobleman of the South of England, whose name +unfortunately is not recorded, is reputed to have been +miraculously cured at the tomb of S. Cuthbert, at Durham, +1080<a name="FNanchor_N_17" id="FNanchor_N_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_N_17" class="fnanchor">[n]</a>.</p> + +<p>A daughter of Mannasseh Bysset, a rich Wiltshire +gentleman, sewer<a name="FNanchor_O_18" id="FNanchor_O_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_O_18" class="fnanchor">[o]</a> to Henry II., being a Leper, founded +the Lazar House at Maiden Bradley, dedicated to the +honour of the Blessed Virgin, “for poore leprous women” +and gave to it her share of the town of Kidderminster, +c. 1160. Mannasseh Bysset founded the Lazar House +dedicated in honour of S. James, Doncaster, for women, +c. 1160.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> + +<p>The celebrated Constance, Duchess of Brittany, who +was allied to the royal families of both England and +Scotland, being a grand-daughter of Malcolm III. of +Scotland, and the English Princess Margaret Atheling, +and also a descendant of a natural daughter of Henry I. +She died of Leprosy in the year 1201<a name="FNanchor_P_19" id="FNanchor_P_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_P_19" class="fnanchor">[p]</a>.</p> + +<p>In 1203 in the King’s Court, a dispute was heard +respecting a piece of land in Sudton, Kent, between two +kinswomen—Mabel, daughter of William Fitz-Fulke, and +Alicia, the widow of Warine Fitz-Fulke. Among the +pleas, it was urged by Alicia, that Mabel had a brother, +and that his right to the land must exclude her claim, +whereupon Mabel answered that her brother was a Leper<a name="FNanchor_Q_20" id="FNanchor_Q_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_Q_20" class="fnanchor">[q]</a>.</p> + +<p>It was certified to King Edward I. in 1280, that +Adam of Gangy, deceased, of the county of Northumberland, +holding land of the King in chief, was unable to +repair to the King’s presence to do homage, being struck +with the Leprosy<a name="FNanchor_R_21" id="FNanchor_R_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_R_21" class="fnanchor">[r]</a>.</p> + +<p>In the reign of Richard II. c. 1380, William, son of +Robert Blanchmains, being a Leper, founded the Lazar +House, dedicated in honour of S. Leonard, outside the +town of Leicester, to the north<a name="FNanchor_S_22" id="FNanchor_S_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_S_22" class="fnanchor">[s]</a>.</p> + +<p>Richard Orange, a gentleman of noble parentage, +and Mayor of Exeter in 1454, was a Leper. In spite of +his great wealth he submitted himself to a residence in +the Lazar House of S. Mary Magdalene in that city, +where he died, and was buried in the chapel attached. +A mutilated inscription still remains over the spot where +he is interred<a name="FNanchor_T_23" id="FNanchor_T_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_T_23" class="fnanchor">[t]</a>.</p> + +<p>Some of the Lazar Houses were specially endowed +for persons above the lower ranks who happened to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +become affected with the disease. In 1491, Robert +Pigot gave by will to the Leper House of Walsingham, in +the Archdeaconry of Norwich, a house in, or near that +town, for the use of two Leprous persons “of good +families.”</p> + +<p>Before considering the Royal Lepers, it will not be +out of place to mention the death of S. Fiacre from +Leprosy, in 665. He was the reputed son of Eugenius +IV., King of Scotland, and is canonised in the Roman +branch of the Church Catholic<a name="FNanchor_U_24" id="FNanchor_U_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_U_24" class="fnanchor">[u]</a>.</p> + +<p>Amongst Royal Lepers, the case of Adelicia or +Adelais, daughter of Godfrey, Duke of Louraine, and niece +of Calextus II., Bishop of Rome, 1118; the second +Queen of Henry I. of England, and afterwards wife of +William de Albion, to whom she was tenderly attached; +stands first in order of state. Being stricken with +leprosy, she left him and entered a convent, where she +died of the disease, 1151. This reputed instance, it is +right to mention, requires confirmation. The above is +mentioned by a contributor to <i>Notes and Queries</i>, 7, S. viii., +174, but no authority is given.</p> + +<p>Baldwin IV., King of Jerusalem, a direct descendant +like the Royal Plantagenets of England, from Fulk, +Count of Anjou and Touraine, died of Leprosy in 1186, +leaving a child nephew to succeed him; the consequence +being, the loss of the Holy Land, and the triumph +of Saladin after eighty-eight years of the Christian +kingdom<a name="FNanchor_V_25" id="FNanchor_V_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_V_25" class="fnanchor">[v]</a>.</p> + +<p>Henry III. is said to have been a Leper.</p> + +<p>Edward the Black Prince, used to bathe in the +Holy Well at Harbledon, near Canterbury, for his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +Leprosy, and Robert Bruce, King of Scotland, had a +licence at one time from the King of England to bathe +in the waters of S. Lazarus’ Well on Muswell Hill, near +where now stands the Alexandra Palace. The well belonged +to the Order of S. John, Clerkenwell, a hospital +order for Lepers. Three years before his death, he was +unable to undertake the command of the army in its descent +upon the northern counties of England, by reason of +his Leprosy, of which he died in 1329, at the age of 55<a name="FNanchor_W_26" id="FNanchor_W_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_W_26" class="fnanchor">[w]</a>.</p> + +<p>Henry IV. King of England, was a Leper without +doubt<a name="FNanchor_X_27" id="FNanchor_X_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_X_27" class="fnanchor">[x]</a>.</p> + +<p>Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI. of England, +is reputed, like her ancestor Baldwin IV., to have died a +Leper<a name="FNanchor_Y_28" id="FNanchor_Y_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_Y_28" class="fnanchor">[y]</a>.</p> + +<p>Louis the XIV., is said to have died of the disease +in 1715. It is also recorded, that in order to effect a +cure, recourse was had to a barbarous superstitious +custom, once unhappily common in Brazil, that of killing +several fine healthy children, eating their hearts, livers, +&c.; then washing in their blood, and annointing the +body with grease made from the remains. Let us at least +hope this impious and inhuman act is but “legend<a name="FNanchor_Z_29" id="FNanchor_Z_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_Z_29" class="fnanchor">[z]</a>”.</p> + + +<h3>SUMMARY.</h3> + +<p>It is trusted that the fact has been established that +the Leprosy of the Bible, and of the Middle Ages, were +entirely different diseases. The only essential characteristics +in common being that both were cutaneous and +neither was contagious, excepting by innoculation by a +wound or a cut. Both were possibly hereditary, though +this is denied by some.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Biblical Leprosy never ended in death, whereas +that of the Middle Ages always did. In one case there +was little suffering, in the other usually a great deal.</p> + +<p>In one the isolation was temporary only, in the +other permanent.</p> + +<p>The origin of the Mediæval Scourge is enshrouded in +impenetrable mystery. The cure is as enigmatical.</p> + +<p>The late Father Damian, who gave his life to +ministration and alleviation of the sufferings of the +2,000 Lepers of Hawaii, in the island of Molakai, no +doubt caught the disease of which he died, owing to the +fact, that Lepers only handled and cooked the food, +kneaded and baked the bread, washed the clothes, etc. +The whole surroundings being Leprous, it is difficult to +see how the good Father could well have avoided contamination. +Still, the disease is not contagious if reasonable +precautions are taken.</p> + +<p>Two remarkable meetings were held in London in +1889, under the presidency of His Royal Highness the +Prince of Wales. At the first one, held in Marlborough +House, June 17th, the Prince of Wales made the +startling and unwelcome announcement of the case of +Edward Yoxall, aged 64, who was carrying on his trade +as butcher, in the Metropolitan Meat Market, from +whence he was subsequently removed.</p> + +<p>At the second meeting held in the rooms of the +Medical Society, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, +two Lepers were exhibited. The verdict of the medical +men present was, “There is no curative treatment +of Leprosy.” Dr. Thornton, of the Leper Hospital +of Madras, said:—That his experience showed him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +that Leprosy was contagious, and that it was likely to +spread to this country; that the disease, however, could +rarely, if ever, be communicated, except in the case of a +healthy person by an abraded skin, coming in contact +with a Leper. “The sufferings of the afflicted can be +alleviated by (1) a liberal diet; (2) oleaginous anointings, +by which the loss of sleep, one of the most distressing +symptoms of the disease, can be prevented.”</p> + +<p>The Rev. Father Ignatius Grant called my attention +to the use of “simples” in England, as elsewhere, for +the alleviation of the suffering. He says, “<i>Les Capitulaires, +Legislatio domestica</i>, of Charlemagne, contains the +enumeration of the sorts of fruit trees and plants to be +grown in the Imperial gardens, as a guide to monastic +establishments throughout his empire. The list is entirely +of culinary and medicinal herbs, simples and vegetables. +As to flowers, only the lily and the rose are permitted for +<i>agrément</i>; whilst all the rest are for food or medicinal +remedies. All the common simples are specified.</p> + +<p>“Herein is a mine of information, which I only +allude to, but it was doubtless the plan followed by most +religious houses. For one thing is clear, that as the monastic +gardens were all arranged on a certain and utilitarian +method, there is an antecedent probability of a consequent +fact. That fact is, that we shall find out if we +examine the purlieus of our own ruined abbeys, many +a plant medicinal or culinary which has reset itself and +persisted in its original <i>locale</i> for four centuries, though +its original native earth and climate was not that of +England.</p> + +<p>“Such herbs proper for making salves and lotions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +are plentifully mentioned in part i. 301-455 of Ducange, +v. <i>areola florarium</i>, <i>lilietum</i>, &c., and there is a catalogue of +<i>des plus excellentes fruits qui se cultivent chez les Chartreux</i> +(Paris, 1752.) Also, as a specimen of this sort of +“find,” the Woolhope Natural Club found the valuable +medicinal plant asarabica (<i>asarum Europeum</i>) in the forest +of Deerfold, having wandered from the old abbey garden, +and perpetuated itself for ages. This one instance shows +how the old gardeners had introduced foreign plants into +their wort-beds.</p> + +<p>“Many writers have told me, he goes on to observe, +but especially a Franciscan Father of the Holy Land and +two Franciscan Sisters from a hospital at Vialas (<i>Lazére</i>) +par Génalhac, that—</p> + +<p>“1. They use elm bark for cutaneous eruptions, +herpes, and lepra. Four ounces of the bark boiled in +decoction in two quarts of water down to one quart. +That half a pint given twice a day has made inveterate +eruptions of lepra, both dry and humid, to disappear.</p> + +<p>“2. The rose burdock—<i>lappa rosea</i>—they give in +cases of lepra <i>icthyosis</i>, and it has succeeded where other +remedies had failed.</p> + +<p>“3. They have used also the root of the mulberry-tree. +Half a dram of the powder to a dose.</p> + +<p>“4. <i>Lapathum bononicense</i>, or fiddle-dock, and also +the dwarf trefoil—<i>trefolium pusillum</i>.</p> + +<p>“The following is the list of simples which I obtained +from the Lazar-house still existing in Provence, les Alpes +Maritimes, and from that in Cyprus, and especially +Nicosia, as also from the well-known Leper hospital in +Provence:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> + +<p>“Food, baths, and oleaginous applications stand first. +Then some preparation of the following ordinary simples, +which were most known among our own common people, +and which are still used in various parts of England by +simple folk for skin diseases and sores. You will see +how they entered into the monastic pharmacopœia of +the middle ages, how they were at their doors, and especially +cultivated in monastery gardens.</p> + +<p>“1. Plantain—<i>plantago major</i>. Qualities: alterative, +diuretic, antiseptic. For scrofulous and cutaneous affections. +It has also the property of destroying living +microscopical matter in or on the human body. The +Negro Casta, who discovered this herb, afterwards, as a +remedy against the deadly bite of the rattlesnake, received +a considerable reward from the Assembly of South Carolina. +It is a native of most parts of Europe and Asia, +as also of Japan. Plantain stands in the forefront of all +the <i>cartels des hospitalières</i>.</p> + +<p>“2. Yellow dock—<i>rumex</i>. Alterative, tonic, astringent, +detergent, and anti-scorbutic. Employed in scrofula, +Leprosy, cutaneous diseases, and purigo, and that +with much effect.</p> + +<p>“3. Sorrel—<i>rumex ascetocella</i>. Employed locally to +cancers, tumours, and the open wounds of the Leper.</p> + +<p>“4. Burdock—<i>arctenus lappa</i>. Aperient, sudorific, +and diuretic. Employed in venereal and Leprous disorders, +scrofula, and scurvy. Fluid extract of lappa is +exhibited even now to lepers. Dose, ½ to 1 dram.</p> + +<p>“5. Monk’s rhubarb—<i>rumex alpinus</i>. Used for the +same purposes as true rhubarb.</p> + +<p>“6. Lily roots. This ancient remedy is in all the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +books to which the Franciscan Fathers of the Holy Land +have access, and comes down from Pliny and Dioscorides. +“Effugant lepras lilium radices.” (Plin.)</p> + +<p>“7. Common wormwood—<i>absinthium vulgare</i>, <i>artemisia</i>.</p> + +<p>“8. Daffodil—<i>narcissus purpurens et narcissus croceus</i>, +called so from <i>torpor</i>. The <i>oleum narcissenum et unguentum</i> +is found in all hospital books, and comes down from +Pliny, 2, 19: “Narcissi duogenera medici usu recipiunt.” +For Leprosy and cutaneous eruptions called <i>mala scabies</i>. +This was what Canon Bethune calls <i>les calmantes</i>. Of this +flower, I may say that eight out of ten monastic ruins +in England abound with it, to such a degree that one +cannot but conclude that it was set there of old, that +it was cultivated for some purpose, and has reset and +reproduced itself for centuries. Father Birch, S.J., +confirms this in regard to Roche Abbey—<i>de Rocca</i>—an +old Premonstratensian house, in Derbyshire, to which +people come from afar to see the daffodils, which make +of the purlieus of the abbey one great <i>tapis jaune</i> (<i>sic.</i>), +but a carpet varied by every sort of English spring +flowers.</p> + +<p>“9. Scurvy grass—<i>cochlearia officinalis</i>—has long been +considered, at Nicosia, Cyprus, and elsewhere, as the +most effectual of all the anti-scorbutic plants. It grows +in high latitudes, where scurvy is most obnoxious. Not +only religious (<i>sic.</i>) and physicians, but sailors speak +highly of it.</p> + +<p>“10. The <i>sedum acre</i>—wall stone-crop. Used by +nuns in Provence for ulcers and leprous eruptions. It +is boiled in six pints of milk until reduced to three or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +four pints. For fungous flesh, it promotes discharge, +and destroys both gangrenes and carbuncles. This is +found in abundance on the cottage roofs about Melton +Mowbray and Burton-Lazars.</p> + +<p>“11. Celandine—<i>chelidonium</i>. Tintern Abbey, about +Whitsuntide, is one large white tapestry of celandine. +When I visited Tintern, I was struck by the lush clustering +growth of this flower in 1885. An old legend +says that it is so called because the swallow cures the +eyes of its young of blindness by application of this herb. +“Certainly,” says P. Xavier, Franciscan of the Holy +Land, “it makes a good lotion for the eyes of the Leper, +and is often used by us in France.”</p> + +<p>“If I were to add here the history of the <i>quinquina</i>, or +Jesuit’s bark—is it not told us that the lions drank of a +well into which chincona had fallen, and thus suggested +the useful Jesuits’ bark, or quinine?—it would take me +into the seventeenth century, and be a little out of my +track; but one word must be added on the girjan oil, the +<i>dipterocarpus</i> of quite modern days, which seems to have +great vogue in Barbadoes. This I do because it is the +product of a magnificent tropical tree, and the hospitals +did not forget in the treatment of Leprosy the use of +common trees.”</p> + +<p>Isolation is the only known effectual way of stamping +out the disease, by its means was the great diminution in +the numbers of victims affected here, by the end of the +14th century, and the almost total and complete extinction +of it in the middle of the 16th century, 1560.</p> + +<p>In 1350 at S. Julian’s Lazar House, S. Alban’s it is +recorded that “the number of Lepers had so diminished,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> +their maintenance was below the revenue of the institution; +there are not now above three, sometimes only +two, occasionally only one.”</p> + +<p>In 1520 the Lazar House of S. Mary Magdalene, +Ripon, founded in 1139, by Archbishop Thurstan, for the +relief of the Lepers of the whole district, contained only +two priests and five poor people to pray for all “Christen +sowlez.” Some parts of this Hospital, including the +chapel and its altar <i>in situ</i>, remain.</p> + +<p>In 1553 at the Lazar House of SS. Mary and +Erkemould, Ilford, Essex, founded by the Abbess of +Barking, c. 1190, it is recorded that “instead of 13 +pore men beying Lepers, two pryest, and one clerke +thereof there is at this day but one pryest and two pore +men.”</p> + +<p>In Scotland the disease lingered till the middle of +last century. A day for public thanksgiving for the +supposed total deliverance of that country from the +scourge of Leprosy, was enjoined, in 1742. The disease +however was not quite extinct there; it may be now.</p> + +<p>We are told at the present day, there are 123,924 +Lepers in Hawaii; and in India not less than 250,000, +or a quarter of a million. There are also large numbers +in Barbadoes, and in the Sandwich Islands.</p> + +<p>A striking and recent proof of the efficacy of isolation +is seen in the fact, that in Norway there were 2,000 +Lepers in 1867. That number has now been reduced +to 700.</p> + +<p>There are probably not more than 20 Lepers in +England at the present day.</p> + +<p>In the February number of the Monthly Record of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> +the Association in aid of the Bishop of Capetown, is a +short account of the Lepers on Robben Island, to whom +Her gracious Majesty the Queen has graciously sent two +photographs of herself, which we are informed will be +much appreciated, probably a great deal more, than the +superabundance of scientific literature which is sent for +their delectation, not a word of which can they read, +much less understand. They are also surfeited, we are +told, by no small numbers of copies of that book, so dear +and so well known, to all Cambridge undergraduates, +<i>Paleys’ Evidences of Christianity</i>. It would have been +more considerate had the munificent benefactors sent +the lighter edition of the writer’s great work, familiarly +known as <i>Paley’s Ghost</i>.</p> + +<p>There is just one other subject to mention, namely +the common error that the low narrow windows often +seen in our older parish churches, were to enable +the Leper to hear the service, and to receive the Eucharist, +said to have been handed out to him. In support +of this we have but guess-work; of proof, there is none.</p> + +<p>In concluding, it will not fail to be interesting, to +quote a few words from so eminent an authority as Sir +Risdon Bennett, M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.S., ex-President of +the Royal College of Physicians:—“If we adopt the +view that Leprosy is another instance of disease induced +by the presence of a particular microbe or bacillus, as in +so many other diseases now the subject of absorbing +interest to both the professional and the non-professional +public, we may account for most of the facts adduced in +support of the various theories; especially if we admit +that there is reason to believe that such microbes, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +self-propagating infecting agents, vary greatly in the +rapidity with which they permeate the body. For all +observers allow, that as a rule <i>true leprosy</i> is a disease of +very slow development. In the Middle Ages it is certain +that the belief in the contagion of the <i>true leprosy</i> was very +general, both among physicians and the common people; +but it is also true that as medical science advanced, and +the diagnosis of disease became more definite and reliable, +this opinion lost ground, and was at length abandoned.”</p> + +<p>The efforts being made by the “Missions to Lepers +in India” cannot be too strongly commended to the +benevolently inclined. The Asylums or Lazar Houses at +Almora, Dara, and elsewhere, in India, are entirely supported +by this society, which has under its care above +100 Lepers, at the cost of only about £6 per annum for +each adult.</p> + +<p>If I have awakened an interest in this remarkable +and unique subject, and at the same time, above all, +excited a stronger feeling of sympathy for our brothers +and sisters suffering at the present time from the disease—a +living death—in various portions of the globe, +my humble efforts will not have been in vain.</p> + + + +<h2><a name="APPENDIX_A" id="APPENDIX_A"></a>APPENDIX A.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></h2> +<hr /> + + +<h3>NOTES.</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[a]</span></a> An obolus = a halfpenny.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[b]</span></a> Bolted Corn was so-called from it being “boulted” or sifted in a bulter or bolter; +this was a special cloth for the purpose of separating the fine flour from +the bran, after the manner of a modern sieve. Bread made from un-bolted +flour was known as “Tourte bread,” bakers of such were not permitted by law +to have a bolter, nor were they allowed to make white bread; nor were bakers +of white bread to make “Tourte.” The best kind of white bread was called +Simnel, manchet, Pain demaign or payman, so-called from having an impress +of our Lord upon it, the next best was the Wastell or Puff, the third and +inferior sort was called Cocket or Light bread. +</p><p> +Black bread was known as “All Sorts.” +</p><p> +Bakers might only make certain kinds of bread. A table called the Assize +of Bread was set up in every city and town, showing the weight of each kind +of loaf according to the law, according as the price of wheat varied from one +shilling to twenty shillings per quarter. The weight of the loaves was ‘set’ +each year by the Mayors or Bailiffs.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[c]</span></a> The weight of bread is given as five marks, that is £3 6s. 8d., at one time pounds, +shillings, and pence, took the place of our weights—pounds, ounces, and pennyweights, +hence these loaves would weigh 3 pounds 6 ounces and 8 pennyweights. +The price of bread never varied, but the weight did; contrary to the modern +custom.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[d]</span></a> Mess—a particular number or set who eat together. At the Inns of Court at +the present day, a mess consists of four persons.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[e]</span></a> This rather upsets the theory as to the origin of eating a goose at Michaelmas, +connected with Queen Elizabeth and the news of the English victory over the +Spanish Armada.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[f]</span></a> Furmenty or Frumenty was made of new wheat boiled in milk and seasoned +with sugar and spices.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[g]</span></a> Ale, anciently was made of wheat, barley, and honey, the term was then applied +exclusively to malt liquor. Hops are supposed to have been introduced into this +country in 1524 from Flanders, and the term “Beer” was used to describe +liquors brewed with an infusion of hops. The two terms are now generally +used synonymously.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[h]</span></a> The seven Canonical hours of the Church were:— +</p> + +<table summary="churchrites"> +<tr><td>(1)</td><td><span style="font-size: 200%">{</span></td> +<td>Mattins or Nocturns, usually sung between midnight and daybreak.<br /> + Lauds, a service at daybreak following closely on and sometimes joined + to mattins.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>(2)</td><td> </td><td>Prime, a later morning service, about six o’clock.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>(3)</td><td> </td><td>Tierce, a service at nine o’clock.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>(4)</td><td> </td><td>Sexts, a service at noon.</td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>(5)</td><td> </td><td>Nones, a service at three in the afternoon.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>(6)</td><td> </td><td>Vespers, a service at six in the evening.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>(7)</td><td> </td><td>Compline, a service at eight or nine in the evening, being the last of the +seven hours.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p> +These seven offices were condensed in 1519 into two, our present Mattins and +Evensong.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_I_9" id="Footnote_I_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_9"><span class="label">[i]</span></a> A Paternoster is a chaplet of beads. +</p><p> +A Rosary comprises 15 Paternosters and Glorias, and 150 Ave Marias, divided +into three parts, each of which contains five decades consisting of one paternoster, +ten Ave Marias, and one Gloria, each preceded by the Creed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_J_10" id="Footnote_J_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_J_10"><span class="label">[j]</span></a> Similar Services and Masses for the Dead were sung over Monks and Nuns on +retiring from the world to a Monastery or Nunnery. See Manuale ad usum +Sarum.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_K_11" id="Footnote_K_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_K_11"><span class="label">[k]</span></a> Russet was a coarse cloth of a reddish brown or grey colour, said by Henry de +Knyghton c. 1380, to have been introduced into England by the Lollards. +</p><p> +Hall in his “Satires” says, “Russet clothes in the 16th century are indicative +of countryfolk.” +</p><p> +The tunic is a very ancient garment, it is found on the sculptures and +paintings of Early Egypt; it was in constant use by the Greeks, and was +ultimately adopted by the Romans. It was worn in this country, in a variety +of forms and lengths until the end of the fifteenth century. (Costumes in +England, by Fairholt, ed. by Hon. H. Dillon, Vol. II.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="center"><a name="Footnote_L_12" id="Footnote_L_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_L_12"><span class="label">[l]</span></a> +<i>Royal Mandate, enjoining the exclusion of Leprous persons front the City.</i> +</p><p class="center"> +20 Edward III. <small>A.D.</small> 1346. Letter-Book F. fol. cxvi. (Latin.) +</p><p> +“<span class="smcap">Edward</span>, by the grace of God, etc. Forasmuch as we have been given to understand, +that many persons, as well of the city aforesaid, as others coming to the +said city, being smitten with the blemish of leprosy, do publicly dwell among +the other citizens and sound persons, and there continually abide; and do not +hesitate to communicate with them, as well in public places as in private; and +that some of them, endeavouring to contaminate others with that abominable +blemish, (that so, to their own wretched solace, they may have the more fellows +in suffering,) as well in the way of mutual communications, and by the +contagion of their polluted breath, do so taint persons who are sound, both male +and female, to the great injury of the people dwelling in the city, aforesaid, and +the manifest peril of other persons to the same city resorting;—We, wishing in +every way to provide against the evils and perils which from the cause aforesaid +may unto the said city, and the whole of our realm, arise, do command you, +strictly enjoining, that immediately on seeing these presents, you will cause it +to be publicly proclaimed on our behalf in every Ward of the city aforesaid, +and in the suburbs thereof, where you shall deem it expedient, that all persons +who have such blemish, shall, within fifteen days from the date of these presents, +quit the city and the suburbs aforesaid, on the peril which is thereunto attached, +and betake themselves to places in the country, solitary, and notably distant +from the said city and suburbs, and take up their dwelling there; seeking their +victuals, through such sound persons as may think proper to attend thereto, +wheresoever they may deem it expedient. And that no persons shall permit +such leprous people to dwell within their houses and buildings in the City, and +in the suburbs aforesaid, on pain of forfeiture of their said houses and buildings, +and more grievous punishment on them by us to be inflicted, if they shall contravene<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +the same. And further, taking with you certain discreet and lawful +men who have the best knowledge of this disease, all those persons, as well as +citizens as others, of whatever sex or condition they may be, whom, upon +diligent examination in this behalf to be made, within the city and suburbs +aforesaid you shall find to be smitten with the aforesaid blemish of leprosy, +you are to cause to be removed from the communion of sound citizens and +persons without delay, and taken to solitary places in the country, there, as +above stated, to abide. And this, as you shall wish to keep yourself scatheless, +and to avoid our heavy indignation, you are not to delay doing; and as to that +which you shall have done herein, you are distinctly and openly to certify us in +our Chancery under your seals, within the fifteen days next ensuing herefrom. +Witness myself, at Westminster, the 15th day of March, in the 20th year of +our reign in England, and of our reign in France the 7th.” +</p><p> +Proclamation of this writ was made on the Wednesday next after the Feast +of St. Gregory the Pope [12 March], in the 20th year aforesaid. +</p> +<p class="center"> +<i>The Porters of the City Gates sworn that they will prevent Lepers +from entering the City.</i> +</p><p class="center"> +49 Edward III. <small>A.D.</small> 1375. Letter-Book H. fol. xx. (Latin) +</p><p> +<span class="smcap">William Duerhirst</span>, <i>barbir</i>, porter of Algate, and the several porters of Bisshopesgate, +Crepulgate, Aldrichesgate, Neugate, Ludgate, Bridge Gate, and the +<a name="FNanchor_1_13" id="FNanchor_1_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_13" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>Postern,—were sworn before the Mayor and Recorder, on the Monday next +after the Feast of St. Bartholomew the Apostle [24 August], in the 49th year +etc., that they will well and trustily keep the Gates and Postern aforesaid, each +in his own office and bailiwick; and will not allow lepers to enter the City, or +to stay in the same, or in the suburbs thereof; and if anyone shall bring any +leprous person to any such Gate, or to the Postern aforesaid, or if any lepers or +leper shall come there, and wish to enter, such persons or person shall be +prohibited by the porter from entering; and if, such prohibition notwithstanding, +such persons or person shall attempt to enter, then they or he shall +be distrained by their or his horses or horse, if they or he shall have any such, +and by their outer garment; the which such persons or person are not to have +back, without leave of the Mayor, for the time being. And if even then such +persons or person shall attempt to enter, they or he shall be attached by their +bodies or body, and in safe custody be kept, until as to such persons or person +it shall by the Mayor, for the time being, have been otherwise ordained. +</p><p> +And further, the same porters were told, on pain of the pillory, that they must +well and trustily observe and keep this Ordinance, as aforesaid. +</p><p> +William Cook, <a name="FNanchor_2_14" id="FNanchor_2_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_14" class="fnanchor">[2]</a><i>forman</i> at <a name="FNanchor_3_15" id="FNanchor_3_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_15" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>Le Loke, and William Walssheman, <i>forman</i> at +Hakeney, were sworn that they will not bring lepers, or know of their being brought, +into the City aforesaid; but that they will inform the said porters, and prevent the +said lepers from entering, as far as they may. +</p><p> +Memorials of London and London Life, XIII, XIV, and XV centuries, Riley. +</p><p> +In the <i>Liber Albus</i> p. 273, is a regulation that no Leper is to be found in the city, +night or day, on pain of imprisonment; alms were, however, to be collected<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +for them on Sundays. Again on p. 590, are further regulations that Jews, +Lepers, and Swine are to be driven out of the city. +</p> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_13" id="Footnote_1_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_13"><span class="label2">[1]</span></a> Near the Tower.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_14" id="Footnote_2_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_14"><span class="label2">[2]</span></a> Foreman, or manager.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_15" id="Footnote_3_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_15"><span class="label2">[3]</span></a> The Lock, adjacent to Southwark; +these were Lazar-houses for Lepers.</p></div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_M_16" id="Footnote_M_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_M_16"><span class="label">[m]</span></a> See Dr. Lanigan’s Eccles. Hist. of Ireland vol. III. p. 83-88, Dublin 1822, +quoted by Dr. Stewart in “Arch. Essays” 1872, ii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_N_17" id="Footnote_N_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_N_17"><span class="label">[n]</span></a> See vol. I. Surtees soc: pp. 37,41.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_O_18" id="Footnote_O_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_O_18"><span class="label">[o]</span></a> A Sewer was an Usher. Vide Catholicon Anglicum. +</p> + +<ul style="padding-left: 1em; line-height: 120%"> +<li>See Dugdale’s Mon: Angl. vi. 643, 2nd ed.</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 1.7em">Lord Lyttleton’s the Life of Henry II. etc. (London 1767) append of +Documents iv. 220.</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 1.7em">Leland’s Itinerary iv. 105. (Hearnes ed.)</li></ul></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_P_19" id="Footnote_P_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_P_19"><span class="label">[p]</span></a> See authorities quoted by Simpson in Arch. Essays, (ed. Stewart) ii. 115.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_Q_20" id="Footnote_Q_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_Q_20"><span class="label">[q]</span></a> See p. 179, ii. Arch. Essays, Simpson ed: ed Stewart.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_R_21" id="Footnote_R_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_R_21"><span class="label">[r]</span></a> See Rot: Orig: in Curia Scacecrie Abbrev: i. 33, London 1805.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_S_22" id="Footnote_S_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_S_22"><span class="label">[s]</span></a> See Dugdale’s Mon: Angl: vi. 687. Cheon Hencia Knyghton, <i>Bod: Lib:</i> ii. cap. +2. quoted by the late Sir J. G. Simpson, Bt. in Arch. Essays, ii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_T_23" id="Footnote_T_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_T_23"><span class="label">[t]</span></a> See Alex. Jenkin’s, H. and Discrip: of the City of Exeter, etc. (1806) p. 384 +quoted by Simpson.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_U_24" id="Footnote_U_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_U_24"><span class="label">[u]</span></a> Simpson quotes Bellenden’s Transl. of Boece, Chronikles of Scotland, ii. 102, +ed. of 1821. Dempter’s Hist. Eccles Gentis Scotorum (1627) p. 278, etc.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_V_25" id="Footnote_V_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_V_25"><span class="label">[v]</span></a> See Fuller’s Hist. of the Holy Warre (3rd ed. 1647) p. 94, quoted by Simpson. +Notes and Queries 7th S viii. 218.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_W_26" id="Footnote_W_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_W_26"><span class="label">[w]</span></a> + +<ul style="padding-left: 0em; line-height: 120%"> +<li>See Orygynale Cronikil of Scotland, (Macpherson’s ed.) ii. 136.</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 1.7em">Simpson’s Arch. Essays, ii. 113 et sq.</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 1.7em">Froisart’s Chron. of England etc., by Lord Berners (London 1812) i. 19.</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 1.7em">A large number of other authorities are quoted by Simpson. Notes and +Queries, 7th S viii. 108, 217.</li></ul> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_X_27" id="Footnote_X_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_X_27"><span class="label">[x]</span></a> + +<ul style="padding-left: 0em; line-height: 120%"> +<li>See Notes and Queries, 7th S. viii. 108. Lingard’s H. of England (1st ed.) iii. 315.</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 1.7em">Rapin’s H. of E. (ed. Tindal) ii. 185. Sharon Turner H. of E. ii. 272.</li> + +<li style="padding-left: 1.7em">Duchesne’s Hist. d’Angleterre, (Paris 1614) p. 1010. Strickland’s Lives of +the Queens of England iii. 114, and others quoted by Simpson, late Professor +Thorold Rogers in Notes and Queries 7th S. viii. 278.</li> +</ul></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_Y_28" id="Footnote_Y_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_Y_28"><span class="label">[y]</span></a> Notes and Queries 7th S viii. 277.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_Z_29" id="Footnote_Z_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_Z_29"><span class="label">[z]</span></a> Notes and Queries 7th S viii. 363. +</p><p> +Leprosy was sometimes called Meselrie and Spiteluvel in the Middle Ages, see +Catholicon Anglicum, a Leper, elefancia, missella, mesel. <i>ibid.</i> also Promptorium +Parvulorum.</p></div> + + + +<h2><a name="APPENDIX_B" id="APPENDIX_B"></a>APPENDIX B.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></h2> +<hr /> + +<h3>ENGLISH LAZAR HOUSES.</h3> + +<table summary="english_leper_houses" class="appendixb"> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">BERKSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Reading</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Auchirius, 2nd Abbot, +1134, for 13 Lepers.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Aylesbury</td><td>SS. John & Leonard. Founded by Robert Ilhale and +others, <i>temp</i> Henry I. & II. Fell into decay previous to 1360.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">High Wycombe</td><td>SS. Giles & Margaret. Founded <i>ante</i> 13 Henry III.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">CAMBRIDGESHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Cambridge</td><td>SS. Anthony & Eligius. <i>Ante</i> 1397.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Stourbridge</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene. Suppressed 1497.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">CORNWALL.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Bodmin</td><td>S. Laurence, for 19 Lepers.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Launceston</td><td>S. Leonard.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Liskeard</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">CUMBERLAND.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Carlisle</td><td>S. Nicholas. <i>Ante</i> 1200, for 13 Lepers.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">DERBYSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Chesterfield</td><td>S. Leonard. <i>Ante</i> 1195.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Derby</td><td>Maison Dieu. <i>Temp</i> Henry II.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1em">"</span></td><td>S. Leonard.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Locko</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">DEVONSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Exeter</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene. In being 1163.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Honiton</td><td>S. Martin. Founded by Robert Chard, <i>last</i> Abbot of Ford.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Pilton</td><td>S. Margaret. Exists, though not for Lepers.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Plymouth</td><td>Holy Trinity & S. Mary Magdalene.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Plymton</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene. Founded in Edward II.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Tavistock</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">DORSETSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Allington</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Long Blandford</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Lyme</td><td>S. Mary & Holy Spirit. <i>Ante</i> 1336.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">DURHAM.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Badele, near Darlington</td><td><i>Ante</i> 1195.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Sherburn</td><td>Blessed Virgin, Lazarus, and his Two Sisters. Still +existing. Founded by Hugh Pudsey, Bishop of Durham, 1181, for 65 Lepers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">ESSEX.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Colchester</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Eudo, Seneschal of +Henry I.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Ilford</td><td>SS. Mary & Erkemould. By Abbess of Barking, <i>c.</i> 1190, +for 13 Lepers.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Little Maldon</td><td>S. Giles.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Southweald</td><td>S. John the Baptist. Still going on as an almshouse.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">GLOUCESTERSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Bristol</td><td>S. Lawrence.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1em">"</span></td><td>S. Mary Magdalene.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1em">"</span></td><td>S. John the Baptist. Founded by John Earl of Morton.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Gloucester</td><td>S. Margaret; or, the Lepers of S. Sepulchre. <i>Ante</i> 1320, +for men and women.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">S. George</td><td>S. Leonard.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Tewkesbury</td><td><span style="padding-left: 6em"><i>c.</i> John.</span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">HAMPSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Southampton</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene. Founded 1173-4.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Winchester</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">HEREFORDSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Hereford</td><td>S. Giles.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">HERTFORDSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Baldock</td><td><i>Temp</i> Henry III.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Berkhampstead</td><td>S. John the Evangelist. For men and women.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Hoddesdon</td><td>SS. Landers & Anthony. Founded 1391.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">S. Albans</td><td>S. Mary.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1.8em">"</span></td><td>S. John.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1.8em">"</span></td><td>S. Julian. Founded by Geoffrey de Gorham, 16th Abbot +of S. Alban’s. <i>Temp</i> Henry I., between 1109 and 1146, for 6 Lepers.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">HUNTINGTONSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Huntingdon</td><td>S. Margaret. Founded by Malcolm IV., King of Scotland, +who died 1165.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">KENT.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Bobbing</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Boughton-under-Blean</td><td>S. Nicholas.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Buckland-in-Dover</td><td>S. Bartholomew. Founded 1141.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Canterbury</td><td>S. Laurence. Founded by Hugh, Abbot of S. Augustine’s +in 1137, or <i>ante</i> 1089.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 2em">"</span></td><td>S. Nicholas.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Chatham</td><td>S. Bartholomew. Founded by Gundulph, Bishop of +Rochester, or by Henry I. Goes on as a hospital. The chapel remains and is +still used.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Dartford</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene. Founded <i>c.</i> 1380.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Dartfort</td><td>Holy Trinity.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Dover</td><td>S. Bartholomew. Founded <i>c.</i> 1141.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Harbledon</td><td>S. Nicholas. Founded by Lanfranc in 1084. For men and +women. Still used, though not for Lepers.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Hythe</td><td>S. Andrew. <i>Ante</i> 1336.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Olford</td><td><span style="padding-left: 10em"><i>Temp</i> Henry III.</span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Ramsay, Old</td><td>SS. Stephen and Thomas of Canterbury. Founded by +Adam de Charing. <i>Temp</i> Archbishop Baldwin.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Rochester</td><td>S. Catherine. Founded by Simon Postyn 1316. Still +going on, though not for Lepers.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Tannington</td><td>S. James. <i>Ante</i> 1189.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">LANCASHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Lancaster</td><td>S. Leonard Founded by John White, Earl of Moreton.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">LEICESTERSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Burton Lazars</td><td>Blessed Virgin and S. Lazarus. Founded chiefly by Roger +de Mowbray, <i>temp</i> Stephen.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Leicester</td><td>S. Leonard. Founded by William, son of Robert Blanchmains, +<i>temp</i> Richard I.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Stamford</td><td><i>Ante</i> 1493.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Tilton</td><td>Founded by Sir Wm. Burdett. Annexed to Burton Lazars +<i>temp</i> Henry II.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">LINCOLNSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Bassingthorpe</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Lincoln</td><td>Holy Innocents. Founded by Remegius, 1st Bishop, or +Henry I. Annexed to Burton Lazars.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">MIDDLESEX.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Bloomsbury</td><td>S. Giles-in-the-Fields. Founded by Queen Matilda, 1101, +for 40 Lepers.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Kingsland (Hackney)</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Knightsbridge</td><td>Holy Trinity?</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">London</td><td>S. James’. Westminster. Founded <i>pre</i> Conquest, for 14 +Leprous maids; 8 men added at a later date (site of S. James’ Palace.)</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Savoy</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Smithfield</td><td>S. John of Jerusalem. Founded by Jordan Bristol and his +wife, 1100.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Southwark</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">NORFOLK.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Choseley</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Hardwick</td><td>S. Lawrance.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Langwade</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Little Snoring</td><td>Founded 1380.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Lynn (6)</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Peter the Chaplain, 1145, +for 1 Prior and 12 brethren; 3 to be Lepers.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"> </td><td>S. Nicholas. Men and women.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"> </td><td>Cowgate</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"> </td><td>Gaywood</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"> </td><td>Setchhithe</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"> </td><td>West Lynn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Norwich (6)</td><td>SS. Mary and Clement. S. Austin’s Gate. (Still existing +as the Pest House.)</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"> </td><td>S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Herbert de Lozinga +<i>ante</i> 1119.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 2em">Without Fibriggate or S. Magdalene Gate.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 3.5em">"</span></td><td>Nedham or S. Stephen’s Gate.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 3.5em">"</span></td><td>S. Giles’ Gate.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 3.5em">"</span></td><td>Westwyk or S. Benet’s Gate.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Racheness-in-Southacre</td><td>S. Bartholomew. <i>Ante</i> 1216.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Thetford</td><td>S. John. <i>Temp</i> Edward I.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1.6em">"</span></td><td>S. Margaret. <i>C.</i> 1390.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Walsingham</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Yarmouth</td><td>Outside North Gate. <i>Ante</i> 1314.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2">Cotes, near Rockingham.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Cotton Far</td><td>S. Leonard. Founded by William I.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Northampton</td><td>S. Leonard. Founded by William I. 11th century. Men +and women.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Peterborough</td><td>S. Leonard. Founded in the reign of Stephen. <i>Ante</i> 1154. +Towcester S. Leonard. <i>C.</i> 1200.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">NORTHUMBERLAND.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Bolton</td><td>S. Thomas the Martyr or Holy Trinity. Founded by Robert +de Ross of Hamlake. <i>Ante</i> 1225, for 13 Lepers.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Hexham</td><td>S. Giles. <i>C.</i> 1210.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Newcastle-on-Tyne</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Blythe</td><td>S. John the Evangelist. Founded by William de Cressy.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Nottingham</td><td>S. John.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 2em">"</span></td><td>S. Leonard.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">OXFORDSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Banbury</td><td>S. John. <i>Temp</i> John.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Crowmarsh</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Oxford</td><td>S. Bartholomew. Founded by Henry I. <i>Temp</i> Henry I. +<i>Ante</i> 1200, for 12 Lepers.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">S. Clement’s</td><td>S. Bartholomew.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">SHROPSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Bridgenorth</td><td>S. James.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Shrewsbury</td><td>S. Giles. Founded by Henry II. Men and women.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">SOMERSETSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Bath</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Berrington</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Bridgewater</td><td>S. Giles.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Langport</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene. <i>Ante</i> 1310.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Selwood</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Taunton<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">STAFFORDSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Penkridge</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Stafford</td><td>S. Leonard.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1.4em">"</span></td><td>Henry II.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">SUFFOLK.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Beccles</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene. <i>C.</i> 1327.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Bury S. Edmunds</td><td>S. Peter. <i>C.</i> 1327.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Dunwich</td><td>Maison Dieu. (Chancel of Church remains.)</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</span></td><td>S. James. <i>Ante</i> 1199.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Eye</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene. <i>C.</i> 1330.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Gorleston</td><td>Existing 1372.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Ipswich</td><td>S. James. <i>Temp</i> John.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1.4em">"</span></td><td>S. Mary Magdalene.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Sudbury</td><td>S. Leonard. Founded by John Colnays.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</span></td><td>S. Lazars. Founded by Amicia, Countess of Clare. <i>Temp</i> +John.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">SURREY.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Newington</td><td>Blessed Mary and S. Catharine.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">SUSSEX.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Arundel</td><td>Founded by Henry of Arundel. <i>Temp</i> Edward II.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Beddington</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Bramber</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Chichester</td><td>SS. John & Mary Magdalene. <i>Temp</i> Richard I.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Herting</td><td>S. John the Baptist. <i>Ante</i> 1199.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Shoreham</td><td>S. James?</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">WARWICKSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Coventry</td><td>S. James.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</span></td><td>S. John.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Warwick</td><td>S. Michael. Founded <i>c.</i> Henry I. or Stephen.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">WESTMORELAND.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Appleby</td><td>S. Leonard.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1.5em">"</span></td><td>S. Nicholas.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Kirby-in-Kendal</td><td>S. Leonard.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Kirkby</td><td><span style="padding-left: 6em">By Henry II.</span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">WILTSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Devizes</td><td><span style="padding-left: 6em">Founded <i>ante</i> 1207.</span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Cricklade</td><td>S. John the Baptist.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Fuggleston</td><td>SS. Giles and Anthony. Founded by Adelicia, 2nd Queen of +Henry I., for men and women.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Maiden Bradley</td><td>Blessed Virgin. Founded by Manasseh Biset. <i>Temp</i> +Stephen or Henry II., <i>c.</i> 1154, for “pore Lepers and women.”</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Marlborough</td><td>S. John? For Lepers.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Wilton</td><td>S. John. Founded 1217.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1.1em">"</span></td><td>S. Giles. Founded by Alicia or Adelicia, 2nd Queen of +Henry I. 1217.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">WORCESTERSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Droitwich</td><td><span style="padding-left: 4em">Founded by William de Donére. Edward I.</span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="county" colspan="2">YORKSHIRE.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Bawtry</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Robert Moreton, 1316.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Beverley</td><td>S. Nicholas (without Keldgate Bar). <i>Ante</i> 1286.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1.4em">"</span></td><td><span style="padding-left: 2.1em; padding-right: 1.9em">"</span> (without North Bar).</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Brough</td><td>S. Giles. Founded by Henry Fitz-Randolph of Ravenswood. +<i>Temp</i> Henry III. ? For Lepers.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Doncaster</td><td>S. James. Founded by Manasseh Biset, <i>c.</i> 1154. For +women.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Doncaster</td><td>S. Nicholas.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Hedon</td><td>Holy Sepulchre. Founded by Alan Fitz-Oubern, for men +and women.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Hull</td><td>Maison Dieu?</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Hutton Locras, or Lowcross</td><td>S. Leonard. Founded by William de Bernaldby.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Pontefract</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene. <i>Temp</i> Henry III.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Otley</td><td><i>Temp</i> Henry II., or Edward II.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Ripon</td><td>S. John. Founded by William I. 1068.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1.1em">"</span></td><td>S. Mary Magdalene. Archbishop Thurstan, 1139. Some +parts, including chapel with its altar <i>in situ</i>, are left.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1.1em">"</span></td><td>S. Nicholas. Maude the Empress.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Sheffield</td><td>S. Leonard.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Whitby</td><td>S. John the Baptist. Founded by Abbot William de Percy, +1109. For one Leper<a name="FNanchor_A_30" id="FNanchor_A_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_30" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">Yarm</td><td>S. Nicholas. Founded by Robert de Brus, <i>c.</i> 1180.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town">York (4)</td><td>S. Mary Magdalene.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1.4em">"</span></td><td>S. Nicholas. Early <i>c.</i> 1110. For men and women.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="town"><span style="padding-left: 1.4em">"</span></td><td>S. Oswald. Founded by Bishop Oswald, 1268.</td></tr> +</table> + +<hr /> + +<p style="padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; padding-bottom: 1em"><i>This is not a complete list of all the Lazar Houses once existing in England, but +has been hurriedly compiled from Dugdale’s Mon. Ang. vol. vi.; Lewis’ Top. +Dic. of England; Promptorium Parvulorum; Historic Towns—Exeter, by +Professor Freeman, and other sources.</i></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_30" id="Footnote_A_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_30"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Who gave to it the wood and thorny ground adjacent to the spot. The building being for the +habitation of one Leper only, one Orme being the first, was necessarily small. Orme was supplied +with his provisions daily from the Abbey. After him Geoffrey Mansell, a Leprous monk of +Whitby also lived here in solitude. On his death the hospital ceased to be used as a Lazar +House, and was enlarged for the reception of several poor people both healthy and sick, Robert +de Alnett being appointed master of it.</p></div> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><small>JOHN HAGYARD, PRINTER, ST. NICHOLAS STREET, SCARBOROUGH.</small></p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Leper in England: with some +account of English lazar-houses, by Robert Charles Hope + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LEPER IN ENGLAND *** + +***** This file should be named 29737-h.htm or 29737-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/7/3/29737/ + +Produced by Julie Barkley, Irma Spehar and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Leper in England: with some account of English lazar-houses + +Author: Robert Charles Hope + +Release Date: August 19, 2009 [EBook #29737] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LEPER IN ENGLAND *** + + + + +Produced by Julie Barkley, Irma Spehar and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +THE LEPER IN ENGLAND: + +WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF + +English Lazar Houses. + +WITH NOTES. + +BY + +ROBERT CHARLES HOPE, F.S.A., F.R.S.L., + +_Peterhouse, Cambridge, and Lincoln's Inn. +Member of the Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain._ + +_Editor of Barnabe Googe's "Popish Kingdome." +Author of "Glossary of Dialectal Place-Nomenclature." +"An Inventory of the Church Plate in Rutland." +"English Goldsmiths," &c., &c._ + + +SCARBOROUGH: JOHN HAGYARD, PRINTER, "GAZETTE" ST. NICHOLAS STREET. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + +TITLE 1 + +DEDICATION 3 + +CONTENTS 5 + +FORESPEECH 7 + +THE LEPROSY OF SCRIPTURE 9 + +THE LEPROSY OF THE MIDDLE AGES 13 + +LAZAR HOUSES 16 + +STATUS OF LEPERS 26 + +SUMMARY 29 + +APPENDIX A.--NOTES 39 + + " B.--ENGLISH LAZAR HOUSES 43 + + + + + Dedicated + TO + THE VEN. R. FREDERICK L. BLUNT, A.K.C., M.A., D.D., + ARCHDEACON OF THE EAST RIDING; CANON RESIDENTIARY OF YORK; + VICAR OF SCARBOROUGH; + CHAPLAIN-IN-ORDINARY TO THE QUEEN; SURROGATE; + FELLOW OF KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON; + CHAPLAIN TO THE ROYAL NORTHERN SEA-BATHING INFIRMARY, SCARBOROUGH, + WHO OCCUPIED THE CHAIR ON THE OCCASION, AND AT WHOSE REQUEST, + THE LECTURE WAS DELIVERED. + + + + +FORESPEECH. + + +The subject matter embraced within these covers, consists chiefly of +notes, made for a lecture delivered in Christ Church Schoolroom, +Scarborough, on Thursday, March 5th, 1891, and is published by special +request. + +No claim for originality is made. The works of the late Sir James Y. +Simpson, Professor of Medicine in the University of Edinburgh, +(Archaeological Essays, Vol. II.); Sir Risdon Bennett, M.D., LL.D., +F.B.S., "Diseases of the Bible"; Dr. Greenhill, in "Bible Educator"; +Leland's "Itinerary"; Dugdale's "Monasticon," &c., &c., have been +freely drawn upon, and to these writers, therefore, it is the desire +here to acknowledge the indebtedness which is due. + +Various Notes will be found in the Appendix, which it is hoped will +prove of interest. + + + + +THE LEPER IN ENGLAND. + + +There is perhaps no subject of greater interest, nor one which awakens +more sympathy, than that of the Leper; it affords a most curious, +though painful topic of enquiry, particularly in the present day, when +so much has been said and written, as to the probability and +possibility of the loathsome scourge again obtaining a hold in this, +our own country. + +Much confusion and ignorance exists, as to what true Leprosy really +is. I do not pretend, nor do I assume, to be in any way an authority +on the disease, nor to be at all deeply versed in the matter; my +remarks will consist chiefly in retailing to you, some of the many and +curious circumstances connected with the malady, with which I have +become acquainted in studying the various Lazar Houses and Leper +Wells, once so liberally scattered all over the country, from an +antiquary's point of view, and in examining the writings of those +competent to express an opinion, from personal and other observations. +Your kind indulgence is, therefore, asked for any shortcomings on my +part. + + +THE LEPROSY OF THE BIBLE. + +It is necessary at the outset, to state clearly, that the disease +known as Leprosy in Holy Scripture, was an entirely and altogether +different disorder, to that, which, in the Middle Ages, was so +terribly prevalent, not in this country only, but over the whole +Continent of Europe. + +Sir Risdon Bennett tells us the Leprosy of Scripture was a skin +disease known to the medical faculty as _Psoriasis_. The use of the +Greek and Latin word _Lepra_, to signify both kinds of Leprosy, has no +doubt contributed largely to the confusion existing as to these two +disorders. The Leprosy of the Bible was _Psoriasis_, that of the +Middle Ages _Elephantiasis Graecorum_. + +There are six cases only, which include nine instances of Leprosy, +recorded in the Old Testament:-- + + Moses--Exodus, iv., 6. } + Miriam--Numbers, xii., 10. } Miraculously + Gehazi--2 Kings, v., 27. } afflicted. + Uzziah--2 Chronicles, xxvi., 19. } + Naaman--2 Kings, v., 1. + Four Lepers--2 Kings, vii., 3. + +In the New Testament we have but three cases, involving twelve +persons, viz.:-- + + (1) Man, recorded by St. Matthew, viii, 2; St. Mark, i., 40; + St. Luke, v., 12. + + (2) Ten Lepers, St. Luke, xvii., 12. + + (3) Simon, St. Matthew, xxvi., 6; St. Mark, xiv., 3. + +The first account or mention of the disorder in the Bible, is to be +found in Leviticus; nearly three chapters, xiii., xiv., xv., being +devoted to the examination and cleansing of the afflicted, with the +minutest detail. + +In chapter xiii., we are told that "if a man has a bright spot deeper +than the skin of the flesh, the hair on which has turned white, or the +white spot has a raw in it, and the scab be spread in the skin--then +shall the priest pronounce him _unclean_." But, if he have all the +above symptoms, and "the scabs do not spread, or, if he be covered +from head to foot--as white as snow--with the disease, then shall the +priest pronounce him _clean_." It should be observed, that whereas +the "_unclean_" Leper "shall dwell alone," no such restriction was +placed upon the "clean or White Leper," who was free to go about as he +desired, and also to mingle with his fellow-men. This is clear from +the accounts given us of Gehazi conversing with the King; of Naaman +performing his ordinary duties as captain of the host of the King of +Syria; we are told he was "a great man with his master, and +honourable, because by him the Lord had given victory unto Syria; he +was also a mighty man of valour," and also, from the instance of our +Blessed Lord being entertained in the house of Simon the "Leper." On +no other ground than this assumption, can these instances be +reconciled with the Levitical Law. + +In the Levitical, and in every other account of the disease, it is +significant that there is no mention, or hint, of any loss of +sensation in connection with the disorder, of any affection of the +nerves, nor of any deformity of the body; no provision is made for +those who were unable to take care of themselves, nor is there a +tittle of evidence, or the barest hint given, that the disease was +either contagious or dangerous. Only two persons in the whole of the +Bible are stated to have died from the disease, and in each of these +cases, it was specially so ordained by the Almighty, as a specific +punishment for a particular sin. Cures were not only possible, and +common, but they were the rule. Josephus speaks of Leprosy in a man as +but "a misfortune in the colour of his skin." S. Augustine said that +when Lepers were restored to health, "they were _mundati_, not +_sanati_, because Leprosy is an ailment affecting merely the colour, +not the health, or the soundness of the senses, and the limbs." + +It is a most curious, and interesting problem which has yet to be +solved, why a man should be "unclean" when he was but partially +covered by the disease, and yet, when he was wholly covered with it, +he should be "clean." + +That no argument in support of contagion can be drawn simply from the +sentence of expulsion from the camp, is evident from Numbers v., 2-4; +for Lepers, and non-Lepers, are equally excluded on the ground of +"uncleanness." The laws of seclusion applied as rigorously to the +uncleanness induced by _touching_ a leper, or even a dead body, as +well as in other cases, where no question of contagion could exist. It +appears more than probable that the "cleansing" was merely a +ceremonial, ordained for those attacked by the disease at a certain +stage, implying some deeper meaning, than I for one, am able to +discern. I therefore leave it to the theologian to whom it appertains, +rather than to a humble and enquiring layman as myself. + +That the descriptions of the various forms of skin disease were +intended, not to denote differences in their nature or pathology, but +to enable the priests to discriminate between the "clean" and +"unclean" forms, is manifest. They were intended purely for practical +use. + +The first allusion--the only one in the Bible--we have to a Lazar, or +Leper house, occurs in 2 Kings, xv., 5, "And the Lord smote the King +so that he was a Leper unto the day of his death, and dwelt in a +_'several' house_." + + +THE LEPROSY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. + +The Leprosy of the Middle Ages known as _Elephantiasis Graecorum_, +_Lepra Arabum_, and _Lepra tuberculosis_, is not yet extinct. It is +very curious that whilst _Lepra Arabum_ is the same as _Elephantiasis +Graecorum_ or true Leprosy, the _Elephantiasis Arabum_ is a totally +distinct disease. The former is the most loathsome and revolting of +the many awful and terrible scourges, with which the Almighty, in his +wisdom, has seen fit, from time to time, to visit mankind. + +It is, I believe, a singular fact, that the Jews, "the chosen people +of God," have a special immunity from the disease, being less +predisposed than other races. Dr. V. Carter says that during a period +of seventeen years, out of a very large number of cases in Bombay, he +had seen only four cases, and but one death among Jews, that is of +_Elephantiasis Graecorum_. + +Belcher on "Our Lord's Miracles," says that in Tangiers at the present +day, the two diseases are found, the _Lepra Hebraeorum_ prevailing +chiefly among the Jewish residents, and presenting exactly the +symptoms as described in Leviticus. On the other hand, in Syria, +_Elephantiasis Graecorum_ is unknown among the Jews. + +It appears to have been very prevalent in this country; but when, and +how it was introduced, is not known. Some certify it was brought back +by the Crusaders, being the only thing they ever did bring back. But +it existed here long anterior to the days of the _first_ crusade. The +City of Bath is said to have originated from an old British King +afflicted with Leprosy, who being obliged, in consequence, to wander +far from the habitation of men, and being finally reduced to the +condition of a swineherd, discovered the medicinal virtues of the hot +springs of Bath, while noticing that his pigs which bathed therein +were cured of sundry diseases prevailing among them. + +The following epigram on King Bladud, who was killed 844, +B.C.,--father of King Leir, or Leal, d. 799, B.C.,--was written by a +clergyman of the name of Groves, of Claverton:-- + + "When Bladud once espied some hogs + Lie wallowing in the steaming bogs, + Where issue forth those sulphurous springs, + Since honour'd by more potent kings, + Vex'd at the brutes alone possessing + What ought t' have been a common blessing, + He drove them, thence in mighty wrath, + And built the mighty town of Bath. + The hogs thus banished by their prince, + Have lived in Bristol ever since." + +Many Lazar or Leper Houses were built in England during the early part +of the reign of William the Norman, who founded several. + +The medical writers of the 13th and 14th centuries, which include the +names of Theodoric, the monk, a distinguished surgeon of Bologna; the +celebrated Lanfranc, of Milan and afterwards of Paris; Professor +Arnold Bachuone, of Barcelona, reputed in his day the greatest +physician in Spain; the famous French surgeon Guy de Chauliac; +Bernhard Gordon; and our own countrymen Gilbert, _c._ 1270; John of +Gaddesden, Professor of Medicine in Merton College, Oxford, and Court +Physician to Edward II., minutely describe the disease. + +It was the custom in those affected days, when a medical man or anyone +wrote a book on medicine or a medicinal subject, to call it either a +"rose" or a "lily," as "_Rosa Angelica_," "_Lilium medecinae_." + +The following description of the malady is from the _Lilium medecinae_, +by Bernhard Gordon, written about 1305 or 1309. He gives three stages +or classes of the disease, viz., the (1) occult, (2) the infallible, +and (3) the last, or terminating signs. None of these indications are +laid down in Leviticus for the guidance of the Jewish Priests. + +(i.) "The occult premonitory signs of Leprosy are, a reddish colour of +the face, verging to duskiness; the expiration begins to be changed, +the voice grows hoarse, the hairs become thinned and weaker, and the +perspiration and breath incline to foetidity; the mind is +melancholic with frightful dreams and nightmare; in some cases scabs, +pustules, and eruptions break out over the whole body; disposition of +the body begins to become loathsome, but still, while the form and +figure are not corrupted, the patient is not to be adjudged for +separation; but is to be most strictly watched." + +(ii.) "The infallible signs, are, enlargement of the eyebrows, with +loss of their hair; rotundity of the eyes; swelling of the nostrils +externally, and contraction of them within; voice nasal; colour of the +face glossy, verging to a darkish hue; aspect of the face terrible, +and with a fixed look; with acumination or pointing and contraction of +the pulps of the ear. And there are many other signs, as pustules and +excrescences, atrophy of the muscles, and particularly of those +between the thumb and forefinger; insensibility of the extremities; +fissures, and infections of the skin; the blood, when drawn and +washed, containing black, earthy, rough, sandy matter. The above are +those evident and manifest signs, which, when they do appear, the +patient ought to be separated from the people, or, in other words, +secluded in a Lazar House." + +(iii.) "The signs of the last stage and breaking-up of the disease, +are, corrosion and falling-in of the cartilage forming the septum of +the nose; fissure and division of the feet and hands; enlargement of +the lips, and a disposition to glandular swelling; dyspnoea and +difficulty of breathing; the voice hoarse and barking; the aspect of +the face frightful, and of a dark colour; the pulse small, almost +imperceptible." Sometimes the limbs drop off, piecemeal or in their +entirety. + +All the writers agree in urging most earnestly that no one ought to be +adjudged a Leper, unless there manifestly appears a corruption of the +figure, or, that state indicated as _signa infallibilia_. + + +LAZAR HOUSES. + +The period from its introduction into this country, as far as we know, +to its final or nearly final extinction, may be embraced within the +10th and 16th centuries. It was at the zenith of its height during the +11th, 12th, and 13th centuries. As early as A.D. 948 laws were enacted +with regard to Lepers in Wales by Howel Dda, the Good--the great Welsh +King, who died 948. + +The enormous extent to which it prevailed during that period may be +gauged from the fact, that there were above 200 Lazar Houses in +England alone, probably providing accommodation for 4,000 at least, +and this, at a time when the whole population of England was only +between 2,000,000 and 3,000,000 of persons; being something like two +in every thousand. + +I have been enabled to compile the following English Lazar Houses, +which is however far from being a complete one. These Lazar Houses +were founded by the charitably disposed, and were usually under +ecclesiastical rule:-- + + 1 Berkshire. + 2 Buckinghamshire. + 2 Cambridgeshire. + 3 Cornwall. + 1 Cumberland. + 4 Derbyshire. + 6 Devonshire. + 3 Dorsetshire. + 2 Durham. + 4 Essex. + 6 Gloucestershire. + 2 Hampshire. + 1 Herefordshire + 6 Hertfordshire. + 1 Huntingdonshire. + 15 Kent. + 1 Lancashire. + 2 Lincolnshire. + 4 Leicestershire. + 7 Middlesex. + 22 Norfolk. + 5 Northamptonshire. + 3 Northumberland. + 3 Nottinghamshire. + 4 Oxfordshire. + 2 Shropshire. + 6 Somersetshire. + 3 Staffordshire. + 10 Suffolk. + 1 Surrey. + 6 Sussex. + 3 Warwickshire. + 4 Westmoreland. + 7 Wiltshire. + 1 Worcester. + 20 Yorkshire. + +Total: 173 + +They were presumably under the rule of S. Austin or Augustine. + +Chalmers' _Caledonia_ states 9 hospitals existed in the County of +Berwick alone. + +It is said that, by a Bull of Alexander III., exemption from the +payment of tithes was granted to all the possessions of the Lazar +Houses; this, however, does not appear to have always been acted upon, +at least in this country, as at Canterbury, etc. + +A Prior--usually a Leper--and a number of Priests were attached to +each house. + +Where a chapel was not attached, the inmates appear to have attended +the parish church for service. + +There was a special order of Knights founded very early, in Jerusalem, +united to the general order of the Knights Hospitallers, whose +especial province was to look after the sick, particularly Lepers. +They seem to have separated from the Knights Hospitallers at the end +of the 11th, or beginning of the 12th centuries. They were at first +designated Knights of S. Lazarus, or, of SS. Lazarus and Mary of +Jerusalem, from the locality of their original establishment, and from +their central preceptory being near Jerusalem. The Master or Prior of +the Superior Order was a Leper, that he might be more in sympathy with +his afflicted brethren. They were afterwards united by different +European princes, with the Military Orders of Notre Dame and Mount +Carmel, and, in 1572 with that of S. Maurice. We first hear of them in +England, in the reign of King Stephen, when they seem to have made +their headquarters at Burton-Lazars, near Melton Mowbray in +Leicestershire, where a rich and famous Lazar House was built by a +general subscription throughout the country, and greatly aided by the +munificence of Robert de Mowbray. The Lazar-houses of S. Leonard's, +Sheffield; Tilton, in Leicestershire; Holy Innocents', Lincoln; S. +Giles', London; SS. Mary and Erkemould, Ilford, Essex; and the +preceptory of Chosely, in Norfolk, besides many others, were annexed +to it, as cells containing _fratres leprosos de Sancto Lazaro de +Jerusalem_. The house received at least 35 different charters, +confirmed by various sovereigns. Camden in his _Britannia_, p. 447, +says that "The masters of all the smaller Lazar-houses in England, +were in some sort subject to the Master of Burton Lazars, as he +himself was, to the Master of the Lazars in Jerusalem." + +The rules of these Lazar-houses were very strict. The inmates were +allowed to walk within certain prescribed limits only, generally a +mile from the house. They were forbidden to stay out all night, and +were not on any account permitted to enter the bakehouse, brewhouse, +and granary, excepting the brother in charge, and he was not to dare +to touch the bread and beer, since it was "most unfitting that persons +with such a malady, should handle things appointed for the common use +of men." A gallows was sometimes erected in front of the houses, on +which offenders were summarily despatched from this world, for breach +of the rules. + +The comforts in these houses varied greatly as the house was richly, +or poorly endowed. At some of the smaller ones, the inmates would seem +to have depended almost, if not entirely, on the precarious +contributions of the charitably disposed for their very sustenance. At +Beccles, in Suffolk, one of the Lepers of S. Mary Magdalene's, was by +a royal grant empowered to beg on behalf of himself and his brethren. +Sometimes, these poor and wretched outcasts would sit by the roadside, +with a dish placed on the opposite side, to receive the alms of the +good Samaritans that passed by, who would give them as wide a berth as +possible. The Lepers were not allowed to speak to a stranger, lest +they should contaminate him with their breath. To attract attention, +they would clash their wooden clappers together. + +In the larger and richer houses, the inmates were well provided for. +The account of the food supplied to the inmates of the Lazar House of +S. Julian, at S. Albans, c. 1335-1349, is very curious:--"Let every +Leprous brother receive from the property of the Hospital for his +living and all necessaries, whatever he has been accustomed to receive +by the custom observed of old, in the said Hospital, namely--Every +week seven loaves, five white, and two brown made from the grain as +thrashed. Every seventh month, fourteen gallons of beer, or 8d. for +the same. Let him have in addition, on the feasts of All Saints, Holy +Trinity, S. Julian, S. John the Baptist, S. Albans, The Annunciation, +Purification, Assumption, and Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, for +each feast, one loaf, one jar of beer, or 1d. for the same, and one +obolus[a] which is called the charity of the said Hospital; also, let +every Leprous brother receive, at the feast of Christmas, forty +gallons of good beer, or 40d. for the same; two qrs. of pure and clean +corn--which is called the great charity; also at the Feast of S. +Martin, each Leper shall receive one pig from the common stall, or the +value in money, if he prefer it." The pigs were selected by each leper +according to his seniority in having become an inmate; also, each +Leper shall receive on the Feast of S. Valentine, for the whole of the +ensuing year, one quarter of oats; also, about the feast of S. John +the Baptist, two bushels of salt, or the current price; also, on the +feast of S. Julian, and at the feast of S. Alban, one penny for the +accustomed pittance; also, at Easter, one penny, which is called by +them 'Flavvones-peni'; also, on Ascension Day, one obolus for buying +pot herbs; also, on each Wednesday in Lent, bolted corn[b] of the +weight of one of their loaves; also, on the feast of S. John the +Baptist, 4s. for clothes; also, at Christmas, let there be distributed +in equal portions, amongst the Leprous brethren, 14s. for their fuel +through the year, as has been ordained of old, for the sake of peace +and concord; also, by the bounty of Our Lord the King, 30s. 5d. have +been assigned for ever for the use of the Lepers, which sum, the +Viscount of Hertford has to pay them annually, at the feasts of Easter +and Michaelmas. + +At the Lazar House, dedicated in honour of "The Blessed Virgin, +Lazarus, and his two sisters Mary and Martha," at Sherburn, Durham, +which accommodated no less than 65 Lepers, a more varied, and at the +same time less complex dietary was in vogue. The daily allowance was a +loaf of bread weighing 5 marks[c] and a gallon of ale to each; and +betwixt every two, one mess[d] or commons of flesh, three days in the +week, and of fish, cheese, and butter, on the remaining four. On high +festivals, a double mess, and in particular on the Feast of S. +Cuthbert. In Lent, fresh salmon, if it could be had, if not, other +fresh fish; and on Michaelmas Day, four messed on one goose[e]. With +fresh flesh, fish, or eggs, a measure of salt was delivered. When +fresh fish could not be had, red herrings were served, three to a +single mess; or cheese and butter by weight; or three eggs. During +Lent, each had a razer of wheat to make furmenty[f], and two razers of +beans to boil; sometimes greens or onions; and every day, except +Sunday, the seventh part of a razer of bean meal; but on Sundays, a +measure-and-a-half of pulse to make gruel. Red herrings were +prohibited from Pentecost to Michaelmas, and at the latter, each +received two razers of apples. They had a kitchen and cook in common, +with utensils for cooking, etc.:--A lead, two brazen pots, a table, a +large wooden vessel for washing, or making wine, a laver, two ale[g] +and two bathing vats. The sick had fire and candles, and all +necessaries, until they became convalescent or died. + +Each Leper received an annual allowance for his clothing, three yards +of woollen cloth, white or russet, six yards of linen, and six of +canvas. Four fires were allowed for the whole community. From +Michaelmas to All Saints, they had two baskets of peat, on double mess +days; and four baskets daily, from All Saints to Easter. On Christmas +Day, they had four Yule logs each a cartload, with four trusses of +straw; four trusses of straw on All Saints' Eve, and Easter Eve; and +four bundles of rushes, on the Eves of Pentecost, S. John the Baptist, +and S. Mary Magdalene; and on the anniversary of Martin de Sancta +Cruce, every Leper received 5s. 5d. in money. + +This luxurious living was not without its leaven. The rules of the +House were strict, and enforced religious duties on its inmates, of a +most severe and austere nature. All the Leprous brethren, whose health +permitted, were required daily to attend Matins, Nones, Vespers, and +Compline[h]. + +The bed-ridden sick were enjoined to raise themselves, and say Matins +in their bed; and for those who were still weaker, "let them rest in +peace." During Lent and Advent, all the brethren were required to +receive corporal discipline three days in the week, and the sisters in +like manner. + +From the rules of the Lazar House of SS. Mary and Erkemould, at Ilford +in Essex, which accommodated 13 Lepers--we learn, in 1336, that the +inmates were ordered "to preserve silence, and, if able, to hear Mass +and Matins throughout, and whilst there, to be intent on prayer and +devotion. In the hospital, every day, each shall say for morning duty +a Pater-noster and Ave Maria[i] thirteen times; and for the other +hours of the day--1st, 3rd, and 6th of Vespers; and again, at the hour +of concluding service, a Pater-noster and Ave Maria seven times; +besides the aforesaid prayers each Leper shall say a Pater-noster and +Ave Maria thirty times every day, for the founder of the Hospital--the +Abbess of Barking, 1190--the Bishop of the place, all his benefactors, +and all other true believers, living or dead; and on the day on which +any one of their number departs from life, let each Leprous brother +say in addition, fifty Paters and Aves three times, for the soul of +the departed, and the souls of all diseased believers." Punishment was +meted out to any who neglected or shirked these duties. + +Some of the Leper Houses in France excited the jealousy and avarice of +Phillip V., who caused many of the inmates to be burned alive, in +order that the fire might purify at one and the same time, the +infection of the body and that of the soul, giving as an ostensible +reason for his fiendish barbarity, the absurd and baseless allegation, +that the Lepers had been bribed to commit the detestable sin and +horrible crime of poisoning the wells, waters, etc., used by the +Christians. The real cause being a desire, through this flimsy excuse, +to rob the richer hospitals of their funds and possessions, this is +clearly manifest in the special wording of his own edict, "that all +the goods of the Lepers be lodged and held for himself." A similar +persecution was renewed about 60 years afterwards, in 1388, under +Charles VI. of France. + +As soon as a man became a prey to the disease, his doom on earth was +finally and irrevocably sealed. The laws, both civil and +ecclesiastical, were awful in their severity to the poor Leper; not +only was he cut off from the society of his fellow-men, and all family +ties severed, but, he was dead to the law, he could not inherit +property, or be a witness to any deed. According to English law Lepers +were classed with idiots, madmen, outlaws, etc. + +The Church provided a service to be said over the Leper on his +entering a Lazar House[j]. The Priest duly vested preceded by a cross, +went to the abode of the victim. He there began to exhort him to +suffer with a patient and penitent spirit the incurable plague with +which God had stricken him. Having sprinkled the unfortunate Leper +with Holy Water, he conducted him to the Church, the while reading +aloud the beginning of the Burial Service. On his arrival there, he +was stripped of his clothes and enveloped in a pall, and then placed +between two trestles--like a corpse--before the Altar, when the +_Libera_ was sung and the Mass for the Dead celebrated over him. + +After the service he was again sprinkled with Holy Water, and led from +thence to the Lazar House, destined for his future, and final abode, +here on earth. + +A pair of clappers, a stick, a barrel, and a distinctive dress were +given to him. The costume comprised a russet tunic[k], and upper tunic +with hood cut from it, so that the sleeves of the tunic were closed +as far as the hand, but not laced with knots or thread after the +secular fashion of the day. The upper tunic was to be closed down to +the ankles, and a close cape of black cloth of the same length as the +hood, for outside use. + +A particular form of boot or shoe, laced high, was also enjoined, and +if these orders were disobeyed the culprit was condemned to walk +bare-footed, until the Master, considering his humility said to him +"enough." An oath of obedience and a promise to lead a moral and +abstemious life was required of every Leper on admission. The Bishops +of Rome from time to time issued Bulls, with regard to the +ecclesiastical separation and rights of the afflicted. + +Lepers were excluded from the city of London by Act 20 Edward the +III., 1346[l]. + +The Magistrates of Glasgow, in 1573, appeared to have exercised some +right of searching for Lepers. + +Piers, the ploughman, makes frequent allusions to "Lepers under the +hedges." + +The Lazar Houses were often under the authority of some neighbouring +Abbey, or Monastery. _Semler_ quotes a Bull, issued by one of the +Bishops of Rome, appointing every Leper House to be provided with its +own burial ground and chapel; as also ecclesiastics; these in the +middle ages were probably the only physicians of the body, as well as +of the soul--some appear to have devoted themselves as much to the +study of medicine as to that of theology. + +It was customary in the mediaeval times to address the secular clergy +as "Sir." + + +STATUS OF LEPERS. + +The rank and status of any one, was no guarantee against attacks from +this dire disorder, with its fearful ravages. Had the victims been +confined, as it is generally thought, to those who dwelt amid squalor, +dirt and vice, in close and confined dens, veritable hot beds for +rearing and propagating disease of every kind; we should not be +surprised, but should be entitled to assume, that to such +circumstances, in a very great measure might the origin be expected to +be found; but, when we find, that not only was the scourge a visitant +here, but, that it numbered amongst the afflicted, members of some of +the most illustrious households in this kingdom, aye, even the august +monarchs themselves, the source from whence _Elephantiasis +Graecorum_--the malady not being contagious--first originated must be +sought for elsewhere. + +First amongst our ancient and illustrious families, we find--if he may +be so classed--the case of S. Finian, who died 675 or 695[m]. + +A nobleman of the South of England, whose name unfortunately is not +recorded, is reputed to have been miraculously cured at the tomb of S. +Cuthbert, at Durham, 1080[n]. + +A daughter of Mannasseh Bysset, a rich Wiltshire gentleman, sewer[o] +to Henry II., being a Leper, founded the Lazar House at Maiden +Bradley, dedicated to the honour of the Blessed Virgin, "for poore +leprous women" and gave to it her share of the town of Kidderminster, +c. 1160. Mannasseh Bysset founded the Lazar House dedicated in honour +of S. James, Doncaster, for women, c. 1160. + +The celebrated Constance, Duchess of Brittany, who was allied to the +royal families of both England and Scotland, being a grand-daughter of +Malcolm III. of Scotland, and the English Princess Margaret Atheling, +and also a descendant of a natural daughter of Henry I. She died of +Leprosy in the year 1201[p]. + +In 1203 in the King's Court, a dispute was heard respecting a piece of +land in Sudton, Kent, between two kinswomen--Mabel, daughter of +William Fitz-Fulke, and Alicia, the widow of Warine Fitz-Fulke. Among +the pleas, it was urged by Alicia, that Mabel had a brother, and that +his right to the land must exclude her claim, whereupon Mabel answered +that her brother was a Leper[q]. + +It was certified to King Edward I. in 1280, that Adam of Gangy, +deceased, of the county of Northumberland, holding land of the King in +chief, was unable to repair to the King's presence to do homage, being +struck with the Leprosy[r]. + +In the reign of Richard II. c. 1380, William, son of Robert +Blanchmains, being a Leper, founded the Lazar House, dedicated in +honour of S. Leonard, outside the town of Leicester, to the north[s]. + +Richard Orange, a gentleman of noble parentage, and Mayor of Exeter in +1454, was a Leper. In spite of his great wealth he submitted himself +to a residence in the Lazar House of S. Mary Magdalene in that city, +where he died, and was buried in the chapel attached. A mutilated +inscription still remains over the spot where he is interred[t]. + +Some of the Lazar Houses were specially endowed for persons above the +lower ranks who happened to become affected with the disease. In +1491, Robert Pigot gave by will to the Leper House of Walsingham, in +the Archdeaconry of Norwich, a house in, or near that town, for the +use of two Leprous persons "of good families." + +Before considering the Royal Lepers, it will not be out of place to +mention the death of S. Fiacre from Leprosy, in 665. He was the +reputed son of Eugenius IV., King of Scotland, and is canonised in the +Roman branch of the Church Catholic[u]. + +Amongst Royal Lepers, the case of Adelicia or Adelais, daughter of +Godfrey, Duke of Louraine, and niece of Calextus II., Bishop of Rome, +1118; the second Queen of Henry I. of England, and afterwards wife of +William de Albion, to whom she was tenderly attached; stands first in +order of state. Being stricken with leprosy, she left him and entered +a convent, where she died of the disease, 1151. This reputed instance, +it is right to mention, requires confirmation. The above is mentioned +by a contributor to _Notes and Queries_, 7, S. viii., 174, but no +authority is given. + +Baldwin IV., King of Jerusalem, a direct descendant like the Royal +Plantagenets of England, from Fulk, Count of Anjou and Touraine, died +of Leprosy in 1186, leaving a child nephew to succeed him; the +consequence being, the loss of the Holy Land, and the triumph of +Saladin after eighty-eight years of the Christian kingdom[v]. + +Henry III. is said to have been a Leper. + +Edward the Black Prince, used to bathe in the Holy Well at Harbledon, +near Canterbury, for his Leprosy, and Robert Bruce, King of Scotland, +had a licence at one time from the King of England to bathe in the +waters of S. Lazarus' Well on Muswell Hill, near where now stands the +Alexandra Palace. The well belonged to the Order of S. John, +Clerkenwell, a hospital order for Lepers. Three years before his +death, he was unable to undertake the command of the army in its +descent upon the northern counties of England, by reason of his +Leprosy, of which he died in 1329, at the age of 55[w]. + +Henry IV. King of England, was a Leper without doubt[x]. + +Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI. of England, is reputed, like her +ancestor Baldwin IV., to have died a Leper[y]. + +Louis the XIV., is said to have died of the disease in 1715. It is +also recorded, that in order to effect a cure, recourse was had to a +barbarous superstitious custom, once unhappily common in Brazil, that +of killing several fine healthy children, eating their hearts, livers, +&c.; then washing in their blood, and annointing the body with grease +made from the remains. Let us at least hope this impious and inhuman +act is but "legend[z]". + + +SUMMARY. + +It is trusted that the fact has been established that the Leprosy of +the Bible, and of the Middle Ages, were entirely different diseases. +The only essential characteristics in common being that both were +cutaneous and neither was contagious, excepting by innoculation by a +wound or a cut. Both were possibly hereditary, though this is denied +by some. + +The Biblical Leprosy never ended in death, whereas that of the Middle +Ages always did. In one case there was little suffering, in the other +usually a great deal. + +In one the isolation was temporary only, in the other permanent. + +The origin of the Mediaeval Scourge is enshrouded in impenetrable +mystery. The cure is as enigmatical. + +The late Father Damian, who gave his life to ministration and +alleviation of the sufferings of the 2,000 Lepers of Hawaii, in the +island of Molakai, no doubt caught the disease of which he died, owing +to the fact, that Lepers only handled and cooked the food, kneaded and +baked the bread, washed the clothes, etc. The whole surroundings being +Leprous, it is difficult to see how the good Father could well have +avoided contamination. Still, the disease is not contagious if +reasonable precautions are taken. + +Two remarkable meetings were held in London in 1889, under the +presidency of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. At the first +one, held in Marlborough House, June 17th, the Prince of Wales made +the startling and unwelcome announcement of the case of Edward Yoxall, +aged 64, who was carrying on his trade as butcher, in the Metropolitan +Meat Market, from whence he was subsequently removed. + +At the second meeting held in the rooms of the Medical Society, +Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, two Lepers were exhibited. The +verdict of the medical men present was, "There is no curative +treatment of Leprosy." Dr. Thornton, of the Leper Hospital of Madras, +said:--That his experience showed him that Leprosy was contagious, +and that it was likely to spread to this country; that the disease, +however, could rarely, if ever, be communicated, except in the case of +a healthy person by an abraded skin, coming in contact with a Leper. +"The sufferings of the afflicted can be alleviated by (1) a liberal +diet; (2) oleaginous anointings, by which the loss of sleep, one of +the most distressing symptoms of the disease, can be prevented." + +The Rev. Father Ignatius Grant called my attention to the use of +"simples" in England, as elsewhere, for the alleviation of the +suffering. He says, "_Les Capitulaires, Legislatio domestica_, of +Charlemagne, contains the enumeration of the sorts of fruit trees and +plants to be grown in the Imperial gardens, as a guide to monastic +establishments throughout his empire. The list is entirely of culinary +and medicinal herbs, simples and vegetables. As to flowers, only the +lily and the rose are permitted for _agrement_; whilst all the rest +are for food or medicinal remedies. All the common simples are +specified. + +"Herein is a mine of information, which I only allude to, but it was +doubtless the plan followed by most religious houses. For one thing is +clear, that as the monastic gardens were all arranged on a certain and +utilitarian method, there is an antecedent probability of a consequent +fact. That fact is, that we shall find out if we examine the purlieus +of our own ruined abbeys, many a plant medicinal or culinary which has +reset itself and persisted in its original _locale_ for four +centuries, though its original native earth and climate was not that +of England. + +"Such herbs proper for making salves and lotions are plentifully +mentioned in part i. 301-455 of Ducange, v. _areola florarium_, +_lilietum_, &c., and there is a catalogue of _des plus excellentes +fruits qui se cultivent chez les Chartreux_ (Paris, 1752.) Also, as a +specimen of this sort of "find," the Woolhope Natural Club found the +valuable medicinal plant asarabica (_asarum Europeum_) in the forest +of Deerfold, having wandered from the old abbey garden, and +perpetuated itself for ages. This one instance shows how the old +gardeners had introduced foreign plants into their wort-beds. + +"Many writers have told me, he goes on to observe, but especially a +Franciscan Father of the Holy Land and two Franciscan Sisters from a +hospital at Vialas (_Lazere_) par Genalhac, that-- + +"1. They use elm bark for cutaneous eruptions, herpes, and lepra. Four +ounces of the bark boiled in decoction in two quarts of water down to +one quart. That half a pint given twice a day has made inveterate +eruptions of lepra, both dry and humid, to disappear. + +"2. The rose burdock--_lappa rosea_--they give in cases of lepra +_icthyosis_, and it has succeeded where other remedies had failed. + +"3. They have used also the root of the mulberry-tree. Half a dram of +the powder to a dose. + +"4. _Lapathum bononicense_, or fiddle-dock, and also the dwarf +trefoil--_trefolium pusillum_. + +"The following is the list of simples which I obtained from the +Lazar-house still existing in Provence, les Alpes Maritimes, and from +that in Cyprus, and especially Nicosia, as also from the well-known +Leper hospital in Provence: + +"Food, baths, and oleaginous applications stand first. Then some +preparation of the following ordinary simples, which were most known +among our own common people, and which are still used in various parts +of England by simple folk for skin diseases and sores. You will see +how they entered into the monastic pharmacopoeia of the middle ages, +how they were at their doors, and especially cultivated in monastery +gardens. + +"1. Plantain--_plantago major_. Qualities: alterative, diuretic, +antiseptic. For scrofulous and cutaneous affections. It has also the +property of destroying living microscopical matter in or on the human +body. The Negro Casta, who discovered this herb, afterwards, as a +remedy against the deadly bite of the rattlesnake, received a +considerable reward from the Assembly of South Carolina. It is a +native of most parts of Europe and Asia, as also of Japan. Plantain +stands in the forefront of all the _cartels des hospitalieres_. + +"2. Yellow dock--_rumex_. Alterative, tonic, astringent, detergent, +and anti-scorbutic. Employed in scrofula, Leprosy, cutaneous diseases, +and purigo, and that with much effect. + +"3. Sorrel--_rumex ascetocella_. Employed locally to cancers, tumours, +and the open wounds of the Leper. + +"4. Burdock--_arctenus lappa_. Aperient, sudorific, and diuretic. +Employed in venereal and Leprous disorders, scrofula, and scurvy. +Fluid extract of lappa is exhibited even now to lepers. Dose, 1/2 to 1 +dram. + +"5. Monk's rhubarb--_rumex alpinus_. Used for the same purposes as +true rhubarb. + +"6. Lily roots. This ancient remedy is in all the books to which the +Franciscan Fathers of the Holy Land have access, and comes down from +Pliny and Dioscorides. "Effugant lepras lilium radices." (Plin.) + +"7. Common wormwood--_absinthium vulgare_, _artemisia_. + +"8. Daffodil--_narcissus purpurens et narcissus croceus_, called so +from _torpor_. The _oleum narcissenum et unguentum_ is found in all +hospital books, and comes down from Pliny, 2, 19: "Narcissi duogenera +medici usu recipiunt." For Leprosy and cutaneous eruptions called +_mala scabies_. This was what Canon Bethune calls _les calmantes_. Of +this flower, I may say that eight out of ten monastic ruins in England +abound with it, to such a degree that one cannot but conclude that it +was set there of old, that it was cultivated for some purpose, and has +reset and reproduced itself for centuries. Father Birch, S.J., +confirms this in regard to Roche Abbey--_de Rocca_--an old +Premonstratensian house, in Derbyshire, to which people come from afar +to see the daffodils, which make of the purlieus of the abbey one +great _tapis jaune_ (_sic._), but a carpet varied by every sort of +English spring flowers. + +"9. Scurvy grass--_cochlearia officinalis_--has long been considered, +at Nicosia, Cyprus, and elsewhere, as the most effectual of all the +anti-scorbutic plants. It grows in high latitudes, where scurvy is +most obnoxious. Not only religious (_sic._) and physicians, but +sailors speak highly of it. + +"10. The _sedum acre_--wall stone-crop. Used by nuns in Provence for +ulcers and leprous eruptions. It is boiled in six pints of milk until +reduced to three or four pints. For fungous flesh, it promotes +discharge, and destroys both gangrenes and carbuncles. This is found +in abundance on the cottage roofs about Melton Mowbray and +Burton-Lazars. + +"11. Celandine--_chelidonium_. Tintern Abbey, about Whitsuntide, is +one large white tapestry of celandine. When I visited Tintern, I was +struck by the lush clustering growth of this flower in 1885. An old +legend says that it is so called because the swallow cures the eyes of +its young of blindness by application of this herb. "Certainly," says +P. Xavier, Franciscan of the Holy Land, "it makes a good lotion for +the eyes of the Leper, and is often used by us in France." + +"If I were to add here the history of the _quinquina_, or Jesuit's +bark--is it not told us that the lions drank of a well into which +chincona had fallen, and thus suggested the useful Jesuits' bark, or +quinine?--it would take me into the seventeenth century, and be a +little out of my track; but one word must be added on the girjan oil, +the _dipterocarpus_ of quite modern days, which seems to have great +vogue in Barbadoes. This I do because it is the product of a +magnificent tropical tree, and the hospitals did not forget in the +treatment of Leprosy the use of common trees." + +Isolation is the only known effectual way of stamping out the disease, +by its means was the great diminution in the numbers of victims +affected here, by the end of the 14th century, and the almost total +and complete extinction of it in the middle of the 16th century, 1560. + +In 1350 at S. Julian's Lazar House, S. Alban's it is recorded that +"the number of Lepers had so diminished, their maintenance was below +the revenue of the institution; there are not now above three, +sometimes only two, occasionally only one." + +In 1520 the Lazar House of S. Mary Magdalene, Ripon, founded in 1139, +by Archbishop Thurstan, for the relief of the Lepers of the whole +district, contained only two priests and five poor people to pray for +all "Christen sowlez." Some parts of this Hospital, including the +chapel and its altar _in situ_, remain. + +In 1553 at the Lazar House of SS. Mary and Erkemould, Ilford, Essex, +founded by the Abbess of Barking, c. 1190, it is recorded that +"instead of 13 pore men beying Lepers, two pryest, and one clerke +thereof there is at this day but one pryest and two pore men." + +In Scotland the disease lingered till the middle of last century. A +day for public thanksgiving for the supposed total deliverance of that +country from the scourge of Leprosy, was enjoined, in 1742. The +disease however was not quite extinct there; it may be now. + +We are told at the present day, there are 123,924 Lepers in Hawaii; +and in India not less than 250,000, or a quarter of a million. There +are also large numbers in Barbadoes, and in the Sandwich Islands. + +A striking and recent proof of the efficacy of isolation is seen in +the fact, that in Norway there were 2,000 Lepers in 1867. That number +has now been reduced to 700. + +There are probably not more than 20 Lepers in England at the present +day. + +In the February number of the Monthly Record of the Association in +aid of the Bishop of Capetown, is a short account of the Lepers on +Robben Island, to whom Her gracious Majesty the Queen has graciously +sent two photographs of herself, which we are informed will be much +appreciated, probably a great deal more, than the superabundance of +scientific literature which is sent for their delectation, not a word +of which can they read, much less understand. They are also surfeited, +we are told, by no small numbers of copies of that book, so dear and +so well known, to all Cambridge undergraduates, _Paleys' Evidences of +Christianity_. It would have been more considerate had the munificent +benefactors sent the lighter edition of the writer's great work, +familiarly known as _Paley's Ghost_. + +There is just one other subject to mention, namely the common error +that the low narrow windows often seen in our older parish churches, +were to enable the Leper to hear the service, and to receive the +Eucharist, said to have been handed out to him. In support of this we +have but guess-work; of proof, there is none. + +In concluding, it will not fail to be interesting, to quote a few +words from so eminent an authority as Sir Risdon Bennett, M.D., LL.D., +F.R.C.S., ex-President of the Royal College of Physicians:--"If we +adopt the view that Leprosy is another instance of disease induced by +the presence of a particular microbe or bacillus, as in so many other +diseases now the subject of absorbing interest to both the +professional and the non-professional public, we may account for most +of the facts adduced in support of the various theories; especially if +we admit that there is reason to believe that such microbes, or +self-propagating infecting agents, vary greatly in the rapidity with +which they permeate the body. For all observers allow, that as a rule +_true leprosy_ is a disease of very slow development. In the Middle +Ages it is certain that the belief in the contagion of the _true +leprosy_ was very general, both among physicians and the common +people; but it is also true that as medical science advanced, and the +diagnosis of disease became more definite and reliable, this opinion +lost ground, and was at length abandoned." + +The efforts being made by the "Missions to Lepers in India" cannot be +too strongly commended to the benevolently inclined. The Asylums or +Lazar Houses at Almora, Dara, and elsewhere, in India, are entirely +supported by this society, which has under its care above 100 Lepers, +at the cost of only about L6 per annum for each adult. + +If I have awakened an interest in this remarkable and unique subject, +and at the same time, above all, excited a stronger feeling of +sympathy for our brothers and sisters suffering at the present time +from the disease--a living death--in various portions of the globe, my +humble efforts will not have been in vain. + + + + +APPENDIX A. + + +NOTES. + +[a] An obolus = a halfpenny. + + +[b] Bolted Corn was so-called from it being "boulted" or sifted in a +bulter or bolter; this was a special cloth for the purpose of +separating the fine flour from the bran, after the manner of a modern +sieve. Bread made from un-bolted flour was known as "Tourte bread," +bakers of such were not permitted by law to have a bolter, nor were +they allowed to make white bread; nor were bakers of white bread to +make "Tourte." The best kind of white bread was called Simnel, +manchet, Pain demaign or payman, so-called from having an impress of +our Lord upon it, the next best was the Wastell or Puff, the third and +inferior sort was called Cocket or Light bread. + +Black bread was known as "All Sorts." + +Bakers might only make certain kinds of bread. A table called the +Assize of Bread was set up in every city and town, showing the weight +of each kind of loaf according to the law, according as the price of +wheat varied from one shilling to twenty shillings per quarter. The +weight of the loaves was 'set' each year by the Mayors or Bailiffs. + + +[c] The weight of bread is given as five marks, that is L3 +6s. 8d., at one time pounds, shillings, and pence, took the place of +our weights--pounds, ounces, and pennyweights, hence these loaves +would weigh 3 pounds 6 ounces and 8 pennyweights. The price of bread +never varied, but the weight did; contrary to the modern custom. + + +[d] Mess--a particular number or set who eat together. At the +Inns of Court at the present day, a mess consists of four persons. + + +[e] This rather upsets the theory as to the origin of eating +a goose at Michaelmas, connected with Queen Elizabeth and the news of +the English victory over the Spanish Armada. + + +[f] Furmenty or Frumenty was made of new wheat boiled in milk +and seasoned with sugar and spices. + + +[g] Ale, anciently was made of wheat, barley, and honey, the +term was then applied exclusively to malt liquor. Hops are supposed to +have been introduced into this country in 1524 from Flanders, and the +term "Beer" was used to describe liquors brewed with an infusion of +hops. The two terms are now generally used synonymously. + + +[h] The seven Canonical hours of the Church were:-- + + { Mattins or Nocturns, usually sung between midnight and daybreak. +(1) { Lauds, a service at daybreak following closely on and sometimes + { joined to mattins. + +(2) Prime, a later morning service, about six o'clock. + +(3) Tierce, a service at nine o'clock. + +(4) Sexts, a service at noon. + +(5) Nones, a service at three in the afternoon. + +(6) Vespers, a service at six in the evening. + +(7) Compline, a service at eight or nine in the evening, being the last + of the seven hours. + +These seven offices were condensed in 1519 into two, our present +Mattins and Evensong. + + +[i] A Paternoster is a chaplet of beads. + +A Rosary comprises 15 Paternosters and Glorias, and 150 Ave Marias, +divided into three parts, each of which contains five decades +consisting of one paternoster, ten Ave Marias, and one Gloria, each +preceded by the Creed. + + +[j] Similar Services and Masses for the Dead were sung over Monks and +Nuns on retiring from the world to a Monastery or Nunnery. See Manuale +ad usum Sarum. + + +[k] Russet was a coarse cloth of a reddish brown or grey colour, said +by Henry de Knyghton c. 1380, to have been introduced into England by +the Lollards. + +Hall in his "Satires" says, "Russet clothes in the 16th century are +indicative of countryfolk." + +The tunic is a very ancient garment, it is found on the sculptures and +paintings of Early Egypt; it was in constant use by the Greeks, and +was ultimately adopted by the Romans. It was worn in this country, in +a variety of forms and lengths until the end of the fifteenth century. +(Costumes in England, by Fairholt, ed. by Hon. H. Dillon, Vol. II.) + + +[l] _Royal Mandate, enjoining the exclusion of Leprous persons front +the City._ + +20 Edward III. A.D. 1346. Letter-Book F. fol. cxvi. (Latin.) + +"EDWARD, by the grace of God, etc. Forasmuch as we have been given to +understand, that many persons, as well of the city aforesaid, as +others coming to the said city, being smitten with the blemish of +leprosy, do publicly dwell among the other citizens and sound persons, +and there continually abide; and do not hesitate to communicate with +them, as well in public places as in private; and that some of them, +endeavouring to contaminate others with that abominable blemish, (that +so, to their own wretched solace, they may have the more fellows in +suffering,) as well in the way of mutual communications, and by the +contagion of their polluted breath, do so taint persons who are sound, +both male and female, to the great injury of the people dwelling in +the city, aforesaid, and the manifest peril of other persons to the +same city resorting;--We, wishing in every way to provide against the +evils and perils which from the cause aforesaid may unto the said +city, and the whole of our realm, arise, do command you, strictly +enjoining, that immediately on seeing these presents, you will cause +it to be publicly proclaimed on our behalf in every Ward of the city +aforesaid, and in the suburbs thereof, where you shall deem it +expedient, that all persons who have such blemish, shall, within +fifteen days from the date of these presents, quit the city and the +suburbs aforesaid, on the peril which is thereunto attached, and +betake themselves to places in the country, solitary, and notably +distant from the said city and suburbs, and take up their dwelling +there; seeking their victuals, through such sound persons as may think +proper to attend thereto, wheresoever they may deem it expedient. And +that no persons shall permit such leprous people to dwell within their +houses and buildings in the City, and in the suburbs aforesaid, on +pain of forfeiture of their said houses and buildings, and more +grievous punishment on them by us to be inflicted, if they shall +contravene the same. And further, taking with you certain discreet +and lawful men who have the best knowledge of this disease, all those +persons, as well as citizens as others, of whatever sex or condition +they may be, whom, upon diligent examination in this behalf to be +made, within the city and suburbs aforesaid you shall find to be +smitten with the aforesaid blemish of leprosy, you are to cause to be +removed from the communion of sound citizens and persons without +delay, and taken to solitary places in the country, there, as above +stated, to abide. And this, as you shall wish to keep yourself +scatheless, and to avoid our heavy indignation, you are not to delay +doing; and as to that which you shall have done herein, you are +distinctly and openly to certify us in our Chancery under your seals, +within the fifteen days next ensuing herefrom. Witness myself, at +Westminster, the 15th day of March, in the 20th year of our reign in +England, and of our reign in France the 7th." + +Proclamation of this writ was made on the Wednesday next after the +Feast of St. Gregory the Pope [12 March], in the 20th year aforesaid. + + +_The Porters of the City Gates sworn that they will prevent Lepers +from entering the City._ + +49 Edward III. A.D. 1375. Letter-Book H. fol. xx. (Latin) + +WILLIAM DUERHIRST, _barbir_, porter of Algate, and the several porters +of Bisshopesgate, Crepulgate, Aldrichesgate, Neugate, Ludgate, Bridge +Gate, and the [1]Postern,--were sworn before the Mayor and Recorder, +on the Monday next after the Feast of St. Bartholomew the Apostle [24 +August], in the 49th year etc., that they will well and trustily keep +the Gates and Postern aforesaid, each in his own office and bailiwick; +and will not allow lepers to enter the City, or to stay in the same, +or in the suburbs thereof; and if anyone shall bring any leprous +person to any such Gate, or to the Postern aforesaid, or if any lepers +or leper shall come there, and wish to enter, such persons or person +shall be prohibited by the porter from entering; and if, such +prohibition notwithstanding, such persons or person shall attempt to +enter, then they or he shall be distrained by their or his horses or +horse, if they or he shall have any such, and by their outer garment; +the which such persons or person are not to have back, without leave +of the Mayor, for the time being. And if even then such persons or +person shall attempt to enter, they or he shall be attached by their +bodies or body, and in safe custody be kept, until as to such persons +or person it shall by the Mayor, for the time being, have been +otherwise ordained. + + [1] Near the Tower. + +And further, the same porters were told, on pain of the pillory, that +they must well and trustily observe and keep this Ordinance, as +aforesaid. + +William Cook, [2]_forman_ at [3]Le Loke, and William Walssheman, +_forman_ at Hakeney, were sworn that they will not bring lepers, or +know of their being brought, into the City aforesaid; but that they +will inform the said porters, and prevent the said lepers from +entering, as far as they may. + + [2] Foreman, or manager. + + [3] The Lock, adjacent to Southwark; these were Lazar-houses + for Lepers. + + +Memorials of London and London Life, XIII, XIV, and XV centuries, +Riley. + +In the _Liber Albus_ p. 273, is a regulation that no Leper is to be +found in the city, night or day, on pain of imprisonment; alms were, +however, to be collected for them on Sundays. Again on p. 590, are +further regulations that Jews, Lepers, and Swine are to be driven out +of the city. + + +[m] See Dr. Lanigan's Eccles. Hist. of Ireland vol. III. p. 83-88, +Dublin 1822, quoted by Dr. Stewart in "Arch. Essays" 1872, ii. + + +[n] See vol. I. Surtees soc: pp. 37,41. + + +[o] A Sewer was an Usher. Vide Catholicon Anglicum. + +See Dugdale's Mon: Angl. vi. 643, 2nd ed. + +Lord Lyttleton's the Life of Henry II. etc. (London 1767) append of +Documents iv. 220. + +Leland's Itinerary iv. 105. (Hearnes ed.) + + +[p] See authorities quoted by Simpson in Arch. Essays, (ed. Stewart) +ii. 115. + + +[q] See p. 179, ii. Arch. Essays, Simpson ed: ed Stewart. + + +[r] See Rot: Orig: in Curia Scacecrie Abbrev: i. 33, London 1805. + + +[s] See Dugdale's Mon: Angl: vi. 687. Cheon Hencia Knyghton, _Bod: +Lib:_ ii. cap. 2. quoted by the late Sir J. G. Simpson, Bt. in Arch. +Essays, ii. + + +[t] See Alex. Jenkin's, H. and Discrip: of the City of Exeter, etc. +(1806) p. 384 quoted by Simpson. + + +[u] Simpson quotes Bellenden's Transl. of Boece, Chronikles of +Scotland, ii. 102, ed. of 1821. Dempter's Hist. Eccles Gentis Scotorum +(1627) p. 278, etc. + + +[v] See Fuller's Hist. of the Holy Warre (3rd ed. 1647) p. 94, quoted +by Simpson. Notes and Queries 7th S viii. 218. + + +[w] See Orygynale Cronikil of Scotland, (Macpherson's ed.) ii. 136. + +Simpson's Arch. Essays, ii. 113 et sq. + +Froisart's Chron. of England etc., by Lord Berners (London 1812) i. +19. + +A large number of other authorities are quoted by Simpson. Notes and + +Queries, 7th S viii. 108, 217. + + +[x] See Notes and Queries, 7th S. viii. 108. Lingard's H. of England +(1st ed.) iii. 315. + +Rapin's H. of E. (ed. Tindal) ii. 185. Sharon Turner H. of E. ii. 272. + +Duchesne's Hist. d'Angleterre, (Paris 1614) p. 1010. Strickland's +Lives of the Queens of England iii. 114, and others quoted by Simpson, +late Professor Thorold Rogers in Notes and Queries 7th S. viii. 278. + + +[y] Notes and Queries 7th S viii. 277. + + +[z] Notes and Queries 7th S viii. 363. + +Leprosy was sometimes called Meselrie and Spiteluvel in the Middle +Ages, see Catholicon Anglicum, a Leper, elefancia, missella, mesel. +_ibid._ also Promptorium Parvulorum. + + + + +APPENDIX B. + +ENGLISH LAZAR HOUSES. + + +BERKSHIRE. + + Reading S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Auchirius, 2nd Abbot, + 1134, for 13 Lepers. + + +BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. + + Aylesbury SS. John & Leonard. Founded by Robert Ilhale and + others, _temp_ Henry I. & II. Fell into decay previous + to 1360. + + High Wycombe SS. Giles & Margaret. Founded _ante_ 13 Henry III. + + +CAMBRIDGESHIRE. + + Cambridge SS. Anthony & Eligius. _Ante_ 1397. + + Stourbridge S. Mary Magdalene. Suppressed 1497. + + +CORNWALL. + + Bodmin S. Laurence, for 19 Lepers. + + Launceston S. Leonard. + + Liskeard S. Mary Magdalene. + + +CUMBERLAND. + + Carlisle S. Nicholas. _Ante_ 1200, for 13 Lepers. + + +DERBYSHIRE. + + Chesterfield S. Leonard. _Ante_ 1195. + + Derby Maison Dieu. _Temp_ Henry II. + + " S. Leonard. + + Locko S. Mary Magdalene. + + +DEVONSHIRE. + + Exeter S. Mary Magdalene. In being 1163. + + Honiton S. Martin. Founded by Robert Chard, _last_ Abbot of Ford. + + Pilton S. Margaret. Exists, though not for Lepers. + + Plymouth Holy Trinity & S. Mary Magdalene. + + Plymton S. Mary Magdalene. Founded in Edward II. + + Tavistock S. Mary Magdalene. + + +DORSETSHIRE. + + Allington S. Mary Magdalene. + + Long Blandford + + Lyme S. Mary & Holy Spirit. _Ante_ 1336. + + +DURHAM. + + Badele, near Darlington _Ante_ 1195. + + Sherburn Blessed Virgin, Lazarus, and his Two Sisters. Still existing. + Founded by Hugh Pudsey, Bishop of Durham, 1181, for 65 Lepers. + + +ESSEX. + + Colchester S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Eudo, Seneschal of Henry I. + + Ilford SS. Mary & Erkemould. By Abbess of Barking, _c._ 1190, for + 13 Lepers. + + Little Maldon S. Giles. + + Southweald S. John the Baptist. Still going on as an almshouse. + + +GLOUCESTERSHIRE. + + Bristol S. Lawrence. + + " S. Mary Magdalene. + + " S. John the Baptist. Founded by John Earl of Morton. + + Gloucester S. Margaret; or, the Lepers of S. Sepulchre. _Ante_ + 1320, for men and women. + + S. George S. Leonard. + + Tewkesbury _c._ John. + + +HAMPSHIRE. + + Southampton S. Mary Magdalene. Founded 1173-4. + + Winchester + + +HEREFORDSHIRE. + + Hereford S. Giles. + + +HERTFORDSHIRE. + + Baldock _Temp_ Henry III. + + Berkhampstead S. John the Evangelist. For men and women. + + Hoddesdon SS. Landers & Anthony. Founded 1391. + + S. Albans S. Mary. + + " S. John. + + " S. Julian. Founded by Geoffrey de Gorham, 16th Abbot of S. + Alban's. _Temp_ Henry I., between 1109 and 1146, for 6 Lepers. + + +HUNTINGTONSHIRE. + + Huntingdon S. Margaret. Founded by Malcolm IV., King of + Scotland, who died 1165. + + +KENT. + + Bobbing + + Boughton-under-Blean S. Nicholas. + + Buckland-in-Dover S. Bartholomew. Founded 1141. + + Canterbury S. Laurence. Founded by Hugh, Abbot of S. + Augustine's in 1137, or _ante_ 1089. + + " S. Nicholas. + + Chatham S. Bartholomew. Founded by Gundulph, Bishop of Rochester, or + by Henry I. Goes on as a hospital. The chapel remains and is + still used. + + Dartford S. Mary Magdalene. Founded _c._ 1380. + + Dartfort Holy Trinity. + + Dover S. Bartholomew. Founded _c._ 1141. + + Harbledon S. Nicholas. Founded by Lanfranc in 1084. For men and + women. Still used, though not for Lepers. + + Hythe S. Andrew. _Ante_ 1336. + + Olford _Temp_ Henry III. + + Ramsay, Old SS. Stephen and Thomas of Canterbury. Founded by + Adam de Charing. _Temp_ Archbishop Baldwin. + + Rochester S. Catherine. Founded by Simon Postyn 1316. Still + going on, though not for Lepers. + + Tannington S. James. _Ante_ 1189. + + +LANCASHIRE. + + Lancaster S. Leonard Founded by John White, Earl of Moreton. + + +LEICESTERSHIRE. + + Burton Lazars Blessed Virgin and S. Lazarus. Founded chiefly by + Roger de Mowbray, _temp_ Stephen. + + Leicester S. Leonard. Founded by William, son of Robert + Blanchmains, _temp_ Richard I. + + Stamford _Ante_ 1493. + + Tilton Founded by Sir Wm. Burdett. Annexed to Burton Lazars + _temp_ Henry II. + + +LINCOLNSHIRE. + + Bassingthorpe + + Lincoln Holy Innocents. Founded by Remegius, 1st Bishop, or + Henry I. Annexed to Burton Lazars. + + +MIDDLESEX. + + Bloomsbury S. Giles-in-the-Fields. Founded by Queen Matilda, + 1101, for 40 Lepers. + + Kingsland (Hackney) + + Knightsbridge Holy Trinity? + + London S. James'. Westminster. Founded _pre_ Conquest, for 14 Leprous + maids; 8 men added at a later date (site of S. James' Palace.) + + Savoy + + Smithfield S. John of Jerusalem. Founded by Jordan Bristol and + his wife, 1100. + + Southwark + + +NORFOLK. + + Choseley + + Hardwick S. Lawrance. + + Langwade + + Little Snoring Founded 1380. + + Lynn (6) S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Peter the Chaplain, 1145, for + 1 Prior and 12 brethren; 3 to be Lepers. + + S. Nicholas. Men and women. + + Cowgate + + Gaywood + + Setchhithe + + West Lynn + + Norwich (6) SS. Mary and Clement. S. Austin's Gate. (Still existing + as the Pest House.) + + S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Herbert de Lozinga _ante_ 1119. + + Without Fibriggate or S. Magdalene Gate. + + " Nedham or S. Stephen's Gate. + + " S. Giles' Gate. + + " Westwyk or S. Benet's Gate. + + Racheness-in-Southacre S. Bartholomew. _Ante_ 1216. + + Thetford S. John. _Temp_ Edward I. + + " S. Margaret. _C._ 1390. + + Walsingham + + Yarmouth Outside North Gate. _Ante_ 1314. + + +NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. + + Cotes, near Rockingham. + + Cotton Far S. Leonard. Founded by William I. + + Northampton S. Leonard. Founded by William I. 11th century. Men + and women. + + Peterborough S. Leonard. Founded in the reign of Stephen. + _Ante_ 1154. Towcester S. Leonard. _C._ 1200. + + +NORTHUMBERLAND. + + Bolton S. Thomas the Martyr or Holy Trinity. Founded by Robert + de Ross of Hamlake. _Ante_ 1225, for 13 Lepers. + + Hexham S. Giles. _C._ 1210. + + Newcastle-on-Tyne S. Mary Magdalene. + + +NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. + + Blythe S. John the Evangelist. Founded by William de Cressy. + + Nottingham S. John. + + " S. Leonard. + + +OXFORDSHIRE. + + Banbury S. John. _Temp_ John. + + Crowmarsh + + Oxford S. Bartholomew. Founded by Henry I. _Temp_ Henry I. + _Ante_ 1200, for 12 Lepers. + + S. Clement's S. Bartholomew. + + +SHROPSHIRE. + + Bridgenorth S. James. + + Shrewsbury S. Giles. Founded by Henry II. Men and women. + + +SOMERSETSHIRE. + + Bath + + Berrington + + Bridgewater S. Giles. + + Langport S. Mary Magdalene. _Ante_ 1310. + + Selwood + + Taunton + + +STAFFORDSHIRE. + + Penkridge + + Stafford S. Leonard. + + " Henry II. + + +SUFFOLK. + + Beccles S. Mary Magdalene. _C._ 1327. + + Bury S. Edmunds S. Peter. _C._ 1327. + + Dunwich Maison Dieu. (Chancel of Church remains.) + + " S. James. _Ante_ 1199. + + Eye S. Mary Magdalene. _C._ 1330. + + Gorleston Existing 1372. + + Ipswich S. James. _Temp_ John. + + " S. Mary Magdalene. + + Sudbury S. Leonard. Founded by John Colnays. + + " S. Lazars. Founded by Amicia, Countess of Clare. _Temp_ John. + + +SURREY. + + Newington Blessed Mary and S. Catharine. + + +SUSSEX. + + Arundel Founded by Henry of Arundel. _Temp_ Edward II. + + Beddington S. Mary Magdalene. + + Bramber + + Chichester SS. John & Mary Magdalene. _Temp_ Richard I. + + Herting S. John the Baptist. _Ante_ 1199. + + Shoreham S. James? + + +WARWICKSHIRE. + + Coventry S. James. + + " S. John. + + Warwick S. Michael. Founded _c._ Henry I. or Stephen. + + +WESTMORELAND. + + Appleby S. Leonard. + + " S. Nicholas. + + Kirby-in-Kendal S. Leonard. + + Kirkby By Henry II. + + +WILTSHIRE. + + Devizes Founded _ante_ 1207. + + Cricklade S. John the Baptist. + + Fuggleston SS. Giles and Anthony. Founded by Adelicia, 2nd + Queen of Henry I., for men and women. + + Maiden Bradley Blessed Virgin. Founded by Manasseh Biset. _Temp_ Stephen + or Henry II., _c._ 1154, for "pore Lepers and women." + + Marlborough S. John? For Lepers. + + Wilton S. John. Founded 1217. + + " S. Giles. Founded by Alicia or Adelicia, 2nd Queen of Henry + I. 1217. + + +WORCESTERSHIRE. + + Droitwich Founded by William de Donere. Edward I. + + +YORKSHIRE. + + Bawtry S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Robert Moreton, 1316. + + Beverley S. Nicholas (without Keldgate Bar). _Ante_ 1286. + + " " (without North Bar). + + Brough S. Giles. Founded by Henry Fitz-Randolph of Ravenswood. + _Temp_ Henry III. ? For Lepers. + + Doncaster S. James. Founded by Manasseh Biset, _c._ 1154. For women. + + Doncaster S. Nicholas. + + Hedon Holy Sepulchre. Founded by Alan Fitz-Oubern, for men and women. + + Hull Maison Dieu? + + Hutton Locras, or Lowcross S. Leonard. Founded by William de Bernaldby. + + Pontefract S. Mary Magdalene. _Temp_ Henry III. + + Otley _Temp_ Henry II., or Edward II. + + Ripon S. John. Founded by William I. 1068. + + " S. Mary Magdalene. Archbishop Thurstan, 1139. Some parts, + including chapel with its altar _in situ_, are left. + + " S. Nicholas. Maude the Empress. + + Sheffield S. Leonard. + + Whitby S. John the Baptist. Founded by Abbot William de Percy, + 1109. For one Leper[A]. + + [A] Who gave to it the wood and thorny ground adjacent to the + spot. The building being for the habitation of one Leper + only, one Orme being the first, was necessarily small. Orme + was supplied with his provisions daily from the Abbey. After + him Geoffrey Mansell, a Leprous monk of Whitby also lived + here in solitude. On his death the hospital ceased to be used + as a Lazar House, and was enlarged for the reception of + several poor people both healthy and sick, Robert de Alnett + being appointed master of it. + + Yarm S. Nicholas. Founded by Robert de Brus, _c._ 1180. + + York (4) S. Mary Magdalene. + + " S. Nicholas. Early _c._ 1110. For men and women. + + " S. Oswald. Founded by Bishop Oswald, 1268. + + * * * * * + +_This is not a complete list of all the Lazar Houses once existing in +England, but has been hurriedly compiled from Dugdale's Mon. Ang. vol. +vi.; Lewis' Top. Dic. of England; Promptorium Parvulorum; Historic +Towns--Exeter, by Professor Freeman, and other sources._ + + * * * * * + +JOHN HAGYARD, PRINTER, ST. 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