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diff --git a/29724.txt b/29724.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3474ca9 --- /dev/null +++ b/29724.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10187 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Trees of the Northern United States, by Austin C. Apgar + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Trees of the Northern United States + Their Study, Description and Determination + +Author: Austin C. Apgar + +Release Date: August 18, 2009 [EBook #29724] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREES OF THE NORTHERN U.S. *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Leonard Johnson and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + +TREES +OF THE +NORTHERN UNITED STATES + +THEIR STUDY, DESCRIPTION AND +DETERMINATION + +FOR THE +USE OF SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE STUDENTS + +BY +AUSTIN C. APGAR + +PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE NEW JERSEY STATE NORMAL SCHOOL + +"Trees are God's Architecture."--_Anonymous._ +"A Student who has learned to observe and describe so simple a +matter as the form of a leaf has gained a power which will be +of lifetime value, whatever may be his sphere of professional +employment."--_Wm. North Rice._ + + +NEW YORK-:-CINCINNATI-:-CHICAGO +AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY + + +Copyright, 1892, by the +AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. + +W. P. 3. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +This book has been prepared with the idea that teachers generally would +be glad to introduce into their classes work dealing with the real +objects of nature, provided the work chosen were of a character that +would admit of its being studied at all seasons and in all localities, +and that the subject were one of general interest, and one that could be +taught successfully by those who have had no regular scientific +instruction. + +The trees of our forests, lawns, yards, orchards, streets, borders, and +parks give us just such a department. Though many consider a large part +of the vegetable kingdom of little importance, and unworthy of any +serious study, there are few who do not admire, and fewer still who do +not desire to know, our trees, the monarchs of all living things. + +The difficulty in tree study by the aid of the usual botanies lies +mainly in the fact that in using them the first essential parts to be +examined are the blossoms and their organs. These remain on the trees a +very short time, are often entirely unnoticed on account of their small +size or obscure color, and are usually inaccessible even if seen. In +this book the leaves, the wood, the bark, and, in an elementary way, the +fruit are the parts to which the attention is directed; these all can be +found and studied throughout the greater part of the year, and are just +the parts that must be thoroughly known by all who wish to learn to +recognize trees. + +Though every teacher is at liberty to use the book as he thinks best, +the author, who has been a class teacher for over twenty years, is of +the opinion that but little of Part I. need be thoroughly studied and +recited, with the exception of Chapter III. on leaves. The object of +this chapter is not to have the definitions recited (the recitation of +definitions in school work is often useless or worse than useless), but +to teach the pupil to use the terms properly and to make them a portion +of his vocabulary. The figures on pages 38-43 are designed for class +description, and for the application of botanical words. The first time +the chapter is studied the figure illustrating the term should be +pointed out by the pupil; then, as a review of the whole chapter, the +student should be required to give a full description of each leaf. + +After this work with Chapter III., and the careful reading of the whole +of Part I., the pupils can begin the description of trees, and, as the +botanical words are needed, search can be made for them under the proper +heads or in the Glossary. + +The Keys are for the use of those who know nothing of scientific botany. +The advanced botanist may think them too artificial and easy; but let +him remember that this work was written for the average teacher who has +had no strictly scientific training. We can hardly expect that the great +majority of people will ever become scientific in any line, but it is +possible for nearly every one to become interested in and fully +acquainted with the trees of his neighborhood. + +The attainment of such botanical knowledge by the plan given in this +volume will not only accomplish this useful purpose, but will do what is +worth far more to the student, _i.e._, teach him to employ his own +senses in the investigation of natural objects, and to use his own +powers of language in their description. + +With hardly an exception, the illustrations in the work are taken from +original drawings from nature by the author. A few of the scales of +pine-cones were copied from London's "Encyclopaedia of Trees"; some of +the Retinospora cones were taken from the "Gardener's Chronicle"; and +three of the illustrations in Part I. are from Professor Gray's works. + +The size of the illustration as compared with the specimen of plant is +indicated by a fraction near it; 1/4 indicates that the drawing is one +fourth as long as the original, 1/1 that it is natural size, etc. The +notching of the margin is reduced to the same extent; so a margin which +in the engraving looks about entire, might in the leaf be quite +distinctly serrate. The only cases in which the scale is not given are +in the cross-sections of the leaves among the figures of coniferous +plants. These are uniformly three times the natural size, except the +section of Araucaria imbricata, which is not increased in scale. + +The author has drawn from every available source of information, and in +the description of many of the species no attempt whatever has been made +to change the excellent wording of such authors as Gray, Loudon, etc. + +The ground covered by the book is that of the wild and cultivated trees +found east of the Rocky Mountains, and north of the southern boundary of +Virginia and Missouri. It contains not only the native species, but all +those that are successfully cultivated in the whole region; thus +including all the species of Ontario, Quebec, etc., on the north, and +many species, both wild and cultivated, of the Southern States and the +Pacific coast. In fact, the work will be found to contain so large a +proportion of the trees of the Southern States as to make it very useful +in the schools of that section. + +Many shrubby plants are introduced; some because they occasionally grow +quite tree-like, others because they can readily be trimmed into +tree-forms, others because they grow very tall, and still others because +they are trees in the Southern States. + +In nomenclature a conservative course has been adopted. The most +extensively used text-book on the subject of Botany, "Gray's Manual," +has recently been rewritten. That work includes every species, native +and naturalized, of the region covered by this book, and the names as +given in that edition have been used in all cases. + +Scientific names are marked so as to indicate the pronunciation. The +vowel of the accented syllable is marked by the grave accent (`) if +long, and by the acute (') if short. + +In the preparation of this book the author has received much valuable +aid. His thanks are especially due to the authorities of the Arnold +Arboretum, Boston, Massachusetts, and of the Missouri Botanical Garden, +St. Louis, for information in regard to the hardiness of species; to Mr. +John H. Redfield, of the Botanical Department of the Philadelphia +Academy of Natural Sciences, for books, specimens from which to make +illustrations, etc.; and to Dr. A. C. Stokes, of Trenton, New Jersey, +for assistance in many ways, but especially for the accurate manner in +which he has inked the illustrations from the author's pencil-drawings. + +The author also wishes to acknowledge the help received from many +nurserymen in gathering specimens for illustration and in giving +information of great value. Among these, special thanks are due to Mr. +Samuel C. Moon, of Morrisville Nurseries, who placed his large +collection of living specimens at the author's disposal, and in many +other ways gave him much intelligent aid. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE. +PART I. ESSENTIAL ORGANS, AND TERMS NEEDED FOR THEIR DESCRIPTION 9-43 + + CHAPTER I. Roots 9 + + CHAPTER II. Stems and Branches 11 + + CHAPTER III. Leaves 17 + + CHAPTER IV. Flowers and Fruit 24 + + CHAPTER V. Winter Study of Trees 29 + + CHAPTER VI. The Preparation of a Collection 35 + + CHAPTER VII. Figures to be used in Botanical Description 38 + +PART II. PLAN AND MODELS FOR TREE DESCRIPTION 44-50 + +PART III. KEY, CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES 51-201 + + * * * * * + +GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS, AND INDEX TO PART I 203-212 + +INDEX TO PART III 213-224 + + + + +TREES. + + + + +PART I. + +THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS, AND THE TERMS NEEDED FOR THEIR DESCRIPTION. + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +_Roots._ + + +Though but little study of the roots of trees is practicable, some +knowledge of their forms, varieties, and parts is important. + +The great office of the roots of all plants is the taking in of food +from the soil. Thick or fleshy roots, such as the radish, are stocks of +food prepared for the future growth of the plant, or for the production +of flowers and fruit. The thick roots of trees are designed mainly for +their secure fastening in the soil. The real mouths by which the food is +taken in are the minute tips of the hair-like roots found over the +surface of the smaller branches. As trees especially need a strong +support, they all have either a _tap-root_--one large root extending +from the lower end of the trunk deep down into the ground; or _multiple +roots_--a number of large roots mainly extending outward from the base +of the trunk. + +Trees with large tap-roots are very hard to transplant, and cannot with +safety be transferred after they have attained any real size. The +Hickories and Oaks belong to this class. + +Trees having multiple roots are readily transplanted, even when large. +The Maples and Elms are of this class. + +Roots that grow from the root-end of the embryo of the seed are called +_primary roots_; those growing from slips or from stems anywhere are +_secondary roots_. + +Some trees grow luxuriantly with only secondary roots; such trees can +readily be raised from stems placed in the ground. The Willows and +Poplars are good examples of this group. Other trees need all the +strength that primary roots can give them; these have to be raised from +seed. Peach-trees are specially good examples, but practically most +trees are best raised from seed. + +A few trees can be easily raised from root-cuttings or from suckers +which grow up from roots. The Ailanthus, or "Tree of Heaven," is best +raised in this way. Of this tree there are three kinds, two of which +have disagreeable odors when in bloom, but the other is nearly odorless. +By using the roots or the suckers of the third kind, only those which +would be pleasant to have in a neighborhood would be obtained. One of +the large cities of the United States has in its streets thousands of +the most displeasing of these varieties and but few of the right sort, +all because the nurseryman who originally supplied the city used +root-cuttings from the disagreeable kind. + +If such trees were raised from the seed, only about one third would be +desirable, and their character could be determined only when they had +reached such a size as to produce fruit, when it would be too late to +transplant them. Fruit-trees, when raised from the seed, have to be +grafted with the desired variety in order to secure good fruit when they +reach the bearing age. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +_Stems and Branches._ + + +The stem is the distinguishing characteristic of trees, separating them +from all other groups of plants. Although in the region covered by this +book the trees include all the very large plants, size alone does not +make a tree. + +A plant with a single trunk of woody structure that does not branch for +some distance above the ground, is called a _tree_. Woody plants that +branch directly above the soil, even though they grow to the height of +twenty feet or more, are called _shrubs_, or, in popular language, +_bushes_. Many plants which have a tendency to grow into the form of +shrubs may, by pruning, be forced to grow tree-like; some that are +shrubs in the northern States are trees further south. + +All the trees that grow wild, or can be cultivated out of doors, in the +northern States belong to one class, the stems having a separable bark +on the outside, a minute stem of pith in the center, and, between these, +wood in annual layers. Such a stem is called _exogenous_ +(outside-growing), because a new layer forms on the outside of the wood +each year. + +Another kind of tree-stem is found abundantly in the tropics; one, the +Palmetto, grows from South Carolina to Florida. While in our region +there are no trees of this character, there are plants having this kind +of stem, the best illustration being the corn-stalk. In this case there +is no separable bark, and the woody substance is in threads within the +pithy material. In the corn-stalk the woody threads are not very +numerous, and the pith is very abundant; in most of the tropical trees +belonging to this group the threads of wood are so numerous as to make +the material very durable and fit for furniture. A stem of this kind is +called _endogenous_ (inside-growing). Fig. 1 represents a longitudinal +and a cross section of an exogenous stem, and Fig. 2 of an endogenous +one. + +[Illustration: Fig. 1.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 2.] + +Since all the stems with which we have to deal are exogens, a particular +description of that class will here be given. Fig. 1 shows the +appearance of a section of an Ash stem six years old. The central +portion, which is about as thick as wrapping-twine, is the _pith_; from +this outward toward the bark can be seen the six annual layers of the +_wood_; and then comes the _bark_, consisting of two portions. First +there is an inside layer of greenish material, the fresh-growing +portion, and lastly the outer or dead matter. This outer portion must +crack open, peel off, or in some way give a chance for the constant +growth of the trunk. The different kinds of trees are readily known by +the appearance of the bark of the trunk, due to the many varieties of +surface caused by the allowance for growth. None of the characteristics +of trees afford a better opportunity for careful observation and study +than the outer bark. + +The Birches have bark that peels off in thin horizontal layers--the +color, thinness, and toughness differing in the different species; the +Ashes have bark which opens in many irregular, netted cracks moderately +near each other; the bark of the Chestnut opens in large longitudinal +cracks quite distant from one another. The color of the bark and the +character of the scales are quite different in the White and the Black +Oaks. + +In the woody portion radiating lines may be seen; these are the _silver +grain_; they are called by the botanist _medullary rays_. + +The central portion of the wood of many large stems is darker in color +than the rest. This darker portion is dead wood, and is called +_heart-wood_; the outer portion, called _sap-wood_, is used in carrying +the sap during the growing season. The heart-wood of the Walnut-tree is +very dark brown; that of the Cherry, light red; and that of the Holly, +white and ivory-like. The heart-wood is the valuable part for lumber. + +If examined under a magnifying glass, the _annual layers_ will be seen +to consist of minute tubes or cells. In most trees these tubes are much +larger in the portion that grew early in the season, while the wood +seems almost solid near the close of the annual layer; this is +especially true in the Ashes and the Chestnut; some trees, however, show +but little change in the size of the cells, the Beech being a good +example. In a cross-section, the age of such trees as the Chestnut can +readily be estimated, while in the Beech it is quite difficult to do +this. Boxwood, changing least in the character of its structure, is the +one always used for first-grade wood-engravings. + +When wood is cut in the direction of the silver grain, or cut +"quartering" as it is called by the lumbermen, the surface shows this +cellular material spread out in strange blotches characteristic of the +different kinds of wood. Fig. 16 shows an Oak where the blotches of +medullary rays are large. In the Beech the blotches are smaller; in the +Elm quite small. Lumber cut carefully in this way is said to be +"quartered," and with most species its beauty is thereby much increased. + +Any one who studies the matter carefully can become acquainted with all +the useful and ornamental woods used in a region; the differences in the +color of the heart-wood, the character of the annual layers, and the +size and the distribution of the medullary rays, afford enough +peculiarities to distinguish any one from all others. + + +BRANCHING.--The regular place from which a branch grows is the _axil_ of +a leaf, from what is called an _axillary bud_; but branches cannot grow +in the axils of all leaves. A tree with opposite leaves occasionally has +opposite branches; while a tree with alternate leaves has all its +branches alternate. + +Most branches continue their growth year after year by the development +of a bud at the end, called a _terminal bud_. Many trees form this bud +for the next year's growth so early in the year that it is seldom or +never killed by the winter weather; such trees grow very regularly and +are symmetrical in form. Most evergreens are good examples. Fig. 3 +represents a good specimen. The age of such trees, if not too great, can +be readily ascertained by the regularity of each year's growth. The tree +represented is sixteen years old. The branches that started the fifth +year, about the age at which regular growth begins, are shown by their +scars on the trunk. + +[Illustration: Fig. 3.] + +The terminal buds of many trees are frequently killed by the frosts of +winter; such trees continue their growth by the development of axillary +buds; but as growth from an axillary bud instead of a terminal one will +make a branch crooked, such trees are irregular in their branching and +outline. Just which axillary buds are most apt to grow depends upon the +kind of tree, but trees of the same variety are nearly uniform in this +respect. Most trees are therefore readily recognized by the form of +outline and the characteristic branching. A good example of a tree of +very irregular growth is the Catalpa (Indian Bean), shown in Fig. 4. The +tendency to grow irregularly usually increases with age. The Buttonwood, +for example, grows quite regularly until it reaches the age of thirty to +forty years; then its new branches grow in peculiarly irregular ways. +The twigs of a very old and a young Apple-tree illustrate this change +which age produces. + +[Illustration: Fig. 4.] + +There are great differences in the color and surface of the bark of the +twigs of different species of trees; some are green (Sassafras), some +red (Peach, on the sunny side), some purple (Cherry). Some are smooth +and dotless, some marked with dots (Birch), some roughened with corky +ridges (Sweet Gum), etc. + +The taste and odor of the bark are characteristics worthy of notice: the +strong, fragrant odor of the Spice-bush; the fetid odor of the Papaw; +the aromatic taste of the Sweet Birch; the bitter taste of the Peach; +the mucilaginous Slippery Elm; the strong-scented, resinous, aromatic +Walnut, etc. + +The branches of trees vary greatly in the thickness of their tips and in +their tendency to grow erect, horizontal, or drooping. Thus the delicate +spray of the Birches contrasted with the stout twigs of the Ailanthus, +or the drooping twigs of the Weeping Willow with the erect growth of the +Lombardy Poplar, give contrasts of the strongest character. In the same +way, the directions the main branches take in their growth from the +trunk form another distinctive feature. Thus the upward sloping branches +of the Elm form a striking contrast to the horizontal or downward +sloping branches of the Sour Gum, or, better still, to certain varieties +of Oaks. + +When the main trunk of a tree extends upward through the head to the +tip, as in Fig. 3, it is said to be _excurrent_. When it is soon lost in +the division, as in Fig. 4, it is said to be _deliquescent_. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +_Leaves._ + + +Leaves are the lungs of plants. The food taken in by the roots has to +pass through the stem to the leaves to be acted upon by the air, before +it becomes sap and is fit to be used for the growth of the plant. No +portion of a plant is more varied in parts, forms, surface, and duration +than the leaf. + +No one can become familiar with leaves, and appreciate their beauty and +variety, who does not study them upon the plants themselves. This +chapter therefore will be devoted mainly to the words needed for leaf +description, together with their application. + + +THE LEAF.--In the axil of the whole leaf the bud forms for the growth of +a new branch. So by noting the position of the buds, all the parts +included in a single leaf can be determined. As a general thing the leaf +has but one blade, as in the Chestnut, Apple, Elm, etc.; yet the +Horse-chestnut has 7 blades, the Common Locust often has 21, and a +single leaf of the Honey-locust occasionally has as many as 300. Figs. +17-58 (Chapter VII.) are all illustrations of single leaves, except Fig. +43, where there are two leaves on a twig. A number of them show the bud +by which the fact is determined (Figs. 25, 26, 31, 33, 34, 36, 40, +etc.); others show branches which grew from the axillary buds, many of +them fruiting branches (Figs. 37, 42, 43, 50, and 54), one (Fig. 51) a +thorny branch. + +The cone-bearing plants (Figs. 59-67) have only simple leaves. Each +piece, no matter how small and scale-like, may have a branch growing +from its axil, and so may form a whole leaf. A study of these figures, +together with the observation of trees, will soon teach the student +what constitutes a leaf. + + +ARRANGEMENT.--There are several different ways in which leaves are +arranged on trees; the most common plan is the _alternate_; +[Illustration] in this only one leaf occurs at a joint or node on the +stem. The next in frequency is the _opposite_, [Illustration] where two +leaves opposite each other are found at the node. A very rare +arrangement among trees, though common in other plants, is the +_whorled_, [Illustration] where more than two leaves, regularly arranged +around the stem, are found at the node. When a number of leaves are +bundled together,--a plan not rare among evergreens,--they are said to +be _fasciculated_ or in _fascicles_. [Illustration] The term _scattered_ +is used where alternate leaves are crowded on the stem. This plan is +also common among evergreens. + + +CAUTION.--In some plants the leaves on the side shoots or spurs of a +twig are so close together, the internodes being so short, that at first +sight they seem opposite. In such cases, the leaf-scars of the preceding +years, or the arrangement of the branches, is a better test of the true +arrangement of the leaves. The twig of Birch shown in Fig. 5 has +alternate leaves. + +[Illustration: Fig. 5.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 6.] + +There is one variety of alternation, called _two-ranked_, which is quite +characteristic of certain trees; that is, the leaves are so flattened +out as to be in one plane on the opposite sides of the twig (Fig. 6). +The Elm-trees form good examples of two-ranked alternate leaves, while +the Apple leaves are alternate without being two-ranked. Most leaves +spread from the stem, but some are _appressed_, as in the Arbor-vitae +(Fig. 7). In this species the _branches_ are _two-ranked_. + + +PARTS OF LEAVES.--A _complete leaf_ [Illustration] consists of three +parts: the _blade_, the thin expanded portion; the _petiole_, the +leafstalk; and the _stipules_, a pair of small blades at the base of the +petiole. The petiole is often very short and sometimes wanting. The +stipules are often absent, and, even when present, they frequently fall +off as soon as the leaves expand; sometimes they are conspicuous. Most +Willows show the stipules on the young luxuriant growths. + +[Illustration: Fig. 7.] + + +VEINING.--The leaves of most trees have a distinct framework, the +central line of which is called a _midrib_; sometimes the leaf has +several other lines about as thick as the midrib, which are called +_ribs_; the lines next in size, including all that are especially +distinct, are called _veins_, the most minute ones being called +_veinlets_ (Fig. 8). + +[Illustration: Fig. 8.] + + +KINDS.--Leaves are _simple_ when they have but one blade; [Illustration] +_compound_ when they have more than one. Compound leaves are _palmate_ +when all the blades come from one point, as in the Horse-chestnut; +[Illustration] _pinnate_ when they are arranged along the sides, as in +the Hickory. Pinnate leaves are of two kinds: _odd-pinnate_, +[Illustration] when there is an odd leaflet at the end, as in the Ash, +and _abruptly pinnate_ [Illustration] when there is no end leaflet. + +Many trees have the leaves _twice pinnate_; they are either _twice +odd-pinnate_ [Illustration] or _twice abruptly pinnate_. [Illustration] +The separate blades of a compound leaf are called _leaflets_. Leaves or +leaflets are _sessile_ when they have no stems, and _petiolate_ when +they have stems. + +When there are several ribs starting together from the base of a blade, +it is said to be _radiate-veined_ or _palmate-veined_.[Illustration] +When the great veins all branch from the midrib, the leaf is +_feather-veined_ or _pinnate-veined_. [Illustration] If these veins are +straight, distinct, and regularly placed, the leaf is said to be +_straight-veined_. The Chestnut is [Illustration] a good example. Leaves +having veinlets joining each other like a net are said to be +_netted-veined_. All the trees with broad leaves in the northern United +States, with one exception, have netted-veined foliage. A leaf having +its veinlets parallel to one another is said to be _parallel-veined_ or +_-nerved_. [Illustration] The Ginkgo-tree, the Indian Corn, and the +Calla Lily have parallel-veined leaves. The narrow leaves of the +cone-bearing trees are also parallel-veined. + + +FORMS.--Leaves can readily be divided into the three following groups +with regard to their general outline: + +1. _Broadest at the middle._ _Orbicular_, [Illustration] about as broad +as long and rounded. _Oval_, [Illustration] about twice as long as wide, +and regularly curved. _Elliptical_, [Illustration] more than twice as +long as wide, and evenly curved. _Oblong_, [Illustration] two or three +times as long as wide, with the sides parallel. _Linear_, [Illustration] +elongated oblong, more than three times as long as wide. _Acerose_, +[Illustration] needle-shaped, like the leaf of the Pine-tree. + +2. _Broadest near the base._ _Deltoid_, [Illustration] broad and +triangular. _Ovate_, [Illustration] evenly curved, with a broad, rounded +base. _Heart-shaped_ or _cordate_, [Illustration] similar to ovate, but +with a notch at the base. _Lanceolate_, [Illustration] shaped like the +head of a lance. _Awl-shaped_, [Illustration] shaped like the +shoemaker's curved awl. _Scale-shaped_, [Illustration] short, rounded, +and appressed to the stem. The Arbor-vitae has both awl-shaped and +scale-shaped leaves. + +3. _Broadest near the apex._ _Obovate_, [Illustration] same as ovate, +but with the stem at the narrow end. _Obcordate_, [Illustration] a +reversed heart-shape. _Oblanceolate_, [Illustration] a reversed +lanceolate. _Wedge-shaped_ or _cuneate_, [Illustration] having a +somewhat square end and straight sides like a wedge. + +These words are often united to form compound ones when the form of the +leaf is somewhat intermediate. The term which most nearly suits the +general form is placed at the end; thus _lance-ovate_ indicates a leaf +between lanceolate and ovate, but nearer ovate than lanceolate; while +_ovate-lanceolate_ indicates one nearer lanceolate. + + +BASES.--Oftentimes leaves are of some general form, but have a peculiar +base, one that would not be expected from the statement of shape. An +ovate leaf which should have a rounded base might have a tapering one; +it would then be described as ovate with a _tapering base_. +[Illustration] A lanceolate leaf should naturally have a tapering base, +but might have an _abrupt_ one. [Illustration] Many leaves, no matter +what their general form may be, have more or less notched bases; such +bases are called _cordate_, [Illustration] _deeply_ or _slightly_, as +the case may be; and if the lobes at base are elongated, _auriculate_. +[Illustration] If the basal lobes project outward, the term +_halberd-shaped_ [Illustration] is used. Any form of leaf may have a +base more or less _oblique_. [Illustration] + + +POINTS.--The points as well as the bases of leaves are often peculiar, +and need to be described by appropriate terms. _Truncate_ [Illustration] +indicates an end that is square; _retuse_, [Illustration] one with a +slight notch; _emarginate_, one with a decided notch; _obcordate_, with +a still deeper notch; _obtuse_, [Illustration] angular but abrupt; +_acute_, [Illustration] somewhat sharpened; _acuminate_, [Illustration] +decidedly sharp-pointed; _bristle-pointed_ and _awned_, [Illustration] +with a bristle-like tip; _spiny-pointed_, with the point sharp and stiff +(Holly); _mucronate_, [Illustration] with a short, abrupt point. + + +MARGINS.--_Entire_, [Illustration] edge without notches; _repand_, +[Illustration] slightly wavy; _sinuate_, [Illustration] decidedly wavy; +_dentate_, [Illustration] with tooth-like notches; _serrate_, +[Illustration] with notches like those of a saw; _crenate_, +[Illustration] with the teeth rounded; _twice serrate_, [Illustration] +when there are coarse serrations finely serrated, as on most Birch +leaves; _serrulate_, with minute serrations; _crenulate_, with minute +crenations. Leaves can be _twice crenate_ or _sinuate-crenate_. +_Revolute_ indicates that the edges are rolled over. + +When a leaf has a few great teeth, the projecting parts are called +_lobes_, and the general form of the leaf is what it would be with the +notches filled in. In the description of such leaves, certain terms are +needed in describing the plan of the notches, and their depth and form. + +Leaves with palmate veining are _palmately lobed_ [Illustration] or +_notched_; those with pinnate veining are _pinnately lobed_ +[Illustration] or _notched_. While the term _lobe_ is applied to all +great teeth of a leaf, whether rounded or pointed, long or short, still +there are four terms sometimes used having special signification with +reference to the depth of the notches. _Lobed_ indicates that the +notches extend about one fourth the distance to the base or midrib; +_cleft_, that they extend one half the way; _parted_, about three +fourths of the way; and _divided_, that the notches are nearly deep +enough to make a compound leaf of separate leaflets. + +So leaves may be palmately lobed, cleft, parted or divided, and +pinnately lobed, cleft, parted or divided. The term _pinnatifid_ +[Illustration] is often applied to pinnately cleft leaves. The terms +_entire_, _serrate_, _crenate_, _acute-pointed_, etc., are applied to +the lobes as well as to the general margins of leaves. + + +SURFACE.--The following terms are needed in describing the surface of +leaves and fruit. + +_Glabrous_, smooth; _glaucous_, covered with a whitish bloom which can +be rubbed off (Plum); _rugous_, wrinkled; _canescent_, so covered with +minute hairs as to appear silvery; _pubescent_, covered with fine, soft, +plainly seen hairs; _tomentose_, densely covered with matted hairs; +_hairy_, having longer hairs; _scabrous_, covered with stiff, scratching +points; _spiny_, having stiff, sharp spines; _glandular-hairy_, having +the hairs ending in glands (usually needing a magnifying glass to be +seen). + + +TEXTURE.--_Succulent_, fleshy; _scarious_, dry and chaffy; _punctate_, +having translucent glands, so that the leaf appears, when held toward +the light, as though full of holes; _membranous_, thin, soft, and rather +translucent; _thick_, _thin_, etc. + + +DURATION.--_Evergreen_, hanging on the tree from year to year. By +noticing the color of the different leaves and their position on the +twigs, all evergreen foliage can readily be determined at any time +during the year. _Deciduous_, falling off at the end of the season. +_Fugacious_, falling early, as the stipules of many leaves. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +_Flowers and Fruit._ + + +The author hopes that those who use this work in studying trees will +become so much interested in the subject of Botany as to desire more +information concerning the growth and reproduction of plants than can +here be given. In Professor Asa Gray's numerous works the additional +information desired may be obtained: "How Plants Grow" contains an +outline for the use of beginners; "The Elements of Botany" is a more +advanced work; while the "Botanical Text Book", in several volumes, will +enable the student to pursue the subject as far as he may wish. In this +small book the barest outline of the parts of flowers and fruit and of +their uses can be given. + +[Illustration: Fig. 9.] + + +FLOWERS.--Parts. The flowers of the Cherry or Apple will show the four +kinds of organs that belong to a complete flower. Fig. 9 represents an +Apple-blossom. The _calyx_ is the outer row of leaves, more or less +united into one piece. The _corolla_ is the row of leaves within the +calyx; it is usually the brightest and most conspicuous part of the +flower. The _stamens_ [Illustration] are the next organs; they are +usually, as in this case, small two-lobed bodies on slender, thread-like +stalks. The enlarged parts contain a dust-like material called +_pollen_. The last of the four kinds of parts is found in the center of +the flower, and is called the _pistil_. It is this part which forms the +fruit and incloses the seed. + +The stamens and the pistil are the _essential_ organs of a flower, +because they, and they only, are needed in the formation of seeds. The +pollen from the stamen, acting on the pistil, causes the _ovules_ which +are in the pistil to grow into _seeds_. + +The calyx and corolla are called _enveloping organs_, since they +surround and protect the essential parts. + +The pieces of which the calyx is composed are called _sepals_. The +Apple-blossom has five sepals. + +The pieces that compose the corolla are called _petals_. + + +KINDS OF FLOWERS.--When the petals are entirely separate from each +other, as in the Apple-blossom, the flower is said to be _polypetalous_; +when they grow together more or less, as in the Catalpa (Fig. 10), +_monopetalous_; and when the corolla is wanting, as in the flowers of +the Oak, _apetalous_. + +[Illustration: Fig. 10.] + +When all sides of a flower are alike, as in the Apple-blossom, the +flower is _regular_; when one side of the corolla differs from the other +in color, form, or size, as in the Common Locust, or Catalpa, the flower +is _irregular_. + +In trees the stamens and pistils are often found in separate flowers; in +that case the blossoms containing stamens are called _staminate_, and +those containing pistils _pistillate_; those that contain both are +called _perfect_. Staminate and pistillate flowers are usually found on +the same tree, as in the Oaks, Birches, Chestnut, etc.; in that case the +plant is said to be _monoecious_, and all trees of this kind produce +fruit. Sometimes, however, the staminate and pistillate flowers are on +separate trees, as in the Willows, which are _dioecious_; and then +only a portion of the trees--those with pistillate flowers--produce +fruit. + + +ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS.--Flowers, either solitary or clustered, grow in +one of two ways; either at the end of the branches, being then called +_terminal_, or in the axils of the leaves, then called _axillary_. The +stem of a solitary flower or the main stem of a cluster is called a +_peduncle_; the stems of the separate blossoms of a cluster are called +_pedicels_. When either the flowers or the clusters are without stems, +they are said to be _sessile_. + + +_Clusters with Pedicellate Flowers._ + +_Raceme_, [Illustration] flowers on pedicels of about equal length, +scattered along the entire stem. Locust-tree. + +_Corymb_, [Illustration] like a raceme except that the lower flowers +have longer stems, making the cluster somewhat flat-topped; the outer +flowers bloom first. Hawthorn. + +_Cyme_, [Illustration] in appearance much like a corymb, but it differs +in the fact that the central flower blooms first. Alternate-leaved +Cornel. + +_Umbel_, [Illustration] stems of the separate flowers about equal in +length, and starting from the same point. Garden-cherry. + +_Panicle_, [Illustration] a compound raceme. Catalpa. + +_Thyrsus_, a compact panicle. Horse-chestnut. + + +_Clusters with Sessile or Nearly Sessile Flowers._ + +_Catkin_, [Illustration] bracted flowers situated along a slender and +usually drooping stem. This variety of cluster is very common on trees. +The Willows, Birches, Chestnuts, Oaks, Pines, and many others have their +flowers in catkins. + +_Head_, [Illustration] the flowers in a close, usually rounded cluster. +Flowering Dogwood. + + +FRUIT.--In this book a single fruit will include all the parts that grow +together and contain seeds, whether from a single blossom or a cluster; +there will be no rigorous adherence to an exact classification; no +attempt made to distinguish between fruits formed from a simple pistil +and those from a compound one; nor generally between those formed from a +single and those formed from a cluster of flowers. The fruit and its +general classification, determined by the parts easily seen, is all that +will be attempted. + +As stated before, it is hoped that this volume will not end the +student's work in the investigation of natural objects, but that the +amount of information here given will lead to the desire for much more. + +_Berry_ will be the term applied to all fleshy fruits with more than one +seed buried in the mass. Persimmon, Mulberry, Holly. The _pome_ or +_Apple-pome_ differs from the berry in the fact that the seeds are +situated in cells formed of hardened material. Apple, Mountain-ash. The +_Plum_ or _Cherry drupe_ includes all fleshy fruits with a single +stony-coated part, even if it contains more than one seed. Peach, +Viburnum, China-tree. In some cases, when there is but one seed in the +flesh and that not stony-coated, it will be called a _drupe-like berry_. + +The _dry drupe_ is like the Cherry drupe except that the flesh is much +harder. The fruit of the Walnut, Hickory, and Sumac. + +[Illustration: Fig. 11.] + +The inner hard-coated parts of these and some others will be called +_nuts_. If the nut has a partial scaly covering, as in the Oaks, the +whole forms an _acorn_. [Illustration] If the coating has spiny hairs, +as in the Chestnut and Beechnut, the whole is a _bur_. The coating in +these cases is an _involucre_. If the coating or any part of the fruit +has a regular place for splitting open, it is _dehiscent_ (Chestnut, +Hickory-nut); if not, _indehiscent_ (Black Walnut). + +[Illustration: Fig. 12.] + +Dry fruits with spreading, wing-like appendages, as in the Ash (Fig. +11), Maple (Fig. 12), Elm (Fig. 13), and Ailanthus, are called _samaras_ +or _keys_. + +Dry fruits, usually elongated, containing generally several seeds, are +called _pods_. If there is but one cell and the seeds are fastened along +one side, _Pea-like pods_, or _legumes_. Locust. The term _capsule_ +indicates that there is more than one cell. Catalpa, Hibiscus. + +[Illustration: Fig. 13.] + +All the dry, scaly fruits, usually formed by the ripening of some sort +of catkin of flowers, will be included under the term _cone_. Pine, +Alder, [Illustration] Magnolia. If the appearance of the fruit is not +much different from that of the cluster of flowers, as in the Hornbeams, +Willows, and Birches, the term _catkin_ will be retained for the fruit +also. The scales of a cone may lap over each other; they are then said +to be _imbricated_ or _overlapping_, [Illustration] (Pine); or they may +merely touch at their edges, when they are _valvate_ [Illustration] +(Cypress). When cones or catkins hang downward, they are _pendent_. If +the scales have projecting points, these points are _spines_ if strong, +and _prickles_ if weak. The parts back of the scales are _bracts_; these +often project beyond the scales, when they are said to be _exserted_. +[Illustration] Sometimes the exserted bracts are bent backward; they are +then said to be _recurved_ or _reflexed_. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +_Winter Study of Trees._ + + +Many of the peculiarities of trees can be studied much better during the +winter and early spring than at any other time of the year. The plan of +branching, the position, number, size, form, color, and surface of buds, +as well as the arrangement of the leaves within the bud and the +peculiarities of the scales that cover them, are points for winter +investigation. + + +GENERAL PLAN OF BRANCHING.--There are two distinct and readily +recognized systems of branching. 1. The main stem is _excurrent_ (Fig. +3) when the trunk extends as an undivided stem throughout the tree to +the tip; this causes the spire-like or conical trees so common among +narrow-leaved evergreens. 2. The main stem is _deliquescent_ (Fig. 4) +when the trunk divides into many, more or less equal divisions, forming +the broad-topped, spreading trees. This plan is the usual one among +deciduous trees. A few species, however, such as the Sweet Gum and the +Sugar-maple, show the excurrent stem while young, yet even these have a +deliquescent stem later in life. The English Maple and the Apple both +have a deliquescent stem very early. + +All the narrow-leaved evergreens, and many of the broad-leaved trees as +well, show what is called _definite_ annual growths; that is, a certain +amount of leaf and stem, packed up in the winter bud, spreads out and +hardens with woody tissue early in the year, and then, no matter how +long the season remains warm, no additional leaves or stem will grow. +The buds for the next year's growth then form and often become quite +large before autumn. + +There are many examples among the smaller plants, but rarely one among +the trees, of _indefinite_ annual growth; that is, the plant puts forth +leaves and forms stems throughout the whole growing-season. The common +Locust, the Honey-locust, and the Sumacs are illustrations. + + +BUDS.--Buds are either undeveloped branches or undeveloped flowers. They +contain within the scales, which usually cover them, closely packed +leaves; these leaves are folded and wrinkled in a number of different +ways that will be defined at the end of this chapter. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 14.] + +POSITION AND NUMBER.--While the axils of the leaves and the ends of the +stems are the ordinary places for the buds, there are many peculiarities +in regard to their exact position, number, etc., that render them very +interesting for winter study. Sometimes there are several to the single +leaf. In the Silver Maple there are buds on each side of the true +axillary one; these are flower-buds, and during the winter they are +larger than the one which produces the branch. The Butternut (Fig. 14) +and the Walnut have several above each other, the upper one being the +largest and at quite a distance from the true axil. In these cases the +uppermost is apt to grow, and then the branch is said to be +_extra-axillary_. In the Sycamore the bud does not show while the leaf +remains on the tree, as it is in the hollow of the leafstalk. In the +winter the bud has a ring-like scar entirely around it, instead of the +moon-shaped scar below as in most trees. The Common Locust has several +buds under the leafstalk and one above it in the axil. This axillary +bud may grow during the time the leaf remains on the tree, and afterward +the growth of the strongest one of the others may give the tree two +branches almost together. + +Some plants form extra buds especially when they are bruised or injured; +those which have the greatest tendency to do so are the Willows, +Poplars, and Elms. Such buds and growths are called _adventitious_. By +cutting off the tops or _pollarding_ such trees, a very great number of +adventitious branches can be made to grow. In this way the Willow-twigs +used for baskets are formed. Adventitious buds form the clusters of +curious thorns on the Honey-locust and the tufts of whip-like branches +on the trunks and large limbs of the Elms. + +In trees the terminal bud and certain axillary ones, differing according +to the species or variety of tree, are, during the winter, much larger +than the rest. These are the ones which naturally form the new growth, +and upon their arrangement the character of branching and thus the form +of the tree depend. Each species has some peculiarity in this regard, +and thus there are differences in the branching of all trees. In +opposite-leaved plants the terminal bud may be small and weak, while the +two buds at its side may be strong and apt to grow. This causes a +forking of the branches each year. This plan is not rare among shrubs, +the Lilac being a good example. + + +BUD-SCALES.--The coverings of buds are exceedingly varied, and are well +worthy of study and investigation. The large terminal buds of the +Horse-chestnut, with their numerous scales, gummy on the outside to keep +out the dampness, and hairy within to protect them from sudden changes +of temperature, represent one extreme of a long line; while the small, +naked, and partly buried buds of the Honey-locust or the Sumac represent +the other end. + +The scales of many buds are merely extra parts formed for their +protection, and fall immediately after the bursting of the buds; while +other buds have the stipules of the leaves as bud-scales; these remain +on the twigs for a time in the Tulip-tree, and drop immediately in the +Magnolia. + + +FORMS OF BUDS.--The size of buds varies greatly, as before stated, but +this difference in size is no more marked than the difference in form. +There is no better way to recognize a Beech at any time of the year than +by its very long, slender, and sharp-pointed buds. The obovate and +almost stalked buds of the Alders are also very conspicuous and +peculiar. In the Balsam Poplar the buds are large, sharp-pointed, and +gummy; in the Ailanthus they cannot be seen. + +[Illustration: Fig. 15.] + +All the things that might be learned from a small winter twig cannot be +shown in an engraving, but the figures here given illustrate some of the +facts easily determined from such specimens. The first twig (Ash) had +opposite leaves and is 3 years old (the end of each year's growth is +marked by dotted lines on all the figures); the year before last it had +6 leaves on the middle portion; last year it had 8 leaves on the end +portion and 12 on the side shoots of the middle portion. The buds near +the end of the annual growth are strongest and are most apt to grow. +The specimen illustrated was probably taken from the end of a branch of +a rather young and luxuriantly growing tree. Thus the Ash must have +quite a regular growth and form a regularly outlined tree. + +The second twig (Sweet Gum) shows 7 years' growth and is probably a side +shoot from more or less within the tree-top. It is stunted in its growth +by the want of light and room. The leaves were alternate. + +The third twig (Sycamore) also had alternate leaves; the pointed buds +must have been under the leafstalks, as the leaf-scars show as rings +around the buds. The larger branch grew three years ago. From the +specimen one judges that the Sycamore is quite an irregularly formed +tree. The twig had 11 leaves last year. + +The fourth twig (Silver Maple) shows that the plant had opposite leaves, +and supernumerary buds at the sides of the true axillary ones; the true +axillary buds are smaller than those at the sides. It would, in such +cases, be reasonable to suppose that the supernumerary buds were floral +ones, and that the plant blooms before the leaves expand. The annual +growths are quite extended; two years and a part of the third make up +the entire twig. If it was cut during the winter of 1891-92, it must +have had leaves on the lower part in 1889 and 12 leaves on the middle +portion in 1890, as well as probably 4 on the lower portion on the side +shoots. Last year it had 14 leaves on the end portion, two at least on +each side shoot below, making 24 in all. + + +_Folding of Leaves in the Bud._ + +There are some peculiarities in the arrangement of leaves in the bud +which can be investigated only in the early spring. The common plans +among trees are--_Inflexed_: blade folded crosswise, thus bringing it +upon the footstalk. Tulip-tree. _Conduplicate_: blade folded along the +midrib, bringing the two halves together. Peach. _Plicate_: folded +several times lengthwise, like a fan. Birch. _Convolute_: rolled +edgewise from one edge to the other. Plum. _Involute_: both edges rolled +in toward the midrib on the upper side. Apple. _Revolute_: both edges +rolled backward. Willow. _Obvolute_: folded together, but the opposite +leaves half inclosing each other. Dogwood. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +_The Preparation of a Collection._ + + +[Illustration: Fig. 16.] + +Three specimens are needed of each kind of tree: one, a branch showing +the flowers; another, showing the fruit--one of these, and in many cases +both, will show the leaves. The third specimen, cut from a large limb or +trunk, shows the bark and the wood. This should be a specimen with a +surface so cut as to show the wood in the direction of the silver grain, +_radial section_; with another surface cut in the direction of the +annual layers, _tangential section_; and with a third cut across the +grain, _cross-section_. It should be a specimen old enough to show the +change of color in the heart-wood. By taking a limb or trunk 8 inches in +diameter, all these points can be secured. A specimen cut as shown in +the figure will illustrate all the desired points. Side E F G shows +sap-and heart-wood in tangential section; side A B D C shows the same in +radial section; end A B F E, in cross-section; and B F G D shows the +bark. The central pith is at I; the heart-wood extends from C to J; the +sap-wood from J to D. The silver grain is well shown at the end, and the +blotches formed by it on the radial section. + +By having the piece made smooth, and the upper part down to the center +(H) varnished, the appearance of the wood in furniture or inside finish +will be illustrated. + +The specimens should be as nearly uniform in size as possible. If a limb +8 inches in diameter be taken and a length of 6 inches be cut off, the +section A B D C should pass through the line of pith; the section E F G +should be parallel with this at a distance from it of two inches; and +two inches from the line of pith, the section A E C should be made. The +whole specimen will then be 6 inches wide and long, and 2 inches thick. + +The twigs containing leaves, flowers and fruit need to be pressed while +drying in order that they may be kept in good form and made tough enough +to be retained as specimens. The plants should be placed between a large +supply of newspapers, or, better still, untarred building-felt, while +drying. A weight of from 40 to 80 pounds is needed to produce the +requisite pressure. The weight is placed upon a board covering the pile +of plants and paper. On account of the size of many leaves and +flower-clusters, these pressed specimens of trees should not be shorter +than from 12 to 15 inches, and even a length of 18 inches is an +advantage. The pads or newspapers should be about 12 by 18 inches. A +transfer of the plants into dry pads each day for a few days will hasten +the drying and increase the beauty of the specimens. The specimens of +twigs can be mounted on cardboard by being partly pasted and partly +secured by narrow strips of gummed cloth placed across the heavier +portions. The cardboard should be uniform in size. One of the regular +sizes of Bristol-board is 22 by 28 inches; this will cut into four +pieces 11 by 14. Specimens not over 15 inches in length can readily be +mounted on these, and for most collectors this might be a very +convenient size. Another regular size is 22 by 32 inches, cutting well +into pieces 11 by 16. Specimens 15 to 18 inches long can be mounted on +these. + +Some kinds of Evergreens, the Spruces especially, tend to shed their +leaves after pressing. Such kinds can in most cases be made to form good +specimens without pressing. Fasten the fresh specimens on pillars of +plaster in boxes or frames 2 to 3 inches deep, so that they touch +nothing but the column of plaster. Mix calcined plaster in water (as +plasterers do), and build up a column high enough to support the branch. +Place the specimen on the top of the pillar already formed, and pour +over the whole some quite thin plaster till a rounded top is formed +completely fastening the specimen. If the leaves are not touched at all, +after they are dry, they will hang on for a long time, making specimens +that will show the tree characteristics better than pressed specimens +possibly could. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + + +_Figures to be used in Botanical Description._ + +[Illustration: Fig. 17.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 18.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 19.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 20.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 21.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 22.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 23.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 24.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 25.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 26.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 27.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 28.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 29.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 30.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 31.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 32.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 33.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 34.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 35.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 36.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 37.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 38.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 39.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 40.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 41.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 42.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 43.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 44.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 45.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 46.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 47.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 48.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 49.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 50.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 51.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 52.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 53.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 54.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 55.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 56.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 57.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 58.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 59.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 60.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 61.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 62.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 63.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 64.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 65.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 66.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 67.] + + + + +PART II. + +PLAN AND MODELS FOR TREE DESCRIPTION + + +All pupils should be required to write some form of composition on the +trees of the region. As far as possible, these compositions should be +the result of personal investigation. It is not what a pupil can read +and redescribe in more or less his own words, but how accurately he can +see and, from the information conveyed by his own senses, describe in +his own way the things he has observed, that makes the use of such a +book as this important as an educational aid. Some information in regard +to trees, in a finished description, must be obtained from books, such +as hardiness, geographical distribution, etc. Pupils generally should be +required to include only those things which they can give from actual +observation. + +There are four distinct forms of tree descriptions that might be +recognized by the teacher and occasionally called for as work from the +pupil. 1st. A bare skeleton description, written by aid of a topical +outline, from the observation of a single tree and its parts. 2d. A +connected description, conveying as many facts given in the outline as +can well be brought into good English sentences. This again is the +description of a single tree. 3d. A connected, readable description of a +certain kind of tree, made up from the observation of many trees of the +same species to be found in the neighborhood. 4th. The third description +including information to be obtained from outside sources in regard to +the origin, geographical distribution, hardiness, character of wood, +habits, durability, etc. These four plans of description are more or +less successive methods to be introduced as the work of a class. Pupils +should be induced to carry on their own investigations as far as +possible before going to printed sources for information. A good part of +class work should be devoted to the first three of the methods given, +but the work might finally include the fourth form of composition. The +first two methods should follow each other with each of the trees +studied; that is, one week let a mere outline be written, to be followed +the next week with as clear and connected a description as the ability +of the pupil will allow, and containing as much of the information given +in the outline as possible. + + +OUTLINE FOR TREE DESCRIPTION. + +_The tree as a whole_: size, general form, trunk, branching, twigs, +character of bark, color of bark on trunk, branches, and fine spray. + +_Leaves_: parts, arrangement, kinds, size, thickness, form, edges, +veining, color, surface, duration. + +_Buds_: position, size, form, covering, number, color. + +_Sap_ and _juice_. + +_Flowers_: size, shape, color, parts, odor, position, time of blooming, +duration. + +_Fruit_: size, kind, form, color when young and when ripe, time of +ripening, substance, seeds, duration, usefulness. + +_Wood_ (often necessarily omitted): hardness, weight, color, grain, +markings, durability. + +_Remarks_: the peculiarities not brought out by the above outline. + + +NOTES ON THE FOREGOING OUTLINE. + +The height of a tree can be readily determined by the following plan. +Measure the height you can easily reach from the ground in feet and +inches. Step to the trunk of the tree you wish to measure and, reaching +up to this height, pin a piece of white paper on the tree. Step back a +distance equal to three or four times the height of the tree; hold a +lead-pencil upright between the thumb and forefinger at arm's-length. +Fix it so that the end of the pencil shall be in line with the paper on +the trunk; move the thumb down the pencil till it is in line with the +ground at the base of the tree; move the arm and pencil upward till the +thumb is in line with the paper, and note where the end of the pencil +comes on the tree. Again move the pencil till the thumb is in line with +the new position, and so continue the process till the top of the tree +is reached. The number of the measures multiplied by the height you can +reach will give quite accurately the height of the tree. + +The width of the tree can be determined in the same manner, the pencil, +however, being held horizontally. + +In giving the forms of trees, it is well to accompany the description +with a penciled outline. + +The distance from the ground at which the trunk begins to branch and the +extent of the branching should be noted. The direction taken by the +branches, as well as the regularity and the irregularity of their +position, should also be observed and described. + +Although most twigs are cylindrical, still there are enough exceptions +to make it necessary to examine them with reference to their form. + +Under leaves, it will be well to make drawings, both of the outline and +of the veining. + +Crushed leaves will give the odor, and the sap can best be noticed at +the bases of young leaves. The differences in sap and juice need the +following words for their description: _watery_, _milky_, +_mucilaginous_, _aromatic_, _spicy_, _sweet_, _gummy_, _resinous_. + +Pupils should not always be expected to find out much about the flowers +of a tree, as they are frequently very evanescent, and usually difficult +to reach. + +The fruit lasts a greater length of time and, usually dropping +spontaneously, gives a much better chance for investigation. + +Specimens of most of the common woods may be obtained from +cabinet-makers and carpenters. In cases where these specimens are at +hand, description of the wood should be required. If the school has such +specimens as are described in Chapter VI., Part I., the wood in all its +peculiarities can be described. + + +EXAMPLES OF TREE DESCRIPTION. + +_Taxodium distichum (Bald Cypress)._ + +_(Atterbury's Meadow.)_ + +_No. 1._ + +Tree eighty-four feet tall, thirty feet wide near base, ovate, conical, +pointed; trunk seven feet in circumference near base and ridged +lengthwise, but only four feet at the height of six feet from the +ground, where it becomes round or nearly so, then gradually tapering to +the top; branches small, very numerous, beginning six feet from the +ground, sloping upward from the trunk at an angle of nearly forty-five +degrees; twigs very slender, numerous, pendulous, two, three or even +more growing together from supernumerary buds around the old scars; bark +brownish, quite rough, thick and soft on the trunk, smoother on the +branches, greenish on the young spray. + +[Illustration] + +Leaves about sessile, without stipules, alternate, crowded, two-ranked, +thin, linear, entire, parallel-veined, with midrib, dark green, smooth, +deciduous. + +Buds show in the axils of only a few of the leaves, and are very small; +but there are several supernumerary buds around many of the clusters of +the shoots of the year. + +Sap clear and slightly sticky with resin. + +[Illustration] + +Flowers looked for, but not seen; must have been small, or have bloomed +before my examination in the spring. + +Fruit one inch in diameter, cone globular, brown in the autumn; did not +notice it before; fifteen six-sided scales, two seeds under each, still +hanging on, though the leaves have dropped; only to produce seeds, I +think. + +The wood I do not know about. + +_Remarks._ Around the base, at some distance from the trunk, there are +four peculiar knobs, seemingly coming from the roots, one being nearly a +foot high and nine inches through. + + +_No. 2._ + +The Bald Cypress standing near a small ditch in Atterbury's meadow is a +very beautiful, tall, conical tree, over 80 feet high, with an excurrent +trunk which is very large and ridged near the ground. It tapers rapidly +upward, so that the circumference is only about half as great at the +height of 6 feet, where the branches begin. The branches are very +numerous and, considering the size of the trunk, very small; the largest +of them being only about 2 inches through. They all slope upward +rapidly, but the tip and fine spray show a tendency to droop; the fine +thread-like branchlets, bearing the leaves of the year, are almost all +pendulous. + +The bark is very rough, thick and soft, as I found in pinning on the bit +of paper to measure the height of the tree, when I could easily press +the pin in to its head. + +The leaves are very small and delicate, and as they extend out in two +ranks from the thread-like twigs, look much like fine ferns. The small +linear leaves and the spray drop off together in the autumn, as I can +find much of last year's foliage on the ground still fastened to the +twigs. I could not see any flowers, though I looked from early in the +spring till the middle of the summer; then I saw a few of the globular +green cones, almost an inch in diameter, showing that it had bloomed. +Next spring I shall begin to look for the blossoms before the leaves +come out. + +On the ground, about 6 feet from the tree, there are four very strange +knobs which I did not notice till I stumbled over one of them. They seem +to grow from the roots, and are quite soft and reddish in color. + + +_No. 3._ + +I have found twenty-two Bald Cypresses in Trenton; they are all +beautiful conical trees, and seem to grow well in almost any soil, as I +have found some in very wet places and some in dry, sandy soil. They +look from their position as though they had been planted out, and as I +have found none in the woods around the town, they are probably not +native in this region. They are from 50 to nearly 100 feet tall. I found +one 96 feet high. They are all of a very symmetrical, conical form, and +pointed at the top; in no case has the trunk divided into branches, and +on the old trees the trunk enlarges curiously near the ground, the lower +portion being very rough with ridges. The bark is very thick and rough, +and is so soft that a pin can readily be pushed through it to the wood. +The branches are very numerous and small, and are not regularly arranged +in whorls like most of the narrow-leaved trees. These branches all slope +upward from the trunk, the ends having a tendency to bend downward and +make delicate drooping spray, with very small, linear, entire leaves +only 1/2 inch long. Four of the largest trees show fruit, and each of +these has only about a half-dozen of the globular cones. Only a few of +the trees--those in the wettest places--have the knobs on the ground +near the base. + + +_No. 4._ + +The Bald Cypress (_Taxodium distichum_) is a common tree, a native of +the Gulf States, growing very abundantly in the wettest swamps of that +region. The northern limit of the tree in its wild state is said to be +central Delaware and southern Illinois, but it can be successfully +cultivated in the region around Boston. There are several named +varieties, one with the leaves but slightly spreading from the spray, +and the whole of the branches showing a decided weeping tendency, so +that it is called the Weeping Cypress. The knobs from the roots, called +Cypress-knees, grow very abundantly around all the trees in the southern +swamps. These grow to the height of from 2 to 4 feet, and are very +thick, sometimes as much as 5 feet. They are hollow, and are +occasionally used for bee-hives. + +It is said to be a broad, flat-topped tree, spreading its top over other +trees. This seems very strange, as none of those in Trenton, N. J., show +such a tendency, but are quite spire-shaped. The wood is light, soft, +straight-grained, and is said to be excellent for shingles and for other +purposes. It generally has a dark reddish or brownish hue. It is a large +tree, growing to the height of 140 feet. The trunk is sometimes 12 feet +through near the ground. The flowers of the tree are in small catkins, +blooming before the leaves expand in the early spring; in February, in +South Carolina. + + + + +PART III. + +KEY, CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES. + +_Method of Using the Key._ + + +First read _all_ the statements following the stars (*) at the beginning +of the Key; decide which one of the statements best suits the specimen +you have. At the end of the chosen one there is a letter in parenthesis +( ). Somewhere below, this letter is used two or more times. Read +carefully _all_ the statements following this letter; at the end of the +one which most nearly states the facts about your specimen, you will +again be directed by a letter to another part of the Key. Continue this +process till, instead of a letter, there is a number and name. The name +is that of the genus, and forms the first part of the scientific name of +the plant. Turn to the descriptive part of the book, where this number, +in regular order, is found. Here descriptions of the species of the +genus are given. If there are many species, another Key will lead to the +species. While the illustrations are intended to represent +characteristic specimens, too much dependence must not be placed upon +them; the leaves even of the same plant vary considerably, and the +different varieties, especially of a cultivated plant, vary widely. Read +the whole description before deciding. + +The fractions beside the figures indicate the scale of the drawing as +compared with the natural size of the part: 1/1 indicates natural size; +2/1, that the drawing is twice the length of the object; 1/4, that the +drawing is one fourth the length of the object, etc. + +In the description of leaves the dimensions given refer to the blade. + + +=KEY TO THE GENERA OF TREES.= + + * Leaves narrow linear, needle, scale or awl shaped, + usually but not always evergreen. (=GG.=) page 60. + + * Leaves broad, flat, usually deciduous, occasionally + evergreen, rarely over 5 times as long as wide. + (=A.=) + + =A.= Leaves alternate,[1] simple. (=B.=) + + =A.= Leaves alternate, compound. (=m.=) page 57. + + =A.= Leaves opposite or whorled on the stem. (=u.=) page 58. + + =B.= Leaves with a midrib, netted-veined. (=C.=) + + =B.= Leaves without a midrib, parallel-veined 109. _Salisburia._ + + =C.= With radiating ribs, and including those which have + the lower ribs longer and more branching than those + above them. (=f.=) page 56. + + =C.= With distinct and definite feather-veining. (=D.=) + + =D.= Margin entire, or so nearly so as to appear entire, + sometimes slightly angulated but not lobed. (=V.=) + + =D.= Once or twice serrate or crenate or wavy-edged, but not + lobed. (=E.=) + + =D.= Distinctly lobed. (=S.=) + (If the notches are over 10 on a side, look under =E.=) + + =E.= Straight-veined. (=M.=) + + =E.= Not distinctly and evenly straight-veined. (=F.=) + + =F.= Leaves evergreen with either revolute or spiny-tipped + margins 18. _Ilex._ + + =F.= Leaves evergreen, lanceolate-oblong, minutely serrate; + flowers white, 4 in. in diameter 8. _Gordonia._ + + =F.= Leaves deciduous. (=G.=) + + =G.= Fruit with fleshy and often edible pulp. (=K.=) + + =G.= Fruit a dry and more or less rounded pod. (=H.=) + + =G.= Fruit and flowers in dry catkins; leaves, in most + species, 3 or more times as long as wide, finely + serrate to entire, with free stipules, in many + species remaining on the young twigs, in others shown + by a rounded scar on the sides of the stem; wood + soft; the Willows 91. _Salix._ + + =G.= Fruit dry akenes with silky pappus, in small heads; + whole plant whitened with scurf; leaves broadened and + coarsely notched near tip; a broad spreading bush + 49. _Baccharis._ + + =H.= Flowers conspicuous, 1 in. or more in size, white. + (=J.=) + + =H.= Flowers quite small. (=I.=) + + =I.= Flowers and fruit in large panicles; leaves + elongated, peach-like in shape, sour 50. _Oxydendrum._ + + =I.= Flowers in terminal, erect racemes; fruit small, + three-celled pods; leaves oval, 3-7 in. long, + pointed, thin, finely serrate; plant hardly a tree + 53. _Clethra._ + + =I.= Fruit rounded, small, with calyx adhering to the + lower part, one-seeded, in clusters of 3-many; leaves + 1-3 in. long. 56. _Styrax._ + + =I.= Fruit hairy, in long, hanging panicles, tipped with + long, persistent style, one-seeded 57. _Pterostyrax._ + + =J.= Flowers bell-shaped, 1 in. long; leaves widest below + the middle; fruit winged pods 58. _Halesia._ + + =J.= Flowers spreading, 2 in. broad; leaves about twice as + long as wide, widest near the center 7. _Stuartia._ + + =J.= Flowers spreading, 3 in. broad; leaves about 3 times as + long as wide, widest near tip 8. _Gordonia._ + + =K.= Fruit a plum-like drupe with a single bony stone; + plant sometimes thorny 36. _Prunus._ + + =K.= Fruit berry-like, ending in a conspicuous spreading + calyx; plant generally quite thorny 38. _Crataegus._ + + =K.= Fruit berry-like, black when ripe, small, without + calyx, with usually 3 cartilaginous coated seeds + 20. _Rhamnus._ + + =K.= Fruit berry-like, red when ripe, small, without + calyx, with usually 4-6 hard-coated, grooved nutlets + 18. _Ilex._ + + =K.= Fruit a small or large apple-like pome, with the + seeds in horny cells. (=L.=) + + =L.= Fruit about 1/2 in. in diameter, sweet, in drooping + racemes 39. _Amelanchier._ + + =L.= Fruit either sour or much larger, and not in elongated + racemes 37. _Pyrus._ + + =M.= Leaves harsh to the touch; somewhat oblique at base; + quite distinctly two-ranked; large trees 74. _Ulmus._ + + =M.= Leaves decidedly oblique at base; margin wavy; small + tree, usually a shrub 40. _Hamamelis._ + + =M.= Fruit berry-like, ending in a conspicuous spreading + calyx; plant generally quite thorny 38. _Crataegus._ + + =M.= Leaves not regularly oblique at base; plant not + thorny. (=N.=) + + =N.= Leaves thin and light, not harsh to the touch; spray + light; bark smooth, in two species somewhat rough on + the trunk. (=Q.=) + + =N.= Leaves thick; edge wavy, almost lobed; fruit an acorn. + 88. _Quercus._ + + =N.= Leaves broad for the length, generally doubly serrate + or wavy and serrate; shrubs, rarely tall enough for + trees. (=P.=) + + =N.= Not included in the above. (=O.=) + + =O.= Leaves 3 or more times as long as wide, widest near + the center; fruit a round, prickly bur with 1-3 + horny-coated nuts 89. _Castanea._ + + =O.= Leaves widest near the sharply serrate tip, narrow + and entire near the base; fruit small pods in + terminal racemes; small tree or shrub 53. _Clethra._ + + =O.= Leaves widest near the base, usually small; bark + scaling off like the Buttonwood; fruit axillary, + solitary, small (1/4 in.) roundish, dry drupes. A + cultivated species, has rather large leaves, widest + near the center 75. _Planera._ + + =P.= Fruit an open oval woody catkin or cone, remaining on + the plant through the winter 84. _Alnus._ + + =P.= Fruit a rounded stony nut, in green leafy edged bracts; + shrubs or small trees 85. _Corylus._ + + =Q.= Usually aromatic; bark dotted on the spray and with + horizontal marks on the trunk, peeling off in thin, + often papery layers 83. _Betula._ + + =Q.= Bark not peeling off in thin layers. (=R.=) + + =R.= Leaf-buds long and slender; fruit a small prickly bur + with two triangular, horny-coated nuts; large trees + 90. _Fagus._ + + =R.= Fruit an elongated catkin with large leaf-like bracts; + bark close, gray, on a grooved trunk 87. _Carpinus._ + + =R.= Fruit a hop-like catkin; bark brownish, finely furrowed + 86. _Ostrya._ + + =S.= Plant more or less thorny; shrub or small tree; + fruit rounded berries ending in persistent + calyx-lobes 38. _Crataegus._ + + =S.= Plant not thorny. (=T.=) + + =T.= Leaf deeply pinnatifid, usually with the basal lobes + completely separated; cultivated 37. _Pyrus._ + + =T.= End of leaf as though cut off; sides with one large + lobe; margin entire; large tree 2. _Liriodendron._ + + =T.= Lower leaves three-lobed, heart-shaped at base, upper + merely ovate, margin entire; small tree or shrub + 66. _Clerodendron._ + + =T.= Not as above; leaves usually many-lobed. (=U.=) + + =U.= Leaves thin; bark of trunk peeling off in thin + horizontal strips 83. _Betula._ + + =U.= Leaves thin; leaf-buds long, slender, sharp-pointed; + bark smooth, not peeling; cultivated 90. _Fagus._ + + =U.= Leaves thickish; bark roughish; fruit an oval woody + cone, remaining on through the year 84. _Alnus._ + + =U.= Leaves thick; fruit an acorn 88. _Quercus._ + + =V.= Leaves evergreen, small, 2-3 in. long, thick, with + revolute margins; fruit an acorn 88. _Quercus._ + + =V.= Leaves evergreen, oval to lance-oval, usually large; + small trees, almost shrubs. (=d.=) page 56. + + =V.= Leaves deciduous (some are evergreen in the Southern + States). (=W.=) + + =W.= Plant more or less spiny. (=c.=) + + =W.= Plant not at all spiny. (=X.=) + + =X.= Leaf-blade thin, long, pointed, with curved parallel + veins or ribs 45. _Cornus._ + + =X.= Leaf-blade thin, circular or broadly oval in outline, + with blunt, almost rounded apex; veins not regularly + parallel 27. _Rhus._ + + =X.= Leaf quite elongated, 5 or more times as long as wide. + (=b.=) + + =X.= Leaves with none of the above peculiarities. (=Y.=) + + =Y.= Deciduous bud-scales (stipules), leaving a scar or + mark completely around the stem at the base of the + leaves. 1. _Magnolia._ + + =Y.= Leaves covered on one or both sides with silvery + scales 71. _Elaeagnus._ + + =Y.= No such ring around the stem, or silvery scales on + the leaves. (=Z.=) + + =Z.= Leaves distinctly straight-veined, thin 90. _Fagus._ + + =Z.= Leaves thick, obtuse; fruit an acorn 88. _Quercus._ + + =Z.= Leaves 6 in. or more long; crushed leaves with a rank, + fetid odor 5. _Asimina._ + + =Z.= Leaves 3-5 in. long; twigs and leaves very spicy; shrub + rather than tree 70. _Lindera._ + + =Z.= Leaves about 2 in. long, oval, on twigs which have + ridges extending down from the sides of the leafstalk; + small tree, almost a shrub, with beautiful flowers + 43. _Lagerstroemia._ + + =Z.= Leaves not as above. (=a.=) + + =a.= Fruit a large (1/2-1 1/2 in.) rounded pulpy berry with a + heavy calyx at the base 55. _Diospyros._ + + =a.= Fruit small (1/4 in.), fleshy, drupe-like, with a + striate stone; limbs branching horizontally, often + descending 46. _Nyssa._ + + =a.= Fruit a black, juicy berry (1/3-1/2 in.), with about 3 + seeds 20. _Rhamnus._ + + =a.= Fruit an ovoid dry drupe (1/2 in.); leaves + sweet-tasting 59. _Symplocos._ + + =a.= Fruit an apple-like pome (Quince) 37. _Pyrus._ + + =b.= Wood soft; both kinds of flowers in catkins in spring; + with either stipules or stipular sears 91. _Salix._ + + =b.= Wood hard; leaves thick; fruit an acorn 88. _Quercus._ + + =c.= Fruit a 2-4-seeded small berry; juice not milky + 20. _Rhamnus._ + + =c.= Fruit large, orange-like in size and color when ripe; + juice milky 77. _Maclura._ + + =c.= Fruit small, black when ripe, cherry-like; juice + milky 54. _Bumelia._ + + =d.= Aromatic; berries dark blue on red stalks 68. _Persea._ + + =d.= Not aromatic; leaves nearly 1 ft. long; flowers large + and solitary. 1. _Magnolia._ + + =d.= Not aromatic; leaves 1-4 in. long; flowers very small; + fruit small dark-colored berries, with 2-4 seeds 20. _Rhamnus._ + + =d.= Not aromatic; flowers large, in showy clusters. (=e.=) + + =e.= Leaves 5 in. or more long 52. _Rhododendron._ + + =e.= Leaves less than 4 in. long 51. _Kalmia._ + + =f.= Leaves decidedly aromatic, usually somewhat + irregularly lobed, margin entire, base tapering 69. _Sassafras._ + + =f.= Leaves usually deltoid, sometimes heart-shaped with + serrate margin and gummy buds, rarely palmately lobed. + All have either the petiole flattened sidewise, the + leaf-blade densely silvery-white beneath, or gummy + aromatic buds 92. _Populus._ + + =f.= Leaves broadly heart-shaped; margin entire; small tree + with abundance of red flowers in early spring; fruit a + pea-like pod. 32. _Cercis._ + + =f.= Leaves not as above given. (=g.=) + + =g.= Leaves broadly heart-shaped, with a serrate margin + and a petiole about as long as the blade, sometimes + longer; base of leaf not oblique 4. _Idesia._ + + =g.= Leaves broadly heart-shaped, those on the suckers + much lobed; base not oblique; margin serrate; juice + milky; bark very tough. (=l.=) + + =g.= Leaves broadly heart-shaped, with an oblique base; + margin regularly serrate; juice not milky 11. _Tilia._ + + =g.= Leaves slightly if at all heart-shaped at base, + usually somewhat oblique, with neither milky juice + nor lobes. (=j.=) + + =g.= Leaves decidedly and quite regularly lobed. (=h.=) + + =h.= Leaves with 3-5 large lobes, the margin entire or + slightly angulated. 10. _Sterculia._ + + =h.= Leaves star-shaped, with 5-9 pointed, serrate lobes. + (=i.=) + + =h.= Leaves large, irregularly margined; leaf-stem covering + the bud; large tree 80. _Platanus._ + + =h.= Plant quite thorny; fruit berry-like, ending in a + conspicuous spreading calyx; small trees or shrubs with + apple-like blossoms. 38. _Crataegus._ + + =h.= Leaves with a tapering base; small tree, almost a + shrub, with large Hollyhock-like flowers; plant not + thorny 9. _Hibiscus._ + + =i.= Large tree, with fruit 1 in. in diameter, dry, + rough, hanging on a long stem 41. _Liquidambar._ + + =i.= Small tree with few branches and the trunk usually + quite prickly; fruit berry-like in large clusters 44. _Aralia._ + + =j.= Fruit small berries, with 3 flattened seeds, in + clusters in the axils of the leaves, which are + decidedly 3-ribbed from the base 21. _Hovenia._ + + =j.= Fruit small drupes, with 1 seed, either solitary or in + pairs in the axils of the leaves. (=k.=) + + =k.= Plant without prickles; leaves decidedly oblique at + base 76. _Celtis._ + + =k.= Plant with prickles; leaves narrow, decidedly + 3-ribbed, and 2-ranked on green twigs 22. _Zizyphus._ + + =l.= Fruit not very edible; leaves rough above, very hairy + below, on some of the twigs opposite 79. _Broussonetia._ + + =l.= Fruit edible; leaves not very hairy, never opposite 78. _Morus._ + + =m.= Leaves of 3 entire-edged leaflets; fruit a pea-like + pod 28. _Laburnum._ + + =m.= Leaves of 3 quite regularly serrate, + transparent-dotted leaflets 13. _Ptelea._ + + =m.= Leaves once or twice pinnate; the leaflets entire. + (=s.=) + + =m.= Leaves once or twice pinnate; the leaflets with + margins more or less serrate or notched. (=n.=) + + =n.= Leaves irregularly once to twice, in one case three + times, pinnate. (=r.=) + + =n.= Leaves regularly once pinnate. (=o.=) + + =o.= Leaves less than 1 ft. long, on a small, quite + prickly plant; fruit very small pods (1/4 in. long) + 12. _Xanthoxylum._ + + =o.= Leaves less than 1 ft. long; leaflets 3 in. or less + long; fruit bright-colored, berry-like pomes in + clusters, persistent through the autumn; plant not + thorny; branches not heavy-tipped. 37. _Pyrus._ + + =o.= Leaves usually larger on the small tree or almost a + shrub; juice in most cases milky; branches + heavy-tipped 27. _Rhus._ + + =o.= Leaves 1-2 ft. long; leaflets 3 in. or more long; + fruit a bony nut with green fleshy coat; large trees. + (=q.=) + + =o.= Leaves very large, 2 ft. or more long on the + rapid-growing branches; branches heavy-tipped; odor + of bruised leaves quite strong; leaflets 15 or more + in number; large trees; juice not milky. (=p.=) + + =p.= Leaflets with 1-3 glandular notches at the base 17. _Ailanthus._ + + =p.= Leaflets entire at base, but very slightly serrate near + the tip 16. _Cedrela._ + + =q.= Coat of fruit more or less dehiscent into 4 valves; + nut smoothish; leaflets, except in one species, not + over 11 in number, usually 5-7 82. _Carya._ + + =q.= Coat of fruit not regularly dehiscent; nut, in the + wild species, rough-coated; leaflets, except in a + cultivated species, over 11 in number 81. _Juglans._ + + =r.= Leaves quite regularly twice odd-pinnate; leaflets + about 1 in. long; juice not milky; fruit rounded + berries in large clusters; plant not prickly; + branchlets not heavy-tipped 15. _Melia._ + + =r.= Leaves once to twice irregularly odd-pinnate; the + leaflets very irregularly and coarsely toothed; a + small, round-headed tree with bladdery pods 24. _Koelreuteria._ + + =r.= Leaves irregularly about twice odd-pinnate; the + leaflets lanceolate; quite a low plant with few + heavy-tipped branches; plant without prickles 27. _Rhus._ + + =r.= Leaves 2 (sometimes 3) times odd-pinnate; tree-stem + with prickles; small tree or shrub, with few branches + 44. _Aralia._ + + =r.= Leaves once to twice abruptly pinnate; large tree with + slender-tipped branches, usually very thorny 34. _Gleditschia._ + + =s.= Leaves very large (2 ft. or more long), about twice + abruptly pinnate; leaflets broad and often 2 in. + long; branches blunt; no thorns 33. _Gymnocladus._ + + =s.= Leaves and leaflets much smaller, leaves quite + irregularly once or twice abruptly pinnate; branches + slender-tipped; large tree, usually very thorny + 34. _Gleditschia._ + + =s.= Leaves twice abruptly pinnate; leaflets over 400 in + number, with midrib near the upper edge 35. _Albizzia._ + + =s.= Leaves regularly once pinnate, not over 2 ft. long. + (=t.=) + + =t.= Leaves abruptly pinnate, not over 5 in. long; leaflets + 8-12, small, mucronate-pointed 29. _Caragana._ + + =t.= Leaves odd-pinnate; shrub or small tree, with few, + heavy-tipped branches; no spines or prickles 27. _Rhus._ + + =t.= Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets large (3-5 in. long), not + usually over 11 in number; round-topped tree 30. _Cladrastis._ + + =t.= Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets less than 3 in. long, + frequently 11-21 in number; often with spines at the + bases of the leaves in the place of stipules + 12. _Xanthoxylum_ or 31. _Robinia._ + + =u.= Leaves palmately compound. (=CC.=) + + =u.= Leaves pinnately compound. (=BB.=) + + =u.= Leaves simple, evergreen, sessile, in whorls around + the stem, which they completely cover (98a. _Araucaria._) + + =u.= Leaves simple, opposite, evergreen, entire, over 2 + in. long 61. _Osmanthus._ + + =u.= Leaves simple, opposite, evergreen, entire, under 1 + in. long 73. _Buxus._ + + =u.= Leaves simple, deciduous. (=v.=) + + =v.= Branches ending in thorns; small trees, or shrubs. + (=AA.=) + + =v.= Plants not thorny. (=w.=) + + =w.= Leaves palmately lobed (one variety, rarely + cultivated, lacks lobes, but is heart-shaped with a + serrate margin), the lobes over 3 in number, or with + notches or serrations; fruit dry, winged 25. _Acer._ + + =w.= Lower leaves palmately 3-lobed, and heart-shaped at + base, upper ones ovate, all with entire margin; fruit + with juicy pulp covering the 4 seeds 66. _Clerodendron._ + + =w.= Leaves palmately lobed; fruit small, one-seeded, + berry-like drupes in large clusters, with flattened + stones, or large rounded clusters of flowers without + stamens or pistils; shrubs rather than trees 47. _Viburnum._ + + =w.= Leaves heart-shaped, entire or slightly angulated; + not lobed. (=DD.=) + + =w.= Leaves irregularly serrate, somewhat straight-veined; + fruit single-winged; large cultivated tree 60. _Fraxinus._ + + =w.= Leaves neither heart-shaped nor lobed; small trees, + almost shrubs. (=x.=) + + =x.= Leaves entire. (=z.=) + + =x.= Leaves serrate or dentate, ovate or oval. (=y.=) + + =y.= Fruit rounded drupes in large clusters, with single + flattened stones 47. _Viburnum._ + + =y.= Fruit lobed pods, which burst open in the autumn; + branchlets somewhat 4-sided 19. _Euonymus._ + + =z.= Leaves small, lanceolate; flowers and fruit large and + beautiful 42. _Punica._ + + =z.= Leaves broad, thin, with curved parallel veins or ribs. + 45. _Cornus._ + + =z.= Leaves large, broad, oval, without either curved or + straight parallel ribs 63. _Chionanthus._ + + =AA.= Leaves entire and covered on both sides with + silvery, peltate scales 72. _Shepherdia._ + + =AA.= Leaves ovate, small, minutely serrate 20. _Rhamnus._ + + =BB.= Leaves large, 18 in. or more long; leaflets 11 or + more, very finely serrated 14. _Phellodendron._ + + =BB.= Leaves smaller; leaflets entire or quite evenly + toothed, usually over 5 in number 60. _Fraxinus._ + + =BB.= Leaflets coarsely and quite irregularly toothed, 3-5 + (rarely 7) in number 26. _Negundo._ + + =CC.= Leaflets slender-lanceolate, almost entire; shrub + or small tree, 5-10 ft. high 67. _Vitex._ + + =CC.= Leaflets broader and serrate; usually large trees. + 23. _AEsculus._ + + =DD.= Leaves with radiating ribs. (=FF.=) + + =DD.= Leaves with feather-veining. (=EE.=) + + =EE.= Leaves 2-6 in. long; flowers small, in large, + dense, terminal clusters 62. _Syringa._ + + =EE.= Leaves 1-4 in. long; flowers in pairs 48. _Lonicera._ + + =FF.= Leaves large, 6 in. or more long; two almost hidden + buds, one above the other, in the axils of the leaves + on the rapid-growing branches; flowers large, purple, + blooming in early spring; fruit rounded pods 64. _Paulownia._ + + =FF.= Leaves large, 6 in. or more long; flowers large, + white, blooming in June; fruit long pods 65. _Catalpa._ + + =FF.= Leaves 2-4 in. long, with red stems 3. _Cercidiphyllum._ + + =GG.= Leaves scattered singly over the stem, not in + bundles or clusters. (=JJ.=) + + =GG.= Leaves in large or small clusters. (=HH.=) + + =HH.= Clusters in whorls of many leaves around the stem + like an umbrella 100. _Sciadopitys._ + + =HH.= Leaves clustered in bundles of 2-6 93. _Pinus._ + + =HH.= Leaves clustered in bundles of over 8. (=II.=) + + =II.= Leaves deciduous, soft 97. _Larix._ + + =II.= Leaves evergreen, rigid 98. _Cedrus._ + + =JJ.= Leaves hardly evergreen; spray quite slender. + (=ZZ.=) + + =JJ.= Leaves fully evergreen. (=KK.=) + + =KK.= Leaves awl or scale shaped, and mainly appressed to + the stem. (=WW.=) + + =KK.= Leaves linear or needle shaped, and decidedly + spreading from the stem, though sometimes with a + decurrent base. (=LL.=) + + =LL.= Leaves narrowed to a distinct though short stem. + (=RR.=) + + =LL.= Leaves sessile; if narrowed, not so abruptly as to + form a petiole. (=MM.=) + + =MM.= Leaves opposite or whorled on the stem. (=PP.=) + + =MM.= Leaves rather spirally arranged around the stem, not + just opposite. (=NN.=) + + =NN.= Leaves linear to lanceolate, flattened, spreading + quite squarely from the stem. (=OO.=) + + =NN.= Leaves not flattened but 4-sided, curved, gradually + enlarging from the tips to the bases, which are + decurrent, and on the young twigs completely cover the + stem; cones rounded; the scales not lapping 105. _Cryptomeria._ + + =OO.= Leaves about linear in form, of nearly the same + width throughout, and usually fastened to the + cylindrical stem by a distinct disk-like base; cones + erect; scales lapping. 96. _Abies._ + + =OO.= Leaves about 2 in. long and gradually widening from + the acute tips to the broad (1/8 in.) bases, which + are decurrent on the stem 99. _Cunninghamia._ + + =OO.= Leaves 1/2-1 in. long, sharp-pointed, very flat, + two-ranked, somewhat lanceolate in form; base + narrowed almost to a petiole 102. _Sequoia._ + + =PP.= Leaves not decurrent, usually in whorls of three + around the stem, sometimes opposite, acute-pointed; + fruit small (1/8 in.), rounded, dark-colored berries + 106. _Juniperus._ + + =PP.= Leaves decurrent on the stem, less than 1/2 in. long. + (=QQ.=) + + =QQ.= Fruit small, globular cones; the scales not lapping + 104. _Chamaecyparis._ + + =QQ.= Fruit small, elongated cones of few, lapping scales + 103. _Thuya._ + + =RR.= Leaves usually but little flattened, but jointed to a + short, brown petiole which is attached to a somewhat + grooved twig; cones pendent, of lapping scales 94. _Picea._ + + =RR.= Leaves decidedly flattened, not jointed, but narrowed + to a petiole which is usually green or greenish in + color. (=SS.=) + + =SS.= Leaves rounded or obtuse at the tip, distinctly + two-ranked, usually less than 1 in. long; cones + oval, 1 in. or less long, of lapping scales 95. _Tsuga._ + + =SS.= Leaves acute at the tip; fruit (found only on a + portion of the plants, as the flowers are + dioecious) drupe-like, with a single nut-like seed. + (=TT.=) + + =TT.= Leaves not two-ranked, over 2 in. long 108. _Podocarpus._ + + =TT.= Leaves quite regularly two-ranked. (=UU.=) + + =UU.= Leaves marked by two longitudinal lines; bruised or + burned leaves with a very disagreeable odor (107a. _Torreya._) + + =UU.= Leaves with the midrib forming a distinct ridge, + odor not disagreeable. (=VV.=) + + =VV.= Leaves usually less than an inch long 107. _Taxus._ + + =VV.= Leaves usually more than an inch long (107b. _Cephalotaxus._) + + =WW.= Spray decidedly two-ranked, fan-like. (=YY.=) + + =WW.= Spray branching in an irregular way, not two-ranked. (=XX.=) + + =XX.= Fruit a purplish berry; bark shreddy 106. _Juniperus._ + + =XX.= Fruit a cone of thick, pointed, not lapping scales + 102. _Sequoia._ + + =YY.= Cones elongated, of lapping scales 103. _Thuya._ + + =YY.= Cones globular, of peltate, valvate + scales 104. _Chamaecyparis._ + + =ZZ.= Leaves very broad at base, half clasping the stem and + rapidly narrowed to an acute tip; hardly at all + spreading from the thread-like twigs; flowers pinkish, + in spike-like clusters 6. _Tamarix._ + + =ZZ.= Leaves more elongated, quite even in width, not + clasping the stem 101. _Taxodium._ + + +[Footnote 1: Look on the elongated branches for the arrangement of the +leaves; they are too closely clustered on the short side shoots. See +page 18.] + + +=CLASS I. ANGIOSPERMAE.= + +Plants with a pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the +ovules and forms the fruit. + + +ORDER =I. MAGNOLIACEAE.= (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) + +Trees or shrubs, mainly of tropical regions, including, in our section, +the three following genera: + + +GENUS =1. MAGNOLIA.= + +Trees and tall shrubs with alternate, thick, smooth, entire leaves with +deciduous stipules which form the bud-scales, and are attached entirely +around the stem, leaving a ridge, as in Liriodendron. + +Flowers very large (3 to 10 in. in diameter), usually white, solitary. + +Fruit a large cone from which the seeds, drupe-like, usually red, hang +out on long threads during the autumn. + + * Blooming with or before the opening of the leaves. (=A.=) + + =A.= Flowers entirely white 9, 10. + + =A.= Flowers dark purple 11. + + =A.= Flowers mixed purple and white. A large number of + hybrids from China and Japan. + + * Blooming after the leaves expand. (=B.=) + + =B.= Leaves evergreen, more than 8 in. long 1. + + =B.= Leaves evergreen, not 6 in. long 2. + + =B.= Leaves deciduous. (=C.=) + + =C.= Leaves decidedly auriculate or cordate at the base. (=D.=) + + =D.= Leaves very large (1 to 3 ft. long) 5. + + =D.= Leaves smaller and much clustered at the tips of the + flowering branches 6. + + =C.= Leaves not conspicuously cordate at base. (=E.=) + + =E.= Leaves clustered at the tips of the flowering branches 7. + + =E.= Leaves scattered along the branches. (=F.=) + + =F.= Base of leaf abrupt 3, 4. + + =F.= Base of leaf tapering. (=G.=) + + =G.= Leaves quite large, about 1 ft. long; a very erect + growing tree 8. + + =G.= Leaves smaller, medium thick, glossy above 2. + medium thin (5 to 10 in. long) 3. + +[Illustration: M. grandiflora.] + +1. =Magnolia grandiflora=, L. (LARGE-FLOWERED MAGNOLIA. SOUTHERN +EVERGREEN MAGNOLIA.) Leaves evergreen, thick, oval-oblong; upper surface +glossy, under surface somewhat rusty. Flowers large, 6 to 10 in. wide, +white, fragrant. In spring. Fruit oval, 3 to 4 in. long, ripe in +October. Seeds scarlet. Splendid evergreen tree (50 to 80 ft.) in the +Southern States; half hardy, and reduced to a shrub (10 to 20 ft.) when +cultivated in the Middle States. + +[Illustration: M. glauca.] + +2. =Magnolia glauca=, L. (SWEET-BAY. SWAMP-MAGNOLIA.) Leaves quite +thick, oblong-oval, obtuse, smooth and glossy above, white or rusty +pubescent beneath; evergreen in the Southern States. Leaf-buds silky. +Flowers globular, white, and very fragrant. June to August. Fruit about +1 1/2 in. long, ripe in autumn. Shrub, 4 to 20 ft. high, in the swamps of +the Atlantic States from Massachusetts southward. Slender tree, 15 to 30 +ft. high, when cultivated in good damp soil. + +[Illustration: M. acuminata.] + +3. =Magnolia acuminata=, L. (CUCUMBER-TREE.) Leaves thin, green above, +paler beneath, oblong, usually pointed at both ends, 5 to 10 in. long. +Leaf-buds silky. Flowers pale yellowish-green, 3 in. wide, late in +spring. Fruit irregular-oblong (2 to 3 in. long), rose-colored when +ripe, with a few hard, bony, black seeds, coated with red pulp, ripe in +autumn. Large (50 to 90 ft.) noble forest tree, wild in western New York +and southward. Wood rather soft, yellowish-white, quite durable, and +extensively used for pump logs. Occasionally cultivated; fine for +avenues. + +[Illustration: M. cordata.] + +4. =Magnolia cordata=, Michx. (YELLOW CUCUMBER-TREE.) Leaves broadly +ovate or oval, rarely cordate at base, smooth above, white-downy +beneath, 4 to 6 in. long. Flowers lemon-yellow slightly streaked with +red. June. Fruit nearly 3 in. long, red when ripe in autumn. A rather +small, broad-headed tree (20 to 50 ft.), wild in the Southern States, +but hardy as far north as Boston; not often cultivated. Probably an +upland variety of the preceding. + +[Illustration: M. macrophylla.] + +5. =Magnolia macrophylla=, Michx. (GREAT-LEAVED MAGNOLIA.) Leaves very +large, sometimes 3 ft. long, crowded at the summit of the branches, +obovate-oblong, cordate at the narrowed base, glaucous-white beneath, +green above; twigs whitish pubescent. Flowers very large (12 in. broad), +white with a purple spot near the base; fragrant. Fruit cylindrical, 4 +in. long, deep rose-colored when ripe in autumn. A medium-sized (30 to +40 ft.), spreading tree; wild from Kentucky south, hardy and cultivated +as far north as New York City. + +[Illustration: M. Fraseri.] + +6. =Magnolia Fraseri=, Walt. (EAR-LEAVED UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves crowded +at the ends of the flowering branches, obovate or spatulate, auriculate +at base, smooth (1 ft. long). Leaf-buds smooth. Flowers (6 in. wide) +white, slightly scented. April to May. Fruit 3 to 4 in. long, +rose-colored, ripe in autumn. Medium-sized, rather slender tree (30 to +50 ft.), with soft yellowish-white wood. Virginia and southward. Hardy +and extensively cultivated as far north as New York City. + +[Illustration: M. umbrella.] + +7. =Magnolia umbrella=, Lam. (UMBRELLA TREE.) Leaves clustered at the +ends of the branches, obovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, 1 to 2 +ft. long; downy beneath when young, but soon becoming smooth. Flowers +white, 6 to 8 in. broad. May. Fruit oblong, 4 to 6 in. long, rather +rose-colored when ripe in autumn. A small, rather straggling tree, 20 to +40 ft. high; common in the Southern States, and wild as far north as New +York State; cultivated throughout. + +[Illustration: M. hypoleuca.] + +8. =Magnolia hypoleuca=, S. & Z. (JAPAN MAGNOLIA.) Leaves large (1 ft. +long), somewhat purple-tinted above, white and glaucous beneath. Midrib +and leafstalk often red. Flowers cream-white, fragrant, appearing after +the leaves in June. Twigs stout and polished. A medium-sized, very +erectly growing tree; from Japan. + +[Illustration: M. conspicua.] + +9. =Magnolia conspicua,= Salisb. (YULAN OR CHINESE WHITE MAGNOLIA.) +Leaves deciduous, obovate, abruptly acuminate, pubescent when young. +Flowers large (4 in.), cream-white, very fragrant, appearing very early +(May), before any of the leaves. Fruit rarely formed, with few (1 to 3, +rarely more) seeds to a cone. Bark dark brown on the young branches; +terminal winter buds over 1/2 in. long. Small tree (10 to 30 ft.) with +spreading habit and stout branches; very extensively cultivated for its +abundant early bloom; from China. + +[Illustration: M. Kobus.] + +10. =Magnolia Kobus.= (THURBER'S JAPAN MAGNOLIA.) Leaves similar to the +preceding, but smaller. Flowers also similar, but pure white. Fruit +abundantly formed, with several (2 to 12) seeds to the cone. Bark green +on the young growth; terminal winter-buds under 1/2 in. long. Small tree +(15 to 40 ft.) with erect habit and slender branches. A beautiful tree +of recent introduction from Japan. + +[Illustration: M. purpurea.] + +11. =Magnolia purpurea=, Sims. (PURPLE JAPAN MAGNOLIA.) Leaves obovate, +pointed at both ends, dark green. Flowers erect, of 3 sepals and 6 +obovate, purple petals; blooming about as the leaves expand. A low tree, +or usually merely a shrub, from Japan; often cultivated. + +Besides the Magnolias here given, there are quite a number of varieties +and hybrids in cultivation, from China and Japan, most of them blooming +before the leaves expand in spring. + + +GENUS 2. =LIRIODENDRON.= + +Trees with alternate, deciduous, smooth, stipulate, 4-lobed leaves, the +stipules large, attached entirely around the stem, and leaving a ridge +when they drop off, as in the genus Magnolia. Flowers tulip-shaped, +large (3 in.), greenish-yellow. May to June. Fruit a pointed cone, 3 in. +long, hanging on the tree till autumn. + +[Illustration: L. tulipifera.] + +=Liriodendron tulipifera=, L. (TULIP-TREE.) Leaves large, smooth on +both sides, somewhat 3-lobed, the end one seemingly cut off, leaving a +shallow notch; stipules light-colored, large, oblong, attached all +around the stem, often remaining on through half the season. A very +large (80 to 150 ft. high), beautiful, rapidly growing tree, with soft, +straight-grained, greenish wood, of great use for inside work. Southern +New England and southward. Especially abundant and large in the Western +States. Also cultivated. + + +GENUS 3. CERCIDIPHYLLUM. + +Shrubs or trees with opposite, rarely subalternate, simple, deciduous +leaves. Fruit short-stemmed, with divergent pods, 2-4 in number, +splitting open on the outer edges; each one-celled, with one row of +lapping, pendulous seeds with membranous wings. + +[Illustration: C. Japonicum.] + +=Cercidiphyllum Japonicum.= (KATSURA-TREE.) Leaves broadly heart-shaped, +palmately veined with 5-7 ribs, and with an apparently entire margin, +dark green above, somewhat glaucous beneath. Under a magnifying glass +the margin will be found to have pellucid crenulations. Leafstalk dark +red and jointed above the base, the veins somewhat red-tinted. A +beautiful, upright tree with birch-like, dotted, brown bark; of recent +introduction from Japan, and probably completely hardy throughout the +region. + + +ORDER =II. BIXINEAE.= + +A rather small order of mostly tropical trees or shrubs, with alternate, +simple leaves. + + +GENUS 4. =IDESIA.= + +Large trees with terminal and axillary panicles of very small flowers +and berries. + +[Illustration: I. polycarpa.] + +=Idesia polycarpa=, Hook. Leaves large, heart-shaped, serrate, palmately +veined with 5 ribs; leafstalk very long, red, with two glands near the +base; twigs also glandular; berries very small (1/4 inch), with many +seeds. A large tree recently introduced from Japan, which may prove +hardy from Pennsylvania south, but is killed by the climate of +Massachusetts. + + +ORDER =III. ANONACEAE.= + +(CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) + +An order of tropical trees and shrubs except the following genus: + + +GENUS =5. ASIMINA.= + +Small trees or shrubs with simple, deciduous, alternate, entire, +pinnately-veined leaves. Flowers large, dull purplish, solitary in the +axils of last year's leaves. Fruit a large, oblong, several-seeded, +pulpy berry. + +[Illustration: A. triloba.] + +=Asimina triloba=, Dunal. (COMMON PAPAW.) Leaves large (8 to 12 in. +long), oblong-obovate, acuminate, thin, lapping over each other in such +a manner as to give the plant a peculiar imbricated appearance. Flowers +1 in. broad, appearing before the leaves. Fruit 3 in. long, 1 1/2 in. +thick, yellowish, fragrant, about 8-seeded, ripe in the autumn. Small +(10 to 20 ft. high), beautiful tree with dark-brown twigs. All parts +have a rank, fetid smell. Wild in New York and southward along streams; +cultivated. + + +ORDER =IV. TAMARISCINEAE.= + +A small order, consisting mostly of shrubs (from the Old World) with +minute leaves. + + +GENUS =6. TAMARIX.= + +Leaves simple, very small, alternate, clasping; old ones almost +transparent at the apex. Flowers in spike-like panicles, small, red, or +pink, rarely white. + +[Illustration: T. Gallica.] + +=Tamarix Gallica=, L. (FRENCH TAMARISK.) Leaves very small, acute; spray +very slender, abundant. A sub-evergreen shrub or small tree, 5 to 20 ft. +high; with very small pinkish flowers, in spike-like clusters, blooming +from May to October. A very beautiful and strange-looking plant, which, +rather sheltered by other trees, can be successfully grown throughout. + + +ORDER =V. TERNSTROEMIACEAE.= + +(TEA OR CAMELLIA FAMILY.) + +An order of showy-flowered trees and shrubs of tropical and subtropical +regions, here represented by the following genera: + + +GENUS =7. STUARTIA.= + +Shrubs or low trees with alternate, simple, exstipulate, ovate, +serrulate leaves, soft downy beneath. Flowers large (2 in.), white to +cream-color, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils of the leaves; +blooming in early summer. Fruit a 5-celled capsule with few seeds; ripe +in autumn. + +[Illustration: S. pentagyna.] + +1. =Stuartia pentagyna=, L'Her. (STUARTIA.) Leaves thick, ovate, +acuminate, acute at base, obscurely mucronate, serrate, finely +pubescent, 3 to 4 in. long, one half as wide. Flowers whitish +cream-colored, one petal much the smallest; stamens of the same color. +Pod 5-angled. + +Handsome shrub or small tree (10 to 15 ft.), wild south in the +mountains, and hardy and cultivated as far north as New York City +without protection. In Massachusetts it needs some sheltered position. + +[Illustration: S. Virginica.] + +2. =Stuartia Virginica=, Cav. (VIRGINIA STUARTIA.) Leaves +elliptic-ovate, acuminate at both ends, 2 in. long, 1 in. wide, thin, +serrate, silky pubescent beneath. Flowers white with purple filaments +and blue anthers. Pod globular and blunt; ripe in October. A beautiful +shrub rather than tree (8 to 12 ft.), wild in Virginia and south; hardy +as far north as Washington. + + +GENUS =8. GORDONIA.= + +Shrubs or small trees with alternate, simple, feather-veined leaves. +Flowers large (3 to 4 in. wide), white, showy, solitary in the axils of +the leaves. Blooming in summer. Fruit a dry, dehiscent, conical-pointed, +5-celled capsule with 10 to 30 seeds, ripe in the autumn. + +[Illustration: G. Lasianthus.] + +1. =Gordonia Lasianthus=, L. (LOBLOLLY BAY.) Leaves thick, evergreen, +lanceolate-oblong, minutely serrate, nearly sessile, smooth and shining +on both sides. The large, solitary, sweet-scented, axillary flowers on +peduncles half as long as the leaves. A large tree (30 to 70 ft. high) +in the south (wild in southern Virginia), and cultivated as far north as +central Pennsylvania, without protection; at St. Louis and Boston it +needs protection. Wood of a reddish color, light and brittle. + +[Illustration: G. pubescens.] + +2. =Gordonia pubescens=, L'Her. Leaves thin, deciduous, obovate-oblong, +sharply serrate, white beneath. Flowers nearly sessile. A small tree or +shrub of the south (30 ft. high in Georgia), hardy, and rarely +cultivated as far north as Philadelphia, or still farther north if +slightly sheltered. + + +ORDER =VI. MALVACEAE.= (MALLOW FAMILY.) + +A large family, mainly of herbs, found in tropical and temperate +regions. One cultivated species, almost a tree, is included in this +work. + + +GENUS =9. HIBISCUS.= + +Herbs or shrubs; one sometimes tree-like, with simple, deciduous, +alternate, stipulate, usually lobed leaves. Flowers large, showy, +5-parted (Hollyhock-shaped), in late summer. Fruit a 5-celled, +many-seeded pod, ripe in autumn. + +[Illustration: H. Syriacus.] + +=Hibiscus Syriacus=, L. (TREE HIBISCUS.) The only woody and sometimes +tree-like species; has ovate, wedge-shaped, 3-lobed, toothed leaves, and +large (3 in.) white, purple, red, or variegated flowers. Usually a +shrub, 6 to 15 ft. high, often cultivated throughout; introduced from +Syria. + + +ORDER =VII. STERCULIACEAE.= + +Trees or shrubs (a few are herbs), with alternate leaves, and the +stamens united into a tube. A large order of tropical plants. + + +GENUS =10. STERCULIA.= + +Leaves alternate, simple, usually lobed, ovaries more or less divided +into 5 carpels, each 2- to many-lobed; fruit when ripe forming a star of +5 distinct pods. + +[Illustration: S. platanifolia.] + +=Sterculia platanifolia=, L. (CHINESE PARASOL.) Leaves large, deciduous, +alternate, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, deeply heart-shaped at base, the +margin entire, the lobes acute; smooth or slightly hairy; leafstalk +about as long as the blade. Flowers green, in axillary panicles; fruit +star-shaped. A small, beautiful tree from China; probably not hardy +north of Washington. + + +ORDER =VIII. TILIACEAE.= (LINDEN FAMILY.) + +An order, mainly of trees, abundant in the tropics; here represented by +a single genus: + + +GENUS 11. =TILIA.= + +Trees with alternate, deciduous, obliquely heart-shaped, serrate leaves, +about as broad as long. Leaves two-ranked on the stem. Flowers small, +cream-colored, fragrant, in clusters on a peculiar, oblong, leaf-like +bract. Fruit small (1/8 in.), globular, woody, in clusters from the same +bract. Wood white and soft; inner bark very fibrous and tough. + + * Flowers with petal-like scales among the stamens; American + species. (=A.=) + + =A.= Leaves very large, 6 to 8 in. 3. + + =A.= Leaves medium, 4 to 6 in. 1. + + =A.= Leaves small, 2 to 3 in. 2. + + * Flowers with no petal-like scales among the stamens. 4. + +[Illustration: T. Americana.] + +1. =Tilia Americana=, L. (BASSWOOD. WHITEWOOD. LINDEN.) Leaves large, 4 +to 6 in. long, green and smooth, or very nearly so, thickish. Fruit +ovoid, somewhat ribbed, 1/4 in. broad, greenish when ripe in October, on +a bract which is usually tapering to the base. Tall tree, 60 to 80 ft. +high, wild in rich woods and often cultivated. + +[Illustration: T. pubescens.] + +2. =Tilia pubescens=, Ait. (SMALL-LEAVED BASSWOOD.) Leaves smaller, 2 to +3 in. long, thinner and rather pubescent beneath. Fruit globose, 1/5 +in. broad, on a bract usually quite rounded at base. + +This is usually considered as a variety of the last-named species. It is +found from New York south and west. + +[Illustration: T. heterophylla.] + +3. =Tilia heterophylla=, Vent. (WHITE BASSWOOD.) Leaves large, often 8 +in. broad, smooth and bright green above, silvery white and downy +beneath, with darker, purplish veins. A large tree; wild in +Pennsylvania, west and south, and often cultivated. + +[Illustration: T. Europaea.] + +4. =Tilia Europaea=, Mill. (EUROPEAN LINDEN.) Leaves twice as long as +the petioles, and smooth except a woolly tuft in the axils of the veins +beneath. Small and large leaved varieties are in cultivation. The +flowers have no petal-like scales among the stamens, while the American +species have. An ornamental tree with dense foliage; often cultivated +from Europe. The twigs are more numerous and more slender than those of +the American species. Nearly a score of named varieties are in +cultivation. Var. _laciniata_ has deeply cut and twisted leaves. + + +ORDER =IX. RUTACEAE.= (RUE FAMILY.) + +Shrubs and trees, rarely herbs, in most cases with transparent-dotted, +heavy-scented foliage. A rather large order in warm climates. + + +GENUS =12. XANTHOXYLUM.= + +Shrubs or trees with mostly odd-pinnate, alternate leaves. The stem and +often the leaflets prickly; flowers small, greenish or whitish; fruit +dry, thick pods, with 1 to 2 seeds. + +[Illustration: X. Americanum.] + +1. =Xanthoxylum Americanum=, Mill. (NORTHERN PRICKLY-ASH. +TOOTHACHE-TREE.) Leaves and flowers in sessile, axillary, umbellate +clusters; leaflets 5 to 9, ovate-oblong, downy when young. Flowers +appear before the leaves. Shrub, scarcely at all tree-like, with bark, +leaves, and pods very pungent and aromatic. Common north, and sometimes +cultivated. + +[Illustration: X. Clava Hercules.] + +2. =Xanthoxylum Clava Hercules=, L. (SOUTHERN PRICKLY-ASH.) Leaflets 7 +to 17, ovate to ovate-oblong, oblique at base, shining above. Flowers +appear after the leaves. A small tree with very sharp prickles. Sandy +coast of Virginia and southward; occasionally cultivated in the north. + + +GENUS =13. PTELEA.= + +Shrub with compound leaves of three leaflets, greenish-white flowers in +terminal cymes, and 2-seeded fruit with a broad-winged margin, somewhat +like the Elm, only larger. + +[Illustration: P. trifoliata.] + +=Ptelea trifoliata=, L. (HOP-TREE. SHRUBBY TREFOIL.) Leaflets ovate, +pointed, downy when young. Flowers with a disagreeable odor; fruit +bitter, somewhat like hops. A tall shrub, often, when cultivated, +trimmed into a tree-like form. Wild, in rocky places, in southern New +York and southward. + + +GENUS =14. PHELLODENDRON.= + +Leaves opposite, odd-pinnate. Flowers dioecious; so only a portion of +the trees bear the small, odoriferous, 5-seeded, drupe-like fruit. + +[Illustration: P. Amurense.] + +=Phellodendron Amurense.= (CHINESE CORK-TREE.) Leaves opposite, +odd-pinnate, 1 1/2 to 3 ft. long; leaflets 9 to many, lanceolate, +sharply serrate, long-acuminate. Flowers inconspicuous, dioecious, in +loose-spreading clusters at the ends of the branches. The pistillate +flowers form small, black, pea-shaped fruit, in loose, grape-like +clusters, thickly covered with glands containing a bitter, aromatic oil, +and remaining on the tree in winter. Medium-sized tree (20 to 40 ft.), +with Ailanthus-like leaves which turn bright red in autumn, and remain +long on the tree. Hardy as far north as central Massachusetts. + + +ORDER =X. MELIACEAE.= (MELIA FAMILY.) + +Tropical trees, including the Mahogany; represented in the south by the +following: + + +GENUS =15. MELIA.= + +Trees with alternate, bipinnate leaves. The flowers are conspicuous and +beautiful, in large panicles, in the spring. Fruit in large clusters of +berry-like drupes, with a 5-celled stone. + +[Illustration: M. Azedarach.] + +=Melia Azedarach, L.= (CHINA-TREE. PRIDE OF INDIA.) Leaves very large, +doubly pinnate, with many obliquely lance-ovate, acuminate, smooth, +serrate leaflets. Flowers small, lilac-colored, deliciously fragrant, in +large axillary clusters. Fruit globular, as large as cherries, yellow +when ripe in autumn; hanging on through the winter. A rather small (20 +to 40 ft. high), rapidly growing, round-headed, popular shade-tree in +the south, and hardy as far north as Virginia. Introduced from Persia. + + +GENUS =16. CEDRELA.= + +Leaves large, alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnate. Flowers with separate +petals, fragrant, white, in large clusters. Fruit 5-celled dehiscent +pods, with many pendulous, winged seeds. + +[Illustration: C. Sinensis.] + +=Cedrela Sinensis.= (CHINESE CEDRELA.) Leaves large, odd-pinnate, +alternate, appearing much like those of the Ailanthus, but with slight +serrations near the tips of the leaflets, and no glands near the base. +Bruised leaves with a strong odor; footstalk and stout-tipped branches +with glands. Large tree, seemingly hardy in New Jersey, but dies to the +ground in winter in Massachusetts. Recently introduced from China. + + +ORDER =XI. SIMARUBACEAE.= (QUASSIA FAMILY.) + +Eastern trees and shrubs, here represented by a single tree: + + +GENUS =17. AILANTHUS.= + +Large trees to shrubs, with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves. Flowers +small, greenish, in large terminal panicles. Fruit broadly winged, like +the Ash, but with the seed in the center. + +[Illustration: A. glandulosus.] + +=Ailanthus glandulosus=, Desf. (TREE OF HEAVEN.) Leaves very large, 2 to +5 ft. long on the younger growths; leaflets obliquely lanceolate, +coarsely toothed at the base, with a gland on the lower side at the +point of each tooth; point of leaflets entire. Young twigs thick, rusty +brown; buds very small in the axils. Only some of the trees have fruit, +as some have only staminate flowers. The staminate flowers are very +ill-scented. A rapid-growing tree, with useful hard wood; cultivated and +naturalized; hardy throughout. See page 10. + + +ORDER =XII. ILICINEAE.= (HOLLY FAMILY.) + +A small order of trees and shrubs, including for our purpose only one +genus: + + +GENUS =18. ILEX.= + +Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, thick, mostly evergreen leaves. +Flowers rather inconspicuous, mostly in clusters. Fruit berry-like, +small (1/4 to 1/2 in.), with 4 to 6 nutlets; hanging on the plants late +in the autumn or through the winter. + + * Leaves evergreen. (=A.=) + + =A.= Leaves with spiny teeth 1. + + =A.= No spiny teeth 2. + + * Leaves deciduous 3. + +[Illustration: I. opaca.] + +1. =Ilex opaca=, Ait. (AMERICAN HOLLY.) Leaves evergreen, oval, acute, +thick, smooth, with scattered spiny teeth. Flowers white; May. The +bright-red berries, found only on some of the trees, remain on through +the greater part of the winter. Small tree, 15 to 40 ft. high, with very +hard white wood; wild in southern New England and southward. A beautiful +broad-leaved, evergreen tree which should be more extensively +cultivated. North of latitude 41 deg. it needs a protected situation. + +[Illustration: I. Dahoon.] + +2. =Ilex Dahoon=, Walt. (DAHOON HOLLY.) Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, +evergreen, oblanceolate or oblong, entire or sharply serrate toward the +apex, with revolute margins, not spiny. Young branches and lower +surface of the leaves, especially on the midrib, pubescent. Small tree, +10 to 30 ft. high; Virginia and south, with very hard, white, +close-grained wood. Rarely cultivated. + +[Illustration: I. monticola.] + +3. =Ilex monticola=, Gray. Leaves deciduous, ovate to lance-oblong, 3 to +5 in. long, taper-pointed, thin, smooth, sharply serrate. Fruit red, on +short stems, with the seeds many-ribbed on the back. Usually a shrub but +sometimes tree-like; damp woods in the Catskills and in the Alleghany +Mountains. + + +ORDER =XIII. CELASTRACEAE.= + +Shrubs with simple leaves and small, regular flowers, forming a fruit +with ariled seeds. + + +GENUS =19. EUONYMUS.= + +Shrubs somewhat tree-like, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite, serrate +leaves, and loose cymes of angular fruit which bursts open in the +autumn. + +[Illustration: E. atropurpureus.] + +1. =Euonymus atropurpureus=, Jacq. (BURNING-BUSH. WAHOO.) Leaves +petioled, oval-oblong, pointed; parts of the dark-purple flowers +commonly in fours; pods smooth, deeply lobed, when ripe, cinnamon in +color and very ornamental. Tall shrub, 6 to 20 ft. high; wild in +Wisconsin to New York, and southward; often cultivated. + +[Illustration: E. Europaeus.] + +2. =Euonymus Europaeus=, L. (EUROPEAN SPINDLE-TREE OR BURNING-BUSH.) +Leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate, smooth; flowers and fruit commonly in +threes on compressed stems; fruit usually 4-lobed, the lobes acute; +flowers greenish-white; May; fruit abundant, scarlet, ripe in +September. Generally a shrub, though sometimes tall enough (4 to 20 +ft.) and trimmed so as to appear tree-like; twigs smooth, green or +reddish-green. Extensively cultivated; from Europe. + + +ORDER =XIV. RHAMNACEAE.= + +(BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) + +An order mainly of shrubs, but including in the north-eastern United +States two or three small trees. + + +GENUS =20. RHAMNUS.= + +Shrubs or small trees with deciduous (rarely evergreen), usually +alternate (rarely opposite), pinnately veined leaves. Flowers small, +4-parted, inconspicuous, in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Fruit +berry-like, with 2 to 4 seed-like nuts. + + * Branches terminating in thorns 1. + + * Plant without thorns. (=A.=) + + =A.= Leaves deciduous 2. + + =A.= Leaves evergreen 3. + +[Illustration: R. cathartica.] + +1. =Rhamnus cathartica, L.= (COMMON BUCKTHORN.) Leaves ovate, minutely +serrate, alternate or many of them opposite; branchlets terminating in +thorns. Flowers greenish. Fruit globular, 1/3 in. in diameter, black +with a green juice, and 3 or 4 seeds; ripe in September. A shrub or +small tree, 10 to 15 ft. high, from Europe; cultivated for hedges, and +found wild in a few places, where it forms a small tree. + +[Illustration: R. Caroliniana.] + +2. Rhamnus Caroliniana, Walt. (CAROLINA BUCKTHORN.) Leaves 3 to 5 in. +long, alternate, oblong, wavy and obscurely serrulate, nearly smooth, on +slender pubescent petioles. Flowers greenish, 5-parted, solitary or in +umbellate clusters in the axils. Fruit berry-like, globular, the size of +peas, 3-seeded, black when ripe in September. A thornless shrub or small +tree, 5 to 20 ft. high. New Jersey, south and west. Usually a shrub +except in the Southern States. + +[Illustration: R. Californicus.] + +3. =Rhamnus Californicus=, Esch. (CALIFORNIA BUCKTHORN.) Leaves +evergreen, oval-oblong to elliptical, 1 to 4 in. long, rather obtuse, +sometimes acute, generally rounded at base, serrulate or entire. Fruit +blackish purple, with thin pulp, 1/4 in., 2- to 3-seeded. A spreading +shrub, 5 to 18 ft. high, without thorns; from California. + + +GENUS =21. HOVENIA.= + +Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, oblique at base. Fruit an obscurely +3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-seeded pod in dichotomous clusters, both axillary +and terminal. + +[Illustration: H. dulcis] + +=Hovenia dulcis=, Thunb. Leaves long-petioled, more or less ovate to +cordate, serrate, palmately 3-ribbed, much darker on the upper surface; +both sides slightly roughened with scattered hairs. Fruit sweet, edible, +in clusters in the axils of the leaves; seeds lens-shaped, with a ridge +on the inner side. Flowers white; in July. A large, broad-topped tree, +introduced from Japan. Hardy at Washington, but dies to the ground in +the Arnold Arboretum, Massachusetts. + + +GENUS =22. ZIZYPHUS.= + +Leaves simple, alternate, deciduous, 3-ribbed. Flowers axillary, +5-petaled. Fruit fleshy, drupe-like, containing a 1- to 2-celled nut. + +[Illustration: Z. vulgaris.] + +=Zizyphus vulgaris=, Lam. (JUJUBE.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, +serrate, smooth, and glossy green on both sides, upper side quite dark; +slightly hairy beneath on the veins; prickles twin, one recurved, +sometimes none. New growth of the year green, and resembling a +once-pinnate compound leaf and usually dropping off in the autumn like +one. Leaves 10 to 20 on a twig, 2-ranked; flowers and drupes nearly +sessile in the axils; fruit small (1/4 in.), blood-red when ripe. A small +tree (10 to 30 ft. high), of recent introduction from Syria; hardy at +Philadelphia, but needing some protection at the Arnold Arboretum, +Massachusetts. + + +ORDER =XV. SAPINDACEAE.= (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) + +A large order represented in all countries, and so varied in its +characteristics as to form several sub-orders. + + +GENUS =23. AESCULUS.= + +Deciduous trees or sometimes shrubs, with opposite, palmately compound +leaves with serrated, straight-veined leaflets. Flowers usually +conspicuous in dense terminal panicles. Fruit large, leathery-coated, +often rough, with one or few large Chestnut-like but bitter seeds. Fruit +large in midsummer, hanging on the tree until frost. + + * Fruit prickly. (=A.=) + + =A.= Leaflets usually 7; flowers widely spreading 1. + + =A.= Leaflets 5-7, red-spotted and rough; flowers rosy red + _AEsculus rubicunda_ (1). + + =A.= Leaflets usually 5; flowers not much spreading 2. + + * Fruit smooth or nearly so. (=B.=) + + =B.= Flowers bright red 3. + + =B.= Flowers yellow, purplish or pinkish 4. + + =B.= Flowers white, in long, slender, erect clusters 5. + +[Illustration: AE. Hippocastanum.] + +1. =AEsculus Hippocastanum.= (COMMON HORSE-CHESTNUT.) Leaves of 7 +obovate, abruptly pointed, serrated leaflets. Flowers very showy in +large clusters, with 5 white, purple and yellow spotted, broadly +spreading petals. A variety with double flowers is in cultivation. May +or June. Fruit large, covered with prickles. Seeds large, +chestnut-colored. Tree of large size, with brown twigs; cultivated +everywhere; from Asia. + +[Illustration: AE. rubicunda.] + +_AEsculus rubicunda_ (Red-flowering Horse-chestnut) is frequent in +cultivation; leaflets 5 to 7, red-spotted and rough; flowers rosy red. +It is probably a hybrid between the common Horse-chestnut and one of the +Buckeyes. + +[Illustration: AE glabra.] + +2. =AEsculus glabra=, Willd. (OHIO BUCKEYE.) Leaves with 5 oval-oblong, +acuminate, serrate, smooth leaflets. Flowers not showy, yellowish-white, +with 4 somewhat irregular, slightly spreading petals. June. Fruit small, +1 in. in diameter, covered with prickles, at least when young; ripe in +autumn. Small to large tree, wild in the basin of the Ohio River, along +river-banks. Sometimes cultivated. + +[Illustration: AE. Pavia.] + +3. =AEsculus Pavia=, L. (RED BUCKEYE.) Leaves of 5 to 7 +oblong-lanceolate, finely serrate, generally smooth leaflets, of a +shining green color, with purple veins and petioles. Flowers (corolla +and calyx) bright red, with included stamens; corolla of 4 petals, not +spreading; calyx tubular. Fruit smooth, oblong-obovate, 1 in. long. +Small tree or shrub, 10 to 20 ft. high, with purple twigs. Virginia west +and south, and occasionally cultivated throughout. + +[Illustration: AE. flava.] + +4. =AEsculus flava=, Ait. (SWEET BUCKEYE.) Leaves with 5 to 7 serrulate, +elliptical, acuminate leaflets, usually smooth, sometimes minutely +pubescent beneath; the pubescent petiole flattish toward the base. +Flowers yellow, not spreading. Spring. Fruit globose, uneven but not +prickly, 2 in. in diameter. Seeds large (1 in.), 1 or 2 in number, +mahogany-colored; ripe in autumn. Often a large tree, sometimes only a +shrub, 6 to 70 ft. high, in rich woods; Virginia to Indiana, and +southward. Cultivated occasionally throughout. + +Var. _purpurascens_ of this species has flesh-colored or dull-purple +flowers, and leaflets quite downy beneath. + +[Illustration: AE. macrostachya.] + +5. AEsculus macrostachya, Mx. (LONG-RACEMED BUCKEYE.) Leaflets 5 to 7, +ovate, acuminate, serrate, velvety with hairs beneath. Flowers white, in +long, slender, erect clusters; July; petals 4, spreading; stamens very +long. A beautiful, widely spreading shrub. 5 to 18 ft. high; from the +Southern States; often cultivated. Probably hardy throughout. + + +GENUS =24. KOELREUTERIA.= + +A small tree with alternate, once to twice irregularly pinnate leaves +with many coarsely toothed leaflets. Flowers conspicuous, yellow, in +terminal panicles. In summer. Fruit rounded, bladdery, 3-celled, +few-seeded pods; ripe in autumn. + +[Illustration: K. paniculata.] + +=Koelreuteria paniculata=, Laxm. Leaflets thin and very irregularly +toothed. Clusters 6 to 12 in. long, of many irregular flowers, 1/2 in. +wide; through the summer. Fruit an ovate, bladdery capsule, ripening in +autumn. A fine, small, round-headed tree, 20 to 40 ft. high; from China. +Probably hardy throughout. + + +GENUS =25. ACER.= + +Trees, or rarely shrubs, with simple, opposite, and almost always +palmately lobed leaves, which, in our species, are always deciduous. +Flowers small and usually dull-colored, in clusters. Fruit double-winged +and 2-seeded, in some species hanging on the tree till the leaves have +fallen; in others dropping off early in the spring. The species differ +much in the spreading of the wings of the fruit. Wood light-colored and +medium hard; bark rather smoothish, but in large trees with longitudinal +cracks. + + * Leaves slightly or not lobed 13. + + * Leaves about 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed); shrubs or small trees. + (=A.=) + + =A.= Leaves serrate 1, 2. + + =A.= Leaves somewhat sinuate, not at all serrate; juice milky. 10. + + * Leaves 5-, rarely 3-lobed. (=B.=) + + =B.= The lobes acute, irregularly but quite fully serrate; + juice not milky. (=C.=) + + =C.= The fruit in corymbs, dropping early; American + species. (=D.=) + + =D.= Leaf-notches somewhat rounded; tree large; limbs + drooping on old trees 3. + + =D.= Leaf-notches acute; tree small 4. + + =C.= Fruit in hanging racemes, remaining on the tree till + autumn; leaves thickish 5. + + =B.= The lobes acute; sparingly or not at all serrate. (=E.=) + + =E.= Juice not milky 6. + + =E.= Juice milky at the bases of the leaves 8, 9. + + =B.= The lobes obtuse and sinuate 10. + + * Leaves 5- to 7-lobed. (=F.=) + + =F.= Lobes fully serrate 11. + + =F.= Lobes sparingly serrate. (=G.=) + + =G.= Juice milky 8, 9. + + =G.= Juice not milky; leaves 8 to 10 in. broad 7. + + =F.= Lobes somewhat sinuate, not serrate; juice milky 10. + + * Leaves with 7 or more lobes 11, 12. + +[Illustration: A. spicatum.] + +1. =Acer spicatum=, Lam. (MOUNTAIN MAPLE.) Leaves with 3 (rarely 5) +coarsely serrated, taper-pointed lobes, with slightly cordate base; +downy beneath. Flowers greenish-yellow, in erect, slender racemes or +panicles, blooming in June. Wings of the small fruit at about a right +angle. Small tree, 6 to 10 ft. high, or usually a shrub, with brown +twigs. Native; growing in moist woods; rarely cultivated. + +[Illustration: A. Pennsylvanicum.] + +2. =Acer Pennsylvanicum=, L. (STRIPED MAPLE.) Leaves large, thin, +3-lobed at the end, cordate at base, finely and sharply doubly serrate. +Flowers greenish, in drooping, elongated, loose racemes appearing after +the leaves in spring. Fruit with large diverging wings. A small, slender +tree, with light green bark striped with dark red. Wild throughout and +cultivated. + +[Illustration: A. dasycarpum.] + +3. =Acer dasycarpum=, Ehrh. (SILVER OR WHITE MAPLE.) Leaves large, +truncated at base, 5-lobed, with blunt notches, the lobes irregularly +serrated and notched, silvery white, and, when young, downy beneath. +Flowers light yellowish-purple, preceding the leaves, in crowded umbels +along the branches. Wings of fruit large and forming about a right +angle; ripe early in June. A rather large, rapidly growing, and usually +somewhat weeping tree, with soft white wood. Special cut-leaved and +weeping varieties are sold at the nurseries. Wild along river-banks, and +extensively cultivated in the streets of cities. + +[Illustration: A. rubrum.] + +4. =Acer rubrum=, L. (RED MAPLE.) Leaves cordate at base and cleft into +3 to 5 acute-notched, irregularly toothed lobes, whitish beneath, +turning a bright crimson in early autumn. Flowers usually scarlet, +rarely yellowish, in close clusters along the branches, appearing before +the leaves in the spring. Fruit often reddish, small, with the wings at +about a right angle. A rather small, somewhat spreading tree with +reddish branches; wild in wet places and often cultivated. + +[Illustration: A. Pseudoplatanus.] + +5. =Acer Pseudoplatanus=, L. (SYCAMORE-MAPLE.) Leaves thickish, cordate, +downy beneath, with 5 rather crenately toothed lobes, on long, often +reddish petioles. Flowers in long pendulous racemes, appearing after the +leaves. Fruit hanging on the tree till after the leaves fall in the +autumn, the wings forming about a right angle. A rather large, spreading +tree, 30 to 80 ft. high, with reddish-brown twigs. Cultivated; from +Europe. Many varieties of this species are sold by the nurserymen; among +them may be mentioned the Purple-leaved, Golden-leaved, Silver-leaved, +Tricolored, etc. + +[Illustration: A. saccharinum.] + +6. =Acer saccharinum=, Wang. (SUGAR OR ROCK MAPLE.) Leaves deeply 3- to +5-lobed, with rounded notches; lobes acute, few-toothed; base +heart-shaped, smooth above, glaucous beneath. Flowers hanging in +umbel-like clusters at the time the leaves are expanding in the spring. +Fruit with wings not quite forming a right angle. A large (50 to 100 ft. +high), very symmetrical tree, ovate in form, with whitish-brown twigs. +Wild throughout, and extensively cultivated in the streets of cities. + +Var. _nigrum_, Torr. and Gray. (Black Sugar-maple.) Leaves scarcely +paler beneath, but often minutely downy; lobes wider, often shorter and +entire; notch at the base often closed (the under leaf in the figure). +Found with the other Sugar-maple, and quite variable. + +[Illustration: A. macrophyllum.] + +7. =Acer macrophyllum=, Ph. (LARGE-LEAVED OR CALIFORNIA MAPLE.) Leaves +very large, 8 to 10 in. broad; 5-, sometimes 7-lobed, with deep, rounded +notches; lobes themselves somewhat 3-lobed and repand-notched; pubescent +beneath. Flowers yellow, in erect panicles, fragrant, blooming after the +leaves are expanded. Fruit large, with the seeded portion hairy; wings +at about a right angle. Tree very large (100 ft. high); wood soft, +whitish, beautifully veined. Twigs brown; buds green. Cultivated; from +the Pacific coast, but not hardy north of 40 deg. N. latitude. + +[Illustration: A. platanoides.] + +8. =Acer platanoides=, L. (NORWAY MAPLE.) Leaves large, smooth, 5-, +rarely 7-cleft, with cordate base; lobes acute, with few coarse, sharp +teeth, bright green both sides. The leaves resemble those of the +Sycamore (Platanus). Flowers a little later than the leaves in spring, +in stalked corymbs, less drooping than the Sugar-maple (No. 6). Fruit +with wings diverging in a straight line. A medium-sized, broad, rounded +tree with brown twigs and milky juice, best seen at the bases of the +young leaves. Cultivated throughout. + +[Illustration: A. Laetum.] + +9. =Acer Laetum.= (COLCHICUM-LEAVED MAPLE.) Leaves 5- to 7-lobed, +scarcely heart-shaped at base, smooth and green on both sides; juice +milky; the lobes usually without any notches or irregularities, +sometimes with about three winding sinuations. Flowers in erect corymbs. +Differs from Acer platanoides in having the lobes of the leaves more +nearly entire, and the fruit much smaller with wings not so broadly +spreading. + +[Illustration: A. campestre.] + +10. =Acer campestre=, L. (ENGLISH OR CORK-BARK MAPLE.) Leaves cordate, +with usually 5 roundish lobes, sparingly crenate or rather undulated; +juice milky. Racemes of flowers erect, appearing after the leaves in +spring. Wings of the fruit broadly spreading; fruit ripening very late. +A low (15 to 30 ft. high), round-headed tree, with the twigs and smaller +branches covered with corky bark. Occasionally cultivated; from Europe. + +Var. _variegatum_ has white blotched leaves. + +[Illustration: A. palmatum.] + +11. =Acer palmatum=, Thunb. (PALMATE-LEAVED JAPAN MAPLE.) Leaves small, +smooth, palmately parted into 5 to 9 quite regularly serrated lobes. +Flowers in small umbels. A very low tree, almost a shrub; cultivated; +from Japan; probably hardy throughout. There are a great number of Japan +Maples, many of them probably varieties of this species, others hybrids. +The leaves of some are so divided and dissected as to form merely a +fringe or feather. In color they range from pure green to the richest +reds. + +[Illustration: A. circinatum.] + +12. =Acer circinatum=, Pursh. (ROUND-LEAVED OR VINE MAPLE.) Leaves +orbicular, with 7 to 11 serrated, acute lobes, a heart-shaped base, +reddish-green color, and both surfaces smooth. Corymbs of purplish +flowers, small and hanging on long peduncles; appearing after the +leaves. Wings of the fruit diverging in a straight line. A small tree or +tall shrub, 10 to 30 ft. high, of spreading habit, with smooth bark, and +pale brown twigs; cultivated; from the Pacific coast of North America. + +[Illustration: A. Tartaricum.] + +13. =Acer Tartaricum=, L. (TARTARIAN MAPLE.) Leaves ovate, slightly +cordate, rarely lobed, serrated, light-colored, expanding very early in +the spring. Panicle of greenish-yellow flowers erect, blooming after the +leaves have expanded. Wings of the fruit parallel or sometimes touching. +A small tree, sometimes shrubby in growth, of irregular form, with brown +twigs; rarely cultivated; from Europe. + + +GENUS =26. NEGUNDO.= + +Leaves pinnate, of 3 to 5 leaflets. Flowers rather inconspicuous. Fruit +a two-winged key as in Acer, in drooping racemes. + +[Illustration: N. aceroides.] + +=Negundo aceroides=, Moench. (ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. BOX-ELDER.) Leaves +pinnate, of 3 to 5 (rarely 7) coarsely and sparingly toothed leaflets. +Flowers staminate and pistillate on separate trees, in drooping clusters +rather earlier than the leaves. Fruit on only a portion of the trees; +wings forming less than a right angle. A rather small (30 to 60 ft. +high), rapidly growing tree, with light pea-green twigs; wild from +Pennsylvania and south, and cultivated throughout. + +Var. _Californicum_, Torr. and Gray (the under drawing in the figure), +has leaflets more deeply cut, thicker, and quite hairy; it is +occasionally cultivated. + + +ORDER =XVI. ANACARDIACEAE.= + +(CASHEW FAMILY.) + +Trees and shrubs, mainly of the tropical regions, here represented by +only one genus: + + +GENUS =27. RHUS.= + +Low trees or shrubs with acrid, often poisonous, usually milky juice, +and dotless, alternate, usually pinnately compound leaves. Flowers +greenish-white or yellowish, in large terminal panicles. Fruit small +(1/8 in.), indehiscent, dry drupes in large clusters, generally +remaining on through the autumn. + + * Leaves simple, rounded, entire 6, 7. + + * Leaves once-pinnate. (=A.=) + + =A.= Twigs very hairy; rachis not winged; leaflets 11 to 31 1. + + =A.= Twigs downy; rachis wing-margined; leaflets entire or + nearly so 3. + + =A.= Twigs smooth. (=B.=) + + =B.= Rachis of leaf broadly winged; leaflets serrate 5. + + =B.= Rachis not winged. (=C.=) + + =C.= Leaflets 11 to 31, serrate; fruit hairy 2. + + =C.= Leaflets 7 to 13, entire; fruit smooth; poisonous 4. + + * Leaves twice-pinnate; variety under 2. + +[Illustration: R. typhina.] + +1. =Rhus typhina=, L. (STAG-HORN SUMAC.) Leaflets 11 to 31, +oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate (rarely laciniate), pale beneath. +Branches and footstalks densely hairy. Fruit globular, in large, dense, +erect panicles, covered with crimson hairs. Shrub or tree, 10 to 30 ft. +high. It is very common along fences and on hillsides. The wood is +orange-colored and brittle. + +[Illustration: R. glabra.] + +2. =Rhus glabra=, L. (SMOOTH SUMAC.) Leaflets 11 to 31, +lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate, smooth, glaucous white beneath. +Branches not hairy. Fruit globular, in a rather open, spreading cluster, +covered densely with crimson hairs. A shrubby plant, 2 to 12 ft. high, +found quite abundantly in rocky or barren soil throughout. + +[Illustration: R. laciniata.] + +Var. _laciniata_ is frequently planted for ornament. It has very +irregularly twice-pinnate leaves drooping gracefully from the branches. + +[Illustration: R. copallina.] + +3. =Rhus copallina=, L. (DWARF MOUNTAIN SUMAC.) Branches and stalks +downy; leafstalk wing-margined between the 9 to 21 oblong-lanceolate, +usually entire leaflets, which are oblique at base and smooth and +shining above. Wild in rocky hills throughout; often cultivated. North, +a beautiful shrub; south, a tree. 2 to 25 ft. high. + +[Illustration: R. venenata.] + +4. =Rhus venenata=, DC. (POISON-SUMAC. POISON-DOGWOOD. POISON-ELDER.) +Leaflets 7 to 13, obovate-oblong, entire, abruptly pointed, smooth or +nearly so. Fruit small, globular, smooth, dun-colored, in loose +axillary panicles hanging on late in winter; the stone striate. This is +a very poisonous species (to the touch), 6 to 18 ft. high, growing in +swamps. Rarely at all tree-like. + +[Illustration: R. Osbeckii.] + +5. =Rhus Osbeckii=, DC. (CHINESE SUMAC.) Leaves very large, pinnate, +assuming in autumn a rich reddish-fawn or orange color; the leafstalk +broadly winged between the leaflets; leaflets serrate. A small +ornamental tree, 10 to 25 ft. high; cultivated; from China; quite hardy +in the Northern States. + +[Illustration: R. Cotinus.] + +6. =Rhus Cotinus=, L. (SMOKE-TREE. VENETIAN SUMAC.) Leaves smooth, +obovate, entire, on slender petioles. Flowers greenish, minute, in +terminal or axillary panicles. Fruit seldom found. Usually most of the +flowers are abortive, while their pedicels lengthen, branch, and form +long feather-like hairs, making large cloud-like branches that look +somewhat like smoke (whence the name). A shrub or small tree, 6 to 10 +ft. high, often planted for ornament; from Europe. + +[Illustration: R. cotinoides.] + +7. =Rhus cotinoides=, Nutt. (AMERICAN SMOKE-TREE.) Leaves thin, oval, +obtuse, entire, acute at base, 3 to 6 in. long, smooth or nearly so. +Flowers and fruit like those of the cultivated species (Rhus Cotinus). A +tree 20 to 40 ft. high; stem sometimes a foot or more in diameter in the +Southern States; wild in Tennessee, west and south. Rare in +cultivation. + + +ORDER =XVII. LEGUMINOSAE.= (PULSE FAMILY.) + +A very large order of plants, mainly herbaceous; found in all climates. +A few are shrubby, and others are from small to large trees. + + +GENUS =28. LABURNUM.= + +Low trees or shrubs with alternate, palmate leaves of three leaflets. +Flowers conspicuous, pea-blossom-shaped, in long hanging racemes, in +late spring. Fruit pea-pod-shaped, dark brown, and many-seeded; ripe in +autumn. + +[Illustration: L. vulgare.] + +=Laburnum vulgare.= (LABURNUM. GOLDEN-CHAIN. BEAN-TREFOIL TREE.) Leaves +petiolate, with 3 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, pubescent beneath. Flowers +bright yellow, nearly 1 in. long, in long (1 ft.), pendulous, simple +racemes; in late spring. Pods 2 in. long, linear, many-seeded, covered +with closely appressed pubescence; one edge thick; ripe in autumn. A +low, very ornamental tree, 10 to 20 ft. high, often cultivated; from +Switzerland. Varieties with reddish, purple, and white flowers are also +in cultivation. + +Var. _alpinus_ has smooth pods. + + +GENUS =29. CARAGANA.= + +Leaves alternate, deciduous, abruptly once-pinnate; leaflets mucronate; +stipules usually spinescent. Flowers pea-flower-shaped, mostly yellow. +Trees or shrubs of Asia. + +[Illustration: C. arborescens.] + +=Caragana arborescens=, Larn. (PEA-TREE.) Leaves with 4 to 6 pairs of +oval-oblong, mucronate-pointed, hairy leaflets; petioles unarmed; +stipules spinescent. Flowers yellow, blooming in May. Pods brown, ripe +in August. A low, stiff, erect tree, 10 to 15 ft. high; in poor soil a +bush. From Siberia; frequent in cultivation. + + +GENUS =30. CLADRASTIS.= + +Small tree with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves, the base of the petiole +hollow, and inclosing the leaf-buds of the next year. Flowers large, +pea-blossom-like in shape, in large clusters. Fruit pea-pod-like in +shape and size. Wood light yellow, firm and hard. + +[Illustration: C. tinctoria.] + +=Cladrastis tinctoria=, Raf. (YELLOW-WOOD.) Leaflets 7 to 11, oval to +ovate, 3 to 4 in. long, beautiful light green in color. Flowers 1 in. +long, white, not so fragrant as the common Locust, in hanging panicles +10 to 20 in. long; blooming in June. Pods 2 in. long, ripe in August. +Wild but rare in Kentucky and south. A beautiful tree, 20 to 50 ft. +high, with very smooth grayish bark; rarely cultivated. + + +GENUS =31. ROBINIA.= + +Trees or shrubs with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves, having spines on +each side of the stalk in place of stipules. Leafstalk thickened near +the base, and covering 2 to 3 buds for the growth of a branch for the +next year. An axillary bud also found that may produce a branch the same +year as the leaf. Flowers large, pea-blossom-shaped, in large clusters. +Fruit a pea-shaped pod. + + * Branchlets and leafstalks not sticky 1. + + * Branchlets and leafstalks sticky 2. + +[Illustration: R. Pseudacacia.] + +1. =Robinia Pseudacacia=, L. (COMMON LOCUST.) Leaflets 9 to 19, small, +oblong-ovate, entire, thin. Twigs purplish-brown, slender, smooth, not +sticky. Flowers white, fragrant, in hanging racemes, 3 to 6 in. long. +June. Pods flat, smooth, purplish-brown, ripe in September. An +irregularly growing, slender tree, 70 to 80 ft. high, with white or +greenish-yellow, very durable wood, and on old trees very rough bark +with long, deep furrows. Native; Pennsylvania, west and south, and +extensively planted and naturalized throughout. A number of varieties, +some of which are thornless, are in cultivation. + +[Illustration: R. viscosa.] + +2. =Robinia viscosa=, Vent. (CLAMMY LOCUST.) Leaflets 11 to 25, +ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly heart-shaped at base, tipped with a +short bristle. Twigs and leafstalks sticky to the touch. Flowers in a +short, rather compact, upright raceme, rose-colored and inodorous. A +small tree, 30 to 40 ft. high; native south, and has been quite +extensively cultivated north. + +3. =Robinia hispida=, L. (BRISTLY LOCUST. ROSE-ACACIA.), with bristly +leafstalks and branchlets, and large rose-colored flowers, is only a +bush. Often cultivated. Wild from Virginia and south. + + +GENUS =32. CERCIS.= + +Small trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple, heart-shaped leaves. +Flowers in umbel-like clusters along the branches, appearing before the +leaves, and shaped like pea-blossoms. Fruit pea-like pods, remaining on +the tree throughout the year. Wood hard, heavy, and beautifully blotched +or waved with black, green, and yellow, on a gray ground. + +[Illustration: C. Canadensis.] + +1. =Cercis Canadensis=, L. (JUDAS-TREE. REDBUD.) Leaves acutely pointed, +smooth, dark green, glossy. Flowers bright red-purple. Pods nearly +sessile, 3 to 4 in. long, brown when ripe in August. A small ornamental +tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, with smooth bark and hard apple-tree-like wood; +wild from Central New York southward, and often cultivated. + +2. =Cercis siliquastrum= (EUROPEAN JUDAS-TREE.), from Europe, with +obtusely pointed, somewhat kidney-shaped leaves, and white to purple +flowers, is sometimes cultivated. It is not so tall or tree-like as the +American species. + + +GENUS =33. GYMNOCLADUS.= + +Tall trees with alternate, very large (2 to 4 ft. long), unequally +twice-pinnate leaves. Flowers white, conspicuous, in racemes at the ends +of the branches. Fruit a large pea-like pod. Some trees are without +fruit through the abortion of the pistils. + +[Illustration: G. Canadensis.] + +=Gymnocladus Canadensis=, Lam. (KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE.) Leaves 2 to 3 ft. +long, often with the lower pinnae simple and the upper pinnate. Leaflets +ovate, of a dull bluish-green color. Shoots cane-like, blunt and stubby, +quite erect. Bark exceedingly rough. Pod large, 6 to 10 in. long, 2 in. +broad, with seeds over 1/2 in. across. A large (50 to 80 ft. high) tree +with compact, tough, reddish wood. Wild from western New York +southwestward, and occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree. + + +GENUS =34. GLEDITSCHIA.= + +Usually thorny trees with alternate, once to twice abruptly pinnate +leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish, in small spikes. Summer. Fruit +a small or large pea-like pod, with one to many seeds; ripe in autumn, +but often hanging on the trees through the winter. + +[Illustration: G. triacanthos.] + +1. =Gleditschia triacanthos=, L. (HONEY-LOCUST.) Leaflets +lanceolate-oblong, somewhat serrate. Pods linear, 1 to 1 1/2 ft. long, +often twisted, filled with sweet pulp between the seeds. A large, +handsome, clean tree, with usually many stout, much-branched thorns, +especially abundant on bruised portions of the trunk and large branches; +thorns compressed at base. Wild from Pennsylvania southward and +westward, and extensively cultivated throughout. + +A variety without thorns is frequently met with (var. _inermis_), also +one with drooping foliage (var. _Bujotii pendula_). + +[Illustration: G. aquatica.] + +2. =Gleditschia aquatica=, Marsh. (WATER-LOCUST.) Leaflets ovate or +oblong. Pods oval, 1 to 4 in. long, 1- to few-seeded, without pulp. A +small tree with few slender, usually simple thorns; in swamps in +southern Illinois and south. Occasionally planted for ornament. This +species is quite similar to the preceding one, but the leaves are +somewhat smaller, the thorns, though occasionally branching, do not +branch so extensively, and the pod is very short and rounded. + +[Illustration: G. sinensis.] + +3. =Gleditschia sinensis=, Lam. (CHINESE HONEY-LOCUST.) A tree with +stouter and more conical thorns, broader and more oval leaflets. A +medium-sized or small tree, often cultivated. This species, like the +others, has a thornless variety. + + +GENUS =35. ALBIZZIA.= + +Trees or shrubs with abruptly pinnate leaves. Fruit a broad-linear +straight pod. + +[Illustration: A. julibrissin.] + +=Albizzia julibrissin=, Boivin. (SILK-TREE.) Leaves twice abruptly +pinnate, of many (over 400) leaflets; leaflets semi-oblong, curved, +entire, acute, with the midrib near the upper edge. Flowers in globose +heads forming panicles. Fruit plain pods on short stems. A very +beautiful small tree, introduced from Japan; probably not hardy north of +Washington. The figure shows only one of the lowest and shortest side +divisions (pinnae) of the leaf. The pinnae increase in length and number +of leaflets to the end of the leaf. + + +ORDER =XVIII. ROSACEAE.= (ROSE FAMILY.) + +A large and very useful order of trees, shrubs, and herbs of temperate +regions. + + +GENUS =36. PRUNUS.= + +Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, deciduous, usually serrate, +stipulate leaves, without lobes. The stems produce gum when injured. +Foliage and nuts have flavor of peach-leaves. Flowers conspicuous, +usually white, or light pink, often in clusters, peach-blossom-shaped; +in early spring. Fruit in size from pea to peach, a rounded drupe with +one stony-coated seed. + + * Drupe large, soft velvety on the surface; stone rough (Peach, + Apricot) 1. + + * Drupe medium, covered with a bloom; stone smooth, flattened + (Plums). (=A.=) + + =A.= Usually thorny; wild, rarely cultivated. (=B.=) + + =B.= Leaves acuminate 2, 3. + + =B.= Leaves not acuminate 4, 5. + + =A.= Not thorny; cultivated 6. + + * Drupe medium to small, smooth, without bloom (Cherries). + (=C.=) + + =C.= Drupes clustered in umbels, 1/2-1 in. in diameter. (=D.=) + + =D.= Small cultivated tree; drupe globose, rather large, + very sour 9. + + =D.= Large cultivated tree; drupe large, somewhat pitted + at the stem 8. + + =D.= Rather small, native tree; drupe small, flesh thin 7. + + =C.= Drupes clustered in racemes, 1/8 - 1/3 in. in diameter. + (=E.=) + + =E.= Tall shrubs rather than trees; racemes short 11. + + =E.= Trees; racemes quite elongated. (=F.=) + + =F.= Stone of fruit somewhat roughened 12. + + =F.= Stone smooth 10. + +[Illustration: P. Persica.] + +1. =Prunus Persica=, L. (COMMON PEACH.) Leaves lanceolate, serrate. +Flowers rose-colored, nearly sessile, very early in bloom. Fruit clothed +with velvety down, large; stone rough-wrinkled. A small tree, 15 to 30 +ft. high, cultivated in numberless varieties for its fruit. Var. _laevis_ +(Nectarine) has smooth-skinned fruit. + +[Illustration: P. Americana.] + +2. =Prunus Americana=, Marsh. (WILD YELLOW OR RED PLUM.) Leaves ovate or +somewhat obovate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely or doubly serrate, +very veiny, smooth when mature. Fruit with little or no bloom, 1/2 to 1 +in. in diameter, yellow, orange, or red; skin tough and bitter. Stone +with two sharp edges. A small, thorny tree, 8 to 20 ft. high, common in +woodlands and on river-banks. Many improved varieties, some thornless, +are in cultivation. Wood reddish color. + +[Illustration: P. Alleghaniensis.] + +3. =Prunus Alleghaniensis=, Porter. (ALLEGHANY PLUM.) Leaves lanceolate +to oblong-ovate, often long-acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, +softly pubescent when young, smooth when old; fruit globose-ovoid, under +1/2 in., very dark purple, with a bloom; stone turgid, a shallow groove +on one side and a broad, flat ridge on the other. A low, straggling bush, +occasionally a tree, 3 to 15 ft. high. Mountains of Pennsylvania. + +[Illustration: P. Chicasa.] + +4. =Prunus Chicasa=, Michx. (CHICASAW PLUM.) Leaves long, narrow, almost +lanceolate, acute, finely serrate, thin. Flowers on short stalks. Fruit +globular, 1/2 to 2/3 in. in diameter, thin-skinned, without bloom, +yellowish-red, pleasant to taste. Stone globular, without sharp edges. A +thorny shrub or small tree, 6 to 15 ft. high; wild in New Jersey, west +and south, and often cultivated. + +[Illustration: P. spinosa.] + +5. =Prunus spinosa=, L. (SLOE. BLACKTHORN. BULLACE PLUM.) Leaves +obovate-oblong to lance-oblong, sharply serrate, soon smooth; leafstalk +smooth; fruit small, globular, black, with a bloom; the stone rounded, +acute at one edge; flesh greenish, astringent. A low tree with thorny +branches; it is becoming naturalized along roadsides and waste places; +from Europe. Var. _instititia_ (Bullace Plum) is less thorny, and has +the leafstalk and lower side of the leaves pubescent. + +[Illustration: P. domestica.] + +6. =Prunus domestica=, L. (COMMON GARDEN PLUM.) Leaves 1 to 3 in. long, +oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute to obtuse. Flowers white, nearly +solitary. Drupe globular, obovoid to ovoid, of many colors (black, +white, etc.), covered with a rich glaucous bloom. A small tree, 10 to 20 +ft. high, in cultivation everywhere for its fruit. Over a hundred +varieties are named in the catalogues. + +[Illustration: P. Pennsylvanica.] + +7. =Prunus Pennsylvanica=, L. f. (WILD RED CHERRY.) Leaves +oblong-lanceolate, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, shining green, +smooth on both sides. Flowers many in an umbel on long stems. Fruit +round, light red, quite small, 1/4 in. in diameter, sour. A small tree, +20 to 30 ft. high, in rocky woods; common north and extending southward +along the Alleghanies to North Carolina. + +[Illustration: P. avium.] + +8. =Prunus avium=, L. (BIRD-CHERRY OR ENGLISH CHERRY.) Leaves +oval-lanceolate, sharp-pointed, coarsely or doubly serrate. Flowers in +sessile umbels, opening when the leaves appear. Fruit of various colors, +somewhat heart-shaped. This is the Cherry tree, 30 to 50 ft. high, of +which there are many named varieties usually cultivated for the fruit. + +[Illustration: P. Cerasus.] + +9. =Prunus Cerasus=, L. (GARDEN RED CHERRY. MORELLO CHERRY.) Leaves +obovate and lance-ovate, serrate, on slender spreading branches. Flowers +rather large. Fruit globular, bright red to dark purple, very sour; in +sessile umbels. A small, round-headed tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, often +cultivated. The preceding species and this one are the parents of most +of the Cherry trees in cultivation. + +[Illustration: P. serotina.] + +10. =Prunus serotina=, Ehrh. (WILD BLACK CHERRY.) Leaves oblong or +lance-oblong, thickish, smooth, usually taper-pointed, serrate, with +incurved, short, thick teeth. Flowers in long racemes. June. Fruit as +large as peas, purple-black, bitter; ripe in autumn. A fine tree, 15 to +60 ft. high, with reddish-brown branches. Wood reddish and valuable for +cabinet-work. Common in woodlands and along fences. + +[Illustration: P. Virginiana.] + +11. =Prunus Virginiana=, L. (CHOKE-CHERRY.) Leaves thin, oval-oblong or +obovate, abruptly pointed, very sharply, often doubly serrate, with +slender teeth. Racemes of flowers and fruit short and close. Fruit dark +crimson, stone smooth. Flowers in May; fruit ripe in August; not edible +till fully ripe. A tall shrub, sometimes a tree, with grayish bark. +River-banks, common especially northward. + +[Illustration: P. Padus.] + +12. =Prunus Padus=, L. (SMALL BIRD-CHERRY.) Like Prunus Virginiana, +excepting that the racemes are longer and drooping, and the stone is +roughened. Occasionally planted for ornament. + + +GENUS =37. PYRUS.= + +Trees and shrubs, with alternate, stipulate, simple, or pinnately +compound leaves. Flowers conspicuous, white to pink, +apple-blossom-shaped (5 petals); in spring. Fruit a fleshy pome, with +the cells formed by papery or cartilaginous membranes within juicy +flesh. + + * Leaves deeply pinnatifid or fully pinnate (Mountain Ashes) + (=A.=) + + =A.= Leaf deeply pinnatifid, sometimes fully divided at + the base. 6. + + =A.= Leaf once-pinnate throughout. (=B.=) + + =B.= Leaf-buds pointed, smooth and somewhat glutinous 7. + + =B.= Leaf-buds more or less hairy 8, 9. + + * Leaves simple and not pinnatifid. (=C.=) + + =C.= Leaves entire; fruit solitary (Quinces) 5. + + =C.= Leaves serrate; fruit clustered. (=D.=) + + =D.= Fruit large, sunken at both ends (Apples) 1. + + =D.= Fruit small (1/2-1 in.), sour, much sunken at the stem end + and but little at the other (Crab-apples). (=E.=) + + =E.= Leaves very narrow; fruit 1/2 in. 2. + + =E.= Leaves broad; fruit 1 in. 3. + + =D.= Fruit usually obovate, not sunken at the stem end (Pears). 4. + +[Illustration: P. Malus.] + +1. =Pyrus Malus=, L. (COMMON APPLE-TREE.) Leaves simple, ovate, +evenly crenate or serrate, smooth on the upper surface and woolly on the +lower. Flowers large (1 in.), white, tinged with pink, in small corymbs. +May. Fruit large, sunken at both ends, especially at base; ripe from +August to October, according to variety. A flat-topped tree, 20 to 40 +ft. high, cultivated in hundreds of named varieties; from Europe. + +[Illustration: P. angustifolia.] + +2. =Pyrus angustifolia=, Ait. (NARROW-LEAVED CRAB-APPLE.) Leaves +simple, lanceolate or oblong, often acute at base, mostly serrate, +smooth. Flowers large (2/3 in.), rose-colored, fragrant, in small, +simple, umbel-like clusters. Fruit very sour, small (1/2 in.). Twigs +lead-colored and speckled. A small tree, 12 to 20 ft. high. Pennsylvania +and southward. + +[Illustration: P. coronaria.] + +3. =Pyrus coronaria=, L. (AMERICAN OR GARLAND CRAB-APPLE.) Leaves +simple, ovate, often rather heart-shaped, cut-serrate, often 3-lobed, +soon smooth. Flowers large (3/4 in.), few, in a cluster, rose-colored, +very fragrant. Fruit very sour and astringent, flattened, broad, 1 in. +or more in diameter, yellowish green. Small tree, 10 to 25 ft. high; New +York, west and south, also frequently cultivated. + +[Illustration: P. communis.] + +4. =Pyrus communis=, L. (COMMON PEAR-TREE.) Leaves simple, ovate, +serrate, smooth on both sides, at least when mature. Flowers large (over +1 in.), white, with purple anthers. April and May. Fruit large, usually +obovate and mainly sunken at the large end; ripe July to October, +according to the variety. A pyramidal-shaped tree, 30 to 70 ft. high, +with smooth bark and often somewhat thorny branches. Of several hundred +named varieties, native to Europe. Cultivated for its fruit. Wood +slightly tinged with red; strong, and of fine grain. + +[Illustration: P. vulgaris.] + +5. =Pyrus vulgaris.= (QUINCE. COMMON QUINCE-TREE.) Leaves ovate, +obtuse at base, entire, hairy beneath. Flowers solitary, large, 1 in., +white or pale rose-color. Fruit large, hard, orange-yellow, of peculiar +sour flavor; seeds mucilaginous; ripens in October. A low tree, 10 to 20 +ft. high, with a crooked stem and rambling branches; from Europe. +Several varieties in cultivation. + +[Illustration: P. pinnatifida.] + +6. =Pyrus pinnatifida=, Ehrh. (OAK-LEAVED MOUNTAIN-ASH.) Leaves +pinnately cleft and often fully pinnate at base, hairy beneath. Pome +globose, 1/4 in., scarlet, ripe in autumn. A cultivated tree, 20 to 30 +ft. high; from Europe. + +[Illustration: P. Americana.] + +7. =Pyrus Americana=, DC. (AMERICAN MOUNTAIN-ASH.) Leaflets 13 to 15, +lanceolate, bright green, nearly smooth, taper-pointed, sharply serrate +with pointed teeth. Leaf-buds pointed, glabrous and somewhat glutinous. +Flowers white, 1/3 in., in large, flat, compound cymes. In June. Fruit +berry-like pomes, the size of small peas, bright scarlet when ripe in +September, and hanging on the tree till winter. A tall shrub or tree, 15 +to 30 ft. high, in swamps and mountain woods; more abundant northward. +Often cultivated for the showy clusters of berries in autumn. + +[Illustration: P. sambucifolia.] + +8. =Pyrus sambucifolia=, Cham. & Schlecht. (ELDER-LEAVED +MOUNTAIN-ASH.) Leaflets oblong, oval or lance-ovate, obtuse (sometimes +abruptly sharp-pointed), usually doubly serrate with rather spreading +teeth, generally pale beneath. Leaf-buds somewhat hairy. Flowers and +berries larger, but in smaller clusters, than the preceding species. The +berries globose when ripe, 1/3 in. broad, bright red. This species, much +like Pyrus Americana, is found wild in northern New England and +westward. + +[Illustration: P. aucuparia.] + +9. =Pyrus aucuparia=, Gaertn. (EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN-ASH, OR ROWAN-TREE.) +Much like Pyrus Americana, but the leaflets are paler and more obtuse, +with their lower surface downy. Leaf-buds blunter and densely covered +with hairs. Flowers larger, 1/2 in. or more in diameter. Fruit also much +larger, sometimes nearly 1/2 in. in diameter. Beautiful tree, 20 to 30 ft. +high, often cultivated. + + +GENUS =38. CRATAEGUS.= + +Thorny shrubs or small trees with simple, alternate, serrate, doubly +serrate or lobed leaves. Flowers cherry-like blossoms, usually white in +color and growing in corymbs, generally on the ends of side shoots; in +spring. Fruit a berry or drupe with 1 to 5 bony stones, tipped with the +5 persistent calyx-teeth; ripe in autumn. + + * Calyx, stipules, bracts, etc., often glandular. (=A.=) + + =A.= Flowers and fruit often over 6 in a cluster. (=B.=) + + =B.= Leaves usually abrupt at base 1. + + =B.= Leaves usually attenuate at base 2. + + =A.= Flowers and fruit few, 1 to 6 in a cluster 10. + + * Calyx, etc., without glands (No. 4 has glandular teeth to the + calyx); flowers many in a cluster. (=C.=) + + =C.= Leaves more or less tapering at base. (=D.=) + + =D.= Leaves generally lobed; cultivated, rarely escaped 3. + + =D.= Leaves rarely lobed; native. (=E.=) + + =E.= Leaves small, shining, crenate at the end 5. + + =E.= Leaves villous or pubescent, at least when young 9. + + =E.= Leaves smooth or only downy at the axils, + acutely serrate. South 7. + + =C.= Leaves usually abrupt at base, sometimes cordate. (=F.=) + + =F.= Leaves downy when young. (=G.=) + + =G.= Leaves usually lobed 4. + + =G.= Leaves rarely lobed; veins very prominent 8. + + =F.= Leaves quite smooth 6. + +[Illustration: C. coccinea.] + +1. =Crataegus coccinea=, L. (SCARLET-FRUITED THORN.) Leaves bright +green, smooth, thin, roundish-ovate, sharply cut-toothed or lobed, on +slender petioles. Branches reddish, villous-pubescent; spines stout, +chestnut-brown. Flowers large, 1/2 to 2/3 in., many in a corymb, on +glandular peduncles. May to June. Fruit scarlet, round or pear-shaped, +1/2 in.; ripe in September, with from 1 to 5 cells and seeds. Tall +shrub or low tree, 10 to 25 ft. high, in hedges and woods; common from +Canada to Florida. + +Var. _mollis_ has the shoots densely pubescent; leaves large, +slender-petioled, cuneate, cordate or truncate at base, usually with +acute narrow lobes, often rough above, and more or less densely +pubescent beneath. Flowers large, 1 in.; fruit light scarlet with a +light bloom, 1 in. broad. + +[Illustration: C. Crus-galli.] + +2. =Crataegus Crus-galli=, L. (COCKSPUR THORN.) Leaves smooth, thick, +shining above, wedge-obovate, finely serrate above the middle, with a +short petiole. There are broad and narrow-leaved varieties. Flowers +large and numerous, in lateral corymbs. May to June. Fruit globular, 1/3 +in. broad, dull red; ripe in September and October. A small tree with a +flat, bushy head, horizontal branches, and long, sharp thorns. Wild and +common throughout, and often planted. + +[Illustration: C. oxyacantha.] + +3. =Crataegus oxyacantha.= (ENGLISH HAWTHORN.) Leaves obovate, smooth, +wedge-shaped at base, cut-lobed and toothed above. No glands. Flowers +medium-sized, 1/2 in., single or double, white, rose, or pink-red, +numerous in corymbs. In spring. Fruit coral-red, 1/3 in.; ripe in +autumn. A small tree or shrub, fine for lawn; from Europe; also escaped +in some places. + +[Illustration: C. apiifolia.] + +4. =Crataegus apiifolia=, Michx. (PARSLEY-LEAVED THORN.) Leaves small, +ovate, with a broad truncate or heart-shaped base, pinnatifid into 5 to +7 crowded, irregularly toothed lobes; white and soft-downy when young, +smoothish when grown; petioles slender. Flowers medium-sized, 1/2 in., +many in a corymb, white. May to June. Fruit small, 1/3 in., coral-red, +ripe in autumn. A handsome, low (10 to 20 ft. high), spreading tree, +with flexible branches and white-downy twigs. Virginia and south, in +moist woods. + +[Illustration: C. spathulata.] + +5. =Crataegus spathulata=, Michx. (SPATULATE-LEAVED THORN.) Leaves +almost evergreen, thick, shining, spatulate, crenate toward the apex and +nearly sessile, those on the young downy branches somewhat cut or lobed. +Flowers small, 1/2 in., in large clusters. May. Fruit small, 1/4 in., +bright red; ripe in October. A small tree, 12 to 25 ft. high; Virginia +and south. + +[Illustration: C. cordata.] + +6. =Crataegus cordata=, Ait. (WASHINGTON THORN.) Leaves broadly +triangular-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped, thin, deep shining green, +smooth, often 3- to 5-lobed and serrate, on slender petioles. Flowers +small, 2/5 in., many in terminal corymbs, white. May, June. Fruit +scarlet, about the size of peas; ripe in September. A compact, +close-headed, small tree, 15 to 25 ft. high, with many slender thorns. +Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. Sometimes planted in the North for +hedges. + +[Illustration: C. viridis.] + +7. =Crataegus viridis=, L. (TALL HAWTHORN.) Leaves ovate to +ovate-oblong, or lanceolate, or oblong-obovate, mostly acute at both +ends, on slender petioles; acutely serrate, often somewhat lobed and +often downy in the axils. Flowers numerous, in large clusters. Fruit +bright red, or orange, ovoid, small, 1/4 in. broad. A small tree, 20 to +30 ft. high, with few large thorns or without thorns. Southern Illinois +and Missouri, along the Mississippi and in the Southern States. + +[Illustration: C. tomentosa.] + +8. =Crataegus tomentosa=, L. (BLACK OR PEAR HAWTHORN.) Leaves +downy-pubescent on the lower side (at least when young), thickish, +rather large, oval or ovate-oblong, sharply toothed and often cut-lobed +below, abruptly narrowed into a margined petiole, the upper surface +impressed along the main veins or ribs. Branches gray. Flowers +ill-scented, many in a corymb. Fruit 1/2 in. long, obovate to globose, +dull red. Shrub or tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, wild in western New York, +west and south. + +[Illustration: C. punctata.] + +9. =Crataegus punctata.= (DOTTED-FRUITED HAWTHORN.) Leaves rather +small, mostly wedge-obovate, attenuate and entire below, unequally +toothed above, rarely lobed, villous-pubescent, becoming smooth but +dull, the veins prominent beneath and impressed above. Fruit globose, +large, 1 in. broad, red to bright yellow; peduncles not glandular. Shrub +to tree, 10 to 20 ft. high, with horizontal branches; Canada to Georgia. + +[Illustration: C. flava.] + +10. =Crataegus flava=, Ait. (YELLOW OR SUMMER HAW.) Leaves small, +wedge-obovate, unequally toothed and cut above the middle; on short +petioles; the teeth, stipules and petioles glandular. Flowers mostly +solitary, white, large (3/4 in). May. Fruit usually pear-shaped, quite +large (3/4 in. long), yellow or greenish-yellow, sometimes tinged or +spotted with red, pleasant-flavored. Ripe in autumn. A low spreading +tree, 15 to 20 ft. high. Virginia, south and west, in sandy soil. + +Var. _pubescens_ is downy-or villous-pubescent when young, and has +thicker leaves and larger and redder fruit. + + +GENUS =39. AMELANCHIER.= + +Small trees or shrubs with simple, deciduous, alternate, sharply serrate +leaves; cherry-blossom-like, white flowers, in racemes at the end of the +branches, before the leaves are fully expanded. Fruit a small apple-like +pome; seeds 10 or less, in separate cartilaginous-coated cells. + +[Illustration: A. Canadensis.] + +=Amelanchier Canadensis=, Torr. & Gray. (SHAD-BUSH. SERVICE-BERRY.) A +very variable species with many named varieties. The leaves, 1 to 3 1/2 +in. long, vary from narrow-oblong to roundish or cordate; bracts and +stipules silky-ciliate. Flowers large, in drooping racemes, in early +spring, with petals from 2 to 5 times as long as wide. Fruit globular, +1/2 in. broad, purplish, sweet, edible; ripe in June. It varies from a +low shrub to a middle-sized tree, 5 to 30 ft. high. + + +ORDER =XIX. HAMAMELIDEAE.= + +(WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.) + +A small family of trees and shrubs represented in most countries. + + +GENUS =40. HAMAMELIS.= + +Tall shrubs, rarely tree-like, with alternate, straight-veined, +2-ranked, oval, wavy-margined leaves. Flowers conspicuous, yellow, +4-parted; blooming in the autumn while the leaves are dropping, and +continuing in bloom through part of the winter. Fruit rounded capsules +which do not ripen till the next summer. + +[Illustration: H. Virginiana.] + +=Hamamelis Virginiana=, L. (WITCH-HAZEL.) The only species; 10 to 30 ft. +high; rarely grows with a single trunk, but usually forms a slender, +crooked-branched shrub. Flowers sessile, in small clusters of 3 to 4, in +an involucre in the axils of the leaves. + + +GENUS =41. LIQUIDAMBAR.= + +Trees with alternate, simple, palmately cleft leaves. Flowers +inconspicuous; in spring. Fruit a large (1 in.), globular, long-stalked, +dry, open, rough catkin, hanging on the tree through the winter. + +[Illustration: L. Styraciflua.] + +=Liquidambar Styraciflua=, L. (SWEET GUM. BILSTED.) Leaves rounded, +deeply 5- to 7-cleft, star-shaped, dark green, smooth and shining, +glandular-serrate. Twigs often covered with corky ridges. A large, +beautiful tree, 30 to 70 ft. high, with deeply furrowed bark. +Connecticut, west and south; abundant south of 40 deg. N. Lat. Well worthy +of more extensive cultivation than it has yet received. + + +ORDER =XX. LYTHRACEAE.= + +(LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) + +A small order of shrubs, herbs, or trees; mainly tropical. + + +GENUS =42. PUNICA.= + +Leaves simple, usually opposite, deciduous; flowers scarlet, with 5 +petals and numerous stamens; fruit a many-seeded berry. + +[Illustration: P. granatum.] + +=Punica granatum=, L. (POMEGRANATE-TREE.) Leaves opposite, lanceolate, +smooth, entire; flowers large, both calyx and corolla scarlet and very +ornamental; the fruit as large as an orange, fine-flavored. A +tree-shaped plant, growing to the height of 20 ft. in the Southern +States. If given some protection, it can be grown as far north as +Washington. It has been cultivated from the earliest times, and is +probably a native of western Asia. + + +GENUS =43. LAGERSTROEMIA.= + +Flowers with 6 long-clawed petals inserted on the broadly spreading +calyx; fruit 3- to 6-celled pods with many winged seeds. + +[Illustration: L. Indica.] + +=Lagerstroemia Indica=, L. (CRAPE-MYRTLE.) Leaves roundish-ovate, +thick, smooth, short-petiolate; branches winged; flowers in terminal +clusters with large, delicately crisped, long-stemmed petals of pink, +purple, and other colors. A beautiful small tree, or usually a shrub, +from India; often cultivated in the North in conservatories; hardy as +far north as Washington. + + +ORDER =XXI. ARALIACEAE.= (GINSENG FAMILY.) + +A small order of herbs, shrubs, and trees, here represented by the +following genus: + + +GENUS =44. ARALIA.= + +Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with pinnately or palmately compound leaves; +here including Acanthopanax with palmately cleft leaves. Flowers whitish +or greenish, in umbels, often forming large panicles. Fruit small, +berry-like, several-celled, several-seeded. + + * Leaves 2 to 3 times odd-pinnate (Aralia proper) 1, 2. + + * Leaves simple, palmately cleft (Acanthopanax) 3. + +[Illustration: A. spinosa.] + +1. =Aralia spinosa=, L. (ANGELICA-TREE. HERCULES'-CLUB.) Leaves large, +crowded at the summit of the stem, twice or sometimes thrice +odd-pinnate, usually prickly, with sessile, ovate, acuminate, deeply +serrate leaflets, glaucous beneath. Large panicles of small whitish +flowers in umbels, with involucres of few leaves. Berry small, 1/4 in., +5-ribbed, crowned with the remains of the calyx. A tree-like plant, 8 to +12 ft. high, or in the Gulf States 30 ft. high, with the stem covered +with numerous prickles. Usually dies to the ground after flowering. Wild +in damp woods, Pennsylvania and south, and cultivated in the North. + +[Illustration: A. Chinensis.] + +2. =Aralia Chinensis.= Leaves more or less fully twice-pinnate; leaflets +ovate-oblong, oblique at base, acuminate, sharply serrate, hairy. +Flowers and fruit in large, branching, hairy panicles; thorns few, +straight. A small tree, 10 to 15 ft. high; occasionally cultivated; from +China. + +[Illustration: A. Maximowiczii.] + +3. =Aralia (Acanthopanax) Maximowiczii.= Leaves long-petioled, simple, +thick, palmately cleft, with 7 serrate lobes; old leaves smooth, the +young with woolly bases. Panicles of flowers and fruit terminal; the +berries striated. Tree-trunk usually quite prickly. This species is said +to grow 50 ft. high in Japan. It has been recently introduced, and +proves perfectly hardy in Massachusetts. + + +ORDER =XXII. CORNACEAE.= (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) + +A small order of shrubs and trees (rarely herbs) of temperate regions. + + +GENUS =45. CORNUS.= + +Small trees or shrubs (one species an herb) with simple, entire, +curved-veined, and (except in one species) opposite leaves. The curved +parallel ribs of the leaves in all the species are quite peculiar and +readily recognized. Flowers small, of 4 petals, in some species rendered +very conspicuous by large bracts. Fruit small, usually bright-colored +drupes in clusters; ripe from August to October. There are but 3 species +that grow at all tree-like. + + * Leaves opposite. (=A.=) + + =A.= Fruit in close head-like clusters, red when ripe 1. + + =A.= Fruit in open clusters. (=B.=) + + =B.= Branches bright red; fruit white 2. + + =B.= Branches brownish; fruit bright red 3. + + * Leaves alternate; fruit blue 4. + +[Illustration: C. florida.] + +1. =Cornus florida=, L. (FLOWERING DOGWOOD.) Leaves ovate, pointed, +acutish at base. Flowers in a head surrounded by 4 white bracts, making +the whole cluster look like a single large flower 3 in. broad. Abundant +in May and June. Fruit a small, bright red drupe with a single 2-seeded +nut. Ripe in August. A large shrub or low tree 15 to 40 ft. high, with +broad, roundish head. Common on high ground throughout, and one of the +finest small trees in cultivation. A variety with the bracts quite red +is also cultivated. + +[Illustration: C. alba.] + +2. =Cornus alba=, L. (SIBERIAN RED-STEMMED CORNEL.) Leaves broadly +ovate, acute, densely pubescent beneath; drupes white; branches +recurved, bright red, rendering the plant a conspicuous object in the +winter. A shrub rather than a tree, cultivated from Siberia; hardy +throughout. + +[Illustration: C. mascula.] + +3. =Cornus mascula=, Dur. (CORNELIAN CHERRY.) Leaves opposite, +oval-acuminate, rather pubescent on both surfaces. Flowers small, +yellow, in umbels from a 4-leaved involucre, blooming before the leaves +are out in spring. Fruit oval, 1/2 in. long, cornelian-colored, ripe in +autumn, rather sweet, used in confectionery. A large shrub or low tree, +8 to 15 ft. high, with hard, tough, flexible wood, sometimes cultivated +for its early flowers and late, beautiful fruit. + +[Illustration: C. alternifolia.] + +4. =Cornus alternifolia=, L. f. (ALTERNATE-LEAVED CORNEL.) Leaves +alternate, clustered at the ends of the branches, ovate or +oval-acuminate, tapering at base, whitish with minute pubescence +beneath. Cymes of flowers and fruit broad and open. Fruit deep blue on +reddish stalks. Shrub, though occasionally tree-like, 8 to 25 ft. high; +on hillsides throughout; rarely cultivated. + + +GENUS =46. NYSSA.= + +Trees with deciduous, alternate, exstipulate, usually entire leaves, +mostly acute at both ends. Flowers somewhat dioecious, i.e. staminate +and pistillate flowers on separate trees. The staminate flowers are +quite conspicuous because so densely clustered. April and May. Fruit on +but a portion of the trees, consisting of one or two small (1/4 to 1/2 +in.), drupes in the axils of the leaves. Stone roughened with grooves. +Ripe in autumn. + + * Fruit usually clustered 1, 2. + + * Fruit solitary 3. + +[Illustration: N. sylvatica.] + +1. =Nyssa sylvatica=, Marsh. (PEPPERIDGE. BLACK OR SOUR GUM.) Leaves +oval to obovate, pointed, entire (sometimes angulate-toothed beyond the +middle), rather thick, shining above when old, 2 to 5 in. long. The +leaves are crowded near the ends of the branches and flattened so as to +appear 2-ranked, like the Beech; turning bright crimson in the autumn. +Fruit ovoid, bluish-black, about 1/2 in. long, sour. Medium-sized tree +with mainly an excurrent trunk and horizontal branches. Wood firm, +close-grained and hard to split. Rich soil, latitude of Albany and +southward. Difficult to transplant, so it is rarely cultivated. + +2. =Nyssa biflora=, Walt. (SOUR GUM.) Leaves 1 to 3 in. long, smaller +than in N. sylvatica; fertile flowers and fruit 1 to 3, in the axils; +stone decidedly flattened and more strongly furrowed. New Jersey to +Tennessee and southward. Too nearly like the last to need a drawing. All +the species of Nyssa may have the margin of the leaves somewhat +angulated, as shown in the next. + +[Illustration: N. uniflora.] + +3. =Nyssa uniflora=, Wang. (LARGE TUPELO.) Leaves much larger, 4 to 12 +in. long, sometimes slightly cordate at base, entire or angularly +toothed, downy beneath. Fruit solitary, oblong, blue, 1 in. or more in +length. Wood soft, that of the roots light and spongy and used for +corks. In water or wet swamps; Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. + + +ORDER =XXIII. CAPRIFOLIACEAE.= + +(HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) + +Shrubs (rarely herb or tree-like plants) of temperate regions. + + +GENUS =47. VIBURNUM.= + +Shrubs or small trees with opposite, simple, petioled leaves. Flowers +light-colored, small but in large, conspicuous, flat-topped clusters at +the ends of the branches; blooming in early summer. Fruit small, +1-seeded drupes with flattened stones; ripe in autumn. + + * Leaves distinctly palmately lobed 1. + + * Leaves pinnately veined and not lobed. (=A.=) + + =A.= Coarsely dentated 2. + + =A.= Finely serrated. (=B.=) + + =B.= Leaves long-acuminated 3. + + =B.= Obtuse or slightly pointed 4. + +[Illustration: V. Opulus.] + +1. =Viburnum Opulus=, L. (CRANBERRY-TREE.) Leaves palmately veined and +strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at base, the +spreading lobes mostly toothed on the sides and entire in the notches; +petiole with 2 glands at the apex. Fruit in peduncled clusters, light +red and quite sour (whence the name "Cranberry-tree"). A nearly smooth, +small tree or shrub, 4 to 12 ft. high; wild along streams, and +cultivated under the name of Snowball-tree or Guelder Rose. In this +variety the flowers have all become sterile and enlarged. =Viburnum +acerifolium= (ARROW-WOOD) has also lobed leaves, and is much more +common. This species never forms a tree, and has dark-colored berries. + +[Illustration: V. dentatum.] + +2. =Viburnum dentatum=, L. (ARROW-WOOD.) Leaves, pale green, broadly +ovate, somewhat heart-shaped at base, coarsely and sharply dentated, +strongly veined and often with hairy tufts in the axils; petioles rather +long and slender. Fruit 1/4 in. long, in peduncled clusters, blue or +purple; a cross-section of the stone between kidney-and +horseshoe-shaped. A shrub or small tree, 5 to 15 ft. high, with +ash-colored bark; in wet places. + +[Illustration: V. Lentago.] + +3. =Viburnum Lentago=, L. (SWEET VIBURNUM OR SHEEP-BERRY.) Leaves broad, +ovate, long-pointed, 2 to 3 in. long, closely and sharply serrated; +petioles long and with narrow, curled margins; entire plant smooth. +Fruit in sessile clusters of 3 to 5 rays, oval, large, 1/2 in. long, +blue-black, edible, sweet; ripe in autumn. A small tree, 10 to 30 ft. +high; found wild throughout, in woods and along streams. + +[Illustration: V. prunifolium.] + +4. =Viburnum prunifolium=, L. (BLACK HAW.) Leaves oval, obtuse or +slightly pointed, 1 to 2 in. long, finely and sharply serrated. Blooming +early, May to June. Fruit oval, large (1/2 in. long), in sessile clusters +of 3 to 5 rays, black or blue-black, sweet. A tall shrub or small tree, +6 to 12 ft. high; in dry soil or along streams; New York, south and +west. + + +GENUS =48. LONICERA.= + +Leaves entire, opposite; corolla 5-lobed; berry several-seeded. + +[Illustration: L. Tartarica.] + +=Lonicera Tartarica=. (TARTARIAN HONEY-SUCKLE.) Leaves deciduous, oval, +heart-shaped; flowers in pairs, showy, pink to rose-red; in spring; +berries formed of the two ovaries, bright red; ripe in summer. A shrub, +often planted and occasionally trimmed to a tree-like form, and growing +to the height of nearly 20 ft. + + +ORDER =XXIV. COMPOSITAE.= + +This, the largest order of flowering plants, is made up almost +exclusively of herbaceous plants, but contains one shrub or low tree +which is hardy from Boston southward near the Atlantic coast. + + +GENUS =49. BACCHARIS.= + +Leaves simple, deciduous; heads of flowers small, many-flowered; +receptacle naked; pappus of hairs. + +[Illustration: B. halimifolia.] + +=Baccharis halimifolia=, L. (GROUNDSEL-TREE.) Leaves obovate, +wedge-shaped, crenately notched at end, light grayish in color, with +whitish powder; branches angled; flowers white with a tint of purple, +blooming in the autumn. A broad, loose-headed, light-colored bush rather +than a tree, 8 to 15 ft. high; wild on sea-beaches, Massachusetts and +south, and occasionally cultivated. The plant is dioecious; the +fertile specimens are rendered quite conspicuous in autumn by their very +long, white pappus. + + +ORDER =XXV. ERICACEAE.= (HEATH FAMILY.) + +A large order, mainly of shrubs, though a few species are herbs, and +fewer still are tall enough to be considered trees. + + +GENUS =50. OXYDENDRUM.= + +Trees with deciduous, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, +sour-tasting leaves. Flowers small, in large panicles at the ends of the +branches. In summer. Fruit small, dry capsules, with 5 cells and many +seeds. + +[Illustration: O. arboreum.] + +=Oxydendrum arboreum=, DC. (SORREL-TREE. SOURWOOD.) Leaves in size and +shape much like those of Peach trees. Flowers small, urn-shaped. +Small-sized tree, 15 to 50 ft. high; wild in rich woods, Pennsylvania +and southward, mainly in the mountains. Rare in cultivation, but very +beautiful, especially in autumn, when its leaves are brilliantly +colored, and the panicles of fruit still remain on the trees. It is +perfectly hardy both at the Arnold Arboretum, Boston, and the Missouri +Botanical Garden, St. Louis. + + +GENUS =51. KALMIA.= + +Evergreen shrubs with alternate, entire, thick, smooth leaves. Flowers +large, beautiful, cup-shaped, in showy clusters. Fruit a small, +5-celled, many-seeded capsule. + +[Illustration: K. latifolia.] + +=Kalmia latifolia=, L. (MOUNTAIN-LAUREL. CALICO-BUSH.) The only species +which grows at all tree-like has ovate-lanceolate or elliptical, smooth, +petioled leaves, tapering at both ends and green on both sides. Flowers +in terminal corymbs, clammy-pubescent, white to pink. June. Pod +depressed, glandular. Shrub or small tree, 4 to 25 ft. high, with +reddish twigs; wild in rocky hills and damp soils through out; +occasionally planted. Wood very hard and close-grained. + + +GENUS =52. RHODODENDRON.= + +Shrubs or low trees with usually alternate, entire leaves and showy +flowers in umbel-like clusters from large, scaly-bracted, terminal buds. +Fruit a dry 5-celled pod with many seeds. + +[Illustration: R. maximum.] + +=Rhododendron maximum=, L. (GREAT LAUREL.) Leaves thick, 4 to 10 in. +long, elliptical-oblong or lance-oblong, acute, narrowed toward the +base, very smooth, with somewhat revolute margins. Flowers large (1 +in.), with an irregular bell-shaped corolla and sticky stems, in large +clusters, white or slightly pinkish with yellowish dots. July. Evergreen +shrub or tree, 6 to 20 ft. high, throughout the region, especially in +damp swamps in the Alleghany Mountains; occasionally cultivated. + + +GENUS =53. CLETHRA.= + +Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple, deciduous, exstipulate, serrate +leaves. Flowers (July and August) conspicuous, white, in elongated +terminal racemes which are covered with a whitish powder. Fruit 3-celled +pods with many seeds, covered by the calyx. + + * Leaves thin, large, 3 to 7 in. long, pale beneath 1. + + * Leaves thickish, smaller, green both sides 2. + +[Illustration: C. acuminata.] + +1. =Clethra acuminata=, Michx. (ACUMINATE-LEAVED CLETHRA. SWEET +PEPPER-BUSH.) Leaves 3 to 7 in. long, oval to oblong, pointed, thin, +abruptly acute at base, finely serrate, on slender petioles, smooth +above and glaucous below. Racemes drooping, of sweet-scented flowers, +with the bracts longer than the flowers. Filaments and pod hairy. A +small tree or shrub, 10 to 20 ft. high, in the Alleghanies, Virginia, +and south. Not often in cultivation, but well worthy of it. + +[Illustration: C. alnifolia.] + +2. =Clethra alnifolia=, L. (COMMON SWEET PEPPER-BUSH.) Leaves +wedge-obovate, sharply serrate near the apex, entire near the base, +straight-veined, smooth, green on both sides. Racemes erect, often +compound, with bracts shorter than the flowers and with smooth +filaments. This is a shrub rather than a tree; abundant in wet places +east of the Alleghanies. Occasionally cultivated for its sweet-scented +flowers. + + +ORDER =XXVI. SAPOTACEAE.= + +(SAPODILLA FAMILY.) + +A small order, mainly of tropical plants, here including one genus found +only in the southern part of our range. + + +GENUS =54. BUMELIA.= + +Leaves simple, alternate, entire, sub-evergreen, exstipulate; branches +often spiny. Flowers small, whitish, usually crowded in fascicles. Fruit +a black cherry-like drupe with a 2- to 3-celled nut. Shrubs and trees of +the Southern States. Two species (although hardly trees) are found far +enough north to be included in this work. + + * Leaves rusty-woolly beneath 1. + + * Leaves smooth or slightly silky beneath 2. + +[Illustration: B. lanuginosa.] + +1. =Bumelia lanuginosa=, Pers. (WOOLLY-LEAVED BUCKTHORN.) Leaves +oblong-obovate, obtuse, entire, smooth above and rusty-woolly beneath, +but not silky; spiny, with downy branchlets. Clusters 6- to 12-flowered, +pubescent; flowers greenish-yellow. Fruit globular and quite large (1/2 +in.), black, edible. A small tree, 10 to 40 ft. high, of the woods of +southern Illinois and southward. With slight protection it can be +cultivated in Massachusetts. + +[Illustration: B. lycioides.] + +2. =Bumelia lycioides=, Pers. (SOUTHERN BUCKTHORN.) Leaves 2 to 4 in. +long, oval-lanceolate, usually bluntish with a tapering base and entire +margin, deciduous, a little silky beneath when young. Clusters densely +many-flowered (20 to 30); flowers small (1/6 in.), smooth, +greenish-white. May, June. A spiny shrub or tree, 10 to 25 ft. high, in +moist ground, Virginia, west and south. About as hardy as the preceding +species. + + +ORDER =XXVII. EBENACEAE.= (EBONY FAMILY.) + +A small order of mostly tropical trees and shrubs. + + +GENUS =55. DIOSPYROS.= + +Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, entire, feather-veined leaves. +Flowers small, inconspicuous, mostly dioecious. Fruit a globose berry +with the 5-lobed thick calyx at the base, and with 8 to 12, occasionally +1 to 5, rather large seeds; ripe after frost. + +[Illustration: D. Virginiana.] + +=Diospyros Virginiana=, L. (COMMON PERSIMMON.) Leaves 4 to 6 in. +long, ovate-oblong, acuminate, rather thick, smooth, dark, shining +above, a little pale beneath. Bark dark-colored and deeply furrowed in a +netted manner with rather small meshes. Flowers yellowish, rather small, +somewhat dioecious; the staminate ones urn-shaped with mouth nearly +closed; the pistillate ones more open. June. Fruit large, 1 in.; very +astringent when young, yellow and pleasant-tasting after frost. A +handsome, ornamental tree, 20 to 60 ft. high, with very hard, +dark-colored wood and bright foliage. Southern New England to Illinois +and south; also cultivated. =Diospyros Lotus= (DATE-PLUM), with +leaves very dark green above, much paler and downy beneath, and fruit +much smaller (2/3 in.), and =Diospyros Kaki= (JAPAN PERSIMMON), with +large, leathery, shining leaves and very large fruit (2 in.), are +successfully cultivated from Washington, D. C., southward. The under +leaf represents D. Lotus, the upper one a small specimen of D. Kaki. + +[Illustration: D. Lotus and D. Kaki.] + + +ORDER =XXVIII. STYRACACEAE.= + +(STORAX FAMILY.) + +A small order of shrubs and trees, mostly of warm countries. + + +GENUS =56. STYRAX.= + +Shrubs or small trees with commonly deciduous leaves, and axillary, or +racemed, white, showy flowers on drooping stems. Pubescence scurfy or +stellate; fruit a globular dry drupe, its base covered with the +persistent calyx, forming a 1- to 3-seeded nut. + +[Illustration: S. Americana.] + +1. =Styrax Americana=, Lam. (AMERICAN STORAX.) Shrub or small tree (4 +to 10 ft.), with oblong, alternate leaves acute at both ends, 1 to 3 +inches long, smooth or very nearly so; fruit 1/2 in. long, in racemes of +3-4. Wild along streams, Virginia and south; occasionally cultivated, +and probably hardy throughout. + +[Illustration: S. Japonica.] + +2. =Styrax Japonica=, Sieb. (JAPAN STORAX.) Leaves alternate, +membranaceous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate or crenate, 1/2 to 3 +in. long, smooth or with short stellate hairs; flowers and fruit in long +racemes. A beautiful low tree, 6 to 12 ft. high; from Japan. Hardy as +far north as Philadelphia, but needing a little protection in +Massachusetts and Missouri. + + +GENUS =57. PTEROSTYRAX.= + +Similar to Styrax, but with the fruit in panicles, 5-winged, conical, +and crowned with the persistent base of the style. + +[Illustration: P. corymbosum.] + +=Pterostyrax corymbosum=, Sieb. Leaves deciduous, 2 to 5 in. long, +feather-veined, petioled, ovate, rarely cordate at base, sharply +serrate, with stellate hairs. Shrub or small tree, 10 to 12 ft. high, +cultivated from Japan; with ashy-gray bark, and white flowers turning +yellowish or purplish with age; blooming in May, fruit ripe in August. +Not perfectly hardy in Massachusetts. + + +GENUS =58. HALESIA.= + +Small trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, deciduous, serrate leaves. +Flowers large, 1 in. long, conspicuous, white, hanging, bell-shaped, +monopetalous, 4-lobed; blooming in spring. Fruit with a single, rough, +elongated, bony nut surrounded by a 2- to 4-winged coat; ripe in autumn. + +Wood light-colored, very hard and fine-grained. + +[Illustration: H. diptera.] + +1. =Halesia diptera, L.= (TWO-WINGED SILVERBELL TREE.) Leaves large (4 +to 5 in. long), ovate, acute, serrate, softly pubescent. Fruit with 2 +conspicuous, broad wings, sometimes with 2 intermediate narrow ridges. A +small tree or a large shrub, wild in the south, and cultivated as far +north as New York City. + +[Illustration: H. tetraptera.] + +2. =Halesia tetraptera, L.= (FOUR-WINGED SILVERBELL TREE.) Leaves +smaller (2 to 4 in.), oblong-ovate, finely serrate. Fruit smaller, with +4 nearly equal wings. A small, beautiful tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, more +hardy than Halesia diptera, and therefore cultivated occasionally +throughout. Wild in Virginia and south. + + +GENUS =59. SYMPLOCOS.= + +Shrubs or small trees, with leaves furnishing a yellow dye. + +[Illustration: S. tinctoria.] + +=Symplocos tinctoria=, L'Her. (HORSE-SUGAR. SWEETLEAF.) Leaves simple, +alternate, thick, 3 to 5 in. long, elongate-oblong, acuminate, nearly +entire, almost persistent, pale beneath, with minute pubescence, +sweet-tasting. Flowers 6 to 14, in close-bracted, axillary clusters, +5-parted, sweet-scented, yellow; in early spring. Fruit a dry drupe, +ovoid, 1/2 in. long. A shrub or small tree, 10 to 20 ft. high. Delaware +and south. + + +ORDER =XXIX. OLEACEAE.= (OLIVE FAMILY.) + +An order of trees and shrubs, mainly of temperate regions. + + +GENUS =60. FRAXINUS.= + +Trees with petioled, opposite, odd-pinnate leaves (one cultivated +variety has simple leaves). Flowers often inconspicuous, in large +panicles before the leaves in spring. Fruit single-winged at one end +(samara or key-fruit), in large clusters; ripe in autumn. Some trees, +owing to the flowers being staminate, produce no fruit. Wood +light-colored, tough, very distinctly marked by the annual layers. The +leaves appear late in the spring, and fall early in the autumn. + + * Flowers with white corolla; a cultivated small tree 8. + + * Flowers with no corolla. (=A.=) + + =A.= Leaves pinnate; leaflets petiolate; calyx small, + persistent on the fruit. (=B.=) + + =B.= Fruit broad-winged, 3/4 in. wide. South 5. + + =B.= Wings much narrower. (=C.= ) + + =C.= Branchlets round and pubescent 2. + + =C.= Branchlets round and smooth. (=D.=) + + =D.= Leaflets nearly entire 1. + + =D.= Leaflets serrate near tip, entire below 3. + + =C.= Branchlets, on vigorous growths, square 4. + + =A.= Leaves pinnate; leaflets sessile; no calyx. (=E.=) + + =E.= Native; wing of fruit rounded at tip 6. + + =E.= Cultivated from Europe; wing notched at tip 7. + + =A.= Leaves simple; variety under 7. + +[Illustration: F. Americana.] + +1. =Fraxinus Americana=, L. (WHITE ASH.) Leaflets 7 to 9 (usually 7), +stalked, ovate or lance-oblong, pointed, shining above, pale and either +smooth or pubescent beneath, somewhat toothed or entire. Flowers almost +always dioecious (May), thus the fruit is found on but a portion of +the trees. The fruit (August to September) terete and marginless below, +abruptly dilated into the wing, which is 2 to 3 times as long as the +terete portion; entire fruit about 1 1/2 in. long. A common large +forest-tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, with gray, furrowed bark, smooth, +grayish-green branchlets, and rusty-colored buds. Extensively +cultivated. + +[Illustration: F. pubescens.] + +2. =Fraxinus pubescens=, Lam. (RED ASH.) Like the White Ash, but to be +distinguished from it by the down on the young, green or olive-green +twigs, and on the footstalks and lower surface of the leaves. Fruit +acute, 2-edged at base, gradually dilated into the wings as in Fraxinus +viridis. A smaller and more slender tree than the White Ash; growing in +about the same localities, but rare west of the Alleghanies; heart-wood +darker-colored. + +[Illustration: F. viridis.] + +3. =Fraxinus viridis=, Michx. f. (GREEN ASH.) Smooth throughout; +leaflets 5 to 9, bright green on both sides, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, +often wedge-shaped at base and serrate above. Fruit acute and 2-edged or +margined at base and gradually spreading into an oblanceolate or +linear-spatulate wing as in the Red Ash. Small to middle-sized trees +(like the Red Ash), found throughout, but common westward. + +[Illustration: F. quadrangulata.] + +4. =Fraxinus quadrangulata=, Michx. (BLUE ASH.) Leaflets 7 to 9, +short-stalked, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, +green on both sides. Fruit narrowly oblong, blunt, of the same width at +both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft. +high, with smooth square twigs on the vigorous growths. Wisconsin to +Ohio and Kentucky. + +[Illustration: F. platycarpa.] + +5. =Fraxinus platycarpa=, Michx. (WATER-ASH.) Leaflets 5 to 7, 3 to 5 +in. long, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends, short-stalked, slightly +serrate. Branchlets terete, smooth to pubescent. Fruit broadly winged, 3/4 +in. wide, often 3-winged, tapering to the base. A medium-sized tree in +deep river-swamps, Virginia and south. + +[Illustration: F. sambucifolia.] + +6. =Fraxinus sambucifolia=, Lam. (BLACK ASH.) Leaflets 7 to 11, sessile, +oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, serrate, obtuse or rounded at +base, green and smooth on both sides; when young, with some rusty hairs +along the midrib. Fruit without calyx at base and with wing all around +the seed-bearing part, blunt at both ends. A slender tree, 40 to 70 ft. +high, with dark-blue or black buds. + +[Illustration: F. excelsior.] + +[Illustration: Var. monophylla.] + +7. =Fraxinus excelsior=, L. (EUROPEAN ASH.) Leaflets 11 to 13 (in some +cultivated varieties reduced to 1 to 5), almost sessile, +lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, serrate, wedge-shaped at base. Flowers +naked, somewhat dioecious, and so the fruit does not form on all the +trees. Keys linear-oblong, obtuse, obliquely notched at apex. This +species in its very numerous varieties is common in cultivation. One of +the most interesting is the Weeping Ash (var. _pendula_). The most +remarkable is the one with simple, from pinnatifid to entire leaves +(var. _monophylla_). + +[Illustration: F. ornus.] + +8. =Fraxinus ornus.= (FLOWERING ASH.) Leaflets 7 to 9, lanceolate or +elliptical, attenuated, serrated, entire at the stalked bases, villous +or downy beneath. Flowers fringe-like, white, in large terminal drooping +clusters, of 4 or 2 petals. May to June. Fruit small, lance-linear, +obtuse, attenuate at each end. A small tree, 15 to 30 ft. high, planted +in parks. Not hardy north of New York City without some protection. + + +GENUS =61. OSMANTHUS.= + +Shrub or small tree with opposite, thick, evergreen, nearly entire +leaves. Flowers small, white, in panicles or corymbs in late spring. +Fruit a spherical drupe, 1/2 in. long, with a 2-seeded stone; hanging on +during the winter. + +[Illustration: O. Americana.] + +=Osmanthus Americana, L.= (DEVIL-WOOD.) Leaves thick, evergreen, +oblong-lanceolate, entire, acute, narrowed to a petiole, 4 to 5 in. +long. Flowers dioecious, very small. May. Fruit globular, about 1/2 in. +in diameter, violet-purplish; ripe in autumn, and remaining on the tree +through the winter. A small tree, 15 to 20 ft. high, from southern +Virginia southward, in moist woods. + + +GENUS =62. SYRINGA.= + +Leaves simple, entire, opposite; flowers ornamental, in large, dense +clusters. The Lilacs are all beautiful, but form mere shrubs, except the +following: + +[Illustration: S. Japonica.] + +=Syringa Japonica.= (JAPAN LILAC. GIANT TREE LILAC.) Leaves deciduous, +opposite, oval to cordate, thick, dark green, glossy; flowers white, +4-parted, odorless, in very large, dense, erect, terminal clusters, +blooming in summer; fruit dry 2-celled pods with 2 to 4 seeds. A +magnificent small tree, 20 to 30 ft. high; from Japan; probably hardy +throughout. + + +GENUS =63. CHIONANTHUS.= + +Low trees or shrubs with simple, deciduous, opposite, entire, thick, +smooth, petioled leaves. Flowers 4-parted, with long, slender, delicate +white lobes, drooping in clusters from the lower side of the branches +and forming a fringe; in early summer. Fruit a purple drupe. + +[Illustration: C. Virginica.] + +=Chionanthus Virginica, L.= (FRINGE-TREE). Leaves smooth, thickish, +large (3 to 6 in. long), oval or obovate, entire. The leaves are +occasionally somewhat alternate and thin; they resemble those of the +Magnolia. Drupe ovoid, 3/4 in. long, covered with a bloom. A beautiful +small tree or shrub, 8 to 30 ft. high, wild along streams, southern +Pennsylvania and southward, and generally cultivated north for its +delicate fringe-like flowers. Hardy. + +A variety (var. _angustifolia_) with long, narrow leaves is occasionally +cultivated. + + +ORDER =XXX. SCROPHULARIACEAE.= + +(FIGWORT FAMILY.) + +A large order of plants, almost entirely herbaceous; found in all +climates; it includes one cultivated tree in this region. + + +GENUS =64. PAULOWNIA.= + +Tree with opposite (sometimes in whorls of three), large, deciduous, +palmately veined, heart-shaped leaves. Leaf-stem often hollow; minute +cup-shaped glands, separated from one another, situated on many portions +of the leaf, but quite abundant on the upper side at the branching of +the veins. Flowers large, in immense panicles; in spring, before the +leaves expand. Fruit a dry, ovate, pointed capsule, 1 1/2 in. long, with +innumerable flat-winged seeds; hanging on the tree throughout the +winter. + +[Illustration: P. imperialis.] + +=Paulownia imperialis=, (IMPERIAL PAULOWNIA.) Leaves 7 to 14 in. long, +sometimes somewhat lobed, usually very hairy beneath; 2 buds, almost +hidden under the bark, above each other in the axil. Flowers purple, +nearly 2 in. long, with a peculiar, thick, leather-like calyx. A broad +flat-headed tree, of rapid growth when young. Cultivated; from Japan; +and hardy throughout, but the flower-buds are winter-killed quite +frequently north of New York City. + + +ORDER =XXXI. BIGNONIACEAE.= + +(BIGNONIA FAMILY.) + +An order of woody plants abundant in South America; here including one +genus of trees: + + +GENUS =65. CATALPA.= + +Trees or shrubs with large, simple, opposite (or whorled in threes), +heart-shaped, pointed leaves. Flowers irregular, showy, in large +panicles; blooming in June. Fruit long pods with many, winged seeds, +hanging on till spring. Branches coarse and stiff. Wood light and +close-grained. + + * Flowers bright-spotted; wings of seeds narrowed 1. + + * Flowers nearly pure white; wings of seeds broad 2. + +[Illustration: C. bignonioides.] + +1. =Catalpa bignonioides=, Walt. (INDIAN BEAN. SOUTHERN CATALPA.) The +large heart-shaped leaf has connected scaly glands in the axils of the +large veins on the lower side; usually entire though sometimes +angulated, generally opposite though sometimes in whorls of threes, very +downy beneath when young, 6 to 12 in. long. Flowers much spotted with +yellow and purple, and with the lower lobe entire. Pod thin, 10 in. or +more in length. A medium-sized, wide-spreading tree, 20 to 40 ft. high, +of rapid growth, with soft, light wood and thin bark; wild in the +Southern States, and extensively cultivated as far north as Albany. + +[Illustration: C. speciosa.] + +2. =Catalpa speciosa=, Warder. (INDIAN BEAN. WESTERN CATALPA.) Leaves +large (5 to 12 in. long), heart-shaped, long-pointed. Flowers 2 in. +long, nearly white, faintly spotted, the lower lobes somewhat notched. +Pod thick. A large, tall tree, 40 to 60 ft. high, with thick bark; wild +in low, rich woodlands, southern Indiana, south and west. + +[Illustration: C. Kaempferi.] + +=Catalpa Kaempferi= and =Catalpa Bungei= are dwarf forms from Japan, +the latter growing to the height of from 4 to 8 ft., and the former +rarely reaching the height of 18 ft. The leaf of C. Kaempferi is +figured. It is more apt to have its margin angulated, though all the +species occasionally have angulated leaves. + + +ORDER =XXXII. VERBENACEAE.= + +Herbs, shrubs, rarely small trees, with opposite leaves, irregular +flowers and dry 2- to 4-celled fruits. + + +GENUS =66. CLERODENDRON.= + +Shrubby trees or climbing shrubs with opposite or whorled, usually +entire leaves; flowers with an almost regular, 5-parted corolla +surrounded by a bell-shaped calyx; fruit drupe-like, with 4 seeds. + +[Illustration: C. trichotomum.] + +=Clerodendron trichotomum=, Thunb. (FATE-TREE.) Leaves opposite, +long-petioled, cordate, thin, entire, glandular-dotted above, very +veiny; lower leaves largest and three-lobed, the upper ovate, +long-pointed, all 3-ribbed. Flowers in large, terminal clusters; fruit +with juicy pulp covering the 4 seeds. A small tree from Japan; hardy at +Washington and south. The figure represents one of the upper leaves. + + +GENUS =67. VITEX.= + +Shrubs or low trees with opposite, usually palmate leaves, panicled +clusters of flowers and drupe-like fruit. + +[Illustration: V. Agnus-castus.] + +=Vitex Agnus-castus, L.= (CHASTE-TREE.) Leaves long-petioled, palmate, +with 5 to 7 lanceolate, acute, nearly entire leaflets, whitened beneath; +with an aromatic though unpleasant odor. Branches obtusely 4-sided, +hairy; flowers pale lilac, in interrupted panicles, agreeably +sweet-scented in late summer. Shrub or small tree, 5 to 10 ft. high, +cultivated from southern Europe; hardy at Washington and south. If +cultivated further north, it needs protection, at least when young. + + +ORDER =XXXIII. LAURACEAE.= (LAUREL FAMILY.) + +An order of aromatic trees and shrubs, chiefly tropical. + + +GENUS =68. PERSEA.= + +Aromatic, evergreen trees with alternate, entire, feather-veined leaves. +Flowers small, in small close panicles. Fruit small (1/2 in.) 1-seeded +drupes. + +[Illustration: P. Carolinensis.] + +=Persea Carolinensis=, Nees. (RED BAY.) Leaves 2 to 5 in. long, oblong, +entire, covered with a fine down when young, soon smooth above. Flowers +silky, in small rounded clusters on short stems. May. Fruit an ovate, +pointed, 1-seeded, deep-blue drupe, 1/2 in. long, on a red stalk; ripe in +autumn. Usually a small tree, 15 to 70 ft. high, wild in swamps, +Delaware, Virginia, and south. Wood reddish, beautiful, hard, strong, +durable. + + +GENUS =69. SASSAFRAS.= + +Aromatic trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, deciduous, often lobed +leaves. Juice of bark and leaves mucilaginous. Flowers yellowish-green, +in clusters; blooming in early spring. Fruit a small bluish drupe on a +thick reddish stem. Ripe in September. Twigs greenish-yellow. + +[Illustration: S. officinale.] + +=Sassafras officinale=, Nees. (SASSAFRAS.) Leaves very variable in form, +ovate, entire, or some of them 2- to 3-lobed, soon smooth. Flowering as +the leaves are putting forth. Tree 15 to 100 ft. high, common in rich +woods. The aromatic fragrance is strongest in the bark of the roots. +Wood reddish, rather hard and durable. + + +GENUS =70. LINDERA.= + +Shrubs with deciduous, alternate, aromatic leaves and small, yellow +flowers in close clusters along the branches. Fruit a drupe on a +not-thickened stalk. + +[Illustration: L. Benzoin.] + +=Lindera Benzoin=, Blume. (SPICE-BUSH. BENJAMIN-BUSH.) Leaves alternate, +oblong-ovate, entire, pale beneath, very spicy in odor and taste; twigs +green; leaf-buds scaly; drupes red, ripe in autumn. Flowers 4 to 5 +together in sessile umbels; in early spring, before the leaves expand. +Common in damp woods throughout. + + +ORDER =XXXIV. ELAEAGNACEAE.= + +(OLEASTER FAMILY.) + +A small order of shrubs or small trees, with the leaves covered with +silvery scurf. + + +GENUS =71. ELAEAGNUS=. + +Leaves alternate, entire; flowers axillary, stemmed; fruit drupe-like +with an 8-grooved stone. + +[Illustration: E. longipes.] + +=Elaeagnus longipes.= (SILVER-LEAVED ELAEAGNUS.) Leaves almost evergreen, +rather thick, ovate-oblong, rather blunt, entire, smooth and dark green +above, but silvery below. Flowers inconspicuous. Fruit about 1/2 in. long, +bright red, with silvery scales, very abundant and beautiful; ripe in +July; juicy and edible, with a pungent flavor. Shrub from Japan; hardy +throughout. + + +GENUS =72. SHEPHERDIA.= + +Small trees or shrubs with opposite, deciduous, entire, silvery-scaled +leaves. Flowers very small, dioecious. Fruit small, berry-like, +translucent, 1-seeded. + +[Illustration: S. argentea.] + +=Shepherdia argentea=, Nutt. (BUFFALO-BERRY. RABBIT-BERRY.) Leaves +opposite, oblong-ovate, tapering at base, silvery on both sides, with +small peltate scales. Branches often ending in sharp thorns. Fruit, +scarlet berries the size of currants, forming continuous clusters on +every branch and twig, but found only on the pistillate plants. They are +juicy, somewhat sour, pleasant-tasting, and make excellent jelly; ripe +in September. A small handsome tree, 5 to 20 ft. high, wild in the Rocky +Mountains, and sometimes cultivated east. Its thorny-tipped branches +make it a good hedge-plant. Hardy. + + +ORDER =XXXV. EUPHORBIACEAE.= + +(SPURGE FAMILY.) + +A large order of mainly herbaceous and shrubby plants of warm countries, +with usually milky juice. + + +GENUS =73. BUXUS.= + +Shrubs or trees with opposite, evergreen, entire leaves and small +flowers. The fruit 3-celled, 6-seeded pods. + +[Illustration: B. sempervirens.] + +=Buxus sempervirens=, L. (BOXWOOD.) Leaves ovate, smooth, dark green; +leaf-stems hairy at edge. This plant is a native of Europe, and in its +tree form furnishes the white wood used for wood-engraving. + +Var. _subfruticosa_ (dwarf boxwood) grows only a foot or two high, and +is extensively used for edgings in gardens. The tree form is more rare +in cultivation, and is of slow growth, but forms a round-topped tree. + + +ORDER =XXXVI. URTICACEAE.= (NETTLE FAMILY.) + +A large order of herbs, shrubs and trees, mainly tropical. + + +GENUS =74. ULMUS.= + +Tall umbrella-shaped trees with watery juice and alternate, 2-ranked, +simple, deciduous, obliquely ovate to obliquely heart-shaped, strongly +straight-veined, serrate leaves, harsh to the touch, often rough. +Flowers insignificant, appearing before the leaves. Fruit a flattened, +round-winged samara; ripe in the spring and dropping early from the +trees. Bark rough with longitudinal ridges. + + * Leaves very rough on the upper side. (=A.=) + + =A.= Leaves 4 to 8 in. long; buds rusty-downy; inner bark very + mucilaginous 1. + + =A.= Leaves smaller; buds not downy; cultivated. (=B.=) + + =B.= Wide-spreading tree; twigs drooping; fruit slightly + notched 2. + + =B.= Tree rather pyramidal; twigs not usually drooping; fruit + deeply notched 3. + + * Leaves not very rough on the upper side. (=C.=) + + =C.= Buds and branchlets pubescent; twigs often with corky + ridges 4. + + =C.= Buds and branchlets free from hairs, or very nearly so. + (=D.=) + + =D.= Twigs with corky wings 5. + + =D.= Twigs often with corky ridges; cultivated 2, 3. + + =D.= Branchlets never corky 6. + +[Illustration: U. fulva.] + +1. =Ulmus fulva=, Michx. (SLIPPERY OR RED ELM.) Leaves large, 4 to 8 +in., very rough above, ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, doubly serrate, +soft-downy beneath; branchlets downy; inner bark very mucilaginous; +leaves sweet-scented in drying; buds in spring soft and downy with rusty +hairs. Fruit with a shallow notch in the wing not nearly reaching the +rounded nut. A medium-sized tree, 45 to 60 ft. high, with tough and very +durable reddish wood; wild in rich soils throughout. + +[Illustration: U. montana.] + +2. =Ulmus montana=, Bauh. (SCOTCH OR WITCH ELM.) Leaves broad, obovate, +abruptly pointed and doubly serrated. Fruit rounded, with a slightly +notched wing, naked. Branches drooping at their extremity, their bark +smooth and even. A medium-sized tree, 50 to 60 ft. high, with spreading +or often drooping branches; extensively cultivated under a dozen +different names, among the most peculiar being the White-margined (var. +_alba marginata_), the Crisped-leaved (var. _crispa_), and the Weeping +(var. _pendula_) Elms. + +[Illustration: U. campestris.] + +3. =Ulmus campestris=, L. (ENGLISH OR FIELD ELM.) Leaves much smaller +and of a darker color than the American Elm, obovate-oblong, abruptly +sharp-pointed, doubly serrated, rough. Fruit smooth, with the wing +deeply notched. A tall and beautiful cultivated tree, with the branches +growing out from the trunk more abruptly than those of the American Elm, +and thus forming a more pyramidal tree. A score of named varieties are +in cultivation in this country, some with very corky bark, others with +curled leaves, and still others with weeping branches. + +[Illustration: U. racemosa.] + +4. =Ulmus racemosa=, Thomas. (CORK OR ROCK ELM.) Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, +obovate-oblong, abruptly pointed, often doubly serrated, with very +straight veins; twigs and bud-scales downy-ciliate; branches often with +corky ridges. Fruit large (1/2 in. or more long), with a deep notch; +hairy. A large tree with fine-grained, heavy and very tough wood. +Southwest Vermont, west and south, southwestward to Missouri, on +river-banks. + +[Illustration: U. alata.] + +5. =Ulmus alata=, Michx. (WAHOO OR WINGED ELM.) Leaves small, 1 to 2 in. +long, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, thickish, downy beneath +and nearly smooth above, sharply serrate. Bud-scales and branchlets +nearly smooth. Notch in the wing of the fruit deep. A small tree, 30 to +40 ft. high, the branches having corky wings. Wild, Virginia, west and +south; rarely cultivated. + +[Illustration: U. Americana.] + +6. =Ulmus Americana=, L. (AMERICAN OR WHITE ELM.) Leaves 2 to 4 in. +long, obovate-oblong or oval, abruptly sharp-pointed, sharply and often +doubly serrated, soft-pubescent beneath when young, soon quite smooth; +buds and branchlets smooth. Fruit 1/2 in. long, its sharp points incurved +and closing the deep notch; hairy only on the edges. A large ornamental +tree, usually with spreading branches and drooping branchlets, forming a +very wide-spreading top. Wild throughout in rich, moist soil; common in +cultivation. + + +GENUS =75. PLANERA.= + +Trees or tall shrubs with alternate, simple, pointed, 2-ranked, +feather-veined, toothed leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, with the leaves +in spring. Fruit a small, nut-like, scaly, globular drupe, ripe in +autumn. Bark scaling off like that of the Sycamore. + +[Illustration: P. aquatica.] + +1. =Planera aquatica=, Gmel. (AMERICAN PLANER-TREE.) Leaves +ovate-oblong, small, 1 to 1 1/2 in. long, on short stems, sharp-pointed, +serrate with equal teeth, smooth, green above and gray below, not +oblique at base. Flowers minute, in small heads, appearing before the +leaves. Fruit a scaly, roughened nut, 1/4 in., raised on a stalk in the +calyx; ripe in September. A small tree, 20 to 50 ft. high; wet banks, +Kentucky and southward; hardy as far north as Philadelphia. + +[Illustration: P. acuminata.] + +2. =Planera acuminata.= (KIAKA ELM OR JAPAN PLANER-TREE.) Leaves large, +glossy, smooth, deeply notched, on red stems; young shoots also red. +This is a larger, more hardy, and finer tree than the American +Planer-tree, and should be more extensively cultivated. + +The Caucasian Planer-tree (_Planera parvifolia_), with very small +leaves, is also occasionally cultivated. + + +GENUS =76. CELTIS.= + +Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, 2-ranked, oblique, serrate +leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish, axillary. Fruit berry-like, +sweet, edible drupes, about the size of a currant, with one seed; color +dark; ripe in autumn. + + * Leaves usually sharply serrate 1. + + * Leaves almost entire 2. + +[Illustration: C. occidentalis.] + +1. =Celtis occidentalis=, L. (SUGARBERRY. HACKBERRY.) Leaves ovate, +obliquely subcordate to truncate at base, long-acuminate, serrate (at +least near the apex), rough above and hairy beneath. Fruit a +single-seeded, 1/4 in., globular drupe, solitary on a peduncle, 1 in. +long, in the axils of the leaves; purple when ripe in autumn. + +Shrub (var. _pumila_) to large tree, 6 to 50 ft. high; throughout; rare +north, abundant south. Sometimes cultivated. The branches are numerous, +slender, horizontal, giving the tree a wide-spreading, dense top. + +[Illustration: C. Mississippiensis.] + +2. =Celtis Mississippiensis=, Bosc. Leaves almost entire, with a very +long, tapering point, a rounded and mostly oblique base, thin and +smooth. Fruit smaller than that of the preceding species. A small tree +with rough, warty bark. Illinois and southward. + + +GENUS =77. MACLURA.= + +Trees or shrubs with milky juice and simple, alternate, entire, +deciduous leaves, generally having a sharp spine by the side of the bud +in the axils. Flowers inconspicuous; in summer. Fruit large, globular, +orange-like in appearance. + +[Illustration: M. aurantiaca.] + +=Maclura aurantiaca=, Nutt. (OSAGE ORANGE. BOW-WOOD.) Leaves rather +thick, ovate to ovate-oblong, almost entire, smooth and shining above, +strong-veined and paler beneath, 4 in. long by 2 in. wide; spines +simple, about 1 in. long. Fruit as large as an orange, golden-yellow +when ripe. A medium-sized tree, 20 to 50 ft. high; native west of the +Mississippi. Extensively cultivated for hedges, and also for ornament, +throughout. + + +GENUS =78. MORUS.= + +Trees with milky juice and alternate, deciduous, exstipulate, broad, +heart-shaped, usually rough leaves. Flowers inconspicuous; in spring. +Fruit blackberry-like in shape and size; in summer. + + * Leaves rough; fruit dark-colored 1. + + * Leaves smooth and shining; fruit white to black 2. + +[Illustration: M. rubra.] + +1. =Morus rubra=, L. (RED MULBERRY.) Leaves broad, heart-shaped, 4 to 6 +in. long, serrate, rough above and downy beneath, pointed; on the young +shoots irregularly lobed. Fruit dark red, almost purple when ripe, +cylindrical; not found on all the trees, as the flowers are somewhat +dioecious; ripe in July. Wood yellow, heavy and durable. Usually a +small tree, 15 to 60 ft. high; wild throughout, also cultivated. + +[Illustration: M. alba.] + +2. =Morus alba=, L. (WHITE MULBERRY.) Leaves obliquely heart-ovate, +pointed, serrate, smooth and shining; lobed on the younger growths; 2 to +7 in. long. Fruit whitish, oval to oblong; ripe in July. A small tree +from China, planted for feeding silkworms, but now naturalized +throughout. + +Var. _multicaulis_ has large leaves, and is considered better for +silkworm food than the usual form. It is not very hardy, as it is +frequently winter-killed in the latitude of New York City. + +Var. _Downingii_ (Downing's everbearing Mulberry) has large leaves and +very large, dark red or black fruit, of excellent flavor, which does not +ripen all at once as most Mulberries do. + + +GENUS =79. BROUSSONETIA.= + +Trees with milky juice and alternate, deciduous, stipulate, broad, very +hairy leaves. Flowers dioecious. Fruit (only on a portion of the +plants) similar to the common Mulberry. + +[Illustration: B. papyrifera.] + +=Broussonetia papyrifera=, L. (PAPER-MULBERRY.) Leaves ovate to +heart-shaped, variously lobed, deeply so on the young suckers, serrate, +very rough above and quite soft-downy beneath; leaves on the old trees +almost without lobes; bark tough and fibrous. Flowers in catkins, +greenish; in spring. Fruit club-shaped, dark scarlet, sweet and insipid; +ripe in August. Small cultivated tree, 10 to 35 ft. high, hardy north to +New York; remarkable for the great variety in the forms of its leaves on +the young trees. + + +ORDER =XXXVII. PLATANACEAE.= + +(PLANE-TREE FAMILY.) + +A very small order, containing but one genus: + + +GENUS =80. PLATANUS.= + +Trees with alternate, simple, large, palmately lobed leaves. The base of +the petiole is hollowed to cover the bud. Flowers inconspicuous; in +early spring. Fruit a large, dry ball, hanging on a long peduncle, and +remaining on the tree through the winter. Large tree with white bark +separating into thin, brittle plates. + +[Illustration: P. occidentalis.] + +1. =Platanus occidentalis=, L. (AMERICAN SYCAMORE. BUTTONWOOD.) Leaves +large (6 to 10 in. broad), roundish heart-shaped, angularly +sinuate-lobed, the short lobes sharp-pointed, scurfy-downy till old. +Fruit globular, solitary, 1 in. in diameter, hanging on long, 4-in. +peduncles; remaining on the tree through the winter. A large, well-known +tree, 80 to 100 ft. high; found on river-banks throughout; also +cultivated. Wood brownish, coarse-grained; it cannot be split, and is +very difficult to smooth. The marking of the grain on the quartered +lumber is very beautiful. + +[Illustration: P. orientalis.] + +2. =Platanus orientalis=, L. (ORIENTAL PLANE.) Leaves more deeply cut, +smaller, and sooner smooth than those of the American Sycamore. Fruit +frequently clustered on the peduncles. This tree is similar to the +American Sycamore, and in many ways better for cultivation. + + +ORDER =XXXVIII. JUGLANDACEAE.= + +(WALNUT FAMILY.) + +A small order of useful nut-and timber-trees. + + +GENUS =81. JUGLANS.= + +Trees with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves, of 5 to 17 leaflets, with 2 to +4 axillary buds, the uppermost the largest. Flowers inconspicuous, the +sterile ones in catkins. May. Fruit a large, bony, edible nut surrounded +by a husk that has no regular dehiscence. The nut, as in the genus +Carya, has a bony partition between the halves of the kernel. + + * Leaflets 13 to 17, strongly serrate; husk of the fruit not + separating from the very rough, bony nut; native. (=A.=) + + =A.= Upper axillary bud cylindrical, whitish with hairs; nut + elongated 1. + + =A.= Upper axillary bud ovate, pointed; nut globular 2. + + * Leaflets 5 to 9; husk of the fruit separating when dry from the + smoothish, thin-shelled nut; cultivated 3. + +[Illustration: J. cinerea.] + +1. =Juglans cinerea=, L. (BUTTERNUT. WHITE WALNUT.) Leaflets 11 to 17, +lanceolate, rounded at base, serrate with shallow teeth; downy, +especially beneath; leafstalk sticky or gummy. Buds oblong, +white-to-mentose. Fruit oblong, clammy, pointed. A thick-shelled nut, +deeply sculptured and rough with ragged ridges; ripe in September. A +widely spreading, flat-topped tree, 30 to 70 ft. high, with gray bark +and much lighter-colored wood than that of the Juglans nigra. + +[Illustration: J. nigra.] + +2. =Juglans nigra=, L. (BLACK WALNUT.) Leaflets 13 to 21, +lanceolate-ovate, taper-pointed, somewhat heart-shaped and oblique at +base, smooth above and very slightly downy beneath. Fruit globular, +roughly dotted; the thick-shelled nut very rough; ripe in October. A +large handsome tree, 50 to 120 ft. high, with brown bark; more common +west than east of the Alleghanies; often planted. Wood dark +purplish-brown. + +[Illustration: J. regia.] + +3. =Juglans regia=, L. (MADEIRA NUT. ENGLISH WALNUT.) Leaflets 5 to 9, +oval, smooth, obscurely serrate. Fruit oval, with a thin-shelled oval +nut not nearly so rough as that of Juglans cinerea, or of Juglans nigra. +When ripe the husk becomes very brittle and breaks open to let out the +nut. Tree intermediate in size, 40 to 60 ft. high, hardy as far north as +Boston in the East, but needs protection at St. Louis. It should be more +extensively cultivated. Introduced from Persia. + + +GENUS =82. CARYA.= + +Hard-wooded trees with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves having +straight-veined leaflets. The leaflets are opposite each other, and the +terminal pair and end leaflet are usually much the largest. The sterile +flowers are in hanging catkins, the fertile ones minute, forming a +large, rounded, green-coated, dry drupe, with a roughened nut having a +bony partition. The drupes hang on till frost, when they open more or +less and usually allow the nut to drop out. Wood hard and tough. + + * Bark shaggy and scaly; kernel very good. (=A.=) + + =A.= Leaflets usually 5 (5 to 7) 1. + + =A.= Leaflets 7 to 9 2. + + * Bark rough, deeply furrowed but not shaggy; kernel edible. + (=B.=) + + =B.= Leaflets 7 to 9, usually 7 3. + + =B.= Leaflets 5 to 7, usually 5 4. + + * Bark smooth; kernel bitter. (=C.=) + + =C.= Leaflets 5 to 7, usually 7, smooth 5. + + =C.= Leaflets 7 to 11, serrate with deep teeth 6. + + * Bark smooth; nut thin-shelled; kernel sweet; leaflets 13 to 15 7. + +[Illustration: C. alba.] + +1. =Carya alba=, Nutt. (SHELLBARK OR SHAGBARK HICKORY.) Leaflets 5, the +lower pair much smaller, all oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, finely +serrate, downy beneath when young. Fruit globular, depressed at the top, +splitting readily into 4 wholly separate valves. Nut white, sweet, +compressed, 4-angled. Husk quite thin for the Hickories. Tree 70 to 90 +ft. high, with very shaggy bark, even on quite small trees. Wild +throughout, and cultivated. + +[Illustration: C. sulcata.] + +2. =Carya sulcata=, Nutt. (BIG SHELLBARK. KINGNUT.) Leaflets 7 to 9, +obovate-acuminate, sharply serrate, the odd one attenuate at base and +nearly sessile; downy beneath (more so than Carya alba). Fruit large, +oval, 4-ribbed above the middle, with 4 intervening depressions. Husk +very thick, entirely separating into 4 valves. Nut large, 1 1/4 to 2 in. +long, dull-whitish, thick-shelled, usually strongly pointed at both +ends. Kernel sweet and good. Tree 60 to 90 ft. high, with a shaggy bark +of loose, narrow strips on large trees. Quite common west of the +Alleghanies. + +[Illustration: C. tomentosa.] + +3. =Carya tomentosa=, Nutt. (MOCKERNUT. WHITE-HEART HICKORY.) Leaflets 7 +to 9 (mostly 7), lance-obovate, pointed, obscurely serrate or almost +entire, the lower surface as well as the twigs and the catkins tomentose +when young. Fruit globular or ovoid, usually with a very hard, thick +husk slightly united at base. Nut somewhat hexagonal, with a very thick +shell and well-flavored kernel. A tall, slender tree, 60 to 100 ft. +high, with a rough deeply furrowed, but not shaggy bark. Common on dry +hillsides throughout. + +[Illustration: C. microcarpa.] + +4. =Carya microcarpa=, Nutt. (SMALL MOCKERNUT.) Leaflets about 5 (5 to +7), oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, finely serrate, smooth, glandular +beneath; buds small, ovate. Fruit small, subglobose, with a thin husk; +nut not sharply angled, with a thin shell; edible. A large tree, 70 to +90 ft. high; New York, Pennsylvania, and westward. + +[Illustration: C. porcina.] + +5. =Carya porcina=, Nutt. (PIGNUT. BROOM-HICKORY.) Leaflets 5 to 7 +(usually 7), oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate, smooth. Fruit pear-shaped +to oval, somewhat rough, splitting regularly only about half-way. Nut +large (1 1/2 to 2 in. long), brownish, somewhat obcordate, with a thick, +hard shell, and poor, bitter kernel. Tall tree, 70 to 80 ft. high, with +dark-colored heart-wood, and rather smooth bark. Common on ridges. + +[Illustration: C. amara.] + +6. =Carya amara=, Nutt. (BITTERNUT. SWAMP-HICKORY.) Leaflets 7 to 11, +lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, serrate with deep teeth. Fruit +roundish-ovate, regularly separable only half-way, but friable at +maturity. Nut small, white, subglobose, with a very thin shell and an +extremely bitter kernel. Large tree with orange-yellow winter buds, and +firm, not scaly, bark. Wild throughout, and sometimes cultivated. + +[Illustration: C. olivaeformis.] + +7. =Carya olivaeformis=, Nutt. (PECAN-NUT.) Leaflets 13 to 15, +ovate-lanceolate, serrate; lateral ones nearly sessile and decidedly +curved. Fruit oblong, widest above the middle, with 4 distinct valves. +Nut oblong, 1 1/4 in., nearer smooth than the other edible Hickory-nuts, +the shell thin, but rather too hard to be broken by the fingers. The +kernel is full, sweet, and good. A tall tree, 80 to 90 ft. high. Indiana +and south; also cultivated, but not very successfully, as far north as +New York City. + + +ORDER =XXXIX. CUPULIFERAE.= (OAK FAMILY.) + +This order contains more species of trees and shrubs in temperate +regions than any other, except the Coniferae. The genus Quercus (Oak) +alone contains about 20 species of trees in the region covered by this +work. + + +GENUS =83. BETULA.= + +Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, mostly straight-veined, thin, +usually serrate leaves. Flowers in catkins, opening in early spring, in +most cases before the leaves. Fruit a leafy-scaled catkin or cone, +hanging on till autumn. Twigs usually slender, the bark peeling off in +thin, tough layers, and having peculiar horizontal marks. Many species +have aromatic leaves and twigs. + + * Trunks with chalky white bark. (=A.=) + + =A.= Native. (=B.=) + + =B.= Small tree with leafstalks about 1/2 as long as the blades 1. + + =B.= Large tree; leafstalks about 1/3 as long as the blades 2. + + =A.= Cultivated; from Europe; many varieties 3. + + * Bark not chalky white, usually dark. (=C.=) + + =C.= Leaves and bark very aromatic. (=D.=) + + =D.= Bark of trunk yellowish and splitting into filmy layers 5. + + =D.= Bark not splitting into filmy layers 4. + + =C.= Leaves not very aromatic; bark brownish and loose and + shaggy on the main trunk; growing in or near the water 6. + +[Illustration: B. populifolia.] + +1. =Betula populifolia=, Ait. (AMERICAN WHITE OR GRAY BIRCH.) Leaves +triangular, very taper-pointed, and usually truncate or nearly so at the +broad base, irregularly twice-serrate; both sides smooth and shining, +when young glutinous with resinous glands; leafstalks half as long as +the blades and slender, so as to make the leaves tremulous, like those +of the Aspen. Fruit brown, cylindrical, more or less pendulous on +slender peduncles. A small (15 to 30 ft. high), slender tree with an +ascending rather than an erect trunk. Bark chalky or grayish white, with +triangular dusky spaces below the branches; recent shoots brown, closely +covered with round dots. + +[Illustration: B. papyrifera.] + +2. =Betula papyrifera=, Marsh. (PAPER OR CANOE BIRCH.) Leaves 2 to 4 in. +long, ovate, taper-pointed, heart-shaped, abrupt or sometimes +wedge-shaped at the base, sharply and doubly serrate, smooth and green +above, roughly reticulated, glandular-dotted and slightly hairy beneath; +footstalk not over 1/3 the length of the blade. Fruit long-stalked and +drooping. A large tree, 60 to 75 ft. high, with white bark splitting +freely into very thin, tough layers. A variety, 5 to 10 ft. high (var. +_minor_), occurs only in the White Mountains. Young shoots reddish or +purplish olive-green deepening to a dark copper bronze. New England and +westward, also cultivated. + +[Illustration: B. alba.] + +3. =Betula alba=, L. (EUROPEAN WHITE BIRCH.) Leaves ovate, acute, +somewhat deltoid, unequally serrate, often deeply cut, nearly smooth; in +var. _pubescens_ covered with white hairs. Fruit brown, cylindric, +drooping. A tree, 30 to 60 ft. high, with a chalky-white bark; from +Europe, extensively cultivated in this country, under many names, which +indicate the character of growth or foliage; among them may be mentioned +_pendula_ (weeping), _laciniata_ (cut-leaved), _fastigiata_ (pyramidal), +_atropurpurea_ (purple-leaved), and _pubescens_ (hairy-leaved). + +[Illustration: B. lenta.] + +4. =Betula lenta=, L. (SWEET, BLACK OR CHERRY BIRCH.) Leaves and bark +very sweet, aromatic. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, with more or less +heart-shaped base, very acute apex, and doubly and finely serrate +margin, bright shining green above, smooth beneath, except the veins, +which are hairy. Fruit 1 to 1 1/4 in. long, cylindric, with spreading +lobes to the scales. A rather large tree, 50 to 70 ft. high, with bark of +trunk and twigs in appearance much like that of the garden Cherry, and +not splitting into as thin layers as most of the Birches. Wood +rose-colored, fine-grained. Moist woods, rather common throughout; also +cultivated. + +[Illustration: B. lutea.] + +5. =Betula lutea=, Michx. f. (YELLOW OR GRAY BIRCH.) A species so like +the preceding (Betula lenta) as to be best described by stating the +differences. Leaves and bark are much less aromatic. Leaves 3 to 5 in. +long, not so often nor so plainly heart-shaped at base, usually +narrowed; less bright green above, and more downy beneath; more coarsely +serrate. Fruit not so long, and more ovate, with much larger and thinner +scales, the lobes hardly spreading. A large tree, 50 to 90 ft. high, +with yellowish or silvery-gray bark peeling off into very thin, filmy +layers from the trunk. Wood whiter, and not so useful. Rich, moist +woodlands, especially northward; also cultivated. + +[Illustration: B. nigra.] + +6. =Betula nigra=, L. (RIVER OR RED BIRCH.) Leaves 2 1/2 to 3 1/2 in. +long, rhombic-ovate, acute at both ends, distinctly doubly serrate, +bright green above; glaucous beneath when young; on petioles only 1/6 +their length. Twigs brown to cinnamon-color, and downy when young. A +medium-sized tree, 30 to 50 ft. high, usually growing on the edges of +streams, the old trunks having a very shaggy, loose, torn, reddish-brown +bark. Wild in Massachusetts, south and west; often cultivated. + + +GENUS =84. ALNUS.= + +Shrubs or small trees with deciduous, alternate, simple, straight-veined +leaves with large stipules that remain most of the season. Flowers in +catkins. Fruit a small, scaly, open, woody cone, remaining on the plant +throughout the year. + + * Native species; growing in wet places. (=A.=) + + =A.= Leaves rounded at base; whitened beneath; found north of + 41 deg. N. Lat 1. + + =A.= Leaves acute or tapering at base; southward. (=B.=) + + =B.= Flowering in the spring 2. + + =B.= Flowering in the autumn 3. + + * Cultivated species; from Europe; will grow in dry places 4, 5. + +[Illustration: A. incana.] + +1. =Alnus incana=, Willd. (SPECKLED OR HOARY ALDER.) Leaves 3 to 5 in. +long, broadly oval or ovate, rounded at base, sharply serrate, often +coarsely toothed, whitened and mostly downy beneath; stipules lanceolate +and soon falling. Fruit orbicular or nearly so. A shrub or small tree, 8 +to 20 ft. high, with the bark of the trunk a polished reddish green; +common along water-courses north of 41 deg. N. Lat.; sometimes cultivated. + +[Illustration: A. serrulata.] + +2. =Alnus serrulata=, Willd. (SMOOTH ALDER.) Leaves 2 to 4 1/2 in. long, +thickish, obovate, acute at base, sharply and finely serrate, green both +sides, smooth or often downy beneath; stipules yellowish green, oval, +and falling after 2 or 3 leaves have expanded above them. Fruit ovate. +Rather a shrub than a tree, 6 to 12 ft. high, common along streams south +of 41 deg. N. Lat. In the Southern States it sometimes forms a tree 30 ft. +high. + +[Illustration: A. maritima.] + +3. =Alnus maritima=, Muhl. (SEASIDE ALDER.) Smooth; leaves oblong-ovate +to obovate, with a tapering base, sharply serrulate; petiole slender; +color bright green, somewhat rusty beneath. Flowering in the autumn. +Fruiting catkin large, 3/4 to 1 in. long, 1/2 in. thick, usually solitary, +ovoid to oblong. A small tree, 15 to 25 ft. high. Southern Delaware and +eastern Maryland, near the coast. + +[Illustration: A. glutinosa.] + +4. =Alnus glutinosa=, L. (EUROPEAN ALDER.) Leaves roundish, +wedge-shaped, wavy-serrated, usually abrupt at tip, glutinous; sharply +and deeply incised in some varieties. Fruit oval, 1/2 in. long. A +medium-sized tree, 25 to 60 ft. high, of rapid growth, often cultivated +under several names; the most important being vars. _laciniata_ +(cut-leaved), _quercifolia_ (oak-leaved), and _rubrinervis_ +(red-leaved). + +[Illustration: A. cordifolia.] + +5. =Alnus cordifolia=, Ten. (HEART-LEAVED ALDER.) Leaves heart-shaped, +dark green and shining. Flowers greenish-brown, blooming in March and +April, before the leaves expand. A large and very handsome Alder, 15 to +20 ft. high, growing in much dryer soil than the American species. +Cultivated from southern Europe. Hardy after it gets a good start, but +often winter-killed when young. + + +GENUS =85. CORYLUS.= + +Low trees and large shrubs with simple, alternate, deciduous, doubly +serrate, straight-veined leaves. Flowers insignificant, in catkins in +early spring. Fruit an ovoid-oblong bony nut, inclosed in a thickish +involucre of two leaves with a lacerated frilled border; ripe in autumn. + + * Leafy bracts of fruit forming a bottle-shaped involucre 2. + + * Leafy bracts not bottle-shaped. (=A.=) + + =A.= Involucre much longer than the nut 1. + + =A.= Involucre but little longer than the nut 3. + +[Illustration: C. Americana.] + +1. =Corylus Americana=, Walt. (WILD HAZELNUT.) Leaves roundish +heart-shaped, pointed, doubly serrate; stipules broad at base, acute, +and sometimes cut-toothed; twigs and shoots often hairy. Involucre of +the fruit open to the globose nut, the two leaf-like bracts very much +cut-toothed at the margin and thick and leathery at the base. Merely a +shrub, 5 to 6 ft. high; quite common throughout. + +[Illustration: C. rostrata.] + +2. =Corylus rostrata=, Ait. (BEAKED HAZELNUT.) Leaves but little or not +at all heart-shaped; stipules linear-lanceolate. The involucre, +extending beyond the nut in a bract like a bottle, is covered with +stiff, short hairs. Shrub, 4 to 5 ft. high. Wild in the same region as +Corylus Americana, but not so abundant. + +[Illustration: C. Avellana.] + +3. =Corylus Avellana=, L. (EUROPEAN HAZEL. FILBERT.) Leaves +roundish-cordate, pointed, doubly serrate, nearly sessile, with +ovate-oblong, obtuse stipules; shoots bristly. Involucre of the fruit +not much larger than the large nut (1 in.), and deeply cleft. A small +tree or shrub, 6 to 12 ft. high, from Europe; several varieties in +cultivation. + + +GENUS =86. OSTRYA.= + +Slender trees with very hard wood, brownish, furrowed bark, and +deciduous, alternate, simple, exstipulate, straight-veined leaves. +Flowers inconspicuous, in catkins. Fruit hop-like in appearance, at the +ends of side shoots of the season, hanging on through the autumn. + +[Illustration: O. Virginica.] + +1. =Ostrya Virginica=, Willd. (IRON-WOOD. AMERICAN HOP-HORNBEAM.) Leaves +oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubly serrate, downy beneath, +with 11 to 15 straight veins on each side of the midrib; buds acute. The +hop-like fruit 2 to 3 times as long as wide; full grown and pendulous, 1 +to 3 in. long, in August, when it adds greatly to the beauty of the +tree. A small, rather slender tree, 30 to 50 ft. high, with the bark on +old trees somewhat furrowed; wood white and very hard and heavy; common +in rich woods, and occasionally cultivated. + +[Illustration: O. vulgaris.] + +2. =Ostrya vulgaris=, Willd. (EUROPEAN HOP-HORNBEAM.) This species from +Europe is much like the American one, but has longer, more slender, more +pendulous fruit-clusters. Occasionally cultivated. + + +GENUS =87. CARPINUS.= + +Trees or tall shrubs with alternate, simple, straight-veined leaves, and +smooth and close gray bark. Flowers in drooping catkins, the sterile +flowers in dense cylindric ones, and the fertile flowers in a loose +terminal one forming an elongated, leafy-bracted cluster with many, +several-grooved, small nuts, hanging on the tree till late in the +autumn. + +[Illustration: C. Caroliniana.] + +1. =Carpinus Caroliniana=, Walt. (AMERICAN HORNBEAM. BLUE OR WATER +BEECH.) Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, soon +nearly smooth. Fruit with the scales obliquely halberd-shaped and +cut-toothed, 3/4 in. long, nuts 1/8 in. long. A tree or tall shrub, 10 to +25 ft. high, with a peculiarly ridged trunk; the close, smooth gray bark +and the leaves are much like those of the Beech. The wood is very hard +and whitish. Common along streams; sometimes cultivated. + +[Illustration: C. Betulus.] + +2. =Carpinus Betulus=, L. (EUROPEAN HORNBEAM.) This cultivated species +is quite similar to the American, but can be distinguished by the scales +of the fruit, which are wholly halberd-shaped, having the basal lobes +nearly equal in size, as shown in the cut; while the American species +has scales only half halberd-shaped. + + +GENUS =88. QUERCUS.= + +Large trees to shrubs, with simple, alternate, deciduous or evergreen, +entire to deeply lobed leaves. The leaves are rather thick and woody, +and remain on the tree either all winter or at least until nearly all +other deciduous leaves have fallen. Flowers insignificant; the staminate +ones in catkins; blooming in spring. Fruit an acorn, which in the White, +Chestnut, and Live Oaks matures the same year the blossoms appear; while +in the Red, Black, and Willow Oaks the acorns mature the second year. +They remain on the tree until late in autumn. The Oaks, because of their +large tap-roots, can be transplanted only when small. Most of the +species are in cultivation. The species are very closely related, and a +number of them quite readily hybridize; this is especially true of those +of a particular group, as the White Oaks, Black Oaks, etc. + +There is no attempt in the Key to characterize the hybrids, of which +some are quite extensively distributed. _Quercus heterophylla_, Michx. +(Bartram's Oak), supposed to be a hybrid between _Quercus Phellos_ and +_Quercus rubra_, is found quite frequently from Staten Island southward +to North Carolina. + + * Cultivated Oaks from the Old World; bark rough; leaves more or + less sinuated or lobed. (=A.=) + + =A.= Acorn cup not bristly 20. + + =A.= Acorn cup more or less bristly 21. + + * Wild species, occasionally cultivated. (=B.=) + + =B.= Leaves entire or almost entire, or merely 3- (rarely 5-) + lobed at the enlarged summit. (=C.=) + + =C.= Ends about equal, petioles very short. (=D.=) + + =D.= Leaves small (2 to 4 in. long), evergreen, bark + smooth, black (Live-oaks) 10. + + =D.= Leaves not evergreen in the North, somewhat awned + when young, bark very smooth, black and never cracked + (Willow-oaks). (=E.=) + + =E.= Down on the under side quite persistent 18. + + =E.= Under side soon smooth 19. + + =C.= Widened near the tip, somewhat obovate and the end + usually 3-lobed; bark quite black, smooth or furrowed, + but never scaly (Black-oaks). (=F.=) + + =F.= Leaves acute at base 16. + + =F.= Leaves abrupt or cordate at base 17. + + =B.= Leaves distinctly straight-veined, sinuate rather than + lobed, the teeth generally rounded and never awned; bark + white, rough and scaling (Chestnut-oaks). (=G.=) + + =G.= Lobes rounded 5, 6, 7. + + =G.= Lobes rather acute 8, 9. + + =B.= Leaves coarsely lobed, the lobes usually rounded, never + awned; bark white or whitish-brown, cracking and scaling + off in thin laminae (White Oaks). (=H.=) + + =H.= Leaves crowded at the ends of the branchlets 4. + + =H.= Leaves not crowded 1, 2, 3. + + =B.= Leaves more or less lobed, the lobes and teeth acute and + bristle-pointed; petiole slender; base rather abrupt; bark + dark-colored, smooth or furrowed, but never scaly (Red + Oaks). (=I.=) + + =I.= Leaves smooth both sides, at least when mature 11, 12, 13. + + =I.= Leaves soft-downy beneath 14, 15. + +[Illustration: Q. alba.] + +1. =Quercus alba=, L. (AMERICAN WHITE OAK.) Leaves short-stemmed, acute +at base, with 3 to 9 oblong, obtuse, usually entire, oblique lobes, very +persistent, many remaining on the tree through the winter; pubescent +when young, soon smooth, bright green above. Acorns in the axils of the +leaves of the year, ovoid-oblong, 1 in., in a shallow, rough cup, often +sweet and edible. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, with stem often 6 ft. +in diameter; wood light-colored, hard, tough and very useful. Common +throughout. + +[Illustration: Q. stellata] + +2. =Quercus stellata=, Wang. (POST-OAK. ROUGH OR BOX WHITE OAK.) Leaves +4 to 6 in. long, sinuately cut into 5 to 7 roundish, divergent lobes, +the upper ones much larger and often 1- to 3-notched, grayish-or +yellowish-downy beneath, and pale and rough above. Acorn ovoid, about +1/2 in. long, one third to one half inclosed in a deep, saucer-shaped +cup; in the axils of the leaves of the year. A medium-sized tree, 40 to +50 ft. high, with very hard, durable wood, resembling that of the White +Oak. Massachusetts, south and west. + +[Illustration: Q. macrocarpa.] + +3. =Quercus macrocarpa=, Michx. (BUR-OAK. MOSSY-CUP.) Leaves obovate or +oblong, lyrately pinnatifid or deeply sinuate-lobed or nearly parted, +the lobes sparingly and obtusely toothed or entire. Acorn broadly ovoid, +1 in. or more long, one half to almost entirely inclosed in a thick and +woody cup with usually a mossy fringed border formed of the upper awned +scales; cup very variable in size, 3/4 to 2 in. across. A handsome, +middle-sized tree, 40 to 60 ft. high. Western New England to Wisconsin, +and southwestward. + +[Illustration: Q. lyrata.] + +4. =Quercus lyrata=, Walt. (SWAMP POST-OAK.) Leaves crowded at the ends +of the branchlets, very variable, obovate-oblong, more or less deeply 7- +to 9-lobed, white-to-mentose beneath when young, becoming smoothish; the +lobes triangular to oblong, acute or obtuse, entire or sparingly +toothed. Acorn about 3/4 in. long, nearly covered by the round, ovate, +thin, rugged, scaly cup. A large tree with pale flaky bark. River-swamps +in southern Indiana to Wisconsin, and southward. + +[Illustration: Q. bicolor.] + +5. =Quercus bicolor=, Willd. (SWAMP WHITE OAK.) Leaves obovate or +oblong-obovate, wedge-shaped at base, coarsely sinuate-crenate, and +often rather pinnatifid than toothed, whitish, soft-downy beneath. Main +primary veins 6 to 8 pairs. Acorns, nearly 1 in., oblong-ovoid, set in a +shallow cup often mossy fringed at the margin, on a peduncle about as +long as the acorn, much longer than the petioles of the leaves; in the +axils of the leaves of the year. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, stem 5 +to 8 ft. in diameter. Most common in the Northern and Western States, in +swamps, but found in moist soil in the mountains of the South. + +[Illustration: Q. Michauxii.] + +6. =Quercus Michauxii=, Nutt. (BASKET-OAK or COW-OAK.) Leaves 5 to 6 in. +long, oval to obovate, acute, obtuse, or even cordate at base, regularly +but usually not deeply sinuate, rather rigid, usually very tomentose +beneath. Acorn large, 1-1/3 in. long, sweet and edible; cup shallow and +roughened with coarse, acute scales; no fringe. A large and valuable Oak +with gray and flaky bark. + +[Illustration: Q. Prinus] + +7. =Quercus Prinus=, L. (CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves obovate or oblong, +coarsely undulately toothed, with 10 to 16 pairs of straight, prominent +ribs beneath; surface minutely downy beneath, and smooth above. Acorn +ovoid, 1 in. long, covered nearly half-way with a thick, mostly +tuberculated cup; in the axils of the leaves of the year; kernel +sweetish and edible. A middle-sized or small tree, with reddish, +coarse-grained wood. Found throughout, but common only southward. + +[Illustration: Q. Muhlenbergii.] + +8. =Quercus Muhlenbergii=, Engelm. (YELLOW CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves usually +thin, 5 to 7 in. long, 1 1/2 to 2 in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, rather +sharply notched, mostly obtuse or roundish at base, sometimes broadly +ovate or obovate, and two thirds as wide as long. The leaves are usually +more like those of the Chestnut than any other Oak; the primary veins +very straight, impressed above, prominent beneath. Acorn 2/3 to 3/4 in. +long, inclosed in a thin, hemispherical cup with small, appressed +scales. A middle-sized tree with flaky, pale, thin, ash-colored bark, +and tough, very durable, yellowish or brownish wood. Western New +England, westward and south. + +[Illustration: Q. prinoides.] + +9. =Quercus prinoides=, Willd. (DWARF CHESTNUT-OAK.) Much like the last, +but generally grows only 2 to 4 ft. high in the Eastern States. The +leaves are more wavy-toothed, on shorter stems. It seems to be only a +variety of Quercus Muhlenbergii, especially in the West, where it grows +much taller and runs into that species. + +[Illustration: Q. virens.] + +10. =Quercus virens=, Ait. (LIVE-OAK.) Leaves thick, evergreen, 2 to 4 +in. long, oblong, obtuse, and somewhat wrinkled; smooth and shining +above, hairy beneath, the margin revolute, usually quite entire, rarely +spiny-toothed. Acorns pedunculate, 1 to 3 in a cluster, oblong-ovate, +with top-shaped nut. A mere shrub to a large tree, with yellowish wood +of excellent grain and durability. Virginia and south. + +[Illustration: Q. rubra.] + +11. =Quercus rubra, L.= (RED OAK.) Leaves rather thin, smooth, oblong, +moderately pinnatifid, sometimes deeply so, into 8 to 12 entire or +sharply toothed lobes, turning dark red after frost. Acorn oblong-ovoid, +1 in. or less long, set in a shallow cup of fine scales, with a narrow +raised border, 3/4 to 1 in. in diameter; sessile or nearly so. A large +tree, 60 to 90 ft. high, with reddish, very coarse-grained wood. Common +throughout. + +[Illustration: Q. coccinea.] + +12. =Quercus coccinea=, Wang. (SCARLET OAK.) Leaves, in the ordinary +form on large trees, bright green, shining above, turning red in autumn, +oval or oblong, deeply pinnatifid, the 6 to 8 lobes divergent, and +sparingly cut-toothed, notches rounded. Acorn 1/2 to 3/4 in. long, +roundish, depressed, one half or a little more inclosed in a top-shaped, +coarsely scaled cup; in the axils of the leaf-scars of the preceding +year. A large handsome tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, with grayish bark not +deeply furrowed, interior reddish; coarse-grained reddish wood. Moist or +dry soil. Common. + +[Illustration: Var. tinctoria.] + +Var. _tinctoria_. (Quercitron. Yellow-barked or Black Oak.) Leaves, +especially on young trees, often less deeply pinnatifid, sometimes +barely sinuate. Foliage much like that of Quercus rubra. Acorn nearly +round, 1/2 to 2/3 in. long, set in a rather deep, conspicuously scaly cup. +Bark of trunk thicker, rougher, darker-colored and with the inner color +orange. Rich and poor soil. Abundant east, but rare west. + +[Illustration: Q. palustris.] + +13. =Quercus palustris=, Du Roi. (SWAMP, SPANISH, OR PIN OAK.) Leaves +oblong, deeply pinnatifid, with divergent, sharply toothed, +bristle-tipped lobes and rounded notches, and with both sides bright +green. Acorn globular, hardly 1/2 in. long, cup shallow and saucer-shaped, +almost sessile, in the axils of last year's leaf-scars. A handsome, +medium-sized tree; wood reddish, coarse-grained. In low ground. Common +throughout. + +[Illustration: Q. falcata.] + +14. =Quercus falcata=, Michx. (SPANISH OAK.) Leaves obtuse or roundish +at base, 3- to 5-lobed above, the lobes prolonged, mostly narrow, and +the end ones more or less scythe-shaped, bristle-tipped, entire or +sparingly cut-toothed, soft-downy beneath. Foliage very variable. Acorn +1/3 to 1/2 in. long, globose, half inclosed in the hemispherical cup; +nearly sessile. A tree, 30 to 70 ft. high, large and abundant in the +South; bark thick and excellent for tanning; wood coarse-grained, dark +brown or reddish. New Jersey, south and west. + +[Illustration: Q. ilicifolia.] + +15. =Quercus ilicifolia=, Wang. (BEAR OR BLACK SCRUB-OAK.) Leaves +obovate, wedge-shaped at base, angularly about 5-lobed (3 to 7), +white-downy beneath, 2 to 4 in. long, thickish, with short, triangular +bristle-tipped lobes. Acorn ovoid, globular, 1/2 in. long. A dwarfed, +straggling bush, 3 to 10 ft. high. Sandy barrens and rocky hills. New +England to Ohio, and south. + +[Illustration: Q. aquatica.] + +16. =Quercus aquatica=, Walt. (WATER-OAK.) Leaves thick, sub-evergreen, +obovate-wedge-shaped, smooth, tapering at the base, sometimes obscurely +3-lobed at the tip; on the seedlings and the young rapid-growing shoots +often incised or sinuate-pinnatifid, and then bristle-pointed. Acorn +small, globular-ovoid, downy, in a saucer-shaped cup, very bitter; in +the axils of leaf-scars of the previous year. A very variable tree, 30 +to 40 ft. high, with smooth bark. Wet ground. Maryland, west and south. + +[Illustration: Q. nigra.] + +17. =Quercus nigra=, L. (BLACK OAK OR BARREN OAK.) Leaves large, 5 to 10 +in. long, thick, wedge-shaped, broadly dilated above, and truncate or +slightly 3-lobed at the end, bristle-awned, smooth above, rusty-downy +beneath. Acorn oblong-ovate, 1/2 to 3/4 in. long, in the axils of the +leaves of the preceding year, one third or one half inclosed in the +top-shaped, coarse-scaled cup. A small tree, 10 to 25 ft. high, with +rough, very dark-colored bark. New York, south and west, in dry, sandy +barrens. + +[Illustration: Q. imbricaria.] + +18. =Quercus imbricaria=, Michx. (LAUREL-OR SHINGLE-OAK.) Leaves +lanceolate-oblong, entire, tipped with an abrupt, sharp point, +pale-downy beneath. Acorn globular, 5/8 in. long, cup with broad, +whitish, close-pressed scales, covering about one third of the nut. A +stout tree, 30 to 50 ft. high, found in barrens and open woodlands. Wood +extensively used in the West for shingles. New Jersey to Wisconsin, and +southward. + +[Illustration: Q. Phellos.] + +19. =Quercus Phellos=, L. (WILLOW-OAK.) Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, thick, +linear-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, entire or very nearly so, soon +smooth, light green, bristle-tipped, willow-like, scurfy when young. +Acorns about sessile, globular, small (1/2 in.), in a shallow saucer +shaped cup; on the old wood. Tree 30 to 50 ft. high, with smooth, thick +bark, and reddish, coarse-grained wood, of little value. Borders of +swamps, New Jersey, south and west; also cultivated. + +[Illustration: Q. Robur.] + +20. =Quercus Robur=, L. (ENGLISH OAK.) Leaves on short footstalks, +oblong, smooth, dilated upward, sinuately lobed, hardly pinnatifid. +Acorns in the axils of the leaves of the year, ovate-oblong, over 1 in., +about one third inclosed in the hemispherical cup; sessile in var. +_sessiliflora_; clustered and long-peduncled in var. _pedunculata_. +Trees 50 to 100 ft. high, extensively cultivated; from Europe; the +nursery catalogues name as many as a score or more varieties. + +One var., _fastigiata_ (Pyramidal Oak), is a peculiar upright tree like +the Lombardy Poplar; var. _pendula_ (Weeping Oak) has long, slender, +drooping branches. + +[Illustration: Q. Cerris.] + +21. =Quercus Cerris=, L. (TURKEY OAK.) Leaves on very short stalks, +oblong, deeply and unequally pinnatifid, hairy beneath; lobes +lanceolate, acute, somewhat angular. Acorns in the axils of the leaves +of the year, ovate, with a hemispherical, bristly or mossy cup. Several +varieties of this species, from Europe, are cultivated in this country. +They form tall, round-headed, symmetrical trees. + + +GENUS =89. CASTANEA.= + +Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, straight-veined, elongated, +pointed leaves. Sterile flowers in long, drooping, conspicuous catkins, +blooming in June or July; the fertile ones rather inconspicuous, but +forming prickly-coated burs which hang on till the frost, when they +split open and let out the brown, horny-coated nuts. Wood light, +coarse-grained. + + * Large tree with burs having 1 to 3 nuts 1. + + * Small tree with burs having 1 rounded nut 2. + +[Illustration: C. sativa.] + +1. =Castanea sativa=, Mill. (CHESTNUT.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, +pointed, coarsely serrate, with usually awned teeth; smooth on both +sides, 6 to 9 in. long, 1 1/2 to 2 1/4 in. wide. Burs large, very prickly, +inclosing 1 to 3 large, ovoid, brown nuts, ripe after frost, which opens +the bur into 4 valves. A common large tree, with light, coarse-grained +wood, and bark having coarse longitudinal ridges on the old trees. Many +varieties of this species are in cultivation, varying in the size and +sweetness of the nuts, the size of the trees, and the size and the +margins of the leaves, some of which are almost entire. The wild species +is var. _Americana_. + +[Illustration: C. pumila.] + +2. =Castanea pumila=, Mill. (CHINQUAPIN.) Leaves lance-oblong, strongly +straight-veined, coarsely serrate, usually with awned tips; +whitish-downy beneath, 3 to 5 in. long, 1 1/4 to 2 in. wide. Bur small, +prickly, with a single small, rounded, sweet, chestnut-colored nut. A +handsome small tree, or in the wild state usually a shrub, 6 to 40 ft. +high. Central New Jersey, southern Ohio and southward, and cultivated +successfully as far north as New York City. + + +GENUS =90. FAGUS.= + +Trees with alternate, strongly straight-veined, almost entire to deeply +pinnatifid leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, appearing with the leaves. +Fruit a prickly bur, inclosing 2 triangular, sharp-ridged nuts, the bur +hanging on the trees during the greater part of the winter. Leaf-buds +very elongated, slender, sharp-pointed. + + * The straight veins all ending in the teeth; native 1. + + * Margin varying from entire to deeply pinnatifid, the straight + veins occasionally ending in the notches 2. + +[Illustration: F. ferruginea.] + +1. =Fagus ferruginea=, Ait. (AMERICAN BEECH.) Leaves thin, oblong-ovate, +taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed; petioles and +midrib ciliate with soft silky hairs when young, soon almost naked. The +very straight veins run into the teeth. Prickles of the fruit mostly +recurved or spreading. Large tree, 60 to 100 ft. high, with +grayish-white, very smooth bark, and firm, light-colored, close-grained +wood. Wild throughout, and frequently cultivated. + +[Illustration: F. sylvatica.] + +2. =Fagus sylvatica=, L. (EUROPEAN BEECH.) Leaves often similar to those +of the American Beech, but usually shorter and broader; the border, +often nearly entire, is wavy in some varieties, and in others deeply +pinnatifid. The bark in most varieties is darker than in the American. +This Beech, with its numerous varieties, is the one usually cultivated. +Among the most useful varieties are _atropurpurea_ (Purple Beech), with +the darkest foliage of any deciduous tree, and almost entire-margined +leaves; _laciniata_ (Cut-leaved Beech), with very deeply cut leaves; and +_argentea variegata_ (Silver Variegated Beech), having in the spring +quite distinctly variegated leaves. + + +ORDER =XL. SALICACEAE.= (WILLOW FAMILY.) + +A small order of soft-wooded trees and shrubs, abundantly distributed in +the northern temperate and frigid zones. + + +GENUS =91. SALIX.= + +Soft-wooded trees or shrubs growing in damp places, with alternate, +usually quite elongated, pointed, deciduous leaves, without lobes. +Stipules often large, leaf-like, and more or less persistent through the +summer; sometimes scale-like and dropping early. The stipules are always +free from the leafstalk and attached to the twig at small spots just +below the leafstalk. Even if the stipules have dropped off, the small +scars remain. Flowers staminate and pistillate on separate trees +(dioecious), in elongated catkins in early spring. Fruit consists of +catkins of small pods with numerous seeds having silky down at one end. +The seeds usually drop early. Among the Willows there are so many +hybrids and peculiar varieties as to render their study difficult, and +their classification, in some cases, impossible. The following Key will +probably enable the student to determine most specimens. No attempt has +been made to include all the cultivated forms. + + * Spray decidedly weeping 5. + + * Spray not decidedly weeping. (=A.=) + + =A.= Rather small Willows, 10 to 30 ft. high, with broad + leaves, usually not over twice as long as wide; + cultivated. (=B.=) + + =B.= Leaves glossy dark green on the upper side, + taper-pointed 7. + + =B.= Leaves with white cottony hairs beneath 10. + + =B.= Leaves rough-veiny beneath 13. + + =A.= Rather large Willows, 12 to 80 ft. high, with the + bark of the trunk very rough; leaves more elongated. + (=C.=) + + =C.= Petioles of the leaves not glandular; tree 10 to + 40 ft. high. (=D.=) + + =D.= Leaves green on both sides when mature 1. + + =D.= Leaves glaucous beneath 2. + + =C.= Petioles of the leaves usually glandular; tree + 50 to 80 ft. high. (=E.=) + + =E.= Young leaves green above and glaucous beneath 3. + + =E.= Young leaves ashy gray or silvery white on both sides 4. + + =A.= Small trees or almost shrubs, under 18 ft. high; bark of + trunk rather smooth. (=F.=) + + =F.= Leaves ovate rather than lanceolate, sometimes truncate + or even cordate at base. (=G.=) + + =G.= Leaves quite broad, shining on both sides. (=H.=) + + =H.= Leaves bright green; twigs polished green 6. + + =H.= Leaves very dark green, strongly fragrant when + bruised 7. + + =G.= Leaves pale-downy beneath, often cordate at base 8. + + =F.= Leaves usually wider near the acute or acuminate tip, + glaucous beneath. (=I.=) + + =I.= Branches very twiggy; leaves often opposite; twigs + olive-color or reddish 9. + + =I.= Branches not very twiggy; leaves all alternate 11, 12. + + =F.= Leaves very long and slender, almost linear 14. + +[Illustration: S. nigra] + +1. =Salix nigra=, Marsh. (BLACK WILLOW.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate, +tapering at the ends, serrate, smooth except on the petiole and midrib, +green on both sides; stipules small (large in var. _falcata_), dentate, +dropping early. Branches very brittle at base. A small tree, 15 to 35 +ft. high, with rough black bark. Common along streams, southward, but +rare in the northern range of States. + +[Illustration: S. amygdaloides.] + +2. =Salix amygdaloides=, Anderson. (WESTERN BLACK WILLOW.) Leaves 2 to 4 +in. long, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, attenuate-cuspidate, pale or +glaucous beneath, with long slender petioles; stipules minute and soon +falling. A small tree, 10 to 40 ft. high, from central New York +westward. It is the common Black Willow of the streams of Ohio to +Missouri. + +[Illustration: S. fragilis.] + +3. =Salix fragilis=, L. (BRITTLE WILLOW. CRACK-WILLOW.) Leaves +lanceolate, taper-pointed, smooth, glaucous beneath (slightly silky when +young), serrate throughout; stipules half heart-shaped, usually large. +Branches smooth and polished, very brittle at base. A tall (50 to 80 ft. +high) handsome Willow, with a bushy head and salmon-colored wood; +cultivated from Europe for basket-work, and extensively naturalized. +Many varieties, hybrids between this species and the next, are very +common. Among them may be mentioned the following: + +Var. _decipiens_, with dark-brown buds; var. _Russelliana_, with more +slender, brighter, and more sharply serrate leaves, the annual shoots +silky-downy toward autumn; var. _viridis_, with tough, pendulous +branchlets, and firmer, bright green leaves. + +[Illustration: S. alba.] + +4. =Salix alba=, L. (WHITE WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate or +elliptical-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, covered more or less with white +silky hairs, especially beneath; var. _caerulea_ has nearly smooth +leaves, at maturity of a bluish tint; stipules small and quite early +deciduous. Catkins of flowers long and loose, on a peduncle; stamens +usually 2; stigmas nearly sessile, thick, and recurved. May, June. A +quite large tree, 50 to 80 ft. high, with thick, rough bark, usually +having yellow twigs (var. _vitellina_); introduced from Europe and now +quite common throughout. Branches very brittle at base. + +[Illustration: S. Babylonica.] + +5. =Salix Babylonica=, Tourn. (WEEPING WILLOW.) Leaves +linear-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath; +stipules small, roundish, oblique, acuminate; branches pendulous. + +A large, gracefully drooping tree, so extensively cultivated for +ornament as to seem native; from Europe. + +Var. _annularis_ (Ring-leaved Willow. Curled Willow) has the leaves +coiled round into rings and spirals. + +[Illustration: S. lucida.] + +6. =Salix lucida=, Muehl. (SHINING OR AMERICAN BAY WILLOW.) Leaves +thickish, ovate-lanceolate, with a rounded base, a very long acuminate +point, and a glandular petiole; when mature, smooth and shining on both +sides. Twigs rather stout, polished, and dark green. Bark of trunk +smooth. Fruiting catkins quite persistent. A beautiful small tree or +shrub, 6 to 15 ft. high, of bushy form. New Jersey, north and westward. + +[Illustration: S. pentandra.] + +7. =Salix pentandra, L.= (LAUREL-LEAVED OR BAY WILLOW.) Leaves ovate, +taper-pointed, crenate, glandular, smooth, glossy, bright deep green on +both sides, strongly fragrant when bruised. Catkins large, fragrant, +golden-yellow, with 4 to 12 (commonly 5) stamens to each flower. June, +after the leaves are expanded. A small handsome tree, 15 to 20 ft. high, +from Europe, which should be more extensively cultivated in damp soils, +as its form, flowers, and foliage are all beautiful. + +[Illustration: S. cordata. Var. rufescens.] + +8. =Salix cordata, Muehl.= (HEART-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate or +ovate-lanceolate, heart-shaped, truncate or sometimes acute at base, +taper-pointed, sharply serrate, smooth above, pale-downy beneath; +stipules often large, kidney-shaped, and toothed, sometimes small and +entire. Catkins appearing with or before the leaves along the sides of +the stem; stamens 2; scales dark or black, hairy, persistent. Shrub or +small tree, 8 to 20 ft. high, very common in low and wet places. Many +named varieties are found. + +Var. _rigida_ has large, thick, coarse-toothed leaves; vars. +_myricoides_ and _angustata_ have narrower, finely serrate leaves, +almost or fully acute at base. + +[Illustration: S. purpurea.] + +9. =Salix purpurea, L.= (PURPLE WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed, +partly opposite, minutely serrate, smooth. Twigs olive-color or +reddish. Catkins cylindric, with leafy bracts at base, and apparently 1 +stamen to each flower (the filaments are united). A shrub or small tree, +3 to 12 ft. high; from Europe. In low ground; often cultivated for the +twigs, which are used in basket-making. + +[Illustration: S. caprea.] + +10. =Salix caprea, L.= (GOAT-WILLOW.) Leaves large, roundish, ovate, +pointed, serrate, wavy, deep green above, pale and downy with soft, +white-cottony hairs beneath; stipules somewhat crescent-shaped. Catkins +large, oval, numerous, almost sessile, blooming much before the leaves +appear, and of a showy yellow color. A moderate-sized tree, 15 to 30 ft. +high, with spreading, brown or purplish branches. Frequent in +cultivation; from Europe; growing well in dry places. The Goat-willow is +the one generally used for the stock of the artificial umbrella-formed +"Kilmarnock Willow." The growth of shoots from these stocks is rendering +the Goat-willow quite common. + +[Illustration: S. rostrata.] + +11. =Salix rostrata, Richards.= (BEAKED WILLOW.) Leaves oblong to +obovate-lanceolate, acute, usually obscurely toothed, sometimes crenate +or serrate, downy above, prominently veined, soft-hairy and somewhat +glaucous beneath. Twigs downy. Catkins appearing with the leaves. +Fruit-capsules tapering to a long slender beak, pedicels long and +slender. A small, tree-shaped shrub, 4 to 15 ft. high, common in both +moist and dry ground. New England, west and north. + +[Illustration: S. discolor.] + +12. =Salix discolor, Muehl.= (GLAUCOUS OR BOG WILLOW.) Leaves lanceolate +or ovate-lanceolate, acute, remotely serrate at the base, finely serrate +along the middle, and almost entire near the tip; smooth and bright +green above, soon smooth and somewhat glaucous beneath; stipules, on the +vigorous shoots, equaling the petiole, more frequently small and +inconspicuous. Catkins sessile, 1 in. long, appearing before the leaves +in the spring; scales dark red or brown, becoming black, covered with +long glossy hairs. Fruit in catkins, 2 1/2 in. long, the capsules very +hairy, with short but distinct style. A very variable species, common in +low meadows and on river-banks; usually a shrub, but occasionally 15 ft. +high. + +[Illustration: S. cinerea.] + +13. =Salix cinerea, L.= (GRAY OR ASH-COLORED WILLOW.) Leaves +obovate-lanceolate, entire to serrate; glaucous-downy and reticulated +with veins beneath; stipules half heart-shaped, serrate. Flowers yellow; +ovary silky, on a stalk half as long as the bracts. A shrub to +middle-sized tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, with an erect trunk; occasionally +cultivated; from Europe. + +[Illustration: S. longifolia.] + +14. =Salix longifolia=, Muehl. (LONG-LEAVED WILLOW.) Leaves +linear-lanceolate, very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, +remotely notched with projecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when +young; stipules small, lanceolate, toothed. Branches brittle at base. A +shrub or small tree, 2 to 20 ft. high, common, especially westward, +along river-banks. + + +GENUS =92. POPULUS.= + +Trees with alternate, deciduous, broad-based leaves. Flowers in long and +drooping catkins, appearing before the leaves are expanded in the +spring. Fruit small, dry pods in catkins, having seeds, coated with +cottony down, which early in the season escape and float in the wind. On +this account the trees are called Cottonwoods in the West. Trees with +light-colored, rather soft wood. + + * Leaves always white-hairy underneath; more or less deeply + lobed; buds not gummy 1. + + * Leaves smooth beneath, at least when old. (=A.=) + + =A.= Leafstalk decidedly flattened laterally. (=B.=) + + =B.= Buds not covered with sticky gum. (=C.=) + + =C.= Leaves roundish heart-shaped; bark on trunk + greenish-white, 2. + + =C.= Leaves large, ovate, with large, irregular, + sinuate teeth, 3. + + =B.= Buds covered with aromatic, glutinous resin. (=D.=) + + =D.= Tree tall, spire-shaped, 5. + + =D.= Not very spire-shaped; young twigs sharply angled or + winged, leaves 6 to 10 in. long, broadly deltoid, + serrate with incurved teeth, 6. + + =D.= Not spire-shaped; young twigs not angular, 7. + + =A.= Leafstalk not decidedly flattened; leaf-margin crenate. + (=E.=) + + =E.= Buds not glutinous; leaves white-woolly beneath when + young, 4. + + =E.= Buds very glutinous; leaves large, shining green on both + sides, 8. + +[Illustration: P. alba.] + +1. =Populus alba=, L. (WHITE POPLAR OR ABELE TREE.) Leaves roundish, +slightly heart-shaped, wavy toothed or lobed, soon green above, very +white-cottony beneath even when old; buds without the sticky coating +common in the genus. Branches very white with down when young. Root +creeping and producing numerous suckers. A large tree, 50 to 80 ft. +high, of rapid growth, often cultivated; from Europe. Leaves and +branches very variable, forming several named varieties in the +catalogues of the nurseries. + +[Illustration: P. tremuloides.] + +2. =Populus tremuloides=, Michx. (QUAKING-ASP. AMERICAN ASPEN.) Leaves +roundish heart-shaped, with a short sharp point, and small, quite +regular teeth; downy when young, but soon smooth on both sides; margins +downy. Leafstalk long, slender, compressed, causing the leaves to +tremble continually in the slightest breeze. Leaf with 2 glands at the +base on the upper surface; buds varnished. A medium-sized tree, 30 to 60 +ft. high; bark greenish-white outside, yellow within, quite brittle. +Common both in forests and in cultivation. + +[Illustration: P. grandidentata.] + +3. =Populus grandidentata=, Michx. (LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN.) Leaves large, +3 to 5 in. long, roundish-ovate, with large, irregular, sinuate teeth; +and when young densely covered with white, silky wool, but soon becoming +smooth on both sides; leaf, when young, reddish-yellow; petiole +compressed. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, with rather smoothish gray +bark. Woods; common northward, rare southward, except in the +Alleghanies. Wood soft and extensively used for paper-making. + +[Illustration: P. heterophylla.] + +4. =Populus heterophylla=, L. (DOWNY-LEAVED POPLAR.) Leaves heart-shaped +or roundish-ovate with small, obtuse, incurved teeth; white-woolly when +young, but soon becoming smooth on both sides except on the veins +beneath. Leafstalk slightly compressed. Shoots round, tomentose. Buds +not glutinous. A large tree, 70 to 80 ft. high, not very common; found +from western New England to Illinois, and southward. + +[Illustration: P. dilatata.] + +5. =Populus dilatata=, L. (LOMBARDY POPLAR.) Leaves deltoid, wider than +long, crenulated all round, both sides smooth from the first; leafstalk +compressed; buds glutinous. A tall tree, 80 to 120 ft. high; spire-like, +of rapid growth, with all the branches erect; the trunk twisted and +deeply furrowed. Frequently planted a century ago, but now quite rare in +the eastern United States. From Europe. It is thought to be a variety of +Populus nigra (No. 7). + +[Illustration: P. monilifera.] + +6. =Populus monilifera=, Ait. (COTTONWOOD. CAROLINA POPLAR. +NECKLACE-POPLAR.) Leaves large, broadly heart-shaped or deltoid, serrate +with cartilaginous, incurved, slightly hairy teeth. The rapid-growing +young twigs very angular and bearing very large (6 to 9 in. long) +leaves. A very large (80 to 100 ft. high) tree, common in the +Mississippi valley, but found in western New England and often planted. + +[Illustration: P. nigra.] + +7. =Populus nigra=, L. (BLACK POPLAR.) Leaves rather large, deltoid, +pointed, serrate with glandular teeth, smooth on both sides even when +young. Leafstalk somewhat compressed. Buds very sticky. A very variable, +large (50 to 80 ft. high), rapidly growing tree with spreading branches. +Occasionally planted. From Europe. + +[Illustration: P. balsamifera.] + +8. =Populus balsamifera=, L. (BALSAM-POPLAR. TACAMAHAC. BALM OF GILEAD.) +Leaves very large, ovate, gradually acuminate, sometimes heart-shaped, +finely serrate, smooth, bright green and shining on both sides; +leafstalk nearly round; leaves in spring rich yellow. Branches ridged +below the leaves; buds large and covered with very fragrant resin. A +medium-sized tree, 40 to 70 ft. high, pyramidal in form. Wild in the +North and often cultivated. + +Var. _candicans_, or Balm of Gilead, has larger and more or less +heart-shaped leaves (the larger figure in the cut). + + +CLASS II. GYMNOSPERMAE. + + +Plants in which the pistil is represented by an open scale instead of a +body with a closed ovary, as in Class I. + + +ORDER =XLI. CONIFERAE.= (PINE FAMILY.) + +As far as the number of species is concerned, this is the largest order +of trees and shrubs of temperate and cold-temperate regions. The order +is of the greatest importance, both on account of the valuable timber it +furnishes and for its resinous secretions, turpentine and resin. + + +GENUS =93. PINUS.= (THE PINES.) + +Leaves needle-shaped, 1 to 15 in. long, almost cylindric, 2, 3, or 5 +together in clusters, with a sheath, more or less persistent, at the +base. Flowers monoecious, both staminate and pistillate in catkins, +usually insignificant and unnoticeable. In spring. Fruit a cone, +persistent and formed of more or less woody, overlapping scales. + + * Leaves usually 5 together in bundles. (=A.=) + + =A.= Leaves 6 in. or more long, glaucous green and very + pendulous 1. + + =A.= Leaves under 4 in. long. (=B.=) + + =B.= Cones over 10 in. long, on stalks 3 in. long, + pendulous when ripe 2. + + =B.= Cones 4 to 10 in. long. (=C.=) + + =C.= Scales of cones thin, unarmed 3, 4. + + =C.= Scales of cones thick and woody, obtuse, 1 in. broad 5. + + =B.= Cones under 4 in. long; scales slightly hooked but + pointless 6. + + * Leaves usually in threes, rarely in twos; scales of cones with + spines or prickles. (=D.=) + + =D.= Scales of cones with short, rigid, straight spines; + leaves 6 to 10 in. long 7. + + =D.= Scales with sharp, bent prickles. (=E.=) + + =E.= Leaves over 5 in. long, sometimes 15 in. long 8, 9. + + =E.= Leaves 3 to 5 in. long, rigid and flattened, from short + sheaths, 10. + + * Leaves usually in twos; cones rarely over 3 in. long. (=F.=) + + =F.= Leaves over 3 in. long. (=G.=) + + =G.= Cone-scales with dull spines 11. + + =G.= With small or minute, persistent prickles 12, 13, 14. + + =G.= With no prickles, or small ones, early deciduous 15, 16. + + =F.= Leaves 3 in. or less long. (=H.=) + + =H.= Cone-scales with straight or slightly curved, rigid + spines 17. + + =H.= Cone-scales with stout, recurved spines 18, 19. + + =H.= Cone-scales with small prickles which are early deciduous 20. + + =H.= Cone-scales without spines or prickles 21, 22. + +[Illustration: P. excelsa.] + +1. =Pinus excelsa=, Wallich. (BHOTAN PINE.) Leaves in fives, from short, +fugacious, overlapping, membranaceous sheaths, 6 to 7 in. long, very +slender, of a glaucous-green color, and very pendulous. Cones 6 to 9 in. +long, and 2 in. in diameter, drooping and clustered, with broad, thick, +wedge-shaped scales. A large beautiful tree from southern Asia, much +subject to blight when planted in this country. Owing to its peculiar +drooping branches it has been called the Weeping Fir. + +[Illustration: P. Lambertiana.] + +2. =Pinus Lambertiana=, Douglas. (LAMBERT'S or SUGAR PINE.) Leaves in +fives, 3 to 4 in. long, from short, deciduous sheaths. Cones 12 to 18 +in. long and 3 to 4 in. in diameter, gradually tapering to a point, on +stalks 3 in. long, brown and pendulous when ripe, without resin; seeds +large, oval, nearly 1 in. long, edible. A very large tree (100 to 300 +ft. high in California and northward), and seemingly hardy and well +worth cultivation in the East. Wood white and soft like that of the +White Pine. + +[Illustration: P. Strobus.] + +3. =Pinus Strobus=, L. (WHITE PINE. WEYMOUTH PINE.) Leaves in fives, 3 +to 4 in. long, from a loose, deciduous sheath; slender, soft, and +whitish on the under side. Cones 4 to 6 in. long, cylindric, usually +curved, with smooth, thin, unarmed scales. Tall (100 to 150 ft. high), +very useful tree, of white, soft wood nearly free from resin and more +extensively used for lumber than any other American tree. Has been +common throughout, but is getting scarce on account of its consumption +for lumber. + +[Illustration: P. monticola.] + +4. =Pinus monticola=, Dougl. (MOUNTAIN-PINE.) Leaves in fives, 3 to 4 +in. long, from short, overlapping, very deciduous sheaths; smooth, +glaucous green. Cones 7 in. long and 1 3/4 in. in diameter, cylindric, +smooth, obtuse, short-peduncled, resinous, with loosely overlapping, +pointless scales. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, resembling the White +Pine, and often considered a variety of it, but the foliage is denser; +Pacific coast. + +[Illustration: P. flexilis.] + +5. =Pinus flexilis=, James. (WESTERN WHITE PINE.) Leaves 2 to 3 in. +long, rigid, entire, acute, densely crowded, sharp-pointed, of a rich +dark green color, 5 together in lanceolate, deciduous sheaths. Cones 4 +to 6 in. long and half as wide, subcylindric, tapering to the end, +semipendulous, clustered. Scales thick, woody, obtuse, loose, 1 1/4 in. +broad, yellowish brown. Seeds rather large, with rigid margins instead +of wings. A handsome hardy tree from the Pacific Highlands, occasionally +cultivated. It resembles the eastern White Pine, but is more compact and +of a darker color. + +[Illustration: P. Cembra.] + +6. =Pinus Cembra=, L. (CEMBRA PINE. SWISS STONE-PINE.) Leaves 3 to 4 in. +long, from a medium-sized deciduous sheath; triangular, rigid, slender, +straight, crowded, dark green with a glaucous surface; 5 together. Cones +2 1/2 in. by 2 in., ovate, erect, with obtuse, slightly hooked, but +pointless scales. Seeds as large as peas and destitute of wings. A +slow-growing, cultivated tree, 40 to 80 ft. high. Forms a regular cone; +branches to the ground; Europe; hardy throughout. + +[Illustration: P. Taeda.] + +7. =Pinus Taeda=, L. (LOBLOLLY OR OLD-FIELD PINE.) Leaves in twos and +threes, 6 to 10 in. long, with elongated, close sheaths; slender and of +a light green color. Cones in pairs or solitary, lateral, 3 to 4 in. +long, oblong, conical; the scales having short, rigid, straight spines. +A large tree, 50 to 130 ft. high, wild from Delaware, south and west, in +swamps and old fields. + +[Illustration: P. ponderosa.] + +8. =Pinus ponderosa=, Dougl. (WESTERN YELLOW OR HEAVY-WOODED PINE.) +Leaves in threes, 5 to 10 in. long, from short sheaths; broad, coarse, +twisted, flexible, of a deep green color; branchlets thick, reddish +brown. Cones 3 to 4 in. long, ovate, reflexed, clustered on short stems. +Scales long, flattened, with small, sharp, recurved prickles. A large +Pacific coast species, 100 to 300 ft. high, with rather coarse-grained, +hard and heavy, whitish wood, and thick, deeply furrowed bark; beginning +to be cultivated east. + +[Illustration: P. paltustris.] + +9. =Pinus palustris=, Mill. (LONG-LEAVED OR SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE.) +Leaves 3 together in bundles, 10 to 15 in. long, from a long, lacerated, +light-colored sheath, of a bright green color, and crowded in dense +clusters at the ends of the branches. Cones 6 to 10 in. long, usually +cylindric, of a beautiful brown color, with thick scales, armed with +very small, slightly recurved prickles. A rather tall pine, 75 ft. high, +wild in the Southern States, and cultivated as far north as New Jersey, +in sheltered situations. + +[Illustration: P. rigida.] + +10. =Pinus rigida=, Mill. (PITCH-PINE.) Leaves in threes, 3 to 5 in. +long, from short sheaths; rigid and flattened. Cones ovate, 1 in. to +nearly 4 in. long, sometimes in clusters; scales with a short, recurved +prickle. A medium-sized tree, 40 to 70 ft. high, with hard, +coarse-grained, very resinous wood; found east of the Alleghanies +throughout; more abundant in swamps. + +[Illustration: P. Austriaca.] + +11. =Pinus Austriaca=, Hoess. (AUSTRIAN OR BLACK PINE.) Leaves long, 3 to +5 in., rigid, slender, incurved, sharply mucronate, of a dark green +color; from short sheaths; 2 together. Cones 2 1/2 to 3 in. long, +regularly conical, slightly recurved, of a light brown color; scales +smooth, shining, with a dull spine in the center. A large cultivated +tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, hardy throughout. Europe. + +[Illustration: P. Laricio.] + +12. =Pinus Laricio=, Poir. (CORSICAN PINE.) Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, +slender, very wavy, dark green; 2 together in a sheath. Cones 2 to 3 in. +long, conical, somewhat curved, often in pairs. Scales with very small +prickles. Seeds rather large with broad wings. A tall, open, pyramidal, +rapid-growing tree, 60 to 100 ft. high, with the branches in regular +whorls, spreading and very resinous. Often cultivated. Europe. + +[Illustration: P. Massoniana.] + +13. =Pinus Massoniana=, Sieb. (MASSON'S PINE.) Leaves in twos, 4 to 6 +in. long, rather stiff, concave on one side and convex on the other, +twisted but not curved; sharp-pointed, of a fresh, bright green color. +Cones 1 to 11/2 in. long, conical, incurved, solitary but numerous, with +closely overlapping scales terminating in slender prickles. An upright, +compact tree, 40 to 50 ft. high, from Japan; sometimes cultivated. Hardy +at Boston. + +[Illustration: P. mitis.] + +14. =Pinus mitis=, Michx. (COMMON YELLOW PINE.) Leaves sometimes in +threes, usually in twos, from long sheaths; slender, 3 to 5 in. long, +dark green, rather soft. Cones ovate to oblong-conical, hardly 2 in. +long; the scales with minute weak prickles. A large tree with an erect +trunk, 50 to 100 ft. high. Staten Island, south and west. The western +form has more rigid leaves, and more spiny cones. + +[Illustration: P. densiflora.] + +15. =Pinus densiflora=, Siebold. (JAPAN PINE.) Leaves about 4 in. long, +from short, fringed, scale-like sheaths; rigid, convex above, concave +beneath and somewhat serrulate on the margin, very smooth, sharp-pointed +and crowded, shining green and somewhat glaucous; falling when one to +two years old; 2 in a sheath. Cones abundant; 1 1/2 in. long, +short-peduncled, conical, obtuse, terminal, somewhat pendent; scales +linear-oblong, woody, with a small prickle which soon falls off. A +beautiful small tree, 30 to 40 ft. high; from Japan; hardy throughout. + +[Illustration: P. resinosa.] + +16. =Pinus resinosa=, Ait. (RED PINE.) Leaves 5 to 6 in. long, in twos, +from long sheaths; rigid, straight, dark green. Cones 2 in. long, +ovate-conical, smooth, their scales without points, slightly thickened, +usually growing in clusters. A tall tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, with rather +smooth, reddish bark and hard light-colored wood; branchlets also having +smooth reddish bark. Pennsylvania, north and west. + +[Illustration: P. inops.] + +17. =Pinus inops=, Ait. (JERSEY OR SCRUB PINE.) Leaves short, 1 1/2 to 3 +in. long, rigid; usually 2, rarely 3, in a short sheath. Cones solitary, +2 to 3 in. long, ovate-oblong, curved, on a short stalk. Scales tipped +with a straight, rigid spine. A small tree, 15 to 30 ft. high, growing +wild in sections where the soil is poor and sandy; having straggling +flexible branches with rough, dark bark; New Jersey, south and west. +Rarely cultivated. + +[Illustration: P. pungens.] + +18. =Pinus pungens=, Michx. f. (TABLE-MOUNTAIN PINE.) Leaves in twos, +sometimes in threes, stout, short, 1 1/4 to 2 1/2 in. long, crowded, +bluish; the sheath short (very short on old foliage). Cones 3 in. or +more long, hanging on for a long time; the scales armed with a stout, +hooked spine, 1/4 in. long. A rather small tree, 20 to 60 ft. high. New +Jersey and south westward, along the mountains. + +[Illustration: P. sylvestris.] + +19. =Pinus sylvestris=, L. (SCOTCH PINE, wrongly called SCOTCH FIR.) +Leaves in twos, 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 in. long, from short, lacerated sheaths, +twisted, rigid, of a grayish or a glaucous-green color. Cones 2 to 3 in. +long, ovate-conical, of a grayish-brown color, ripening the second year, +the scales having 4-sided, recurved points. A large and very valuable +tree of central Europe. Many varieties are in cultivation in this +country. It forms the Red and Yellow Deal so extensively used for lumber +in Europe. + +[Illustration: P. contorta.] + +20. =Pinus contorta=, Dougl. (TWISTED-BRANCHED PINE.) Leaves 2 in. long, +numerous, rigid, sharply mucronate, from a short, dark, overlapping +sheath; 2 to a sheath. Cones from 2 to 2 1/2 in. long, ovate, smooth, +clustered. Scales furnished with a point which is soon shed. A small +cultivated tree, 30 to 40 ft. high, from the Pacific coast of the United +States. As it has an irregular shape, and crooked branches, it is not +often planted. + +[Illustration: P. Banksiana.] + +21. =Pinus Banksiana=, Lambert. (GRAY OR NORTHERN SCRUB PINE.) Leaves in +twos, short, 1 in. long, oblique, divergent from a close sheath. Cones +lateral, conical, oblong, usually curved, 1 1/2 to 2 in. long, the scales +thickened at the end and without points. A straggling shrub, sometimes a +low tree, found wild in the extreme Northern States. + +[Illustration: P. edulis.] + +[Illustration: P. monophylla.] + +22. =Pinus edulis=, Engelm. (PINON OR NUT-PINE.) Leaves mostly in pairs, +rarely in threes, 1 to 1 1/2 in. long, from short sheaths, light-colored, +rigid, curved or straightish, spreading; cones sessile, globose or +nearly so, 2 in. long; tips of scales thick, conical-truncate, no awns +or prickles; seeds large, nut-like, wingless, edible. A low, +round-topped tree, branching from near the base, 10 to 25 ft. high; from +the Rocky Mountains. A fine small pine; cultivated in the East. It needs +some protection at Boston. The figure shows the seed. =Pinus +monophylla=, Torr. and Frem., from the mountain regions farther west, +has its leaves in ones and twos; when in ones, round and very rigid; +when in pairs, flat on the inner side; leaves on the young shoots +bluish, glaucous green, or silvery. This is probably only a variety of +P. edulis. The seeds of both are so large and nutritious that they are +extensively used for food by the Indians. + + +GENUS =94. PICEA.= (THE SPRUCES.) + +Leaves evergreen, scattered (pointing in every direction), +needle-shaped, keeled above and below, thus making them somewhat +4-sided. Fertile catkins and cones terminal; cones maturing the first +year, pendulous; scales thin, without prickles, persistent, the cone +coming off the tree whole. + + * Leaves very short, usually 1/4 to 1/2 in. long, obtuse 7, 8. + + * Leaves usually 1/2 in. or more long, acute. (=A.=) + + =A.= Cones over 3 in. long; cultivated. (=B.=) + + =B.= Leaves dark green; large tree, common 3. + + =B.= Leaves bright or pale green 4, 5, 6. + + =A.= Cones 2 in. or less long; large native trees 1, 2. + +[Illustration: P. nigra.] + +1. =Picea nigra=, Link. (BLACK OR DOUBLE SPRUCE.) Leaves about 1/2 in. +long, erect, stiff, somewhat 4-sided, very dark green or whitish-gray; +branchlets pubescent. Cones persistent, 1 to 1 1/2 in. long, ovate or +ovate-oblong, changing from dark purple to dull reddish-brown; scales +very thin, roundish, with toothed or uneven edges. A conical-shaped +tree, 40 to 80 ft. high; wild in the North and along the Alleghanies; +often cultivated. Bark dark brown; branches horizontal; wood light +reddish. + +Var. _rubra_ has larger, darker leaves, and larger, brighter-colored +cones. + +[Illustration: P. alba.] + +2. =Picea alba=, Link. (WHITE OR SINGLE SPRUCE.) Leaves 1/2 to 3/4 in. +long, rather slender, needle-shaped, sharp-pointed, incurved, pale- or +glaucous-green; branchlets smooth. Cones deciduous, 2 in. long, +oblong-cylindrical, with entire, thin-edged scales. Tree 25 to 100 ft. +high, of beautiful, compact, symmetrical growth when young, and such +light-colored foliage as to make it a fine species for cultivation. +Wild in the North, and cultivated throughout. There are varieties with +bluish-green (var. _caerulea_) and with golden (var. _aurea_) foliage in +cultivation. + +[Illustration: P. excelsa.] + +3. =Picea excelsa=, Link. (NORWAY SPRUCE.) Leaves 3/4 to 1 in. long, +rigid, curved, dark green. Cones 5 to 7 in. long, and pendent at +maturity, with the scales slightly incurved. A large tree, 70 to 120 ft. +high, of vigorous growth, with numerous, stout, drooping branches; +abundant in cultivation. A score of named varieties are sold at the +nurseries, some quite dwarf, others so very irregular in shape as to be +grotesque. + +[Illustration: P. polita.] + +4. =Picea polita=, Carr. (TIGER'S-TAIL SPRUCE.) Leaves 1/2 to 3/4 in. +long, strong, rigid, sharp-pointed, somewhat curved, glabrous, bright +green, on stout branches with prominent buds. Leaves persistent for 7 +years; not 2-ranked. Cones 4 to 5 in. long, spindle-shaped elliptical, +rounded at the ends. Tree of slow growth, with horizontal, +yellowish-barked branches. As it is a tree of recent introduction (1865) +from Japan, there are no large specimens. Hardy at Boston. + +[Illustration: P. pungens.] + +5. =Picea pungens=, Eng. (SILVER SPRUCE.) Leaves 1/2 to 1 in. long, +broad, rigid, stout, sharply acute, usually curved, pale green above, +silvery-glaucous beneath, on smooth and shining branchlets. Cones very +abundant, 3 to 5 in. long, cylindric, with elongated, undulated, retuse +scales. A strictly conical tree with spreading branches and thick, +smooth, gray bark. Sometimes cultivated; from the Rocky Mountains. +Hardy. + +[Illustration: P. Morinda.] + +6. =Picea Morinda=, Link. (HIMALAYAN SPRUCE.) Leaves 1 to 2 in. long, +very sharply acute, pale green color, spreading, 4-sided, straight, +rigid, slightly glaucous beneath; branches horizontal; branchlets +remotely verticillate, numerous, drooping, with light-colored bark. +Cones 6 to 7 in. long, ovate-oblong; scales light brown, oblong, entire, +smooth, loosely imbricated. A tall tree, cultivated from eastern Asia +and not hardy north of Washington except in sheltered positions. + +[Illustration: P. Alcoquina.] + +7. =Picea Alcoquina=, Lindl. (ALCOCK'S SPRUCE.) Leaves 1/4 to 3/4 in. +long, crowded, somewhat 4-sided, flattish, recurved, obtusely rounded +at tip, deep green above, whitish or yellowish below. Cones 2 to 3 in. +long, 1 in. in diameter, reddish fawn-color, with very persistent +scales; scales wedge-shaped at base, rounded at tip. A large tree from +Japan; fully hardy as far north as Mass. + +[Illustration: P. orientalis.] + +8. =Picea orientalis=, L. (EASTERN OR ORIENTAL SPRUCE.) Leaves very +short, 1/2 in. long, 4-sided, rigid, stout, rather obtuse, dark shining +green, entirely surrounding the branches. Cones 2 1/2 to 3 in. long, +cylindrical, with soft, thin, loose, rounded scales, uneven on the +edges. A beautiful, conical, slow-growing, compact tree, reaching the +height of 75 ft.; often cultivated; from the Black Sea. Hardy. + + +GENUS =95. TSUGA.= (HEMLOCKS.) + +Leaves evergreen, scattered, flat, narrowed to a green petiole, +appearing 2-ranked by the direction they take, whitened beneath. Fertile +catkins and cones on the end of last year's branchlets. Cones pendulous, +maturing the first year; scales thin, persistent. + +[Illustration: T. Canadensis.] + +1. =Tsuga Canadensis=, Carr. (COMMON HEMLOCK.) Leaves short-petioled, +linear, 1/2 in. long, obtuse, dark green above and white beneath; the +young leaves in the spring a very light green. Cones oval, 1/2 to 3/4 in. +long, pendent, of few (20 to 40) scales. A large, very beautiful tree, +50 to 80 ft. high, abundant in rocky woods, and cultivated throughout; +spray light and delicate. + +[Illustration: T. Caroliniana.] + +2. =Tsuga Caroliniana=, Engelm. (MOUNTAIN-HEMLOCK.) This is similar to +the last; its leaves are larger, glossier, more crowded; its cones are +larger, and have wider and more spreading scales; the tree is smaller, +rarely growing 40 ft. high. Wild, but scarce, in the higher Alleghanies, +south; beginning to be cultivated north, and probably hardy throughout. + +[Illustration: T. Sieboldii.] + +3. =Tsuga Sieboldii.= (JAPAN HEMLOCK.) Leaves 1/2 to 3/4 in. long, linear, +obtuse to notched at the tip, smooth, thick, dark green above, with two +white lines below. Cones scarcely 1 in. long, elliptical, solitary, +terminal, obtuse, quite persistent; scales pale brown. A beautiful small +tree, 20 to 30 ft. high, with an erect trunk, dark-brown bark, and +numerous, pale, slender branchlets. Introduced from Japan, and probably +hardy throughout. + + +GENUS =96. ABIES.= (THE FIRS.) + +Leaves evergreen, flat, scattered, generally whitened beneath, appearing +somewhat 2-ranked by the directions they take. Fertile catkins and cones +erect on the upper side of the spreading branches. Cones ripening the +first year; their scales thin and smooth, and the bracts generally +exserted; scales and bracts breaking off at maturity and falling away, +leaving the axis on the tree. A great number of species and varieties +have been planted in this country, but few if any besides those here +given do at all well in our dry and hot climate. + + * Cones 6 to 8 in. long; leaves blunt at tip. (=A.=) + + =A.= Leaves over an inch long 10, 11. + + =A.= Leaves an inch or less long 12. + + * Cones 3 1/2 to 6 in. long. (=B.=) + + =B.= Leaves 2 in. or more long, 2-ranked 9. + + =B.= Leaves 1 in. or less long. (=C.=) + + =C.= Leaves acute at tip 7, 8. + + =C.= Leaves blunt or notched at tip. (=D.=) + + =D.= Two-ranked 4. + + =D.= Not 2-ranked 3. + + * Cones 1 to 3 1/2 in. long. (=E.=) + + =E.= Leaves an inch or more long 5, 6. + + =E.= Leaves less than an inch long 1, 2. + +[Illustration: A. balsamea.] + +1. =Abies balsamea=, Mill. (COMMON BALSAM-FIR.) Leaves narrow, linear, +1/2 to 3/4 in. long, and much crowded, silvery beneath; those on the +horizontal branches spreading into 2 ranks. Bark yielding Canada balsam +from blisters. Cones erect, on spreading branches, 2 to 4 in. long and 1 +in. thick, cylindric, violet-colored, with mucronate-pointed bracts +extending beyond the scales and not reflexed. Wild in cold, wet grounds; +20 to 45 ft. high, with numerous horizontal branches. Has been +cultivated quite extensively, although there are better Firs for +ornamental purposes. + +[Illustration: A. Fraseri.] + +2. =Abies Fraseri=, Lindl. (FRASER'S OR SOUTHERN BALSAM-FIR.) Leaves 1/2 +to 3/4 in. long, somewhat 2-ranked, linear, flattened, obtuse, emarginate, +whitish beneath, the lower ones curved and the upper ones erect. Cones +oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, with sharp-pointed bracts half exserted and +reflexed. A rare, small tree, 30 to 40 ft. high, growing wild in the +mountains, from Virginia south. A hardy tree and handsome when young. + +[Illustration: A. Nordmanniana.] + +3. =Abies Nordmanniana=, Link. (NORDMANN'S SILVER FIR.) Leaves very +numerous, crowded, broad, linear, blunt or erose-dentate at the ends, +somewhat curved, of unequal length, 1 in. or less long, deep green above +and whitened beneath. Cones large, 5 in. long, ovate, erect, with very +obtuse scales; bracts exserted and recurved. A beautiful large tree, 50 +to 80 ft. high, occasionally cultivated; with numerous horizontal +branches and smooth bark. + +[Illustration: A. firma.] + +4. =Abies firma=, S. and Z. (JAPAN SILVER FIR.) Leaves 3/4 to 1 in. long, +very closely 2-ranked, slightly twisted, linear, somewhat notched at the +end, smooth and dark above, somewhat silvery below. Cones 3 to 4 1/2 in. +long, 1 to 1 1/2 in. in diameter, straight, cylindric, with broad, downy, +leathery, crenulated scales; bracts exserted, with acute, slightly +recurved points. A beautiful tall tree with somewhat the habit of the +common Silver Fir; recently introduced from Japan, and hardy as far +north as central New York. + +[Illustration: A. grandis.] + +5. =Abies grandis=, Lindl. (GREAT SILVER FIR.) Leaves 1 to 1 1/2 in. long, +mostly curved, deep green above and silvery below, not 2-ranked. Cones 3 +in. long and about 2 in. broad, obtuse, solitary, chestnut-brown in +color. A very large (200 to 300 ft. high), handsome tree from the +Pacific coast. Hardy at Washington; needs protection north. + +[Illustration: A. Pichta.] + +6. =Abies Pichta=, Fisch. (SIBERIAN SILVER FIR.) Leaves 1 in. long, +linear, flat, obtuse, incurved at the apex, mostly scattered, very dark +green above, paler beneath. Cones 3 in. long, ovate, cylindric, obtuse, +with rounded, entire scales and hidden bracts. A small to medium-sized +cultivated tree, 25 to 50 ft. high, with horizontal, somewhat pendulous +branches and dense compact growth. It is peculiar in its very dark +foliage; very hardy. + +[Illustration: A. Cephalonica.] + +7. =Abies Cephalonica=, Loud. (CEPHALONIAN SILVER FIR.) Leaves 3/4 in. +long, very stiff, sharp-pointed, spreading broadly from the branches in +all directions, dark green above and white beneath; petioles very short, +dilated lengthwise at the point of attachment of the branches. Cones +very erect, 4 to 6 in. long, 1-1/3 in. in diameter; projecting scales +unequally toothed and reflexed at the point. A beautiful, cultivated +tree, 30 to 60 ft. high, with bright brown bark and resinous buds. + +[Illustration: A. Pinsapo.] + +8. =Abies Pinsapo=, Bois. (PINSAPO FIR.) Leaves less than 1 in. long +(usually 1/2 in.), rigid, straight, scattered regularly around the +branches, and pointing in all directions; disk-like bases large; +branches in whorls, and branchlets very numerous. Cones 4 to 5 in. long, +oval, sessile; scales rounded, broad, entire; bracts short. A very +handsome tree from Spain, and reported hardy at the Arnold Arboretum. + +[Illustration: A. concolor.] + +9. =Abies concolor=, Lindl. (WHITE FIR.) Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, mostly +obtuse, but on young trees often long-pointed, 2-ranked, not crowded on +the stem, pale green or silvery. Cones oblong-cylindric, 3 to 5 in. +long, 1 1/2 in. in diameter; scales twice as broad as long; bracts short, +not projecting. A large tree, 75 to 150 ft. high; bark rough, grayish. +Native in the Rocky Mountains; hardy at the Arnold Arboretum, +Massachusetts, but needs some protection at St. Louis. + +[Illustration: A. Cilicica.] + +10. =Abies Cilicica=, Carr. (CILICIAN SILVER FIR.) Leaves flat, linear, +1 to 1 3/4 in. long and 1/12 in. broad, somewhat 2-ranked but rather +irregularly scattered around the young shoots; shining dark green above +and whitish beneath. Cones 7 to 8 in. long, nearly 2 in. in diameter, +cylindric, obtuse, erect, with thin and entire scales, and short and +hidden bracts. A very conical tree, 50 ft. high, with branches in +whorls, and numerous, small, slender branchlets. Bark light gray; +recently cultivated from Asia. + +[Illustration: A. nobilis.] + +11. =Abies nobilis=, Lindl. (NOBLE SILVER FIR.) Leaves 1 to 2 in. long, +linear, much curved, the base extending a short distance upward along +the branch, then spreading squarely from it, crowded, compressed, deep +green above, glaucous below; base of the leaf much less disk-like than +in most of the Firs; branches horizontal, spreading, numerous. Cones 6 +to 7 in. long and nearly 2 in. in diameter, cylindric, sessile, with +large, entire, incurved scales; bracts large, exserted, reflexed, +spatulate, with terminal, awl-shaped points. A very large, beautiful +tree, from the Pacific coast, where it grows 200 ft. high. Hardy in +Pennsylvania, but needs some protection in Massachusetts. + +[Illustration: A. pectinata.] + +12. =Abies pectinata=, DC. (EUROPEAN OR COMMON SILVER FIR.) Leaves 1/2 +to 1 in. long, linear, obtuse, occasionally with an incurved point, +polished green above, two white lines below, rigid, straight; branches +horizontal and in whorls. Cones 6 to 8 in. long, cylindric, brown when +ripe; scales broad, thin, rounded; bracts long, exserted, with an acute +reflexed tip. Introduced from Europe. Good specimens can be found as far +north as Massachusetts, though our climate is not fitted to give them +either long life or perfect form. + + +GENUS =97. LARIX.= (THE LARCHES.) + +Leaves deciduous, all foliaceous, the primary ones scattered, but most +of them in bundles of numerous leaves from lateral globular buds. Cones +usually small (in one cultivated species 3 in. long), ovoid, erect, with +smooth scales. + + * Cones less than 1 in. long, of not more than 25 scales 1. + + * Cones 1 to 2 in. long, of from 40 to 60 scales 2, 3. + + * Cones 2 to 3 in. long, with thick, woody, somewhat divergent + deciduous scales. (Pseudolarix) 4. + +[Illustration: L. Americana.] + +1. =Larix Americana=, Michx. (AMERICAN LARCH. TAMARACK OR HACKMATACK.) +Leaves less than 1 in. long, thread-like, linear, slender, light +bluish-green. Cones 1/2 to 3/4 in. long, ovoid, of a reddish color. A tree +of large size, 50 to 100 ft. high, growing wild in all the northern +portion of our region, and frequent in cultivation, although not quite +so fine a tree as Larix Europaea. + +[Illustration: L. Europaea.] + +2. =Larix Europaea=, DC. (EUROPEAN LARCH.) Leaves 1 in. long, linear, +obtuse, flat, soft, numerous, and bright green in color. Cones sometimes +more than 1 in. long, with oval, erect, very persistent scales. A +beautiful tree with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets; +abundant in cultivation. + +Var. _pendula_ has long, pendent branches, and forms a very fine weeping +tree. + +[Illustration: L. Leptolepsis.] + +3. =Larix Leptolepsis=, Gordon. (JAPAN LARCH.) Leaves 1 to 11/2 in. long, +slender, pale green. Cones 1-1/3 in. long, and half as wide, of about 60 +scales, reflexed at the margin, pale brown in color; bracts lanceolate, +acute, entire, thin, one half the length of the scales; seeds obovate, +compressed, with long, obtuse, thin wings. A small tree from northern +Japan, where it grows 40 ft. high. It is a handsome, erect-growing tree, +with slender, smooth, ash-colored branches, and rather rigid, spreading +branchlets. + +[Illustration: L. Kaempferi] + +4. =Larix Kaempferi=, Lamb. (GOLDEN LARCH.) Leaves from 1 to 2 1/2 in. +long, flat, linear, sword-shaped, somewhat soft, pale pea-green in the +spring, golden-yellow in the autumn. Cones 2 to 3 in. long, with +flattish, divergent scales which are very deciduous. A beautiful large +tree, over 100 ft. high, from China, which proves hardy as far north as +central New York. It is often placed in a new genus (Pseudolarix) +because of the deciduous scales to the cones. + + +GENUS =98. CEDRUS.= (THE LEBANON CEDARS.) + +Leaves linear, simple, evergreen, in large, alternate clusters. Cones +large, erect, solitary, with closely appressed scales; seeds adhering to +the base of their lacerated, membranous wings. Large, spreading-branched +trees from southern Asia and northern Africa. Occasionally successfully +grown from New York City southward. + + * Leaves 1 in. or less long 1, 2. + + * Leaves over 1 in. long, light glaucous-green 3. + +[Illustration: C. Libani.] + +1. =Cedrus Libani=, Barr. (CEDAR OF LEBANON.) Leaves 3/4 to 1 in. long, +acuminate, needle-form, rigid, few in a fascicle, deep green in color. +Cones 3 to 5 in. long, oval, obtuse, very persistent, grayish-brown in +color; scales thin, truncate, slightly denticulate; seeds quite large +and irregular in form. A cultivated tree with wide-spreading, whorled, +horizontal branches covered with rough bark. Somewhat tender when young +in the Middle States, but forming a grand tree in proper positions. + +[Illustration: C. Atlantica.] + +2. =Cedrus Atlantica=, Manetti. (MT. ATLAS, SILVER, OR AFRICAN CEDAR.) +Leaves 1/2 to 3/4 in. long, mostly cylindric, straight, rigid, mucronate, +crowded, and of a beautiful glaucous-green color. Cones 2 1/2 to 3 in. +long, ovate, glossy. This beautiful tree has been considered a silvery +variety of Cedrus Libani. They are about alike in hardiness and in +general form. Cedrus Atlantica has more slender branches, denser and +more silvery foliage. From Africa. + +[Illustration: C. Deodara.] + +3. =Cedrus Deodara=, Lindl. (DEODAR OR INDIAN CEDAR.) Leaves 1 to 2 in. +in length, 3- or usually 4-sided, rigid, acute, very numerous (about 20 +in a fascicle), bright green, covered with a glaucous bloom. Cones 4 to +5 in. long, ovate, obtuse, very resinous, rich purple when young, and +brown when old; the scales separating from the axis at maturity. Seeds +wedge-shaped, with large, bright brown wings. A beautiful pyramidal +tree, with graceful drooping branches and light silvery foliage. Not +hardy north of Philadelphia; from India. + + +GENUS =98a. ARAUCARIA.= + +[Illustration: A. imbricata.] + +=Araucaria imbricata=, Pavon. (CHILE PINE.) Leaves 1 to 2 in. long, +ovate-lanceolate, sessile, rigid, acute, very persistent, closely +overlapping, completely covering the thick stems, in whorls of 6 to 8, +deep glossy green; branches horizontal, in whorls of 6 to 8, with +ascending tips, covered with resinous, corky bark. Flowers dioecious; +cones (on only a portion of the trees) large, roundish, about 7 in. in +diameter, erect, solitary; seeds wedge-shaped, 1 to 2 in. long. A large, +peculiar, beautiful, conical tree, with much the appearance of a cactus; +not fitted to our climate, although a few specimens may be found growing +quite well near the coast south of Philadelphia. From the mountains of +Chile. + + +GENUS =99. CUNNINGHAMIA.= + +A genus of but one species. The cone-scales are very small, but the +bracts are large, thick, and serrate. + +[Illustration: C. Sinensis.] + +=Cunninghamia Sinensis=, R. Br. (CUNNINGHAMIA.) Leaves 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 in. +long, flat, rigid, numerous, alternate, somewhat serrulate; the leaf +gradually increases in width from the acute tip to the base, which is +decurrent on the stem and about 1/8 in. wide. Cones 1 to 1 1/2 in. long, +nearly globular, erect, very persistent, mostly clustered, sessile; the +scale is a mere transverse ridge, but the bract is large and prominent, +like a triangular-hastate, dilated leaf. A very handsome tree, from +China, which does not succeed very well in this region except in +protected situations. + + +GENUS =100. SCIADOPITYS.= + +Cones elliptical or cylindrical, large, obtuse. Leaves evergreen, +somewhat flattened, arranged in distant whorls around the stems, and +spreading in all directions. + +[Illustration: S. verticillata.] + +=Sciadopitys verticillata=, S. and Z. (UMBRELLA-PINE.) Leaves 2 to 4 in. +long, 1/6 in. wide, linear, obtuse, smooth, persistent, sessile, entire, +in whorls of 30 to 40 at the nodes and extremity of the branches. Cones +3 by 1 1/2 in. Scales wedge-shaped, corrugated, overlapping, coriaceous, +persistent; bracts adherent, broad, and smooth. A beautiful, tall, +conical, slow-growing tree, with the branches whorled. Recently +introduced; hardy in the New England States. + + +GENUS =101. TAXODIUM.= + +Leaves deciduous, spreading, in 2 ranks. Flowers monoecious on the +same branch, the staminate ones in spikes, and the pistillate ones in +pairs below. Cones globular; the scales peltate, angular, thick, firmly +closed till ripe, with 2 angular seeds under each. + +[Illustration: T. distichum.] + +=Taxodium distichum=, Richard. (SOUTHERN OR BALD CYPRESS.) Leaves +deciduous, flat, linear, 1/2 to 3/4 in. long, in 2 rows on the slender +branchlets, forming feather-like spray of a light green color. This +whole spray usually falls off in the autumn as though a single leaf. +Cones round, closed, hard, 1 in. in diameter. A fine, tall (100 to 125 +ft. high), slender, spire-shaped tree with a large, spreading, rigid +trunk, 6 to 9 ft. thick, and peculiar conical excrescences (called +knees) growing up from the roots. Wild from Maryland south, and +cultivated and hardy in the Middle and many of the Northern States. + +[Illustration: Var. pendulum.] + +Var. _pendulum_, with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets, has +the leaves but slightly spreading from the stems, especially when young. +Very beautiful; hardy as far north as Massachusetts. + + +GENUS =102. SEQUOIA.= + +Flowers monoecious, terminal, solitary, catkins nearly globular. Seeds +winged, 3 to 5 under each scale. + +[Illustration: S. gigantea.] + +1. =Sequoia gigantea=, Torr. (BIG OR GREAT TREE OF CALIFORNIA.) Leaves +on the young shoots spreading, needle-shaped, sharp-pointed, scattered +spirally around the branchlets; finally scale-shaped, overlapping, +mostly appressed, with generally an acute apex, light green in color. +Cones oval, 2 to 3 in. long, of about 25 scales. The largest tree known, +300 ft. high, with a trunk nearly 30 ft. through, found in California +and occasionally planted east, though with no great success, as it is +almost certain to die after a few years. + +[Illustration: S. sempervirens.] + +2. =Sequoia sempervirens=, Endl. (REDWOOD.) Leaves from 1/2 to 1 in. long, +linear, smooth, 2-ranked, flat, acute, dark shining green, glaucous +beneath; branches numerous, horizontal, spreading. Cones 1 in. long, +roundish, solitary, terminal; scales numerous, thick, rough, furnished +with an obtuse point. A magnificent tree from California, where it grows +200 to 300 ft. high. In the East it can be kept alive but a few years +even at Washington. + + +GENUS =103. THUYA.= (ARBOR-VITAE.) + +Small, evergreen trees with flat, 2-ranked, fan-like spray and closely +overlapping, small, appressed leaves of two shapes on different +branchlets, one awl-shaped and acute, the other scale-like, usually +blunt and close to the branch. Fertile catkins of few, overlapping +scales fixed by the base; at maturity, dry and spreading. There are +scores of named varieties of Arbor-vitae sold by the nurserymen under 3 +different generic names, Thuya, Biota, and Thuyopsis. There are but +slight differences in these groups, and they will in this work be placed +together under Thuya. Some that in popular language might well be called +Arbor-vitae (the Retinosporas) will, because of the character of the +fruit, be included in the next genus. + + * Scales of the cones pointless, thin, straight. (Thuya) 1, 2. + + * Scales reflexed and wedge-shaped. (Thuyopsis) 3. + + * Scales thick, with horn-like tips. (Biota) 4. + +[Illustration: T. occidentalis.] + +1. =Thuya occidentalis=, L. (AMERICAN ARBOR-VITAE. WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves +in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets, having a strong aromatic odor when +bruised. Cones oblong, 1/3 in. long, with few (6 to 10) pointless +scales. A small tree, 20 to 50 ft. high, or in cultivation 1 to 50 ft. +high, with pale, shreddy bark, and light, soft, but very durable wood. +Wild north, and extensively cultivated throughout under more than a +score of named varieties. Their names--_alba_, _aurea_, _glauca_, +_conica_, _globosa_, _pyramidalis_, _pendula_, etc.--will give some idea +of the variations in color, form, etc. + +[Illustration: T. gigantea.] + +2. =Thuya gigantea=, Nutt. (GIANT ARBOR-VITAE.) Leaves scale-shaped, +somewhat 4-sided, closely overlapping, sharp-pointed, slightly +tuberculate on the back; cones more or less clustered and nearly 1/2 in. +long. A very large and graceful tree, 200 ft. high, with white, soft +wood; from the Pacific coast; introduced but not very successfully grown +in the Atlantic States. + +[Illustration: T. dolabrata.] + +3. =Thuya dolabrata=, L. (HATCHET-LEAVED ARBOR-VITAE.) Leaves large, +sometimes 1/4 in. long, very blunt, in 4 rows on the flattened spray. +Cones quite small, ovate, sessile, with jagged edges; scales reflexed +and wedge-form. A small conical tree with horizontal branches and +drooping branchlets; which, because of its large leaves (for an +Arbor-vitae) and flexible branchlets, is quite unique and interesting. In +shaded and moist places it has done quite well as far north as New York. + +[Illustration: T. orientalis.] + +4. =Thuya orientalis=, L. (EASTERN OR CHINESE ARBOR-VITAE.) Leaves small, +in 4 opposite rows, appressed, acute, on the numerous 2-edged +branchlets. Cones large, roundish, with thick leathery scales having +recurving, horn-like tips. Of this species there are as many varieties +sold as of number one, and nearly the same varietal names are used; but +it is not so good a species for general cultivation in this country. + +Var. _flagelliformis_, Jacq. (Weeping Arbor-vitae), has very slender, +elongated, weeping branches, curving gracefully to the ground. It is a +beautiful variety, often cultivated (a single stem is shown in the +figure). + + +GENUS =104. CHAMAECYPARIS.= (THE CYPRESSES.) + +Strong-scented, evergreen trees with very small, scale-like or somewhat +awl-shaped, closely appressed (except in some cultivated varieties), +overlapping leaves and 2-ranked branchlets, almost as in Thuya. Cones +globular, with peltate, valvate scales, firmly closed till ripe; the +scales thick and pointed at the center. + + * Native trees; leaves light glaucous-green. 1. + + * Cultivated trees from Western America; leaves dark green. + (=A.=) + + =A.= No tubercle on the backs of the leaves. 2. + + =A.= Usually a tubercle on the back 3. + + * Cultivated small trees and shrubs from Japan (called Retinospora) 4. + +[Illustration: C. sphaeroidea.] + +1. =Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea=, Spach. (WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves very small, +triangular, awl-shaped, regularly and closely appressed in 4 rows, of a +light glaucous-green color, often with a small gland on the back. Cones +very small, 1/3 in. in diameter, of about 6 scales, clustered. Tree 30 +to 90 ft. high, wild in low grounds throughout; abundant in Middle +States. With reddish-white wood and slender, spreading and drooping +sprays; bark fibrous, shreddy; sometimes cultivated. + +[Illustration: C. Nutkaensis.] + +2. =Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis=, Lambert. (NOOTKA SOUND CYPRESS.) Leaves +only 1/8 in. long, sharp-pointed, and closely appressed, of a very +dark, rich green color; very slightly glaucous, without tubercles on the +back. Cones small, globular, solitary, with a fine, whitish bloom; +scales 4, rough and terminating in a sharp straight point. Tree 100 ft. +high in Alaska, and would make a fine cultivated tree for this region if +it could stand our hot, dry summers. + +[Illustration: C. Lawsoniana.] + +3. =Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana=, Park. (LAWSON'S CYPRESS.) Leaves small, +deep green, with a whitish margin when young, forming with the twigs +feathery-like, flat spray of a bluish-green color; leaves usually with a +gland on the back. Cones scarcely 1/4 in. in diameter, of 8 to 10 scales. +A magnificent tree in California, and where it is hardy (in rather moist +soil, New York and south) it forms one of our best cultivated +evergreens. The leading shoot when young is pendulous. + +[Illustration: R. obtusa.] + +4. =Chamaecyparis= (=Retinospora=) =obtusa=, Endl. (JAPANESE ARBOR-VITAE.) +Leaves scale-formed, obtuse, closely appressed and very persistent. +Cones of 8 or 10 hard, light brown, wedge-shaped scales. Beautiful small +trees or generally shrubs (in this country), of a score of named +varieties of many colors and forms of plant and foliage. + +There are probably a number of species of Japanese and Chinese +Chamaecyparis (Retinospora), but till their size, hardiness, and origin +have been more fully determined, it would be impossible to make an +entirely satisfactory list for such a work as this. Figures are given of +the common, so-called, species cultivated in this country; under each of +these, several varieties are sold by the nurserymen. The three twigs of +Retinospora squarrosa were all taken from a single branch; this shows +how impossible it is to determine the varieties or species; the twig at +the left represents the true _squarrosa_; the others, the partial return +to the original. Most of the forms shown in the figures have purple, +golden, silvery, and other colored varieties. + +[Illustration: Retinospora filifera.] + +[Illustration: Retinospora pisifera.] + +[Illustration: Retinospora squarrosa.] + +[Illustration: Retinospora Lycopoides.] + +[Illustration: Retinospora plumosa.] + + +GENUS =105. CRYPTOMERIA.= + +A genus of evergreens containing only the following species: + +[Illustration: C. Japonica.] + +=Cryptomeria Japonica=, Don. (JAPAN CEDAR.) Leaves about 1/2 in. long, not +flattened, but about equally 4-sided, curved and tapering quite +gradually from the tip to the large, sessile base; branches spreading, +mostly horizontal, with numerous branchlets. Cones 1/2 to 3/4 in. in +diameter, globular, terminal, sessile, very persistent, with numerous, +loose, not overlapping scales. A beautiful tree from Japan, 50 to 100 +ft. high. Not very successfully grown in our climate. North of +Washington, D. C., it needs a sheltered position, and should have a +deep, but not very rich soil. + + +GENUS =106. JUNIPERUS.= + +Leaves evergreen, awl-shaped or scale-like, rigid, often of two shapes +on the same plant. Spray not 2-ranked. Flowers usually dioecious. +Fertile catkins rounded, of 3 to 6 fleshy, coalescent scales, forming in +fruit a bluish-black berry with a whitish bloom, but found on only a +portion of the plants. + + * Leaves rather long, 1/2 in., in whorls of threes 1. + + * Leaves smaller; on the old branches mostly opposite 2. + +[Illustration: J. communis.] + +1. =Juniperus communis=, L. (COMMON JUNIPER.) Leaves rather long, 1/2 in., +linear, awl-shaped, in whorls of threes, prickly-pointed, upper surface +glaucous-white, under surface bright green. Fruit globular, 1/4 in. or +more in diameter, dark purple when ripe, covered with light-colored +bloom. A shrub or small tree with spreading or pendulous branches; +common in dry, sterile soils. There are a great many varieties of this +species in cultivation, but few of them grow tall enough to be +considered trees. + +Var. _Hibernica_ (Irish Juniper) grows erect like a column. Var. +_Alpina_ is a low creeping plant. Var. _hemispherica_ is almost like a +half-sphere lying on the ground. + +[Illustration: J. Virginiana.] + +2. =Juniperus Virginiana=, L. (RED CEDAR.) Leaves very small and +numerous, scale-like on the older branches, but awl-shaped and somewhat +spreading on the young shoots; dark green. Fruit small, 1/5 in., +abundant on the pistillate plants, dark purple and covered with fine, +glaucous bloom. Trees from 20 to 80 ft. high (sometimes only shrubs), +with mostly horizontal branches, thin, scaling bark, dense habit of +growth, and dark foliage. Wood light, fine-grained, durable; the +heart-wood of a handsome dark red color. Wild throughout; several +varieties are found in cultivation. Many other species from China, +Japan, California, etc., are occasionally cultivated, but few are large +enough to be called trees, and those that are large enough are not of +sufficient importance to need specific notice. + + +GENUS =107. TAXUS.= + +Leaves evergreen, flat, linear, mucronate, rigid, scattered, appearing +more or less 2-ranked. Fertile flowers and the fruit solitary; the +fruit, a nut-like seed in a cup-shaped, fleshy portion formed from a +disk; red. + +[Illustration: T. baccata.] + +=Taxus baccata=, L. (COMMON EUROPEAN YEW.) Leaves evergreen, 2-ranked, +crowded, linear, flat, curved, acute. Fruit a nut-like seed within a cup +1/3 in. in diameter; red when ripe in the autumn. As this species is +somewhat dioecious, a portion of the plants will be without fruit. A +widely spreading shrub rather than a tree, extensively cultivated under +nearly a score of named varieties. We have a closely related wild +species, =Taxus Canadensis= (THE GROUND-HEMLOCK), which is merely a low +straggling bush. + + +GENUS =1O7a. TORREYA.= + +[Illustration: T. taxifolia.] + +The Torreyas are much like the Yews, but their leaves have two +longitudinal lines, and a remarkably disagreeable odor when burned or +bruised. =Torreya taxifolia=, Arn., from Florida, and =Torreya +Californica=, Torr., from California, have been often planted. They form +small trees, but probably cannot be grown successfully in the region. +The figure shows a twig of T. taxifolia. + + +GENUS =1O7b. CEPHALOTAXUS.= + +[Illustration: C. Fortunii.] + +=Cephalotaxus Fortunii=, Hook., does not form a tree in this section, +but a wide-spreading bush growing sometimes to the height of 10 ft., and +spreading over a spot 15 ft. wide. Leaves flat, with the midrib forming +a distinct ridge on both sides, linear, sometimes over 2 in. long, +glossy green on the upper side, slightly whitened beneath. Fruit very +large, 1 in. or more long, elliptical, with a single, thin-shelled +nut-like seed covered with purplish, pulpy, thin flesh. Branches +spreading, drooping, long, slender; buds small, covered with many +sharp-pointed, overlapping scales; twigs green, somewhat grooved. From +Japan; about hardy in New Jersey. + + +GENUS =108. PODOCARPUS.= + +Leaves one-nerved, opposite, alternate, or scattered, linear or oblong. +Flowers axillary and mostly dioecious; fruit drupe-like, with a +bony-coated stone. + +[Illustration: P. Japonica.] + +=Podocarpus Japonica=, Sieb. (JAPAN PODOCARPUS.) Leaves alternate, +crowded, flat, linear-lanceolate, elongated, quite sharp-pointed, +narrowed to a short though distinct petiole, and continued down the stem +by two ridges; leaves not 2-ranked, large, 4 to 8 in. long and 1/2 in. +wide when growing in perfection; in specimens grown in this region, 2 to +5 in. long and 1/4 in. wide; midrib forms a ridge on both sides; upper +side dark glossy green; lower side with two broad whitish lines. A +beautiful, erect-growing, small tree; from Japan; about hardy in central +New Jersey; needs some protection in Massachusetts. + + +GENUS =109. SALISBURIA.= + +Leaves broad, simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous, deeply cut or +lobed at the apex, alike on both surfaces, with long petioles. Flowers +dioecious; staminate ones in catkins, pistillate ones either solitary +or in clusters of a few each. Fruit a nut with a drupaceous covering. + +[Illustration: S. adiantifolia.] + +=Salisburia adiantifolia=, Sm. (GINKGO TREE.) Leaves parallel-veined, +fan-shaped, with irregular lobes at the end, thick, leathery, with no +midrib. Fruit globular or ovate, 1 in. long, on long, slender stems. A +very peculiar and beautiful large tree, 50 to 100 ft. high; from Japan. +Hardy throughout, and should be more extensively cultivated than it +is. + + + + +GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS AND INDEX TO PART I. + + +The numbers refer to the pages where the illustrations appear or where +fuller definitions of the words are given. + +_Abortive._ Defective or barren; not producing seeds. + +_Abrupt base of leaf_, 21. + +_Abruptly pinnate._ Pinnate, without an odd leaflet at the end; +even-pinnate, 20. + +_Acerose._ Slender; needle-shaped, 20. + +_Acorn_, 27. + +_Acuminate._ Taper-pointed, 22. + +_Acute._ Terminating in a well-defined angle, usually less than a right +angle, 22. + +_Adventitious buds_, 31. + +_Alternate._ Not opposite each other; as the leaves of a stem when +arranged one after the other along the branch, 18. + +_Angulated._ Edge with such sudden bends as to form angles. + +_Annual layer of wood_, 13. + +_Anther._ The essential part of a stamen of a flower; the part which +contains the pollen, 24. + +_Apetalous._ Said of a flower which has no corolla, 25. + +_Apex._ The point or summit, as the point of a leaf. + +_Apple-pome._ A fruit like the apple, with seeds in horny cells, 27. + +_Appressed._ Pressed close to the stem or other part, 19. + +_Ariled._ Seed with a somewhat membranous appendage, sometimes +surrounding it, and attached to one end. + +_Aromatic._ With an agreeable odor. + +_Arrangement of flowers_, 26; of leaves, 18. + +_Astringent._ That which contracts or draws together muscular fiber; the +opposite of laxative. + +_Auriculate._ Furnished with ear-shaped appendages, 21. + +_Awl-shaped._ Like a shoemaker's curved awl; subulate, 21. + +_Awned._ Furnished with a bristle-shaped appendage, 22. + +_Axil._ The angle between the leafstalk and the twig, 14. + +_Axillary._ Situated in the axil; as a bud, branch, or flower-cluster +when in the axil of a leaf, 14, 26, 30. + + +_Bark_, 12. + +_Bases of leaves_, 21. + +_Berry._ Used in this work to include any soft, juicy fruit with several +(at least more than one), readily separated seeds buried in the mass, +27. + +_Bipinnate._ Twice-pinnate, 20. + +_Bladdery._ Swollen out and filled with air. + +_Blade._ The thin, spreading portion, as of a leaf, 19. + +_Bract._ A more or less modified leaf belonging to a flower or fruit; +usually a small leaf in the axil of which the separate flower of a +cluster grows, 28. + +_Branch._ A shoot or stem of a plant, 11. + +_Branching_, general plan of, 29. + +_Branchlet._ A small branch. + +_Bristle-pointed._ Ending in a stiff, roundish hair, 22. + +_Bud._ Undeveloped branch or flower, 30; forms of, 32; bud-scales, 31. + +_Bur._ Rough-prickly covering of the seeds or fruit, 27. + +_Bush._ A shrub, 11. + + +_Calyx._ The outer leafy part of a flower, 24. + +_Canescent._ With a silvery appearance, 23. + +_Capsule._ A dry, pod-like fruit which has either more than one cell, +or, if of one cell, not such a pod as that of the pea with the seeds +fastened on one side on a single line, 28. + +_Carpel._ That part of a fruit which is formed of a simple pistil, or +one member of a compound pistil; often shown by a single seed-bearing +line or part. A fruit has as many carpels as it has seed-bearing lines +on its outer walls, or as it had stigmas when it was a pistil, or as it +had leaves at its origin. + +_Catkin._ A scaly, usually slender and pendent cluster of flowers, 26, +28. + +_Ciliate._ Fringed with hairs along its edge. + +_Cleft._ Cut to about the middle, 22. + +_Cluster._ Any grouping of flowers or fruit on a plant, so that more +than one is found in the axil of a leaf, or at the end of a stem, 26. + +_Complete._ Having all the parts belonging to an organ; a _complete +leaf_ has blade, leafstalk, and stipules, 19; a _complete flower_ has +calyx, corolla, stamen, and pistil, 24. + +_Compound._ Composed of more than one similar part united into a whole; +a _compound leaf_ has more than one blade, 19. + +_Conduplicate._ Folded on itself lengthwise, 33. + +_Cone._ A hard, scaly fruit, as that of a pine-tree, 28. + +_Conical._ With a circular base and sloping sides gradually tapering to +a point; more slender than pyramidal. + +_Convolute._ In a leaf, the complete rolling from edge to edge, 34. + +_Cordate._ Heart-shaped, the stem and point at opposite ends, 21. + +_Coriaceous._ Leathery in texture or substance. + +_Corolla._ The inner, usually the bright-colored, row of floral leaves, +often grown together, 24. + +_Corymb._ A flat-topped or rounded flower-cluster; in a strict use it is +applied only to such clusters when the central flower does not bloom +first. See _cyme_, 26. + +_Crenate._ Edge notched with rounded teeth, 22. + +_Crenulate._ Finely crenated, 22. + +_Crisped._ Having an undulated or curled edge. + +_Cross-section of wood_, 35. + +_Cuneate._ Wedge-shaped, 21. + +_Cylindric._ With an elongated, rounded body of uniform diameter. + +_Cyme._ A flat-topped flower-cluster, the central flower blooming first, +26. + + +_Deciduous._ Falling off; said of leaves when they fall in autumn, and +of floral leaves when they fall before the fruit forms, 23. + +_Decurrent leaf._ A leaf which extends down the stem below the point of +fastening. + +_Definite annual growth_, 29. + +_Dehiscence._ The regular splitting open of fruits, anthers, etc. + +_Dehiscent._ Opening in a regular way, 27, 28. + +_Deliquescent_, 16, 29. + +_Deltoid._ Triangular, 21. + +_Dentate._ Edge notched, with the teeth angular and pointing outward, +22. + +_Denticulate._ Minutely dentate. + +_Dichotomous._ Forking regularly by twos, as the branches of the Lilac. + +_Dilated._ Spreading out; expanding in all directions. + +_Dioecious._ With stamens and pistils on different plants, 25. + +_Distichous._ Two-ranked; spreading on opposite sides in one plane; as +_leaves_, 18; or _branches_, 19. + +_Divergent._ Spreading apart. + +_Divided._ Separated almost to the base or midrib, 23. + +_Drupe._ A fleshy fruit with a single bony stone. In this book applied +to all fruits which, usually juicy, have a single seed, even if not +bony, or a bony stone, even if the stone has several seeds, 27. + +_Dry drupe._ Used when the material surrounding the stone is but +slightly fleshy, 27. + +_Duration of leaves_, 23. + + +_Elliptical._ Having the form of an elongated oval, 20. + +_Emarginate._ With a notched tip, 22. + +_Endogenous._ Inside-growing; growing throughout the substance of the +stem, 12. + +_Entire._ With an even edge; not notched, 22. + +_Enveloping organs._ In a flower, the calyx and corolla which cover the +stamens and pistil, 25. + +_Essential organs._ In a flower, the organs needed to produce seeds; the +stamens and pistil, 25. + +_Evergreen._ Retaining the leaves (in a more or less green condition) +through the winter and till new ones appear, 23. + +_Excurrent._ With the trunk continued to the top of the tree, 16, 29. + +_Exogenous._ Outside-growing; growing by annual layers near the surface, +11. + +_Exserted._ Projecting beyond an envelope, as the stamens from a +corolla, or the bracts beyond the scales of a cone, 28. + +_Exstipulate._ Without stipules, 19. + +_Extra-axillary buds_, 30. + + +_Fasciculated._ In clusters or fascicles, 18. + +_Feather-veined._ With the veins of a leaf all springing from the sides +of the midrib, 20. + +_Fibrous._ Composed of fine threads or fibers. + +_Filament._ The stalk of a stamen, 24; any thread-like body. + +_Flowering._ Having flowers. + +_Flowers_, 24; clusters of, 26; kinds of, 25. + +_Folding of leaves in the bud_, 33. + +_Foliaceous._ Like a leaf in texture or appearance. + +_Footstalk._ The stem of a leaf (petiole), or the stem of a flower +(peduncle). + +_Forms of leaves_, 20. + +_Fruit_, 24, 26. + + +_Gamopetalous._ Same as monopetalous, 25. + +_Glabrous._ Having a smooth surface; free from hairs, bristles, or any +pubescence, 23. + +_Glands._ Small cellular organs which secrete oily, aromatic, or other +products. They are sometimes sunk in the leaves, etc., as on the +Prickly-ash; sometimes on the surface as small projections; sometimes on +the ends of hairs. The word is also used to indicate small swellings, +whether there is a secretion or not. + +_Glandular._ Having glands. _Glandular-hairy._ With glandular-tipped +hairs, 23. + +_Glaucous._ Covered with a fine white powder that rubs off, 23. + +_Globose._ Spherical in form. _Globular._ Nearly globose. + +_Glutinous._ Covered with a sticky gum. + + +_Hairy._ Having rather long hairs, 23. + +_Halberd-shaped_, 21. + +_Head._ A compact, rounded cluster of flowers or fruit, 26. + +_Heart-shaped._ Ovate, with a notched base; cordate, 21. + +_Heart-wood_, 13, 35. + +_Herbaceous._ Without woody substance in the stem; like an herb; soft +and leaf-like. + +_Hybrid._ An intermediate form of plant between two nearly related +species; formed by the action of the pollen of one upon the pistil of +the other. + + +_Imbricated._ Overlapping one another like the shingles on a roof, 28. + +_Incised._ Irregularly and deeply cut, as the edge of a leaf. + +_Incurved._ Gradually curving inward. + +_Indefinite annual growth_, 30. + +_Indehiscent._ Not splitting open. + +_Inflexed._ Bent inward, 33. + +_Involucre._ A whorl or set of bracts around a flower, a cluster of +flowers, or fruit, 27. + +_Involute._ Rolled inward from the edges, 34. + +_Irregular._ Said of a flower which has its corolla of different sized, +shaped, or colored pieces, 25. + + +_Kernel._ The substance contained within the shell of a nut or the stone +of a fruit. + +_Key._ A fruit furnished with a wing, or leaf-like expansion, 28. + +_Kidney-shaped._ Broadly heart-shaped, with the apex and basal notch +somewhat rounded. + + +_Lacerated._ With a margin irregularly notched or apparently torn. + +_Laciniate._ Cut into narrow lobes; slashed. + +_Lance-shaped._ _Lanceolate._ Like a lance-head in shape, 21. + +_Leaf_, 17; arrangement of leaves, 18; bases of, 21; forms of, 20; kinds +of, 19; margins of, 22; parts of, 19; points of, 22; veining, 19. + +_Leaflet._ A separate blade of a compound leaf, 20. + +_Leafstalk._ The stem of a leaf; petiole, 19. + +_Legume._ A pea-like pod, 28. + +_Lensform._ _Lenticular._ Thickest in the center, with the edges +somewhat sharp; like a double-convex lens. + +_Linear._ Long and narrow, with the edges about parallel, 20. + +_Lobe._ The separate, projecting parts of an irregularly edged leaf if +few in number, 22. + +_Lobed._ Having lobes along the margin, 22. + + +_Margin of leaves_, 22. + +_Medullary rays_, 13. + +_Membranous._ Thin and rather soft, and more or less translucent, 23. + +_Midrib._ The central or main rib of a leaf, 19. + +_Monoecious._ With both pistillate and staminate flowers on the same +plant, 25. + +_Monopetalous._ With the corolla more or less grown together at the +base; gamopetalous, 25. + +_Mucronate._ Tipped with a short abrupt point, 22. + +_Multiple roots_, 9. + + +_Nerved._ Parallel-veined, as the leaves of some trees, 20. + +_Netted-veined._ With branching veins, forming a network as in the +leaves of most of our trees, 20. + +_Node._ The part of a stem to which a leaf is attached, 18. + +_Nut._ A hard, unsplitting, usually one-seeded fruit, 27. + +_Nutlet._ A small nut. + + +_Obcordate._ Heart-shaped, with the stem at the pointed end, 21, 22. + +_Oblanceolate._ Lanceolate, with the stem at the more pointed end, 21. + +_Oblong._ Two to four times as long as wide, with the sides somewhat +parallel, 20. + +_Oblique._ Applied to leaves when the sides are unequal, 21. + +_Obovate._ A reversed ovate, 21. + +_Obovoid._ A reversed ovoid; an egg form, with stem at the smaller end. + +_Obscurely._ Not distinctly; usually needing a magnifying-glass to +determine. + +_Obtuse._ Blunt or rounded at tip, 22. + +_Obvolute_, 34. + +_Odd-pinnate._ Pinnate, with an end leaflet, 20. + +_Once-pinnate._ A compound leaf, with but a single series of leaflets +along the central stem, 19. + +_Opposite._ With two leaves on opposite sides of a stem at a node, 18. + +_Orbicular._ Circular in outline, 20. + +_Oval._ Broadly elliptical, 20. + +_Ovary._ The part of the pistil of a flower containing the ovules or +future seeds. + +_Ovate._ Shaped like a section of an egg, with the broader end near the +stem, 21. + +_Overlapping._ One piece spreading over another. + +_Ovoid._ Ovate or oval in a solid form, like an egg. + +_Ovules._ The parts within the ovary which may form seeds, 25. + + +_Palmate._ A compound leaf, with the leaflets all starting from the end +of the petiole, 19. + +_Palmately lobed_, 22. + +_Palmately veined._ With three or more main ribs, or veins of a leaf, +starting from the base, 20. + +_Panicle._ An open, much branched cluster of flowers or fruit, 26. + +_Pappus._ The down, hairs, or teeth on the end of the fruit in +Compositae, as the thistle-down. + +_Parallel-veined._ With the veins of the leaf parallel; nerved, 20. + +_Parted._ Edge of a blade separated three fourths of the distance to the +base or midrib, 23. + +_Pedicel._ The stem of each flower of a cluster, 26. + +_Peduncle._ The stem of a solitary flower, or the main stem of a +cluster, 26. + +_Pellucid._ Almost or quite transparent. + +_Peltate._ Applied to a leaf or other part when the stem or stalk is +attached within the margin on the side. + +_Pendent._ Hanging downward, 28. + +_Pendulous._ Hanging or drooping. + +_Perfect._ Said of a flower with both stamen and pistil, 25. + +_Petal._ A leaf of the corolla of a flower, 25. + +_Petiole._ The stalk or stem of a leaf, 19. + +_Petiolate._ Said of a leaf which has a stem, 20. + +_Pinnae._ The first divisions of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf. + +_Pinnate leaf._ A compound leaf with the leaflets arranged along the +sides of the stem, 19. + +_Pinnately lobed_, 22; _Pinnate-veined_, 20. + +_Pinnatifid._ A leaf deeply notched along the sides in a pinnate manner, +23. + +_Pistil._ The central essential organ of a flower, 25. + +_Pistillate._ A flower with pistil but no stamens, 25. + +_Pith_, 12. + +_Plicate._ Folded like a fan, 34. + +_Pod._ A dry dehiscent fruit like that of the pea, 28. + +_Points of leaves_, 22. + +_Pollarding trees_, 31. + +_Pollen._ The dust or fertilizing material contained in the anther, 24. + +_Polypetalous._ Having a corolla of separate petals, 25. + +_Pome._ An apple-like fruit with the seeds in horny cells, 27. + +_Preparation of a collection_, 35. + +_Pressing plants_, 36. + +_Prickles._ Sharp, spine-like elevations on the bark, leaf or fruit, 28. + +_Primary root_, 10. + +_Pubescent._ Hairy or downy, especially with fine soft hairs or +pubescence, 23. + +_Pulp._ The soft flesh of such fruits as the apple or cherry. + +_Punctate._ With translucent glands, 23. + +_Pyramidal._ With sloping sides like a pyramid, but with a circular +base; broad-conical. + + +_Raceme._ A flower-cluster with one-flowered stems arranged along the +peduncle, 26. + +_Radial section of wood_, 35. + +_Radiating ribs._ The ribs of a leaf when several start together at or +near the base. A leaf having such ribs is said to be radiately or +palmately veined, 20. + +_Rapier-shaped._ Narrow, pointed, and curved like a sword. + +_Recurved_ or _reflexed_. Bent backward, 28. + +_Regular._ Said of a flower which has its enveloping organs alike on all +sides, 25. + +_Repand._ Wavy-margined, 22. + +_Retuse._ With a slightly notched tip, 22. + +_Revolute._ Rolled backward, as the edges of many leaves, 22, 34. + +_Ribbed._ With prominent ribs, often somewhat parallel. + +_Ribs._ The strong veins of a leaf, 19. + +_Root_, 9. + +_Rugous._ Having an irregularly ridged surface, 23. + + +_Samara._ A winged fruit; a key fruit, 28. + +_Sap-wood_, 13. + +_Scabrous._ Rough or harsh to the touch, 23. + +_Scale-shaped_, 21. + +_Scarious._ Thin, dry, and membranous, 23. + +_Scattered leaves_, 18. + +_Secondary roots_, 10. + +_Section of wood_, 35. + +_Seedling._ A young plant raised from a seed. + +_Seeds_, 25. + +_Sepal._ A division of a calyx, 25. + +_Serrate._ Having a notched edge, with the teeth pointing forward, 22. + +_Serration._ A tooth of a serrated edge. + +_Serrulate._ Finely serrate, 22. + +_Sessile._ Without stem; sessile leaf, 20; sessile flower, 26. + +_Sheath._ A tubular envelope. + +_Shoot._ A branch. + +_Shrub._ A bush-like plant; one branching from near the base, 11. + +_Silver grain._ _Medullary rays_, 13, 36. + +_Simple leaf._ One with but a single blade, 19. + +_Sinuate._ With a margin strongly wavy, 22. + +_Sinuation._ One of the waves of a sinuate edge. + +_Spatulate._ Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded tip. + +_Spike._ An elongated cluster of flowers with the separate blossoms +about sessile. + +_Spine._ A sharp, rigid outgrowth from the wood of a stem; sometimes +applied to sharp points not so deeply seated which should be considered +as prickles, 28. + +_Spinescent_ or _spiny_. Having spines, 22, 23. + +_Spray._ A collection of small shoots or branches of a plant. + +_Stamen._ One of the pollen-bearing or fertilizing parts of a flower, +24. + +_Staminate._ Said of flowers which have stamens but no pistil, 25. + +_Stellate._ Branching, star-like. + +_Stems and branches_, 11. + +_Stipules._ Small blades at the base of a leafstalk, 19. + +_Straight-veined._ Feather-veined with the veins straight and parallel, +20. + +_Striate._ Marked with fine longitudinal lines or ridges. + +_Sub._ A prefix applied to many botanical terms, and indicating nearly. + +_Subulate._ Awl-shaped, 21. + +_Succulent._ Thick and fleshy, 23. + +_Suckers._ Shoots from a subterranean part of a plant. + +_Surface of leaves and fruit_, 23. + + +_Tangential section of wood_, 35. + +_Tapering._ Gradually pointed; gradually narrowed, 21. + +_Tap-root._ A simple root with a stout tapering body, 9. + +_Terete._ Cylindric, but tapering as the twigs of a tree. + +_Terminal._ Belonging to the extremity of a branch, as a _terminal bud_, +14; or _terminal flower-cluster_, 26. + +_Texture of leaves_, 23. + +_Thyrsus._ A compact, much-branched flower- or fruit-cluster, 26. + +_Tomentose._ Covered with matted, woolly hairs, 23. + +_Toothed._ With teeth or short projections. + +_Tree._ A plant with a woody trunk which does not branch near the +ground, 11. + +_Truncate._ With a square end as though cut off, 22. + +_Twice-pinnate._ Applied to a leaf which is twice divided in a pinnate +manner, 20. + +_Twice-serrate_, 22. _Twice-crenate_, 22. + +_Two-ranked._ Applied to leaves when they are flattened out in two ranks +on opposite sides of a stem, 18; also applied to spray when it branches +out in one plane, 19. + + +_Umbel._ A cluster of flowers or fruit having stems of about equal +length, and starting from the same point, 26. + +_Umbellate._ Like an umbel. + + +_Valvate._ Touching edge to edge, 28. + +_Veining of leaves_, 19. + +_Veinlets._ The most minute framework of a leaf, 19. + +_Veins._ The smaller lines of the framework of a leaf, 19. + + +_Wedge-shaped._ Shaped like a wedge; cuneate, 21. + +_Whorl._ In a circle around the stem, as the leaves of a plant, 18. + +_Wings._ A blade or leaf-like expansion bordering a part, as a fruit or +stem, 28. + +_Winged._ With wing-like membranes. + +_Winter study of trees_, 29. + +_Wood_, 12. + + + + +INDEX TO PART III. + + + Abele-tree, 168. + + Abies, 183-187. + + Acanthopanax, 110. + + Acer, 84-88. + + Acuminate-leaved Clethra, 117. + + AEsculus, 81-83. + + African Cedar, 190. + + Ailanthus, 76. + + Albizzia, 96. + + Alcock's Spruce, 181. + + Alder, 147, 148. + + Alleghany Plum, 98. + + Alnus, 147, 148. + + Alternate-leaved Cornel, 112. + + Amelanchier, 107. + + Anacardiaceae, 89. + + Angelica-tree, 109. + + Angiospermae, 62. + + Anonaceae, 68. + + Apple, 101. + + Aralia, 109, 110. + + Araliaceae, 109. + + Araucaria, 190. + + Arbor-vitae, American, 194. + Chinese, 194. + Eastern, 194. + Giant, 194. + Hatchet-leaved, 194. + Japanese, 196. + Weeping, 195. + + Arrow-wood, 114. + + Ash, Black, 124. + Blue, 124. + European, 124. + Flowering, 125. + Green, 123. + Red, 123. + Water, 124. + Weeping, 125. + White, 123. + + Ash-colored Willow, 167. + + Ash-leaved Maple, 89. + + Asimina, 68. + + Aspen, 168. + + Austrian Pine, 175. + + + Baccharis, 115. + + Bald Cypress, 192. + + Balm of Gilead, 170. + + Balsam-fir, 183, 184. + + Balsam-poplar, 170. + + Barren Oak, 158. + + Bartram's Oak, 152. + + Basket-oak, 154. + + Basswood, 72, 73. + + Bay, Red, 130. + + Bay Willow, 164, 165. + + Beaked Hazelnut, 149. + + Beaked Willow, 166. + + Bean-trefoil Tree, 92. + + Bear Scrub Oak, 157. + + Beech, American, 161. + Blue, 151. + Cut-leaved, 161. + European, 161. + Purple, 161. + Silver Variegated, 161. + Water, 151. + + Benjamin-bush, 131. + + Betula, 144-147. + + Bhotan Pine, 172. + + Bignoniaceae, 127. + + Bignonia Family, 127. + + Big Shellbark, 142. + + Big Tree of California, 192. + + Bilsted, 108. + + Biota, 193. + + Birch, American White, 145. + Black, 146. + Canoe, 145. + Cherry, 146. + Cut-leaved, 146. + European White, 146. + Gray, 145, 146. + Hairy-leaved, 146. + Paper, 145. + Purple-leaved, 146. + Pyramidal, 146. + Red, 147. + River, 147. + Sweet, 146. + Weeping, 146. + Yellow, 146. + + Bird-cherry, 99, 100. + + Bitternut, 143. + + Bixineae, 67. + + Black Ash, 124. + Birch, 146. + Cherry, 99. + Gum, 112. + Haw, 114. + Hawthorn, 106. + Oak, 156, 158. + Pine, 175. + Poplar, 170. + Scrub Oak, 157. + Spruce, 179. + Sugar-maple, 86. + Walnut, 141. + Willow, 163. + + Blackthorn, 98. + + Blue Ash, 124. + Beech, 151. + + Bog Willow, 166. + + Bow-wood, 137. + + Box Elder, 89. + White Oak, 153. + + Boxwood, 133. + + Bristly Locust, 94. + + Brittle Willow, 163. + + Broom-hickory, 143. + + Buckeye, 82, 83. + + Buckthorn, California, 80. + Carolina, 79. + Common, 79. + Southern, 119. + Woolly-leaved, 118. + + Buckthorn Family, 79. + + Buffalo-berry, 132. + + Bullace Plum, 98. + + Bumelia, 118, 119. + + Burning-bush, 78. + + Bur-Oak, 153. + + Butternut, 140. + + Buttonwood, 139. + + Buxus, 132, 133. + + + Calico-bush, 116. + + California Buckthorn, 80. + Maple, 86. + + Camellia Family, 69. + + Canoe Birch, 145. + + Caprifoliaceae, 113. + + Caragana, 92. + + Carolina Buckthorn, 79. + Poplar, 169. + + Carpinus, 150, 151. + + Carya, 141-144. + + Cashew Family, 89. + + Castanea, 159, 160. + + Catalpa, 128, 129. + + Caucasian Planer-tree, 136. + + Cedar, African, 190. + Deodar, 190. + Indian, 190. + Japan, 198. + Lebanon, 189. + Mt. Atlas, 190. + Red, 199. + Silver, 190. + White, 194, 195. + + Cedrela, 76. + + Cedrus, 189, 190. + + Celastraceae, 78. + + Celtis, 136, 137. + + Cembra Pine, 173. + + Cephalonian Silver Fir, 185. + + Cephalotaxus, 200. + + Cercidiphyllum, 67. + + Cercis, 94. + + Chaste-tree, 130. + + Cherry, 99, 100. + + Cherry Birch, 146. + + Cherry, Cornelian, 111. + + Chestnut, 160. + + Chestnut-oak, 154, 155. + + Chickasaw Plum, 98. + + Chile Pine, 190. + + China-tree, 75. + + Chinese Arbor-vitae, 194. + Cedrela, 76. + Cork-tree, 74. + Honey-locust, 96. + Parasol, 72. + Sumac, 91. + White Magnolia, 65. + + Chinquapin, 160. + + Chionanthus, 126. + + Choke-cherry, 100. + + Cilician Silver Fir, 186. + + Cladrastis, 93. + + Clammy Locust, 94. + + Clerodendron, 129. + + Clethra, 117, 118. + + Club, Hercules', 109. + + Cockspur Thorn, 104. + + Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 95. + + Colchicum-leaved Maple, 87. + + Compositae, 115. + + Coniferae, 170. + + Cork-bark Maple, 87. + + Cork Elm, 134. + + Cork-tree, Chinese, 74. + + Cornaceae, 110. + + Cornel, 111, 112. + + Cornelian Cherry, 111. + + Cornus, 110-112. + + Corsican Pine, 175. + + Corylus, 149. + + Cottonwood, 169. + + Cow-oak, 154. + + Crab-apple, 101. + + Crack-willow, 163. + + Cranberry-tree, 114. + + Crape-myrtle, 109. + + Crataegus, 103-106. + + Crisped-leaved Elm, 134. + + Cryptomeria, 198. + + Cucumber-tree, 63, 64. + + Cunninghamia, 191. + + Cupuliferae, 144. + + Custard-apple Family, 68. + + Cut-leaved Birch, 146. + Alder, 148. + + Cypress, Bald, 192. + Lawson's, 196. + Nootka Sound, 195. + Southern, 192. + + + Dahoon Holly, 77. + + Date-plum, 120. + + Deodar Cedar, 190. + + Devil-wood, 125. + + Diospyros, 119, 120. + + Dogwood, Flowering, 111. + Poison, 90. + + Dotted-fruited Hawthorn, 106. + + Double Spruce, 179. + + Downy-leaved Poplar, 169. + + Dwarf Chestnut-oak, 155. + + Dwarf Mountain Sumac, 90. + + + Ear-leaved Umbrella-tree, 64. + + Eastern Spruce, 181. + + Ebenaceae, 119. + + Ebony Family, 119. + + Elaeagnaceae, 131. + + Elaeagnus, 131, 132. + + Elder-leaved Mountain Ash, 102. + + Elder, Poison, 90. + + Elm, American, 135. + Cork, 134. + Crisped-leaved, 134. + English, 134. + Field, 134. + Kiaka, 136. + Red, 134. + Rock, 134. + Scotch, 134. + Slippery, 134. + Wahoo, 135. + Weeping, 134. + White, 135. + White-margined, 134. + Winged, 135. + Witch, 134. + + English Elm, 134. + Cherry, 99. + Hawthorn, 104. + Maple, 87. + Oak, 158. + Walnut, 141. + + Ericaceae, 116. + + Euonymus, 78. + + Euphorbiaceae, 132. + + + Fagus, 160, 161. + + Fate-tree, 129. + + Field Elm, 134. + + Figwort Family, 127. + + Filbert, 149. + + Fir, Balsam, 183, 184. + Cephalonian Silver, 185. + Cilician Silver, 186. + European Silver, 187. + Fraser's Balsam, 184. + Great Silver, 185. + Japan Silver, 184. + Noble Silver, 187. + Nordmann's Silver, 184. + Pinsapo, 186. + Scotch, 177. + Siberian Silver, 185. + Silver, 184-187. + Southern Balsam, 184. + White, 186. + + Flowering Ash, 125. + Dogwood, 111. + + Four-winged Silverbell Tree, 121. + + Fraser's Balsam-fir, 184. + + Fraxinus, 122-125. + + French Tamarisk, 69. + + Fringe-tree, 126. + + + Garden Plum, 99. + Red Cherry, 99. + + Garland Crab-apple, 101. + + Giant Arbor-vitae, 194. + Tree Lilac, 126. + + Ginkgo-tree, 201. + + Gleditschia, 95, 96. + + Goat-willow, 166. + + Golden-chain, 92. + + Golden Larch, 189. + + Gordonia, 70. + + Gray Birch, 145, 146. + Pine, 178. + Willow, 167. + + Great Laurel, 117. + + Great-leaved Magnolia, 64. + + Great Silver Fir, 185. + Tree of California, 192. + + Green Ash, 123. + + Groundsel-tree, 115. + + Gum, Black, 112. + Sour, 112, 113. + Sweet, 108. + + Gymnocladus, 95. + + Gymnospermae, 170. + + + Hackberry, 136. + + Hackmatack, 188. + + Halesia, 121. + + Hamamelideae, 107. + + Hamamelis, 107. + + Hatchet-leaved Arbor-vitae, 194. + + Haw, Black, 114. + Summer, 106. + Yellow, 106. + + Hawthorn, Black, 106. + Dotted-fruited, 106. + English, 104. + Pear, 106. + Tall, 105. + + Hazel, 149. + + Hazelnut, 149. + + Heart-leaved Alder, 148. + Willow, 165. + + Heath Family, 116. + + Heavy-wooded Pine, 174. + + Hemlock, Common, 182. + Ground, 199. + Japan, 182. + Mountain, 182. + + Hercules'-Club, 109. + + Hibiscus, 71. + + Hickory, Big Shellbark, 142. + Broom, 143. + Shagbark, 142. + Shellbark, 142. + Swamp, 143. + White-heart, 142. + + Himalayan Spruce, 181. + + Hoary Alder, 147. + + Holly, 77. + + Holly Family, 77. + + Honey-locust, 95, 96. + + Honeysuckle Family, 113. + + Hop-hornbeam, 150. + + Hop-tree, 74. + + Hornbeam, 151. + + Horse-chestnut, 81, 82. + + Horse-sugar, 122. + + Hovenia, 80. + + + Idesia, 67. + + Ilex, 77, 78. + + Ilicineae, 77. + + Imperial Paulownia, 127. + + Indian Bean, 128. + Cedar, 190. + + Irish Juniper, 199. + + Iron-wood, 150. + + + Japan Arbor-vitae, 196. + Cedar, 198. + Hemlock, 182. + Larch, 188. + Lilac, 126. + Magnolia, 65. + Maple, 88. + Persimmon, 120. + Planer-tree, 136. + Pine, 176. + Podocarpus, 201. + Silver Fir, 184. + Storax, 120. + + Jersey Pine, 177. + + Judas-tree, 94. + + Juglandaccae, 140. + + Juglans, 140, 141. + + Jujube, 80. + + Juniper, 198, 199. + + Juniperus, 198, 199. + + + Kalmia, 116. + + Katsura-tree, 67. + + Kentucky Coffee-tree, 95. + + Kiaka Elm, 136. + + Kilmarnock Willow, 166. + + Kingnut, 142. + + Koelreuteria, 83. + + + Laburnum, 92. + + Lagerstroemia, 109. + + Lambert's Pine, 172. + + Larch, American, 188. + European, 188. + Golden, 189. + Japan, 188. + + Large-flowered Magnolia, 63. + + Large-leaved Maple, 86. + + Large-toothed Aspen, 168. + + Large Tupelo, 113. + + Larix, 187-189. + + Lauraceae, 130. + + Laurel, 116, 117. + + Laurel Family, 130. + + Laurel-leaved Willow, 165. + + Laurel-oak, 158. + + Lawson's Cypress, 196. + + Lebanon Cedar, 189. + + Leguminosae, 92. + + Lilac, 126. + + Linden, 72, 73. + + Linden Family, 72. + + Lindera, 131. + + Liquidambar, 108. + + Liriodendron, 66. + + Live-oak, 155. + + Loblolly Bay, 70. + Pine, 174. + + Locust, Bristly, 94. + Clammy, 94. + Common, 93. + Honey, 95, 96. + + Lombardy Poplar, 169. + + Long-leaved Pine, 174. + Willow, 167. + + Long-racemed Buckeye, 83. + + Lonicera, 115. + + Loosestrife Family, 108. + + Lythraceae, 108. + + + Maclura, 137. + + Madeira Nut, 141. + + Magnolia, Chinese White, 65. + Great-leaved, 64. + Japan, 65. + Large-flowered, 63. + Purple Japan, 66. + Southern Evergreen, 63. + Swamp, 63. + Thurber's Japan, 66. + + Magnoliaceae, 62. + + Magnolia Family, 62. + + Mallow Family, 71. + + Malvaceae, 71. + + Maple, Ash-leaved, 89. + California, 86. + Colchicum-leaved, 87. + Cork-bark, 87. + English, 87. + Japan, 88. + Large-leaved, 86. + Mountain, 84. + Norway, 87. + Palmate-leaved, 88. + Red, 85. + Rock, 86. + Round-leaved, 88. + Silver, 85. + Striped, 85. + Sugar, 86. + Sycamore, 86. + Tartarian, 88. + Vine, 88. + White, 85. + + Masson's Pine, 175. + + Melia, 75. + + Meliaceae, 75. + + Melia Family, 75. + + Mockernut, 142, 143. + + Morello Cherry, 99. + + Morus, 137, 138. + + Mossy-cup Oak, 153. + + Mountain Ash, 102, 103. + Hemlock, 182. + Laurel, 116. + Maple, 84. + Pine, 173, 177. + Sumac, 90. + + Mount Atlas Cedar, 190. + + Mulberry, 138. + Paper, 138. + + Myrtle, Crape, 109. + + + Narrow-leaved Crab-apple, 101. + + Necklace-poplar, 169. + + Negundo, 88, 89. + + Noble Silver Fir, 187. + + Nootka Sound Cypress, 195. + + Nordmann's Silver Fir, 184. + + Northern Prickly Ash, 73. + Scrub Pine, 178. + + Norway Maple, 87. + Spruce, 180. + + Nut, Bitter, 143. + Hickory, 142, 143. + King, 142. + Mocker, 142, 143. + Pecan, 144. + Pig, 143. + + Nut-pine, 178. + + Nyssa, 112, 113. + + + Oak, American White, 153. + Barren, 158. + Bartram's, 152. + Basket, 154. + Bear Scrub, 157. + Black, 156, 158. + Black Scrub, 157. + Box White, 153. + Bur, 153. + Chestnut, 154, 155. + Cow, 154. + English, 158. + Laurel, 158. + Live, 155. + Mossy-cup, 153. + Pin, 156. + Post, 153, 154. + Pyramidal, 159. + Quercitron, 156. + Red, 156. + Rough, 153. + Scarlet, 156. + Scrub, 157. + Shingle, 158. + Spanish, 156, 157. + Swamp, 154, 156. + Turkey, 159. + Water, 157. + Weeping, 159. + White, 153, 154. + Willow, 158. + Yellow, 155, 156. + + Oak Family, 144. + + Oak-leaved Alder, 148. + Mountain-ash, 102. + + Ohio Buckeye, 82. + + Old-field Pine, 174. + + Oleaceae, 122. + + Oleaster Family, 131. + + Olive Family, 122. + + Orange, Osage, 137. + + Oriental Plane, 139. + Spruce, 181. + + Osage Orange, 137. + + Osmanthus, 125. + + Ostrya, 150. + + Oxydendrum, 116. + + + Palmate-leaved Japan Maple, 88. + + Papaw, 68. + + Paper Birch, 145. + Mulberry, 138. + + Parsley-leaved Thorn, 105. + + Paulownia, 127. + + Peach, 97. + + Pear Hawthorn, 106. + + Pear-tree, 101. + + Pea-tree, 92. + + Pecan-nut, 144. + + Pepperbush, 117, 118. + + Pepperidge, 112. + + Persea, 130. + + Persimmon, 119, 120. + + Phellodendron, 74. + + Picea, 179-181. + + Pignut, 143. + + Pine, Austrian, 175. + Bhotan, 172. + Black, 175. + Cembra, 173. + Chile, 190. + Corsican, 175. + Gray, 178. + Heavy-wooded, 174. + Japan, 176. + Jersey, 177. + Lambert's, 172. + Loblolly, 174. + Long-leaved, 174. + Masson's, 175. + Mountain, 173, 177. + Nut, 178. + Old-field, 174. + Pinon, 178. + Pitch, 174. + Red, 176. + Scotch, 177. + Scrub, 177, 178. + Stone, 173. + Sugar, 172. + Swiss Stone, 173. + Table-Mountain, 177. + Twisted-branched, 177. + Umbrella, 191. + Weymouth, 172. + White, 172, 173. + Yellow, 174,176. + + Pine Family, 170. + + Pin-oak, 156. + + Pinon Pine, 178. + + Pinsapo Fir, 186. + + Pitch-pine, 174. + + Pinus Austriaca, 175. + Banksiana, 178. + Cembra, 173. + contorta, 177. + densiflora, 176. + edulis, 178. + excelsa, 172. + flexilis, 173. + inops, 177. + Lambertiana, 172. + Laricio, 175. + Massoniana, 175. + mitis, 176. + monophylla, 178. + monticola, 173. + palustris, 174. + ponderosa, 174. + pungens, 177. + resinosa, 176. + rigida, 174. + strobus, 172. + sylvestris, 177. + Taeda, 174. + + Plane, Oriental, 139. + + Planera, 135, 136. + + Planer-tree, 136. + + Plane-tree Family, 139. + + Platanaceae, 139. + + Platanus, 139. + + Plum, 98, 99. + + Plum, Date, 120. + + Podocarpus, 200, 201. + + Poison Dogwood, 90. + Elder, 90. + Sumac, 90. + + Pomegranate-tree, 108. + + Populus, 167-170. + + Poplar, Balsam, 170. + Black, 170. + Carolina, 169. + Downy-leaved, 169. + Lombardy, 169. + Necklace, 169. + White, 168. + + Post-oak, 153, 154. + + Prickly Ash, 73, 74. + + Pride of India, 75. + + Prunus, 97-100. + + Ptelea, 74. + + Pterostyrax, 121. + + Pulse Family, 92. + + Punica, 108. + + Purple Japan Magnolia, 66. + + Purple-leaved Birch, 146. + + Purple Willow, 165. + + Pyramidal Birch, 146. + Oak, 159. + + Pyrus, 100-103. + + + Quaking-asp, 168. + + Quassia Family, 76. + + Quercitron Oak, 156. + + Quercus alba, 153. + aquatica, 157. + bicolor, 154. + Cerris, 159. + coccinea, 156. + falcata, 157. + fastigiata, 159. + heterophylla, 152. + ilicifolia, 157. + imbricaria, 158. + lyrata, 154. + macrocarpa, 153. + Michauxii, 154. + Muhlenbergii, 155. + nigra, 158. + palustris, 156. + pedunculata, 159. + pendula, 159. + Phellos, 152, 158. + prinoides, 155. + Prinus, 154. + Robur, 158. + rubra, 152, 156. + sessiliflora, 159. + stellata, 153. + tinctoria, 156. + virens, 155. + + Quince-tree, 102. + + + Rabbit-berry, 132. + + Red Ash, 123. + Bay, 130. + Birch, 147. + Buckeye, 82. + Cedar, 199. + Cherry, 99. + Elm, 134. + Horse-chestnut, 82. + Maple, 85. + Mulberry, 138. + Oak, 156. + Pine, 176. + Plum, 98. + + Redbud, 94. + + Red-leaved Alder, 148. + + Redwood, 193. + + Retinospora, 193, 196, 197. + + Rhamnaceae, 79. + + Rhamnus, 79, 80. + + Rhododendron, 117. + + Rhus, 89-91. + + River Birch, 147. + + Robinia, 93, 94. + + Rock Elm, 134. + Maple, 86. + + Rosaceae, 97. + + Rose-acacia, 94. + + Rose Family, 97. + + Rough Oak, 153. + + Round-leaved Maple, 88. + + Rowan-tree, 103. + + Rue Family, 73. + + Rutaceae, 73. + + + Salicaceae, 161. + + Salisburia, 201. + + Salix Alba, 164. + amygdaloides, 163. + angustata, 165. + annularis, 164. + Babylonica, 164. + caprea, 166. + cinerea, 167. + cordata, 165. + decipiens, 164. + discolor, 166. + falcata, 163. + fragilis, 163. + longifolia, 167. + lucida, 164. + myricoides, 165. + nigra, 163. + pentandra, 165. + purpurea, 165. + rigida, 165. + rostrata, 166. + rufescens, 165. + Russelliana, 164 + viridis, 164. + vitellina, 164. + + Sapindaceae, 81. + + Sapodilla Family, 118. + + Sapotaceae, 118. + + Sassafras, 130, 131. + + Scarlet-fruited Thorn, 104. + + Scarlet Oak, 156. + + Sciadopitys, 191. + + Scotch Elm, 134. + Fir, 177. + Pine, 177. + + Scrophulariaceae, 127. + + Scrub Oak, 157. + Pine, 177, 178. + + Seaside Alder, 148. + + Sequoia, 192, 193. + + Service-berry, 107. + + Shad-bush, 107. + + Shagbark Hickory, 142. + + Sheep-berry, 114. + + Shellbark Hickory, 142. + + Shepherdia, 132. + + Shingle Oak, 158. + + Shining Willow, 164. + + Shrubby Trefoil, 74. + + Siberian Cornel, 111. + Silver Fir, 185. + + Silk-tree, 96. + + Silverbell-tree, 121. + + Silver Cedar, 190. + Fir, 184-187. + Maple, 85. + Spruce, 181. + + Silver-leaved Elaeagnus, 132. + + Simarubaceae, 76. + + Single Spruce, 179. + + Slippery Elm, 134. + + Sloe, 98. + + Smoke-tree, 91. + + Smooth Alder, 148. + Sumac, 90. + + Soapberry Family, 81. + + Sorrel-tree, 116. + + Sour Gum, 112, 113. + + Sourwood, 116. + + Southern Cypress, 192. + + Spanish Oak, 156, 157. + + Speckled Alder, 147. + + Spice-bush, 131. + + Spindle-tree, 78. + + Spruce, Alcock's, 181. + Black, 179. + Double, 179. + Eastern, 181. + Himalayan, 181. + Norway, 180. + Oriental, 181. + Silver, 181. + Single, 179. + Tiger's-tail, 180. + White, 179. + + Spurge Family, 132. + + Stag-horn Sumac, 90. + + Sterculia, 71. + + Sterculiaceae, 71. + + Stone-pine, 173. + + Storax, 120. + + Storax Family, 120. + + Striped Maple, 85. + + Stuartia, 69, 70. + + Styracaceae, 120. + + Styrax, 120. + + Sugarberry, 136. + + Sugar Maple, 86. + Pine, 172. + + Sumac, 90, 91. + + Summer Haw, 106. + + Swamp Hickory, 143. + Magnolia, 63. + Oak, 156. + Post-oak, 154. + White Oak, 154. + + Sweet Bay, 63. + Birch, 146. + Buckeye, 82. + Gum, 108. + Pepper-bush, 117, 118. + Viburnum, 114. + + Sweetleaf, 122. + + Swiss Stone-pine, 173. + + Sycamore, American, 139. + + Sycamore-maple, 86. + + Symplocos, 122. + + Syringa, 126. + + + Table-Mountain Pine, 177. + + Tacamahac, 170. + + Tamarack, 188. + + Tamariscineae, 68. + + Tamarisk, 69. + + Tamarix, 69. + + Tartarian Honeysuckle, 115. + Maple, 88. + + Taxodium, 192. + + Tea Family, 69. + + Ternstroemiaceae, 69. + + Thorn, 104, 105. + + Thurber's Japan Magnolia, 66. + + Thuya, 193, 194. + + Thuyopsis, 193. + + Tiger's-tail Spruce, 180. + + Tilia, 72, 73. + + Tiliaceae, 72. + + Toothache-tree, 73. + + Torreya, 200. + + Tree Hibiscus, 71. + + Tree of Heaven, 76. + + Trefoil, 74. + + Tsuga, 182. + + Tulip-tree, 66. + + Tupelo, 113. + + Turkey Oak, 159. + + + Ulmus, 133-135. + + Umbrella-pine, 191. + + Umbrella-tree, 65. + + Urticaceae, 133. + + + Venetian Sumac, 91. + + Verbenaceae, 129. + + Viburnum, 113, 114. + + Vine Maple, 88. + + Vitex, 129, 130. + + + Wahoo, 78, 135. + + Walnut, 140, 141. + + Walnut Family, 140. + + Washington Thorn, 105. + + Water Ash, 124. + Beech, 151. + Locust, 96. + Oak, 157. + + Weeping Ash, 125. + Birch, 146. + Elm, 134. + Oak, 159. + Willow, 164. + + White Ash, 123. + Basswood, 73. + Birch, 145, 146. + Cedar, 194, 195. + Elm, 134, 135. + Fir, 186. + Maple, 85. + Mulberry, 138. + Oak, 153, 154. + Poplar, 168. + Spruce, 179. + Willow, 164. + + White-heart Hickory, 142. + + Whitewood, 72. + + Willow, American Bay, 164. + Ash-colored, 167. + Bay, 164, 165. + Beaked, 166. + Black, 163. + Bog, 166. + Brittle, 163. + Crack, 163. + Glaucous, 166. + Goat, 166. + Gray, 167. + Heart-leaved, 165. + Kilmarnock, 166. + + Willow, Laurel-leaved, 165. + Long-leaved, 167. + Purple, 165. + Shining, 164. + Weeping, 164. + White, 164. + + Willow Family, 161. + + Willow-oak, 158. + + Winged Elm, 135. + + Witch-elm, 134. + + Witch-hazel, 107. + + Witch-hazel Family, 107. + + + Xanthoxylum, 73. + + + Yellow-barked Oak, 156. + + Yellow Birch, 146. + Cucumber-tree, 64. + Haw, 106. + Plum, 98. + + Yellow-wood, 93. + + Yew, 199. + + Yulan, 65. + + + Zizyphus, 80. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Trees of the Northern United States, by +Austin C. 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