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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 02:48:07 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 02:48:07 -0700 |
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diff --git a/29724-h/29724-h.htm b/29724-h/29724-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..37663f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/29724-h/29724-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,12835 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Trees of the Northern United States, by Austin C. Apgar. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + body { + margin: 0 10%; + } + + p { + text-align: left; + text-indent: 0; + } + + .front p { + text-align: center; + } + + p.break { + margin-top: 2em; + } + + .smcap { + font-variant: small-caps; + } + + ins { + text-decoration:none; + border-bottom: thin dotted black; + } + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; + clear: both; +} + + h1 { + margin-top:4em; + margin-bottom: 3em; + } + + h2 { + margin-top:3em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + } + + h3 { + margin-top: 2em; + font-weight: normal; + } + + .class { + text-align:center; + font-size:1.2em; + margin-top: 3em; + font-weight:bold; + clear: both; + } + + .order { + text-align:center; + font-size:1.1em; + margin-top: 2em; + clear: both; + } + + .genus { + text-align:center; + font-size:1.0em; + margin-top: 1.5em; + clear: both; + } + + .family { + text-align:center; + clear: both; + } + + hr { + width:45%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + img { + border: none; padding: 0; + } + + p.caption { + margin: 0; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: center; + } + + .center { + text-align: center; + text-indent:0; + } + + .figcenter { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + text-align: center; + } + + .floatr, .figright { + float: right; + clear: right; + width: auto; + text-align: center; + padding: 3px; + margin: 1em 0 0 4px; + } + + .floatl, .figleft { + float: left; + clear: left; + width: auto; + text-align: center; + padding: 3px; + margin: 1em 4px 0 0; + } + + dd, li { + margin-top: 0.25em; margin-bottom:0; + line-height: 1.2em; + } + + ul { + margin-left: 5px; + padding-left:5px; + } + + ul.IX { + list-style-type: none; + font-size:inherit; + margin: 2em 0; + } + + .IX li { + margin-top: 0.5em; + padding-left:1em; + text-indent:-1em; + } + + ul.ix { + list-style-type: none; + font-size:inherit; + margin-top: 0; + margin-left: 15px; + padding-left:15px; + } + + .ix li { + margin: 0; + } + + table { + empty-cells: show; + width: 100%; + } + + td { + vertical-align: bottom; + text-align: left; + padding: 2px 6px; + } + + td.right { + text-align: right; + } + + .footnote { + font-size: 90%; + } + + .footnote .label { + float:left; + text-align:left; + width:2em; + } + + .footnote a { + text-decoration:none; + } + .fnanchor { + font-size: 80%; + text-decoration: none; + vertical-align: 0.25em; + } + + .pagenum { + text-align: right; + position: absolute; + right: 0px; + white-space: nowrap; + font-size: 12px; + font-weight: normal; + } + + .quote { + margin: 0 10%; + font-size:.9em; + text-align:left; + } + + --> +/* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Trees of the Northern United States, by Austin C. Apgar + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Trees of the Northern United States + Their Study, Description and Determination + +Author: Austin C. Apgar + +Release Date: August 18, 2009 [EBook #29724] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREES OF THE NORTHERN U.S. *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Leonard Johnson and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + + + + +<div class="front"> + +<h1>TREES<br /><br /> + +<span style="font-size:0.6em; font-weight:normal;">OF THE</span><br /><br /> + +<span style="font-size:0.9em">NORTHERN UNITED STATES</span></h1> + +<p>THEIR STUDY, DESCRIPTION AND<br /> +DETERMINATION</p> + +<p><span style="font-size: 0.8em">FOR THE</span><br /> + +USE OF SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE STUDENTS</p><br /><br /> + +<p style="font-size: 0.8em">BY</p> + +<p style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight:bold;">AUSTIN C. APGAR</p> + +<p style="font-size: 0.8em">PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE NEW JERSEY STATE NORMAL SCHOOL</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center">"Trees are God's Architecture."—<i>Anonymous.</i></p> + +<p class="quote">"A Student who has learned to observe and describe so simple a +matter as the form of a leaf has gained a power which will be +of lifetime value, whatever may be his sphere of professional +employment."—<i>Wm. North Rice.</i><br /><br /></p> + +<div class="front"> +<p>NEW YORK-:-CINCINNATI-:-CHICAGO<br /> +AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY</p><br /><br /> + + +<p>Copyright, 1892, by the<br /> +AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.</p> + +<p>W. P. 3. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> +</p> +</div> + + +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + + +<p>This book has been prepared with the idea that teachers generally would +be glad to introduce into their classes work dealing with the real +objects of nature, provided the work chosen were of a character that +would admit of its being studied at all seasons and in all localities, +and that the subject were one of general interest, and one that could be +taught successfully by those who have had no regular scientific +instruction.</p> + +<p>The trees of our forests, lawns, yards, orchards, streets, borders, and +parks give us just such a department. Though many consider a large part +of the vegetable kingdom of little importance, and unworthy of any +serious study, there are few who do not admire, and fewer still who do +not desire to know, our trees, the monarchs of all living things.</p> + +<p>The difficulty in tree study by the aid of the usual botanies lies +mainly in the fact that in using them the first essential parts to be +examined are the blossoms and their organs. These remain on the trees a +very short time, are often entirely unnoticed on account of their small +size or obscure color, and are usually inaccessible even if seen. In +this book the leaves, the wood, the bark, and, in an elementary way, the +fruit are the parts to which the attention is directed; these all can be +found and studied throughout the greater part of the year, and are just +the parts that must be thoroughly known by all who wish to learn to +recognize trees.</p> + +<p>Though every teacher is at liberty to use the book as he thinks best, +the author, who has been a class teacher for over twenty years, is of +the opinion that but little of Part I. need be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> thoroughly studied and +recited, with the exception of Chapter III. on leaves. The object of +this chapter is not to have the definitions recited (the recitation of +definitions in school work is often useless or worse than useless), but +to teach the pupil to use the terms properly and to make them a portion +of his vocabulary. The figures on <a href="#Page_38">pages 38</a>-43 are designed for class +description, and for the application of botanical words. The first time +the chapter is studied the figure illustrating the term should be +pointed out by the pupil; then, as a review of the whole chapter, the +student should be required to give a full description of each leaf.</p> + +<p>After this work with Chapter III., and the careful reading of the whole +of Part I., the pupils can begin the description of trees, and, as the +botanical words are needed, search can be made for them under the proper +heads or in the Glossary.</p> + +<p>The Keys are for the use of those who know nothing of scientific botany. +The advanced botanist may think them too artificial and easy; but let +him remember that this work was written for the average teacher who has +had no strictly scientific training. We can hardly expect that the great +majority of people will ever become scientific in any line, but it is +possible for nearly every one to become interested in and fully +acquainted with the trees of his neighborhood.</p> + +<p>The attainment of such botanical knowledge by the plan given in this +volume will not only accomplish this useful purpose, but will do what is +worth far more to the student, <i>i.e.</i>, teach him to employ his own +senses in the investigation of natural objects, and to use his own +powers of language in their description.</p> + +<p>With hardly an exception, the illustrations in the work are taken from +original drawings from nature by the author. A few of the scales of +pine-cones were copied from London's "Encyclopædia of Trees"; some of +the Retinospora cones were taken from the "Gardener's Chronicle"; and +three of the illustrations in Part I. are from Professor Gray's works.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> + +<p>The size of the illustration as compared with the specimen of plant is +indicated by a fraction near it; ¼ indicates that the drawing is one +fourth as long as the original, 1/1 that it is natural size, etc. The +notching of the margin is reduced to the same extent; so a margin which +in the engraving looks about entire, might in the leaf be quite +distinctly serrate. The only cases in which the scale is not given are +in the cross-sections of the leaves among the figures of coniferous +plants. These are uniformly three times the natural size, except the +section of Araucaria imbricata, which is not increased in scale.</p> + +<p>The author has drawn from every available source of information, and in +the description of many of the species no attempt whatever has been made +to change the excellent wording of such authors as Gray, Loudon, etc.</p> + +<p>The ground covered by the book is that of the wild and cultivated trees +found east of the Rocky Mountains, and north of the southern boundary of +Virginia and Missouri. It contains not only the native species, but all +those that are successfully cultivated in the whole region; thus +including all the species of Ontario, Quebec, etc., on the north, and +many species, both wild and cultivated, of the Southern States and the +Pacific coast. In fact, the work will be found to contain so large a +proportion of the trees of the Southern States as to make it very useful +in the schools of that section.</p> + +<p>Many shrubby plants are introduced; some because they occasionally grow +quite tree-like, others because they can readily be trimmed into +tree-forms, others because they grow very tall, and still others because +they are trees in the Southern States.</p> + +<p>In nomenclature a conservative course has been adopted. The most +extensively used text-book on the subject of Botany, "Gray's Manual," +has recently been rewritten. That work includes every species, native +and naturalized, of the region covered by this book, and the names as +given in that edition have been used in all cases.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> + +<p>Scientific names are marked so as to indicate the pronunciation. The +vowel of the accented syllable is marked by the grave accent (`) if +long, and by the acute (´) if short.</p> + +<p>In the preparation of this book the author has received much valuable +aid. His thanks are especially due to the authorities of the Arnold +Arboretum, Boston, Massachusetts, and of the Missouri Botanical Garden, +St. Louis, for information in regard to the hardiness of species; to Mr. +John H. Redfield, of the Botanical Department of the Philadelphia +Academy of Natural Sciences, for books, specimens from which to make +illustrations, etc.; and to Dr. A. C. Stokes, of Trenton, New Jersey, +for assistance in many ways, but especially for the accurate manner in +which he has inked the illustrations from the author's pencil-drawings.</p> + +<p>The author also wishes to acknowledge the help received from many +nurserymen in gathering specimens for illustration and in giving +information of great value. Among these, special thanks are due to Mr. +Samuel C. Moon, of Morrisville Nurseries, who placed his large +collection of living specimens at the author's disposal, and in many +other ways gave him much intelligent aid.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + + + + + +<table summary="Table of Contents"> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="right">PAGE.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><a href="#p1">PART I.</a> <span class="smcap">Essential Organs, and Terms Needed for their Description</span></td><td class="right">9-43</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#c1">Chapter I.</a></span> Roots</td><td class="right">9</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#c2">Chapter II.</a></span> Stems and Branches</td><td class="right">11</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#c3">Chapter III.</a></span> Leaves</td><td class="right">17</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#c4">Chapter IV.</a></span> Flowers and Fruit</td><td class="right">24</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#c5">Chapter V.</a></span> Winter Study of Trees</td><td class="right">29</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#c6">Chapter VI.</a></span> The Preparation of a Collection</td><td class="right">35</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#c7">Chapter VII.</a></span> Figures to be used in Botanical Description</td><td class="right">38</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><a href="#p2">PART II.</a> <span class="smcap">Plan and Models for Tree Description</span></td><td class="right">44-50</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><a href="#p3">PART III.</a> <span class="smcap">Key, Classification and Description of the Species</span></td><td class="right">51-201</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><hr /></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#glossary">Glossary of Botanical Terms, and Index to Part I</a></span></td><td class="right">203-212</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#index">Index to Part III</a></span></td><td class="right">213-224</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h1>TREES.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></h1> + + +<h2><a name="p1" id="p1"></a>PART I.<br /><br /> + +THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS, AND THE TERMS NEEDED FOR THEIR DESCRIPTION.</h2> + + +<h3><span class="smcap"><a name="c1" id="c1"></a>Chapter I.</span><br /><br /> + +<i>Roots.</i></h3> + + +<p>Though but little study of the roots of trees is practicable, some +knowledge of their forms, varieties, and parts is important.</p> + +<p>The great office of the roots of all plants is the taking in of food +from the soil. Thick or fleshy roots, such as the radish, are stocks of +food prepared for the future growth of the plant, or for the production +of flowers and fruit. The thick roots of trees are designed mainly for +their secure fastening in the soil. The real mouths by which the food is +taken in are the minute tips of the hair-like roots found over the +surface of the smaller branches. As trees especially need a strong +support, they all have either a <i>tap-root</i>—one large root extending +from the lower end of the trunk deep down into the ground; or <i>multiple +roots</i>—a number of large roots mainly extending outward from the base +of the trunk.</p> + +<p>Trees with large tap-roots are very hard to transplant, and cannot with +safety be transferred after they have attained any real size. The +Hickories and Oaks belong to this class.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> + +<p>Trees having multiple roots are readily transplanted, even when large. +The Maples and Elms are of this class.</p> + +<p>Roots that grow from the root-end of the embryo of the seed are called +<i>primary roots</i>; those growing from slips or from stems anywhere are +<i>secondary roots</i>.</p> + +<p>Some trees grow luxuriantly with only secondary roots; such trees can +readily be raised from stems placed in the ground. The Willows and +Poplars are good examples of this group. Other trees need all the +strength that primary roots can give them; these have to be raised from +seed. Peach-trees are specially good examples, but practically most +trees are best raised from seed.</p> + +<p>A few trees can be easily raised from root-cuttings or from suckers +which grow up from roots. The Ailanthus, or "Tree of Heaven," is best +raised in this way. Of this tree there are three kinds, two of which +have disagreeable odors when in bloom, but the other is nearly odorless. +By using the roots or the suckers of the third kind, only those which +would be pleasant to have in a neighborhood would be obtained. One of +the large cities of the United States has in its streets thousands of +the most displeasing of these varieties and but few of the right sort, +all because the nurseryman who originally supplied the city used +root-cuttings from the disagreeable kind.</p> + +<p>If such trees were raised from the seed, only about one third would be +desirable, and their character could be determined only when they had +reached such a size as to produce fruit, when it would be too late to +transplant them. Fruit-trees, when raised from the seed, have to be +grafted with the desired variety in order to secure good fruit when they +reach the bearing age.</p> + + + + +<h3><a name="c2" id="c2"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter II.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span><br /> + +<i>Stems and Branches.</i></h3> + + +<p>The stem is the distinguishing characteristic of trees, separating them +from all other groups of plants. Although in the region covered by this +book the trees include all the very large plants, size alone does not +make a tree.</p> + +<p>A plant with a single trunk of woody structure that does not branch for +some distance above the ground, is called a <i>tree</i>. Woody plants that +branch directly above the soil, even though they grow to the height of +twenty feet or more, are called <i>shrubs</i>, or, in popular language, +<i>bushes</i>. Many plants which have a tendency to grow into the form of +shrubs may, by pruning, be forced to grow tree-like; some that are +shrubs in the northern States are trees further south.</p> + +<p>All the trees that grow wild, or can be cultivated out of doors, in the +northern States belong to one class, the stems having a separable bark +on the outside, a minute stem of pith in the center, and, between these, +wood in annual layers. Such a stem is called <i>exogenous</i> +(outside-growing), because a new layer forms on the outside of the wood +each year.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 199px;" id="i012a"> + <a href="images/illus012a.jpg"> + <img src="images/illus012as.jpg" + width="199" height="300" + alt="Fig. 1." + title="Fig. 1." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 1.</p> +</div> + +<p>Another kind of tree-stem is found abundantly in the tropics; one, the +Palmetto, grows from South Carolina to Florida. While in our region +there are no trees of this character, there are plants having this kind +of stem, the best illustration being the corn-stalk. In this case there +is no separable bark, and the woody substance is in threads within the +pithy material. In the corn-stalk the woody threads are not very +numerous, and the pith is very abundant; in most of the tropical trees +belonging to this group the threads of wood are so numerous as to make +the ma<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>terial very durable and fit for furniture. A stem of this kind is +called <i>endogenous</i> (inside-growing). <a href="#i012a">Fig. 1</a> represents a longitudinal +and a cross section of an exogenous stem, and <a href="#i012b">Fig. 2</a> of an endogenous +one.</p> + + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 199px;" id="i012b"> + <a href="images/illus012b.jpg"> + <img src="images/illus012bs.jpg" + width="199" height="342" + alt="Fig. 2." + title="Fig. 2." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 2.</p> +</div> + +<p>Since all the stems with which we have to deal are exogens, a particular +description of that class will here be given. <a href="#i012a">Fig. 1</a> shows the +appearance of a section of an Ash stem six years old. The central +portion, which is about as thick as wrapping-twine, is the <i>pith</i>; from +this outward toward the bark can be seen the six annual layers of the +<i>wood</i>; and then comes the <i>bark</i>, consisting of two portions. First +there is an inside layer of greenish material, the fresh-growing +portion, and lastly the outer or dead matter. This outer portion must +crack open, peel off, or in some way give a chance for the constant +growth of the trunk. The different kinds of trees are readily known by +the appearance of the bark of the trunk, due to the many varieties of +surface caused by the allowance for growth. None of the characteristics +of trees afford a better opportunity for careful observation and study +than the outer bark.</p> + +<p>The Birches have bark that peels off in thin horizontal layers—the +color, thinness, and toughness differing in the different species; the +Ashes have bark which opens in many irregular, netted cracks moderately +near each other; the bark of the Chestnut opens in large longitudinal +cracks quite distant from one another. The color of the bark and the +character of the scales are quite different in the White and the Black +Oaks.</p> + +<p>In the woody portion radiating lines may be seen;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> these are the <i>silver +grain</i>; they are called by the botanist <i>medullary rays</i>.</p> + +<p>The central portion of the wood of many large stems is darker in color +than the rest. This darker portion is dead wood, and is called +<i>heart-wood</i>; the outer portion, called <i>sap-wood</i>, is used in carrying +the sap during the growing season. The heart-wood of the Walnut-tree is +very dark brown; that of the Cherry, light red; and that of the Holly, +white and ivory-like. The heart-wood is the valuable part for lumber.</p> + +<p>If examined under a magnifying glass, the <i>annual layers</i> will be seen +to consist of minute tubes or cells. In most trees these tubes are much +larger in the portion that grew early in the season, while the wood +seems almost solid near the close of the annual layer; this is +especially true in the Ashes and the Chestnut; some trees, however, show +but little change in the size of the cells, the Beech being a good +example. In a cross-section, the age of such trees as the Chestnut can +readily be estimated, while in the Beech it is quite difficult to do +this. Boxwood, changing least in the character of its structure, is the +one always used for first-grade wood-engravings.</p> + +<p>When wood is cut in the direction of the silver grain, or cut +"quartering" as it is called by the lumbermen, the surface shows this +cellular material spread out in strange blotches characteristic of the +different kinds of wood. <a href="#i035">Fig. 16</a> shows an Oak where the blotches of +medullary rays are large. In the Beech the blotches are smaller; in the +Elm quite small. Lumber cut carefully in this way is said to be +"quartered," and with most species its beauty is thereby much increased.</p> + +<p>Any one who studies the matter carefully can become acquainted with all +the useful and ornamental woods used in a region; the differences in the +color of the heart-wood, the character of the annual layers, and the +size and the distribution of the medullary rays, afford enough +peculiarities to distinguish any one from all others.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Branching.</span>—The regular place from which a branch grows is the <i>axil</i> of +a leaf, from what is called an <i>axillary bud</i>; but branches cannot grow +in the axils of all leaves. A tree with opposite leaves occasionally has +opposite branches; while a tree with alternate leaves has all its +branches alternate.</p> + +<p>Most branches continue their growth year after year by the development +of a bud at the end, called a <i>terminal bud</i>. Many trees form this bud +for the next year's growth so early in the year that it is seldom or +never killed by the winter weather; such trees grow very regularly and +are symmetrical in form. Most evergreens are good examples. <a href="#i014">Fig. 3</a> +represents a good specimen. The age of such trees, if not too great, can +be readily ascertained by the regularity of each year's growth. The tree +represented is sixteen years old. The branches that started the fifth +year, about the age at which regular growth begins, are shown by their +scars on the trunk.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 200px;" id="i014"> + <a href="images/illus014.jpg"> + <img src="images/illus014s.jpg" + width="200" height="280" + alt="Fig. 3." + title="Fig. 3." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 3.</p> +</div> + +<p>The terminal buds of many trees are frequently killed by the frosts of +winter; such trees continue their growth by the development of axillary +buds; but as growth from an axillary bud instead of a terminal one will +make a branch crooked, such trees are irregular in their branching and +outline. Just which axillary buds are most apt to grow depends upon the +kind of tree, but trees of the same variety are nearly uniform in this +respect. Most trees are therefore readily recognized by the form of +outline and the characteristic branching. A good example of a tree<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> of +very irregular growth is the Catalpa (Indian Bean), shown in <a href="#i015">Fig. 4.</a> The +tendency to grow irregularly usually increases with age. The Buttonwood, +for example, grows quite regularly until it reaches the age of thirty to +forty years; then its new branches grow in peculiarly irregular ways. +The twigs of a very old and a young Apple-tree illustrate this change +which age produces.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 200px;" id="i015"> + <a href="images/illus015.jpg"> + <img src="images/illus015s.jpg" + width="200" height="240" + alt="Fig. 4." + title="Fig. 4." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 4.</p> +</div> + +<p>There are great differences in the color and surface of the bark of the +twigs of different species of trees; some are green (Sassafras), some +red (Peach, on the sunny side), some purple (Cherry). Some are smooth +and dotless, some marked with dots (Birch), some roughened with corky +ridges (Sweet Gum), etc.</p> + +<p>The taste and odor of the bark are characteristics worthy of notice: the +strong, fragrant odor of the Spice-bush; the fetid odor of the Papaw; +the aromatic taste of the Sweet Birch; the bitter taste of the Peach; +the mucilaginous Slippery Elm; the strong-scented, resinous, aromatic +Walnut, etc.</p> + +<p>The branches of trees vary greatly in the thickness of their tips and in +their tendency to grow erect, horizontal, or drooping. Thus the delicate +spray of the Birches contrasted with the stout twigs of the Ailanthus, +or the drooping twigs of the Weeping Willow with the erect growth of the +Lombardy Poplar, give contrasts of the strongest character. In the same +way, the directions the main branches take in their growth from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +trunk form another distinctive feature. Thus the upward sloping branches +of the Elm form a striking contrast to the horizontal or downward +sloping branches of the Sour Gum, or, better still, to certain varieties +of Oaks.</p> + +<p>When the main trunk of a tree extends upward through the head to the +tip, as in <a href="#i014">Fig. 3</a>, it is said to be <i>excurrent</i>. When it is soon lost in +the division, as in <a href="#i015">Fig. 4</a>, it is said to be <i>deliquescent</i>.</p> + + + + +<h3><a name="c3" id="c3"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter III.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span><br /> + +<i>Leaves.</i></h3> + + +<p>Leaves are the lungs of plants. The food taken in by the roots has to +pass through the stem to the leaves to be acted upon by the air, before +it becomes sap and is fit to be used for the growth of the plant. No +portion of a plant is more varied in parts, forms, surface, and duration +than the leaf.</p> + +<p>No one can become familiar with leaves, and appreciate their beauty and +variety, who does not study them upon the plants themselves. This +chapter therefore will be devoted mainly to the words needed for leaf +description, together with their application.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">The Leaf.</span>—In the axil of the whole leaf the bud forms for the growth of +a new branch. So by noting the position of the buds, all the parts +included in a single leaf can be determined. As a general thing the leaf +has but one blade, as in the Chestnut, Apple, Elm, etc.; yet the +Horse-chestnut has 7 blades, the Common Locust often has 21, and a +single leaf of the Honey-locust occasionally has as many as 300. Figs. +17-58 (<a href="#c7">Chapter VII.</a>) are all illustrations of single leaves, except <a href="#i040">Fig. +43</a>, where there are two leaves on a twig. A number of them show the bud +by which the fact is determined (Figs. <a href="#i038">25</a>, <a href="#i039">26, 31, 33, 34</a>, <a href="#i040">36, 40</a>, +etc.); others show branches which grew from the axillary buds, many of +them fruiting branches (Figs. <a href="#i040">37, 42, 43</a>, <a href="#i041">50</a>, and <a href="#i042">54</a>), one (<a href="#i041">Fig. 51</a>) a +thorny branch.</p> + +<p>The cone-bearing plants (Figs. <a href="#i042">59</a>-67) have only simple leaves. Each +piece, no matter how small and scale-like, may have a branch growing +from its axil, and so may form a whole leaf. A study of these figures, +together<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> with the observation of trees, will soon teach the student +what constitutes a leaf.</p> + + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 200px;" id="i018e"> + <a href="images/illus018e.png"> + <img src="images/illus018es.png" + width="200" height="240" + alt="Fig. 5." + title="Fig. 5." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 5.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Arrangement.</span>—There are several different ways in which leaves are +arranged on trees; the most common plan is the <a href="images/illus018a.png"><i>alternate</i></a>; +in this only one leaf occurs at a joint or node on the +stem. The next in frequency is the <a href="images/illus018b.png"><i>opposite</i></a>, where two +leaves opposite each other are found at the node. A very rare +arrangement among trees, though common in other plants, is the +<a href="images/illus018c.png"><i>whorled</i></a>, where more than two leaves, regularly arranged +around the stem, are found at the node. When a number of leaves are +bundled together,—a plan not rare among evergreens,—they are said to +be <i>fasciculated</i> or in <a href="images/illus018d.png"><i>fascicles</i></a>. The term <i>scattered</i> +is used where alternate leaves are crowded on the stem. This plan is +also common among evergreens.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 200px;" id="i018f"> + <a href="images/illus018f.png"> + <img src="images/illus018fs.png" + width="200" height="269" + alt="Fig. 6." + title="Fig. 6." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 6.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Caution.</span>—In some plants the leaves on the side shoots or spurs of a +twig are so close together, the internodes being so short, that at first +sight they seem opposite. In such cases, the leaf-scars of the preceding +years, or the arrangement of the branches, is a better test of the true +arrangement of the leaves. The twig of Birch shown in <a href="#i018e">Fig. 5</a> has +alternate leaves.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 200px;" id="i019b"> + <a href="images/illus019b.png"> + <img src="images/illus019bs.png" + width="200" height="226" + alt="Fig. 7." + title="Fig. 7." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 7.</p> +</div> + +<p>There is one variety of alternation, called <i>two-ranked</i>, which is quite +characteristic of certain trees; that is, the leaves are so flattened +out as to be in one plane on the opposite sides of the twig (<a href="#i018f">Fig. 6</a>). +The Elm-trees form good examples<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> of two-ranked alternate leaves, while +the Apple leaves are alternate without being two-ranked. Most leaves +spread from the stem, but some are <i>appressed</i>, as in the Arbor-vitæ +(<a href="#i019b">Fig. 7</a>). In this species the <i>branches</i> are <i>two-ranked</i>.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Parts of Leaves.</span>—A <a href="images/illus019a.png"><i>complete leaf</i></a> consists of three +parts: the <i>blade</i>, the thin expanded portion; the <i>petiole</i>, the +leafstalk; and the <i>stipules</i>, a pair of small blades at the base of the +petiole. The petiole is often very short and sometimes wanting. The +stipules are often absent, and, even when present, they frequently fall +off as soon as the leaves expand; sometimes they are conspicuous. Most +Willows show the stipules on the young luxuriant growths.</p> + + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 200px;" id="i019c"> + <a href="images/illus019c.png"> + <img src="images/illus019cs.png" + width="200" height="207" + alt="Fig. 8." + title="Fig. 8." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 8.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Veining.</span>—The leaves of most trees have a distinct framework, the +central line of which is called a <i>midrib</i>; sometimes the leaf has +several other lines about as thick as the midrib, which are called +<i>ribs</i>; the lines next in size, including all that are especially +distinct, are called <i>veins</i>, the most minute ones being called +<i>veinlets</i> (<a href="#i019c">Fig. 8</a>).</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Kinds.</span>—Leaves are <a href="images/illus019d.png"><i>simple</i></a> when they have but one blade; +<i>compound</i> when they have more than one. Compound leaves are <a href="images/illus019e.png"><i>palmate</i></a> +when all the blades come from one point, as in the Horse-chestnut; +<i>pinnate</i> when they are arranged along the sides, as in +the Hickory. Pinnate leaves are of two kinds: <a href="images/illus020a.png"><i>odd-pinnate</i></a>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +when there is an odd leaflet at the end, as in the Ash, +and <a href="images/illus020b.png"><i>abruptly pinnate</i></a> when there is no end leaflet.</p> + +<p>Many trees have the leaves <i>twice pinnate</i>; they are either <a href="images/illus020c.png"><i>twice +odd-pinnate</i></a> or <a href="images/illus020d.png"><i>twice abruptly pinnate</i></a>. +The separate blades of a compound leaf are called <i>leaflets</i>. Leaves or +leaflets are <i>sessile</i> when they have no stems, and <i>petiolate</i> when +they have stems.</p> + +<p>When there are several ribs starting together from the base of a blade, +it is said to be <i>radiate-veined</i> or <a href="images/illus020e.png"><i>palmate-veined</i></a>. When the +great veins all branch from +the midrib, the leaf is <a href="images/illus020f.png"><i>feather-veined</i> or <i>pinnate-veined</i></a>. If these +veins are straight, distinct, and regularly placed, the leaf is said to +be <a href="images/illus020g.png"><i>straight-veined</i></a>. The Chestnut is a +good example. Leaves having veinlets joining each other like a net are +said to be <i>netted-veined</i>. All the trees with broad leaves in the +northern United States, with one exception, have netted-veined foliage. +A leaf having its veinlets parallel to one another is said to be +<a href="images/illus020h.png"><i>parallel-veined</i> or <i>-nerved</i></a>. The Ginkgo-tree, the Indian Corn, and +the Calla Lily have parallel-veined leaves. The narrow +leaves of the cone-bearing trees are also parallel-veined.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Forms.</span>—Leaves can readily be divided into the three following groups +with regard to their general outline:</p> + +<p>1. <i>Broadest at the middle.</i> <a href="images/illus020j.png"><i>Orbicular</i></a>, about as broad +as long and rounded. <a href="images/illus020i.png"><i>Oval</i></a>, about twice as long as wide, +and regularly curved. <a href="images/illus020k.png"><i>Elliptical</i></a>, more than twice as +long as wide, and evenly curved. <a href="images/illus020l.png"><i>Oblong</i></a>, two or three +times as long as wide, with the sides parallel. <a href="images/illus020m.png"><i>Linear</i></a>, +elongated oblong, more than three times as long as wide. <a href="images/illus020n.png"><i>Acerose</i></a>, +needle-shaped, like the leaf of the Pine-tree.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> + +<p>2. <i>Broadest near the base.</i> <i><a href="images/illus021a.png">Deltoid</a></i>, broad and +triangular. <a href="images/illus021b.png"><i>Ovate</i></a>, evenly curved, with a broad, +rounded base. <a href="images/illus021c.png"><i>Heart-shaped</i> or <i>cordate</i></a>, similar to +ovate, but with a notch at the base. <a href="images/illus021d.png"><i>Lanceolate</i></a>, +shaped like the head of a lance. <a href="images/illus021e.png"><i>Awl-shaped</i></a>, shaped +like the shoemaker's curved awl. <a href="images/illus021f.png"><i>Scale-shaped</i></a>, +short, rounded, and appressed to the stem. The Arbor-vitæ +has both awl-shaped and scale-shaped leaves.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Broadest near the apex.</i> <a href="images/illus021g.png"><i>Obovate</i></a>, same as ovate, +but with the stem at the narrow end. <a href="images/illus021i.png"><i>Obcordate</i></a>, a +reversed heart-shape. <a href="images/illus021h.png"><i>Oblanceolate</i></a>, a reversed +lanceolate. <a href="images/illus021j.png"><i>Wedge-shaped</i> or <i>cuneate</i></a>, having a somewhat square end and straight sides like a wedge.</p> + +<p>These words are often united to form compound ones when the form of the +leaf is somewhat intermediate. The term which most nearly suits the +general form is placed at the end; thus <i>lance-ovate</i> indicates a leaf +between lanceolate and ovate, but nearer ovate than lanceolate; while +<i>ovate-lanceolate</i> indicates one nearer lanceolate.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Bases.</span>—Oftentimes leaves are of some general form, but have a peculiar +base, one that would not be expected from the statement of shape. An +ovate leaf which should have a rounded base might have a tapering one; +it would then be described as ovate with a <a href="images/illus021k.png"><i>tapering base</i></a>. +A lanceolate leaf should naturally have a tapering +base, but might have an <a href="images/illus021l.png"><i>abrupt</i></a> one. Many leaves, no +matter what their general form may be, have more or less notched bases; +such bases are called <a href="images/illus021m.png"><i>cordate</i></a>, <i>deeply</i> or +<i>slightly</i>, as the case may be; and if the lobes at base are elongated, +<a href="images/illus021n.png"><i>auriculate</i></a>. If the basal lobes project outward, the +term <a href="images/illus021o.png"><i>halberd-shaped</i></a> is used. Any form of leaf may +have a base more or less <a href="images/illus021p.png"><i>oblique</i></a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Points.</span>—The points as well as the bases of leaves are often peculiar, +and need to be described by appropriate terms. <a href="images/illus022a.png"><i>Truncate</i></a> indicates an end that is square; <a href="images/illus022b.png"><i>retuse</i></a>, one +with a slight notch; <i>emarginate</i>, one with a decided notch; +<i>obcordate</i>, with a still deeper notch; <a href="images/illus022c.png"><i>obtuse</i></a>, +angular but abrupt; <a href="images/illus022d.png"><i>acute</i></a>, somewhat sharpened; +<a href="images/illus022e.png"><i>acuminate</i></a>, decidedly sharp-pointed; +<a href="images/illus022f.png"><i>bristle-pointed</i> and <i>awned</i></a>, with a bristle-like +tip; <i>spiny-pointed</i>, with the point sharp and stiff (Holly); +<a href="images/illus022g.png"><i>mucronate</i></a>, with a short, abrupt point.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Margins.</span>—<a href="images/illus022h.png"><i>Entire</i></a>, edge without notches; <a href="images/illus022i.png"><i>repand</i></a>, +slightly wavy; <a href="images/illus022j.png"><i>sinuate</i></a>, +decidedly wavy; <a href="images/illus022k.png"><i>dentate</i></a>, with tooth-like notches; +<a href="images/illus022l.png"><i>serrate</i></a>, with notches like those of a saw; +<a href="images/illus022m.png"><i>crenate</i></a>, with the teeth rounded; <a href="images/illus022n.png"><i>twice serrate</i></a>, +when there are coarse serrations finely serrated, as +on most Birch leaves; <i>serrulate</i>, with minute serrations; <i>crenulate</i>, +with minute crenations. Leaves can be <i>twice crenate</i> or +<i>sinuate-crenate</i>. <i>Revolute</i> indicates that the edges are rolled over.</p> + +<p>When a leaf has a few great teeth, the projecting parts are called +<i>lobes</i>, and the general form of the leaf is what it would be with the +notches filled in. In the description of such leaves, certain terms are +needed in describing the plan of the notches, and their depth and form.</p> + +<p>Leaves with palmate veining are <a href="images/illus022o.png"><i>palmately lobed</i></a> or +<i>notched</i>; those with pinnate veining are <a href="images/illus022p.png"><i>pinnately lobed</i></a> +or <i>notched</i>. While the term <i>lobe</i> is applied to all +great teeth of a leaf, whether rounded or pointed, long or short, still +there are four terms sometimes used having special signification with +reference to the depth of the notches. <i>Lobed</i> indicates that the +notches extend about one fourth the distance to the base or midrib; +<i>cleft</i>, that they extend one half the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> way; <i>parted</i>, about three +fourths of the way; and <i>divided</i>, that the notches are nearly deep +enough to make a compound leaf of separate leaflets.</p> + +<p>So leaves may be palmately lobed, cleft, parted or divided, and +pinnately lobed, cleft, parted or divided. The term <a href="images/illus023.png"><i>pinnatifid</i></a> +is often applied to pinnately cleft leaves. The terms +<i>entire</i>, <i>serrate</i>, <i>crenate</i>, <i>acute-pointed</i>, etc., are applied to +the lobes as well as to the general margins of leaves.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Surface.</span>—The following terms are needed in describing the surface of +leaves and fruit.</p> + +<p><i>Glabrous</i>, smooth; <i>glaucous</i>, covered with a whitish bloom which can +be rubbed off (Plum); <i>rugous</i>, wrinkled; <i>canescent</i>, so covered with +minute hairs as to appear silvery; <i>pubescent</i>, covered with fine, soft, +plainly seen hairs; <i>tomentose</i>, densely covered with matted hairs; +<i>hairy</i>, having longer hairs; <i>scabrous</i>, covered with stiff, scratching +points; <i>spiny</i>, having stiff, sharp spines; <i>glandular-hairy</i>, having +the hairs ending in glands (usually needing a magnifying glass to be +seen).</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Texture.</span>—<i>Succulent</i>, fleshy; <i>scarious</i>, dry and chaffy; <i>punctate</i>, +having translucent glands, so that the leaf appears, when held toward +the light, as though full of holes; <i>membranous</i>, thin, soft, and rather +translucent; <i>thick</i>, <i>thin</i>, etc.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Duration.</span>—<i>Evergreen</i>, hanging on the tree from year to year. By +noticing the color of the different leaves and their position on the +twigs, all evergreen foliage can readily be determined at any time +during the year. <i>Deciduous</i>, falling off at the end of the season. +<i>Fugacious</i>, falling early, as the stipules of many leaves.</p> + + + + +<h3><a name="c4" id="c4"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter IV.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span><br /> + +<i>Flowers and Fruit.</i></h3> + + +<p>The author hopes that those who use this work in studying trees will +become so much interested in the subject of Botany as to desire more +information concerning the growth and reproduction of plants than can +here be given. In Professor Asa Gray's numerous works the additional +information desired may be obtained: "How Plants Grow" contains an +outline for the use of beginners; "The Elements of Botany" is a more +advanced work; while the "Botanical Text Book", in several volumes, will +enable the student to pursue the subject as far as he may wish. In this +small book the barest outline of the parts of flowers and fruit and of +their uses can be given.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 200px;" id="i024a"> + <a href="images/illus024a.png"> + <img src="images/illus024as.png" + width="200" height="233" + alt="Fig. 9." + title="Fig. 9." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 9.</p> +</div> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Flowers.</span>—Parts. The flowers of the Cherry or Apple will show the four +kinds of organs that belong to a complete flower. <a href="#i024a">Fig. 9</a> represents an +Apple-blossom. The <i>calyx</i> is the outer row of leaves, more or less +united into one piece. The <i>corolla</i> is the row of leaves within the +calyx; it is usually the brightest and most conspicuous part of the +flower. The <a href="images/illus024b.png"><i>stamens</i></a> are the next organs; they are +usually, as in this case, small two-lobed bodies on slender, thread-like +stalks. The enlarged parts contain a dust-like material called +<i>pollen</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> The last of the four kinds of parts is found in the center of +the flower, and is called the <i>pistil</i>. It is this part which forms the +fruit and incloses the seed.</p> + +<p>The stamens and the pistil are the <i>essential</i> organs of a flower, +because they, and they only, are needed in the formation of seeds. The +pollen from the stamen, acting on the pistil, causes the <i>ovules</i> which +are in the pistil to grow into <i>seeds</i>.</p> + +<p>The calyx and corolla are called <i>enveloping organs</i>, since they +surround and protect the essential parts.</p> + +<p>The pieces of which the calyx is composed are called <i>sepals</i>. The +Apple-blossom has five sepals.</p> + +<p>The pieces that compose the corolla are called <i>petals</i>.</p> + + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 200px;" id="i025"> + <a href="images/illus025.png"> + <img src="images/illus025s.png" + width="200" height="130" + alt="Fig. 10." + title="Fig. 10." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 10.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Kinds of Flowers.</span>—When the petals are entirely separate from each +other, as in the Apple-blossom, the flower is said to be <i>polypetalous</i>; +when they grow together more or less, as in the Catalpa (<a href="#i025">Fig. 10</a>), +<i>monopetalous</i>; and when the corolla is wanting, as in the flowers of +the Oak, <i>apetalous</i>.</p> + +<p>When all sides of a flower are alike, as in the Apple-blossom, the +flower is <i>regular</i>; when one side of the corolla differs from the other +in color, form, or size, as in the Common Locust, or Catalpa, the flower +is <i>irregular</i>.</p> + +<p>In trees the stamens and pistils are often found in separate flowers; in +that case the blossoms containing stamens are called <i>staminate</i>, and +those containing pistils <i>pistillate</i>; those that contain both are +called <i>perfect</i>. Staminate and pistillate flowers are usually found on +the same tree, as in the Oaks, Birches, Chestnut, etc.; in that case the +plant is said to be <i>monœcious</i>, and all trees of this kind produce +fruit. Sometimes, however, the staminate and pistillate flowers are on +separate trees, as in the Willows, which are <i>diœcious</i>; and then +only a portion of the trees—those with pistillate flowers—produce +fruit.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Arrangement of Flowers.</span>—Flowers, either solitary or clustered, grow in +one of two ways; either at the end of the branches, being then called +<i>terminal</i>, or in the axils of the leaves, then called <i>axillary</i>. The +stem of a solitary flower or the main stem of a cluster is called a +<i>peduncle</i>; the stems of the separate blossoms of a cluster are called +<i>pedicels</i>. When either the flowers or the clusters are without stems, +they are said to be <i>sessile</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Clusters with Pedicellate Flowers.</i></p> + + + +<p><a href="images/illus026a.png"><i>Raceme</i></a>, flowers on pedicels of about equal length, scattered along the +entire stem. Locust-tree.</p> + +<p><a href="images/illus026b.png"><i>Corymb</i></a>, like a raceme except that the lower flowers have longer stems, +making the cluster somewhat flat-topped; the outer flowers bloom first. +Hawthorn.</p> + +<p><a href="images/illus026c.png"><i>Cyme</i></a>, in appearance much like a corymb, but it differs in the fact +that the central flower blooms first. Alternate-leaved Cornel.</p> + +<p><a href="images/illus026d.png"><i>Umbel</i></a>, stems of the separate flowers about equal in length, and +starting from the same point. Garden-cherry.</p> + +<p><a href="images/illus026e.png"><i>Panicle</i></a>, a compound raceme. Catalpa.</p> + +<p><i>Thyrsus</i>, a compact panicle. Horse-chestnut.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Clusters with Sessile or Nearly Sessile Flowers.</i></p> + +<p><a href="images/illus026f.png"><i>Catkin</i></a>, bracted flowers situated along a slender and usually drooping +stem. This variety of cluster is very common on trees. The Willows, +Birches, Chestnuts, Oaks, Pines, and many others have their flowers in +catkins.</p> + +<p><a href="images/illus026g.png"><i>Head</i></a>, the flowers in a close, usually rounded cluster. Flowering +Dogwood.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Fruit.</span>—In this book a single fruit will include all the parts that grow +together and contain seeds, whether from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> a single blossom or a cluster; +there will be no rigorous adherence to an exact classification; no +attempt made to distinguish between fruits formed from a simple pistil +and those from a compound one; nor generally between those formed from a +single and those formed from a cluster of flowers. The fruit and its +general classification, determined by the parts easily seen, is all that +will be attempted.</p> + +<p>As stated before, it is hoped that this volume will not end the +student's work in the investigation of natural objects, but that the +amount of information here given will lead to the desire for much more.</p> + +<p><i>Berry</i> will be the term applied to all fleshy fruits with more than one +seed buried in the mass. Persimmon, Mulberry, Holly. The <i>pome</i> or +<i>Apple-pome</i> differs from the berry in the fact that the seeds are +situated in cells formed of hardened material. Apple, Mountain-ash. The +<i>Plum</i> or <i>Cherry drupe</i> includes all fleshy fruits with a single +stony-coated part, even if it contains more than one seed. Peach, +Viburnum, China-tree. In some cases, when there is but one seed in the +flesh and that not stony-coated, it will be called a <i>drupe-like berry</i>.</p> + +<p>The <i>dry drupe</i> is like the Cherry drupe except that the flesh is much +harder. The fruit of the Walnut, Hickory, and Sumac.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 200px;" id="i027b"> + <a href="images/illus027b.png"> + <img src="images/illus027bs.png" + width="200" height="242" + alt="Fig. 11." + title="Fig. 11." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 11.</p> +</div> + +<p>The inner hard-coated parts of these and some others will be called +<i>nuts</i>. If the nut has a partial scaly covering, as in the Oaks, the +whole forms an <a href="images/illus027a.png"><i>acorn</i></a>. If the coating has spiny hairs, as in the +Chestnut and Beechnut, the whole is a <i>bur</i>. The coating in these cases +is an <i>involucre</i>. If the coating or any part of the fruit has a regular +place for splitting open, it is <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span><i>dehiscent</i> (Chestnut, Hickory-nut); if +not, <i>indehiscent</i> (Black Walnut).</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 200px;" id="i028a"> + <a href="images/illus028a.png"> + <img src="images/illus028as.png" + width="200" height="233" + alt="Fig. 12." + title="Fig. 12." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 12.</p> +</div> + +<p>Dry fruits with spreading, wing-like appendages, as in the Ash (<a href="#i027b">Fig. +11</a>), Maple (<a href="#i028a">Fig. 12</a>), Elm (<a href="#i028e">Fig. 13</a>), and Ailanthus, are called <i>samaras</i> +or <i>keys</i>.</p> + +<p>Dry fruits, usually elongated, containing generally several seeds, are +called <i>pods</i>. If there is but one cell and the seeds are fastened along +one side, <i>Pea-like pods</i>, or <i>legumes</i>. Locust. The term <i>capsule</i> +indicates that there is more than one cell. Catalpa, Hibiscus.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 200px;" id="i028e"> + <a href="images/illus028e.png"> + <img src="images/illus028es.png" + width="200" height="251" + alt="Fig. 13." + title="Fig. 13." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 13.</p> +</div> + +<p>All the dry, scaly fruits, usually formed by the ripening of some sort +of catkin of flowers, will be included under the term <a href="images/illus028b.png"><i>cone</i></a>. Pine, +Alder, Magnolia. If the appearance of the fruit is not much +different from that of the cluster of flowers, as in the Hornbeams, +Willows, and Birches, the term <i>catkin</i> will be retained for the fruit +also. The scales of a cone may lap over each other; they are then said +to be <a href="images/illus028c.png"><i>imbricated</i> or <i>overlapping</i></a>, (Pine); or they may merely +touch at their edges, when they are <a href="images/illus028d.png"><i>valvate</i></a> (Cypress). When cones +or catkins hang downward, they are <i>pendent</i>. If the scales have +projecting points, these points are <i>spines</i> if strong, and <i>prickles</i> +if weak. The parts back of the scales are <i>bracts</i>; these often project +beyond the scales, when they are said to be <a href="images/illus028f.png"><i>exserted</i></a>. Sometimes +the exserted bracts are bent backward; they are then said to be +<i>recurved</i> or <i>reflexed</i>.</p> + + + + +<h3 id="c5"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span> V.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span><br /> + +<i>Winter Study of Trees.</i></h3> + + +<p>Many of the peculiarities of trees can be studied much better during the +winter and early spring than at any other time of the year. The plan of +branching, the position, number, size, form, color, and surface of buds, +as well as the arrangement of the leaves within the bud and the +peculiarities of the scales that cover them, are points for winter +investigation.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">General Plan of Branching.</span>—There are two distinct and readily +recognized systems of branching. 1. The main stem is <i>excurrent</i> (<a href="#i014">Fig. +3</a>) when the trunk extends as an undivided stem throughout the tree to +the tip; this causes the spire-like or conical trees so common among +narrow-leaved evergreens. 2. The main stem is <i>deliquescent</i> (<a href="#i015">Fig. 4</a>) +when the trunk divides into many, more or less equal divisions, forming +the broad-topped, spreading trees. This plan is the usual one among +deciduous trees. A few species, however, such as the Sweet Gum and the +Sugar-maple, show the excurrent stem while young, yet even these have a +deliquescent stem later in life. The English Maple and the Apple both +have a deliquescent stem very early.</p> + +<p>All the narrow-leaved evergreens, and many of the broad-leaved trees as +well, show what is called <i>definite</i> annual growths; that is, a certain +amount of leaf and stem, packed up in the winter bud, spreads out and +hardens with woody tissue early in the year, and then, no matter how +long the season remains warm, no additional leaves or stem will grow. +The buds for the next year's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> growth then form and often become quite +large before autumn.</p> + +<p>There are many examples among the smaller plants, but rarely one among +the trees, of <i>indefinite</i> annual growth; that is, the plant puts forth +leaves and forms stems throughout the whole growing-season. The common +Locust, the Honey-locust, and the Sumacs are illustrations.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Buds.</span>—Buds are either undeveloped branches or undeveloped flowers. They +contain within the scales, which usually cover them, closely packed +leaves; these leaves are folded and wrinkled in a number of different +ways that will be defined at the end of this chapter.</p> + + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i030"> + <a href="images/illus030.jpg"> + <img src="images/illus030s.jpg" + width="58" height="300" + alt="Fig. 14." + title="Fig. 14." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 14.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Position and Number.</span>—While the axils of the leaves and the ends of the +stems are the ordinary places for the buds, there are many peculiarities +in regard to their exact position, number, etc., that render them very +interesting for winter study. Sometimes there are several to the single +leaf. In the Silver Maple there are buds on each side of the true +axillary one; these are flower-buds, and during the winter they are +larger than the one which produces the branch. The Butternut (<a href="#i030">Fig. 14</a>) +and the Walnut have several above each other, the upper one being the +largest and at quite a distance from the true axil. In these cases the +uppermost is apt to grow, and then the branch is said to be +<i>extra-axillary</i>. In the Sycamore the bud does not show while the leaf +remains on the tree, as it is in the hollow of the leafstalk. In the +winter the bud has a ring-like scar entirely around it, instead of the +moon-shaped scar below as in most trees. The Common Locust has several +buds under the leafstalk and one above it in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> the axil. This axillary +bud may grow during the time the leaf remains on the tree, and afterward +the growth of the strongest one of the others may give the tree two +branches almost together.</p> + +<p>Some plants form extra buds especially when they are bruised or injured; +those which have the greatest tendency to do so are the Willows, +Poplars, and Elms. Such buds and growths are called <i>adventitious</i>. By +cutting off the tops or <i>pollarding</i> such trees, a very great number of +adventitious branches can be made to grow. In this way the Willow-twigs +used for baskets are formed. Adventitious buds form the clusters of +curious thorns on the Honey-locust and the tufts of whip-like branches +on the trunks and large limbs of the Elms.</p> + +<p>In trees the terminal bud and certain axillary ones, differing according +to the species or variety of tree, are, during the winter, much larger +than the rest. These are the ones which naturally form the new growth, +and upon their arrangement the character of branching and thus the form +of the tree depend. Each species has some peculiarity in this regard, +and thus there are differences in the branching of all trees. In +opposite-leaved plants the terminal bud may be small and weak, while the +two buds at its side may be strong and apt to grow. This causes a +forking of the branches each year. This plan is not rare among shrubs, +the Lilac being a good example.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Bud-Scales.</span>—The coverings of buds are exceedingly varied, and are well +worthy of study and investigation. The large terminal buds of the +Horse-chestnut, with their numerous scales, gummy on the outside to keep +out the dampness, and hairy within to protect them from sudden changes +of temperature, represent one extreme of a long line; while the small, +naked, and partly buried buds of the Honey-locust or the Sumac represent +the other end.</p> + +<p>The scales of many buds are merely extra parts formed for their +protection, and fall immediately after the burst<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>ing of the buds; while +other buds have the stipules of the leaves as bud-scales; these remain +on the twigs for a time in the Tulip-tree, and drop immediately in the +Magnolia.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Forms of Buds.</span>—The size of buds varies greatly, as before stated, but +this difference in size is no more marked than the difference in form. +There is no better way to recognize a Beech at any time of the year than +by its very long, slender, and sharp-pointed buds. The obovate and +almost stalked buds of the Alders are also very conspicuous and +peculiar. In the Balsam Poplar the buds are large, sharp-pointed, and +gummy; in the Ailanthus they cannot be seen.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 200px;" id="i032"> + <a href="images/illus032.jpg"> + <img src="images/illus032s.jpg" + width="200" height="257" + alt="Fig. 15." + title="Fig. 15." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 15.</p> +</div> + +<p>All the things that might be learned from a small winter twig cannot be +shown in an engraving, but the figures here given illustrate some of the +facts easily determined from such specimens. The first twig (Ash) had +opposite leaves and is 3 years old (the end of each year's growth is +marked by dotted lines on all the figures); the year before last it had +6 leaves on the middle portion; last year it had 8 leaves on the end +portion and 12 on the side shoots of the middle portion. The buds near +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> end of the annual growth are strongest and are most apt to grow. +The specimen illustrated was probably taken from the end of a branch of +a rather young and luxuriantly growing tree. Thus the Ash must have +quite a regular growth and form a regularly outlined tree.</p> + +<p>The second twig (Sweet Gum) shows 7 years' growth and is probably a side +shoot from more or less within the tree-top. It is stunted in its growth +by the want of light and room. The leaves were alternate.</p> + +<p>The third twig (Sycamore) also had alternate leaves; the pointed buds +must have been under the leafstalks, as the leaf-scars show as rings +around the buds. The larger branch grew three years ago. From the +specimen one judges that the Sycamore is quite an irregularly formed +tree. The twig had 11 leaves last year.</p> + +<p>The fourth twig (Silver Maple) shows that the plant had opposite leaves, +and supernumerary buds at the sides of the true axillary ones; the true +axillary buds are smaller than those at the sides. It would, in such +cases, be reasonable to suppose that the supernumerary buds were floral +ones, and that the plant blooms before the leaves expand. The annual +growths are quite extended; two years and a part of the third make up +the entire twig. If it was cut during the winter of 1891-92, it must +have had leaves on the lower part in 1889 and 12 leaves on the middle +portion in 1890, as well as probably 4 on the lower portion on the side +shoots. Last year it had 14 leaves on the end portion, two at least on +each side shoot below, making 24 in all.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Folding of Leaves in the Bud.</i></p> + +<p>There are some peculiarities in the arrangement of leaves in the bud +which can be investigated only in the early spring. The common plans +among trees are—<i>Inflexed</i>: blade folded crosswise, thus bringing it +upon the footstalk. Tulip-tree. <i>Conduplicate</i>: blade folded along<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> the +midrib, bringing the two halves together. Peach. <i>Plicate</i>: folded +several times lengthwise, like a fan. Birch. <i>Convolute</i>: rolled +edgewise from one edge to the other. Plum. <i>Involute</i>: both edges rolled +in toward the midrib on the upper side. Apple. <i>Revolute</i>: both edges +rolled backward. Willow. <i>Obvolute</i>: folded together, but the opposite +leaves half inclosing each other. Dogwood.</p> + + + + +<h3><a name="c6" id="c6"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter</span> VI.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span><br /> + +<i>The Preparation of a Collection.</i></h3> + + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 200px;" id="i035"> + <a href="images/illus035.png"> + <img src="images/illus035s.png" + width="200" height="259" + alt="Fig. 16." + title="Fig. 16." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 16.</p> +</div> + +<p>Three specimens are needed of each kind of tree: one, a branch showing +the flowers; another, showing the fruit—one of these, and in many cases +both, will show the leaves. The third specimen, cut from a large limb or +trunk, shows the bark and the wood. This should be a specimen with a +surface so cut as to show the wood in the direction of the silver grain, +<i>radial section</i>; with another surface cut in the direction of the +annual layers, <i>tangential section</i>; and with a third cut across the +grain, <i>cross-section</i>. It should be a specimen old enough to show the +change of color in the heart-wood. By taking a limb or trunk 8 inches in +diameter, all these points can be secured. A specimen cut as shown in +the figure will illustrate all the desired points. Side E F G shows +sap-and heart-wood in tangential section; side A B D C shows the same in +radial section; end A B F E, in cross-section;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> and B F G D shows the +bark. The central pith is at I; the heart-wood extends from C to J; the +sap-wood from J to D. The silver grain is well shown at the end, and the +blotches formed by it on the radial section.</p> + +<p>By having the piece made smooth, and the upper part down to the center +(H) varnished, the appearance of the wood in furniture or inside finish +will be illustrated.</p> + +<p>The specimens should be as nearly uniform in size as possible. If a limb +8 inches in diameter be taken and a length of 6 inches be cut off, the +section A B D C should pass through the line of pith; the section E F G +should be parallel with this at a distance from it of two inches; and +two inches from the line of pith, the section A E C should be made. The +whole specimen will then be 6 inches wide and long, and 2 inches thick.</p> + +<p>The twigs containing leaves, flowers and fruit need to be pressed while +drying in order that they may be kept in good form and made tough enough +to be retained as specimens. The plants should be placed between a large +supply of newspapers, or, better still, untarred building-felt, while +drying. A weight of from 40 to 80 pounds is needed to produce the +requisite pressure. The weight is placed upon a board covering the pile +of plants and paper. On account of the size of many leaves and +flower-clusters, these pressed specimens of trees should not be shorter +than from 12 to 15 inches, and even a length of 18 inches is an +advantage. The pads or newspapers should be about 12 by 18 inches. A +transfer of the plants into dry pads each day for a few days will hasten +the drying and increase the beauty of the specimens. The specimens of +twigs can be mounted on cardboard by being partly pasted and partly +secured by narrow strips of gummed cloth placed across the heavier +portions. The cardboard should be uniform in size. One of the regular +sizes of Bristol-board is 22 by 28 inches; this will cut into four +pieces 11 by 14. Specimens not over 15 inches in length can readily be +mounted on these, and for most collectors this might be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> a very +convenient size. Another regular size is 22 by 32 inches, cutting well +into pieces 11 by 16. Specimens 15 to 18 inches long can be mounted on +these.</p> + +<p>Some kinds of Evergreens, the Spruces especially, tend to shed their +leaves after pressing. Such kinds can in most cases be made to form good +specimens without pressing. Fasten the fresh specimens on pillars of +plaster in boxes or frames 2 to 3 inches deep, so that they touch +nothing but the column of plaster. Mix calcined plaster in water (as +plasterers do), and build up a column high enough to support the branch. +Place the specimen on the top of the pillar already formed, and pour +over the whole some quite thin plaster till a rounded top is formed +completely fastening the specimen. If the leaves are not touched at all, +after they are dry, they will hang on for a long time, making specimens +that will show the tree characteristics better than pressed specimens +possibly could.</p> + + + + +<h3><a name="c7" id="c7"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter VII.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span><br /> + +<i>Figures to be used in Botanical Description.</i></h3> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="i038"> + <a href="images/illus038.png"> + <img src="images/illus038s.png" + width="500" height="766" + alt="Fig. 17-25." + title="Fig. 17-25." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 17-25.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="i039"> + <a href="images/illus039.png"> + <img src="images/illus039s.png" + width="500" height="850" + alt="Fig. 26-34." + title="Fig. 26-34." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 26-34.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="i040"> + <a href="images/illus040.png"> + <img src="images/illus040s.png" + width="500" height="845" + alt="Fig. 35-43." + title="Fig. 35-43." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 35-43.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="i041"> + <a href="images/illus041.png"> + <img src="images/illus041s.png" + width="500" height="845" + alt="Fig. 44-52." + title="Fig. 44-52." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 44-52.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="i042"> + <a href="images/illus042.png"> + <img src="images/illus042s.png" + width="500" height="833" + alt="Fig. 53-60." + title="Fig. 53-60." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 53-60.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="i043"> + <a href="images/illus043.png"> + <img src="images/illus043s.png" + width="500" height="864" + alt="Fig. 61-67." + title="Fig. 61-67." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Fig. 61-67.</p> +</div> + + + + + + +<h2><a name="p2" id="p2"></a>PART II.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span><br /> + +PLAN AND MODELS FOR TREE DESCRIPTION</h2> + + +<p>All pupils should be required to write some form of composition on the +trees of the region. As far as possible, these compositions should be +the result of personal investigation. It is not what a pupil can read +and redescribe in more or less his own words, but how accurately he can +see and, from the information conveyed by his own senses, describe in +his own way the things he has observed, that makes the use of such a +book as this important as an educational aid. Some information in regard +to trees, in a finished description, must be obtained from books, such +as hardiness, geographical distribution, etc. Pupils generally should be +required to include only those things which they can give from actual +observation.</p> + +<p>There are four distinct forms of tree descriptions that might be +recognized by the teacher and occasionally called for as work from the +pupil. 1st. A bare skeleton description, written by aid of a topical +outline, from the observation of a single tree and its parts. 2d. A +connected description, conveying as many facts given in the outline as +can well be brought into good English sentences. This again is the +description of a single tree. 3d. A connected, readable description of a +certain kind of tree, made up from the observation of many trees of the +same species to be found in the neighborhood. 4th. The third description +including information to be obtained from outside sources in regard to +the origin, geographical distribution, hardiness, character of wood, +habits, durability, etc. These four plans of description<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> are more or +less successive methods to be introduced as the work of a class. Pupils +should be induced to carry on their own investigations as far as +possible before going to printed sources for information. A good part of +class work should be devoted to the first three of the methods given, +but the work might finally include the fourth form of composition. The +first two methods should follow each other with each of the trees +studied; that is, one week let a mere outline be written, to be followed +the next week with as clear and connected a description as the ability +of the pupil will allow, and containing as much of the information given +in the outline as possible.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Outline for Tree Description.</span></p> + +<p><i>The tree as a whole</i>: size, general form, trunk, branching, twigs, +character of bark, color of bark on trunk, branches, and fine spray.</p> + +<p><i>Leaves</i>: parts, arrangement, kinds, size, thickness, form, edges, +veining, color, surface, duration.</p> + +<p><i>Buds</i>: position, size, form, covering, number, color.</p> + +<p><i>Sap</i> and <i>juice</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Flowers</i>: size, shape, color, parts, odor, position, time of blooming, +duration.</p> + +<p><i>Fruit</i>: size, kind, form, color when young and when ripe, time of +ripening, substance, seeds, duration, usefulness.</p> + +<p><i>Wood</i> (often necessarily omitted): hardness, weight, color, grain, +markings, durability.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks</i>: the peculiarities not brought out by the above outline.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Notes on the Foregoing Outline.</span></p> + +<p>The height of a tree can be readily determined by the following plan. +Measure the height you can easily reach from the ground in feet and +inches. Step to the trunk<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> of the tree you wish to measure and, reaching +up to this height, pin a piece of white paper on the tree. Step back a +distance equal to three or four times the height of the tree; hold a +lead-pencil upright between the thumb and forefinger at arm's-length. +Fix it so that the end of the pencil shall be in line with the paper on +the trunk; move the thumb down the pencil till it is in line with the +ground at the base of the tree; move the arm and pencil upward till the +thumb is in line with the paper, and note where the end of the pencil +comes on the tree. Again move the pencil till the thumb is in line with +the new position, and so continue the process till the top of the tree +is reached. The number of the measures multiplied by the height you can +reach will give quite accurately the height of the tree.</p> + +<p>The width of the tree can be determined in the same manner, the pencil, +however, being held horizontally.</p> + +<p>In giving the forms of trees, it is well to accompany the description +with a penciled outline.</p> + +<p>The distance from the ground at which the trunk begins to branch and the +extent of the branching should be noted. The direction taken by the +branches, as well as the regularity and the irregularity of their +position, should also be observed and described.</p> + +<p>Although most twigs are cylindrical, still there are enough exceptions +to make it necessary to examine them with reference to their form.</p> + +<p>Under leaves, it will be well to make drawings, both of the outline and +of the veining.</p> + +<p>Crushed leaves will give the odor, and the sap can best be noticed at +the bases of young leaves. The differences in sap and juice need the +following words for their description: <i>watery</i>, <i>milky</i>, +<i>mucilaginous</i>, <i>aromatic</i>, <i>spicy</i>, <i>sweet</i>, <i>gummy</i>, <i>resinous</i>.</p> + +<p>Pupils should not always be expected to find out much about the flowers +of a tree, as they are frequently very evanescent, and usually difficult +to reach.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> + +<p>The fruit lasts a greater length of time and, usually dropping +spontaneously, gives a much better chance for investigation.</p> + +<p>Specimens of most of the common woods may be obtained from +cabinet-makers and carpenters. In cases where these specimens are at +hand, description of the wood should be required. If the school has such +specimens as are described in Chapter VI., Part I., the wood in all its +peculiarities can be described.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Examples of Tree Description.</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Taxodium distichum (Bald Cypress).</i></p> + +<p class="center"><i>(Atterbury's Meadow.)</i></p> + +<p class="center"><i>No. 1.</i></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 136px;" id="i047"> + <a href="images/illus047.png"> + <img src="images/illus047s.png" + width="136" height="300" + alt="Taxodium distichum" + title="Taxodium distichum" /> + </a> +</div> + +<p>Tree eighty-four feet tall, thirty feet wide near base, ovate, conical, +pointed; trunk seven feet in circumference near base and ridged +lengthwise, but only four feet at the height of six feet from the +ground, where it becomes round or nearly so, then gradually tapering to +the top; branches small, very numerous, beginning six feet from the +ground, sloping upward from the trunk at an angle of nearly forty-five +degrees; twigs very slender, numerous, pendulous, two, three or even +more growing together from supernumerary buds around the old scars; bark +brownish, quite rough, thick and soft on the trunk, smoother on the +branches, greenish on the young spray.</p> + +<p>Leaves about sessile, without stipules, alternate, crowded, two-ranked, +thin, linear, entire, parallel-veined, with midrib, dark green, smooth, +deciduous.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> + +<p>Buds show in the axils of only a few of the leaves, and are very small; +but there are several supernumerary buds around many of the clusters of +the shoots of the year.</p> + +<p>Sap clear and slightly sticky with resin.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 200px;" id="i048"> + <a href="images/illus048.png"> + <img src="images/illus048s.png" + width="200" height="236" + alt="Bald Cypress, leaf and fruit." + title="Bald Cypress, leaf and fruit." /> + </a> + <p class="caption"></p> +</div> + +<p>Flowers looked for, but not seen; must have been small, or have bloomed +before my examination in the spring.</p> + +<p>Fruit one inch in diameter, cone globular, brown in the autumn; did not +notice it before; fifteen six-sided scales, two seeds under each, still +hanging on, though the leaves have dropped; only to produce seeds, I +think.</p> + +<p>The wood I do not know about.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i> Around the base, at some distance from the trunk, there are +four peculiar knobs, seemingly coming from the roots, one being nearly a +foot high and nine inches through.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>No. 2.</i></p> + +<p>The Bald Cypress standing near a small ditch in Atterbury's meadow is a +very beautiful, tall, conical tree, over 80 feet high, with an excurrent +trunk which is very large and ridged near the ground. It tapers rapidly +upward, so that the circumference is only about half as great at the +height of 6 feet, where the branches begin. The branches are very +numerous and, considering the size of the trunk, very small; the largest +of them being only about 2 inches through. They all slope upward +rapidly, but the tip and fine spray show a tendency to droop; the fine +thread-like branchlets, bearing the leaves of the year, are almost all +pendulous.</p> + +<p>The bark is very rough, thick and soft, as I found in pinning on the bit +of paper to measure the height of the tree, when I could easily press +the pin in to its head.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> + +<p>The leaves are very small and delicate, and as they extend out in two +ranks from the thread-like twigs, look much like fine ferns. The small +linear leaves and the spray drop off together in the autumn, as I can +find much of last year's foliage on the ground still fastened to the +twigs. I could not see any flowers, though I looked from early in the +spring till the middle of the summer; then I saw a few of the globular +green cones, almost an inch in diameter, showing that it had bloomed. +Next spring I shall begin to look for the blossoms before the leaves +come out.</p> + +<p>On the ground, about 6 feet from the tree, there are four very strange +knobs which I did not notice till I stumbled over one of them. They seem +to grow from the roots, and are quite soft and reddish in color.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>No. 3.</i></p> + +<p>I have found twenty-two Bald Cypresses in Trenton; they are all +beautiful conical trees, and seem to grow well in almost any soil, as I +have found some in very wet places and some in dry, sandy soil. They +look from their position as though they had been planted out, and as I +have found none in the woods around the town, they are probably not +native in this region. They are from 50 to nearly 100 feet tall. I found +one 96 feet high. They are all of a very symmetrical, conical form, and +pointed at the top; in no case has the trunk divided into branches, and +on the old trees the trunk enlarges curiously near the ground, the lower +portion being very rough with ridges. The bark is very thick and rough, +and is so soft that a pin can readily be pushed through it to the wood. +The branches are very numerous and small, and are not regularly arranged +in whorls like most of the narrow-leaved trees. These branches all slope +upward from the trunk, the ends having a tendency to bend downward and +make delicate drooping spray, with very small, linear, entire<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> leaves +only ½ inch long. Four of the largest trees show fruit, and each of +these has only about a half-dozen of the globular cones. Only a few of +the trees—those in the wettest places—have the knobs on the ground +near the base.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>No. 4.</i></p> + +<p>The Bald Cypress (<i>Taxodium distichum</i>) is a common tree, a native of +the Gulf States, growing very abundantly in the wettest swamps of that +region. The northern limit of the tree in its wild state is said to be +central Delaware and southern Illinois, but it can be successfully +cultivated in the region around Boston. There are several named +varieties, one with the leaves but slightly spreading from the spray, +and the whole of the branches showing a decided weeping tendency, so +that it is called the Weeping Cypress. The knobs from the roots, called +Cypress-knees, grow very abundantly around all the trees in the southern +swamps. These grow to the height of from 2 to 4 feet, and are very +thick, sometimes as much as 5 feet. They are hollow, and are +occasionally used for bee-hives.</p> + +<p>It is said to be a broad, flat-topped tree, spreading its top over other +trees. This seems very strange, as none of those in Trenton, N. J., show +such a tendency, but are quite spire-shaped. The wood is light, soft, +straight-grained, and is said to be excellent for shingles and for other +purposes. It generally has a dark reddish or brownish hue. It is a large +tree, growing to the height of 140 feet. The trunk is sometimes 12 feet +through near the ground. The flowers of the tree are in small catkins, +blooming before the leaves expand in the early spring; in February, in +South Carolina.</p> + + + + +<h2><a name="p3" id="p3"></a>PART III.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span><br /> + +KEY, CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES.</h2> + +<p class="center"><i>Method of Using the Key.</i></p> + +<p>First read <i>all</i> the statements following the stars (*) at the beginning +of the Key; decide which one of the statements best suits the specimen +you have. At the end of the chosen one there is a letter in parenthesis +( ). Somewhere below, this letter is used two or more times. Read +carefully <i>all</i> the statements following this letter; at the end of the +one which most nearly states the facts about your specimen, you will +again be directed by a letter to another part of the Key. Continue this +process till, instead of a letter, there is a number and name. The name +is that of the genus, and forms the first part of the scientific name of +the plant. Turn to the descriptive part of the book, where this number, +in regular order, is found. Here descriptions of the species of the +genus are given. If there are many species, another Key will lead to the +species. While the illustrations are intended to represent +characteristic specimens, too much dependence must not be placed upon +them; the leaves even of the same plant vary considerably, and the +different varieties, especially of a cultivated plant, vary widely. Read +the whole description before deciding.</p> + +<p>The fractions beside the figures indicate the scale of the drawing as +compared with the natural size of the part: 1/1 indicates natural size; +2/1, that the drawing is twice the length of the object; ¼, that the +drawing is one fourth the length of the object, etc.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> + +<p>In the description of leaves the dimensions given refer to the blade.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>KEY TO THE GENERA OF TREES.</b></p> + + +<table class="genuss" summary="Genus key"> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Leaves narrow linear, needle, scale or awl shaped, usually but not always evergreen. (<b>GG.</b>) <a href="#Page_60">page 60</a>.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Leaves broad, flat, usually deciduous, occasionally evergreen, rarely over 5 times as long as wide. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Leaves alternate,<a id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1"><span class="fnanchor">[1]</span></a> simple. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Leaves alternate, compound. (<b>m.</b>) <a href="#Page_57">page 57</a>.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Leaves opposite or whorled on the stem. (<b>u.</b>) <a href="#Page_58">page 58</a>.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>B.</b> Leaves with a midrib, netted-veined. (<b>C.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>B.</b> Leaves without a midrib, parallel-veined</td><td class="right">109. <i><a href="#g109">Salisburia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>C.</b> With radiating ribs, and including those which have the lower ribs longer and more branching than those above them. (<b>f.</b>) <a href="#Page_56">page 56</a>.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>C.</b> With distinct and definite feather-veining. (<b>D.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>D.</b> Margin entire, or so nearly so as to appear entire, sometimes slightly angulated but not lobed. (<b>V.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>D.</b> Once or twice serrate or crenate or wavy-edged, but not lobed. (<b>E.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>D.</b> Distinctly lobed. (<b>S.</b>) (If the notches are over 10 on a side, look under <b>E.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>E.</b> Straight-veined. (<b>M.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>E.</b> Not distinctly and evenly straight-veined. (<b>F.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>F.</b> Leaves evergreen with either revolute or spiny-tipped margins</td><td class="right">18. <i><a href="#g18">Ilex.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>F.</b> Leaves evergreen, lanceolate-oblong, minutely serrate; flowers white, 4 in. in diameter</td><td class="right">8. <i><a href="#g8">Gordonia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>F.</b> Leaves deciduous. (<b>G.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>G.</b> Fruit with fleshy and often edible pulp. (<b>K.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>G.</b> Fruit a dry and more or less rounded pod. (<b>H.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>G.</b> Fruit and flowers in dry catkins; leaves, in most species, 3 or more times as long as wide, finely serrate to entire, with free stipules, in many species remaining on the young twigs, in others shown by a rounded scar on the sides of the stem; wood soft; the Willows</td><td class="right">91. <i><a href="#g91">Salix.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>G.</b> Fruit dry akenes with silky pappus, in small heads; whole plant whitened with scurf; leaves broadened and coarsely notched near tip; a broad spreading bush</td><td class="right">49. <i><a href="#g49">Baccharis.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span><b>H.</b> Flowers conspicuous, 1 in. or more in size, white. (<b>J.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>H.</b> Flowers quite small. (<b>I.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>I.</b> Flowers and fruit in large panicles; leaves elongated, peach-like in shape, sour</td><td class="right">50. <i><a href="#g50">Oxydendrum.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>I.</b> Flowers in terminal, erect racemes; fruit small, three-celled pods; leaves oval, 3-7 in. long, pointed, thin, finely serrate; plant hardly a tree</td><td class="right">53. <i><a href="#g53">Clethra.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>I.</b> Fruit rounded, small, with calyx adhering to the lower part, one-seeded, in clusters of 3-many; leaves 1-3 in. long.</td><td class="right">56. <i><a href="#g56">Styrax.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>I.</b> Fruit hairy, in long, hanging panicles, tipped with long, persistent style, one-seeded</td><td class="right">57. <i><a href="#g57">Pterostyrax.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>J.</b> Flowers bell-shaped, 1 in. long; leaves widest below the middle; fruit winged pods</td><td class="right">58. <i><a href="#g58">Halesia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>J.</b> Flowers spreading, 2 in. broad; leaves about twice as long as wide, widest near the center</td><td class="right">7. <i><a href="#g7">Stuartia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>J.</b> Flowers spreading, 3 in. broad; leaves about 3 times as long as wide, widest near tip</td><td class="right">8. <i><a href="#g8">Gordonia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>K.</b> Fruit a plum-like drupe with a single bony stone; plant sometimes thorny</td><td class="right">36. <i><a href="#g36">Prunus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>K.</b> Fruit berry-like, ending in a conspicuous spreading calyx; plant generally quite thorny</td><td class="right">38. <i><a href="#g38">Cratægus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>K.</b> Fruit berry-like, black when ripe, small, without calyx, with usually 3 cartilaginous coated seeds</td><td class="right">20. <i><a href="#g20">Rhamnus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>K.</b> Fruit berry-like, red when ripe, small, without calyx, with usually 4-6 hard-coated, grooved nutlets</td> <td class="right">18. <i><a href="#g18">Ilex.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>K.</b> Fruit a small or large apple-like pome, with the seeds in horny cells. (<b>L.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>L.</b> Fruit about ½ in. in diameter, sweet, in drooping racemes</td><td class="right">39. <i><a href="#g39">Amelanchier.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>L.</b> Fruit either sour or much larger, and not in elongated racemes</td><td class="right">37. <i><a href="#g37">Pyrus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>M.</b> Leaves harsh to the touch; somewhat oblique at base; quite distinctly two-ranked; large trees</td><td class="right">74. <i><a href="#g74">Ulmus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>M.</b> Leaves decidedly oblique at base; margin wavy; small tree, usually a shrub</td><td class="right">40. <i><a href="#g40">Hamamelis.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>M.</b> Fruit berry-like, ending in a conspicuous spreading calyx; plant generally quite thorny</td><td class="right">38. <i><a href="#g38">Cratægus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>M.</b> Leaves not regularly oblique at base; plant not thorny. (<b>N.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>N.</b> Leaves thin and light, not harsh to the touch; spray light; bark smooth, in two species somewhat rough on the trunk. (<b>Q.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>N.</b> Leaves thick; edge wavy, almost lobed; fruit an acorn.</td> <td class="right">88. <i><a href="#g88">Quercus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span><b>N.</b> Leaves broad for the length, generally doubly serrate or wavy and serrate; shrubs, rarely tall enough for trees. (<b>P.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>N.</b> Not included in the above. (<b>O.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>O.</b> Leaves 3 or more times as long as wide, widest near the center; fruit a round, prickly bur with 1-3 horny-coated nuts</td><td class="right">89. <i><a href="#g89">Castanea.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>O.</b> Leaves widest near the sharply serrate tip, narrow and entire near the base; fruit small pods in terminal racemes; small tree or shrub</td><td class="right">53. <i><a href="#g53">Clethra.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>O.</b> Leaves widest near the base, usually small; bark scaling off like the Buttonwood; fruit axillary, solitary, small (¼ in.) roundish, dry drupes. A cultivated species, has rather large leaves, widest near the center</td><td class="right">75. <i><a href="#g75">Planera.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>P.</b> Fruit an open oval woody catkin or cone, remaining on the plant through the winter</td><td class="right">84. <i><a href="#g84">Alnus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>P.</b> Fruit a rounded stony nut, in green leafy edged bracts; shrubs or small trees</td><td class="right">85. <i><a href="#g85">Corylus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>Q.</b> Usually aromatic; bark dotted on the spray and with horizontal marks on the trunk, peeling off in thin, often papery layers</td><td class="right">83. <i><a href="#g83">Betula.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>Q.</b> Bark not peeling off in thin layers. (<b>R.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>R.</b> Leaf-buds long and slender; fruit a small prickly bur with two triangular, horny-coated nuts; large trees</td> <td class="right">90. <i><a href="#g90">Fagus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>R.</b> Fruit an elongated catkin with large leaf-like bracts; bark close, gray, on a grooved trunk</td><td class="right">87. <i><a href="#g87">Carpinus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>R.</b> Fruit a hop-like catkin; bark brownish, finely furrowed</td> <td class="right">86. <i><a href="#g86">Ostrya.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>S.</b> Plant more or less thorny; shrub or small tree; fruit rounded berries ending in persistent calyx-lobes</td><td class="right">38. <i><a href="#g38">Cratægus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>S.</b> Plant not thorny. (<b>T.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>T.</b> Leaf deeply pinnatifid, usually with the basal lobes completely separated; cultivated</td><td class="right">37. <i><a href="#g37">Pyrus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>T.</b> End of leaf as though cut off; sides with one large lobe; margin entire; large tree</td><td class="right">2. <i><a href="#g2">Liriodendron.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>T.</b> Lower leaves three-lobed, heart-shaped at base, upper merely ovate, margin entire; small tree or shrub</td> <td class="right">66. <i><a href="#g66">Clerodendron.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>T.</b> Not as above; leaves usually many-lobed. (<b>U.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>U.</b> Leaves thin; bark of trunk peeling off in thin horizontal strips</td><td class="right">83. <i><a href="#g83">Betula.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>U.</b> Leaves thin; leaf-buds long, slender, sharp-pointed; bark smooth, not peeling; cultivated</td><td class="right">90. <i><a href="#g90">Fagus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>U.</b> Leaves thickish; bark roughish; fruit an oval woody cone, remaining on through the year</td><td class="right">84. <i><a href="#g84">Alnus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>U.</b> Leaves thick; fruit an acorn</td><td class="right">88. <i><a href="#g88">Quercus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span><b>V.</b> Leaves evergreen, small, 2-3 in. long, thick, with revolute margins; fruit an acorn</td><td class="right">88. <i><a href="#g88">Quercus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>V.</b> Leaves evergreen, oval to lance-oval, usually large; small trees, almost shrubs. (<b>d.</b>) page 56.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>V.</b> Leaves deciduous (some are evergreen in the Southern States). (<b>W.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>W.</b> Plant more or less spiny. (<b>c.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>W.</b> Plant not at all spiny. (<b>X.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>X.</b> Leaf-blade thin, long, pointed, with curved parallel veins or ribs</td><td class="right">45. <i><a href="#g45">Cornus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>X.</b> Leaf-blade thin, circular or broadly oval in outline, with blunt, almost rounded apex; veins not regularly parallel</td><td class="right">27. <i><a href="#g27">Rhus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>X.</b> Leaf quite elongated, 5 or more times as long as wide. (<b>b.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>X.</b> Leaves with none of the above peculiarities. (<b>Y.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>Y.</b> Deciduous bud-scales (stipules), leaving a scar or mark completely around the stem at the base of the leaves.</td><td class="right">1. <i><a href="#g1">Magnolia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>Y.</b> Leaves covered on one or both sides with silvery scales</td><td class="right">71. <i><a href="#g71">Elæagnus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>Y.</b> No such ring around the stem, or silvery scales on the leaves. (<b>Z.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>Z.</b> Leaves distinctly straight-veined, thin</td><td class="right">90. <i><a href="#g90">Fagus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>Z.</b> Leaves thick, obtuse; fruit an acorn</td><td class="right">88. <i><a href="#g88">Quercus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>Z.</b> Leaves 6 in. or more long; crushed leaves with a rank, fetid odor</td><td class="right">5. <i><a href="#g5">Asimina.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>Z.</b> Leaves 3-5 in. long; twigs and leaves very spicy; shrub rather than tree</td><td class="right">70. <i><a href="#g70">Lindera.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>Z.</b> Leaves about 2 in. long, oval, on twigs which have ridges extending down from the sides of the leafstalk; small tree, almost a shrub, with beautiful flowers</td> <td class="right">43. <i><a href="#g43">Lagerstroemia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>Z.</b> Leaves not as above. (<b>a.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>a.</b> Fruit a large (½-1½ in.) rounded pulpy berry with a heavy calyx at the base</td><td class="right">55. <i><a href="#g55">Diospyros.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>a.</b> Fruit small (¼ in.), fleshy, drupe-like, with a striate stone; limbs branching horizontally, often descending</td><td class="right">46. <i><a href="#g46">Nyssa.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>a.</b> Fruit a black, juicy berry (1/3-½ in.), with about 3 seeds</td><td class="right">20. <i><a href="#g20">Rhamnus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>a.</b> Fruit an ovoid dry drupe (½ in.); leaves sweet-tasting</td><td class="right">59. <i><a href="#g59">Symplocos.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>a.</b> Fruit an apple-like pome (Quince)</td><td class="right">37. <i><a href="#g37">Pyrus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>b.</b> Wood soft; both kinds of flowers in catkins in spring; with either stipules or stipular sears</td><td class="right">91. <i><a href="#g91">Salix.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>b.</b> Wood hard; leaves thick; fruit an acorn</td><td class="right">88. <i><a href="#g88">Quercus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>c.</b> Fruit a 2-4-seeded small berry; juice not milky</td><td class="right">20. <i><a href="#g20">Rhamnus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span><b>c.</b> Fruit large, orange-like in size and color when ripe; juice milky</td><td class="right">77. <i><a href="#g77">Maclura.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>c.</b> Fruit small, black when ripe, cherry-like; juice milky</td><td class="right">54. <i><a href="#g54">Bumelia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>d.</b> Aromatic; berries dark blue on red stalks</td><td class="right">68. <i><a href="#g68">Persea.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>d.</b> Not aromatic; leaves nearly 1 ft. long; flowers large and solitary.</td><td class="right">1. <i><a href="#g1">Magnolia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>d.</b> Not aromatic; leaves 1-4 in. long; flowers very small; fruit small dark-colored berries, with 2-4 seeds</td><td class="right">20. <i><a href="#g20">Rhamnus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>d.</b> Not aromatic; flowers large, in showy clusters. (<b>e.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>e.</b> Leaves 5 in. or more long</td><td class="right">52. <i><a href="#g52">Rhododendron.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>e.</b> Leaves less than 4 in. long</td><td class="right">51. <i><a href="#g51">Kalmia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>f.</b> Leaves decidedly aromatic, usually somewhat irregularly lobed, margin entire, base tapering</td><td class="right">69. <i><a href="#g69">Sassafras.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>f.</b> Leaves usually deltoid, sometimes heart-shaped with serrate margin and gummy buds, rarely palmately lobed. All have either the petiole flattened sidewise, the leaf-blade densely silvery-white beneath, or gummy aromatic buds</td><td class="right">92. <i><a href="#g92">Populus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>f.</b> Leaves broadly heart-shaped; margin entire; small tree with abundance of red flowers in early spring; fruit a pea-like pod.</td><td class="right">32. <i><a href="#g32">Cercis.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>f.</b> Leaves not as above given. (<b>g.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>g.</b> Leaves broadly heart-shaped, with a serrate margin and a petiole about as long as the blade, sometimes longer; base of leaf not oblique</td><td class="right">4. <i><a href="#g4">Idesia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>g.</b> Leaves broadly heart-shaped, those on the suckers much lobed; base not oblique; margin serrate; juice milky; bark very tough. (<b>l.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>g.</b> Leaves broadly heart-shaped, with an oblique base; margin regularly serrate; juice not milky</td><td class="right">11. <i><a href="#g11">Tilia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>g.</b> Leaves slightly if at all heart-shaped at base, usually somewhat oblique, with neither milky juice nor lobes. (<b>j.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>g.</b> Leaves decidedly and quite regularly lobed. (<b>h.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>h.</b> Leaves with 3-5 large lobes, the margin entire or slightly angulated.</td><td class="right">10. <i><a href="#g10">Sterculia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>h.</b> Leaves star-shaped, with 5-9 pointed, serrate lobes. (<b>i.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>h.</b> Leaves large, irregularly margined; leaf-stem covering the bud; large tree</td><td class="right">80. <i><a href="#g80">Platanus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>h.</b> Plant quite thorny; fruit berry-like, ending in a conspicuous spreading calyx; small trees or shrubs with apple-like blossoms.</td><td class="right">38. <i><a href="#g38">Cratægus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>h.</b> Leaves with a tapering base; small tree, almost a shrub, with large Hollyhock-like flowers; plant not thorny</td><td class="right">9. <i><a href="#g9">Hibiscus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span><b>i.</b> Large tree, with fruit 1 in. in diameter, dry, rough, hanging on a long stem</td><td class="right">41. <i><a href="#g41">Liquidambar.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>i.</b> Small tree with few branches and the trunk usually quite prickly; fruit berry-like in large clusters</td><td class="right">44. <i><a href="#g44">Aralia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>j.</b> Fruit small berries, with 3 flattened seeds, in clusters in the axils of the leaves, which are decidedly 3-ribbed from the base</td><td class="right">21. <i><a href="#g21">Hovenia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>j.</b> Fruit small drupes, with 1 seed, either solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves. (<b>k.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>k.</b> Plant without prickles; leaves decidedly oblique at base</td><td class="right">76. <i><a href="#g76">Celtis.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>k.</b> Plant with prickles; leaves narrow, decidedly 3-ribbed, and 2-ranked on green twigs</td><td class="right">22. <i><a href="#g22">Zizyphus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>l.</b> Fruit not very edible; leaves rough above, very hairy below, on some of the twigs opposite</td><td class="right">79. <i><a href="#g79">Broussonetia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>l.</b> Fruit edible; leaves not very hairy, never opposite</td><td class="right">78. <i><a href="#g78">Morus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>m.</b> Leaves of 3 entire-edged leaflets; fruit a pea-like pod</td><td class="right">28. <i><a href="#g28">Laburnum.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>m.</b> Leaves of 3 quite regularly serrate, transparent-dotted leaflets</td><td class="right">13. <i><a href="#g13">Ptelea.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>m.</b> Leaves once or twice pinnate; the leaflets entire. (<b>s.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>m.</b> Leaves once or twice pinnate; the leaflets with margins more or less serrate or notched. (<b>n.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>n.</b> Leaves irregularly once to twice, in one case three times, pinnate. (<b>r.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>n.</b> Leaves regularly once pinnate. (<b>o.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>o.</b> Leaves less than 1 ft. long, on a small, quite prickly plant; fruit very small pods (¼ in. long)</td><td class="right">12. <i><a href="#g12">Xanthoxylum.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>o.</b> Leaves less than 1 ft. long; leaflets 3 in. or less long; fruit bright-colored, berry-like pomes in clusters, persistent through the autumn; plant not thorny; branches not heavy-tipped.</td><td class="right">37. <i><a href="#g37">Pyrus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>o.</b> Leaves usually larger on the small tree or almost a shrub; juice in most cases milky; branches heavy-tipped</td><td class="right">27. <i><a href="#g27">Rhus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>o.</b> Leaves 1-2 ft. long; leaflets 3 in. or more long; fruit a bony nut with green fleshy coat; large trees. (<b>q.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>o.</b> Leaves very large, 2 ft. or more long on the rapid-growing branches; branches heavy-tipped; odor of bruised leaves quite strong; leaflets 15 or more in number; large trees; juice not milky. (<b>p.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>p.</b> Leaflets with 1-3 glandular notches at the base</td><td class="right">17. <i><a href="#g17">Ailanthus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>p.</b> Leaflets entire at base, but very slightly serrate near the tip</td><td class="right">16. <i><a href="#g16">Cedrela.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span><b>q.</b> Coat of fruit more or less dehiscent into 4 valves; nut smoothish; leaflets, except in one species, not over 11 in number, usually 5-7</td><td class="right">82. <i><a href="#g82">Carya.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>q.</b> Coat of fruit not regularly dehiscent; nut, in the wild species, rough-coated; leaflets, except in a cultivated species, over 11 in number</td><td class="right">81. <i><a href="#g81">Juglans.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>r.</b> Leaves quite regularly twice odd-pinnate; leaflets about 1 in. long; juice not milky; fruit rounded berries in large clusters; plant not prickly; branchlets not heavy-tipped</td><td class="right">15. <i><a href="#g15">Melia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>r.</b> Leaves once to twice irregularly odd-pinnate; the leaflets very irregularly and coarsely toothed; a small, round-headed tree with bladdery pods</td><td class="right">24. <i><a href="#g24">Koelreuteria.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>r.</b> Leaves irregularly about twice odd-pinnate; the leaflets lanceolate; quite a low plant with few heavy-tipped branches; plant without prickles</td><td class="right">27. <i><a href="#g27">Rhus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>r.</b> Leaves 2 (sometimes 3) times odd-pinnate; tree-stem with prickles; small tree or shrub, with few branches</td><td class="right">44. <i><a href="#g44">Aralia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>r.</b> Leaves once to twice abruptly pinnate; large tree with slender-tipped branches, usually very thorny</td><td class="right">34. <i><a href="#g34">Gleditschia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>s.</b> Leaves very large (2 ft. or more long), about twice abruptly pinnate; leaflets broad and often 2 in. long; branches blunt; no thorns</td><td class="right">33. <i><a href="#g33">Gymnocladus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>s.</b> Leaves and leaflets much smaller, leaves quite irregularly once or twice abruptly pinnate; branches slender-tipped; large tree, usually very thorny</td><td class="right">34. <i><a href="#g34">Gleditschia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>s.</b> Leaves twice abruptly pinnate; leaflets over 400 in number, with midrib near the upper edge</td><td class="right">35. <i><a href="#g35">Albizzia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>s.</b> Leaves regularly once pinnate, not over 2 ft. long. (<b>t.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>t.</b> Leaves abruptly pinnate, not over 5 in. long; leaflets 8-12, small, mucronate-pointed</td><td class="right">29. <i><a href="#g29">Caragana.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>t.</b> Leaves odd-pinnate; shrub or small tree, with few, heavy-tipped branches; no spines or prickles</td><td class="right">27. <i><a href="#g27">Rhus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>t.</b> Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets large (3-5 in. long), not usually over 11 in number; round-topped tree</td><td class="right">30. <i><a href="#g30">Cladrastis.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>t.</b> Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets less than 3 in. long, frequently 11-21 in number; often with spines at the bases of the leaves in the place of stipules</td><td class="right">12. <i><a href="#g12">Xanthoxylum</a></i><br />or 31. <i><a href="#g31">Robinia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>u.</b> Leaves palmately compound. (<b>CC.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>u.</b> Leaves pinnately compound. (<b>BB.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>u.</b> Leaves simple, evergreen, sessile, in whorls around the stem, which they completely cover</td><td class="right">(98a. <i><a href="#g98a">Araucaria.</a></i>)</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>u.</b> Leaves simple, opposite, evergreen, entire, over 2 in. long</td><td class="right">61. <i><a href="#g61">Osmanthus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span><b>u.</b> Leaves simple, opposite, evergreen, entire, under 1 in. long</td><td class="right">73. <i><a href="#g73">Buxus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>u.</b> Leaves simple, deciduous. (<b>v.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>v.</b> Branches ending in thorns; small trees, or shrubs. (<b>AA.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>v.</b> Plants not thorny. (<b>w.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>w.</b> Leaves palmately lobed (one variety, rarely cultivated, lacks lobes, but is heart-shaped with a serrate margin), the lobes over 3 in number, or with notches or serrations; fruit dry, winged</td><td class="right">25. <i><a href="#g25">Acer.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>w.</b> Lower leaves palmately 3-lobed, and heart-shaped at base, upper ones ovate, all with entire margin; fruit with juicy pulp covering the 4 seeds</td><td class="right">66. <i><a href="#g66">Clerodendron.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>w.</b> Leaves palmately lobed; fruit small, one-seeded, berry-like drupes in large clusters, with flattened stones, or large rounded clusters of flowers without stamens or pistils; shrubs rather than trees</td><td class="right">47. <i><a href="#g47">Viburnum.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>w.</b> Leaves heart-shaped, entire or slightly angulated; not lobed. (<b>DD.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>w.</b> Leaves irregularly serrate, somewhat straight-veined; fruit single-winged; large cultivated tree</td><td class="right">60. <i><a href="#g60">Fraxinus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>w.</b> Leaves neither heart-shaped nor lobed; small trees, almost shrubs. (<b>x.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>x.</b> Leaves entire. (<b>z.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>x.</b> Leaves serrate or dentate, ovate or oval. (<b>y.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>y.</b> Fruit rounded drupes in large clusters, with single flattened stones</td><td class="right">47. <i><a href="#g47">Viburnum.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>y.</b> Fruit lobed pods, which burst open in the autumn; branchlets somewhat 4-sided</td><td class="right">19. <i><a href="#g19">Euonymus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>z.</b> Leaves small, lanceolate; flowers and fruit large and beautiful</td><td class="right">42. <i><a href="#g42">Punica.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>z.</b> Leaves broad, thin, with curved parallel veins or ribs.</td><td class="right">45. <i><a href="#g45">Cornus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>z.</b> Leaves large, broad, oval, without either curved or straight parallel ribs</td><td class="right">63. <i><a href="#g63">Chionanthus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>AA.</b> Leaves entire and covered on both sides with silvery, peltate scales</td><td class="right">72. <i><a href="#g72">Shepherdia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>AA.</b> Leaves ovate, small, minutely serrate</td><td class="right">20. <i><a href="#g20">Rhamnus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>BB.</b> Leaves large, 18 in. or more long; leaflets 11 or more, very finely serrated</td><td class="right">14. <i><a href="#g14">Phellodendron.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>BB.</b> Leaves smaller; leaflets entire or quite evenly toothed, usually over 5 in number</td><td class="right">60. <i><a href="#g60">Fraxinus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>BB.</b> Leaflets coarsely and quite irregularly toothed, 3-5 (rarely 7) in number</td><td class="right">26. <i><a href="#g26">Negundo.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>CC.</b> Leaflets slender-lanceolate, almost entire; shrub or small tree, 5-10 ft. high</td><td class="right">67. <i><a href="#g67">Vitex.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span><b>CC.</b> Leaflets broader and serrate; usually large trees.</td><td class="right">23. <i><a href="#g23">Æsculus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>DD.</b> Leaves with radiating ribs. (<b>FF.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>DD.</b> Leaves with feather-veining. (<b>EE.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>EE.</b> Leaves 2-6 in. long; flowers small, in large, dense, terminal clusters</td><td class="right">62. <i><a href="#g62">Syringa.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>EE.</b> Leaves 1-4 in. long; flowers in pairs</td><td class="right">48. <i><a href="#g48">Lonicera.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>FF.</b> Leaves large, 6 in. or more long; two almost hidden buds, one above the other, in the axils of the leaves on the rapid-growing branches; flowers large, purple, blooming in early spring; fruit rounded pods</td><td class="right">64. <i><a href="#g64">Paulownia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>FF.</b> Leaves large, 6 in. or more long; flowers large, white, blooming in June; fruit long pods</td><td class="right">65. <i><a href="#g65">Catalpa.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>FF.</b> Leaves 2-4 in. long, with red stems</td><td class="right">3. <i><a href="#g3">Cercidiphyllum.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>GG.</b> Leaves scattered singly over the stem, not in bundles or clusters. (<b>JJ.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>GG.</b> Leaves in large or small clusters. (<b>HH.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>HH.</b> Clusters in whorls of many leaves around the stem like an umbrella</td><td class="right">100. <i><a href="#g100">Sciadopitys.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>HH.</b> Leaves clustered in bundles of 2-6</td><td class="right">93. <i><a href="#g93">Pinus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>HH.</b> Leaves clustered in bundles of over 8. (<b>II.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>II.</b> Leaves deciduous, soft</td><td class="right">97. <i><a href="#g97">Larix.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>II.</b> Leaves evergreen, rigid</td><td class="right">98. <i><a href="#g98">Cedrus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>JJ.</b> Leaves hardly evergreen; spray quite slender. (<b>ZZ.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>JJ.</b> Leaves fully evergreen. (<b>KK.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>KK.</b> Leaves awl or scale shaped, and mainly appressed to the stem. (<b>WW.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>KK.</b> Leaves linear or needle shaped, and decidedly spreading from the stem, though sometimes with a decurrent base. (<b>LL.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>LL.</b> Leaves narrowed to a distinct though short stem. (<b>RR.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>LL.</b> Leaves sessile; if narrowed, not so abruptly as to form a petiole. (<b>MM.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>MM.</b> Leaves opposite or whorled on the stem. (<b>PP.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>MM.</b> Leaves rather spirally arranged around the stem, not just opposite. (<b>NN.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>NN.</b> Leaves linear to lanceolate, flattened, spreading quite squarely from the stem. (<b>OO.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>NN.</b> Leaves not flattened but 4-sided, curved, gradually enlarging from the tips to the bases, which are decurrent, and on the young twigs completely cover the stem; cones rounded; the scales not lapping</td><td class="right">105. <i><a href="#g105">Cryptomeria.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>OO.</b> Leaves about linear in form, of nearly the same width throughout, and usually fastened to the cylindrical stem by a distinct disk-like base; cones erect; scales lapping.</td><td class="right">96. <i><a href="#g96">Abies.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span><b>OO.</b> Leaves about 2 in. long and gradually widening from the acute tips to the broad (1/8 in.) bases, which are decurrent on the stem</td><td class="right">99. <i><a href="#g99">Cunninghamia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>OO.</b> Leaves ½-1 in. long, sharp-pointed, very flat, two-ranked, somewhat lanceolate in form; base narrowed almost to a petiole</td><td class="right">102. <i><a href="#g102">Sequoia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>PP.</b> Leaves not decurrent, usually in whorls of three around the stem, sometimes opposite, acute-pointed; fruit small (1/8 in.), rounded, dark-colored berries</td><td class="right">106. <i><a href="#g106">Juniperus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>PP.</b> Leaves decurrent on the stem, less than ½ in. long. (<b>QQ.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>QQ.</b> Fruit small, globular cones; the scales not lapping</td><td class="right">104. <i><a href="#g104">Chamæcyparis.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>QQ.</b> Fruit small, elongated cones of few, lapping scales</td><td class="right">103. <i><a href="#g103">Thuya.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>RR.</b> Leaves usually but little flattened, but jointed to a short, brown petiole which is attached to a somewhat grooved twig; cones pendent, of lapping scales</td><td class="right">94. <i><a href="#g94">Picea.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>RR.</b> Leaves decidedly flattened, not jointed, but narrowed to a petiole which is usually green or greenish in color. (<b>SS.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>SS.</b> Leaves rounded or obtuse at the tip, distinctly two-ranked, usually less than 1 in. long; cones oval, 1 in. or less long, of lapping scales</td><td class="right">95. <i><a href="#g95">Tsuga.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>SS.</b> Leaves acute at the tip; fruit (found only on a portion of the plants, as the flowers are dioecious) drupe-like, with a single nut-like seed. (<b>TT.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>TT.</b> Leaves not two-ranked, over 2 in. long</td><td class="right">108. <i><a href="#g108">Podocarpus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>TT.</b> Leaves quite regularly two-ranked. (<b>UU.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>UU.</b> Leaves marked by two longitudinal lines; bruised or burned leaves with a very disagreeable odor</td><td class="right">(107a. <i><a href="#g107a">Torreya.</a></i>)</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>UU.</b> Leaves with the midrib forming a distinct ridge, odor not disagreeable. (<b>VV.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>VV.</b> Leaves usually less than an inch long</td><td class="right">107. <i><a href="#g107">Taxus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>VV.</b> Leaves usually more than an inch long</td><td class="right">(107b. <i><a href="#g107b">Cephalotaxus.</a></i>)</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>WW.</b> Spray decidedly two-ranked, fan-like. (<b>YY.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>WW.</b> Spray branching in an irregular way, not two-ranked. (<b>XX.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>XX.</b> Fruit a purplish berry; bark shreddy</td><td class="right">106. <i><a href="#g106">Juniperus.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>XX.</b> Fruit a cone of thick, pointed, not lapping scales</td><td class="right">102. <i><a href="#g102">Sequoia.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>YY.</b> Cones elongated, of lapping scales</td><td class="right">103. <i><a href="#g103">Thuya.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>YY.</b> Cones globular, of peltate, valvate scales</td><td class="right">104. <i><a href="#g104">Chamæcyparis.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span><b>ZZ.</b> Leaves very broad at base, half clasping the stem and rapidly narrowed to an acute tip; hardly at all spreading from the thread-like twigs; flowers pinkish, in spike-like clusters</td><td class="right">6. <i><a href="#g6">Tamarix.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"><b>ZZ.</b> Leaves more elongated, quite even in width, not clasping the stem</td><td class="right">101. <i><a href="#g101">Taxodium.</a></i></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Look on the elongated branches for the arrangement of the +leaves; they are too closely clustered on the short side shoots. See +<a href="#Page_18">page 18</a>.</p></div> + + +<p class="class">CLASS I. ANGIOSPÉRMÆ.</p> + +<p>Plants with a pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the +ovules and forms the fruit.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>I. MAGNOLIACEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Magnolia Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>Trees or shrubs, mainly of tropical regions, including, in our section, +the three following genera:</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g1"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>1. MAGNÒLIA.</b></p> + +<p>Trees and tall shrubs with alternate, thick, smooth, entire leaves with +deciduous stipules which form the bud-scales, and are attached entirely +around the stem, leaving a ridge, as in Liriodendron.</p> + +<p>Flowers very large (3 to 10 in. in diameter), usually white, solitary.</p> + +<p>Fruit a large cone from which the seeds, drupe-like, usually red, hang +out on long threads during the autumn.</p> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" summary="Magnolia key"> +<tr><td colspan="6">* Blooming with or before the opening of the leaves. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="5"><b>A.</b> Flowers entirely white </td><td class="right">9, 10.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="5"><b>A.</b> Flowers dark purple </td><td class="right">11.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="5"><b>A.</b> Flowers mixed purple and white. A large number of hybrids from China and Japan.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="6">* Blooming after the leaves expand. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="5"><b>B.</b> Leaves evergreen, more than 8 in. long </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="5"><b>B.</b> Leaves evergreen, not 6 in. long </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="5"><b>B.</b> Leaves deciduous. (<b>C.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="4"><b>C.</b> Leaves decidedly auriculate or cordate at the base. (<b>D.</b>)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>D.</b> Leaves very large (1 to 3 ft. long) </td><td class="right">5.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>D.</b> Leaves smaller and much clustered at the tips of the flowering branches </td><td class="right">6.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="4"><b>C.</b> Leaves not conspicuously cordate at base. (<b>E.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>E.</b> Leaves clustered at the tips of the flowering branches </td><td class="right">7.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>E.</b> Leaves scattered along the branches. (<b>F.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>F.</b> Base of leaf abrupt </td><td class="right">3, 4.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>F.</b> Base of leaf tapering. (<b>G.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>G.</b> Leaves quite large, about 1 ft. long; a very erect growing tree </td><td class="right">8.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>G.</b> Leaves smaller, medium thick, glossy above<br />medium thin (5 to 10 in. long) </td><td class="right">2.<br />3.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i063a"> + <a href="images/illus063a.png"> + <img src="images/illus063as.png" + width="100" height="132" + alt="M. grandiflòra." + title="M. grandiflòra." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">M. grandiflòra.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Magnòlia grandiflòra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Large-flowered Magnolia.</span> <span class="smcap">Southern Evergreen +Magnolia.</span>) Leaves evergreen, thick, oval-oblong; upper surface glossy, +under surface somewhat rusty. Flowers large, 6 to 10 in. wide, white, +fragrant. In spring. Fruit oval, 3 to 4 in. long, ripe in October. Seeds +scarlet. Splendid evergreen tree (50 to 80 ft.) in the Southern States; +half hardy, and reduced to a shrub (10 to 20 ft.) when cultivated in the +Middle States.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i063b"> + <a href="images/illus063b.png"> + <img src="images/illus063bs.png" + width="100" height="78" + alt="M. glaùca." + title="M. glaùca." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">M. glaùca.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Magnòlia glaùca</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sweet-Bay.</span> <span class="smcap">Swamp-Magnolia.</span>) Leaves quite thick, +oblong-oval, obtuse, smooth and glossy above, white or rusty pubescent +beneath; evergreen in the Southern States. Leaf-buds silky. Flowers +globular, white, and very fragrant. June to August. Fruit about 1½ in. +long, ripe in autumn. Shrub, 4 to 20 ft. high, in the swamps of the +Atlantic States from Massachusetts southward. Slender tree, 15 to 30 ft. +high, when cultivated in good damp soil.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i064a"> + <a href="images/illus064a.png"> + <img src="images/illus064as.png" + width="100" height="124" + alt="M. acuminàta." + title="M. acuminàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">M. acuminàta.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Magnòlia acuminàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cucumber-tree.</span>) Leaves thin, green above, +paler beneath, oblong, usually pointed at both ends, 5 to 10 in. long. +Leaf-buds silky. Flowers pale yellowish-green, 3 in. wide, late in +spring. Fruit irregular-oblong (2 to 3 in. long), rose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>-colored when +ripe, with a few hard, bony, black seeds, coated with red pulp, ripe in +autumn. Large (50 to 90 ft.) noble forest tree, wild in western New York +and southward. Wood rather soft, yellowish-white, quite durable, and +extensively used for pump logs. Occasionally cultivated; fine for +avenues.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i064b"> + <a href="images/illus064b.png"> + <img src="images/illus064bs.png" + width="100" height="130" + alt="M. cordàta." + title="M. cordàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">M. cordàta.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Magnòlia cordàta</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Yellow Cucumber-tree.</span>) Leaves broadly ovate +or oval, rarely cordate at base, smooth above, white-downy beneath, 4 to +6 in. long. Flowers lemon-yellow slightly streaked with red. June. Fruit +nearly 3 in. long, red when ripe in autumn. A rather small, broad-headed +tree (20 to 50 ft.), wild in the Southern States, but hardy as far north +as Boston; not often cultivated. Probably an upland variety of the +preceding.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i064c"> + <a href="images/illus064c.png"> + <img src="images/illus064cs.png" + width="100" height="123" + alt="M. macrophýlla." + title="M. macrophýlla." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">M. macrophýlla.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>Magnòlia macrophýlla</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Great-leaved Magnolia</span>.) Leaves very +large, sometimes 3 ft. long, crowded at the summit of the branches, +obovate-oblong, cordate at the narrowed base, glaucous-white beneath, +green above; twigs whitish pubescent. Flowers very large (12 in. broad), +white with a purple spot near the base; fragrant. Fruit cylindrical, 4 +in. long, deep rose-colored when ripe in autumn. A medium-sized (30 to +40 ft.), spreading tree; wild from Kentucky south, hardy and cultivated +as far north as New York City.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i065a"> + <a href="images/illus065a.png"> + <img src="images/illus065as.png" + width="100" height="170" + alt="M. Fràseri." + title="M. Fràseri." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">M. Fràseri.</p> +</div> + +<p>6. <b>Magnòlia Fràseri</b>, Walt. (<span class="smcap">Ear-leaved Umbrella-tree.</span>) Leaves crowded at +the ends of the flowering branches, obovate or spatulate, auriculate at +base, smooth (1 ft. long). Leaf-buds smooth. Flowers (6 in. wide) white, +slightly scented. April to May. Fruit 3 to 4 in. long, rose-colored, +ripe in autumn.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> Medium-sized, rather slender tree (30 to 50 ft.), with +soft yellowish-white wood. Virginia and southward. Hardy and extensively +cultivated as far north as New York City.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i065b"> + <a href="images/illus065b.png"> + <img src="images/illus065bs.png" + width="100" height="148" + alt="M. umbrélla." + title="M. umbrélla." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">M. umbrélla.</p> +</div> + +<p>7. <b>Magnòlia umbrélla</b>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">Umbrella tree</span>.) Leaves clustered at the ends +of the branches, obovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, 1 to 2 ft. +long; downy beneath when young, but soon becoming smooth. Flowers white, +6 to 8 in. broad. May. Fruit oblong, 4 to 6 in. long, rather +rose-colored when ripe in autumn. A small, rather straggling tree, 20 to +40 ft. high; common in the Southern States, and wild as far north as New +York State; cultivated throughout.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i065c"> + <a href="images/illus065c.png"> + <img src="images/illus065cs.png" + width="100" height="132" + alt="M. hypoleùca." + title="M. hypoleùca." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">M. hypoleùca.</p> +</div> + +<p>8. <b>Magnòlia hypoleùca</b>, S. & Z. (<span class="smcap">Japan Magnolia</span>.) Leaves large (1 ft. +long), somewhat purple-tinted above, white and glaucous beneath. Midrib +and leafstalk often red. Flowers cream-white, fragrant, appearing after +the leaves in June. Twigs stout and polished. A medium-sized, very +erectly growing tree; from Japan.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i065d"> + <a href="images/illus065d.png"> + <img src="images/illus065ds.png" + width="100" height="119" + alt="M. conspícua." + title="M. conspícua." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">M. conspícua.</p> +</div> + +<p>9. <b>Magnòlia conspícua,</b> Salisb. (<span class="smcap">Yulan or Chinese White Magnolia</span>.) Leaves +deciduous, obovate, abruptly acuminate, pubescent when young. Flowers +large (4 in.), cream-white, very fragrant, appearing very early (May), +before any of the leaves. Fruit rarely formed, with few (1 to 3, rarely +more) seeds<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> to a cone. Bark dark brown on the young branches; terminal +winter buds over ½ in. long. Small tree (10 to 30 ft.) with spreading +habit and stout branches; very extensively cultivated for its abundant +early bloom; from China.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i066a"> + <a href="images/illus066a.png"> + <img src="images/illus066as.png" + width="100" height="145" + alt="M. Kòbus." + title="M. Kòbus." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">M. Kòbus.</p> +</div> + +<p>10. <b>Magnòlia Kòbus.</b> (<span class="smcap">Thurber's Japan Magnolia</span>.) Leaves similar to the +preceding, but smaller. Flowers also similar, but pure white. Fruit +abundantly formed, with several (2 to 12) seeds to the cone. Bark green +on the young growth; terminal winter-buds under ½ in. long. Small tree +(15 to 40 ft.) with erect habit and slender branches. A beautiful tree +of recent introduction from Japan.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i066b"> + <a href="images/illus066b.png"> + <img src="images/illus066bs.png" + width="100" height="121" + alt="M. purpùrea." + title="M. purpùrea." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">M. purpùrea.</p> +</div> + +<p>11. <b>Magnòlia purpùrea</b>, Sims. (<span class="smcap">Purple Japan Magnolia.</span>) Leaves obovate, +pointed at both ends, dark green. Flowers erect, of 3 sepals and 6 +obovate, purple petals; blooming about as the leaves expand. A low tree, +or usually merely a shrub, from Japan; often cultivated.</p> + +<p>Besides the Magnolias here given, there are quite a number of varieties +and hybrids in cultivation, from China and Japan, most of them blooming +before the leaves expand in spring.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g2"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>2. LIRIODÉNDRON.</b></p> + +<p>Trees with alternate, deciduous, smooth, stipulate, 4-lobed leaves, the +stipules large, attached entirely around the stem, and leaving a ridge +when they drop off, as in the genus Magnolia. Flowers tulip-shaped, +large (3 in.), greenish-yellow. May to June. Fruit a pointed cone, 3 in. +long, hanging on the tree till autumn.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i066c"> + <a href="images/illus066c.png"> + <img src="images/illus066cs.png" + width="100" height="112" + alt="L. tulipífera." + title="L. tulipífera." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">L. tulipífera.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Liriodéndron tulipífera</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Tulip-tree.</span>) Leaves large, smooth on both<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> +sides, somewhat 3-lobed, the end one seemingly cut off, leaving a +shallow notch; stipules light-colored, large, oblong, attached all +around the stem, often remaining on through half the season. A very +large (80 to 150 ft. high), beautiful, rapidly growing tree, with soft, +straight-grained, greenish wood, of great use for inside work. Southern +New England and southward. Especially abundant and large in the Western +States. Also cultivated.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g3"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>3. CERCIDIPHÝLLUM.</b></p> + +<p>Shrubs or trees with opposite, rarely subalternate, simple, deciduous +leaves. Fruit short-stemmed, with divergent pods, 2-4 in number, +splitting open on the outer edges; each one-celled, with one row of +lapping, pendulous seeds with membranous wings.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i067"> + <a href="images/illus067.png"> + <img src="images/illus067s.png" + width="100" height="104" + alt="C. Japónicum." + title="C. Japónicum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Japónicum.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Cercidiphýllum Japónicum.</b> (<span class="smcap">Katsura-tree.</span>) Leaves broadly heart-shaped, +palmately veined with 5-7 ribs, and with an apparently entire margin, +dark green above, somewhat glaucous beneath. Under a magnifying glass +the margin will be found to have pellucid crenulations. Leafstalk dark +red and jointed above the base, the veins somewhat red-tinted. A +beautiful, upright tree with birch-like, dotted, brown bark; of recent +introduction from Japan, and probably completely hardy throughout the +region.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>II. BIXÍNEÆ.</b></p> + +<p>A rather small order of mostly tropical trees or shrubs, with alternate, +simple leaves.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g4"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>4. IDÈSIA.</b></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i068a"> + <a href="images/illus068a.png"> + <img src="images/illus068as.png" + width="100" height="148" + alt="I. polycárpa." + title="I. polycárpa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">I. polycárpa.</p> +</div> + +<p>Large trees with terminal and axillary panicles of very small flowers +and berries.</p> + +<p><b>Idèsia polycárpa</b>, Hook. Leaves large, heart-shaped, serrate, palmately +veined with 5 ribs; leafstalk very long, red, with two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> glands near the +base; twigs also glandular; berries very small (¼ inch), with many +seeds. A large tree recently introduced from Japan, which may prove +hardy from Pennsylvania south, but is killed by the climate of +Massachusetts.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>III. ANONÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p class="family">(<span class="smcap">Custard-apple Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>An order of tropical trees and shrubs except the following genus:</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g5"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>5. ASÍMINA.</b></p> + +<p>Small trees or shrubs with simple, deciduous, alternate, entire, +pinnately-veined leaves. Flowers large, dull purplish, solitary in the +axils of last year's leaves. Fruit a large, oblong, several-seeded, +pulpy berry.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i068b"> + <a href="images/illus068b.png"> + <img src="images/illus068bs.png" + width="100" height="152" + alt="A. tríloba." + title="A. tríloba." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. tríloba.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Asímina tríloba</b>, Dunal. (<span class="smcap">Common Papaw.</span>) Leaves large (8 to 12 in. long), +oblong-obovate, acuminate, thin, lapping over each other in such a +manner as to give the plant a peculiar imbricated appearance. Flowers 1 +in. broad, appearing before the leaves. Fruit 3 in. long, 1½ in. thick, +yellowish, fragrant, about 8-seeded, ripe in the autumn. Small (10 to 20 +ft. high), beautiful tree with dark-brown twigs. All parts have a rank, +fetid smell. Wild in New York and southward along streams; cultivated.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>IV. TAMARISCÍNEÆ.</b></p> + +<p>A small order, consisting mostly of shrubs (from the Old World) with +minute leaves.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g6"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>6. TÁMARIX.</b></p> + +<p>Leaves simple, very small, alternate, clasping; old ones almost +transparent at the apex. Flowers in spike-like panicles, small, red, or +pink, rarely white.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i069a"> + <a href="images/illus069a.png"> + <img src="images/illus069as.png" + width="100" height="127" + alt="T. Gállica." + title="T. Gállica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">T. Gállica.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Támarix Gállica</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">French Tamarisk.</span>) Leaves very small, acute; spray +very slender, abundant. A sub-evergreen shrub or small tree, 5 to 20 ft. +high; with very small pinkish flowers, in spike-like clusters, blooming +from May to October. A very beautiful and strange-looking plant, which, +rather sheltered by other trees, can be successfully grown throughout.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>V. TERNSTRŒMIÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p class="family">(<span class="smcap">Tea or Camellia Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>An order of showy-flowered trees and shrubs of tropical and subtropical +regions, here represented by the following genera:</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g7"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>7. STUÁRTIA.</b></p> + +<p>Shrubs or low trees with alternate, simple, exstipulate, ovate, +serrulate leaves, soft downy beneath. Flowers large (2 in.), white to +cream-color, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils of the leaves; +blooming in early summer. Fruit a 5-celled capsule with few seeds; ripe +in autumn.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i069b"> + <a href="images/illus069b.png"> + <img src="images/illus069bs.png" + width="100" height="132" + alt="S. pentágyna." + title="S. pentágyna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. pentágyna.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Stuártia pentágyna</b>, L'Her. (<span class="smcap">Stuartia.</span>) Leaves thick, ovate, +acuminate, acute at base, obscurely mucronate, serrate, finely +pubescent, 3 to 4 in. long, one half as wide. Flowers whitish +cream-colored, one petal much the smallest; stamens of the same color. +Pod 5-angled.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i070a"> + <a href="images/illus070a.png"> + <img src="images/illus070as.png" + width="100" height="141" + alt="S. Virgínica." + title="S. Virgínica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. Virgínica.</p> +</div> + +<p>Handsome shrub or small tree (10 to 15 ft.), wild south in the +mountains, and hardy and cultivated as far north as New York City +without protection. In Massachusetts it needs some sheltered position.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Stuártia Virgínica</b>, Cav. (<span class="smcap">Virginia Stuartia</span>.) Leaves elliptic-ovate, +acuminate at both ends, 2 in. long, 1 in. wide, thin, serrate, silky +pubescent beneath. Flowers white with purple filaments and blue anthers. +Pod globular and blunt; ripe in October. A beautiful shrub rather than +tree (8 to 12 ft.), wild in Virginia and south; hardy as far north as +Washington.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g8"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>8. GORDÒNIA.</b></p> + +<p>Shrubs or small trees with alternate, simple, feather-veined leaves. +Flowers large (3 to 4 in. wide), white, showy, solitary in the axils of +the leaves. Blooming in summer. Fruit a dry, dehiscent, conical-pointed, +5-celled capsule with 10 to 30 seeds, ripe in the autumn.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i070b"> + <a href="images/illus070b.png"> + <img src="images/illus070bs.png" + width="100" height="99" + alt="G. Lasiánthus." + title="G. Lasiánthus." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">G. Lasiánthus.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Gordònia Lasiánthus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Loblolly Bay</span>.) Leaves thick, evergreen, +lanceolate-oblong, minutely serrate, nearly sessile, smooth and shining +on both sides. The large, solitary, sweet-scented, axillary flowers on +peduncles half as long as the leaves. A large tree (30 to 70 ft. high) +in the south (wild in southern Virginia), and cultivated as far north as +central Pennsylvania, without protection; at St. Louis and Boston it +needs protection. Wood of a reddish color, light and brittle.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i070c"> + <a href="images/illus070c.png"> + <img src="images/illus070cs.png" + width="100" height="133" + alt="G. pubéscens." + title="G. pubéscens." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">G. pubéscens.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Gordònia pubéscens</b>, L'Her. Leaves thin, deciduous, obovate-oblong, +sharply serrate, white beneath. Flowers nearly sessile. A small tree or +shrub of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> south (30 ft. high in Georgia), hardy, and rarely +cultivated as far north as Philadelphia, or still farther north if +slightly sheltered.</p> + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>VI. MALVÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Mallow Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A large family, mainly of herbs, found in tropical and temperate +regions. One cultivated species, almost a tree, is included in this +work.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g9"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>9. HIBÍSCUS.</b></p> + +<p>Herbs or shrubs; one sometimes tree-like, with simple, deciduous, +alternate, stipulate, usually lobed leaves. Flowers large, showy, +5-parted (Hollyhock-shaped), in late summer. Fruit a 5-celled, +many-seeded pod, ripe in autumn.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i071a"> + <a href="images/illus071a.png"> + <img src="images/illus071as.png" + width="100" height="104" + alt="H. Syrìacus." + title="H. Syrìacus." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">H. Syrìacus.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Hibíscus Syrìacus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Tree Hibiscus.</span>) The only woody and sometimes +tree-like species; has ovate, wedge-shaped, 3-lobed, toothed leaves, and +large (3 in.) white, purple, red, or variegated flowers. Usually a +shrub, 6 to 15 ft. high, often cultivated throughout; introduced from +Syria.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>VII. STERCULIÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p>Trees or shrubs (a few are herbs), with alternate leaves, and the +stamens united into a tube. A large order of tropical plants.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g10"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>10. STERCÙLIA.</b></p> + +<p>Leaves alternate, simple, usually lobed, ovaries more or less divided +into 5 carpels, each 2- to many-lobed; fruit when ripe forming a star of +5 distinct pods.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i071b"> + <a href="images/illus071b.png"> + <img src="images/illus071bs.png" + width="100" height="129" + alt="S. platanifòlia." + title="S. platanifòlia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. platanifòlia.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Stercùlia platanifòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Chinese Parasol.</span>) Leaves large, deciduous, +alternate, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, deeply heart-shaped at base, the +margin entire, the lobes acute; smooth or slightly hairy; leafstalk +about as long as the blade. Flowers green, in axillary panicles; fruit +star-shaped. A small, beautiful tree from China; probably not hardy +north of Washington.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>VIII. TILIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Linden Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>An order, mainly of trees, abundant in the tropics; here represented by +a single genus:</p> + +<p class="genus" id="g11"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>11. TÍLIA.</b></p> + +<p>Trees with alternate, deciduous, obliquely heart-shaped, serrate leaves, +about as broad as long. Leaves two-ranked on the stem. Flowers small, +cream-colored, fragrant, in clusters on a peculiar, oblong, leaf-like +bract. Fruit small (1/8 in.), globular, woody, in clusters from the same +bract. Wood white and soft; inner bark very fibrous and tough.</p> + + + +<table summary="Tilia key"> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Flowers with petal-like scales among the stamens; American species. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Leaves very large, 6 to 8 in. </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Leaves medium, 4 to 6 in. </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Leaves small, 2 to 3 in. </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Flowers with no petal-like scales among the stamens. </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i072a"> + <a href="images/illus072a.png"> + <img src="images/illus072as.png" + width="100" height="118" + alt="T. Americàna." + title="T. Americàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">T. Americàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Tília Americàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Basswood. Whitewood. Linden.</span>) Leaves large, 4 to +6 in. long, green and smooth, or very nearly so, thickish. Fruit ovoid, +somewhat ribbed, ¼ in. broad, greenish when ripe in October, on a bract +which is usually tapering to the base. Tall tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, +wild in rich woods and often cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i072b"> + <a href="images/illus072b.png"> + <img src="images/illus072bs.png" + width="100" height="92" + alt="T. pubéscens." + title="T. pubéscens." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">T. pubéscens.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Tília pubéscens</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Small-leaved Basswood.</span>) Leaves smaller, 2 to 3 +in. long,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> thinner and rather pubescent beneath. Fruit globose, 1/5 in. +broad, on a bract usually quite rounded at base.</p> + +<p>This is usually considered as a variety of the last-named species. It is +found from New York south and west.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i073a"> + <a href="images/illus073a.png"> + <img src="images/illus073as.png" + width="100" height="97" + alt="T. heterophýlla." + title="T. heterophýlla." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">T. heterophýlla.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Tília heterophýlla</b>, Vent. (<span class="smcap">White Basswood.</span>) Leaves large, often 8 in. +broad, smooth and bright green above, silvery white and downy beneath, +with darker, purplish veins. A large tree; wild in Pennsylvania, west +and south, and often cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i073b"> + <a href="images/illus073b.png"> + <img src="images/illus073bs.png" + width="100" height="123" + alt="T. Europæ̀a." + title="T. Europæ̀a." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">T. Europæ̀a.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Tília Europæ̀a</b>, Mill. (<span class="smcap">European Linden.</span>) Leaves twice as long as +the petioles, and smooth except a woolly tuft in the axils of the veins +beneath. Small and large leaved varieties are in cultivation. The +flowers have no petal-like scales among the stamens, while the American +species have. An ornamental tree with dense foliage; often cultivated +from Europe. The twigs are more numerous and more slender than those of +the American species. Nearly a score of named varieties are in +cultivation. Var. <i>laciniata</i> has deeply cut and twisted leaves.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>IX. RUTÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Rue Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>Shrubs and trees, rarely herbs, in most cases with transparent-dotted, +heavy-scented foliage. A rather large order in warm climates.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g12"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>12. XANTHÓXYLUM.</b></p> + +<p>Shrubs or trees with mostly odd-pinnate, alternate leaves. The stem and +often the leaflets prickly; flowers small, greenish or whitish; fruit +dry, thick pods, with 1 to 2 seeds.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i073c"> + <a href="images/illus073c.png"> + <img src="images/illus073cs.png" + width="100" height="130" + alt="X. Americànum." + title="X. Americànum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">X. Americànum.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Xanthóxylum Americànum</b>, Mill. (<span class="smcap">Northern Prickly-Ash. Toothache-Tree.</span>) +Leaves and flowers in sessile, axillary, umbellate clusters; leaflets 5 +to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> 9, ovate-oblong, downy when young. Flowers appear before the leaves. +Shrub, scarcely at all tree-like, with bark, leaves, and pods very +pungent and aromatic. Common north, and sometimes cultivated.</p> + + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i074a"> + <a href="images/illus074a.png"> + <img src="images/illus074as.png" + width="100" height="130" + alt="X. Clàva Hércules." + title="X. Clàva Hércules." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">X. Clàva Hércules.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Xanthóxylum Clàva Hércules</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Southern Prickly-Ash.</span>) Leaflets 7 to +17, ovate to ovate-oblong, oblique at base, shining above. Flowers +appear after the leaves. A small tree with very sharp prickles. Sandy +coast of Virginia and southward; occasionally cultivated in the north.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g13"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>13. PTÈLEA.</b></p> + +<p>Shrub with compound leaves of three leaflets, greenish-white flowers in +terminal cymes, and 2-seeded fruit with a broad-winged margin, somewhat +like the Elm, only larger.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i074b"> + <a href="images/illus074b.png"> + <img src="images/illus074bs.png" + width="100" height="128" + alt="P. trifoliàta." + title="P. trifoliàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. trifoliàta.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Ptèlea trifoliàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Hop-Tree.</span> <span class="smcap">Shrubby Trefoil.</span>) Leaflets ovate, +pointed, downy when young. Flowers with a disagreeable odor; fruit +bitter, somewhat like hops. A tall shrub, often, when cultivated, +trimmed into a tree-like form. Wild, in rocky places, in southern New +York and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g14"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>14. PHELLODÉNDRON.</b></p> + +<p>Leaves opposite, odd-pinnate. Flowers diœcious; so only a portion of +the trees bear the small, odoriferous, 5-seeded, drupe-like fruit.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i075a"> + <a href="images/illus075a.png"> + <img src="images/illus075as.png" + width="100" height="136" + alt="P. Amurénse." + title="P. Amurénse." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Amurénse.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Phellodéndron Amurénse.</b> (<span class="smcap">Chinese Cork-Tree.</span>) Leaves opposite, +odd-pinnate, 1½ to 3 ft. long; leaflets 9 to many, lanceolate,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> sharply +serrate, long-acuminate. Flowers inconspicuous, diœcious, in +loose-spreading clusters at the ends of the branches. The pistillate +flowers form small, black, pea-shaped fruit, in loose, grape-like +clusters, thickly covered with glands containing a bitter, aromatic oil, +and remaining on the tree in winter. Medium-sized tree (20 to 40 ft.), +with Ailanthus-like leaves which turn bright red in autumn, and remain +long on the tree. Hardy as far north as central Massachusetts.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>X. MELIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Melia Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>Tropical trees, including the Mahogany; represented in the south by the +following:</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g15"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>15. MÈLIA.</b></p> + +<p>Trees with alternate, bipinnate leaves. The flowers are conspicuous and +beautiful, in large panicles, in the spring. Fruit in large clusters of +berry-like drupes, with a 5-celled stone.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i075b"> + <a href="images/illus075b.png"> + <img src="images/illus075bs.png" + width="100" height="126" + alt="M. Azédarach." + title="M. Azédarach." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">M. Azédarach.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Mèlia Azédarach, L.</b> (<span class="smcap">China-Tree. Pride of India.</span>) Leaves very large, +doubly pinnate, with many obliquely lance-ovate, acuminate, smooth, +serrate leaflets. Flowers small, lilac-colored, deliciously fragrant, in +large axillary clusters. Fruit globular, as large as cherries, yellow +when ripe in autumn; hanging on through the winter. A rather small (20 +to 40 ft. high), rapidly growing, round-headed, popular shade-tree in +the south, and hardy as far north as Virginia. Introduced from Persia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g16"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>16. CEDRÉLA.</b></p> + +<p>Leaves large, alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnate. Flowers with separate +petals, fragrant, white, in large clusters. Fruit 5-celled dehiscent +pods, with many pendulous, winged seeds.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i076a"> + <a href="images/illus076a.png"> + <img src="images/illus076as.png" + width="100" height="147" + alt="C. Sinénsis." + title="C. Sinénsis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Sinénsis.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Cedréla Sinénsis.</b> (<span class="smcap">Chinese Cedrela.</span>) Leaves large, odd-pinnate, +alternate, appearing much like those of the Ailanthus, but with slight +serrations near the tips of the leaflets, and no glands near the base. +Bruised leaves with a strong odor; footstalk and stout-tipped branches +with glands. Large tree, seemingly hardy in New Jersey, but dies to the +ground in winter in Massachusetts. Recently introduced from China.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XI. SIMARUBÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Quassia Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>Eastern trees and shrubs, here represented by a single tree:</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g17"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>17. AILÁNTHUS.</b></p> + +<p>Large trees to shrubs, with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves. Flowers +small, greenish, in large terminal panicles. Fruit broadly winged, like +the Ash, but with the seed in the center.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i076b"> + <a href="images/illus076b.png"> + <img src="images/illus076bs.png" + width="100" height="127" + alt="A. glandulòsus." + title="A. glandulòsus." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. glandulòsus.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Ailánthus glandulòsus</b>, Desf. (<span class="smcap">Tree of Heaven.</span>) Leaves very large, 2 to 5 +ft. long on the younger growths; leaflets obliquely lanceolate, coarsely +toothed at the base, with a gland on the lower side at the point of each +tooth; point of leaflets entire. Young twigs thick, rusty brown; buds +very small in the axils. Only some of the trees have fruit, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> some +have only staminate flowers. The staminate flowers are very ill-scented. +A rapid-growing tree, with useful hard wood; cultivated and naturalized; +hardy throughout. See <a href="#Page_10">page 10</a>.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XII. ILICÌNEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Holly Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A small order of trees and shrubs, including for our purpose only one +genus:</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g18"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>18. ÌLEX.</b></p> + +<p>Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, thick, mostly evergreen leaves. +Flowers rather inconspicuous, mostly in clusters. Fruit berry-like, +small (¼ to ½ in.), with 4 to 6 nutlets; hanging on the plants late in +the autumn or through the winter.</p> + + + +<table summary="Ilex key"> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Leaves evergreen. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Leaves with spiny teeth </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> No spiny teeth </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Leaves deciduous </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +</table> + + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i077a"> + <a href="images/illus077a.png"> + <img src="images/illus077as.png" + width="100" height="80" + alt="I. opàca." + title="I. opàca." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">I. opàca.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Ìlex opàca</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">American Holly.</span>) Leaves evergreen, oval, acute, +thick, smooth, with scattered spiny teeth. Flowers white; May. The +bright-red berries, found only on some of the trees, remain on through +the greater part of the winter. Small tree, 15 to 40 ft. high, with very +hard white wood; wild in southern New England and southward. A beautiful +broad-leaved, evergreen tree which should be more extensively +cultivated. North of latitude 41° it needs a protected situation.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i077b"> + <a href="images/illus077b.png"> + <img src="images/illus077bs.png" + width="100" height="130" + alt="I. Dahòon." + title="I. Dahòon." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">I. Dahòon.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Ìlex Dahòon</b>, Walt. (<span class="smcap">Dahoon Holly.</span>) Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, evergreen, +oblanceolate or oblong, entire or sharply serrate toward the apex, with +revolute margins, not spiny. Young branches and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> lower surface of the +leaves, especially on the midrib, pubescent. Small tree, 10 to 30 ft. +high; Virginia and south, with very hard, white, close-grained wood. +Rarely cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i078a"> + <a href="images/illus078a.png"> + <img src="images/illus078as.png" + width="100" height="91" + alt="I. montícola." + title="I. montícola." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">I. montícola.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Ìlex montícola</b>, Gray. Leaves deciduous, ovate to lance-oblong, 3 to 5 +in. long, taper-pointed, thin, smooth, sharply serrate. Fruit red, on +short stems, with the seeds many-ribbed on the back. Usually a shrub but +sometimes tree-like; damp woods in the Catskills and in the Alleghany +Mountains.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XIII. CELASTRÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p>Shrubs with simple leaves and small, regular flowers, forming a fruit +with ariled seeds.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g19"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>19. EUÓNYMUS.</b></p> + +<p>Shrubs somewhat tree-like, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite, serrate +leaves, and loose cymes of angular fruit which bursts open in the +autumn.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i078b"> + <a href="images/illus078b.png"> + <img src="images/illus078bs.png" + width="100" height="107" + alt="E. atropurpùreus." + title="E. atropurpùreus." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">E. atropurpùreus.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Euónymus atropurpùreus</b>, Jacq. (<span class="smcap">Burning-bush.</span> <span class="smcap">Wahoo.</span>) Leaves petioled, +oval-oblong, pointed; parts of the dark-purple flowers commonly in +fours; pods smooth, deeply lobed, when ripe, cinnamon in color and very +ornamental. Tall shrub, 6 to 20 ft. high; wild in Wisconsin to New York, +and southward; often cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i078c"> + <a href="images/illus078c.png"> + <img src="images/illus078cs.png" + width="100" height="93" + alt="E. Europæus." + title="E. Europæus." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">E. Europæus.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Euónymus Europæus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">European Spindle-tree or Burning-bush.</span>) Leaves +oblong-lanceolate, serrate, smooth; flowers and fruit commonly in threes +on compressed stems; fruit usually 4-lobed, the lobes acute; flowers +greenish-white; May; fruit abundant, scarlet, ripe in September.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> +Generally a shrub, though sometimes tall enough (4 to 20 ft.) and +trimmed so as to appear tree-like; twigs smooth, green or reddish-green. +Extensively cultivated; from Europe.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XIV. RHAMNÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p class="family">(<span class="smcap">Buckthorn Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>An order mainly of shrubs, but including in the north-eastern United +States two or three small trees.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g20"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>20. RHÁMNUS.</b></p> + +<p>Shrubs or small trees with deciduous (rarely evergreen), usually +alternate (rarely opposite), pinnately veined leaves. Flowers small, +4-parted, inconspicuous, in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Fruit +berry-like, with 2 to 4 seed-like nuts.</p> + + + +<table summary="Rhamnus key"> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Branches terminating in thorns</td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Plant without thorns. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Leaves deciduous</td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Leaves evergreen</td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i079a"> + <a href="images/illus079a.png"> + <img src="images/illus079as.png" + width="100" height="115" + alt="R. cathártica." + title="R. cathártica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">R. cathártica.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Rhámnus cathártica, L.</b> (<span class="smcap">Common Buckthorn.</span>) Leaves ovate, minutely +serrate, alternate or many of them opposite; branchlets terminating in +thorns. Flowers greenish. Fruit globular, 1/3 in. in diameter, black +with a green juice, and 3 or 4 seeds; ripe in September. A shrub or +small tree, 10 to 15 ft. high, from Europe; cultivated for hedges, and +found wild in a few places, where it forms a small tree.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i079b"> + <a href="images/illus079b.png"> + <img src="images/illus079bs.png" + width="100" height="128" + alt="R. Caroliniàna." + title="R. Caroliniàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">R. Caroliniàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. Rhámnus Caroliniàna, Walt. (<span class="smcap">Carolina Buckthorn.</span>) Leaves 3 to 5 in.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> +long, alternate, oblong, wavy and obscurely serrulate, nearly smooth, on +slender pubescent petioles. Flowers greenish, 5-parted, solitary or in +umbellate clusters in the axils. Fruit berry-like, globular, the size of +peas, 3-seeded, black when ripe in September. A thornless shrub or small +tree, 5 to 20 ft. high. New Jersey, south and west. Usually a shrub +except in the Southern States.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i080a"> + <a href="images/illus080a.png"> + <img src="images/illus080as.png" + width="100" height="98" + alt="R. Califòrnicus." + title="R. Califòrnicus." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">R. Califòrnicus.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Rhámnus Califòrnicus</b>, Esch. (<span class="smcap">California Buckthorn</span>.) Leaves evergreen, +oval-oblong to elliptical, 1 to 4 in. long, rather obtuse, sometimes +acute, generally rounded at base, serrulate or entire. Fruit blackish +purple, with thin pulp, ¼ in., 2- to 3-seeded. A spreading shrub, 5 to +18 ft. high, without thorns; from California.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g21"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>21. HOVÈNIA.</b></p> + +<p>Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, oblique at base. Fruit an obscurely +3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-seeded pod in dichotomous clusters, both axillary +and terminal.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i080b"> + <a href="images/illus080b.png"> + <img src="images/illus080bs.png" + width="100" height="95" + alt="H. dúlcis" + title="H. dúlcis" /> + </a> + <p class="caption">H. dúlcis</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Hovènia dúlcis</b>, Thunb. Leaves long-petioled, more or less ovate to +cordate, serrate, palmately 3-ribbed, much darker on the upper surface; +both sides slightly roughened with scattered hairs. Fruit sweet, edible, +in clusters in the axils of the leaves; seeds lens-shaped, with a ridge +on the inner side. Flowers white; in July. A large, broad-topped tree, +introduced from Japan. Hardy at Washington, but dies to the ground in +the Arnold Arboretum, Massachusetts.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g22"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>22. ZÌZYPHUS.</b></p> + +<p>Leaves simple, alternate, deciduous, 3-ribbed. Flowers axillary, +5-petaled. Fruit fleshy, drupe-like, containing a 1- to 2-celled nut.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i081"> + <a href="images/illus081.png"> + <img src="images/illus081s.png" + width="100" height="117" + alt="Z. vulgàris." + title="Z. vulgàris." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Z. vulgàris.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Zìzyphus vulgàris</b>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">Jujube</span>.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, +serrate, smooth, and glossy green on both sides, upper side<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> quite dark; +slightly hairy beneath on the veins; prickles twin, one recurved, +sometimes none. New growth of the year green, and resembling a +once-pinnate compound leaf and usually dropping off in the autumn like +one. Leaves 10 to 20 on a twig, 2-ranked; flowers and drupes nearly +sessile in the axils; fruit small (¼ in.), blood-red when ripe. A small +tree (10 to 30 ft. high), of recent introduction from Syria; hardy at +Philadelphia, but needing some protection at the Arnold Arboretum, +Massachusetts.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XV. SAPINDÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Soapberry Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A large order represented in all countries, and so varied in its +characteristics as to form several sub-orders.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g23"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>23. ÆSCULUS.</b></p> + +<p>Deciduous trees or sometimes shrubs, with opposite, palmately compound +leaves with serrated, straight-veined leaflets. Flowers usually +conspicuous in dense terminal panicles. Fruit large, leathery-coated, +often rough, with one or few large Chestnut-like but bitter seeds. Fruit +large in midsummer, hanging on the tree until frost.</p> + + +<table summary="aesculus key"> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Fruit prickly. (<b>A.</b>)</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Leaflets usually 7; flowers widely spreading </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Leaflets 5-7, red-spotted and rough; flowers rosy red </td><td class="right"><i>Æsculus rubicunda</i> (1).</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Leaflets usually 5; flowers not much spreading </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Fruit smooth or nearly so. (<b>B.</b>)</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>B.</b> Flowers bright red </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>B.</b> Flowers yellow, purplish or pinkish </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>B.</b> Flowers white, in long, slender, erect clusters </td><td class="right">5.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i082a"> + <a href="images/illus082a.png"> + <img src="images/illus082as.png" + width="100" height="136" + alt="Æ. Hippocástanum." + title="Æ. Hippocástanum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Æ. Hippocástanum.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Æsculus Hippocástanum.</b> (<span class="smcap">Common Horse-chestnut.</span>) Leaves of 7 obovate, +abruptly pointed, serrated leaflets. Flowers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> very showy in large +clusters, with 5 white, purple and yellow spotted, broadly spreading +petals. A variety with double flowers is in cultivation. May or June. +Fruit large, covered with prickles. Seeds large, chestnut-colored. Tree +of large size, with brown twigs; cultivated everywhere; from Asia.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i082b"> + <a href="images/illus082b.png"> + <img src="images/illus082bs.png" + width="100" height="122" + alt="Æ. rubicúnda." + title="Æ. rubicúnda." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Æ. rubicúnda.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Æsculus rubicunda</i> (Red-flowering Horse-chestnut) is frequent in +cultivation; leaflets 5 to 7, red-spotted and rough; flowers rosy red. +It is probably a hybrid between the common Horse-chestnut and one of the +Buckeyes.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i082c"> + <a href="images/illus082c.png"> + <img src="images/illus082cs.png" + width="100" height="126" + alt="Æ glàbra." + title="Æ glàbra." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Æ glàbra.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Æsculus glàbra</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Ohio Buckeye.</span>) Leaves with 5 oval-oblong, +acuminate, serrate, smooth leaflets. Flowers not showy, yellowish-white, +with 4 somewhat irregular, slightly spreading petals. June. Fruit small, +1 in. in diameter, covered with prickles, at least when young; ripe in +autumn. Small to large tree, wild in the basin of the Ohio River, along +river-banks. Sometimes cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i082d"> + <a href="images/illus082d.png"> + <img src="images/illus082ds.png" + width="100" height="84" + alt="Æ. Pàvia." + title="Æ. Pàvia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Æ. Pàvia.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Æsculus Pàvia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Red Buckeye.</span>) Leaves of 5 to 7 oblong-lanceolate, +finely serrate, generally smooth leaflets, of a shining green color, +with purple veins and petioles. Flowers (corolla and calyx) bright red, +with included stamens; corolla of 4 petals, not spreading; calyx +tubular. Fruit smooth, oblong-obovate, 1 in. long. Small tree or shrub, +10 to 20 ft. high, with purple twigs. Virginia west and south, and +occasionally cultivated throughout.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i083a"> + <a href="images/illus083a.png"> + <img src="images/illus083as.png" + width="100" height="107" + alt="Æ. flàva." + title="Æ. flàva." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Æ. flàva.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Æsculus flàva</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Sweet Buckeye.</span>) Leaves with 5 to 7 serrulate, +elliptical, acuminate leaflets, usually smooth, sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> minutely +pubescent beneath; the pubescent petiole flattish toward the base. +Flowers yellow, not spreading. Spring. Fruit globose, uneven but not +prickly, 2 in. in diameter. Seeds large (1 in.), 1 or 2 in number, +mahogany-colored; ripe in autumn. Often a large tree, sometimes only a +shrub, 6 to 70 ft. high, in rich woods; Virginia to Indiana, and +southward. Cultivated occasionally throughout.</p> + +<p>Var. <i>purpurascens</i> of this species has flesh-colored or dull-purple +flowers, and leaflets quite downy beneath.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i083b"> + <a href="images/illus083b.png"> + <img src="images/illus083bs.png" + width="100" height="152" + alt="Æ. macrostàchya." + title="Æ. macrostàchya." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Æ. macrostàchya.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. Æsculus macrostàchya, Mx. (<span class="smcap">Long-racemed Buckeye.</span>) Leaflets 5 to 7, +ovate, acuminate, serrate, velvety with hairs beneath. Flowers white, in +long, slender, erect clusters; July; petals 4, spreading; stamens very +long. A beautiful, widely spreading shrub. 5 to 18 ft. high; from the +Southern States; often cultivated. Probably hardy throughout.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g24"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>24. KŒLREUTÈRIA.</b></p> + +<p>A small tree with alternate, once to twice irregularly pinnate leaves +with many coarsely toothed leaflets. Flowers conspicuous, yellow, in +terminal panicles. In summer. Fruit rounded, bladdery, 3-celled, +few-seeded pods; ripe in autumn.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i083c"> + <a href="images/illus083c.png"> + <img src="images/illus083cs.png" + width="100" height="110" + alt="K. paniculàta." + title="K. paniculàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">K. paniculàta.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Kœlreutèria paniculàta</b>, Laxm. Leaflets thin and very irregularly +toothed. Clusters 6 to 12 in. long, of many irregular flowers, ½ in. +wide; through the summer. Fruit an ovate, bladdery capsule, ripening in +autumn. A fine, small, round-headed tree, 20 to 40 ft. high; from China. +Probably hardy throughout.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g25"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>25. ÀCER.</b></p> + +<p>Trees, or rarely shrubs, with simple, opposite, and almost always +palmately lobed leaves, which, in our species, are always deciduous. +Flowers small and usually dull-colored, in clusters. Fruit double-winged +and 2-seeded, in some species hanging on the tree till the leaves have +fallen; in others dropping off early in the spring. The species differ +much in the spreading of the wings of the fruit. Wood light-colored and +medium hard; bark rather smoothish, but in large trees with longitudinal +cracks.</p> + + +<table summary="Acer key"> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Leaves slightly or not lobed </td><td class="right">13.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Leaves about 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed); shrubs or small trees. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>A.</b> Leaves serrate </td><td class="right">1, 2.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>A.</b> Leaves somewhat sinuate, not at all serrate; juice milky. </td><td class="right">10.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Leaves 5-, rarely 3-lobed. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>B.</b> The lobes acute, irregularly but quite fully serrate; juice not milky. (<b>C.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>C.</b> The fruit in corymbs, dropping early; American species. (<b>D.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>D.</b> Leaf-notches somewhat rounded; tree large; limbs drooping on old trees </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>D.</b> Leaf-notches acute; tree small </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>C.</b> Fruit in hanging racemes, remaining on the tree till autumn; leaves thickish </td><td class="right">5.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>B.</b> The lobes acute; sparingly or not at all serrate. (<b>E.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"><b>E.</b> Juice not milky </td><td class="right">6.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"><b>E.</b> Juice milky at the bases of the leaves </td><td class="right">8, 9.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>B.</b> The lobes obtuse and sinuate </td><td class="right">10.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Leaves 5- to 7-lobed. (<b>F.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>F.</b> Lobes fully serrate </td><td class="right">11.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>F.</b> Lobes sparingly serrate. (<b>G.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>G.</b> Juice milky </td><td class="right">8, 9.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>G.</b> Juice not milky; leaves 8 to 10 in. broad </td><td class="right">7.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>F.</b> Lobes somewhat sinuate, not serrate; juice milky </td><td class="right">10.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Leaves with 7 or more lobes </td><td class="right">11, 12.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i085a"> + <a href="images/illus085a.png"> + <img src="images/illus085as.png" + width="100" height="117" + alt="À. spicàtum." + title="À. spicàtum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">À. spicàtum.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Àcer spicàtum</b>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">Mountain Maple.</span>) Leaves with 3 (rarely 5) +coarsely serrated, taper-pointed lobes, with slightly cordate base; +downy beneath. Flowers greenish-yellow, in erect,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> slender racemes or +panicles, blooming in June. Wings of the small fruit at about a right +angle. Small tree, 6 to 10 ft. high, or usually a shrub, with brown +twigs. Native; growing in moist woods; rarely cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i085b"> + <a href="images/illus085b.png"> + <img src="images/illus085bs.png" + width="100" height="100" + alt="À. Pennsylvánicum." + title="À. Pennsylvánicum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">À. Pennsylvánicum.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Àcer Pennsylvánicum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Striped Maple.</span>) Leaves large, thin, 3-lobed +at the end, cordate at base, finely and sharply doubly serrate. Flowers +greenish, in drooping, elongated, loose racemes appearing after the +leaves in spring. Fruit with large diverging wings. A small, slender +tree, with light green bark striped with dark red. Wild throughout and +cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i085c"> + <a href="images/illus085c.png"> + <img src="images/illus085cs.png" + width="100" height="133" + alt="À. dasycárpum." + title="À. dasycárpum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">À. dasycárpum.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Àcer dasycárpum</b>, Ehrh. (<span class="smcap">Silver or White Maple.</span>) Leaves large, +truncated at base, 5-lobed, with blunt notches, the lobes irregularly +serrated and notched, silvery white, and, when young, downy beneath. +Flowers light yellowish-purple, preceding the leaves, in crowded umbels +along the branches. Wings of fruit large and forming about a right +angle; ripe early in June. A rather large, rapidly growing, and usually +somewhat weeping tree, with soft white wood. Special cut-leaved and +weeping varieties are sold at the nurseries. Wild along river-banks, and +extensively cultivated in the streets of cities.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i085d"> + <a href="images/illus085d.png"> + <img src="images/illus085ds.png" + width="100" height="109" + alt="À. rùbrum." + title="À. rùbrum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">À. rùbrum.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Àcer rùbrum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Red Maple.</span>) Leaves cordate at base and cleft into 3 +to 5 acute-notched, irregularly toothed lobes, whitish beneath, turning +a bright crimson in early autumn. Flowers usually scarlet, rarely +yellowish, in close clusters along the branches, appearing before the +leaves in the spring.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> Fruit often reddish, small, with the wings at +about a right angle. A rather small, somewhat spreading tree with +reddish branches; wild in wet places and often cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i086a"> + <a href="images/illus086a.png"> + <img src="images/illus086as.png" + width="100" height="126" + alt="À. Pseudoplátanus." + title="À. Pseudoplátanus." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">À. Pseudoplátanus.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>Àcer Pseudoplátanus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sycamore-maple.</span>) Leaves thickish, cordate, +downy beneath, with 5 rather crenately toothed lobes, on long, often +reddish petioles. Flowers in long pendulous racemes, appearing after the +leaves. Fruit hanging on the tree till after the leaves fall in the +autumn, the wings forming about a right angle. A rather large, spreading +tree, 30 to 80 ft. high, with reddish-brown twigs. Cultivated; from +Europe. Many varieties of this species are sold by the nurserymen; among +them may be mentioned the Purple-leaved, Golden-leaved, Silver-leaved, +Tricolored, etc.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i086b"> + <a href="images/illus086b.png"> + <img src="images/illus086bs.png" + width="100" height="120" + alt="À. saccharìnum." + title="À. saccharìnum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">À. saccharìnum.</p> +</div> + +<p>6. <b>Àcer saccharìnum</b>, Wang. (<span class="smcap">Sugar or Rock Maple.</span>) Leaves deeply 3- to +5-lobed, with rounded notches; lobes acute, few-toothed; base +heart-shaped, smooth above, glaucous beneath. Flowers hanging in +umbel-like clusters at the time the leaves are expanding in the spring. +Fruit with wings not quite forming a right angle. A large (50 to 100 ft. +high), very symmetrical tree, ovate in form, with whitish-brown twigs. +Wild throughout, and extensively cultivated in the streets of cities.</p> + +<p>Var. <i>nigrum</i>, Torr. and Gray. (Black Sugar-maple.) Leaves scarcely +paler beneath, but often minutely downy; lobes wider, often shorter and +entire; notch at the base often closed (the under leaf in the figure). +Found with the other Sugar-maple, and quite variable.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i087a"> + <a href="images/illus087a.png"> + <img src="images/illus087as.png" + width="100" height="108" + alt="À. macrophýllum." + title="À. macrophýllum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">À. macrophýllum.</p> +</div> + +<p>7. <b>Àcer macrophýllum</b>, Ph. (<span class="smcap">Large-leaved or California Maple.</span>) Leaves +very large, 8 to 10 in. broad; 5-, sometimes 7-lobed, with deep, rounded +notches; lobes themselves somewhat 3-lobed and repand-notched; pubescent +beneath. Flowers yellow, in erect panicles, fragrant, blooming after the +leaves are expanded. Fruit large, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> the seeded portion hairy; wings +at about a right angle. Tree very large (100 ft. high); wood soft, +whitish, beautifully veined. Twigs brown; buds green. Cultivated; from +the Pacific coast, but not hardy north of 40° N. latitude.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i087b"> + <a href="images/illus087b.png"> + <img src="images/illus087bs.png" + width="100" height="132" + alt="À. platanoìdes." + title="À. platanoìdes." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">À. platanoìdes.</p> +</div> + +<p>8. <b>Àcer platanoìdes</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Norway Maple.</span>) Leaves large, smooth, 5-, rarely +7-cleft, with cordate base; lobes acute, with few coarse, sharp teeth, +bright green both sides. The leaves resemble those of the Sycamore +(Platanus). Flowers a little later than the leaves in spring, in stalked +corymbs, less drooping than the Sugar-maple (No. 6). Fruit with wings +diverging in a straight line. A medium-sized, broad, rounded tree with +brown twigs and milky juice, best seen at the bases of the young leaves. +Cultivated throughout.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i087c"> + <a href="images/illus087c.png"> + <img src="images/illus087cs.png" + width="100" height="132" + alt="À. Læ̀tum." + title="À. Læ̀tum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">À. Læ̀tum.</p> +</div> + +<p>9. <b>Àcer Læ̀tum.</b> (<span class="smcap">Colchicum-leaved Maple.</span>) Leaves 5- to 7-lobed, +scarcely heart-shaped at base, smooth and green on both sides; juice +milky; the lobes usually without any notches or irregularities, +sometimes with about three winding sinuations. Flowers in erect corymbs. +Differs from Acer platanoides in having the lobes of the leaves more +nearly entire, and the fruit much smaller with wings not so broadly +spreading.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i087d"> + <a href="images/illus087d.png"> + <img src="images/illus087ds.png" + width="100" height="98" + alt="À. campéstre." + title="À. campéstre." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">À. campéstre.</p> +</div> + +<p>10. <b>Àcer campéstre</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">English or Cork-bark Maple.</span>) Leaves cordate, +with usually 5 roundish lobes, sparingly crenate or rather undulated; +juice milky. Racemes of flowers erect, appearing after the leaves in +spring. Wings of the fruit<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> broadly spreading; fruit ripening very late. +A low (15 to 30 ft. high), round-headed tree, with the twigs and smaller +branches covered with corky bark. Occasionally cultivated; from Europe.</p> + +<p>Var. <i>variegatum</i> has white blotched leaves.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i088a"> + <a href="images/illus088a.png"> + <img src="images/illus088as.png" + width="100" height="112" + alt="À. palmàtum." + title="À. palmàtum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">À. palmàtum.</p> +</div> + +<p>11. <b>Àcer palmàtum</b>, Thunb. (<span class="smcap">Palmate-leaved Japan Maple.</span>) Leaves small, +smooth, palmately parted into 5 to 9 quite regularly serrated lobes. +Flowers in small umbels. A very low tree, almost a shrub; cultivated; +from Japan; probably hardy throughout. There are a great number of Japan +Maples, many of them probably varieties of this species, others hybrids. +The leaves of some are so divided and dissected as to form merely a +fringe or feather. In color they range from pure green to the richest +reds.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i088b"> + <a href="images/illus088b.png"> + <img src="images/illus088bs.png" + width="100" height="109" + alt="À. circinàtum." + title="À. circinàtum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">À. circinàtum.</p> +</div> + +<p>12. <b>Àcer circinàtum</b>, Pursh. (<span class="smcap">Round-leaved or Vine Maple.</span>) Leaves +orbicular, with 7 to 11 serrated, acute lobes, a heart-shaped base, +reddish-green color, and both surfaces smooth. Corymbs of purplish +flowers, small and hanging on long peduncles; appearing after the +leaves. Wings of the fruit diverging in a straight line. A small tree or +tall shrub, 10 to 30 ft. high, of spreading habit, with smooth bark, and +pale brown twigs; cultivated; from the Pacific coast of North America.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i088c"> + <a href="images/illus088c.png"> + <img src="images/illus088cs.png" + width="100" height="141" + alt="À. Tartáricum." + title="À. Tartáricum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">À. Tartáricum.</p> +</div> + +<p>13. <b>Àcer Tartáricum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Tartarian Maple.</span>) Leaves ovate, slightly +cordate, rarely lobed, serrated, light-colored, expanding very early in +the spring. Panicle of greenish-yellow flowers erect, blooming after the +leaves have expanded. Wings of the fruit parallel or sometimes touching. +A small tree, sometimes shrubby in growth, of irregular form, with brown +twigs; rarely cultivated; from Europe.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g26"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>26. NEGÚNDO.</b></p> + +<p>Leaves pinnate, of 3 to 5 leaflets. Flowers rather inconspicuous. Fruit +a two-winged key as in Acer, in drooping racemes.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i089"> + <a href="images/illus089.png"> + <img src="images/illus089s.png" + width="100" height="121" + alt="N. aceroìdes." + title="N. aceroìdes." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">N. aceroìdes.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Negúndo aceroìdes</b>, Moench. (<span class="smcap">Ash-leaved Maple. Box-elder.</span>) Leaves +pinnate, of 3 to 5 (rarely 7) coarsely and sparingly toothed leaflets. +Flowers staminate and pistillate on separate trees, in drooping clusters +rather earlier than the leaves. Fruit on only a portion of the trees; +wings forming less than a right angle. A rather small (30 to 60 ft. +high), rapidly growing tree, with light pea-green twigs; wild from +Pennsylvania and south, and cultivated throughout.</p> + +<p>Var. <i>Californicum</i>, Torr. and Gray (the under drawing in the figure), +has leaflets more deeply cut, thicker, and quite hairy; it is +occasionally cultivated.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XVI. ANACARDIÁCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p class="family">(<span class="smcap">Cashew Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>Trees and shrubs, mainly of the tropical regions, here represented by +only one genus:</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g27"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>27. RHÚS.</b></p> + +<p>Low trees or shrubs with acrid, often poisonous, usually milky juice, +and dotless, alternate, usually pinnately compound leaves. Flowers +greenish-white or yellowish, in large terminal panicles. Fruit small +(1/8 in.), indehiscent, dry drupes in large clusters, generally +remaining on through the autumn.</p> + + + +<table summary="Anacardiaceae key"> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Leaves simple, rounded, entire </td><td class="right">6, 7.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Leaves once-pinnate. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>A.</b> Twigs very hairy; rachis not winged; leaflets 11 to 31 </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>A.</b> Twigs downy; rachis wing-margined; leaflets entire or nearly so </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>A.</b> Twigs smooth. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>B.</b> Rachis of leaf broadly winged; leaflets serrate </td><td class="right">5.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>B.</b> Rachis not winged. (<b>C.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>C.</b> Leaflets 11 to 31, serrate; fruit hairy </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>C.</b> Leaflets 7 to 13, entire; fruit smooth; poisonous </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Leaves twice-pinnate; variety under </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i090a"> + <a href="images/illus090a.png"> + <img src="images/illus090as.png" + width="100" height="95" + alt="R. týphina." + title="R. týphina." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">R. týphina.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Rhús týphina</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Stag-horn Sumac.</span>) Leaflets 11 to 31, +oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate (rarely laciniate), pale beneath. +Branches and footstalks densely hairy. Fruit globular, in large, dense, +erect panicles, covered with crimson hairs. Shrub or tree, 10 to 30 ft. +high. It is very common along fences and on hillsides. The wood is +orange-colored and brittle.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i090b"> + <a href="images/illus090b.png"> + <img src="images/illus090bs.png" + width="100" height="124" + alt="R. glàbra." + title="R. glàbra." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">R. glàbra.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Rhús glàbra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Smooth Sumac.</span>) Leaflets 11 to 31, lanceolate-oblong, +pointed, serrate, smooth, glaucous white beneath. Branches not hairy. +Fruit globular, in a rather open, spreading cluster, covered densely +with crimson hairs. A shrubby plant, 2 to 12 ft. high, found quite +abundantly in rocky or barren soil throughout.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i090c"> + <a href="images/illus090c.png"> + <img src="images/illus090cs.png" + width="100" height="137" + alt="R. laciniàta." + title="R. laciniàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">R. laciniàta.</p> +</div> + +<p>Var. <i>laciniata</i> is frequently planted for ornament. It has very +irregularly twice-pinnate leaves drooping gracefully from the branches.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i090d"> + <a href="images/illus090d.png"> + <img src="images/illus090ds.png" + width="100" height="121" + alt="R. copallìna." + title="R. copallìna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">R. copallìna.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Rhús copallìna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Dwarf Mountain Sumac.</span>) Branches and stalks downy; +leafstalk wing-margined between the 9 to 21 oblong-lanceolate, usually +entire leaflets, which are oblique at base and smooth and shining above. +Wild in rocky hills throughout; often cultivated. North, a beautiful +shrub; south, a tree. 2 to 25 ft. high.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i091a"> + <a href="images/illus091a.png"> + <img src="images/illus091as.png" + width="100" height="133" + alt="R. venenàta." + title="R. venenàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">R. venenàta.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Rhús venenàta</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">Poison-sumac. Poison-dogwood. Poison-elder.</span>) +Leaflets 7 to 13, obovate-oblong, entire, abruptly pointed, smooth or +nearly so. Fruit small, globular, smooth, dun-colored, in loose +axillary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> panicles hanging on late in winter; the stone striate. This is +a very poisonous species (to the touch), 6 to 18 ft. high, growing in +swamps. Rarely at all tree-like.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i091b"> + <a href="images/illus091b.png"> + <img src="images/illus091bs.png" + width="100" height="134" + alt="R. Osbéckii." + title="R. Osbéckii." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">R. Osbéckii.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>Rhús Osbéckii</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">Chinese Sumac.</span>) Leaves very large, pinnate, +assuming in autumn a rich reddish-fawn or orange color; the leafstalk +broadly winged between the leaflets; leaflets serrate. A small +ornamental tree, 10 to 25 ft. high; cultivated; from China; quite hardy +in the Northern States.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i091c"> + <a href="images/illus091c.png"> + <img src="images/illus091cs.png" + width="100" height="79" + alt="R. Cótinus." + title="R. Cótinus." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">R. Cótinus.</p> +</div> + +<p>6. <b>Rhús Cótinus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Smoke-tree. Venetian Sumac.</span>) Leaves smooth, +obovate, entire, on slender petioles. Flowers greenish, minute, in +terminal or axillary panicles. Fruit seldom found. Usually most of the +flowers are abortive, while their pedicels lengthen, branch, and form +long feather-like hairs, making large cloud-like branches that look +somewhat like smoke (whence the name). A shrub or small tree, 6 to 10 +ft. high, often planted for ornament; from Europe.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i091d"> + <a href="images/illus091d.png"> + <img src="images/illus091ds.png" + width="100" height="127" + alt="R. cotinoìdes." + title="R. cotinoìdes." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">R. cotinoìdes.</p> +</div> + +<p>7. <b>Rhús cotinoìdes</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">American Smoke-tree.</span>) Leaves thin, oval, +obtuse, entire, acute at base, 3 to 6 in. long, smooth or nearly so. +Flowers and fruit like those of the cultivated species (Rhus Cotinus). A +tree 20 to 40 ft. high; stem sometimes a foot or more in diameter in the +Southern States; wild in Tennessee, west and south. Rare in +cultivation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XVII. LEGUMINOSÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Pulse Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A very large order of plants, mainly herbaceous; found in all climates. +A few are shrubby, and others are from small to large trees.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g28"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>28. LABÚRNUM.</b></p> + +<p>Low trees or shrubs with alternate, palmate leaves of three leaflets. +Flowers conspicuous, pea-blossom-shaped, in long hanging racemes, in +late spring. Fruit pea-pod-shaped, dark brown, and many-seeded; ripe in +autumn.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i092a"> + <a href="images/illus092a.png"> + <img src="images/illus092as.png" + width="100" height="146" + alt="L. vulgàre." + title="L. vulgàre." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">L. vulgàre.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Labúrnum vulgàre.</b> (<span class="smcap">Laburnum. Golden-chain. Bean-trefoil Tree.</span>) Leaves +petiolate, with 3 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, pubescent beneath. Flowers +bright yellow, nearly 1 in. long, in long (1 ft.), pendulous, simple +racemes; in late spring. Pods 2 in. long, linear, many-seeded, covered +with closely appressed pubescence; one edge thick; ripe in autumn. A +low, very ornamental tree, 10 to 20 ft. high, often cultivated; from +Switzerland. Varieties with reddish, purple, and white flowers are also +in cultivation.</p> + +<p>Var. <i>alpinus</i> has smooth pods.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g29"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>29. CARAGÀNA.</b></p> + +<p>Leaves alternate, deciduous, abruptly once-pinnate; leaflets mucronate; +stipules usually spinescent. Flowers pea-flower-shaped, mostly yellow. +Trees or shrubs of Asia.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i092b"> + <a href="images/illus092b.png"> + <img src="images/illus092bs.png" + width="100" height="85" + alt="C. arboréscens." + title="C. arboréscens." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. arboréscens.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Caragàna arboréscens</b>, Larn. (<span class="smcap">Pea-tree.</span>) Leaves with 4 to 6 pairs of +oval-oblong, mucronate-pointed, hairy leaflets; petioles unarmed; +stipules spinescent. Flowers yellow, blooming in May. Pods brown, ripe +in August. A low, stiff, erect tree, 10 to 15 ft. high; in poor soil a +bush. From Siberia; frequent in cultivation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g30"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>30. CLADRÁSTIS.</b></p> + +<p>Small tree with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves, the base of the petiole +hollow, and inclosing the leaf-buds of the next year. Flowers large, +pea-blossom-like in shape, in large clusters. Fruit pea-pod-like in +shape and size. Wood light yellow, firm and hard.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i093a"> + <a href="images/illus093a.png"> + <img src="images/illus093as.png" + width="100" height="153" + alt="C. tinctòria." + title="C. tinctòria." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. tinctòria.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Cladrástis tinctòria</b>, Raf. (<span class="smcap">Yellow-wood.</span>) Leaflets 7 to 11, oval to +ovate, 3 to 4 in. long, beautiful light green in color. Flowers 1 in. +long, white, not so fragrant as the common Locust, in hanging panicles +10 to 20 in. long; blooming in June. Pods 2 in. long, ripe in August. +Wild but rare in Kentucky and south. A beautiful tree, 20 to 50 ft. +high, with very smooth grayish bark; rarely cultivated.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g31"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>31. ROBÍNIA.</b></p> + +<p>Trees or shrubs with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves, having spines on +each side of the stalk in place of stipules. Leafstalk thickened near +the base, and covering 2 to 3 buds for the growth of a branch for the +next year. An axillary bud also found that may produce a branch the same +year as the leaf. Flowers large, pea-blossom-shaped, in large clusters. +Fruit a pea-shaped pod.</p> + + + +<table summary="Robinia key"> +<tr><td>* Branchlets and leafstalks not sticky </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td>* Branchlets and leafstalks sticky </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +</table> + + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i093b"> + <a href="images/illus093b.png"> + <img src="images/illus093bs.png" + width="100" height="118" + alt="R. Pseudacácia." + title="R. Pseudacácia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">R. Pseudacácia.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Robínia Pseudacácia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Locust.</span>) Leaflets 9 to 19, small, +oblong-ovate, entire, thin. Twigs purplish-brown, slender, smooth, not +sticky. Flowers white, fragrant, in hanging racemes, 3 to 6 in. long. +June. Pods flat, smooth, purplish-brown, ripe in September. An +irregu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>larly growing, slender tree, 70 to 80 ft. high, with white or +greenish-yellow, very durable wood, and on old trees very rough bark +with long, deep furrows. Native; Pennsylvania, west and south, and +extensively planted and naturalized throughout. A number of varieties, +some of which are thornless, are in cultivation.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i094a"> + <a href="images/illus094a.png"> + <img src="images/illus094as.png" + width="100" height="127" + alt="R. viscòsa." + title="R. viscòsa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">R. viscòsa.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Robínia viscòsa</b>, Vent. (<span class="smcap">Clammy Locust.</span>) Leaflets 11 to 25, +ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly heart-shaped at base, tipped with a +short bristle. Twigs and leafstalks sticky to the touch. Flowers in a +short, rather compact, upright raceme, rose-colored and inodorous. A +small tree, 30 to 40 ft. high; native south, and has been quite +extensively cultivated north.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Robínia híspida</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bristly Locust. Rose-acacia.</span>), with bristly +leafstalks and branchlets, and large rose-colored flowers, is only a +bush. Often cultivated. Wild from Virginia and south.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g32"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>32. CÉRCIS.</b></p> + +<p>Small trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple, heart-shaped leaves. +Flowers in umbel-like clusters along the branches, appearing before the +leaves, and shaped like pea-blossoms. Fruit pea-like pods, remaining on +the tree throughout the year. Wood hard, heavy, and beautifully blotched +or waved with black, green, and yellow, on a gray ground.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i094b"> + <a href="images/illus094b.png"> + <img src="images/illus094bs.png" + width="100" height="99" + alt="C. Canadénsis." + title="C. Canadénsis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Canadénsis.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Cércis Canadénsis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Judas-tree. Redbud.</span>) Leaves acutely pointed, +smooth, dark green, glossy. Flowers bright red-purple. Pods nearly +sessile, 3 to 4 in. long, brown when ripe in August. A small ornamental +tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, with smooth bark and hard apple-tree-like wood; +wild from Central New York southward, and often cultivated.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Cércis siliquástrum</b> (<span class="smcap">European Judas-tree.</span>), from Europe, with +obtusely pointed, somewhat kidney-shaped leaves, and white to purple +flowers, is sometimes cultivated. It is not so tall or tree-like as the +American species.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g33"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>33. GYMNÓCLADUS.</b></p> + +<p>Tall trees with alternate, very large (2 to 4 ft. long), unequally +twice-pinnate leaves. Flowers white, conspicuous, in racemes at the ends +of the branches. Fruit a large pea-like pod. Some trees are without +fruit through the abortion of the pistils.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i095a"> + <a href="images/illus095a.png"> + <img src="images/illus095as.png" + width="100" height="132" + alt="G. Canadénsis." + title="G. Canadénsis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">G. Canadénsis.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Gymnócladus Canadénsis</b>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">Kentucky Coffee-tree.</span>) Leaves 2 to 3 ft. +long, often with the lower pinnæ simple and the upper pinnate. Leaflets +ovate, of a dull bluish-green color. Shoots cane-like, blunt and stubby, +quite erect. Bark exceedingly rough. Pod large, 6 to 10 in. long, 2 in. +broad, with seeds over ½ in. across. A large (50 to 80 ft. high) tree +with compact, tough, reddish wood. Wild from western New York +southwestward, and occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g34"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>34. GLEDÍTSCHIA.</b></p> + +<p>Usually thorny trees with alternate, once to twice abruptly pinnate +leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish, in small spikes. Summer. Fruit +a small or large pea-like pod, with one to many seeds; ripe in autumn, +but often hanging on the trees through the winter.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i095b"> + <a href="images/illus095b.png"> + <img src="images/illus095bs.png" + width="100" height="93" + alt="G. triacánthos." + title="G. triacánthos." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">G. triacánthos.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Gledítschia triacánthos</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Honey-locust.</span>) Leaflets +lanceolate-oblong, somewhat serrate. Pods linear, 1 to 1½ ft. long, +often twisted, filled with sweet pulp between the seeds. A large, +handsome, clean tree, with usually many stout, much-branched thorns, +especially abundant on bruised portions of the trunk and large branches; +thorns compressed at base. Wild from Pennsylvania southward and +westward, and extensively cultivated throughout.</p> + +<p>A variety without thorns is frequently met with (var. <i>inermis</i>), also +one with drooping foliage (var. <i>Bujotii pendula</i>).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i096a"> + <a href="images/illus096a.png"> + <img src="images/illus096as.png" + width="100" height="125" + alt="G. aquática." + title="G. aquática." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">G. aquática.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Gledítschia aquática</b>, Marsh. (<span class="smcap">Water-locust.</span>) Leaflets ovate or +oblong. Pods oval, 1 to 4 in. long, 1- to few-seeded, without pulp. A +small tree with few slender, usually simple thorns; in swamps in +southern Illinois and south. Occasionally planted for ornament. This +species is quite similar to the preceding one, but the leaves are +somewhat smaller, the thorns, though occasionally branching, do not +branch so extensively, and the pod is very short and rounded.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i096b"> + <a href="images/illus096b.png"> + <img src="images/illus096bs.png" + width="100" height="121" + alt="G. sinénsis." + title="G. sinénsis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">G. sinénsis.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Gledítschia sinénsis</b>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">Chinese Honey-locust.</span>) A tree with +stouter and more conical thorns, broader and more oval leaflets. A +medium-sized or small tree, often cultivated. This species, like the +others, has a thornless variety.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g35"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>35. ALBÍZZIA.</b></p> + +<p>Trees or shrubs with abruptly pinnate leaves. Fruit a broad-linear +straight pod.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i096c"> + <a href="images/illus096c.png"> + <img src="images/illus096cs.png" + width="100" height="111" + alt="A. julibríssin." + title="A. julibríssin." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. julibríssin.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Albízzia julibríssin</b>, Boivin. (<span class="smcap">Silk-tree.</span>) Leaves twice abruptly +pinnate, of many (over 400) leaflets; leaflets semi-oblong, curved, +entire, acute, with the midrib near the upper edge. Flowers in globose +heads forming panicles. Fruit plain pods on short stems. A very +beautiful small tree, introduced from Japan; probably not hardy north of +Washington. The figure shows only one of the lowest and shortest side +divisions (pinnæ) of the leaf. The pinnæ increase in length and number +of leaflets to the end of the leaf.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XVIII. ROSACEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Rose Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A large and very useful order of trees, shrubs, and herbs of temperate +regions.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g36"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>36. PRÙNUS.</b></p> + +<p>Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, deciduous, usually serrate, +stipulate leaves, without lobes. The stems produce gum when injured. +Foliage and nuts have flavor of peach-leaves. Flowers conspicuous, +usually white, or light pink, often in clusters, peach-blossom-shaped; +in early spring. Fruit in size from pea to peach, a rounded drupe with +one stony-coated seed.</p> + + + +<table summary="Prunus key"> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Drupe large, soft velvety on the surface; stone rough (Peach, Apricot) </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Drupe medium, covered with a bloom; stone smooth, flattened (Plums). (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>A.</b> Usually thorny; wild, rarely cultivated. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>B.</b> Leaves acuminate </td><td class="right">2, 3.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>B.</b> Leaves not acuminate </td><td class="right">4, 5.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>A.</b> Not thorny; cultivated </td><td class="right">6.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Drupe medium to small, smooth, without bloom (Cherries). (<b>C.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>C.</b> Drupes clustered in umbels, ½-1 in. in diameter. (<b>D.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>D.</b> Small cultivated tree; drupe globose, rather large, very sour </td><td class="right">9.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>D.</b> Large cultivated tree; drupe large, somewhat pitted at the stem </td><td class="right">8.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>D.</b> Rather small, native tree; drupe small, flesh thin </td><td class="right">7.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>C.</b> Drupes clustered in racemes, 1/8 - 1/3 in. in diameter. (<b>E.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>E.</b> Tall shrubs rather than trees; racemes short </td><td class="right">11.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>E.</b> Trees; racemes quite elongated. (<b>F.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>F.</b> Stone of fruit somewhat roughened </td><td class="right">12.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>F.</b> Stone smooth </td><td class="right">10.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i097"> + <a href="images/illus097.png"> + <img src="images/illus097s.png" + width="100" height="103" + alt="P. Pérsica." + title="P. Pérsica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Pérsica.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Prùnus Pérsica</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Peach.</span>) Leaves lanceolate, serrate. +Flowers rose-colored, nearly sessile, very early in bloom. Fruit clothed +with velvety down, large; stone rough-wrinkled. A small tree, 15 to 30 +ft. high, cultivated in numberless varieties for its fruit. Var. <i>lævis</i> +(Nectarine) has smooth-skinned fruit.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i098a"> + <a href="images/illus098a.png"> + <img src="images/illus098as.png" + width="100" height="132" + alt="P. Americàna." + title="P. Americàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Americàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Prùnus Americàna</b>, Marsh. (<span class="smcap">Wild Yellow or Red Plum.</span>) Leaves ovate or +somewhat obovate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely or doubly serrate, +very veiny, smooth when mature. Fruit with little or no bloom, ½ to 1 +in. in diameter, yellow, orange, or red; skin tough and bitter. Stone +with two sharp edges. A small, thorny tree, 8 to 20 ft. high, common in +woodlands and on river-banks. Many improved varieties, some thornless, +are in cultivation. Wood reddish color.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i098b"> + <a href="images/illus098b.png"> + <img src="images/illus098bs.png" + width="100" height="89" + alt="P. Alleghaniénsis." + title="P. Alleghaniénsis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Alleghaniénsis.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Prùnus Alleghaniénsis</b>, Porter. (<span class="smcap">Alleghany Plum.</span>) Leaves lanceolate to +oblong-ovate, often long-acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, softly +pubescent when young, smooth when old; fruit globose-ovoid, under ½ in., +very dark purple, with a bloom; stone turgid, a shallow groove on one +side and a broad, flat ridge on the other. A low, straggling bush, +occasionally a tree, 3 to 15 ft. high. Mountains of Pennsylvania.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i098c"> + <a href="images/illus098c.png"> + <img src="images/illus098cs.png" + width="100" height="79" + alt="P. Chicàsa." + title="P. Chicàsa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Chicàsa.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Prùnus Chicàsa</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Chicasaw Plum.</span>) Leaves long, narrow, almost +lanceolate, acute, finely serrate, thin. Flowers on short stalks. Fruit +globular, ½ to 2/3 in. in diameter, thin-skinned, without bloom, +yellowish-red, pleasant to taste. Stone globular, without sharp edges. A +thorny shrub or small tree, 6 to 15 ft. high; wild in New Jersey, west +and south, and often cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i098d"> + <a href="images/illus098d.png"> + <img src="images/illus098ds.png" + width="100" height="100" + alt="P. spinòsa." + title="P. spinòsa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. spinòsa.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>Prùnus spinòsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sloe. Blackthorn. Bullace Plum.</span>) Leaves +obovate-oblong to lance-oblong, sharply serrate, soon smooth; leafstalk +smooth; fruit small, globular, black, with a bloom; the stone rounded, +acute at one edge; flesh greenish, astringent. A low tree with thorny +branches; it is becoming naturalized along roadsides and waste places; +from Europe. Var. <i>instititia</i> (Bullace Plum) is less thorny, and has +the leafstalk and lower side of the leaves pubescent.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i098e"> + <a href="images/illus098e.png"> + <img src="images/illus098es.png" + width="100" height="94" + alt="P. doméstica." + title="P. doméstica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. doméstica.</p> +</div> + +<p>6. <b>Prùnus doméstica</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Garden Plum.</span>) Leaves 1 to 3 in. long, +oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute to obtuse. Flowers white, nearly +solitary. Drupe globular, obovoid to ovoid, of many colors (black, +white, etc.), covered with a rich glaucous bloom. A small tree, 10 to 20 +ft. high, in cultivation everywhere for its fruit. Over a hundred +varieties are named in the catalogues.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i099a"> + <a href="images/illus099a.png"> + <img src="images/illus099as.png" + width="100" height="101" + alt="P. Pennsylvánica." + title="P. Pennsylvánica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Pennsylvánica.</p> +</div> + +<p>7. <b>Prùnus Pennsylvánica</b>, L. f. (<span class="smcap">Wild Red Cherry.</span>) Leaves +oblong-lanceolate, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, shining green, +smooth on both sides. Flowers many in an umbel on long stems. Fruit +round, light red, quite small, ¼ in. in diameter, sour. A small tree, 20 +to 30 ft. high, in rocky woods; common north and extending southward +along the Alleghanies to North Carolina.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i099b"> + <a href="images/illus099b.png"> + <img src="images/illus099bs.png" + width="100" height="127" + alt="P. àvium." + title="P. àvium." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. àvium.</p> +</div> + +<p>8. <b>Prùnus àvium</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Bird-cherry or English Cherry.</span>) Leaves +oval-lanceolate, sharp-pointed, coarsely or doubly serrate. Flowers in +sessile umbels, opening when the leaves appear. Fruit of various colors, +somewhat heart-shaped. This is the Cherry tree, 30 to 50 ft. high, of +which there are many named varieties usually cultivated for the fruit.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i099c"> + <a href="images/illus099c.png"> + <img src="images/illus099cs.png" + width="100" height="121" + alt="P. Cérasus." + title="P. Cérasus." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Cérasus.</p> +</div> + +<p>9. <b>Prùnus Cérasus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Garden Red Cherry. Morello Cherry.</span>) Leaves +obovate and lance-ovate, serrate, on slender spreading branches. Flowers +rather large. Fruit globular, bright red to dark purple, very sour; in +sessile umbels. A small, round-headed tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, often +cultivated. The preceding species and this one are the parents of most +of the Cherry trees in cultivation.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i100a"> + <a href="images/illus100a.png"> + <img src="images/illus100as.png" + width="100" height="102" + alt="P. serótina." + title="P. serótina." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. serótina.</p> +</div> + +<p>10. <b>Prùnus serótina</b>, Ehrh. (<span class="smcap">Wild Black Cherry.</span>) Leaves oblong or +lance-oblong, thickish, smooth, usually taper-pointed, serrate, with +incurved, short, thick teeth. Flowers in long racemes. June.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> Fruit as +large as peas, purple-black, bitter; ripe in autumn. A fine tree, 15 to +60 ft. high, with reddish-brown branches. Wood reddish and valuable for +cabinet-work. Common in woodlands and along fences.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i100b"> + <a href="images/illus100b.png"> + <img src="images/illus100bs.png" + width="100" height="100" + alt="P. Virginiàna." + title="P. Virginiàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Virginiàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>11. <b>Prùnus Virginiàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Choke-cherry.</span>) Leaves thin, oval-oblong or +obovate, abruptly pointed, very sharply, often doubly serrate, with +slender teeth. Racemes of flowers and fruit short and close. Fruit dark +crimson, stone smooth. Flowers in May; fruit ripe in August; not edible +till fully ripe. A tall shrub, sometimes a tree, with grayish bark. +River-banks, common especially northward.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i100c"> + <a href="images/illus100c.png"> + <img src="images/illus100cs.png" + width="100" height="94" + alt="P. Pàdus." + title="P. Pàdus." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Pàdus.</p> +</div> + +<p>12. <b>Prùnus Pàdus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Small Bird-cherry.</span>) Like Prunus Virginiana, +excepting that the racemes are longer and drooping, and the stone is +roughened. Occasionally planted for ornament.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g37"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>37. PỲRUS.</b></p> + +<p>Trees and shrubs, with alternate, stipulate, simple, or pinnately +compound leaves. Flowers conspicuous, white to pink, +apple-blossom-shaped (5 petals); in spring. Fruit a fleshy pome, with +the cells formed by papery or cartilaginous membranes within juicy +flesh.</p> + + + +<table summary="Pyrus key"> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Leaves deeply pinnatifid or fully pinnate (Mountain Ashes) (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>A.</b> Leaf deeply pinnatifid, sometimes fully divided at the base. </td><td class="right">6.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>A.</b> Leaf once-pinnate throughout. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>B.</b> Leaf-buds pointed, smooth and somewhat glutinous </td><td class="right">7.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>B.</b> Leaf-buds more or less hairy </td><td class="right">8, 9.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Leaves simple and not pinnatifid. (<b>C.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>C.</b> Leaves entire; fruit solitary (Quinces) </td><td class="right">5.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>C.</b> Leaves serrate; fruit clustered. (<b>D.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>D.</b> Fruit large, sunken at both ends (Apples) </td><td class="right">1.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>D.</b> Fruit small (½-1 in.), sour, much sunken at the stem end and but little at the other (Crab-apples). (<b>E.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>E.</b> Leaves very narrow; fruit ½ in. </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>E.</b> Leaves broad; fruit 1 in. </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>D.</b> Fruit usually obovate, not sunken at the stem end (Pears). </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i101a"> + <a href="images/illus101a.png"> + <img src="images/illus101as.png" + width="100" height="147" + alt="P. Màlus." + title="P. Màlus." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Màlus.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Pỳrus Màlus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Apple-tree.</span>) Leaves simple, ovate, evenly +crenate or serrate, smooth on the upper surface and woolly on the lower. +Flowers large (1 in.), white, tinged with pink, in small corymbs. May. +Fruit large, sunken at both ends, especially at base; ripe from August +to October, according to variety. A flat-topped tree, 20 to 40 ft. high, +cultivated in hundreds of named varieties; from Europe.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i101b"> + <a href="images/illus101b.png"> + <img src="images/illus101bs.png" + width="100" height="156" + alt="P. angustifòlia." + title="P. angustifòlia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. angustifòlia.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Pỳrus angustifòlia</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Narrow-leaved Crab-apple.</span>) Leaves +simple, lanceolate or oblong, often acute at base, mostly serrate, +smooth. Flowers large (2/3 in.), rose-colored, fragrant, in small, +simple, umbel-like clusters. Fruit very sour, small (½ in.). Twigs +lead-colored and speckled. A small tree, 12 to 20 ft. high. Pennsylvania +and southward.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i101c"> + <a href="images/illus101c.png"> + <img src="images/illus101cs.png" + width="100" height="115" + alt="P. coronària." + title="P. coronària." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. coronària.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Pỳrus coronària</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">American or Garland Crab-apple.</span>) Leaves +simple, ovate, often rather heart-shaped, cut-serrate, often 3-lobed, +soon smooth. Flowers large (¾ in.), few, in a cluster, rose-colored, +very fragrant. Fruit very sour and astringent, flattened, broad, 1 in. +or more in diameter, yellowish green. Small tree, 10 to 25 ft. high; New +York, west and south, also frequently cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i102a"> + <a href="images/illus102a.png"> + <img src="images/illus102as.png" + width="100" height="108" + alt="P. commùnis." + title="P. commùnis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. commùnis.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Pỳrus commùnis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Pear-tree.</span>) Leaves simple, ovate, +serrate, smooth on both sides, at least when mature. Flowers large (over +1 in.), white, with purple anthers. April and May.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> Fruit large, usually +obovate and mainly sunken at the large end; ripe July to October, +according to the variety. A pyramidal-shaped tree, 30 to 70 ft. high, +with smooth bark and often somewhat thorny branches. Of several hundred +named varieties, native to Europe. Cultivated for its fruit. Wood +slightly tinged with red; strong, and of fine grain.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i102b"> + <a href="images/illus102b.png"> + <img src="images/illus102bs.png" + width="100" height="100" + alt="P. vulgàris." + title="P. vulgàris." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. vulgàris.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>Pỳrus vulgàris.</b> (<span class="smcap">Quince. Common Quince-tree.</span>) Leaves ovate, obtuse +at base, entire, hairy beneath. Flowers solitary, large, 1 in., white or +pale rose-color. Fruit large, hard, orange-yellow, of peculiar sour +flavor; seeds mucilaginous; ripens in October. A low tree, 10 to 20 ft. +high, with a crooked stem and rambling branches; from Europe. Several +varieties in cultivation.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i102c"> + <a href="images/illus102c.png"> + <img src="images/illus102cs.png" + width="100" height="114" + alt="P. pinnatífida." + title="P. pinnatífida." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. pinnatífida.</p> +</div> + +<p>6. <b>Pỳrus pinnatífida</b>, Ehrh. (<span class="smcap">Oak-leaved Mountain-ash.</span>) Leaves +pinnately cleft and often fully pinnate at base, hairy beneath. Pome +globose, ¼ in., scarlet, ripe in autumn. A cultivated tree, 20 to 30 ft. +high; from Europe.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i102d"> + <a href="images/illus102d.png"> + <img src="images/illus102ds.png" + width="100" height="95" + alt="P. Americàna." + title="P. Americàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Americàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>7. <b>Pỳrus Americàna</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">American Mountain-ash.</span>) Leaflets 13 to 15, +lanceolate, bright green, nearly smooth, taper-pointed, sharply serrate +with pointed teeth. Leaf-buds pointed, glabrous and somewhat glutinous. +Flowers white, 1/3 in., in large, flat, compound cymes. In June. Fruit +berry-like pomes, the size of small peas, bright scarlet when ripe in +September, and hanging on the tree till winter. A tall shrub or tree, 15 +to 30 ft. high, in swamps and mountain woods; more abundant northward. +Often cultivated for the showy clusters of berries in autumn.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i103a"> + <a href="images/illus103a.png"> + <img src="images/illus103as.png" + width="100" height="94" + alt="P. sambucifòlia." + title="P. sambucifòlia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. sambucifòlia.</p> +</div> + +<p>8. <b>Pỳrus sambucifòlia</b>, Cham. & Schlecht. (<span class="smcap">Elder-leaved Mountain-ash.</span>) +Leaflets oblong, oval or lance-ovate, obtuse<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> (sometimes abruptly +sharp-pointed), usually doubly serrate with rather spreading teeth, +generally pale beneath. Leaf-buds somewhat hairy. Flowers and berries +larger, but in smaller clusters, than the preceding species. The berries +globose when ripe, 1/3 in. broad, bright red. This species, much like +Pyrus Americana, is found wild in northern New England and westward.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i103c"> + <a href="images/illus103c.png"> + <img src="images/illus103cs.png" + width="100" height="94" + alt="P. aucupària." + title="P. aucupària." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. aucupària.</p> +</div> + +<p>9. <b>Pỳrus aucupària</b>, Gaertn. (<span class="smcap">European Mountain-ash, or Rowan-tree.</span>) +Much like Pyrus Americana, but the leaflets are paler and more obtuse, +with their lower surface downy. Leaf-buds blunter and densely covered +with hairs. Flowers larger, ½ in. or more in diameter. Fruit also much +larger, sometimes nearly ½ in. in diameter. Beautiful tree, 20 to 30 ft. +high, often cultivated.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g38"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>38. CRATÆ̀GUS.</b></p> + +<p>Thorny shrubs or small trees with simple, alternate, serrate, doubly +serrate or lobed leaves. Flowers cherry-like blossoms, usually white in +color and growing in corymbs, generally on the ends of side shoots; in +spring. Fruit a berry or drupe with 1 to 5 bony stones, tipped with the +5 persistent calyx-teeth; ripe in autumn.</p> + + + +<table summary="Crataegus key"> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Calyx, stipules, bracts, etc., often glandular. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>A.</b> Flowers and fruit often over 6 in a cluster. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>B.</b> Leaves usually abrupt at base </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>B.</b> Leaves usually attenuate at base </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>A.</b> Flowers and fruit few, 1 to 6 in a cluster </td><td class="right">10.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Calyx, etc., without glands (No. 4 has glandular teeth to the calyx); flowers many in a cluster. (<b>C.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>C.</b> Leaves more or less tapering at base. (<b>D.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>D.</b> Leaves generally lobed; cultivated, rarely escaped </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>D.</b> Leaves rarely lobed; native. (<b>E.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>E.</b> Leaves small, shining, crenate at the end </td><td class="right">5.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>E.</b> Leaves villous or pubescent, at least when young </td><td class="right">9.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>E.</b> Leaves smooth or only downy at the axils, acutely serrate. South </td><td class="right">7.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>C.</b> Leaves usually abrupt at base, sometimes cordate. (<b>F.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>F.</b> Leaves downy when young. (<b>G.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>G.</b> Leaves usually lobed </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>G.</b> Leaves rarely lobed; veins very prominent </td><td class="right">8.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>F.</b> Leaves quite smooth </td><td class="right">6.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i104a"> + <a href="images/illus104a.png"> + <img src="images/illus104as.png" + width="100" height="98" + alt="C. coccínea." + title="C. coccínea." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. coccínea.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Cratæ̀gus coccínea</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Scarlet-fruited Thorn.</span>) Leaves bright +green, smooth, thin, roundish-ovate, sharply cut-toothed or lobed, on +slender petioles. Branches reddish, villous-pubescent; spines stout, +chestnut-brown. Flowers large, ½ to 2/3 in., many in a corymb, on +glandular peduncles. May to June. Fruit scarlet, round or pear-shaped, ½ +in.; ripe in September, with from 1 to 5 cells and seeds. Tall shrub or +low tree, 10 to 25 ft. high, in hedges and woods; common from Canada to +Florida.</p> + +<p>Var. <i>mollis</i> has the shoots densely pubescent; leaves large, +slender-petioled, cuneate, cordate or truncate at base, usually with +acute narrow lobes, often rough above, and more or less densely +pubescent beneath. Flowers large, 1 in.; fruit light scarlet with a +light bloom, 1 in. broad.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i104b"> + <a href="images/illus104b.png"> + <img src="images/illus104bs.png" + width="100" height="113" + alt="C. Crus-gálli." + title="C. Crus-gálli." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Crus-gálli.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Cratæ̀gus Crus-gálli</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cockspur Thorn.</span>) Leaves smooth, thick, +shining above, wedge-obovate, finely serrate above the middle, with a +short petiole. There are broad and narrow-leaved varieties. Flowers +large and numerous, in lateral corymbs. May to June. Fruit globular, 1/3 +in. broad, dull red; ripe in September and October. A small tree with a +flat, bushy head, horizontal branches, and long, sharp thorns. Wild and +common throughout, and often planted.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i104c"> + <a href="images/illus104c.png"> + <img src="images/illus104cs.png" + width="100" height="150" + alt="C. oxyacántha." + title="C. oxyacántha." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. oxyacántha.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Cratæ̀gus oxyacántha.</b> (<span class="smcap">English Hawthorn.</span>) Leaves obovate, smooth, +wedge-shaped at base, cut-lobed and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> toothed above. No glands. Flowers +medium-sized, ½ in., single or double, white, rose, or pink-red, +numerous in corymbs. In spring. Fruit coral-red, 1/3 in.; ripe in +autumn. A small tree or shrub, fine for lawn; from Europe; also escaped +in some places.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i105a"> + <a href="images/illus105a.png"> + <img src="images/illus105as.png" + width="100" height="92" + alt="C. apiifólia." + title="C. apiifólia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. apiifólia.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Cratæ̀gus apiifólia</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Parsley-leaved Thorn.</span>) Leaves small, +ovate, with a broad truncate or heart-shaped base, pinnatifid into 5 to +7 crowded, irregularly toothed lobes; white and soft-downy when young, +smoothish when grown; petioles slender. Flowers medium-sized, ½ in., +many in a corymb, white. May to June. Fruit small, 1/3 in., coral-red, +ripe in autumn. A handsome, low (10 to 20 ft. high), spreading tree, +with flexible branches and white-downy twigs. Virginia and south, in +moist woods.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i105b"> + <a href="images/illus105b.png"> + <img src="images/illus105bs.png" + width="100" height="98" + alt="C. spathulàta." + title="C. spathulàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. spathulàta.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>Cratæ̀gus spathulàta</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Spatulate-leaved Thorn.</span>) Leaves +almost evergreen, thick, shining, spatulate, crenate toward the apex and +nearly sessile, those on the young downy branches somewhat cut or lobed. +Flowers small, ½ in., in large clusters. May. Fruit small, ¼ in., bright +red; ripe in October. A small tree, 12 to 25 ft. high; Virginia and +south.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i105c"> + <a href="images/illus105c.png"> + <img src="images/illus105cs.png" + width="100" height="98" + alt="C. cordàta." + title="C. cordàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. cordàta.</p> +</div> + +<p>6. <b>Cratæ̀gus cordàta</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Washington Thorn.</span>) Leaves broadly +triangular-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped, thin, deep shining green, +smooth, often 3- to 5-lobed and serrate, on slender petioles. Flowers +small, 2/5 in., many in terminal corymbs, white. May, June. Fruit +scarlet, about the size of peas; ripe in September. A compact, +close-headed, small tree, 15 to 25 ft. high, with many slender thorns. +Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. Sometimes planted in the North for +hedges.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i105d"> + <a href="images/illus105d.png"> + <img src="images/illus105ds.png" + width="100" height="123" + alt="C. víridis." + title="C. víridis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. víridis.</p> +</div> + +<p>7. <b>Cratæ̀gus víridis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Tall Hawthorn.</span>) Leaves ovate to +ovate-oblong,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> or lanceolate, or oblong-obovate, mostly acute at both +ends, on slender petioles; acutely serrate, often somewhat lobed and +often downy in the axils. Flowers numerous, in large clusters. Fruit +bright red, or orange, ovoid, small, ¼ in. broad. A small tree, 20 to 30 +ft. high, with few large thorns or without thorns. Southern Illinois and +Missouri, along the Mississippi and in the Southern States.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i106a"> + <a href="images/illus106a.png"> + <img src="images/illus106as.png" + width="100" height="128" + alt="C. tomentòsa." + title="C. tomentòsa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. tomentòsa.</p> +</div> + +<p>8. <b>Cratægus tomentòsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Black or Pear Hawthorn.</span>) Leaves +downy-pubescent on the lower side (at least when young), thickish, +rather large, oval or ovate-oblong, sharply toothed and often cut-lobed +below, abruptly narrowed into a margined petiole, the upper surface +impressed along the main veins or ribs. Branches gray. Flowers +ill-scented, many in a corymb. Fruit ½ in. long, obovate to globose, +dull red. Shrub or tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, wild in western New York, +west and south.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i106b"> + <a href="images/illus106b.png"> + <img src="images/illus106bs.png" + width="100" height="83" + alt="C. punctàta." + title="C. punctàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. punctàta.</p> +</div> + +<p>9. <b>Cratæ̀gus punctàta.</b> (<span class="smcap">Dotted-fruited Hawthorn.</span>) Leaves rather small, +mostly wedge-obovate, attenuate and entire below, unequally toothed +above, rarely lobed, villous-pubescent, becoming smooth but dull, the +veins prominent beneath and impressed above. Fruit globose, large, 1 in. +broad, red to bright yellow; peduncles not glandular. Shrub to tree, 10 +to 20 ft. high, with horizontal branches; Canada to Georgia.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i106c"> + <a href="images/illus106c.png"> + <img src="images/illus106cs.png" + width="100" height="127" + alt="C. flàva." + title="C. flàva." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. flàva.</p> +</div> + +<p>10. <b>Cratæ̀gus flàva</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Yellow or Summer Haw.</span>) Leaves small, +wedge-obovate, unequally toothed and cut above the middle; on short +petioles; the teeth, stipules and petioles glandular. Flowers mostly +solitary, white, large (¾ in). May. Fruit usually pear-shaped, quite +large (¾ in. long), yellow or greenish-yellow, sometimes tinged or +spotted with red, pleasant-flavored. Ripe in autumn. A low spreading +tree, 15 to 20 ft. high. Virginia, south and west, in sandy soil.</p> + +<p>Var. <i>pubescens</i> is downy-or villous-pubescent when young, and has +thicker leaves and larger and redder fruit.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g39"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>39. AMELÁNCHIER.</b></p> + +<p>Small trees or shrubs with simple, deciduous, alternate, sharply serrate +leaves; cherry-blossom-like, white flowers, in racemes at the end of the +branches, before the leaves are fully expanded. Fruit a small apple-like +pome; seeds 10 or less, in separate cartilaginous-coated cells.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i107a"> + <a href="images/illus107a.png"> + <img src="images/illus107as.png" + width="100" height="97" + alt="A. Canadénsis." + title="A. Canadénsis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. Canadénsis.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Amelánchier Canadénsis</b>, Torr. & Gray. (<span class="smcap">Shad-bush. Service-berry.</span>) A very +variable species with many named varieties. The leaves, 1 to 3½ in. +long, vary from narrow-oblong to roundish or cordate; bracts and +stipules silky-ciliate. Flowers large, in drooping racemes, in early +spring, with petals from 2 to 5 times as long as wide. Fruit globular, ½ +in. broad, purplish, sweet, edible; ripe in June. It varies from a low +shrub to a middle-sized tree, 5 to 30 ft. high.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XIX. HAMAMELÍDEÆ.</b></p> + +<p class="family">(<span class="smcap">Witch-Hazel Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A small family of trees and shrubs represented in most countries.</p> + +<p class="genus" id="g40"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>40. HAMAMÈLIS.</b></p> + +<p>Tall shrubs, rarely tree-like, with alternate, straight-veined, +2-ranked, oval, wavy-margined leaves. Flowers conspicuous, yellow, +4-parted; blooming in the autumn while the leaves are dropping, and +continuing in bloom through part of the winter. Fruit rounded capsules +which do not ripen till the next summer.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i107b"> + <a href="images/illus107b.png"> + <img src="images/illus107bs.png" + width="100" height="93" + alt="H. Virginiána." + title="H. Virginiána." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">H. Virginiána.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Hamamèlis Virginiána</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Witch-hazel.</span>) The only species; 10 to 30 ft. +high; rarely grows with a single trunk, but usually forms a slender, +crooked-branched shrub. Flowers sessile, in small clusters of 3 to 4, in +an involucre in the axils of the leaves.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g41"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>41. LIQUIDÁMBAR.</b></p> + +<p>Trees with alternate, simple, palmately cleft leaves. Flowers +inconspicuous; in spring. Fruit a large (1 in.), globular, long-stalked, +dry, open, rough catkin, hanging on the tree through the winter.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i108a"> + <a href="images/illus108a.png"> + <img src="images/illus108as.png" + width="100" height="133" + alt="L. Styracíflua." + title="L. Styracíflua." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">L. Styracíflua.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Liquidámbar Styracíflua</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sweet Gum. Bilsted.</span>) Leaves rounded, deeply +5- to 7-cleft, star-shaped, dark green, smooth and shining, +glandular-serrate. Twigs often covered with corky ridges. A large, +beautiful tree, 30 to 70 ft. high, with deeply furrowed bark. +Connecticut, west and south; abundant south of 40° N. Lat. Well worthy +of more extensive cultivation than it has yet received.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XX. LYTHRÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p class="family">(<span class="smcap">Loosestrife Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A small order of shrubs, herbs, or trees; mainly tropical.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g42"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>42. PÙNICA.</b></p> + +<p>Leaves simple, usually opposite, deciduous; flowers scarlet, with 5 +petals and numerous stamens; fruit a many-seeded berry.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i108b"> + <a href="images/illus108b.png"> + <img src="images/illus108bs.png" + width="100" height="122" + alt="P. granàtum." + title="P. granàtum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. granàtum.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Pùnica granàtum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Pomegranate-tree.</span>) Leaves opposite, lanceolate, +smooth, entire; flowers large, both calyx and corolla scarlet and very +ornamental; the fruit as large as an orange, fine-flavored. A +tree-shaped plant, growing to the height of 20 ft. in the Southern +States. If given some protection, it can be grown as far north as +Washington. It has been cultivated from the earliest times, and is +probably a native of western Asia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g43"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>43. LAGERSTRŒ̀MIA.</b></p> + +<p>Flowers with 6 long-clawed petals inserted on the broadly spreading +calyx; fruit 3- to 6-celled pods with many winged seeds.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i109a"> + <a href="images/illus109a.png"> + <img src="images/illus109as.png" + width="100" height="130" + alt="L. Índica." + title="L. Índica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">L. Índica.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Lagerstrœ̀mia Índica</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Crape-myrtle.</span>) Leaves roundish-ovate, +thick, smooth, short-petiolate; branches winged; flowers in terminal +clusters with large, delicately crisped, long-stemmed petals of pink, +purple, and other colors. A beautiful small tree, or usually a shrub, +from India; often cultivated in the North in conservatories; hardy as +far north as Washington.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXI. ARALIÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Ginseng Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A small order of herbs, shrubs, and trees, here represented by the +following genus:</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g44"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>44. ARÀLIA.</b></p> + +<p>Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with pinnately or palmately compound leaves; +here including Acanthopanax with palmately cleft leaves. Flowers whitish +or greenish, in umbels, often forming large panicles. Fruit small, +berry-like, several-celled, several-seeded.</p> + + +<table summary="Aralia key"> +<tr><td>* Leaves 2 to 3 times odd-pinnate (Aralia proper) </td><td class="right">1, 2.</td></tr> +<tr><td>* Leaves simple, palmately cleft (Acanthopanax) </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i109b"> + <a href="images/illus109b.png"> + <img src="images/illus109bs.png" + width="100" height="137" + alt="A. spinòsa." + title="A. spinòsa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. spinòsa.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Aràlia spinòsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Angelica-tree. Hercules'-Club.</span>) Leaves large, +crowded at the summit of the stem,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> twice or sometimes thrice +odd-pinnate, usually prickly, with sessile, ovate, acuminate, deeply +serrate leaflets, glaucous beneath. Large panicles of small whitish +flowers in umbels, with involucres of few leaves. Berry small, ¼ in., +5-ribbed, crowned with the remains of the calyx. A tree-like plant, 8 to +12 ft. high, or in the Gulf States 30 ft. high, with the stem covered +with numerous prickles. Usually dies to the ground after flowering. Wild +in damp woods, Pennsylvania and south, and cultivated in the North.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i110a"> + <a href="images/illus110a.png"> + <img src="images/illus110as.png" + width="100" height="132" + alt="A. Chinénsis." + title="A. Chinénsis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. Chinénsis.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Aràlia Chinénsis.</b> Leaves more or less fully twice-pinnate; leaflets +ovate-oblong, oblique at base, acuminate, sharply serrate, hairy. +Flowers and fruit in large, branching, hairy panicles; thorns few, +straight. A small tree, 10 to 15 ft. high; occasionally cultivated; from +China.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i110b"> + <a href="images/illus110b.png"> + <img src="images/illus110bs.png" + width="100" height="136" + alt="A. Maximowíczii." + title="A. Maximowíczii." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. Maximowíczii.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Aràlia (Acanthópanax) Maximowíczii.</b> Leaves long-petioled, simple, +thick, palmately cleft, with 7 serrate lobes; old leaves smooth, the +young with woolly bases. Panicles of flowers and fruit terminal; the +berries striated. Tree-trunk usually quite prickly. This species is said +to grow 50 ft. high in Japan. It has been recently introduced, and +proves perfectly hardy in Massachusetts.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXII. CORNÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Dogwood Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A small order of shrubs and trees (rarely herbs) of temperate regions.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g45"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>45. CÓRNUS.</b></p> + +<p>Small trees or shrubs (one species an herb) with simple, entire, +curved-veined, and (except in one species) op<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>posite leaves. The curved +parallel ribs of the leaves in all the species are quite peculiar and +readily recognized. Flowers small, of 4 petals, in some species rendered +very conspicuous by large bracts. Fruit small, usually bright-colored +drupes in clusters; ripe from August to October. There are but 3 species +that grow at all tree-like.</p> + + + +<table summary="Cornus key"> +<tr><td colspan="3">* Leaves opposite. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>A.</b> Fruit in close head-like clusters, red when ripe </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>A.</b> Fruit in open clusters. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>B.</b> Branches bright red; fruit white </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>B.</b> Branches brownish; fruit bright red </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3">* Leaves alternate; fruit blue </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i111a"> + <a href="images/illus111a.png"> + <img src="images/illus111as.png" + width="100" height="110" + alt="C. flórida." + title="C. flórida." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. flórida.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Córnus flórida</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Flowering Dogwood.</span>) Leaves ovate, pointed, +acutish at base. Flowers in a head surrounded by 4 white bracts, making +the whole cluster look like a single large flower 3 in. broad. Abundant +in May and June. Fruit a small, bright red drupe with a single 2-seeded +nut. Ripe in August. A large shrub or low tree 15 to 40 ft. high, with +broad, roundish head. Common on high ground throughout, and one of the +finest small trees in cultivation. A variety with the bracts quite red +is also cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i111b"> + <a href="images/illus111b.png"> + <img src="images/illus111bs.png" + width="100" height="115" + alt="C. álba." + title="C. álba." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. álba.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Córnus álba</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Siberian Red-stemmed Cornel.</span>) Leaves broadly ovate, +acute, densely pubescent beneath; drupes white; branches recurved, +bright red, rendering the plant a conspicuous object in the winter. A +shrub rather than a tree, cultivated from Siberia; hardy throughout.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i112a"> + <a href="images/illus112a.png"> + <img src="images/illus112as.png" + width="100" height="91" + alt="C. máscula." + title="C. máscula." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. máscula.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Córnus máscula</b>, Dur. (<span class="smcap">Cornelian Cherry.</span>) Leaves opposite, +oval-acuminate, rather pubescent on both surfaces. Flowers small, +yellow, in umbels from a 4-leaved involucre, blooming before the leaves +are out in spring. Fruit oval, ½ in. long, cornelian-colored, ripe in +autumn, rather sweet, used in confectionery. A large shrub or low tree, +8 to 15<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> ft. high, with hard, tough, flexible wood, sometimes cultivated +for its early flowers and late, beautiful fruit.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i112b"> + <a href="images/illus112b.png"> + <img src="images/illus112bs.png" + width="100" height="80" + alt="C. alternifòlia." + title="C. alternifòlia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. alternifòlia.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Córnus alternifòlia</b>, L. f. (<span class="smcap">Alternate-leaved Cornel.</span>) Leaves +alternate, clustered at the ends of the branches, ovate or +oval-acuminate, tapering at base, whitish with minute pubescence +beneath. Cymes of flowers and fruit broad and open. Fruit deep blue on +reddish stalks. Shrub, though occasionally tree-like, 8 to 25 ft. high; +on hillsides throughout; rarely cultivated.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g46"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>46. NÝSSA.</b></p> + +<p>Trees with deciduous, alternate, exstipulate, usually entire leaves, +mostly acute at both ends. Flowers somewhat diœcious, i.e. staminate +and pistillate flowers on separate trees. The staminate flowers are +quite conspicuous because so densely clustered. April and May. Fruit on +but a portion of the trees, consisting of one or two small (¼ to ½ in.), +drupes in the axils of the leaves. Stone roughened with grooves. Ripe in +autumn.</p> + + +<table summary="Nyssa key"> +<tr><td>* Fruit usually clustered </td><td class="right">1, 2.</td></tr> +<tr><td>* Fruit solitary </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i112c"> + <a href="images/illus112c.png"> + <img src="images/illus112cs.png" + width="100" height="111" + alt="N. sylvática." + title="N. sylvática." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">N. sylvática.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Nýssa sylvática</b>, Marsh. (<span class="smcap">Pepperidge. Black or Sour Gum.</span>) Leaves oval +to obovate, pointed, entire (sometimes angulate-toothed beyond the +middle), rather thick, shining above when old, 2 to 5 in. long. The +leaves are crowded near the ends of the branches and flattened so as to +appear 2-ranked, like the Beech; turning bright crimson in the autumn. +Fruit ovoid, bluish-black, about ½ in. long, sour. Medium-sized<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> tree +with mainly an excurrent trunk and horizontal branches. Wood firm, +close-grained and hard to split. Rich soil, latitude of Albany and +southward. Difficult to transplant, so it is rarely cultivated.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Nýssa biflòra</b>, Walt. (<span class="smcap">Sour Gum.</span>) Leaves 1 to 3 in. long, smaller than +in N. sylvatica; fertile flowers and fruit 1 to 3, in the axils; stone +decidedly flattened and more strongly furrowed. New Jersey to Tennessee +and southward. Too nearly like the last to need a drawing. All the +species of Nyssa may have the margin of the leaves somewhat angulated, +as shown in the next.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i113"> + <a href="images/illus113.png"> + <img src="images/illus113s.png" + width="100" height="131" + alt="N. uniflòra." + title="N. uniflòra." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">N. uniflòra.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Nýssa uniflòra</b>, Wang. (<span class="smcap">Large Tupelo.</span>) Leaves much larger, 4 to 12 in. +long, sometimes slightly cordate at base, entire or angularly toothed, +downy beneath. Fruit solitary, oblong, blue, 1 in. or more in length. +Wood soft, that of the roots light and spongy and used for corks. In +water or wet swamps; Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXIII. CAPRIFOLIÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p class="family">(<span class="smcap">Honeysuckle Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>Shrubs (rarely herb or tree-like plants) of temperate regions.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g47"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>47. VIBÚRNUM.</b></p> + +<p>Shrubs or small trees with opposite, simple, petioled leaves. Flowers +light-colored, small but in large, conspicuous, flat-topped clusters at +the ends of the branches; blooming in early summer. Fruit small, +1-seeded drupes with flattened stones; ripe in autumn.</p> + + +<table summary="Caprifoliaceae key"> +<tr><td colspan="3">* Leaves distinctly palmately lobed </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3">* Leaves pinnately veined and not lobed. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>A.</b> Coarsely dentated </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>A.</b> Finely serrated. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>B.</b> Leaves long-acuminated </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>B.</b> Obtuse or slightly pointed </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i114a"> + <a href="images/illus114a.png"> + <img src="images/illus114as.png" + width="100" height="138" + alt="V. Ópulus." + title="V. Ópulus." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">V. Ópulus.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Vibúrnum Ópulus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cranberry-tree.</span>) Leaves palmately veined and +strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at base, the +spreading lobes mostly toothed on the sides and entire in the notches; +petiole with 2 glands at the apex. Fruit in peduncled clusters, light +red and quite sour (whence the name "Cranberry-tree"). A nearly smooth, +small tree or shrub, 4 to 12 ft. high; wild along streams, and +cultivated under the name of Snowball-tree or Guelder Rose. In this +variety the flowers have all become sterile and enlarged. <b>Vibúrnum +acerifòlium</b> (<span class="smcap">Arrow-wood</span>) has also lobed leaves, and is much more common. +This species never forms a tree, and has dark-colored berries.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i114b"> + <a href="images/illus114b.png"> + <img src="images/illus114bs.png" + width="100" height="106" + alt="V. dentàtum." + title="V. dentàtum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">V. dentàtum.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Vibúrnum dentàtum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Arrow-wood.</span>) Leaves, pale green, broadly +ovate, somewhat heart-shaped at base, coarsely and sharply dentated, +strongly veined and often with hairy tufts in the axils; petioles rather +long and slender. Fruit ¼ in. long, in peduncled clusters, blue or +purple; a cross-section of the stone between kidney-and +horseshoe-shaped. A shrub or small tree, 5 to 15 ft. high, with +ash-colored bark; in wet places.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i114c"> + <a href="images/illus114c.png"> + <img src="images/illus114cs.png" + width="100" height="84" + alt="V. Lentàgo." + title="V. Lentàgo." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">V. Lentàgo.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Vibúrnum Lentàgo</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sweet Viburnum or Sheep-berry.</span>) Leaves broad, +ovate, long-pointed, 2 to 3 in. long, closely and sharply serrated; +petioles long and with narrow, curled margins; entire plant smooth. +Fruit in sessile clusters of 3 to 5 rays, oval, large, ½ in. long, +blue-black, edible, sweet; ripe in autumn. A small tree, 10 to 30 ft. +high; found wild throughout, in woods and along streams.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i114d"> + <a href="images/illus114d.png"> + <img src="images/illus114ds.png" + width="100" height="81" + alt="V. prunifòlium." + title="V. prunifòlium." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">V. prunifòlium.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Vibúrnum prunifòlium</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Black Haw.</span>) Leaves oval, obtuse or slightly +pointed, 1 to 2 in. long, finely and sharply serrated. Blooming early,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> +May to June. Fruit oval, large (½ in. long), in sessile clusters of 3 to +5 rays, black or blue-black, sweet. A tall shrub or small tree, 6 to 12 +ft. high; in dry soil or along streams; New York, south and west.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g48"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>48. LONÍCERA.</b></p> + +<p>Leaves entire, opposite; corolla 5-lobed; berry several-seeded.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i115a"> + <a href="images/illus115a.png"> + <img src="images/illus115as.png" + width="100" height="120" + alt="L. Tartárica." + title="L. Tartárica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">L. Tartárica.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Lonícera Tartárica</b>. (<span class="smcap">Tartarian Honey-suckle.</span>) Leaves deciduous, oval, +heart-shaped; flowers in pairs, showy, pink to rose-red; in spring; +berries formed of the two ovaries, bright red; ripe in summer. A shrub, +often planted and occasionally trimmed to a tree-like form, and growing +to the height of nearly 20 ft.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXIV. COMPÓSITÆ.</b></p> + +<p>This, the largest order of flowering plants, is made up almost +exclusively of herbaceous plants, but contains one shrub or low tree +which is hardy from Boston southward near the Atlantic coast.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g49"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>49. BÁCCHARIS.</b></p> + +<p>Leaves simple, deciduous; heads of flowers small, many-flowered; +receptacle naked; pappus of hairs.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i115b"> + <a href="images/illus115b.png"> + <img src="images/illus115bs.png" + width="100" height="120" + alt="B. halimifòlia." + title="B. halimifòlia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">B. halimifòlia.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Báccharis halimifòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Groundsel-Tree.</span>) Leaves obovate, +wedge-shaped, crenately notched at end, light grayish in color, with +whitish powder; branches angled; flowers white with a tint of purple, +blooming in the autumn. A broad, loose-headed, light-colored bush rather +than a tree, 8 to 15 ft. high; wild on sea-beaches, Massachusetts and +south, and occasionally cultivated. The plant is diœcious; the +fertile specimens are rendered quite conspicuous in autumn by their very +long, white pappus.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXV. ERICÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Heath Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A large order, mainly of shrubs, though a few species are herbs, and +fewer still are tall enough to be considered trees.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g50"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>50. OXYDÉNDRUM.</b></p> + +<p>Trees with deciduous, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, +sour-tasting leaves. Flowers small, in large panicles at the ends of the +branches. In summer. Fruit small, dry capsules, with 5 cells and many +seeds.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i116a"> + <a href="images/illus116a.png"> + <img src="images/illus116as.png" + width="100" height="69" + alt="O. arbòreum." + title="O. arbòreum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">O. arbòreum.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Oxydéndrum arbòreum</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">Sorrel-tree. Sourwood.</span>) Leaves in size and +shape much like those of Peach trees. Flowers small, urn-shaped. +Small-sized tree, 15 to 50 ft. high; wild in rich woods, Pennsylvania +and southward, mainly in the mountains. Rare in cultivation, but very +beautiful, especially in autumn, when its leaves are brilliantly +colored, and the panicles of fruit still remain on the trees. It is +perfectly hardy both at the Arnold Arboretum, Boston, and the Missouri +Botanical Garden, St. Louis.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g51"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>51. KÁLMIA.</b></p> + +<p>Evergreen shrubs with alternate, entire, thick, smooth leaves. Flowers +large, beautiful, cup-shaped, in showy clusters. Fruit a small, +5-celled, many-seeded capsule.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i116b"> + <a href="images/illus116b.png"> + <img src="images/illus116bs.png" + width="100" height="85" + alt="K. latifòlia." + title="K. latifòlia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">K. latifòlia.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Kálmia latifòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Mountain-laurel. Calico-bush.</span>) The only species +which grows at all tree-like has ovate-lanceolate or elliptical, smooth, +petioled leaves, tapering at both ends and green on both sides. Flowers +in terminal corymbs, clammy-pubescent, white to pink. June. Pod +depressed, glandular. Shrub or small tree, 4 to 25 ft. high, with +reddish twigs; wild in rocky hills and damp soils through out; +occasionally planted. Wood very hard and close-grained.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g52"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>52. RHODODÉNDRON.</b></p> + +<p>Shrubs or low trees with usually alternate, entire leaves and showy +flowers in umbel-like clusters from large, scaly-bracted, terminal buds. +Fruit a dry 5-celled pod with many seeds.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i117a"> + <a href="images/illus117a.png"> + <img src="images/illus117as.png" + width="100" height="136" + alt="R. máximum." + title="R. máximum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">R. máximum.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Rhododéndron máximum</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Great Laurel.</span>) Leaves thick, 4 to 10 in. long, +elliptical-oblong or lance-oblong, acute, narrowed toward the base, very +smooth, with somewhat revolute margins. Flowers large (1 in.), with an +irregular bell-shaped corolla and sticky stems, in large clusters, white +or slightly pinkish with yellowish dots. July. Evergreen shrub or tree, +6 to 20 ft. high, throughout the region, especially in damp swamps in +the Alleghany Mountains; occasionally cultivated.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g53"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>53. CLÈTHRA.</b></p> + +<p>Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple, deciduous, exstipulate, serrate +leaves. Flowers (July and August) conspicuous, white, in elongated +terminal racemes which are covered with a whitish powder. Fruit 3-celled +pods with many seeds, covered by the calyx.</p> + + + +<table summary="Clethra key"> +<tr><td>* Leaves thin, large, 3 to 7 in. long, pale beneath </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td>* Leaves thickish, smaller, green both sides </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i117b"> + <a href="images/illus117b.png"> + <img src="images/illus117bs.png" + width="100" height="102" + alt="C. acuminàta." + title="C. acuminàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. acuminàta.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Clèthra acuminàta</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Acuminate-leaved Clethra. Sweet +Pepper-bush.</span>) Leaves 3 to 7 in. long, oval to oblong, pointed, thin, +abruptly acute at base, finely serrate, on slender petioles, smooth +above and glaucous below. Racemes drooping, of sweet-scented flowers, +with the bracts longer than the flowers. Filaments and pod hairy. A +small tree or shrub, 10 to 20 ft. high, in the Alleghanies, Virginia, +and south. Not often in cultivation, but well worthy of it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i118a"> + <a href="images/illus118a.png"> + <img src="images/illus118as.png" + width="100" height="108" + alt="C. alnifòlia." + title="C. alnifòlia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. alnifòlia.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Clèthra alnifòlia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Sweet Pepper-bush.</span>) Leaves +wedge-obovate, sharply serrate near the apex, entire near the base, +straight-veined, smooth, green on both sides. Racemes erect, often +compound, with bracts shorter than the flowers and with smooth +filaments. This is a shrub rather than a tree; abundant in wet places +east of the Alleghanies. Occasionally cultivated for its sweet-scented +flowers.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXVI. SAPOTÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p class="family">(<span class="smcap">Sapodilla Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A small order, mainly of tropical plants, here including one genus found +only in the southern part of our range.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g54"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>54. BUMÈLIA.</b></p> + +<p>Leaves simple, alternate, entire, sub-evergreen, exstipulate; branches +often spiny. Flowers small, whitish, usually crowded in fascicles. Fruit +a black cherry-like drupe with a 2- to 3-celled nut. Shrubs and trees of +the Southern States. Two species (although hardly trees) are found far +enough north to be included in this work.</p> + + +<table summary="Bumelia key"> +<tr><td>* Leaves rusty-woolly beneath </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td>* Leaves smooth or slightly silky beneath </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i118b"> + <a href="images/illus118b.png"> + <img src="images/illus118bs.png" + width="100" height="156" + alt="B. lanuginòsa." + title="B. lanuginòsa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">B. lanuginòsa.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Bumèlia lanuginòsa</b>, Pers. (<span class="smcap">Woolly-leaved Buckthorn.</span>) Leaves +oblong-obovate, obtuse, entire, smooth above and rusty-woolly beneath, +but not silky; spiny, with downy branchlets. Clusters 6- to 12-flowered, +pubescent; flowers greenish-yellow. Fruit globular and quite large (½ +in.), black, edible. A small tree, 10 to 40 ft. high, of the woods of +southern Illinois and southward. With slight protection it can be +cultivated in Massachusetts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i119a"> + <a href="images/illus119a.png"> + <img src="images/illus119as.png" + width="100" height="131" + alt="B. lycioìdes." + title="B. lycioìdes." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">B. lycioìdes.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Bumèlia lycioìdes</b>, Pers. (<span class="smcap">Southern Buckthorn.</span>) Leaves 2 to 4 in. +long, oval-lanceolate, usually bluntish with a tapering base and entire +margin, deciduous, a little silky beneath when young. Clusters densely +many-flowered (20 to 30); flowers small (1/6 in.), smooth, +greenish-white. May, June. A spiny shrub or tree, 10 to 25 ft. high, in +moist ground, Virginia, west and south. About as hardy as the preceding +species.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXVII. EBENÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Ebony Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A small order of mostly tropical trees and shrubs.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g55"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>55. DIOSPỲROS.</b></p> + +<p>Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, entire, feather-veined leaves. +Flowers small, inconspicuous, mostly diœcious. Fruit a globose berry +with the 5-lobed thick calyx at the base, and with 8 to 12, occasionally +1 to 5, rather large seeds; ripe after frost.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i119b"> + <a href="images/illus119b.png"> + <img src="images/illus119bs.png" + width="100" height="155" + alt="D. Virginiàna." + title="D. Virginiàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">D. Virginiàna.</p> +</div> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i120a"> + <a href="images/illus120a.png"> + <img src="images/illus120as.png" + width="100" height="123" + alt="D. Lòtus and D. Kàki." + title="D. Lòtus and D. Kàki." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">D. Lòtus and D. Kàki.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Diospỳros Virginiàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Persimmon.</span>) Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, +ovate-oblong, acuminate, rather thick, smooth, dark, shining above, a +little pale beneath. Bark dark-colored and deeply furrowed in a netted +manner with rather small meshes. Flowers yellowish, rather small, +somewhat diœcious; the staminate ones urn-shaped with mouth nearly +closed; the pistillate ones more open. June. Fruit large, 1 in.; very +astringent when young, yellow and pleasant-tasting after frost. A +handsome, ornamental tree, 20 to 60 ft. high, with very hard, +dark-colored wood and bright foliage. Southern New England to Illinois<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> +and south; also cultivated. <b>Diospỳros Lòtus</b> (<span class="smcap">Date-plum</span>), with leaves +very dark green above, much paler and downy beneath, and fruit much +smaller (2/3 in.), and <b>Diospỳros Kàki</b> (<span class="smcap">Japan Persimmon</span>), with large, +leathery, shining leaves and very large fruit (2 in.), are successfully +cultivated from Washington, D. C., southward. The under leaf represents +D. Lotus, the upper one a small specimen of D. Kaki.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXVIII. STYRACÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p class="family">(<span class="smcap">Storax Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A small order of shrubs and trees, mostly of warm countries.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g56"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>56. STỲRAX.</b></p> + +<p>Shrubs or small trees with commonly deciduous leaves, and axillary, or +racemed, white, showy flowers on drooping stems. Pubescence scurfy or +stellate; fruit a globular dry drupe, its base covered with the +persistent calyx, forming a 1- to 3-seeded nut.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i120b"> + <a href="images/illus120b.png"> + <img src="images/illus120bs.png" + width="100" height="124" + alt="S. Americàna." + title="S. Americàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. Americàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Stỳrax Americàna</b>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">American Storax.</span>) Shrub or small tree (4 +to 10 ft.), with oblong, alternate leaves acute at both ends, 1 to 3 +inches long, smooth or very nearly so; fruit ½ in. long, in racemes of +3-4. Wild along streams, Virginia and south; occasionally cultivated, +and probably hardy throughout.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i120c"> + <a href="images/illus120c.png"> + <img src="images/illus120cs.png" + width="100" height="85" + alt="S. Japónica." + title="S. Japónica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. Japónica.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Stỳrax Japónica</b>, Sieb. (<span class="smcap">Japan Storax.</span>) Leaves alternate, +membranaceous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate or crenate, ½ to 3 in. +long, smooth or with short<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> stellate hairs; flowers and fruit in long +racemes. A beautiful low tree, 6 to 12 ft. high; from Japan. Hardy as +far north as Philadelphia, but needing a little protection in +Massachusetts and Missouri.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g57"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>57. PTEROSTỲRAX.</b></p> + +<p>Similar to Styrax, but with the fruit in panicles, 5-winged, conical, +and crowned with the persistent base of the style.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i121a"> + <a href="images/illus121a.png"> + <img src="images/illus121as.png" + width="100" height="136" + alt="P. corymbòsum." + title="P. corymbòsum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. corymbòsum.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Pterostỳrax corymbòsum</b>, Sieb. Leaves deciduous, 2 to 5 in. long, +feather-veined, petioled, ovate, rarely cordate at base, sharply +serrate, with stellate hairs. Shrub or small tree, 10 to 12 ft. high, +cultivated from Japan; with ashy-gray bark, and white flowers turning +yellowish or purplish with age; blooming in May, fruit ripe in August. +Not perfectly hardy in Massachusetts.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g58"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>58. HALÈSIA.</b></p> + +<p>Small trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, deciduous, serrate leaves. +Flowers large, 1 in. long, conspicuous, white, hanging, bell-shaped, +monopetalous, 4-lobed; blooming in spring. Fruit with a single, rough, +elongated, bony nut surrounded by a 2- to 4-winged coat; ripe in autumn.</p> + +<p>Wood light-colored, very hard and fine-grained.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i121b"> + <a href="images/illus121b.png"> + <img src="images/illus121bs.png" + width="100" height="104" + alt="H. díptera." + title="H. díptera." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">H. díptera.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Halèsia díptera, L.</b> (<span class="smcap">Two-winged Silverbell Tree.</span>) Leaves large (4 to +5 in. long), ovate, acute, serrate, softly pubescent. Fruit with 2 +conspicuous, broad wings, sometimes with 2 intermediate narrow ridges. A +small tree or a large shrub, wild in the south, and cultivated as far +north as New York City.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i121c"> + <a href="images/illus121c.png"> + <img src="images/illus121cs.png" + width="100" height="90" + alt="H. tetráptera." + title="H. tetráptera." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">H. tetráptera.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Halèsia tetráptera, L.</b> (<span class="smcap">Four-winged Silverbell Tree.</span>) Leaves smaller +(2 to 4 in.), oblong-ovate, finely serrate. Fruit smaller, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> 4 +nearly equal wings. A small, beautiful tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, more +hardy than Halesia diptera, and therefore cultivated occasionally +throughout. Wild in Virginia and south.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g59"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>59. SÝMPLOCOS.</b></p> + +<p>Shrubs or small trees, with leaves furnishing a yellow dye.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i122"> + <a href="images/illus122.png"> + <img src="images/illus122s.png" + width="100" height="128" + alt="S. tinctòria." + title="S. tinctòria." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. tinctòria.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Sýmplocos tinctòria</b>, L'Her. (<span class="smcap">Horse-sugar.</span> <span class="smcap">Sweetleaf.</span>) Leaves simple, +alternate, thick, 3 to 5 in. long, elongate-oblong, acuminate, nearly +entire, almost persistent, pale beneath, with minute pubescence, +sweet-tasting. Flowers 6 to 14, in close-bracted, axillary clusters, +5-parted, sweet-scented, yellow; in early spring. Fruit a dry drupe, +ovoid, ½ in. long. A shrub or small tree, 10 to 20 ft. high. Delaware +and south.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXIX. OLEÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Olive Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>An order of trees and shrubs, mainly of temperate regions.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g60"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>60. FRÁXINUS.</b></p> + +<p>Trees with petioled, opposite, odd-pinnate leaves (one cultivated +variety has simple leaves). Flowers often inconspicuous, in large +panicles before the leaves in spring. Fruit single-winged at one end +(samara or key-fruit), in large clusters; ripe in autumn. Some trees, +owing to the flowers being staminate, produce no fruit. Wood +light-colored, tough, very distinctly marked by the annual layers. The +leaves appear late in the spring, and fall early in the autumn.</p> + + +<table summary="Oleaceae key"> +<tr><td colspan="5">* Flowers with white corolla; a cultivated small tree </td><td class="right">8.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">* Flowers with no corolla. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="4"><b>A.</b> Leaves pinnate; leaflets petiolate; calyx small, persistent on the fruit. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>B.</b> Fruit broad-winged, ¾ in. wide. South </td><td class="right">5.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>B.</b> Wings much narrower. (<b>C.</b> )<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>C.</b> Branchlets round and pubescent </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>C.</b> Branchlets round and smooth. (<b>D.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>D.</b> Leaflets nearly entire </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>D.</b> Leaflets serrate near tip, entire below </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>C.</b> Branchlets, on vigorous growths, square </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="4"><b>A.</b> Leaves pinnate; leaflets sessile; no calyx. (<b>E.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>E.</b> Native; wing of fruit rounded at tip </td><td class="right">6.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>E.</b> Cultivated from Europe; wing notched at tip </td><td class="right">7.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="4"><b>A.</b> Leaves simple; variety under </td><td class="right">7.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i123a"> + <a href="images/illus123a.png"> + <img src="images/illus123as.png" + width="100" height="125" + alt="F. Americàna." + title="F. Americàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">F. Americàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Fráxinus Americàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">White Ash.</span>) Leaflets 7 to 9 (usually 7), +stalked, ovate or lance-oblong, pointed, shining above, pale and either +smooth or pubescent beneath, somewhat toothed or entire. Flowers almost +always diœcious (May), thus the fruit is found on but a portion of +the trees. The fruit (August to September) terete and marginless below, +abruptly dilated into the wing, which is 2 to 3 times as long as the +terete portion; entire fruit about 1½ in. long. A common large +forest-tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, with gray, furrowed bark, smooth, +grayish-green branchlets, and rusty-colored buds. Extensively +cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i123b"> + <a href="images/illus123b.png"> + <img src="images/illus123bs.png" + width="100" height="129" + alt="F. pubéscens." + title="F. pubéscens." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">F. pubéscens.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Fráxinus pubéscens</b>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">Red Ash.</span>) Like the White Ash, but to be +distinguished from it by the down on the young, green or olive-green +twigs, and on the footstalks and lower surface of the leaves. Fruit +acute, 2-edged at base, gradually dilated into the wings as in Fraxinus +viridis. A smaller and more slender tree than the White Ash; growing in +about the same localities, but rare west of the Alleghanies; heart-wood +darker-colored.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i124a"> + <a href="images/illus124a.png"> + <img src="images/illus124as.png" + width="100" height="117" + alt="F. víridis." + title="F. víridis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">F. víridis.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Fráxinus víridis</b>, Michx. f. (<span class="smcap">Green Ash.</span>) Smooth throughout; leaflets +5 to 9, bright green on both sides, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often +wedge-shaped at base and serrate above. Fruit acute and 2-edged or +mar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>gined at base and gradually spreading into an oblanceolate or +linear-spatulate wing as in the Red Ash. Small to middle-sized trees +(like the Red Ash), found throughout, but common westward.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i124b"> + <a href="images/illus124b.png"> + <img src="images/illus124bs.png" + width="100" height="112" + alt="F. quadrangulàta." + title="F. quadrangulàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">F. quadrangulàta.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Fráxinus quadrangulàta</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Blue Ash.</span>) Leaflets 7 to 9, +short-stalked, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, +green on both sides. Fruit narrowly oblong, blunt, of the same width at +both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft. +high, with smooth square twigs on the vigorous growths. Wisconsin to +Ohio and Kentucky.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i124c"> + <a href="images/illus124c.png"> + <img src="images/illus124cs.png" + width="100" height="116" + alt="F. platycárpa." + title="F. platycárpa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">F. platycárpa.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>Fráxinus platycárpa</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Water-ash.</span>) Leaflets 5 to 7, 3 to 5 in. +long, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends, short-stalked, slightly +serrate. Branchlets terete, smooth to pubescent. Fruit broadly winged, ¾ +in. wide, often 3-winged, tapering to the base. A medium-sized tree in +deep river-swamps, Virginia and south.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i124d"> + <a href="images/illus124d.png"> + <img src="images/illus124ds.png" + width="100" height="137" + alt="F. sambucifòlia." + title="F. sambucifòlia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">F. sambucifòlia.</p> +</div> + +<p>6. <b>Fráxinus sambucifòlia</b>, Lam. (<span class="smcap">Black Ash.</span>) Leaflets 7 to 11, sessile, +oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, serrate, obtuse or rounded at +base, green and smooth on both sides; when young, with some rusty hairs +along the midrib. Fruit without calyx at base and with wing all around +the seed-bearing part, blunt at both ends. A slender tree, 40 to 70 ft. +high, with dark-blue or black buds.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i125a"> + <a href="images/illus125a.png"> + <img src="images/illus125as.png" + width="100" height="124" + alt="F. excélsior." + title="F. excélsior." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">F. excélsior.</p> +</div> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i125b"> + <a href="images/illus125b.png"> + <img src="images/illus125bs.png" + width="100" height="94" + alt="Var. monophýlla." + title="Var. monophýlla." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Var. monophýlla.</p> +</div> + +<p>7. <b>Fràxinus excélsior</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">European Ash.</span>) Leaflets 11 to 13 (in some +culti<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>vated varieties reduced to 1 to 5), almost sessile, +lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, serrate, wedge-shaped at base. Flowers +naked, somewhat diœcious, and so the fruit does not form on all the +trees. Keys linear-oblong, obtuse, obliquely notched at apex. This +species in its very numerous varieties is common in cultivation. One of +the most interesting is the Weeping Ash (var. <i>pendula</i>). The most +remarkable is the one with simple, from pinnatifid to entire leaves +(var. <i>monophylla</i>).</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i125c"> + <a href="images/illus125c.png"> + <img src="images/illus125cs.png" + width="100" height="148" + alt="F. òrnus." + title="F. òrnus." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">F. òrnus.</p> +</div> + +<p>8. <b>Fráxinus òrnus.</b> (<span class="smcap">Flowering Ash.</span>) Leaflets 7 to 9, lanceolate or +elliptical, attenuated, serrated, entire at the stalked bases, villous +or downy beneath. Flowers fringe-like, white, in large terminal drooping +clusters, of 4 or 2 petals. May to June. Fruit small, lance-linear, +obtuse, attenuate at each end. A small tree, 15 to 30 ft. high, planted +in parks. Not hardy north of New York City without some protection.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g61"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>61. OSMÁNTHUS.</b></p> + +<p>Shrub or small tree with opposite, thick, evergreen, nearly entire +leaves. Flowers small, white, in panicles or corymbs in late spring. +Fruit a spherical drupe, ½ in. long, with a 2-seeded stone; hanging on +during the winter.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i125d"> + <a href="images/illus125d.png"> + <img src="images/illus125ds.png" + width="100" height="119" + alt="O. Americàna." + title="O. Americàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">O. Americàna.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Osmánthus Americàna, L.</b> (<span class="smcap">Devil-wood.</span>) Leaves thick, evergreen, +oblong-lanceolate, entire, acute, narrowed to a petiole, 4 to 5 in.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> +long. Flowers diœcious, very small. May. Fruit globular, about ½ in. +in diameter, violet-purplish; ripe in autumn, and remaining on the tree +through the winter. A small tree, 15 to 20 ft. high, from southern +Virginia southward, in moist woods.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g62"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>62. SYRÍNGA.</b></p> + +<p>Leaves simple, entire, opposite; flowers ornamental, in large, dense +clusters. The Lilacs are all beautiful, but form mere shrubs, except the +following:</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i126a"> + <a href="images/illus126a.png"> + <img src="images/illus126as.png" + width="100" height="103" + alt="S. Japónica." + title="S. Japónica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. Japónica.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Syrínga Japónica.</b> (<span class="smcap">Japan Lilac.</span> <span class="smcap">Giant Tree Lilac.</span>) Leaves deciduous, +opposite, oval to cordate, thick, dark green, glossy; flowers white, +4-parted, odorless, in very large, dense, erect, terminal clusters, +blooming in summer; fruit dry 2-celled pods with 2 to 4 seeds. A +magnificent small tree, 20 to 30 ft. high; from Japan; probably hardy +throughout.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g63"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>63. CHIONÁNTHUS.</b></p> + +<p>Low trees or shrubs with simple, deciduous, opposite, entire, thick, +smooth, petioled leaves. Flowers 4-parted, with long, slender, delicate +white lobes, drooping in clusters from the lower side of the branches +and forming a fringe; in early summer. Fruit a purple drupe.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i126b"> + <a href="images/illus126b.png"> + <img src="images/illus126bs.png" + width="100" height="124" + alt="C. Virgínica." + title="C. Virgínica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Virgínica.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Chionánthus Virgínica, L.</b> (<span class="smcap">Fringe-tree</span>). Leaves smooth, thickish, large +(3 to 6 in. long), oval or obovate, entire. The leaves are occasionally +somewhat alternate and thin; they resemble those of the Magnolia. Drupe +ovoid, ¾ in. long, covered with a bloom. A beautiful small tree or +shrub, 8 to 30 ft. high, wild along streams, southern Pennsylvania and +southward, and generally cultivated north for its delicate fringe-like +flowers. Hardy.</p> + +<p>A variety (var. <i>angustifolia</i>) with long, narrow leaves is occasionally +cultivated.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXX. SCROPHULARIÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p class="family">(<span class="smcap">Figwort Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A large order of plants, almost entirely herbaceous; found in all +climates; it includes one cultivated tree in this region.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g64"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>64. PAULÒWNIA.</b></p> + +<p>Tree with opposite (sometimes in whorls of three), large, deciduous, +palmately veined, heart-shaped leaves. Leaf-stem often hollow; minute +cup-shaped glands, separated from one another, situated on many portions +of the leaf, but quite abundant on the upper side at the branching of +the veins. Flowers large, in immense panicles; in spring, before the +leaves expand. Fruit a dry, ovate, pointed capsule, 1½ in. long, with +innumerable flat-winged seeds; hanging on the tree throughout the +winter.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i127b"> + <a href="images/illus127b.png"> + <img src="images/illus127bs.png" + width="100" height="139" + alt="P. imperiàlis." + title="P. imperiàlis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. imperiàlis.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Paulòwnia imperiàlis</b>, (<span class="smcap">Imperial Paulownia.</span>) Leaves 7 to 14 in. long, +sometimes somewhat lobed, usually very hairy beneath; 2 buds, almost +hidden under the bark, above each other in the axil. Flowers purple, +nearly 2 in. long, with a peculiar, thick, leather-like calyx. A broad +flat-headed tree, of rapid growth when young. Cultivated; from Japan; +and hardy throughout, but the flower-buds are winter-killed quite +frequently north of New York City.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXXI. BIGNONIÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p class="family">(<span class="smcap">Bignonia Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>An order of woody plants abundant in South America; here including one +genus of trees:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g65"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>65. CATÁLPA.</b></p> + +<p>Trees or shrubs with large, simple, opposite (or whorled in threes), +heart-shaped, pointed leaves. Flowers irregular, showy, in large +panicles; blooming in June. Fruit long pods with many, winged seeds, +hanging on till spring. Branches coarse and stiff. Wood light and +close-grained.</p> + + +<table summary="Catalpa key"> +<tr><td>* Flowers bright-spotted; wings of seeds narrowed </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td>* Flowers nearly pure white; wings of seeds broad </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i128a"> + <a href="images/illus128a.png"> + <img src="images/illus128as.png" + width="100" height="92" + alt="C. bignonioìdes." + title="C. bignonioìdes." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. bignonioìdes.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Catálpa bignonioìdes</b>, Walt. (<span class="smcap">Indian Bean. Southern Catalpa.</span>) The +large heart-shaped leaf has connected scaly glands in the axils of the +large veins on the lower side; usually entire though sometimes +angulated, generally opposite though sometimes in whorls of threes, very +downy beneath when young, 6 to 12 in. long. Flowers much spotted with +yellow and purple, and with the lower lobe entire. Pod thin, 10 in. or +more in length. A medium-sized, wide-spreading tree, 20 to 40 ft. high, +of rapid growth, with soft, light wood and thin bark; wild in the +Southern States, and extensively cultivated as far north as Albany.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i128b"> + <a href="images/illus128b.png"> + <img src="images/illus128bs.png" + width="100" height="145" + alt="C. speciósa." + title="C. speciósa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. speciósa.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Catálpa speciósa</b>, Warder. (<span class="smcap">Indian Bean. Western Catalpa.</span>) Leaves +large (5 to 12 in. long), heart-shaped, long-pointed. Flowers 2 in. +long, nearly white, faintly spotted, the lower lobes somewhat notched. +Pod thick. A large, tall tree, 40 to 60 ft. high, with thick bark; wild +in low, rich woodlands, southern Indiana, south and west.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i129a"> + <a href="images/illus129a.png"> + <img src="images/illus129as.png" + width="100" height="121" + alt="C. Kæ̀mpferi." + title="C. Kæ̀mpferi." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Kæ̀mpferi.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Catálpa Kæ̀mpferi</b> and <b>Catálpa Búngei</b> are dwarf forms from Japan, the +latter growing to the height of from 4 to 8 ft., and the former rarely +reaching the height of 18 ft. The leaf of C. Kæ̀mpferi is figured. It +is more apt to have its margin angulated, though all the species +occasionally have angulated leaves.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXXII. VERBENACEÆ.</b></p> + +<p>Herbs, shrubs, rarely small trees, with opposite leaves, irregular +flowers and dry 2- to 4-celled fruits.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g66"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>66. CLERODÉNDRON.</b></p> + +<p>Shrubby trees or climbing shrubs with opposite or whorled, usually +entire leaves; flowers with an almost regular, 5-parted corolla +surrounded by a bell-shaped calyx; fruit drupe-like, with 4 seeds.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i129b"> + <a href="images/illus129b.png"> + <img src="images/illus129bs.png" + width="100" height="97" + alt="C. trichótomum." + title="C. trichótomum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. trichótomum.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Clerodéndron trichótomum</b>, Thunb. (<span class="smcap">Fate-tree</span>.) Leaves opposite, +long-petioled, cordate, thin, entire, glandular-dotted above, very +veiny; lower leaves largest and three-lobed, the upper ovate, +long-pointed, all 3-ribbed. Flowers in large, terminal clusters; fruit +with juicy pulp covering the 4 seeds. A small tree from Japan; hardy at +Washington and south. The figure represents one of the upper leaves.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g67"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>67. VÍTEX.</b></p> + +<p>Shrubs or low trees with opposite, usually palmate leaves, panicled +clusters of flowers and drupe-like fruit.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i130a"> + <a href="images/illus130a.png"> + <img src="images/illus130as.png" + width="100" height="114" + alt="V. Agnus-cástus." + title="V. Agnus-cástus." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">V. Agnus-cástus.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Vítex Agnus-cástus, L.</b> (<span class="smcap">Chaste-tree.</span>) Leaves long-petioled, palmate, +with 5 to 7 lanceolate, acute, nearly entire leaflets, whitened beneath; +with an aromatic though unpleasant odor. Branches obtusely 4-sided, +hairy; flowers pale lilac, in interrupted panicles, agreeably +sweet-scented in late summer. Shrub or small tree, 5 to 10 ft. high, +cultivated from southern Europe; hardy at Washington and south. If +cultivated further north, it needs protection, at least when young.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXXIII. LAURÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Laurel Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>An order of aromatic trees and shrubs, chiefly tropical.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g68"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>68. PÉRSEA.</b></p> + +<p>Aromatic, evergreen trees with alternate, entire, feather-veined leaves. +Flowers small, in small close panicles. Fruit small (½ in.) 1-seeded +drupes.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i130b"> + <a href="images/illus130b.png"> + <img src="images/illus130bs.png" + width="100" height="119" + alt="P. Carolinénsis." + title="P. Carolinénsis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Carolinénsis.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Pérsea Carolinénsis</b>, Nees. (<span class="smcap">Red Bay.</span>) Leaves 2 to 5 in. long, oblong, +entire, covered with a fine down when young, soon smooth above. Flowers +silky, in small rounded clusters on short stems. May. Fruit an ovate, +pointed, 1-seeded, deep-blue drupe, ½ in. long, on a red stalk; ripe in +autumn. Usually a small tree, 15 to 70 ft. high, wild in swamps, +Delaware, Virginia, and south. Wood reddish, beautiful, hard, strong, +durable.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g69"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>69. SÁSSAFRAS.</b></p> + +<p>Aromatic trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, deciduous, often lobed +leaves. Juice of bark and leaves<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> mucilaginous. Flowers yellowish-green, +in clusters; blooming in early spring. Fruit a small bluish drupe on a +thick reddish stem. Ripe in September. Twigs greenish-yellow.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i131a"> + <a href="images/illus131a.png"> + <img src="images/illus131as.png" + width="100" height="119" + alt="S. officinàle." + title="S. officinàle." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. officinàle.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Sássafras officinàle</b>, Nees. (<span class="smcap">Sassafras.</span>) Leaves very variable in form, +ovate, entire, or some of them 2- to 3-lobed, soon smooth. Flowering as +the leaves are putting forth. Tree 15 to 100 ft. high, common in rich +woods. The aromatic fragrance is strongest in the bark of the roots. +Wood reddish, rather hard and durable.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g70"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>70. LÍNDERA.</b></p> + +<p>Shrubs with deciduous, alternate, aromatic leaves and small, yellow +flowers in close clusters along the branches. Fruit a drupe on a +not-thickened stalk.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i131b"> + <a href="images/illus131b.png"> + <img src="images/illus131bs.png" + width="100" height="124" + alt="L. Benzòin." + title="L. Benzòin." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">L. Benzòin.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Líndera Benzòin</b>, Blume. (<span class="smcap">Spice-bush</span>. <span class="smcap">Benjamin-bush.</span>) Leaves alternate, +oblong-ovate, entire, pale beneath, very spicy in odor and taste; twigs +green; leaf-buds scaly; drupes red, ripe in autumn. Flowers 4 to 5 +together in sessile umbels; in early spring, before the leaves expand. +Common in damp woods throughout.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXXIV. ELÆAGNÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p class="family">(<span class="smcap">Oleaster Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A small order of shrubs or small trees, with the leaves covered with +silvery scurf.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g71"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>71. ELÆÁGNUS</b>.</p> + +<p>Leaves alternate, entire; flowers axillary, stemmed; fruit drupe-like +with an 8-grooved stone.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i132a"> + <a href="images/illus132a.png"> + <img src="images/illus132as.png" + width="100" height="81" + alt="E. lóngipes." + title="E. lóngipes." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">E. lóngipes.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Elæágnus lóngipes.</b> (<span class="smcap">Silver-leaved Elæagnus.</span>) Leaves almost evergreen, +rather thick, ovate-oblong, rather blunt, entire, smooth and dark green +above, but silvery below. Flowers inconspicuous. Fruit about ½ in. long, +bright red, with silvery scales, very abundant and beautiful; ripe in +July; juicy and edible, with a pungent flavor. Shrub from Japan; hardy +throughout.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g72"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>72. SHEPHÉRDIA.</b></p> + +<p>Small trees or shrubs with opposite, deciduous, entire, silvery-scaled +leaves. Flowers very small, diœcious. Fruit small, berry-like, +translucent, 1-seeded.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i132b"> + <a href="images/illus132b.png"> + <img src="images/illus132bs.png" + width="100" height="119" + alt="S. argéntea." + title="S. argéntea." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. argéntea.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Shephérdia argéntea</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Buffalo-berry. Rabbit-berry.</span>) Leaves +opposite, oblong-ovate, tapering at base, silvery on both sides, with +small peltate scales. Branches often ending in sharp thorns. Fruit, +scarlet berries the size of currants, forming continuous clusters on +every branch and twig, but found only on the pistillate plants. They are +juicy, somewhat sour, pleasant-tasting, and make excellent jelly; ripe +in September. A small handsome tree, 5 to 20 ft. high, wild in the Rocky +Mountains, and sometimes cultivated east. Its thorny-tipped branches +make it a good hedge-plant. Hardy.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXXV. EUPHORBIÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p class="family">(<span class="smcap">Spurge Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A large order of mainly herbaceous and shrubby plants of warm countries, +with usually milky juice.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g73"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>73. BÚXUS.</b></p> + +<p>Shrubs or trees with opposite, evergreen, entire leaves and small +flowers. The fruit 3-celled, 6-seeded pods.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i133"> + <a href="images/illus133.png"> + <img src="images/illus133s.png" + width="100" height="135" + alt="B. sempérvirens." + title="B. sempérvirens." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">B. sempérvirens.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Búxus sempérvirens</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Boxwood.</span>) Leaves ovate, smooth, dark green; +leaf-stems hairy at edge. This plant is a native of Europe, and in its +tree form furnishes the white wood used for wood-engraving.</p> + +<p>Var. <i>subfruticosa</i> (dwarf boxwood) grows only a foot or two high, and +is extensively used for edgings in gardens. The tree form is more rare +in cultivation, and is of slow growth, but forms a round-topped tree.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXXVI. URTICÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Nettle Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A large order of herbs, shrubs and trees, mainly tropical.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g74"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>74. ÚLMUS.</b></p> + +<p>Tall umbrella-shaped trees with watery juice and alternate, 2-ranked, +simple, deciduous, obliquely ovate to obliquely heart-shaped, strongly +straight-veined, serrate leaves, harsh to the touch, often rough. +Flowers insignificant, appearing before the leaves. Fruit a flattened, +round-winged samara; ripe in the spring and dropping early from the +trees. Bark rough with longitudinal ridges.</p> + + + +<table summary="Ulmus key"> +<tr><td colspan="3">* Leaves very rough on the upper side. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>A.</b> Leaves 4 to 8 in. long; buds rusty-downy; inner bark very mucilaginous </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>A.</b> Leaves smaller; buds not downy; cultivated. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>B.</b> Wide-spreading tree; twigs drooping; fruit slightly notched </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>B.</b> Tree rather pyramidal; twigs not usually drooping; fruit deeply notched </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3">* Leaves not very rough on the upper side. (<b>C.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>C.</b> Buds and branchlets pubescent; twigs often with corky ridges </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>C.</b> Buds and branchlets free from hairs, or very nearly so. (<b>D.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>D.</b> Twigs with corky wings </td><td class="right">5.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>D.</b> Twigs often with corky ridges; cultivated </td><td class="right">2, 3.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>D.</b> Branchlets never corky </td><td class="right">6.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i134a"> + <a href="images/illus134a.png"> + <img src="images/illus134as.png" + width="100" height="137" + alt="U. fúlva." + title="U. fúlva." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">U. fúlva.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Úlmus fúlva</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Slippery or Red Elm.</span>) Leaves large, 4 to 8 in., +very rough above, ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, doubly serrate, +soft-downy beneath; branchlets downy; inner bark very mucilaginous; +leaves sweet-scented in drying; buds in spring soft and downy with rusty +hairs. Fruit with a shallow notch in the wing not nearly reaching the +rounded nut. A medium-sized tree, 45 to 60 ft. high, with tough and very +durable reddish wood; wild in rich soils throughout.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i134b"> + <a href="images/illus134b.png"> + <img src="images/illus134bs.png" + width="100" height="128" + alt="U. montàna." + title="U. montàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">U. montàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Úlmus montàna</b>, Bauh. (<span class="smcap">Scotch or Witch Elm.</span>) Leaves broad, obovate, +abruptly pointed and doubly serrated. Fruit rounded, with a slightly +notched wing, naked. Branches drooping at their extremity, their bark +smooth and even. A medium-sized tree, 50 to 60 ft. high, with spreading +or often drooping branches; extensively cultivated under a dozen +different names, among the most peculiar being the White-margined (var. +<i>alba marginata</i>), the Crisped-leaved (var. <i>crispa</i>), and the Weeping +(var. <i>pendula</i>) Elms.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i134c"> + <a href="images/illus134c.png"> + <img src="images/illus134cs.png" + width="100" height="72" + alt="U. campéstris." + title="U. campéstris." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">U. campéstris.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Úlmus campéstris</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">English or Field Elm.</span>) Leaves much smaller and +of a darker color than the American Elm, obovate-oblong, abruptly +sharp-pointed, doubly serrated, rough. Fruit smooth, with the wing +deeply notched. A tall and beautiful cultivated tree, with the branches +growing out from the trunk more abruptly than those of the American Elm, +and thus forming a more pyramidal tree. A score of named varieties are +in cultivation in this country, some with very corky bark, others with +curled leaves, and still others with weeping branches.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i135a"> + <a href="images/illus135a.png"> + <img src="images/illus135as.png" + width="100" height="115" + alt="U. racemòsa." + title="U. racemòsa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">U. racemòsa.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Úlmus racemòsa</b>, Thomas. (<span class="smcap">Cork or Rock Elm.</span>) Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, +obovate-oblong, abruptly pointed, often doubly ser<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>rated, with very +straight veins; twigs and bud-scales downy-ciliate; branches often with +corky ridges. Fruit large (½ in. or more long), with a deep notch; +hairy. A large tree with fine-grained, heavy and very tough wood. +Southwest Vermont, west and south, southwestward to Missouri, on +river-banks.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i135b"> + <a href="images/illus135b.png"> + <img src="images/illus135bs.png" + width="100" height="100" + alt="U. alàta." + title="U. alàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">U. alàta.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>Úlmus alàta</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Wahoo or Winged Elm.</span>) Leaves small, 1 to 2 in. +long, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, thickish, downy beneath +and nearly smooth above, sharply serrate. Bud-scales and branchlets +nearly smooth. Notch in the wing of the fruit deep. A small tree, 30 to +40 ft. high, the branches having corky wings. Wild, Virginia, west and +south; rarely cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i135c"> + <a href="images/illus135c.png"> + <img src="images/illus135cs.png" + width="100" height="139" + alt="U. Americàna." + title="U. Americàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">U. Americàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>6. <b>Úlmus Americàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">American or White Elm.</span>) Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, +obovate-oblong or oval, abruptly sharp-pointed, sharply and often doubly +serrated, soft-pubescent beneath when young, soon quite smooth; buds and +branchlets smooth. Fruit ½ in. long, its sharp points incurved and +closing the deep notch; hairy only on the edges. A large ornamental +tree, usually with spreading branches and drooping branchlets, forming a +very wide-spreading top. Wild throughout in rich, moist soil; common in +cultivation.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g75"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>75. PLÁNERA.</b></p> + +<p>Trees or tall shrubs with alternate, simple, pointed, 2-ranked, +feather-veined, toothed leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, with the leaves +in spring. Fruit a small, nut-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>like, scaly, globular drupe, ripe in +autumn. Bark scaling off like that of the Sycamore.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i136a"> + <a href="images/illus136a.png"> + <img src="images/illus136as.png" + width="100" height="119" + alt="P. aquática." + title="P. aquática." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. aquática.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Plánera aquática</b>, Gmel. (<span class="smcap">American Planer-tree</span>.) Leaves ovate-oblong, +small, 1 to 1½ in. long, on short stems, sharp-pointed, serrate with +equal teeth, smooth, green above and gray below, not oblique at base. +Flowers minute, in small heads, appearing before the leaves. Fruit a +scaly, roughened nut, ¼ in., raised on a stalk in the calyx; ripe in +September. A small tree, 20 to 50 ft. high; wet banks, Kentucky and +southward; hardy as far north as Philadelphia.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i136b"> + <a href="images/illus136b.png"> + <img src="images/illus136bs.png" + width="100" height="122" + alt="P. acuminàta." + title="P. acuminàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. acuminàta.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Plánera acuminàta.</b> (<span class="smcap">Kiaka Elm or Japan Planer-tree.</span>) Leaves large, +glossy, smooth, deeply notched, on red stems; young shoots also red. +This is a larger, more hardy, and finer tree than the American +Planer-tree, and should be more extensively cultivated.</p> + +<p>The Caucasian Planer-tree (<i>Planera parvifolia</i>), with very small +leaves, is also occasionally cultivated.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g76"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>76. CÉLTIS.</b></p> + +<p>Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, 2-ranked, oblique, serrate +leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish, axillary. Fruit berry-like, +sweet, edible drupes, about the size of a currant, with one seed; color +dark; ripe in autumn.</p> + + + +<table summary="Celtis key"> +<tr><td>* Leaves usually sharply serrate </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td>* Leaves almost entire </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i136c"> + <a href="images/illus136c.png"> + <img src="images/illus136cs.png" + width="100" height="87" + alt="C. occidentàlis." + title="C. occidentàlis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. occidentàlis.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Céltis occidentàlis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sugarberry. Hackberry.</span>) Leaves ovate, +obliquely subcordate to truncate at base, long-acuminate, serrate (at +least near the apex), rough above and hairy beneath. Fruit a +single-seeded, ¼ in., globular drupe, solitary on a peduncle, 1 in. +long, in the axils of the leaves; purple when ripe in autumn.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> + +<p>Shrub (var. <i>pumila</i>) to large tree, 6 to 50 ft. high; throughout; rare +north, abundant south. Sometimes cultivated. The branches are numerous, +slender, horizontal, giving the tree a wide-spreading, dense top.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i137a"> + <a href="images/illus137a.png"> + <img src="images/illus137as.png" + width="100" height="69" + alt="C. Mississippiénsis." + title="C. Mississippiénsis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Mississippiénsis.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Céltis Mississippiénsis</b>, Bosc. Leaves almost entire, with a very +long, tapering point, a rounded and mostly oblique base, thin and +smooth. Fruit smaller than that of the preceding species. A small tree +with rough, warty bark. Illinois and southward.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g77"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>77. MACLÙRA.</b></p> + +<p>Trees or shrubs with milky juice and simple, alternate, entire, +deciduous leaves, generally having a sharp spine by the side of the bud +in the axils. Flowers inconspicuous; in summer. Fruit large, globular, +orange-like in appearance.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i137b"> + <a href="images/illus137b.png"> + <img src="images/illus137bs.png" + width="100" height="131" + alt="M. aurantìaca." + title="M. aurantìaca." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">M. aurantìaca.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Maclùra aurantìaca</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Osage Orange. Bow-wood.</span>) Leaves rather thick, +ovate to ovate-oblong, almost entire, smooth and shining above, +strong-veined and paler beneath, 4 in. long by 2 in. wide; spines +simple, about 1 in. long. Fruit as large as an orange, golden-yellow +when ripe. A medium-sized tree, 20 to 50 ft. high; native west of the +Mississippi. Extensively cultivated for hedges, and also for ornament, +throughout.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g78"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>78. MÒRUS.</b></p> + +<p>Trees with milky juice and alternate, deciduous, exstipulate, broad, +heart-shaped, usually rough leaves. Flowers inconspicuous; in spring. +Fruit blackberry-like in shape and size; in summer.</p> + + +<table summary="Morus key"> +<tr><td>* Leaves rough; fruit dark-colored </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td>* Leaves smooth and shining; fruit white to black </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i138a"> + <a href="images/illus138a.png"> + <img src="images/illus138as.png" + width="100" height="109" + alt="M. rùbra." + title="M. rùbra." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">M. rùbra.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Mòrus rùbra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Red Mulberry.</span>) Leaves broad, heart-shaped, 4 to 6 +in. long, serrate, rough above and downy beneath, pointed; on the young +shoots irregularly lobed. Fruit dark red, almost purple when ripe, +cylindrical; not found on all the trees, as the flowers are somewhat +diœcious; ripe in July. Wood yellow, heavy and durable. Usually a +small tree, 15 to 60 ft. high; wild throughout, also cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i138b"> + <a href="images/illus138b.png"> + <img src="images/illus138bs.png" + width="100" height="105" + alt="M. álba." + title="M. álba." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">M. álba.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Mòrus álba</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">White Mulberry.</span>) Leaves obliquely heart-ovate, +pointed, serrate, smooth and shining; lobed on the younger growths; 2 to +7 in. long. Fruit whitish, oval to oblong; ripe in July. A small tree +from China, planted for feeding silkworms, but now naturalized +throughout.</p> + +<p>Var. <i>multicaulis</i> has large leaves, and is considered better for +silkworm food than the usual form. It is not very hardy, as it is +frequently winter-killed in the latitude of New York City.</p> + +<p>Var. <i>Downingii</i> (Downing's everbearing Mulberry) has large leaves and +very large, dark red or black fruit, of excellent flavor, which does not +ripen all at once as most Mulberries do.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g79"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>79. BROUSSONÈTIA.</b></p> + +<p>Trees with milky juice and alternate, deciduous, stipulate, broad, very +hairy leaves. Flowers diœcious. Fruit (only on a portion of the +plants) similar to the common Mulberry.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i138c"> + <a href="images/illus138c.png"> + <img src="images/illus138cs.png" + width="100" height="67" + alt="B. papyrífera." + title="B. papyrífera." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">B. papyrífera.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Broussonètia papyrífera</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Paper-mulberry.</span>) Leaves ovate to +heart-shaped, variously lobed, deeply so on the young suckers, serrate, +very rough above and quite soft-downy beneath; leaves on the old trees +almost without lobes; bark tough and fibrous. Flowers in catkins, +greenish; in spring. Fruit club-shaped, dark scarlet, sweet and insipid; +ripe in August. Small cultivated tree, 10 to 35 ft. high, hardy north to +New York; remarkable for the great variety in the forms of its leaves on +the young trees.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXXVII. PLATANÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p class="family">(<span class="smcap">Plane-tree Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A very small order, containing but one genus:</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g80"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>80. PLÁTANUS.</b></p> + +<p>Trees with alternate, simple, large, palmately lobed leaves. The base of +the petiole is hollowed to cover the bud. Flowers inconspicuous; in +early spring. Fruit a large, dry ball, hanging on a long peduncle, and +remaining on the tree through the winter. Large tree with white bark +separating into thin, brittle plates.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i139a"> + <a href="images/illus139a.png"> + <img src="images/illus139as.png" + width="100" height="128" + alt="P. occidentàlis." + title="P. occidentàlis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. occidentàlis.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Plátanus occidentàlis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">American Sycamore. Buttonwood.</span>) Leaves +large (6 to 10 in. broad), roundish heart-shaped, angularly +sinuate-lobed, the short lobes sharp-pointed, scurfy-downy till old. +Fruit globular, solitary, 1 in. in diameter, hanging on long, 4-in. +peduncles; remaining on the tree through the winter. A large, well-known +tree, 80 to 100 ft. high; found on river-banks throughout; also +cultivated. Wood brownish, coarse-grained; it cannot be split, and is +very difficult to smooth. The marking of the grain on the quartered +lumber is very beautiful.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i139b"> + <a href="images/illus139b.png"> + <img src="images/illus139bs.png" + width="100" height="95" + alt="P. orientàlis." + title="P. orientàlis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. orientàlis.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Plátanus orientàlis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Oriental Plane.</span>) Leaves more deeply cut, +smaller, and sooner smooth than those of the American Sycamore. Fruit +frequently clustered on the peduncles. This tree is similar to the +American Sycamore, and in many ways better for cultivation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXXVIII. JUGLANDÀCEÆ.</b></p> + +<p class="family">(<span class="smcap">Walnut Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A small order of useful nut-and timber-trees.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g81"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>81. JÙGLANS.</b></p> + +<p>Trees with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves, of 5 to 17 leaflets, with 2 to +4 axillary buds, the uppermost the largest. Flowers inconspicuous, the +sterile ones in catkins. May. Fruit a large, bony, edible nut surrounded +by a husk that has no regular dehiscence. The nut, as in the genus +Carya, has a bony partition between the halves of the kernel.</p> + + +<table summary="Juglans key"> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Leaflets 13 to 17, strongly serrate; husk of the fruit not separating from the very rough, bony nut; native. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Upper axillary bud cylindrical, whitish with hairs; nut elongated </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Upper axillary bud ovate, pointed; nut globular </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Leaflets 5 to 9; husk of the fruit separating when dry from the smoothish, thin-shelled nut; cultivated </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i140"> + <a href="images/illus140.png"> + <img src="images/illus140s.png" + width="100" height="115" + alt="J. cinèrea." + title="J. cinèrea." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">J. cinèrea.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Jùglans cinèrea</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Butternut. White Walnut.</span>) Leaflets 11 to 17, +lanceolate, rounded at base, serrate with shallow teeth; downy, +especially beneath; leafstalk sticky or gummy. Buds oblong, +white-to-mentose. Fruit oblong, clammy, pointed. A thick-shelled nut, +deeply sculptured and rough with ragged ridges; ripe in September. A +widely spreading, flat-topped tree, 30 to 70 ft. high, with gray bark +and much lighter-colored wood than that of the Juglans nigra.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i141a"> + <a href="images/illus141a.png"> + <img src="images/illus141as.png" + width="100" height="141" + alt="J. nìgra." + title="J. nìgra." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">J. nìgra.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Jùglans nìgra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Black Walnut.</span>) Leaflets 13 to 21, +lanceolate-ovate, taper-pointed, somewhat heart-shaped and oblique at +base, smooth above and very slightly downy beneath. Fruit globular, +roughly dotted; the thick-shelled nut very rough; ripe in October. A +large handsome tree, 50 to 120 ft. high, with brown bark; more common +west than east of the Alleghanies; often planted. Wood dark +purplish-brown.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i141b"> + <a href="images/illus141b.png"> + <img src="images/illus141bs.png" + width="100" height="117" + alt="J. règia." + title="J. règia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">J. règia.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Jùglans règia</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Madeira Nut. English Walnut.</span>) Leaflets 5 to 9, +oval, smooth, obscurely serrate. Fruit oval, with a thin-shelled oval +nut not nearly so rough as that of Juglans cinerea, or of Juglans nigra. +When ripe the husk becomes very brittle and breaks open to let out the +nut. Tree intermediate in size, 40 to 60 ft. high, hardy as far north as +Boston in the East, but needs protection at St. Louis. It should be more +extensively cultivated. Introduced from Persia.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g82"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>82. CÁRYA.</b></p> + +<p>Hard-wooded trees with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves having +straight-veined leaflets. The leaflets are opposite each other, and the +terminal pair and end leaflet are usually much the largest. The sterile +flowers are in hanging catkins, the fertile ones minute, forming a +large, rounded, green-coated, dry drupe, with a roughened nut having a +bony partition. The drupes hang on till frost, when they open more or +less and usually allow the nut to drop out. Wood hard and tough.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p> + + +<table summary="Carya key"> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Bark shaggy and scaly; kernel very good. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Leaflets usually 5 (5 to 7) </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Leaflets 7 to 9 </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Bark rough, deeply furrowed but not shaggy; kernel edible. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>B.</b> Leaflets 7 to 9, usually 7 </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>B.</b> Leaflets 5 to 7, usually 5 </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Bark smooth; kernel bitter. (<b>C.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>C.</b> Leaflets 5 to 7, usually 7, smooth </td><td class="right">5.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>C.</b> Leaflets 7 to 11, serrate with deep teeth </td><td class="right">6.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Bark smooth; nut thin-shelled; kernel sweet; leaflets 13 to 15 </td><td class="right">7.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i142a"> + <a href="images/illus142a.png"> + <img src="images/illus142as.png" + width="100" height="114" + alt="C. álba." + title="C. álba." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. álba.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Cárya álba</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Shellbark or Shagbark Hickory.</span>) Leaflets 5, the +lower pair much smaller, all oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, finely +serrate, downy beneath when young. Fruit globular, depressed at the top, +splitting readily into 4 wholly separate valves. Nut white, sweet, +compressed, 4-angled. Husk quite thin for the Hickories. Tree 70 to 90 +ft. high, with very shaggy bark, even on quite small trees. Wild +throughout, and cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i142b"> + <a href="images/illus142b.png"> + <img src="images/illus142bs.png" + width="100" height="122" + alt="C. sulcàta." + title="C. sulcàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. sulcàta.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Cárya sulcàta</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Big Shellbark. Kingnut.</span>) Leaflets 7 to 9, +obovate-acuminate, sharply serrate, the odd one attenuate at base and +nearly sessile; downy beneath (more so than Carya alba). Fruit large, +oval, 4-ribbed above the middle, with 4 intervening depressions. Husk +very thick, entirely separating into 4 valves. Nut large, 1¼ to 2 in. +long, dull-whitish, thick-shelled, usually strongly pointed at both +ends. Kernel sweet and good. Tree 60 to 90 ft. high, with a shaggy bark +of loose, narrow strips on large trees. Quite common west of the +Alleghanies.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i143a"> + <a href="images/illus143a.png"> + <img src="images/illus143as.png" + width="100" height="162" + alt="C. tomentòsa." + title="C. tomentòsa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. tomentòsa.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Cárya tomentòsa</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Mockernut. White-heart Hickory.</span>) Leaflets 7 +to 9 (mostly 7), lance-obovate, pointed, obscurely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> serrate or almost +entire, the lower surface as well as the twigs and the catkins tomentose +when young. Fruit globular or ovoid, usually with a very hard, thick +husk slightly united at base. Nut somewhat hexagonal, with a very thick +shell and well-flavored kernel. A tall, slender tree, 60 to 100 ft. +high, with a rough deeply furrowed, but not shaggy bark. Common on dry +hillsides throughout.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i143b"> + <a href="images/illus143b.png"> + <img src="images/illus143bs.png" + width="100" height="132" + alt="C. microcárpa." + title="C. microcárpa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. microcárpa.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Cárya microcárpa</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Small Mockernut.</span>) Leaflets about 5 (5 to 7), +oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, finely serrate, smooth, glandular +beneath; buds small, ovate. Fruit small, subglobose, with a thin husk; +nut not sharply angled, with a thin shell; edible. A large tree, 70 to +90 ft. high; New York, Pennsylvania, and westward.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i143c"> + <a href="images/illus143c.png"> + <img src="images/illus143cs.png" + width="100" height="111" + alt="C. porcìna." + title="C. porcìna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. porcìna.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>Cárya porcìna</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Pignut. Broom-hickory.</span>) Leaflets 5 to 7 +(usually 7), oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate, smooth. Fruit pear-shaped +to oval, somewhat rough, splitting regularly only about half-way. Nut +large (1½ to 2 in. long), brownish, somewhat obcordate, with a thick, +hard shell, and poor, bitter kernel. Tall tree, 70 to 80 ft. high, with +dark-colored heart-wood, and rather smooth bark. Common on ridges.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i143d"> + <a href="images/illus143d.png"> + <img src="images/illus143ds.png" + width="100" height="125" + alt="C. amàra." + title="C. amàra." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. amàra.</p> +</div> + +<p>6. <b>Cárya amàra</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Bitternut. Swamp-hickory.</span>) Leaflets 7 to 11, +lan<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>ceolate to oblong-lanceolate, serrate with deep teeth. Fruit +roundish-ovate, regularly separable only half-way, but friable at +maturity. Nut small, white, subglobose, with a very thin shell and an +extremely bitter kernel. Large tree with orange-yellow winter buds, and +firm, not scaly, bark. Wild throughout, and sometimes cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i144"> + <a href="images/illus144.png"> + <img src="images/illus144s.png" + width="100" height="132" + alt="C. olivæfórmis." + title="C. olivæfórmis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. olivæfórmis.</p> +</div> + +<p>7. <b>Cárya olivæfórmis</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Pecan-nut.</span>) Leaflets 13 to 15, +ovate-lanceolate, serrate; lateral ones nearly sessile and decidedly +curved. Fruit oblong, widest above the middle, with 4 distinct valves. +Nut oblong, 1¼ in., nearer smooth than the other edible Hickory-nuts, +the shell thin, but rather too hard to be broken by the fingers. The +kernel is full, sweet, and good. A tall tree, 80 to 90 ft. high. Indiana +and south; also cultivated, but not very successfully, as far north as +New York City.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XXXIX. CUPULÌFERÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Oak Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>This order contains more species of trees and shrubs in temperate +regions than any other, except the Coniferæ. The genus Quercus (Oak) +alone contains about 20 species of trees in the region covered by this +work.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g83"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>83. BÉTULA.</b></p> + +<p>Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, mostly straight-veined, thin, +usually serrate leaves. Flowers in catkins, opening in early spring, in +most cases before the leaves. Fruit a leafy-scaled catkin or cone, +hanging on till autumn. Twigs usually slender, the bark peeling off in +thin, tough layers, and having peculiar horizontal marks. Many species +have aromatic leaves and twigs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p> + + +<table summary="Betula key"> +<tr><td colspan="3">* Trunks with chalky white bark. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>A.</b> Native. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>B.</b> Small tree with leafstalks about ½ as long as the blades </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>B.</b> Large tree; leafstalks about 1/3 as long as the blades </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>A.</b> Cultivated; from Europe; many varieties </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3">* Bark not chalky white, usually dark. (<b>C.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>C.</b> Leaves and bark very aromatic. (<b>D.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>D.</b> Bark of trunk yellowish and splitting into filmy layers </td><td class="right">5.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>D.</b> Bark not splitting into filmy layers </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>C.</b> Leaves not very aromatic; bark brownish and loose and shaggy on the main trunk; growing in or near the water </td><td class="right">6.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i145a"> + <a href="images/illus145a.png"> + <img src="images/illus145as.png" + width="100" height="146" + alt="B. populifòlia." + title="B. populifòlia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">B. populifòlia.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Bétula populifòlia</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">American White or Gray Birch.</span>) Leaves +triangular, very taper-pointed, and usually truncate or nearly so at the +broad base, irregularly twice-serrate; both sides smooth and shining, +when young glutinous with resinous glands; leafstalks half as long as +the blades and slender, so as to make the leaves tremulous, like those +of the Aspen. Fruit brown, cylindrical, more or less pendulous on +slender peduncles. A small (15 to 30 ft. high), slender tree with an +ascending rather than an erect trunk. Bark chalky or grayish white, with +triangular dusky spaces below the branches; recent shoots brown, closely +covered with round dots.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i145b"> + <a href="images/illus145b.png"> + <img src="images/illus145bs.png" + width="100" height="115" + alt="B. papyrífera." + title="B. papyrífera." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">B. papyrífera.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Bétula papyrífera</b>, Marsh. (<span class="smcap">Paper or Canoe Birch.</span>) Leaves 2 to 4 in. +long, ovate, taper-pointed, heart-shaped, abrupt or sometimes +wedge-shaped at the base, sharply and doubly serrate, smooth and green +above, roughly reticulated, glandular-dotted and slightly hairy beneath; +footstalk not over 1/3 the length of the blade. Fruit long-stalked and +drooping. A large tree, 60 to 75 ft. high, with white bark splitting +freely into very thin, tough layers. A variety, 5 to 10 ft. high (var. +<i>minor</i>), occurs only in the White Mountains. Young shoots reddish or +purplish olive-green deepening to a dark copper bronze. New England and +westward, also cultivated.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i146a"> + <a href="images/illus146a.png"> + <img src="images/illus146as.png" + width="100" height="101" + alt="B. álba." + title="B. álba." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">B. álba.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Bétula álba</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">European White Birch.</span>) Leaves ovate, acute, somewhat +deltoid, unequally serrate, often deeply cut, nearly smooth; in var. +<i>pubescens</i> covered with white hairs. Fruit brown, cylindric, drooping. +A tree, 30 to 60 ft. high, with a chalky-white bark; from Europe, +extensively cultivated in this country, under many names, which indicate +the character of growth or foliage; among them may be mentioned +<i>pendula</i> (weeping), <i>laciniata</i> (cut-leaved), <i>fastigiata</i> (pyramidal), +<i>atropurpurea</i> (purple-leaved), and <i>pubescens</i> (hairy-leaved).</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i146b"> + <a href="images/illus146b.png"> + <img src="images/illus146bs.png" + width="100" height="127" + alt="B. lénta." + title="B. lénta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">B. lénta.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Bétula lénta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Sweet, Black or Cherry Birch.</span>) Leaves and bark very +sweet, aromatic. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, with more or less +heart-shaped base, very acute apex, and doubly and finely serrate +margin, bright shining green above, smooth beneath, except the veins, +which are hairy. Fruit 1 to 1¼ in. long, cylindric, with spreading lobes +to the scales. A rather large tree, 50 to 70 ft. high, with bark of +trunk and twigs in appearance much like that of the garden Cherry, and +not splitting into as thin layers as most of the Birches. Wood +rose-colored, fine-grained. Moist woods, rather common throughout; also +cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i146c"> + <a href="images/illus146c.png"> + <img src="images/illus146cs.png" + width="100" height="122" + alt="B. lùtea." + title="B. lùtea." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">B. lùtea.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>Bétula lùtea</b>, Michx. f. (<span class="smcap">Yellow or Gray Birch.</span>) A species so like the +preceding (Betula lenta) as to be best described by stating the +differences. Leaves and bark are much less aromatic. Leaves 3 to 5 in. +long, not so often nor so plainly heart-shaped at base, usually +narrowed; less bright green above, and more downy beneath; more coarsely +serrate. Fruit not so long, and more ovate, with much larger and thinner +scales, the lobes hardly spreading. A large tree, 50 to 90 ft. high, +with yellowish or silvery-gray bark peeling off into very thin, filmy +layers from the trunk. Wood whiter, and not so useful. Rich, moist +woodlands, especially northward; also cultivated.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i147a"> + <a href="images/illus147a.png"> + <img src="images/illus147as.png" + width="100" height="151" + alt="B. nìgra." + title="B. nìgra." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">B. nìgra.</p> +</div> + +<p>6. <b>Bétula nìgra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">River or Red Birch.</span>) Leaves 2½ to 3½ in. long, +rhombic-ovate, acute at both ends, distinctly doubly serrate, bright +green above; glaucous beneath when young; on petioles only 1/6 their +length. Twigs brown to cinnamon-color, and downy when young. A +medium-sized tree, 30 to 50 ft. high, usually growing on the edges of +streams, the old trunks having a very shaggy, loose, torn, reddish-brown +bark. Wild in Massachusetts, south and west; often cultivated.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g84"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>84. ÁLNUS.</b></p> + +<p>Shrubs or small trees with deciduous, alternate, simple, straight-veined +leaves with large stipules that remain most of the season. Flowers in +catkins. Fruit a small, scaly, open, woody cone, remaining on the plant +throughout the year.</p> + + +<table summary="Alnus key"> +<tr><td colspan="3">* Native species; growing in wet places. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>A.</b> Leaves rounded at base; whitened beneath; found north of 41° N. Lat </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>A.</b> Leaves acute or tapering at base; southward. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>B.</b> Flowering in the spring </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>B.</b> Flowering in the autumn </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3">* Cultivated species; from Europe; will grow in dry places </td><td class="right">4, 5.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i147b"> + <a href="images/illus147b.png"> + <img src="images/illus147bs.png" + width="100" height="118" + alt="A. incàna." + title="A. incàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. incàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Álnus incàna</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Speckled or Hoary Alder.</span>) Leaves 3 to 5 in. +long, broadly oval or ovate, rounded at base, sharply serrate, often +coarsely toothed, whitened and mostly downy beneath; stipules lanceolate +and soon falling. Fruit orbicular or nearly so. A shrub or small tree, 8 +to 20 ft. high, with the bark of the trunk a polished reddish green; +common along water-courses north of 41° N. Lat.; sometimes cultivated.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i148a"> + <a href="images/illus148a.png"> + <img src="images/illus148as.png" + width="100" height="115" + alt="A. serrulàta." + title="A. serrulàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. serrulàta.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Álnus serrulàta</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Smooth Alder.</span>) Leaves 2 to 4½ in. long, +thickish, obovate, acute at base, sharply and finely serrate, green both +sides, smooth or often downy beneath; stipules yellowish green, oval, +and falling after 2 or 3 leaves have expanded above them. Fruit ovate. +Rather a shrub than a tree, 6 to 12 ft. high, common along streams south +of 41° N. Lat. In the Southern States it sometimes forms a tree 30 ft. +high.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i148b"> + <a href="images/illus148b.png"> + <img src="images/illus148bs.png" + width="100" height="122" + alt="A. marítima." + title="A. marítima." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. marítima.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Álnus marítima</b>, Muhl. (<span class="smcap">Seaside Alder.</span>) Smooth; leaves oblong-ovate to +obovate, with a tapering base, sharply serrulate; petiole slender; color +bright green, somewhat rusty beneath. Flowering in the autumn. Fruiting +catkin large, ¾ to 1 in. long, ½ in. thick, usually solitary, ovoid to +oblong. A small tree, 15 to 25 ft. high. Southern Delaware and eastern +Maryland, near the coast.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i148c"> + <a href="images/illus148c.png"> + <img src="images/illus148cs.png" + width="100" height="120" + alt="A. glutinòsa." + title="A. glutinòsa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. glutinòsa.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Álnus glutinòsa</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">European Alder.</span>) Leaves roundish, wedge-shaped, +wavy-serrated, usually abrupt at tip, glutinous; sharply and deeply +incised in some varieties. Fruit oval, ½ in. long. A medium-sized tree, +25 to 60 ft. high, of rapid growth, often cultivated under several +names; the most important being vars. <i>laciniata</i> (cut-leaved), +<i>quercifolia</i> (oak-leaved), and <i>rubrinervis</i> (red-leaved).</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i148d"> + <a href="images/illus148d.png"> + <img src="images/illus148ds.png" + width="100" height="97" + alt="A. cordifòlia." + title="A. cordifòlia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. cordifòlia.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>Álnus cordifòlia</b>, Ten. (<span class="smcap">Heart-leaved Alder.</span>) Leaves heart-shaped, +dark green and shining. Flowers greenish-brown, blooming in March and +April, before the leaves expand. A large and very handsome Alder, 15 to +20 ft. high, growing in much dryer soil than the American species. +Cultivated from southern Europe. Hardy after it gets a good start, but +often winter-killed when young.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g85"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>85. CÓRYLUS.</b></p> + +<p>Low trees and large shrubs with simple, alternate, deciduous, doubly +serrate, straight-veined leaves. Flowers insignificant, in catkins in +early spring. Fruit an ovoid-oblong bony nut, inclosed in a thickish +involucre of two leaves with a lacerated frilled border; ripe in autumn.</p> + + +<table summary="Corylus key"> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Leafy bracts of fruit forming a bottle-shaped involucre </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Leafy bracts not bottle-shaped. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Involucre much longer than the nut </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Involucre but little longer than the nut </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i149a"> + <a href="images/illus149a.png"> + <img src="images/illus149as.png" + width="100" height="98" + alt="C. Americàna." + title="C. Americàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Americàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Córylus Americàna</b>, Walt. (<span class="smcap">Wild Hazelnut.</span>) Leaves roundish +heart-shaped, pointed, doubly serrate; stipules broad at base, acute, +and sometimes cut-toothed; twigs and shoots often hairy. Involucre of +the fruit open to the globose nut, the two leaf-like bracts very much +cut-toothed at the margin and thick and leathery at the base. Merely a +shrub, 5 to 6 ft. high; quite common throughout.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i149b"> + <a href="images/illus149b.png"> + <img src="images/illus149bs.png" + width="100" height="84" + alt="C. rostràta." + title="C. rostràta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. rostràta.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Córylus rostràta</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Beaked Hazelnut.</span>) Leaves but little or not at +all heart-shaped; stipules linear-lanceolate. The involucre, extending +beyond the nut in a bract like a bottle, is covered with stiff, short +hairs. Shrub, 4 to 5 ft. high. Wild in the same region as Corylus +Americana, but not so abundant.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i149c"> + <a href="images/illus149c.png"> + <img src="images/illus149cs.png" + width="100" height="98" + alt="C. Avellàna." + title="C. Avellàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Avellàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Córylus Avellàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">European Hazel. Filbert.</span>) Leaves +roundish-cordate, pointed, doubly serrate, nearly sessile, with +ovate-oblong, obtuse stipules; shoots bristly. Involucre of the fruit +not much larger than the large nut (1 in.), and deeply cleft. A small +tree or shrub, 6 to 12 ft. high, from Europe; several varieties in +cultivation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g86"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>86. ÓSTRYA.</b></p> + +<p>Slender trees with very hard wood, brownish, furrowed bark, and +deciduous, alternate, simple, exstipulate, straight-veined leaves. +Flowers inconspicuous, in catkins. Fruit hop-like in appearance, at the +ends of side shoots of the season, hanging on through the autumn.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i150a"> + <a href="images/illus150a.png"> + <img src="images/illus150as.png" + width="100" height="134" + alt="O. Virgínica." + title="O. Virgínica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">O. Virgínica.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Óstrya Virgínica</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Iron-wood. American Hop-hornbeam.</span>) Leaves +oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubly serrate, downy beneath, +with 11 to 15 straight veins on each side of the midrib; buds acute. The +hop-like fruit 2 to 3 times as long as wide; full grown and pendulous, 1 +to 3 in. long, in August, when it adds greatly to the beauty of the +tree. A small, rather slender tree, 30 to 50 ft. high, with the bark on +old trees somewhat furrowed; wood white and very hard and heavy; common +in rich woods, and occasionally cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i150b"> + <a href="images/illus150b.png"> + <img src="images/illus150bs.png" + width="100" height="125" + alt="O. vulgàris." + title="O. vulgàris." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">O. vulgàris.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Óstrya vulgàris</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">European Hop-hornbeam.</span>) This species from +Europe is much like the American one, but has longer, more slender, more +pendulous fruit-clusters. Occasionally cultivated.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g87"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>87. CARPÌNUS.</b></p> + +<p>Trees or tall shrubs with alternate, simple, straight-veined leaves, and +smooth and close gray bark. Flowers in drooping catkins, the sterile +flowers in dense cylindric ones, and the fertile flowers in a loose +terminal one forming an elongated, leafy-bracted cluster with many, +several-grooved, small nuts, hanging on the tree till late in the +autumn.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i151a"> + <a href="images/illus151a.png"> + <img src="images/illus151as.png" + width="100" height="131" + alt="C. Caroliniàna." + title="C. Caroliniàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Caroliniàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Carpìnus Caroliniàna</b>, Walt. (<span class="smcap">American Hornbeam. Blue or Water Beech.</span>) +Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, soon nearly +smooth. Fruit with the scales obliquely halberd-shaped and cut-toothed, +¾ in. long, nuts 1/8 in. long. A tree or tall shrub, 10 to 25 ft. high, +with a peculiarly ridged trunk; the close, smooth gray bark and the +leaves are much like those of the Beech. The wood is very hard and +whitish. Common along streams; sometimes cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i151b"> + <a href="images/illus151b.png"> + <img src="images/illus151bs.png" + width="100" height="110" + alt="C. Bétulus." + title="C. Bétulus." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Bétulus.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Carpìnus Bétulus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">European Hornbeam.</span>) This cultivated species is +quite similar to the American, but can be distinguished by the scales of +the fruit, which are wholly halberd-shaped, having the basal lobes +nearly equal in size, as shown in the cut; while the American species +has scales only half halberd-shaped.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g88"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>88. QUÉRCUS.</b></p> + +<p>Large trees to shrubs, with simple, alternate, deciduous or evergreen, +entire to deeply lobed leaves. The leaves are rather thick and woody, +and remain on the tree either all winter or at least until nearly all +other deciduous leaves have fallen. Flowers insignificant; the staminate +ones in catkins; blooming in spring. Fruit an acorn, which in the White, +Chestnut, and Live Oaks matures the same year the blossoms appear; while +in the Red, Black, and Willow Oaks the acorns mature the second year. +They remain on the tree until late in autumn. The Oaks, because of their +large tap-roots, can be transplanted only when small. Most of the +species are in cultivation. The species are very closely related, and a +number of them quite readily hybridize; this is especially true of those +of a particular group, as the White Oaks, Black Oaks, etc.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p> + +<p>There is no attempt in the Key to characterize the hybrids, of which +some are quite extensively distributed. <i>Quercus heterophylla</i>, Michx. +(Bartram's Oak), supposed to be a hybrid between <i>Quercus Phellos</i> and +<i>Quercus rubra</i>, is found quite frequently from Staten Island southward +to North Carolina.</p> + + +<table summary="Quercus key"> +<tr><td colspan="5">* Cultivated Oaks from the Old World; bark rough; leaves more or less sinuated or lobed. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="4"><b>A.</b> Acorn cup not bristly </td><td class="right">20.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="4"><b>A.</b> Acorn cup more or less bristly </td><td class="right">21.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">* Wild species, occasionally cultivated. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="4"><b>B.</b> Leaves entire or almost entire, or merely 3- (rarely 5-) lobed at the enlarged summit. (<b>C.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>C.</b> Ends about equal, petioles very short. (<b>D.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>D.</b> Leaves small (2 to 4 in. long), evergreen, bark smooth, black (Live-oaks) </td><td class="right">10.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>D.</b> Leaves not evergreen in the North, somewhat awned when young, bark very smooth, black and never cracked (Willow-oaks). (<b>E.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>E.</b> Down on the under side quite persistent </td><td class="right">18.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>E.</b> Under side soon smooth </td><td class="right">19.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>C.</b> Widened near the tip, somewhat obovate and the end usually 3-lobed; bark quite black, smooth or furrowed, but never scaly (Black-oaks). (<b>F.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>F.</b> Leaves acute at base</td><td class="right">16.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>F.</b> Leaves abrupt or cordate at base </td><td class="right">17.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="4"><b>B.</b> Leaves distinctly straight-veined, sinuate rather than lobed, the teeth generally rounded and never awned; bark white, rough and scaling (Chestnut-oaks). (<b>G.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>G.</b> Lobes rounded </td><td class="right">5, 6, 7.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>G.</b> Lobes rather acute </td><td class="right">8, 9.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="4"><b>B.</b> Leaves coarsely lobed, the lobes usually rounded, never awned; bark white or whitish-brown, cracking and scaling off in thin laminæ (White Oaks). (<b>H.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>H.</b> Leaves crowded at the ends of the branchlets </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>H.</b> Leaves not crowded </td><td class="right">1, 2, 3.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="4"><b>B.</b> Leaves more or less lobed, the lobes and teeth acute and bristle-pointed; petiole slender; base rather abrupt; bark dark-colored, smooth or furrowed, but never scaly (Red Oaks). (<b>I.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>I.</b> Leaves smooth both sides, at least when mature </td><td class="right">11, 12, 13.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>I.</b> Leaves soft-downy beneath </td><td class="right">14, 15.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i153a"> + <a href="images/illus153a.png"> + <img src="images/illus153as.png" + width="100" height="106" + alt="Q. álba." + title="Q. álba." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. álba.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Quércus álba</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">American White Oak.</span>) Leaves short-stemmed, acute at +base, with 3 to 9 oblong, obtuse, usually entire, oblique lobes, very +persistent, many remaining on the tree through the winter; pubescent +when young, soon smooth, bright green above. Acorns in the axils of the +leaves of the year, ovoid-oblong, 1 in., in a shallow, rough cup, often +sweet and edible. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, with stem often 6 ft. +in diameter; wood light-colored, hard, tough and very useful. Common +throughout.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i153b"> + <a href="images/illus153b.png"> + <img src="images/illus153bs.png" + width="100" height="62" + alt="Q. stellàta" + title="Q. stellàta" /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. stellàta</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Quércus stelláta</b>, Wang. (<span class="smcap">Post-oak. Rough or Box White Oak.</span>) Leaves 4 +to 6 in. long, sinuately cut into 5 to 7 roundish, divergent lobes, the +upper ones much larger and often 1- to 3-notched, grayish-or +yellowish-downy beneath, and pale and rough above. Acorn ovoid, about ½ +in. long, one third to one half inclosed in a deep, saucer-shaped cup; +in the axils of the leaves of the year. A medium-sized tree, 40 to 50 +ft. high, with very hard, durable wood, resembling that of the White +Oak. Massachusetts, south and west.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i153c"> + <a href="images/illus153c.png"> + <img src="images/illus153cs.png" + width="100" height="101" + alt="Q. macrocárpa." + title="Q. macrocárpa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. macrocárpa.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Quércus macrocárpa</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Bur-oak. Mossy-cup.</span>) Leaves obovate or +oblong, lyrately pinnatifid or deeply sinuate-lobed or nearly parted, +the lobes sparingly and obtusely toothed or entire. Acorn broadly ovoid, +1 in. or more long, one half to almost entirely inclosed in a thick and +woody cup with usually a mossy fringed border formed of the upper awned +scales; cup very variable in size, ¾ to 2 in. across. A handsome, +middle-sized tree, 40 to 60 ft. high. Western New England to Wisconsin, +and southwestward.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i154a"> + <a href="images/illus154a.png"> + <img src="images/illus154as.png" + width="100" height="93" + alt="Q. lyràta." + title="Q. lyràta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. lyràta.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Quércus lyràta</b>, Walt. (<span class="smcap">Swamp Post-oak.</span>) Leaves crowded at the ends of +the branchlets, very variable, obovate-oblong, more or less deeply 7- to +9-lobed, white-to-mentose beneath when young, becoming smoothish; the +lobes triangular to oblong, acute or obtuse, entire or sparingly +toothed. Acorn about ¾ in. long, nearly covered by the round, ovate, +thin, rugged, scaly cup. A large tree with pale flaky bark. River-swamps +in southern Indiana to Wisconsin, and southward.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i154b"> + <a href="images/illus154b.png"> + <img src="images/illus154bs.png" + width="100" height="112" + alt="Q. bícolor." + title="Q. bícolor." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. bícolor.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>Quércus bícolor</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Swamp White Oak.</span>) Leaves obovate or +oblong-obovate, wedge-shaped at base, coarsely sinuate-crenate, and +often rather pinnatifid than toothed, whitish, soft-downy beneath. Main +primary veins 6 to 8 pairs. Acorns, nearly 1 in., oblong-ovoid, set in a +shallow cup often mossy fringed at the margin, on a peduncle about as +long as the acorn, much longer than the petioles of the leaves; in the +axils of the leaves of the year. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, stem 5 +to 8 ft. in diameter. Most common in the Northern and Western States, in +swamps, but found in moist soil in the mountains of the South.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i154c"> + <a href="images/illus154c.png"> + <img src="images/illus154cs.png" + width="100" height="111" + alt="Q. Michaùxii." + title="Q. Michaùxii." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. Michaùxii.</p> +</div> + +<p>6. <b>Quércus Michaùxii</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Basket-oak</span> or <span class="smcap">Cow-oak</span>.) Leaves 5 to 6 in. +long, oval to obovate, acute, obtuse, or even cordate at base, regularly +but usually not deeply sinuate, rather rigid, usually very tomentose +beneath. Acorn large, 1-1/3 in. long, sweet and edible; cup shallow and +roughened with coarse, acute scales; no fringe. A large and valuable Oak +with gray and flaky bark.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i155a"> + <a href="images/illus155a.png"> + <img src="images/illus155as.png" + width="100" height="143" + alt="Q. Prìnus" + title="Q. Prìnus" /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. Prìnus</p> +</div> + +<p>7. <b>Quércus Prìnus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Chestnut-oak.</span>) Leaves obovate or oblong, coarsely +undulately toothed, with 10 to 16 pairs of straight, prominent ribs +beneath; surface minutely downy beneath, and smooth above. Acorn ovoid, +1 in. long, covered nearly half-way<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> with a thick, mostly tuberculated +cup; in the axils of the leaves of the year; kernel sweetish and edible. +A middle-sized or small tree, with reddish, coarse-grained wood. Found +throughout, but common only southward.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i155b"> + <a href="images/illus155b.png"> + <img src="images/illus155bs.png" + width="100" height="112" + alt="Q. Muhlenbérgii." + title="Q. Muhlenbérgii." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. Muhlenbérgii.</p> +</div> + +<p>8. <b>Quércus Muhlenbérgii</b>, Engelm. (<span class="smcap">Yellow Chestnut-oak.</span>) Leaves usually +thin, 5 to 7 in. long, 1½ to 2 in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, rather +sharply notched, mostly obtuse or roundish at base, sometimes broadly +ovate or obovate, and two thirds as wide as long. The leaves are usually +more like those of the Chestnut than any other Oak; the primary veins +very straight, impressed above, prominent beneath. Acorn 2/3 to ¾ in. +long, inclosed in a thin, hemispherical cup with small, appressed +scales. A middle-sized tree with flaky, pale, thin, ash-colored bark, +and tough, very durable, yellowish or brownish wood. Western New +England, westward and south.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i155c"> + <a href="images/illus155c.png"> + <img src="images/illus155cs.png" + width="100" height="89" + alt="Q. prinoìdes." + title="Q. prinoìdes." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. prinoìdes.</p> +</div> + +<p>9. <b>Quércus prinoìdes</b>, Willd. (<span class="smcap">Dwarf Chestnut-oak.</span>) Much like the last, +but generally grows only 2 to 4 ft. high in the Eastern States. The +leaves are more wavy-toothed, on shorter stems. It seems to be only a +variety of Quercus Muhlenbergii, especially in the West, where it grows +much taller and runs into that species.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i155d"> + <a href="images/illus155d.png"> + <img src="images/illus155ds.png" + width="100" height="138" + alt="Q. vìrens." + title="Q. vìrens." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. vìrens.</p> +</div> + +<p>10. <b>Quércus vìrens</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Live-oak.</span>) Leaves thick, evergreen, 2 to 4 in. +long, oblong, obtuse, and somewhat wrinkled; smooth and shining above, +hairy beneath, the margin revolute, usually quite entire, rarely +spiny-toothed. Acorns pedunculate, 1 to 3 in a cluster, oblong-ovate, +with top-shaped nut. A mere shrub to a large tree, with yellowish wood +of excellent grain and durability. Virginia and south.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i156a"> + <a href="images/illus156a.png"> + <img src="images/illus156as.png" + width="100" height="86" + alt="Q. rùbra." + title="Q. rùbra." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. rùbra.</p> +</div> + +<p>11. <b>Quércus rùbra, L.</b> (<span class="smcap">Red Oak.</span>) Leaves rather thin, smooth, oblong, +moderately pinnatifid, sometimes deeply so, into 8 to 12 entire or +sharply toothed lobes, turning dark red after frost. Acorn oblong-ovoid, +1 in. or less long, set in a shallow cup of fine scales, with a narrow +raised border, ¾ to 1 in. in diameter; sessile or nearly so. A large +tree, 60 to 90 ft. high, with reddish, very coarse-grained wood. Common +throughout.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i156b"> + <a href="images/illus156b.png"> + <img src="images/illus156bs.png" + width="100" height="116" + alt="Q. coccínea." + title="Q. coccínea." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. coccínea.</p> +</div> + +<p>12. <b>Quércus coccínea</b>, Wang. (<span class="smcap">Scarlet Oak.</span>) Leaves, in the ordinary form +on large trees, bright green, shining above, turning red in autumn, oval +or oblong, deeply pinnatifid, the 6 to 8 lobes divergent, and sparingly +cut-toothed, notches rounded. Acorn ½ to ¾ in. long, roundish, +depressed, one half or a little more inclosed in a top-shaped, coarsely +scaled cup; in the axils of the leaf-scars of the preceding year. A +large handsome tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, with grayish bark not deeply +furrowed, interior reddish; coarse-grained reddish wood. Moist or dry +soil. Common.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i156c"> + <a href="images/illus156c.png"> + <img src="images/illus156cs.png" + width="100" height="114" + alt="Var. tinctória." + title="Var. tinctória." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Var. tinctória.</p> +</div> + +<p>Var. <i>tinctoria</i>. (Quercitron. Yellow-barked or Black Oak.) Leaves, +especially on young trees, often less deeply pinnatifid, sometimes +barely sinuate. Foliage much like that of Quercus rubra. Acorn nearly +round, ½ to 2/3 in. long, set in a rather deep, conspicuously scaly cup. +Bark of trunk thicker, rougher, darker-colored and with the inner color +orange. Rich and poor soil. Abundant east, but rare west.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i156d"> + <a href="images/illus156d.png"> + <img src="images/illus156ds.png" + width="100" height="92" + alt="Q. palústris." + title="Q. palústris." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. palústris.</p> +</div> + +<p>13. <b>Quércus palústris</b>, Du Roi. (<span class="smcap">Swamp, Spanish, or Pin Oak.</span>) Leaves +oblong, deeply pinnatifid, with divergent, sharply toothed, +bristle-tipped lobes and rounded notches,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> and with both sides bright +green. Acorn globular, hardly ½ in. long, cup shallow and saucer-shaped, +almost sessile, in the axils of last year's leaf-scars. A handsome, +medium-sized tree; wood reddish, coarse-grained. In low ground. Common +throughout.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i157a"> + <a href="images/illus157a.png"> + <img src="images/illus157as.png" + width="100" height="109" + alt="Q. falcàta." + title="Q. falcàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. falcàta.</p> +</div> + +<p>14. <b>Quércus falcàta</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Spanish Oak.</span>) Leaves obtuse or roundish at +base, 3- to 5-lobed above, the lobes prolonged, mostly narrow, and the +end ones more or less scythe-shaped, bristle-tipped, entire or sparingly +cut-toothed, soft-downy beneath. Foliage very variable. Acorn 1/3 to ½ +in. long, globose, half inclosed in the hemispherical cup; nearly +sessile. A tree, 30 to 70 ft. high, large and abundant in the South; +bark thick and excellent for tanning; wood coarse-grained, dark brown or +reddish. New Jersey, south and west.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i157b"> + <a href="images/illus157b.png"> + <img src="images/illus157bs.png" + width="100" height="94" + alt="Q. ilicifòlia." + title="Q. ilicifòlia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. ilicifòlia.</p> +</div> + +<p>15. <b>Quércus ilicifòlia</b>, Wang. (<span class="smcap">Bear or Black Scrub-oak.</span>) Leaves obovate, +wedge-shaped at base, angularly about 5-lobed (3 to 7), white-downy +beneath, 2 to 4 in. long, thickish, with short, triangular +bristle-tipped lobes. Acorn ovoid, globular, ½ in. long. A dwarfed, +straggling bush, 3 to 10 ft. high. Sandy barrens and rocky hills. New +England to Ohio, and south.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i157c"> + <a href="images/illus157c.png"> + <img src="images/illus157cs.png" + width="100" height="138" + alt="Q. aquática." + title="Q. aquática." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. aquática.</p> +</div> + +<p>16. <b>Quércus aquática</b>, Walt. (<span class="smcap">Water-oak.</span>) Leaves thick, sub-evergreen, +obovate-wedge-shaped, smooth, tapering at the base, sometimes obscurely +3-lobed at the tip; on the seedlings and the young rapid-growing shoots +often incised or sinuate-pinnatifid, and then bristle-pointed. Acorn +small, globular-ovoid, downy, in a saucer-shaped cup, very bitter; in +the axils of leaf-scars of the previous year. A very variable tree, 30 +to 40 ft. high, with smooth bark. Wet ground. Maryland, west and south.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i158a"> + <a href="images/illus158a.png"> + <img src="images/illus158as.png" + width="100" height="120" + alt="Q. nìgra." + title="Q. nìgra." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. nìgra.</p> +</div> + +<p>17. <b>Quércus nìgra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Black Oak or Barren Oak.</span>) Leaves large, 5 to 10 +in. long, thick, wedge-shaped, broadly dilated above, and truncate or +slightly 3-lobed at the end, bristle-awned, smooth above, rusty-downy +beneath. Acorn oblong-ovate, ½ to ¾ in. long, in the axils of the leaves +of the preceding year, one third or one half inclosed in the top-shaped, +coarse-scaled cup. A small tree, 10 to 25 ft. high, with rough, very +dark-colored bark. New York, south and west, in dry, sandy barrens.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i158b"> + <a href="images/illus158b.png"> + <img src="images/illus158bs.png" + width="100" height="87" + alt="Q. imbricària." + title="Q. imbricària." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. imbricària.</p> +</div> + +<p>18. <b>Quércus imbricària</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Laurel-or Shingle-oak.</span>) Leaves +lanceolate-oblong, entire, tipped with an abrupt, sharp point, +pale-downy beneath. Acorn globular, 5/8 in. long, cup with broad, +whitish, close-pressed scales, covering about one third of the nut. A +stout tree, 30 to 50 ft. high, found in barrens and open woodlands. Wood +extensively used in the West for shingles. New Jersey to Wisconsin, and +southward.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i158c"> + <a href="images/illus158c.png"> + <img src="images/illus158cs.png" + width="100" height="73" + alt="Q. Phéllos." + title="Q. Phéllos." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. Phéllos.</p> +</div> + +<p>19. <b>Quércus Phéllos</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Willow-oak.</span>) Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, thick, +linear-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, entire or very nearly so, soon +smooth, light green, bristle-tipped, willow-like, scurfy when young. +Acorns about sessile, globular, small (½ in.), in a shallow saucer +shaped cup; on the old wood. Tree 30 to 50 ft. high, with smooth, thick +bark, and reddish, coarse-grained wood, of little value. Borders of +swamps, New Jersey, south and west; also cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i158d"> + <a href="images/illus158d.png"> + <img src="images/illus158ds.png" + width="100" height="134" + alt="Q. Ròbur." + title="Q. Ròbur." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. Ròbur.</p> +</div> + +<p>20. <b>Quércus Ròbur</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">English Oak.</span>) Leaves on short footstalks, oblong, +smooth, dilated upward, sinuately lobed, hardly pinnatifid. Acorns in +the axils of the leaves of the year, ovate-oblong, over 1 in., about one +third inclosed in the hemispherical cup; sessile in var.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> +<i>sessiliflora</i>; clustered and long-peduncled in var. <i>pedunculata</i>. +Trees 50 to 100 ft. high, extensively cultivated; from Europe; the +nursery catalogues name as many as a score or more varieties.</p> + +<p>One var., <i>fastigiata</i> (Pyramidal Oak), is a peculiar upright tree like +the Lombardy Poplar; var. <i>pendula</i> (Weeping Oak) has long, slender, +drooping branches.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i159"> + <a href="images/illus159.png"> + <img src="images/illus159s.png" + width="100" height="69" + alt="Q. Cérris." + title="Q. Cérris." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Q. Cérris.</p> +</div> + +<p>21. <b>Quércus Cérris</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Turkey Oak.</span>) Leaves on very short stalks, +oblong, deeply and unequally pinnatifid, hairy beneath; lobes +lanceolate, acute, somewhat angular. Acorns in the axils of the leaves +of the year, ovate, with a hemispherical, bristly or mossy cup. Several +varieties of this species, from Europe, are cultivated in this country. +They form tall, round-headed, symmetrical trees.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g89"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>89. CASTÀNEA.</b></p> + +<p>Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, straight-veined, elongated, +pointed leaves. Sterile flowers in long, drooping, conspicuous catkins, +blooming in June or July; the fertile ones rather inconspicuous, but +forming prickly-coated burs which hang on till the frost, when they +split open and let out the brown, horny-coated nuts. Wood light, +coarse-grained.</p> + + +<table summary="Castanea key"> +<tr><td>* Large tree with burs having 1 to 3 nuts </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td>* Small tree with burs having 1 rounded nut </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i160a"> + <a href="images/illus160a.png"> + <img src="images/illus160as.png" + width="100" height="121" + alt="C. satìva." + title="C. satìva." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. satìva.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Castànea satìva</b>, Mill. (<span class="smcap">Chestnut.</span>) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, +coarsely serrate, with usually awned teeth; smooth on both sides, 6 to 9 +in. long, 1½ to 2¼ in. wide. Burs large, very prickly, inclosing 1 to 3 +large, ovoid, brown nuts, ripe after frost, which opens the bur into 4 +valves. A common large tree, with light, coarse-grained wood, and bark +having coarse longitudinal ridges on the old trees. Many varieties of +this species are in cultivation, varying in the size and sweetness of +the nuts, the size of the trees, and the size and the margins of the +leaves, some of which are almost entire. The wild species is var. +<i>Americana</i>.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i160b"> + <a href="images/illus160b.png"> + <img src="images/illus160bs.png" + width="100" height="93" + alt="C. pùmila." + title="C. pùmila." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. pùmila.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Castànea pùmila</b>, Mill. (<span class="smcap">Chinquapin.</span>) Leaves lance-oblong, strongly +straight-veined, coarsely serrate, usually with awned tips; +whitish-downy beneath, 3 to 5 in. long, 1¼ to 2 in. wide. Bur small, +prickly, with a single small, rounded, sweet, chestnut-colored nut. A +handsome small tree, or in the wild state usually a shrub, 6 to 40 ft. +high. Central New Jersey, southern Ohio and southward, and cultivated +successfully as far north as New York City.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g90"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>90. FÀGUS.</b></p> + +<p>Trees with alternate, strongly straight-veined, almost entire to deeply +pinnatifid leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, appearing with the leaves. +Fruit a prickly bur, inclosing 2 triangular, sharp-ridged nuts, the bur +hanging on the trees during the greater part of the winter. Leaf-buds +very elongated, slender, sharp-pointed.</p> + + +<table summary="Fagus key"> +<tr><td>* The straight veins all ending in the teeth; native </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td>* Margin varying from entire to deeply pinnatifid, the straight veins occasionally ending in the notches </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i161a"> + <a href="images/illus161a.png"> + <img src="images/illus161as.png" + width="100" height="126" + alt="F. ferrugínea." + title="F. ferrugínea." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">F. ferrugínea.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Fàgus ferrugínea</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">American Beech.</span>) Leaves thin, oblong-ovate, +taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed; petioles and +midrib ciliate with soft silky hairs when young, soon almost naked. The +very straight veins run into the teeth. Prickles of the fruit mostly +recurved or spreading. Large tree, 60 to 100 ft. high, with +grayish-white, very smooth bark, and firm, light-colored, close-grained +wood. Wild throughout, and frequently cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i161b"> + <a href="images/illus161b.png"> + <img src="images/illus161bs.png" + width="100" height="120" + alt="F. sylvática." + title="F. sylvática." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">F. sylvática.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Fàgus sylvática</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">European Beech.</span>) Leaves often similar to those +of the American Beech, but usually shorter and broader; the border, +often nearly entire, is wavy in some varieties, and in others deeply +pinnatifid. The bark in most varieties is darker than in the American. +This Beech, with its numerous varieties, is the one usually cultivated. +Among the most useful varieties are <i>atropurpurea</i> (Purple Beech), with +the darkest foliage of any deciduous tree, and almost entire-margined +leaves; <i>laciniata</i> (Cut-leaved Beech), with very deeply cut leaves; and +<i>argentea variegata</i> (Silver Variegated Beech), having in the spring +quite distinctly variegated leaves.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XL. SALICÀCEÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Willow Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>A small order of soft-wooded trees and shrubs, abundantly distributed in +the northern temperate and frigid zones.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g91"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>91. SÀLIX.</b></p> + +<p>Soft-wooded trees or shrubs growing in damp places, with alternate, +usually quite elongated, pointed, deciduous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> leaves, without lobes. +Stipules often large, leaf-like, and more or less persistent through the +summer; sometimes scale-like and dropping early. The stipules are always +free from the leafstalk and attached to the twig at small spots just +below the leafstalk. Even if the stipules have dropped off, the small +scars remain. Flowers staminate and pistillate on separate trees +(diœcious), in elongated catkins in early spring. Fruit consists of +catkins of small pods with numerous seeds having silky down at one end. +The seeds usually drop early. Among the Willows there are so many +hybrids and peculiar varieties as to render their study difficult, and +their classification, in some cases, impossible. The following Key will +probably enable the student to determine most specimens. No attempt has +been made to include all the cultivated forms.</p> + + +<table summary="Salix key"> +<tr><td colspan="5">* Spray decidedly weeping </td><td class="right">5.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5">* Spray not decidedly weeping. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="4"><b>A.</b> Rather small Willows, 10 to 30 ft. high, with broad leaves, usually not over twice as long as wide; cultivated. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>B.</b> Leaves glossy dark green on the upper side, taper-pointed </td><td class="right">7.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>B.</b> Leaves with white cottony hairs beneath </td><td class="right">10.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>B.</b> Leaves rough-veiny beneath </td><td class="right">13.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="4"><b>A.</b> Rather large Willows, 12 to 80 ft. high, with the bark of the trunk very rough; leaves more elongated. (<b>C.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>C.</b> Petioles of the leaves not glandular; tree 10 to 40 ft. high. (<b>D.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>D.</b> Leaves green on both sides when mature </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>D.</b> Leaves glaucous beneath </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>C.</b> Petioles of the leaves usually glandular; tree 50 to 80 ft. high. (<b>E.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>E.</b> Young leaves green above and glaucous beneath </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>E.</b> Young leaves ashy gray or silvery white on both sides </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="4"><b>A.</b> Small trees or almost shrubs, under 18 ft. high; bark of trunk rather smooth. (<b>F.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>F.</b> Leaves ovate rather than lanceolate, sometimes truncate or even cordate at base. (<b>G.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>G.</b> Leaves quite broad, shining on both sides. (<b>H.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>H.</b> Leaves bright green; twigs polished green </td><td class="right">6.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>H.</b> Leaves very dark green, strongly fragrant when bruised </td><td class="right">7.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>G.</b> Leaves pale-downy beneath, often cordate at base </td><td class="right">8.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>F.</b> Leaves usually wider near the acute or acuminate tip, glaucous beneath. (<b>I.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>I.</b> Branches very twiggy; leaves often opposite; twigs olive-color or reddish </td><td class="right">9.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>I.</b> Branches not very twiggy; leaves all alternate </td><td class="right">11, 12.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>F.</b> Leaves very long and slender, almost linear </td><td class="right">14.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i163a"> + <a href="images/illus163a.png"> + <img src="images/illus163as.png" + width="100" height="156" + alt="S. nìgra" + title="S. nìgra" /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. nìgra</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Sàlix nìgra</b>, Marsh. (<span class="smcap">Black Willow.</span>) Leaves narrowly lanceolate, +tapering at the ends, serrate, smooth except on the petiole and midrib, +green on both sides; stipules small (large in var. <i>falcata</i>), dentate, +dropping early. Branches very brittle at base. A small tree, 15 to 35 +ft. high, with rough black bark. Common along streams, southward, but +rare in the northern range of States.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i163b"> + <a href="images/illus163b.png"> + <img src="images/illus163bs.png" + width="100" height="85" + alt="S. amygdaloìdes." + title="S. amygdaloìdes." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. amygdaloìdes.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Sàlix amygdaloìdes</b>, Anderson. (<span class="smcap">Western Black Willow.</span>) Leaves 2 to 4 +in. long, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, attenuate-cuspidate, pale or +glaucous beneath, with long slender petioles; stipules minute and soon +falling. A small tree, 10 to 40 ft. high, from central New York +westward. It is the common Black Willow of the streams of Ohio to +Missouri.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i163c"> + <a href="images/illus163c.png"> + <img src="images/illus163cs.png" + width="100" height="141" + alt="S. frágilis." + title="S. frágilis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. frágilis.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Sàlix frágilis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Brittle Willow. Crack-willow.</span>) Leaves lanceolate, +taper-pointed, smooth, glaucous beneath (slightly silky when young), +serrate throughout; stipules half heart-shaped, usually large. Branches +smooth and polished, very brittle at base. A tall (50 to 80 ft. high) +handsome Willow, with a bushy head and salmon-colored wood; cultivated +from Europe for basket-work, and extensively naturalized. Many +varieties, hybrids between this species and the next, are very common. +Among them may be mentioned the following:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p> + +<p>Var. <i>decipiens</i>, with dark-brown buds; var. <i>Russelliana</i>, with more +slender, brighter, and more sharply serrate leaves, the annual shoots +silky-downy toward autumn; var. <i>viridis</i>, with tough, pendulous +branchlets, and firmer, bright green leaves.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i164a"> + <a href="images/illus164a.png"> + <img src="images/illus164as.png" + width="100" height="132" + alt="S. álba." + title="S. álba." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. álba.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Sàlix álba</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">White Willow.</span>) Leaves lanceolate or +elliptical-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, covered more or less with white +silky hairs, especially beneath; var. <i>cærulea</i> has nearly smooth +leaves, at maturity of a bluish tint; stipules small and quite early +deciduous. Catkins of flowers long and loose, on a peduncle; stamens +usually 2; stigmas nearly sessile, thick, and recurved. May, June. A +quite large tree, 50 to 80 ft. high, with thick, rough bark, usually +having yellow twigs (var. <i>vitellina</i>); introduced from Europe and now +quite common throughout. Branches very brittle at base.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i164b"> + <a href="images/illus164b.png"> + <img src="images/illus164bs.png" + width="100" height="116" + alt="S. Babylónica." + title="S. Babylónica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. Babylónica.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>Sàlix Babylónica</b>, Tourn. (<span class="smcap">Weeping Willow.</span>) Leaves linear-lanceolate, +acuminate, finely serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath; stipules small, +roundish, oblique, acuminate; branches pendulous.</p> + +<p>A large, gracefully drooping tree, so extensively cultivated for +ornament as to seem native; from Europe.</p> + +<p>Var. <i>annularis</i> (Ring-leaved Willow. Curled Willow) has the leaves +coiled round into rings and spirals.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i164c"> + <a href="images/illus164c.png"> + <img src="images/illus164cs.png" + width="100" height="122" + alt="S. lùcida." + title="S. lùcida." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. lùcida.</p> +</div> + +<p>6. <b>Sàlix lùcida</b>, Mühl. (<span class="smcap">Shining Or American Bay Willow.</span>) Leaves +thickish, ovate-lanceolate, with a rounded base, a very long acuminate +point, and a glandular petiole; when mature, smooth and shining on both +sides. Twigs rather stout, polished, and dark green. Bark of trunk +smooth. Fruiting catkins quite persistent. A beautiful small tree or +shrub, 6 to 15 ft. high, of bushy form. New Jersey, north and westward.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i165a"> + <a href="images/illus165a.png"> + <img src="images/illus165as.png" + width="100" height="139" + alt="S. pentándra." + title="S. pentándra." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. pentándra.</p> +</div> + +<p>7. <b>Sàlix pentándra, L.</b> (<span class="smcap">Laurel-leaved or Bay Willow</span>.) Leaves ovate, +taper-pointed, crenate, glandular, smooth, glossy, bright deep green on +both sides, strongly fragrant when bruised. Catkins large, fragrant, +golden-yellow, with 4 to 12 (commonly 5) stamens to each flower. June, +after the leaves are expanded. A small handsome tree, 15 to 20 ft. high, +from Europe, which should be more extensively cultivated in damp soils, +as its form, flowers, and foliage are all beautiful.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i165b"> + <a href="images/illus165b.png"> + <img src="images/illus165bs.png" + width="100" height="66" + alt="S. cordàta." + title="S. cordàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. cordàta. Var. rufescens.</p> +</div> + +<p>8. <b>Sàlix cordàta, Mühl.</b> (<span class="smcap">Heart-leaved Willow</span>.) Leaves lanceolate or +ovate-lanceolate, heart-shaped, truncate or sometimes acute at base, +taper-pointed, sharply serrate, smooth above, pale-downy beneath; +stipules often large, kidney-shaped, and toothed, sometimes small and +entire. Catkins appearing with or before the leaves along the sides of +the stem; stamens 2; scales dark or black, hairy, persistent. Shrub or +small tree, 8 to 20 ft. high, very common in low and wet places. Many +named varieties are found.</p> + +<p>Var. <i>rigida</i> has large, thick, coarse-toothed leaves; vars. +<i>myricoides</i> and <i>angustata</i> have narrower, finely serrate leaves, +almost or fully acute at base.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i165c"> + <a href="images/illus165c.png"> + <img src="images/illus165cs.png" + width="100" height="74" + alt="S. purpùrea." + title="S. purpùrea." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. purpùrea.</p> +</div> + +<p>9. <b>Sàlix purpùrea, L.</b> (<span class="smcap">Purple Willow</span>.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed, +partly opposite, minutely serrate, smooth. Twigs olive-color<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> or +reddish. Catkins cylindric, with leafy bracts at base, and apparently 1 +stamen to each flower (the filaments are united). A shrub or small tree, +3 to 12 ft. high; from Europe. In low ground; often cultivated for the +twigs, which are used in basket-making.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i166a"> + <a href="images/illus166a.png"> + <img src="images/illus166as.png" + width="100" height="96" + alt="S. càprea." + title="S. càprea." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. càprea.</p> +</div> + +<p>10. <b>Sàlix càprea, L.</b> (<span class="smcap">Goat-willow</span>.) Leaves large, roundish, ovate, +pointed, serrate, wavy, deep green above, pale and downy with soft, +white-cottony hairs beneath; stipules somewhat crescent-shaped. Catkins +large, oval, numerous, almost sessile, blooming much before the leaves +appear, and of a showy yellow color. A moderate-sized tree, 15 to 30 ft. +high, with spreading, brown or purplish branches. Frequent in +cultivation; from Europe; growing well in dry places. The Goat-willow is +the one generally used for the stock of the artificial umbrella-formed +"Kilmarnock Willow." The growth of shoots from these stocks is rendering +the Goat-willow quite common.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i166b"> + <a href="images/illus166b.png"> + <img src="images/illus166bs.png" + width="100" height="91" + alt="S. rostràta." + title="S. rostràta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. rostràta.</p> +</div> + +<p>11. <b>Sàlix rostràta, Richards.</b> (<span class="smcap">Beaked Willow</span>.) Leaves oblong to +obovate-lanceolate, acute, usually obscurely toothed, sometimes crenate +or serrate, downy above, prominently veined, soft-hairy and somewhat +glaucous beneath. Twigs downy. Catkins appearing with the leaves. +Fruit-capsules tapering to a long slender beak, pedicels long and +slender. A small, tree-shaped shrub, 4 to 15 ft. high, common in both +moist and dry ground. New England, west and north.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i166c"> + <a href="images/illus166c.png"> + <img src="images/illus166cs.png" + width="100" height="136" + alt="S. díscolor." + title="S. díscolor." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. díscolor.</p> +</div> + +<p>12. <b>Sàlix díscolor, Mühl.</b> (<span class="smcap">Glaucous or Bog Willow</span>.) Leaves lanceolate or +ovate-lanceolate, acute, remotely serrate at the base, finely serrate +along the middle, and almost entire near the tip; smooth and bright +green above, soon smooth and somewhat glaucous beneath; stipules, on the +vigorous shoots, equaling the petiole, more frequently small and +inconspicuous. Catkins sessile, 1 in. long, appearing before the leaves +in the spring; scales dark red or brown, becoming black, covered with +long glossy hairs. Fruit in catkins, 2½ in.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> long, the capsules very +hairy, with short but distinct style. A very variable species, common in +low meadows and on river-banks; usually a shrub, but occasionally 15 ft. +high.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i167a"> + <a href="images/illus167a.png"> + <img src="images/illus167as.png" + width="100" height="96" + alt="S. cinèrea." + title="S. cinèrea." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. cinèrea.</p> +</div> + +<p>13. <b>Sàlix cinèrea, L.</b> (<span class="smcap">Gray or Ash-colored Willow.</span>) Leaves +obovate-lanceolate, entire to serrate; glaucous-downy and reticulated +with veins beneath; stipules half heart-shaped, serrate. Flowers yellow; +ovary silky, on a stalk half as long as the bracts. A shrub to +middle-sized tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, with an erect trunk; occasionally +cultivated; from Europe.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i167b"> + <a href="images/illus167b.png"> + <img src="images/illus167bs.png" + width="100" height="142" + alt="S. longifòlia." + title="S. longifòlia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. longifòlia.</p> +</div> + +<p>14. <b>Sàlix longifòlia</b>, Mühl. (<span class="smcap">Long-leaved Willow.</span>) Leaves +linear-lanceolate, very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, +remotely notched with projecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when +young; stipules small, lanceolate, toothed. Branches brittle at base. A +shrub or small tree, 2 to 20 ft. high, common, especially westward, +along river-banks.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g92"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>92. PÓPULUS.</b></p> + +<p>Trees with alternate, deciduous, broad-based leaves. Flowers in long and +drooping catkins, appearing before the leaves are expanded in the +spring. Fruit small, dry pods in catkins, having seeds, coated with +cottony down, which early in the season escape and float in the wind. On +this account the trees are called Cottonwoods in the West. Trees with +light-colored, rather soft wood.</p> + + +<table summary="Populus key"> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Leaves always white-hairy underneath; more or less deeply lobed; buds not gummy </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Leaves smooth beneath, at least when old. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>A.</b> Leafstalk decidedly flattened laterally. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>B.</b> Buds not covered with sticky gum. (<b>C.</b>)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>C.</b> Leaves roundish heart-shaped; bark on trunk greenish-white, </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>C.</b> Leaves large, ovate, with large, irregular, sinuate teeth, </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>B.</b> Buds covered with aromatic, glutinous resin. (<b>D.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>D.</b> Tree tall, spire-shaped, </td><td class="right">5.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>D.</b> Not very spire-shaped; young twigs sharply angled or winged, leaves 6 to 10 in. long, broadly deltoid, serrate with incurved teeth, </td><td class="right">6.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>D.</b> Not spire-shaped; young twigs not angular, </td><td class="right">7.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>A.</b> Leafstalk not decidedly flattened; leaf-margin crenate. (<b>E.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>E.</b> Buds not glutinous; leaves white-woolly beneath when young, </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>E.</b> Buds very glutinous; leaves large, shining green on both sides, </td><td class="right">8.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i168a"> + <a href="images/illus168a.png"> + <img src="images/illus168as.png" + width="100" height="123" + alt="P. álba." + title="P. álba." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. álba.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Pópulus álba</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">White Poplar or Abele Tree.</span>) Leaves roundish, +slightly heart-shaped, wavy toothed or lobed, soon green above, very +white-cottony beneath even when old; buds without the sticky coating +common in the genus. Branches very white with down when young. Root +creeping and producing numerous suckers. A large tree, 50 to 80 ft. +high, of rapid growth, often cultivated; from Europe. Leaves and +branches very variable, forming several named varieties in the +catalogues of the nurseries.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i168b"> + <a href="images/illus168b.png"> + <img src="images/illus168bs.png" + width="100" height="54" + alt="P. tremuloìdes." + title="P. tremuloìdes." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. tremuloìdes.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Pópulus tremuloìdes</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Quaking-asp. American Aspen.</span>) Leaves +roundish heart-shaped, with a short sharp point, and small, quite +regular teeth; downy when young, but soon smooth on both sides; margins +downy. Leafstalk long, slender, compressed, causing the leaves to +tremble continually in the slightest breeze. Leaf with 2 glands at the +base on the upper surface; buds varnished. A medium-sized tree, 30 to 60 +ft. high; bark greenish-white outside, yellow within, quite brittle. +Common both in forests and in cultivation.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i169a"> + <a href="images/illus169a.png"> + <img src="images/illus169as.png" + width="100" height="84" + alt="P. grandidentàta." + title="P. grandidentàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. grandidentàta.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Pópulus grandidentàta</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Large-toothed Aspen.</span>) Leaves large, 3 +to 5 in. long, roundish-ovate, with large, irregular, sinu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>ate teeth; +and when young densely covered with white, silky wool, but soon becoming +smooth on both sides; leaf, when young, reddish-yellow; petiole +compressed. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, with rather smoothish gray +bark. Woods; common northward, rare southward, except in the +Alleghanies. Wood soft and extensively used for paper-making.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i169b"> + <a href="images/illus169b.png"> + <img src="images/illus169bs.png" + width="100" height="84" + alt="P. heterophýlla." + title="P. heterophýlla." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. heterophýlla.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Pópulus heterophýlla</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Downy-leaved Poplar.</span>) Leaves heart-shaped +or roundish-ovate with small, obtuse, incurved teeth; white-woolly when +young, but soon becoming smooth on both sides except on the veins +beneath. Leafstalk slightly compressed. Shoots round, tomentose. Buds +not glutinous. A large tree, 70 to 80 ft. high, not very common; found +from western New England to Illinois, and southward.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i169c"> + <a href="images/illus169c.png"> + <img src="images/illus169cs.png" + width="100" height="104" + alt="P. dilatàta." + title="P. dilatàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. dilatàta.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>Pópulus dilatàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Lombardy Poplar.</span>) Leaves deltoid, wider than +long, crenulated all round, both sides smooth from the first; leafstalk +compressed; buds glutinous. A tall tree, 80 to 120 ft. high; spire-like, +of rapid growth, with all the branches erect; the trunk twisted and +deeply furrowed. Frequently planted a century ago, but now quite rare in +the eastern United States. From Europe. It is thought to be a variety of +Populus nigra (No. 7).</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i169d"> + <a href="images/illus169d.png"> + <img src="images/illus169ds.png" + width="100" height="94" + alt="P. monilífera." + title="P. monilífera." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. monilífera.</p> +</div> + +<p>6. <b>Pópulus monilífera</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Cottonwood.</span> <span class="smcap">Carolina Poplar.</span> +<span class="smcap">Necklace-poplar.</span>) Leaves large, broadly heart-shaped or deltoid, serrate +with cartilaginous, incurved, slightly hairy teeth. The rapid-growing +young twigs very angular and bearing very large (6 to 9 in. long) +leaves. A very large (80 to 100 ft. high) tree, common in the +Mississippi valley, but found in western New England and often planted.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i170a"> + <a href="images/illus170a.png"> + <img src="images/illus170as.png" + width="100" height="103" + alt="P. nìgra." + title="P. nìgra." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. nìgra.</p> +</div> + +<p>7. <b>Pópulus nìgra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Black Poplar.</span>) Leaves rather large, deltoid, +pointed, serrate with glandular teeth, smooth on both sides even when +young. Leafstalk somewhat compressed. Buds very sticky. A very variable, +large (50 to 80 ft. high), rapidly growing tree with spreading branches. +Occasionally planted. From Europe.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i170b"> + <a href="images/illus170b.png"> + <img src="images/illus170bs.png" + width="100" height="163" + alt="P. balsamífera." + title="P. balsamífera." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. balsamífera.</p> +</div> + +<p>8. <b>Pópulus balsamífera</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Balsam-poplar.</span> <span class="smcap">Tacamahac.</span> <span class="smcap">Balm of Gilead.</span>) +Leaves very large, ovate, gradually acuminate, sometimes heart-shaped, +finely serrate, smooth, bright green and shining on both sides; +leafstalk nearly round; leaves in spring rich yellow. Branches ridged +below the leaves; buds large and covered with very fragrant resin. A +medium-sized tree, 40 to 70 ft. high, pyramidal in form. Wild in the +North and often cultivated.</p> + +<p>Var. <i>candicans</i>, or Balm of Gilead, has larger and more or less +heart-shaped leaves (the larger figure in the cut).</p> + + + + +<p class="class">CLASS II. GYMNOSPÉRMÆ.</p> + + +<p>Plants in which the pistil is represented by an open scale instead of a +body with a closed ovary, as in Class I.</p> + + +<p class="order"><span class="smcap">Order</span> <b>XLI. CONÍFERÆ.</b> (<span class="smcap">Pine Family.</span>)</p> + +<p>As far as the number of species is concerned, this is the largest order +of trees and shrubs of temperate and cold-temperate regions. The order +is of the greatest importance, both on account of the valuable timber it +furnishes and for its resinous secretions, turpentine and resin.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g93"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>93. PÌNUS.</b> (<span class="smcap">The Pines.</span>)</p> + +<p>Leaves needle-shaped, 1 to 15 in. long, almost cylindric, 2, 3, or 5 +together in clusters, with a sheath, more or less persistent, at the +base. Flowers monœcious, both staminate and pistillate in catkins, +usually insignificant and unnoticeable. In spring. Fruit a cone, +persistent and formed of more or less woody, overlapping scales.</p> + + +<table summary="Pinus key"> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Leaves usually 5 together in bundles. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>A.</b> Leaves 6 in. or more long, glaucous green and very pendulous </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>A.</b> Leaves under 4 in. long. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>B.</b> Cones over 10 in. long, on stalks 3 in. long, pendulous when ripe </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>B.</b> Cones 4 to 10 in. long. (<b>C.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>C.</b> Scales of cones thin, unarmed </td><td class="right">3, 4.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>C.</b> Scales of cones thick and woody, obtuse, 1 in. broad </td><td class="right">5.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>B.</b> Cones under 4 in. long; scales slightly hooked but pointless </td><td class="right">6.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Leaves usually in threes, rarely in twos; scales of cones with spines or prickles. (<b>D.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>D.</b> Scales of cones with short, rigid, straight spines; leaves 6 to 10 in. long </td><td class="right">7.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>D.</b> Scales with sharp, bent prickles. (<b>E.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>E.</b> Leaves over 5 in. long, sometimes 15 in. long </td><td class="right">8, 9.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>E.</b> Leaves 3 to 5 in. long, rigid and flattened, from short sheaths, </td><td class="right">10.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Leaves usually in twos; cones rarely over 3 in. long. (<b>F.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>F.</b> Leaves over 3 in. long. (<b>G.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>G.</b> Cone-scales with dull spines </td><td class="right">11.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>G.</b> With small or minute, persistent prickles </td><td class="right">12, 13, 14.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>G.</b> With no prickles, or small ones, early deciduous </td><td class="right">15, 16.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>F.</b> Leaves 3 in. or less long. (<b>H.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>H.</b> Cone-scales with straight or slightly curved, rigid spines </td><td class="right">17.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>H.</b> Cone-scales with stout, recurved spines </td><td class="right">18, 19.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>H.</b> Cone-scales with small prickles which are early deciduous </td><td class="right">20.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>H.</b> Cone-scales without spines or prickles </td><td class="right">21, 22.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i172a"> + <a href="images/illus172a.png"> + <img src="images/illus172as.png" + width="100" height="131" + alt="P. excélsa." + title="P. excélsa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. excélsa.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Pìnus excélsa</b>, Wallich. (<span class="smcap">Bhotan Pine.</span>) Leaves in fives, from short, +fugacious, overlapping, membranaceous sheaths, 6 to 7 in. long, very +slender, of a glaucous-green color, and very pendulous. Cones 6 to 9 in. +long, and 2 in. in diameter, drooping and clustered, with broad, thick, +wedge-shaped scales. A large beautiful tree from southern Asia, much +subject to blight when planted in this country. Owing to its peculiar +drooping branches it has been called the Weeping Fir.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i172b"> + <a href="images/illus172b.png"> + <img src="images/illus172bs.png" + width="100" height="125" + alt="P. Lambertiàna." + title="P. Lambertiàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Lambertiàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Pìnus Lambertiàna</b>, Douglas. (<span class="smcap">Lambert's</span> or <span class="smcap">Sugar Pine</span>.) Leaves in +fives, 3 to 4 in. long, from short, deciduous sheaths. Cones 12 to 18 +in. long and 3 to 4 in. in diameter, gradually tapering to a point, on +stalks 3 in. long, brown and pendulous when ripe, without resin; seeds +large, oval, nearly 1 in. long, edible. A very large tree (100 to 300 +ft. high in California and northward), and seemingly hardy and well +worth cultivation in the East. Wood white and soft like that of the +White Pine.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i172c"> + <a href="images/illus172c.png"> + <img src="images/illus172cs.png" + width="100" height="136" + alt="P. Stróbus." + title="P. Stróbus." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Stróbus.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Pìnus Stróbus</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">White Pine.</span> <span class="smcap">Weymouth Pine.</span>) Leaves in fives, 3 to +4 in. long, from a loose, deciduous sheath; slender, soft, and whitish +on the under side. Cones 4 to 6 in. long, cylindric, usually curved, +with smooth, thin, unarmed scales. Tall (100 to 150 ft. high), very +useful tree, of white, soft wood nearly free from resin and more +extensively used for lumber than any other American tree. Has been +common throughout, but is getting scarce on account of its consumption +for lumber.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i173a"> + <a href="images/illus173a.png"> + <img src="images/illus173as.png" + width="100" height="118" + alt="P. montícola." + title="P. montícola." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. montícola.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Pìnus montícola</b>, Dougl. (<span class="smcap">Mountain-pine.</span>) Leaves in fives, 3 to 4 in. +long, from short, overlapping, very deciduous sheaths; smooth, glaucous +green. Cones 7 in. long and 1¾ in. in diameter, cylindric, smooth, +obtuse, short-peduncled, resinous, with loosely overlapping, pointless +scales. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, resembling the White Pine, and +often considered a variety of it, but the foliage is denser; Pacific +coast.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i173b"> + <a href="images/illus173b.png"> + <img src="images/illus173bs.png" + width="100" height="128" + alt="P. fléxilis." + title="P. fléxilis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. fléxilis.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>Pìnus fléxilis</b>, James. (<span class="smcap">Western White Pine.</span>) Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, +rigid, entire, acute, densely crowded, sharp-pointed, of a rich dark +green color, 5 together in lanceolate, deciduous sheaths. Cones 4 to 6 +in. long and half as wide, subcylindric, tapering to the end, +semipendulous, clustered. Scales thick, woody, obtuse, loose, 1¼ in. +broad, yellowish brown. Seeds rather large, with rigid margins instead +of wings. A handsome hardy tree from the Pacific Highlands, occasionally +cultivated. It resembles the eastern White Pine, but is more compact and +of a darker color.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i173c"> + <a href="images/illus173c.png"> + <img src="images/illus173cs.png" + width="100" height="157" + alt="P. Cémbra." + title="P. Cémbra." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Cémbra.</p> +</div> + +<p>6. <b>Pìnus Cémbra</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Cembra Pine.</span> <span class="smcap">Swiss Stone-pine.</span>) Leaves 3 to 4 in. +long, from a medium-sized deciduous sheath; triangular, rigid, slender, +straight, crowded, dark green with a glaucous surface; 5 together. Cones +2½ in. by 2 in., ovate, erect, with obtuse, slightly hooked, but +pointless scales. Seeds as large as peas and destitute of wings. A +slow-growing, cultivated tree, 40 to 80 ft. high. Forms a regular cone; +branches to the ground; Europe; hardy throughout.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i174a"> + <a href="images/illus174a.png"> + <img src="images/illus174as.png" + width="100" height="113" + alt="P. Tæ̀da." + title="P. Tæ̀da." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Tæ̀da.</p> +</div> + +<p>7. <b>Pìnus Tæ̀da</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Loblolly or Old-field Pine.</span>) Leaves in twos and +threes, 6 to 10 in. long, with elongated, close sheaths; slender and of +a light green color. Cones in pairs or solitary, lateral, 3 to 4 in. +long, oblong, conical; the scales having short, rigid, straight spines. +A large tree, 50 to 130 ft. high, wild from Delaware, south and west, in +swamps and old fields.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i174b"> + <a href="images/illus174b.png"> + <img src="images/illus174bs.png" + width="100" height="127" + alt="P. ponderòsa." + title="P. ponderòsa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. ponderòsa.</p> +</div> + +<p>8. <b>Pìnus ponderòsa</b>, Dougl. (<span class="smcap">Western Yellow or Heavy-wooded Pine.</span>) Leaves +in threes, 5 to 10 in. long, from short sheaths; broad, coarse, twisted, +flexible, of a deep green color; branchlets thick, reddish brown. Cones +3 to 4 in. long, ovate, reflexed, clustered on short stems. Scales long, +flattened, with small, sharp, recurved prickles. A large Pacific coast +species, 100 to 300 ft. high, with rather coarse-grained, hard and +heavy, whitish wood, and thick, deeply furrowed bark; beginning to be +cultivated east.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i174c"> + <a href="images/illus174c.png"> + <img src="images/illus174cs.png" + width="100" height="115" + alt="P. paltústris." + title="P. paltústris." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. paltústris.</p> +</div> + +<p>9. <b>Pìnus palústris</b>, Mill. (<span class="smcap">Long-leaved or Southern Yellow Pine.</span>) Leaves +3 together in bundles, 10 to 15 in. long, from a long, lacerated, +light-colored sheath, of a bright green color, and crowded in dense +clusters at the ends of the branches. Cones 6 to 10 in. long, usually +cylindric, of a beautiful brown color, with thick scales, armed with +very small, slightly recurved prickles. A rather tall pine, 75 ft. high, +wild in the Southern States, and cultivated as far north as New Jersey, +in sheltered situations.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i175a"> + <a href="images/illus175a.png"> + <img src="images/illus175as.png" + width="100" height="113" + alt="P. rígida." + title="P. rígida." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. rígida.</p> +</div> + +<p>10. <b>Pìnus rígida</b>, Mill. (<span class="smcap">Pitch-pine.</span>) Leaves in threes, 3 to 5 in. long, +from short sheaths; rigid and flattened. Cones ovate, 1 in.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> to nearly 4 +in. long, sometimes in clusters; scales with a short, recurved prickle. +A medium-sized tree, 40 to 70 ft. high, with hard, coarse-grained, very +resinous wood; found east of the Alleghanies throughout; more abundant +in swamps.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i175b"> + <a href="images/illus175b.png"> + <img src="images/illus175bs.png" + width="100" height="125" + alt="P. Austrìaca." + title="P. Austrìaca." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Austrìaca.</p> +</div> + +<p>11. <b>Pìnus Austrìaca</b>, Höss. (<span class="smcap">Austrian or Black Pine.</span>) Leaves long, 3 to 5 +in., rigid, slender, incurved, sharply mucronate, of a dark green color; +from short sheaths; 2 together. Cones 2½ to 3 in. long, regularly +conical, slightly recurved, of a light brown color; scales smooth, +shining, with a dull spine in the center. A large cultivated tree, 60 to +80 ft. high, hardy throughout. Europe.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i175c"> + <a href="images/illus175c.png"> + <img src="images/illus175cs.png" + width="100" height="119" + alt="P. Larício." + title="P. Larício." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Larício.</p> +</div> + +<p>12. <b>Pìnus Larício</b>, Poir. (<span class="smcap">Corsican Pine.</span>) Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, +slender, very wavy, dark green; 2 together in a sheath. Cones 2 to 3 in. +long, conical, somewhat curved, often in pairs. Scales with very small +prickles. Seeds rather large with broad wings. A tall, open, pyramidal, +rapid-growing tree, 60 to 100 ft. high, with the branches in regular +whorls, spreading and very resinous. Often cultivated. Europe.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i175d"> + <a href="images/illus175d.png"> + <img src="images/illus175ds.png" + width="100" height="129" + alt="P. Massoniàna." + title="P. Massoniàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Massoniàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>13. <b>Pìnus Massoniàna</b>, Sieb. (<span class="smcap">Masson's Pine.</span>) Leaves in twos, 4 to 6 in. +long, rather stiff, concave on one side and convex on the other, twisted +but not curved; sharp-pointed, of a fresh,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> bright green color. Cones 1 +to 1½ in. long, conical, incurved, solitary but numerous, with closely +overlapping scales terminating in slender prickles. An upright, compact +tree, 40 to 50 ft. high, from Japan; sometimes cultivated. Hardy at +Boston.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i176a"> + <a href="images/illus176a.png"> + <img src="images/illus176as.png" + width="100" height="142" + alt="P. mìtis." + title="P. mìtis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. mìtis.</p> +</div> + +<p>14. <b>Pìnus mìtis</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">Common Yellow Pine.</span>) Leaves sometimes in +threes, usually in twos, from long sheaths; slender, 3 to 5 in. long, +dark green, rather soft. Cones ovate to oblong-conical, hardly 2 in. +long; the scales with minute weak prickles. A large tree with an erect +trunk, 50 to 100 ft. high. Staten Island, south and west. The western +form has more rigid leaves, and more spiny cones.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i176b"> + <a href="images/illus176b.png"> + <img src="images/illus176bs.png" + width="100" height="127" + alt="P. densiflòra." + title="P. densiflòra." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. densiflòra.</p> +</div> + +<p>15. <b>Pìnus densiflòra</b>, Siebold. (<span class="smcap">Japan Pine.</span>) Leaves about 4 in. long, +from short, fringed, scale-like sheaths; rigid, convex above, concave +beneath and somewhat serrulate on the margin, very smooth, sharp-pointed +and crowded, shining green and somewhat glaucous; falling when one to +two years old; 2 in a sheath. Cones abundant; 1½ in. long, +short-peduncled, conical, obtuse, terminal, somewhat pendent; scales +linear-oblong, woody, with a small prickle which soon falls off. A +beautiful small tree, 30 to 40 ft. high; from Japan; hardy throughout.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i176c"> + <a href="images/illus176c.png"> + <img src="images/illus176cs.png" + width="100" height="131" + alt="P. resinòsa." + title="P. resinòsa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. resinòsa.</p> +</div> + +<p>16. <b>Pìnus resinòsa</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Red Pine.</span>) Leaves 5 to 6 in. long, in twos, +from long sheaths; rigid, straight, dark green. Cones 2 in. long, +ovate-conical, smooth, their scales without points, slightly thickened, +usually growing in clusters. A tall tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, with rather +smooth, reddish bark and hard light-colored wood; branchlets also having +smooth reddish bark. Pennsylvania, north and west.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i177a"> + <a href="images/illus177a.png"> + <img src="images/illus177as.png" + width="100" height="129" + alt="P. ínops." + title="P. ínops." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. ínops.</p> +</div> + +<p>17. <b>Pìnus ínops</b>, Ait. (<span class="smcap">Jersey or Scrub Pine.</span>) Leaves short, 1½ to 3 in. +long, rigid; usually 2, rarely 3, in a short sheath. Cones solitary, 2 +to 3 in. long, ovate-oblong, curved, on a short stalk. Scales tipped +with a straight, rigid spine. A small tree, 15 to 30 ft. high, growing +wild in sections where the soil is poor and sandy; having straggling +flexible branches with rough, dark bark; New Jersey, south and west. +Rarely cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i177b"> + <a href="images/illus177b.png"> + <img src="images/illus177bs.png" + width="100" height="140" + alt="P. púngens." + title="P. púngens." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. púngens.</p> +</div> + +<p>18. <b>Pinus púngens</b>, Michx. f. (<span class="smcap">Table-Mountain Pine.</span>) Leaves in twos, +sometimes in threes, stout, short, 1¼ to 2½ in. long, crowded, bluish; +the sheath short (very short on old foliage). Cones 3 in. or more long, +hanging on for a long time; the scales armed with a stout, hooked spine, +¼ in. long. A rather small tree, 20 to 60 ft. high. New Jersey and south +westward, along the mountains.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i177c"> + <a href="images/illus177c.png"> + <img src="images/illus177cs.png" + width="100" height="163" + alt="P. sylvéstris." + title="P. sylvéstris." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. sylvéstris.</p> +</div> + +<p>19. <b>Pìnus sylvéstris</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Scotch Pine</span>, wrongly called <span class="smcap">Scotch Fir</span>.) +Leaves in twos, 1½ to 2½ in. long, from short, lacerated sheaths, +twisted, rigid, of a grayish or a glaucous-green color. Cones 2 to 3 in. +long, ovate-conical, of a grayish-brown color, ripening the second year, +the scales having 4-sided, recurved points. A large and very valuable +tree of central Europe. Many varieties are in cultivation in this +country. It forms the Red and Yellow Deal so extensively used for lumber +in Europe.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i177d"> + <a href="images/illus177d.png"> + <img src="images/illus177ds.png" + width="100" height="120" + alt="P. contórta." + title="P. contórta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. contórta.</p> +</div> + +<p>20. <b>Pìnus contórta</b>, Dougl. (<span class="smcap">Twisted-branched Pine.</span>) Leaves 2 in. long, +nu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>merous, rigid, sharply mucronate, from a short, dark, overlapping +sheath; 2 to a sheath. Cones from 2 to 2½ in. long, ovate, smooth, +clustered. Scales furnished with a point which is soon shed. A small +cultivated tree, 30 to 40 ft. high, from the Pacific coast of the United +States. As it has an irregular shape, and crooked branches, it is not +often planted.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i178a"> + <a href="images/illus178a.png"> + <img src="images/illus178as.png" + width="100" height="101" + alt="P. Banksiàna." + title="P. Banksiàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Banksiàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>21. <b>Pìnus Banksiàna</b>, Lambert. (<span class="smcap">Gray or Northern Scrub Pine.</span>) Leaves in +twos, short, 1 in. long, oblique, divergent from a close sheath. Cones +lateral, conical, oblong, usually curved, 1½ to 2 in. long, the scales +thickened at the end and without points. A straggling shrub, sometimes a +low tree, found wild in the extreme Northern States.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i178b"> + <a href="images/illus178b.png"> + <img src="images/illus178bs.png" + width="100" height="109" + alt="P. édulis." + title="P. édulis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. édulis.</p> +</div> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i178c"> + <a href="images/illus178c.png"> + <img src="images/illus178cs.png" + width="100" height="121" + alt="P. monophýlla." + title="P. monophýlla." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. monophýlla.</p> +</div> + +<p>22. <b>Pìnus édulis</b>, Engelm. (<span class="smcap">Piñon or Nut-pine.</span>) Leaves mostly in pairs, +rarely in threes, 1 to 1½ in. long, from short sheaths, light-colored, +rigid, curved or straightish, spreading; cones sessile, globose or +nearly so, 2 in. long; tips of scales thick, conical-truncate, no awns +or prickles; seeds large, nut-like, wingless, edible. A low, +round-topped tree, branching from near the base, 10 to 25 ft. high; from +the Rocky Mountains. A fine small pine; cultivated in the East. It needs +some protection at Boston. The figure shows the seed. <b>Pìnus monophýlla</b>, +Torr. and Frem., from the mountain regions farther west, has its leaves +in ones and twos; when in ones, round and very rigid; when in pairs, +flat on the inner side; leaves on the young shoots bluish, glaucous +green, or silvery. This is probably only a variety of P. edulis. The +seeds of both are so large and nutritious that they are extensively used +for food by the Indians.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g94"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>94. PÌCEA.</b> (<span class="smcap">The Spruces.</span>)</p> + +<p>Leaves evergreen, scattered (pointing in every direction), +needle-shaped, keeled above and below, thus making them somewhat +4-sided. Fertile catkins and cones terminal; cones maturing the first +year, pendulous; scales thin, without prickles, persistent, the cone +coming off the tree whole.</p> + + +<table summary="Picea key"> +<tr><td colspan="3">* Leaves very short, usually ¼ to ½ in. long, obtuse </td><td class="right">7, 8.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3">* Leaves usually ½ in. or more long, acute. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>A.</b> Cones over 3 in. long; cultivated. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>B.</b> Leaves dark green; large tree, common </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>B.</b> Leaves bright or pale green </td><td class="right">4, 5, 6.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>A.</b> Cones 2 in. or less long; large native trees </td><td class="right">1, 2.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i179a"> + <a href="images/illus179a.png"> + <img src="images/illus179as.png" + width="100" height="127" + alt="P. nìgra." + title="P. nìgra." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. nìgra.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Pìcea nìgra</b>, Link. (<span class="smcap">Black or Double Spruce.</span>) Leaves about ½ in. long, +erect, stiff, somewhat 4-sided, very dark green or whitish-gray; +branchlets pubescent. Cones persistent, 1 to 1½ in. long, ovate or +ovate-oblong, changing from dark purple to dull reddish-brown; scales +very thin, roundish, with toothed or uneven edges. A conical-shaped +tree, 40 to 80 ft. high; wild in the North and along the Alleghanies; +often cultivated. Bark dark brown; branches horizontal; wood light +reddish.</p> + +<p>Var. <i>rubra</i> has larger, darker leaves, and larger, brighter-colored +cones.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i179b"> + <a href="images/illus179b.png"> + <img src="images/illus179bs.png" + width="100" height="110" + alt="P. álba." + title="P. álba." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. álba.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Pìcea álba</b>, Link. (<span class="smcap">White or Single Spruce.</span>) Leaves ½ to ¾ in. long, +rather slender, needle-shaped, sharp-pointed, incurved, pale- or +glaucous-green; branchlets smooth. Cones deciduous, 2 in. long, +oblong-cylindrical, with entire, thin-edged scales. Tree 25 to 100 ft. +high, of beautiful, compact, symmetrical growth when young, and such +light-colored foliage as to make it a fine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> species for cultivation. +Wild in the North, and cultivated throughout. There are varieties with +bluish-green (var. <i>cærulea</i>) and with golden (var. <i>aurea</i>) foliage in +cultivation.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i180a"> + <a href="images/illus180a.png"> + <img src="images/illus180as.png" + width="100" height="64" + alt="P. excélsa." + title="P. excélsa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. excélsa.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Pìcea excélsa</b>, Link. (<span class="smcap">Norway Spruce.</span>) Leaves ¾ to 1 in. long, rigid, +curved, dark green. Cones 5 to 7 in. long, and pendent at maturity, with +the scales slightly incurved. A large tree, 70 to 120 ft. high, of +vigorous growth, with numerous, stout, drooping branches; abundant in +cultivation. A score of named varieties are sold at the nurseries, some +quite dwarf, others so very irregular in shape as to be grotesque.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i180b"> + <a href="images/illus180b.png"> + <img src="images/illus180bs.png" + width="100" height="98" + alt="P. políta." + title="P. políta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. políta.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Pìcea políta</b>, Carr. (<span class="smcap">Tiger's-tail Spruce.</span>) Leaves ½ to ¾ in. long, +strong, rigid, sharp-pointed, somewhat curved, glabrous, bright green, +on stout branches with prominent buds. Leaves persistent for 7 years; +not 2-ranked. Cones 4 to 5 in. long, spindle-shaped elliptical, rounded +at the ends. Tree of slow growth, with horizontal, yellowish-barked +branches. As it is a tree of recent introduction (1865) from Japan, +there are no large specimens. Hardy at Boston.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i181a"> + <a href="images/illus181a.png"> + <img src="images/illus181as.png" + width="100" height="125" + alt="P. púngens." + title="P. púngens." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. púngens.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>Pìcea púngens</b>, Eng. (<span class="smcap">Silver Spruce.</span>) Leaves ½ to 1 in. long, broad, +rigid, stout, sharply acute, usually curved, pale green above, +silvery-glaucous beneath, on smooth and shining branchlets. Cones very +abundant, 3 to 5 in. long, cylindric, with elongated, undulated, retuse +scales. A strictly conical tree with spreading branches and thick, +smooth, gray bark. Sometimes cultivated; from the Rocky Mountains. +Hardy.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i181b"> + <a href="images/illus181b.png"> + <img src="images/illus181bs.png" + width="100" height="134" + alt="P. Morínda." + title="P. Morínda." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Morínda.</p> +</div> + +<p>6. <b>Pìcea Morínda</b>, Link. (<span class="smcap">Himalayan Spruce.</span>) Leaves 1 to 2 in. long, very +sharply acute, pale green color, spreading, 4-sided, straight, rigid, +slightly glaucous beneath; branches horizontal; branchlets remotely +verticillate, numerous, drooping, with light-colored bark. Cones 6 to 7 +in. long, ovate-oblong; scales light brown, oblong, entire, smooth, +loosely imbricated. A tall tree, cultivated from eastern Asia and not +hardy north of Washington except in sheltered positions.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i181c"> + <a href="images/illus181c.png"> + <img src="images/illus181cs.png" + width="100" height="246" + alt="P. Alcóquina." + title="P. Alcóquina." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Alcóquina.</p> +</div> + +<p>7. <b>Pìcea Alcóquina</b>, Lindl. (<span class="smcap">Alcock's Spruce.</span>) Leaves ¼ to ¾ in. long, +crowded, somewhat 4-sided, flattish, recurved, obtusely rounded at tip, +deep green above, whitish or yellowish below. Cones 2 to 3 in. long, 1 +in. in diameter, reddish fawn-color, with very persistent scales; scales +wedge-shaped at base, rounded at tip. A large tree from Japan; fully +hardy as far north as Mass.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i181d"> + <a href="images/illus181d.png"> + <img src="images/illus181ds.png" + width="100" height="170" + alt="P. orientàlis." + title="P. orientàlis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. orientàlis.</p> +</div> + +<p>8. <b>Pìcea orientàlis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Eastern Or Oriental Spruce.</span>) Leaves very short, +½ in. long,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> 4-sided, rigid, stout, rather obtuse, dark shining green, +entirely surrounding the branches. Cones 2½ to 3 in. long, cylindrical, +with soft, thin, loose, rounded scales, uneven on the edges. A +beautiful, conical, slow-growing, compact tree, reaching the height of +75 ft.; often cultivated; from the Black Sea. Hardy.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g95"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>95. TSÙGA.</b> (<span class="smcap">Hemlocks.</span>)</p> + +<p>Leaves evergreen, scattered, flat, narrowed to a green petiole, +appearing 2-ranked by the direction they take, whitened beneath. Fertile +catkins and cones on the end of last year's branchlets. Cones pendulous, +maturing the first year; scales thin, persistent.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i182a"> + <a href="images/illus182a.png"> + <img src="images/illus182as.png" + width="100" height="139" + alt="T. Canadénsis." + title="T. Canadénsis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">T. Canadénsis.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Tsùga Canadénsis</b>, Carr. (<span class="smcap">Common Hemlock.</span>) Leaves short-petioled, +linear, ½ in. long, obtuse, dark green above and white beneath; the +young leaves in the spring a very light green. Cones oval, ½ to ¾ in. +long, pendent, of few (20 to 40) scales. A large, very beautiful tree, +50 to 80 ft. high, abundant in rocky woods, and cultivated throughout; +spray light and delicate.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i182b"> + <a href="images/illus182b.png"> + <img src="images/illus182bs.png" + width="100" height="140" + alt="T. Caroliniàna." + title="T. Caroliniàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">T. Caroliniàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Tsùga Caroliniàna</b>, Engelm. (<span class="smcap">Mountain-hemlock.</span>) This is similar to the +last; its leaves are larger, glossier, more crowded; its cones are +larger, and have wider and more spreading scales; the tree is smaller, +rarely growing 40 ft. high. Wild, but scarce, in the higher Alleghanies, +south; beginning to be cultivated north, and probably hardy throughout.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i182c"> + <a href="images/illus182c.png"> + <img src="images/illus182cs.png" + width="100" height="129" + alt="T. Siebòldii." + title="T. Siebòldii." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">T. Siebòldii.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Tsùga Siebòldii.</b> (<span class="smcap">Japan Hemlock.</span>) Leaves ½ to ¾ in. long, linear,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> +obtuse to notched at the tip, smooth, thick, dark green above, with two +white lines below. Cones scarcely 1 in. long, elliptical, solitary, +terminal, obtuse, quite persistent; scales pale brown. A beautiful small +tree, 20 to 30 ft. high, with an erect trunk, dark-brown bark, and +numerous, pale, slender branchlets. Introduced from Japan, and probably +hardy throughout.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g96"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>96. ÀBIES.</b> (<span class="smcap">The Firs.</span>)</p> + +<p>Leaves evergreen, flat, scattered, generally whitened beneath, appearing +somewhat 2-ranked by the directions they take. Fertile catkins and cones +erect on the upper side of the spreading branches. Cones ripening the +first year; their scales thin and smooth, and the bracts generally +exserted; scales and bracts breaking off at maturity and falling away, +leaving the axis on the tree. A great number of species and varieties +have been planted in this country, but few if any besides those here +given do at all well in our dry and hot climate.</p> + + +<table summary="Abies key"> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Cones 6 to 8 in. long; leaves blunt at tip. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>A.</b> Leaves over an inch long </td><td class="right">10, 11.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>A.</b> Leaves an inch or less long </td><td class="right">12.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Cones 3½ to 6 in. long. (<b>B.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>B.</b> Leaves 2 in. or more long, 2-ranked </td><td class="right">9.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>B.</b> Leaves 1 in. or less long. (<b>C.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>C.</b> Leaves acute at tip </td><td class="right">7, 8.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td colspan="2"><b>C.</b> Leaves blunt or notched at tip. (<b>D.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>D.</b> Two-ranked </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td><b>D.</b> Not 2-ranked </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4">* Cones 1 to 3½ in. long. (<b>E.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>E.</b> Leaves an inch or more long </td><td class="right">5, 6.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td colspan="3"><b>E.</b> Leaves less than an inch long </td><td class="right">1, 2.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i183"> + <a href="images/illus183.png"> + <img src="images/illus183s.png" + width="100" height="136" + alt="A. balsàmea." + title="A. balsàmea." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. balsàmea.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Àbies balsàmea</b>, Mill. (<span class="smcap">Common Balsam-fir.</span>) Leaves narrow, linear, ½ +to ¾ in. long, and much crowded, silvery beneath; those on the +horizontal branches spreading into 2 ranks. Bark yielding Canada balsam +from blisters. Cones erect, on spreading branches, 2 to 4 in. long and 1 +in. thick, cylindric, violet-col<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>ored, with mucronate-pointed bracts +extending beyond the scales and not reflexed. Wild in cold, wet grounds; +20 to 45 ft. high, with numerous horizontal branches. Has been +cultivated quite extensively, although there are better Firs for +ornamental purposes.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i184a"> + <a href="images/illus184a.png"> + <img src="images/illus184as.png" + width="100" height="123" + alt="A. Fràseri." + title="A. Fràseri." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. Fràseri.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Àbies Fràseri</b>, Lindl. (<span class="smcap">Fraser's or Southern Balsam-fir.</span>) Leaves ½ to +¾ in. long, somewhat 2-ranked, linear, flattened, obtuse, emarginate, +whitish beneath, the lower ones curved and the upper ones erect. Cones +oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, with sharp-pointed bracts half exserted and +reflexed. A rare, small tree, 30 to 40 ft. high, growing wild in the +mountains, from Virginia south. A hardy tree and handsome when young.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i184b"> + <a href="images/illus184b.png"> + <img src="images/illus184bs.png" + width="100" height="122" + alt="A. Nordmanniàna." + title="A. Nordmanniàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. Nordmanniàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Àbies Nordmanniàna</b>, Link. (<span class="smcap">Nordmann's Silver Fir.</span>) Leaves very +numerous, crowded, broad, linear, blunt or erose-dentate at the ends, +somewhat curved, of unequal length, 1 in. or less long, deep green above +and whitened beneath. Cones large, 5 in. long, ovate, erect, with very +obtuse scales; bracts exserted and recurved. A beautiful large tree, 50 +to 80 ft. high, occasionally cultivated; with numerous horizontal +branches and smooth bark.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i184c"> + <a href="images/illus184c.png"> + <img src="images/illus184cs.png" + width="100" height="89" + alt="A. fírma." + title="A. fírma." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. fírma.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Àbies fírma</b>, S. and Z. (<span class="smcap">Japan Silver Fir.</span>) Leaves ¾ to 1 in. long, +very closely 2-ranked, slightly twisted, linear, somewhat notched at the +end, smooth and dark above, somewhat silvery below. Cones 3 to 4½ in. +long, 1 to 1½ in.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> in diameter, straight, cylindric, with broad, downy, +leathery, crenulated scales; bracts exserted, with acute, slightly +recurved points. A beautiful tall tree with somewhat the habit of the +common Silver Fir; recently introduced from Japan, and hardy as far +north as central New York.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i185a"> + <a href="images/illus185a.png"> + <img src="images/illus185as.png" + width="100" height="129" + alt="A. grándis." + title="A. grándis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. grándis.</p> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>Àbies grándis</b>, Lindl. (<span class="smcap">Great Silver Fir.</span>) Leaves 1 to 1½ in. long, +mostly curved, deep green above and silvery below, not 2-ranked. Cones 3 +in. long and about 2 in. broad, obtuse, solitary, chestnut-brown in +color. A very large (200 to 300 ft. high), handsome tree from the +Pacific coast. Hardy at Washington; needs protection north.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i185b"> + <a href="images/illus185b.png"> + <img src="images/illus185bs.png" + width="100" height="141" + alt="A. Píchta." + title="A. Píchta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. Píchta.</p> +</div> + +<p>6. <b>Àbies Píchta</b>, Fisch. (<span class="smcap">Siberian Silver Fir.</span>) Leaves 1 in. long, +linear, flat, obtuse, incurved at the apex, mostly scattered, very dark +green above, paler beneath. Cones 3 in. long, ovate, cylindric, obtuse, +with rounded, entire scales and hidden bracts. A small to medium-sized +cultivated tree, 25 to 50 ft. high, with horizontal, somewhat pendulous +branches and dense compact growth. It is peculiar in its very dark +foliage; very hardy.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i185c"> + <a href="images/illus185c.png"> + <img src="images/illus185cs.png" + width="100" height="121" + alt="A. Cephalónica." + title="A. Cephalónica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. Cephalónica.</p> +</div> + +<p>7. <b>Àbies Cephalónica</b>, Loud. (<span class="smcap">Cephalonian Silver Fir.</span>) Leaves ¾ in. long, +very stiff, sharp-pointed, spreading broadly from the branches in all +directions, dark green above and white beneath; petioles very short, +dilated lengthwise at the point of attachment of the branches. Cones +very erect, 4 to 6 in. long, 1-1/3 in. in diameter; projecting scales +unequally toothed and reflexed at the point. A beautiful, cultivated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> +tree, 30 to 60 ft. high, with bright brown bark and resinous buds.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i186a"> + <a href="images/illus186a.png"> + <img src="images/illus186as.png" + width="100" height="152" + alt="A. Pinsàpo." + title="A. Pinsàpo." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. Pinsàpo.</p> +</div> + +<p>8. <b>Àbies Pinsàpo</b>, Bois. (<span class="smcap">Pinsapo Fir.</span>) Leaves less than 1 in. long +(usually ½ in.), rigid, straight, scattered regularly around the +branches, and pointing in all directions; disk-like bases large; +branches in whorls, and branchlets very numerous. Cones 4 to 5 in. long, +oval, sessile; scales rounded, broad, entire; bracts short. A very +handsome tree from Spain, and reported hardy at the Arnold Arboretum.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i186b"> + <a href="images/illus186b.png"> + <img src="images/illus186bs.png" + width="100" height="130" + alt="A. cóncolor." + title="A. cóncolor." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. cóncolor.</p> +</div> + +<p>9. <b>Àbies cóncolor</b>, Lindl. (<span class="smcap">White Fir.</span>) Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, mostly +obtuse, but on young trees often long-pointed, 2-ranked, not crowded on +the stem, pale green or silvery. Cones oblong-cylindric, 3 to 5 in. +long, 1½ in. in diameter; scales twice as broad as long; bracts short, +not projecting. A large tree, 75 to 150 ft. high; bark rough, grayish. +Native in the Rocky Mountains; hardy at the Arnold Arboretum, +Massachusetts, but needs some protection at St. Louis.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i186c"> + <a href="images/illus186c.png"> + <img src="images/illus186cs.png" + width="100" height="127" + alt="A. Cilícica." + title="A. Cilícica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. Cilícica.</p> +</div> + +<p>10. <b>Àbies Cilícica</b>, Carr. (<span class="smcap">Cilician Silver Fir.</span>) Leaves flat, linear, 1 +to 1¾ in. long and 1/12 in. broad, somewhat 2-ranked but rather +irregularly scattered around the young shoots; shining dark green above +and whitish beneath. Cones 7 to 8 in. long, nearly 2 in. in diameter, +cylindric, obtuse, erect, with thin and entire scales, and short and +hidden bracts. A very conical tree, 50 ft. high, with branches in +whorls, and numerous, small, slender branchlets. Bark light gray; +recently cultivated from Asia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i187a"> + <a href="images/illus187a.png"> + <img src="images/illus187as.png" + width="100" height="138" + alt="A. nóbilis." + title="A. nóbilis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. nóbilis.</p> +</div> + +<p>11. <b>Àbies nóbilis</b>, Lindl. (<span class="smcap">Noble Silver Fir.</span>) Leaves 1 to 2 in. long, +linear, much curved, the base extending a short distance upward along +the branch, then spreading squarely from it, crowded, compressed, deep +green above, glaucous below; base of the leaf much less disk-like than +in most of the Firs; branches horizontal, spreading, numerous. Cones 6 +to 7 in. long and nearly 2 in. in diameter, cylindric, sessile, with +large, entire, incurved scales; bracts large, exserted, reflexed, +spatulate, with terminal, awl-shaped points. A very large, beautiful +tree, from the Pacific coast, where it grows 200 ft. high. Hardy in +Pennsylvania, but needs some protection in Massachusetts.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i187b"> + <a href="images/illus187b.png"> + <img src="images/illus187bs.png" + width="100" height="140" + alt="A. pectinàta." + title="A. pectinàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. pectinàta.</p> +</div> + +<p>12. <b>Àbies pectinàta</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">European or Common Silver Fir.</span>) Leaves ½ to 1 +in. long, linear, obtuse, occasionally with an incurved point, polished +green above, two white lines below, rigid, straight; branches horizontal +and in whorls. Cones 6 to 8 in. long, cylindric, brown when ripe; scales +broad, thin, rounded; bracts long, exserted, with an acute reflexed tip. +Introduced from Europe. Good specimens can be found as far north as +Massachusetts, though our climate is not fitted to give them either long +life or perfect form.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g97"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>97. LÀRIX.</b> (<span class="smcap">The Larches.</span>)</p> + +<p>Leaves deciduous, all foliaceous, the primary ones scattered, but most +of them in bundles of numerous leaves from lateral globular buds. Cones +usually small (in one cultivated species 3 in. long), ovoid, erect, with +smooth scales.</p> + + +<table summary="Larix key"> +<tr><td>* Cones less than 1 in. long, of not more than 25 scales </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td>* Cones 1 to 2 in. long, of from 40 to 60 scales </td><td class="right">2, 3.</td></tr> +<tr><td>* Cones 2 to 3 in. long, with thick, woody, somewhat divergent deciduous scales. (Pseudolarix) </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i188a"> + <a href="images/illus188a.png"> + <img src="images/illus188as.png" + width="100" height="97" + alt="L. Americàna." + title="L. Americàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">L. Americàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Làrix Americàna</b>, Michx. (<span class="smcap">American Larch.</span> <span class="smcap">Tamarack or Hackmatack.</span>) +Leaves less than 1 in. long, thread-like, linear, slender, light +bluish-green. Cones ½ to ¾ in. long, ovoid, of a reddish color. A tree +of large size, 50 to 100 ft. high, growing wild in all the northern +portion of our region, and frequent in cultivation, although not quite +so fine a tree as Larix Europæa.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i188b"> + <a href="images/illus188b.png"> + <img src="images/illus188bs.png" + width="100" height="120" + alt="L. Europæ̀a." + title="L. Europæ̀a." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">L. Europæ̀a.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Lárix Europæ̀a</b>, DC. (<span class="smcap">European Larch</span>.) Leaves 1 in. long, linear, +obtuse, flat, soft, numerous, and bright green in color. Cones sometimes +more than 1 in. long, with oval, erect, very persistent scales. A +beautiful tree with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets; +abundant in cultivation.</p> + +<p>Var. <i>pendula</i> has long, pendent branches, and forms a very fine weeping +tree.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i188c"> + <a href="images/illus188c.png"> + <img src="images/illus188cs.png" + width="100" height="150" + alt="L. Leptolépsis." + title="L. Leptolépsis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">L. Leptolépsis.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Làrix Leptolépsis</b>, Gordon. (<span class="smcap">Japan Larch.</span>) Leaves 1 to 1½ in. long, +slender, pale green. Cones 1-1/3 in. long, and half as wide, of about 60 +scales, reflexed at the margin, pale brown in color; bracts lanceolate, +acute, entire, thin, one half the length of the scales; seeds obovate, +compressed, with long, obtuse, thin wings. A small tree from northern +Japan, where it grows 40 ft. high. It is a handsome, erect-growing tree, +with slender, smooth, ash-colored branches, and rather rigid, spreading +branchlets.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i189a"> + <a href="images/illus189a.png"> + <img src="images/illus189as.png" + width="100" height="112" + alt="L. Kæ̀mpferi" + title="L. Kæ̀mpferi" /> + </a> + <p class="caption">L. Kæ̀mpferi</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Làrix Kæ̀mpferi</b>, Lamb. (<span class="smcap">Golden Larch.</span>) Leaves from 1 to 2½ in. +long, flat, linear, sword-shaped, somewhat soft, pale pea-green in the +spring, golden-yellow in the autumn. Cones 2 to 3 in. long, with +flattish, divergent scales which are very deciduous. A beautiful large +tree, over 100 ft. high, from China, which proves hardy as far north as +central New York. It is often placed in a new genus (Pseudolarix) +because of the deciduous scales to the cones.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g98"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>98. CÈDRUS.</b> (<span class="smcap">The Lebanon Cedars.</span>)</p> + +<p>Leaves linear, simple, evergreen, in large, alternate clusters. Cones +large, erect, solitary, with closely appressed scales; seeds adhering to +the base of their lacerated, membranous wings. Large, spreading-branched +trees from southern Asia and northern Africa. Occasionally successfully +grown from New York City southward.</p> + + +<table summary="Cedrus key"> +<tr><td>* Leaves 1 in. or less long </td><td class="right">1, 2.</td></tr> +<tr><td>* Leaves over 1 in. long, light glaucous-green </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i189b"> + <a href="images/illus189b.png"> + <img src="images/illus189bs.png" + width="100" height="117" + alt="C. Libàni." + title="C. Libàni." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Libàni.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Cèdrus Libàni</b>, Barr. (<span class="smcap">Cedar of Lebanon.</span>) Leaves ¾ to 1 in. long, +acuminate, needle-form, rigid, few in a fascicle, deep green in color. +Cones 3 to 5 in. long, oval, obtuse, very persistent, grayish-brown in +color; scales thin, truncate, slightly denticulate; seeds quite large +and irregular in form. A cultivated tree with wide-spreading, whorled, +horizontal branches covered with rough bark. Somewhat tender when young +in the Middle States, but forming a grand tree in proper positions.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i190a"> + <a href="images/illus190a.png"> + <img src="images/illus190as.png" + width="100" height="135" + alt="C. Atlántica." + title="C. Atlántica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Atlántica.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Cèdrus Atlántica</b>, Manetti. (<span class="smcap">Mt. Atlas, Silver, or African Cedar.</span>) +Leaves ½ to ¾ in. long, mostly cylindric, straight, rigid, mucronate, +crowded, and of a beautiful glaucous-green color. Cones 2½ to 3 in. +long, ovate, glossy. This beautiful tree has been considered a silvery +variety of Cedrus Libani. They are about alike in hardiness and in +general form. Cedrus Atlantica has more slender branches, denser and +more silvery foliage. From Africa.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i190b"> + <a href="images/illus190b.png"> + <img src="images/illus190bs.png" + width="100" height="124" + alt="C. Deodàra." + title="C. Deodàra." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Deodàra.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Cèdrus Deodàra</b>, Lindl. (<span class="smcap">Deodar or Indian Cedar</span>.) Leaves 1 to 2 in. in +length, 3- or usually 4-sided, rigid, acute, very numerous (about 20 in +a fascicle), bright green, covered with a glaucous bloom. Cones 4 to 5 +in. long, ovate, obtuse, very resinous, rich purple when young, and +brown when old; the scales separating from the axis at maturity. Seeds +wedge-shaped, with large, bright brown wings. A beautiful pyramidal +tree, with graceful drooping branches and light silvery foliage. Not +hardy north of Philadelphia; from India.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g98a"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>98a. ARAUCÀRIA.</b></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i190c"> + <a href="images/illus190c.png"> + <img src="images/illus190cs.png" + width="100" height="125" + alt="A. imbricàta." + title="A. imbricàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">A. imbricàta.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Araucària imbricàta</b>, Pavon. (<span class="smcap">Chile Pine</span>.) Leaves 1 to 2 in. long, +ovate-lanceolate, sessile, rigid, acute, very persistent, closely +overlapping, completely covering the thick stems, in whorls of 6 to 8, +deep glossy green; branches horizontal, in whorls of 6 to 8, with +ascending tips, covered with resinous, corky bark. Flowers diœcious; +cones (on only a portion of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> the trees) large, roundish, about 7 in. in +diameter, erect, solitary; seeds wedge-shaped, 1 to 2 in. long. A large, +peculiar, beautiful, conical tree, with much the appearance of a cactus; +not fitted to our climate, although a few specimens may be found growing +quite well near the coast south of Philadelphia. From the mountains of +Chile.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g99"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>99. CUNNINGHÀMIA.</b></p> + +<p>A genus of but one species. The cone-scales are very small, but the +bracts are large, thick, and serrate.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i191a"> + <a href="images/illus191a.png"> + <img src="images/illus191as.png" + width="100" height="124" + alt="C. Sinénsis." + title="C. Sinénsis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption"></p> +</div> + +<p><b>Cunninghàmia Sinénsis</b>, R. Br. (<span class="smcap">Cunninghamia</span>.) Leaves 1½ to 2½ in. long, +flat, rigid, numerous, alternate, somewhat serrulate; the leaf gradually +increases in width from the acute tip to the base, which is decurrent on +the stem and about 1/8 in. wide. Cones 1 to 1½ in. long, nearly +globular, erect, very persistent, mostly clustered, sessile; the scale +is a mere transverse ridge, but the bract is large and prominent, like a +triangular-hastate, dilated leaf. A very handsome tree, from China, +which does not succeed very well in this region except in protected +situations.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g100"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>100. SCIADÓPITYS.</b></p> + +<p>Cones elliptical or cylindrical, large, obtuse. Leaves evergreen, +somewhat flattened, arranged in distant whorls around the stems, and +spreading in all directions.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i191b"> + <a href="images/illus191b.png"> + <img src="images/illus191bs.png" + width="100" height="90" + alt="S. verticillàta." + title="S. verticillàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. verticillàta.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Sciadópitys verticillàta</b>, S. and Z. (<span class="smcap">Umbrella-pine.</span>) Leaves 2 to 4 in. +long, 1/6 in. wide, linear, obtuse, smooth, persistent, sessile, entire, +in whorls of 30 to 40 at the nodes and extremity of the branches. Cones +3 by 1½ in. Scales wedge-shaped, corrugated, overlapping, coriaceous, +persistent; bracts adherent, broad, and smooth. A beautiful, tall, +conical, slow-growing tree, with the branches whorled. Recently +introduced; hardy in the New England States.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g101"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>101. TAXÒDIUM.</b></p> + +<p>Leaves deciduous, spreading, in 2 ranks. Flowers monœcious on the +same branch, the staminate ones in spikes, and the pistillate ones in +pairs below. Cones globular; the scales peltate, angular, thick, firmly +closed till ripe, with 2 angular seeds under each.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i192a"> + <a href="images/illus192a.png"> + <img src="images/illus192as.png" + width="100" height="114" + alt="T. dístichum." + title="T. dístichum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">T. dístichum.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Taxòdium dístichum</b>, Richard. (<span class="smcap">Southern or Bald Cypress</span>.) Leaves +deciduous, flat, linear, ½ to ¾ in. long, in 2 rows on the slender +branchlets, forming feather-like spray of a light green color. This +whole spray usually falls off in the autumn as though a single leaf. +Cones round, closed, hard, 1 in. in diameter. A fine, tall (100 to 125 +ft. high), slender, spire-shaped tree with a large, spreading, rigid +trunk, 6 to 9 ft. thick, and peculiar conical excrescences (called +knees) growing up from the roots. Wild from Maryland south, and +cultivated and hardy in the Middle and many of the Northern States.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i192b"> + <a href="images/illus192b.png"> + <img src="images/illus192bs.png" + width="100" height="75" + alt="Var. pendulum." + title="Var. pendulum." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Var. pendulum.</p> +</div> + +<p>Var. <i>pendulum</i>, with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets, has +the leaves but slightly spreading from the stems, especially when young. +Very beautiful; hardy as far north as Massachusetts.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g102"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>102. SEQUÓIA.</b></p> + +<p>Flowers monœcious, terminal, solitary, catkins nearly globular. Seeds +winged, 3 to 5 under each scale.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i192c"> + <a href="images/illus192c.png"> + <img src="images/illus192cs.png" + width="100" height="175" + alt="S. gigántea." + title="S. gigántea." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. gigántea.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Sequóia gigántea</b>, Torr. (<span class="smcap">Big or Great Tree of California.</span>) Leaves on +the young shoots spreading, needle-shaped, sharp-pointed, scattered +spirally around the branchlets; finally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> scale-shaped, overlapping, +mostly appressed, with generally an acute apex, light green in color. +Cones oval, 2 to 3 in. long, of about 25 scales. The largest tree known, +300 ft. high, with a trunk nearly 30 ft. through, found in California +and occasionally planted east, though with no great success, as it is +almost certain to die after a few years.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i193"> + <a href="images/illus193.png"> + <img src="images/illus193s.png" + width="100" height="134" + alt="S. sempérvirens." + title="S. sempérvirens." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. sempérvirens.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Sequóia sempérvirens</b>, Endl. (<span class="smcap">Redwood.</span>) Leaves from ½ to 1 in. long, +linear, smooth, 2-ranked, flat, acute, dark shining green, glaucous +beneath; branches numerous, horizontal, spreading. Cones 1 in. long, +roundish, solitary, terminal; scales numerous, thick, rough, furnished +with an obtuse point. A magnificent tree from California, where it grows +200 to 300 ft. high. In the East it can be kept alive but a few years +even at Washington.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g103"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>103. THÚYA.</b> (<span class="smcap">Arbor-vitæ.</span>)</p> + +<p>Small, evergreen trees with flat, 2-ranked, fan-like spray and closely +overlapping, small, appressed leaves of two shapes on different +branchlets, one awl-shaped and acute, the other scale-like, usually +blunt and close to the branch. Fertile catkins of few, overlapping +scales fixed by the base; at maturity, dry and spreading. There are +scores of named varieties of Arbor-vitae sold by the nurserymen under 3 +different generic names, Thuya, Biota, and Thuyopsis. There are but +slight differences in these groups, and they will in this work be placed +together under Thuya. Some that in popular language might well be called +Arbor-vitæ (the Retinosporas) will, because of the character of the +fruit, be included in the next genus.</p> + + +<table summary="Thuya key"> +<tr><td>* Scales of the cones pointless, thin, straight. (Thuya) </td><td class="right">1, 2.</td></tr> +<tr><td>* Scales reflexed and wedge-shaped. (Thuyopsis) </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td>* Scales thick, with horn-like tips. (Biota) </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i194a"> + <a href="images/illus194a.png"> + <img src="images/illus194as.png" + width="100" height="113" + alt="T. occidentàlis." + title="T. occidentàlis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">T. occidentàlis.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Thùya occidentàlis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">American Arbor-vitæ. White Cedar.</span>) Leaves in +4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets, having a strong aromatic odor when +bruised. Cones oblong, 1/3 in. long, with few (6 to 10) pointless +scales. A small tree, 20 to 50 ft. high, or in cultivation 1 to 50 ft. +high, with pale, shreddy bark, and light, soft, but very durable wood. +Wild north, and extensively cultivated throughout under more than a +score of named varieties. Their names—<i>alba</i>, <i>aurea</i>, <i>glauca</i>, +<i>conica</i>, <i>globosa</i>, <i>pyramidalis</i>, <i>pendula</i>, etc.—will give some idea +of the variations in color, form, etc.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i194b"> + <a href="images/illus194b.png"> + <img src="images/illus194bs.png" + width="100" height="118" + alt="T. gigantèa." + title="T. gigantèa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">T. gigantèa.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Thùya gigantèa</b>, Nutt. (<span class="smcap">Giant Arbor-vitæ</span>.) Leaves scale-shaped, +somewhat 4-sided, closely overlapping, sharp-pointed, slightly +tuberculate on the back; cones more or less clustered and nearly ½ in. +long. A very large and graceful tree, 200 ft. high, with white, soft +wood; from the Pacific coast; introduced but not very successfully grown +in the Atlantic States.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i194c"> + <a href="images/illus194c.png"> + <img src="images/illus194cs.png" + width="100" height="110" + alt="T. dolabràta." + title="T. dolabràta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">T. dolabràta.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Thùya dolabràta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Hatchet-leaved Arbor-vitæ.</span>) Leaves large, +sometimes ¼ in. long, very blunt, in 4 rows on the flattened spray. +Cones quite small, ovate, sessile, with jagged edges; scales reflexed +and wedge-form. A small conical tree with horizontal branches and +drooping branchlets; which, because of its large leaves (for an +Arbor-vitæ) and flexible branchlets, is quite unique and interesting. In +shaded and moist places it has done quite well as far north as New York.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i195a"> + <a href="images/illus195a.png"> + <img src="images/illus195as.png" + width="100" height="111" + alt="T. orientàlis." + title="T. orientàlis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">T. orientàlis.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Thùya orientàlis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Eastern or Chinese Arbor-vitæ.</span>) Leaves small, +in 4 opposite rows, appressed, acute, on the numerous 2-edged +branchlets. Cones large, roundish, with thick leathery<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> scales having +recurving, horn-like tips. Of this species there are as many varieties +sold as of number one, and nearly the same varietal names are used; but +it is not so good a species for general cultivation in this country.</p> + +<p>Var. <i>flagelliformis</i>, Jacq. (Weeping Arbor-vitæ), has very slender, +elongated, weeping branches, curving gracefully to the ground. It is a +beautiful variety, often cultivated (a single stem is shown in the +figure).</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g104"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>104. CHAMÆCÝPARIS.</b> (<span class="smcap">The Cypresses.</span>)</p> + +<p>Strong-scented, evergreen trees with very small, scale-like or somewhat +awl-shaped, closely appressed (except in some cultivated varieties), +overlapping leaves and 2-ranked branchlets, almost as in Thuya. Cones +globular, with peltate, valvate scales, firmly closed till ripe; the +scales thick and pointed at the center.</p> + + +<table summary="Chamaecyparis key"> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Native trees; leaves light glaucous-green. </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Cultivated trees from Western America; leaves dark green. (<b>A.</b>)</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> No tubercle on the backs of the leaves. </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td><b>A.</b> Usually a tubercle on the back </td><td class="right">3.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">* Cultivated small trees and shrubs from Japan (called Retinospora) </td><td class="right">4.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i195b"> + <a href="images/illus195b.png"> + <img src="images/illus195bs.png" + width="100" height="100" + alt="C. sphæroídea." + title="C. sphæroídea." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. sphæroídea.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Chamæcýparis sphæroídea</b>, Spach. (<span class="smcap">White Cedar.</span>) Leaves very small, +triangular, awl-shaped, regularly and closely appressed in 4 rows, of a +light glaucous-green color, often with a small gland on the back. Cones +very small, 1/3 in. in diameter, of about 6 scales, clustered. Tree 30 +to 90 ft. high, wild in low grounds throughout; abundant in Middle +States. With reddish-white wood and slender, spreading and drooping +sprays; bark fibrous, shreddy; sometimes cultivated.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i196a"> + <a href="images/illus196a.png"> + <img src="images/illus196as.png" + width="100" height="120" + alt="C. Nutkæ̀nsis." + title="C. Nutkæ̀nsis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Nutkæ̀nsis.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Chamæcýparis Nutkæ̀nsis</b>, Lambert. (<span class="smcap">Nootka Sound Cypress.</span>) Leaves +only 1/8 in. long, sharp-pointed, and closely ap<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>pressed, of a very +dark, rich green color; very slightly glaucous, without tubercles on the +back. Cones small, globular, solitary, with a fine, whitish bloom; +scales 4, rough and terminating in a sharp straight point. Tree 100 ft. +high in Alaska, and would make a fine cultivated tree for this region if +it could stand our hot, dry summers.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i196b"> + <a href="images/illus196b.png"> + <img src="images/illus196bs.png" + width="100" height="123" + alt="C. Lawsoniàna." + title="C. Lawsoniàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Lawsoniàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>3. <b>Chamæcýparis Lawsoniàna</b>, Park. (<span class="smcap">Lawson's Cypress.</span>) Leaves small, deep +green, with a whitish margin when young, forming with the twigs +feathery-like, flat spray of a bluish-green color; leaves usually with a +gland on the back. Cones scarcely ¼ in. in diameter, of 8 to 10 scales. +A magnificent tree in California, and where it is hardy (in rather moist +soil, New York and south) it forms one of our best cultivated +evergreens. The leading shoot when young is pendulous.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i196c"> + <a href="images/illus196c.png"> + <img src="images/illus196cs.png" + width="100" height="108" + alt="R. obtùsa." + title="R. obtùsa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">R. obtùsa.</p> +</div> + +<p>4. <b>Chamæcýparis</b> (<b>Retinóspora</b>) <b>obtùsa</b>, Endl. (<span class="smcap">Japanese Arbor-vitæ.</span>) +Leaves scale-formed, obtuse, closely appressed and very persistent. +Cones of 8 or 10 hard, light brown, wedge-shaped scales. Beautiful small +trees or generally shrubs (in this country), of a score of named +varieties of many colors and forms of plant and foliage.</p> + +<p>There are probably a number of species of Japanese and Chinese +Chamæcyparis (Retinospora), but till their size, hardiness, and origin +have been more fully determined, it would be impossible to make an +entirely satisfactory list for such a work as this. Figures are given of +the common, so-called, species cultivated in this country; under each of +these, several varieties are sold by the nurserymen. The three twigs of +Retinospora squarrosa were all taken from a single branch; this shows +how impossible it is to deter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>mine the varieties or species; the twig at +the left represents the true <i>squarrosa</i>; the others, the partial return +to the original. Most of the forms shown in the figures have purple, +golden, silvery, and other colored varieties.</p> + + +<table summary="For image display."> +<tr><td> +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i197a"> + <a href="images/illus197a.png"> + <img src="images/illus197as.png" + width="100" height="47" + alt="Retinospora filifera." + title="Retinospora filifera." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Retinospora filifera.</p> +</div> +</td> + +<td> +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i197b"> + <a href="images/illus197b.png"> + <img src="images/illus197bs.png" + width="100" height="101" + alt="Retinospora pisifera." + title="Retinospora pisifera." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Retinospora pisifera.</p> +</div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td> +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i197c"> + <a href="images/illus197c.png"> + <img src="images/illus197cs.png" + width="100" height="108" + alt="Retinospora squarrosa." + title="Retinospora squarrosa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Retinospora squarrosa.</p> +</div> +</td> + +<td> +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i197d"> + <a href="images/illus197d.png"> + <img src="images/illus197ds.png" + width="100" height="98" + alt="Retinospora Lycopoides." + title="Retinospora Lycopoides." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Retinospora Lycopoides.</p> +</div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;" id="i197e"> + <a href="images/illus197e.png"> + <img src="images/illus197es.png" + width="100" height="103" + alt="Retinospora plumosa." + title="Retinospora plumosa." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">Retinospora plumosa.</p> +</div> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="genus" id="g105"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>105. CRYPTOMÈRIA.</b></p> + +<p>A genus of evergreens containing only the following species:</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i198a"> + <a href="images/illus198a.png"> + <img src="images/illus198as.png" + width="100" height="114" + alt="C. Japónica." + title="C. Japónica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Japónica.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Cryptomèria Japónica</b>, Don. (<span class="smcap">Japan Cedar.</span>) Leaves about ½ in. long, not +flattened, but about equally 4-sided, curved and tapering quite +gradually from the tip to the large, sessile base; branches spreading, +mostly horizontal, with numerous branchlets. Cones ½ to ¾ in. in +diameter, globular, terminal, sessile, very persistent, with numerous, +loose, not overlapping scales. A beautiful tree from Japan, 50 to 100 +ft. high. Not very successfully grown in our climate. North of +Washington, D. C., it needs a sheltered position, and should have a +deep, but not very rich soil.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g106"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>106. JUNÍPERUS.</b></p> + +<p>Leaves evergreen, awl-shaped or scale-like, rigid, often of two shapes +on the same plant. Spray not 2-ranked. Flowers usually diœcious. +Fertile catkins rounded, of 3 to 6 fleshy, coalescent scales, forming in +fruit a bluish-black berry with a whitish bloom, but found on only a +portion of the plants.</p> + + +<table summary="Juniperus key"> +<tr><td>* Leaves rather long, ½ in., in whorls of threes </td><td class="right">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td>* Leaves smaller; on the old branches mostly opposite </td><td class="right">2.</td></tr> +</table> + + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i198b"> + <a href="images/illus198b.png"> + <img src="images/illus198bs.png" + width="100" height="97" + alt="J. commùnis." + title="J. commùnis." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">J. commùnis.</p> +</div> + +<p>1. <b>Juníperus commùnis</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common Juniper.</span>) Leaves rather long, ½ in., +linear, awl-shaped, in whorls of threes, prickly-pointed, upper surface +glaucous-white, under surface bright green. Fruit globular, ¼ in. or +more in diameter, dark purple when ripe, covered with light-colored +bloom. A shrub or small tree with spreading or pendulous branches; +common in dry, sterile soils. There<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> are a great many varieties of this +species in cultivation, but few of them grow tall enough to be +considered trees.</p> + +<p>Var. <i>Hibernica</i> (Irish Juniper) grows erect like a column. Var. +<i>Alpina</i> is a low creeping plant. Var. <i>hemispherica</i> is almost like a +half-sphere lying on the ground.</p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i199a"> + <a href="images/illus199a.png"> + <img src="images/illus199as.png" + width="100" height="112" + alt="J. Virginiàna." + title="J. Virginiàna." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">J. Virginiàna.</p> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Juníperus Virginiàna</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Red Cedar.</span>) Leaves very small and numerous, +scale-like on the older branches, but awl-shaped and somewhat spreading +on the young shoots; dark green. Fruit small, 1/5 in., abundant on the +pistillate plants, dark purple and covered with fine, glaucous bloom. +Trees from 20 to 80 ft. high (sometimes only shrubs), with mostly +horizontal branches, thin, scaling bark, dense habit of growth, and dark +foliage. Wood light, fine-grained, durable; the heart-wood of a handsome +dark red color. Wild throughout; several varieties are found in +cultivation. Many other species from China, Japan, California, etc., are +occasionally cultivated, but few are large enough to be called trees, +and those that are large enough are not of sufficient importance to need +specific notice.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g107"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>107. TÁXUS.</b></p> + +<p>Leaves evergreen, flat, linear, mucronate, rigid, scattered, appearing +more or less 2-ranked. Fertile flowers and the fruit solitary; the +fruit, a nut-like seed in a cup-shaped, fleshy portion formed from a +disk; red.</p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i199b"> + <a href="images/illus199b.png"> + <img src="images/illus199bs.png" + width="100" height="124" + alt="T. baccàta." + title="T. baccàta." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">T. baccàta.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Táxus baccàta</b>, L. (<span class="smcap">Common European Yew.</span>) Leaves evergreen, 2-ranked, +crowded, linear, flat, curved, acute. Fruit a nut-like seed within a cup +1/3 in. in diameter; red when ripe in the autumn. As this species is +somewhat diœcious, a portion of the plants will be without fruit. A +widely spreading shrub rather than a tree, extensively cultivated under +nearly a score of named varieties. We have a closely related wild +species, <b>Táxus Canadénsis</b> (<span class="smcap">The Ground-hemlock</span>), which is merely a low +straggling bush.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g107a"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>1O7a. TORRÈYA.</b></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i200a"> + <a href="images/illus200a.png"> + <img src="images/illus200as.png" + width="100" height="131" + alt="T. taxifòlia." + title="T. taxifòlia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">T. taxifòlia.</p> +</div> + +<p>The Torreyas are much like the Yews, but their leaves have two +longitudinal lines, and a remarkably disagreeable odor when burned or +bruised. <b>Torrèya taxifòlia</b>, Arn., from Florida, and <b>Torrèya Califòrnica</b>, +Torr., from California, have been often planted. They form small trees, +but probably cannot be grown successfully in the region. The figure +shows a twig of T. taxifolia.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g107b"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>1O7b. CEPHALOTÁXUS.</b></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i200b"> + <a href="images/illus200b.png"> + <img src="images/illus200bs.png" + width="100" height="152" + alt="C. Fortùnii." + title="C. Fortùnii." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">C. Fortùnii.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Cephalotáxus Fortùnii</b>, Hook., does not form a tree in this section, but +a wide-spreading bush growing sometimes to the height of 10 ft., and +spreading over a spot 15 ft. wide. Leaves flat, with the midrib forming +a distinct ridge on both sides, linear, sometimes over 2 in. long, +glossy green on the upper side, slightly whitened beneath. Fruit very +large, 1 in. or more long, elliptical, with a single, thin-shelled +nut-like seed covered with purplish, pulpy, thin flesh. Branches +spreading, drooping, long, slender; buds small, covered with many +sharp-pointed, overlapping scales; twigs green, somewhat grooved. From +Japan; about hardy in New Jersey.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g108"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>108. PODOCÁRPUS.</b></p> + +<p>Leaves one-nerved, opposite, alternate, or scattered, linear or oblong. +Flowers axillary and mostly diœcious; fruit drupe-like, with a +bony-coated stone.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p> + +<div class="floatr" style="width: 100px;" id="i201a"> + <a href="images/illus201a.png"> + <img src="images/illus201as.png" + width="100" height="82" + alt="P. Japónica." + title="P. Japónica." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">P. Japónica.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Podocárpus Japónica</b>, Sieb. (<span class="smcap">Japan Podocarpus.</span>) Leaves alternate, +crowded, flat, linear-lanceolate, elongated, quite sharp-pointed, +narrowed to a short though distinct petiole, and continued down the stem +by two ridges; leaves not 2-ranked, large, 4 to 8 in. long and ½ in. +wide when growing in perfection; in specimens grown in this region, 2 to +5 in. long and ¼ in. wide; midrib forms a ridge on both sides; upper +side dark glossy green; lower side with two broad whitish lines. A +beautiful, erect-growing, small tree; from Japan; about hardy in central +New Jersey; needs some protection in Massachusetts.</p> + + +<p class="genus" id="g109"><span class="smcap">Genus</span> <b>109. SALISBÙRIA.</b></p> + +<div class="floatl" style="width: 100px;" id="i201b"> + <a href="images/illus201b.png"> + <img src="images/illus201bs.png" + width="100" height="142" + alt="S. adiantifòlia." + title="S. adiantifòlia." /> + </a> + <p class="caption">S. adiantifòlia.</p> +</div> + +<p>Leaves broad, simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous, deeply cut or +lobed at the apex, alike on both surfaces, with long petioles. Flowers +diœcious; staminate ones in catkins, pistillate ones either solitary +or in clusters of a few each. Fruit a nut with a drupaceous covering.</p> + +<p><b>Salisbùria adiantifòlia</b>, Sm. (<span class="smcap">Ginkgo Tree.</span>) Leaves parallel-veined, +fan-shaped, with irregular lobes at the end, thick, leathery, with no +midrib. Fruit globular or ovate, 1 in. long, on long, slender stems. A +very peculiar and beautiful large tree, 50 to 100 ft. high; from Japan. +Hardy throughout, and should be more extensively cultivated than it +is.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2><a name="glossary" id="glossary"></a> +GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span><br /> +AND<br /> +INDEX TO PART I. +</h2> + +<p>The numbers refer to the pages where the illustrations appear or where fuller definitions of the words are given.</p> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Abortive.</i> Defective or barren; not producing seeds.</li> + +<li><i>Abrupt base of leaf</i>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Abruptly pinnate.</i> Pinnate, without an odd leaflet at the end; +even-pinnate, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Acerose.</i> Slender; needle-shaped, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Acorn</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Acuminate.</i> Taper-pointed, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Acute.</i> Terminating in a well-defined angle, usually less than a right +angle, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Adventitious buds</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Alternate.</i> Not opposite each other; as the leaves of a stem when +arranged one after the other along the branch, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Angulated.</i> Edge with such sudden bends as to form angles.</li> + +<li><i>Annual layer of wood</i>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Anther.</i> The essential part of a stamen of a flower; the part which +contains the pollen, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Apetalous.</i> Said of a flower which has no corolla, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Apex.</i> The point or summit, as the point of a leaf.</li> + +<li><i>Apple-pome.</i> A fruit like the apple, with seeds in horny cells, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Appressed.</i> Pressed close to the stem or other part, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Ariled.</i> Seed with a somewhat membranous appendage, sometimes +surrounding it, and attached to one end.</li> + +<li><i>Aromatic.</i> With an agreeable odor.</li> + +<li><i>Arrangement of flowers</i>, 26; of leaves, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Astringent.</i> That which contracts or draws together muscular fiber; the +opposite of laxative.</li> + +<li><i>Auriculate.</i> Furnished with ear-shaped appendages, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Awl-shaped.</i> Like a shoemaker's curved awl; subulate, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Awned.</i> Furnished with a bristle-shaped appendage, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Axil.</i> The angle between the leafstalk and the twig, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Axillary.</i> Situated in the axil; as a bud, branch, or flower-cluster +when in the axil of a leaf, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Bark</i>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Bases of leaves</i>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Berry.</i> Used in this work to include any soft, juicy fruit with several +(at least more than one), readily separated seeds buried in the mass, +<a href="#Page_27">27.</a></li> + +<li><i>Bipinnate.</i> Twice-pinnate, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Bladdery.</i> Swollen out and filled with air.</li> + +<li><i>Blade.</i> The thin, spreading portion, as of a leaf, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Bract.</i> A more or less modified leaf belonging to a flower or fruit; +usually a small leaf in the axil of which the separate flower of a +cluster grows, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Branch.</i> A shoot or stem of a plant, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Branching</i>, general plan of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Branchlet.</i> A small branch.</li> + +<li><i>Bristle-pointed.</i> Ending in a stiff, roundish hair, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Bud.</i> Undeveloped branch or flower, 30; forms of, 32; bud-scales, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Bur.</i> Rough-prickly covering of the seeds or fruit, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Bush.</i> A shrub, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Calyx.</i> The outer leafy part of a flower, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Canescent.</i> With a silvery appearance, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Capsule.</i> A dry, pod-like fruit which has either more than one cell, +or, if of one cell, not such a pod as that of the pea with the seeds +fastened on one side on a single line, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Carpel.</i> That part of a fruit which is formed of a simple pistil, or +one member of a compound pistil; often shown by a single seed-bearing +line or part. A fruit has as many carpels as it has seed-bearing lines +on its outer walls, or as it had stigmas when it was a pistil, or as it +had leaves at its origin.</li> + +<li><i>Catkin.</i> A scaly, usually slender and pendent cluster of flowers, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, +<a href="#Page_28">28.</a></li> + +<li><i>Ciliate.</i> Fringed with hairs along its edge.</li> + +<li><i>Cleft.</i> Cut to about the middle, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Cluster.</i> Any grouping of flowers or fruit on a plant, so that more +than one is found in the axil of a leaf, or at the end of a stem, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Complete.</i> Having all the parts belonging to an organ; a <i>complete +leaf</i> has blade, leafstalk, and stipules, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; a <i>complete flower</i> has +calyx, corolla, stamen, and pistil, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Compound.</i> Composed of more than one similar part united into a whole; +a <i>compound leaf</i> has more than one blade, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Conduplicate.</i> Folded on itself lengthwise, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Cone.</i> A hard, scaly fruit, as that of a pine-tree, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Conical.</i> With a circular base and sloping sides gradually tapering to +a point; more slender than pyramidal.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Convolute.</i> In a leaf, the complete rolling from edge to edge, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Cordate.</i> Heart-shaped, the stem and point at opposite ends, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Coriaceous.</i> Leathery in texture or substance.</li> + +<li><i>Corolla.</i> The inner, usually the bright-colored, row of floral leaves, +often grown together, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Corymb.</i> A flat-topped or rounded flower-cluster; in a strict use it is +applied only to such clusters when the central flower does not bloom +first. See <i>cyme</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Crenate.</i> Edge notched with rounded teeth, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Crenulate.</i> Finely crenated, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Crisped.</i> Having an undulated or curled edge.</li> + +<li><i>Cross-section of wood</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Cuneate.</i> Wedge-shaped, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Cylindric.</i> With an elongated, rounded body of uniform diameter.</li> + +<li><i>Cyme.</i> A flat-topped flower-cluster, the central flower blooming first, +<a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Deciduous.</i> Falling off; said of leaves when they fall in autumn, and +of floral leaves when they fall before the fruit forms, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Decurrent leaf.</i> A leaf which extends down the stem below the point of +fastening.</li> + +<li><i>Definite annual growth</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Dehiscence.</i> The regular splitting open of fruits, anthers, etc.</li> + +<li><i>Dehiscent.</i> Opening in a regular way, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Deliquescent</i>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Deltoid.</i> Triangular, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Dentate.</i> Edge notched, with the teeth angular and pointing outward, +22.</li> + +<li><i>Denticulate.</i> Minutely dentate.</li> + +<li><i>Dichotomous.</i> Forking regularly by twos, as the branches of the Lilac.</li> + +<li><i>Dilated.</i> Spreading out; expanding in all directions.</li> + +<li><i>Diœcious.</i> With stamens and pistils on different plants, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Distichous.</i> Two-ranked; spreading on opposite sides in one plane; as +<i>leaves</i>, 18; or <i>branches</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Divergent.</i> Spreading apart.</li> + +<li><i>Divided.</i> Separated almost to the base or midrib, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Drupe.</i> A fleshy fruit with a single bony stone. In this book applied +to all fruits which, usually juicy, have a single seed, even if not +bony, or a bony stone, even if the stone has several seeds, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Dry drupe.</i> Used when the material surrounding the stone is but +slightly fleshy, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Duration of leaves</i>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Elliptical.</i> Having the form of an elongated oval, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Emarginate.</i> With a notched tip, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Endogenous.</i> Inside-growing; growing throughout the substance of the +stem, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Entire.</i> With an even edge; not notched, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Enveloping organs.</i> In a flower, the calyx and corolla which cover the +stamens and pistil, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Essential organs.</i> In a flower, the organs needed to produce seeds; the +stamens and pistil, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Evergreen.</i> Retaining the leaves (in a more or less green condition) +through the winter and till new ones appear, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Excurrent.</i> With the trunk continued to the top of the tree, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Exogenous.</i> Outside-growing; growing by annual layers near the surface, +<a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Exserted.</i> Projecting beyond an envelope, as the stamens from a +corolla, or the bracts beyond the scales of a cone, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Exstipulate.</i> Without stipules, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Extra-axillary buds</i>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Fasciculated.</i> In clusters or fascicles, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Feather-veined.</i> With the veins of a leaf all springing from the sides +of the midrib, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Fibrous.</i> Composed of fine threads or fibers.</li> + +<li><i>Filament.</i> The stalk of a stamen, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>; any thread-like body.</li> + +<li><i>Flowering.</i> Having flowers.</li> + +<li><i>Flowers</i>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>; clusters of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>; kinds of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Folding of leaves in the bud</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Foliaceous.</i> Like a leaf in texture or appearance.</li> + +<li><i>Footstalk.</i> The stem of a leaf (petiole), or the stem of a flower +(peduncle).</li> + +<li><i>Forms of leaves</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Fruit</i>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Gamopetalous.</i> Same as monopetalous, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Glabrous.</i> Having a smooth surface; free from hairs, bristles, or any +pubescence, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Glands.</i> Small cellular organs which secrete oily, aromatic, or other +products. They are sometimes sunk in the leaves, etc., as on the +Prickly-ash; sometimes on the surface as small projections; sometimes on +the ends of hairs. The word is also used to indicate small swellings, +whether there is a secretion or not.</li> + +<li><i>Glandular.</i> Having glands. <i>Glandular-hairy.</i> With glandular-tipped +hairs, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Glaucous.</i> Covered with a fine white powder that rubs off, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Globose.</i> Spherical in form. <i>Globular.</i> Nearly globose.</li> + +<li><i>Glutinous.</i> Covered with a sticky gum.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Hairy.</i> Having rather long hairs, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Halberd-shaped</i>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Head.</i> A compact, rounded cluster of flowers or fruit, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Heart-shaped.</i> Ovate, with a notched base; cordate, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Heart-wood</i>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Herbaceous.</i> Without woody substance in the stem; like an herb; soft +and leaf-like.</li> + +<li><i>Hybrid.</i> An intermediate form of plant between two nearly related +species; formed by the action of the pollen of one upon the pistil of +the other.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Imbricated.</i> Overlapping one another like the shingles on a roof, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Incised.</i> Irregularly and deeply cut, as the edge of a leaf.</li> + +<li><i>Incurved.</i> Gradually curving inward.</li> + +<li><i>Indefinite annual growth</i>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Indehiscent.</i> Not splitting open.</li> + +<li><i>Inflexed.</i> Bent inward, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Involucre.</i> A whorl or set of bracts around a flower, a cluster of +flowers, or fruit, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Involute.</i> Rolled inward from the edges, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Irregular.</i> Said of a flower which has its corolla of different sized, +shaped, or colored pieces, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Kernel.</i> The substance contained within the shell of a nut or the stone +of a fruit.</li> + +<li><i>Key.</i> A fruit furnished with a wing, or leaf-like expansion, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Kidney-shaped.</i> Broadly heart-shaped, with the apex and basal notch +somewhat rounded.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Lacerated.</i> With a margin irregularly notched or apparently torn.</li> + +<li><i>Laciniate.</i> Cut into narrow lobes; slashed.</li> + +<li><i>Lance-shaped.</i> <i>Lanceolate.</i> Like a lance-head in shape, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Leaf</i>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; arrangement of leaves, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; bases of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>; forms of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; kinds +of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; margins of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>; parts of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; points of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>; veining, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Leaflet.</i> A separate blade of a compound leaf, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Leafstalk.</i> The stem of a leaf; petiole, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Legume.</i> A pea-like pod, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Lensform.</i> <i>Lenticular.</i> Thickest in the center, with the edges +somewhat sharp; like a double-convex lens.</li> + +<li><i>Linear.</i> Long and narrow, with the edges about parallel, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Lobe.</i> The separate, projecting parts of an irregularly edged leaf if +few in number, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Lobed.</i> Having lobes along the margin, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Margin of leaves</i>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Medullary rays</i>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Membranous.</i> Thin and rather soft, and more or less translucent, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Midrib.</i> The central or main rib of a leaf, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Monœcious.</i> With both pistillate and staminate flowers on the same +plant, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Monopetalous.</i> With the corolla more or less grown together at the +base; gamopetalous, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Mucronate.</i> Tipped with a short abrupt point, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Multiple roots</i>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Nerved.</i> Parallel-veined, as the leaves of some trees, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Netted-veined.</i> With branching veins, forming a network as in the +leaves of most of our trees, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Node.</i> The part of a stem to which a leaf is attached, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Nut.</i> A hard, unsplitting, usually one-seeded fruit, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Nutlet.</i> A small nut.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Obcordate.</i> Heart-shaped, with the stem at the pointed end, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Oblanceolate.</i> Lanceolate, with the stem at the more pointed end, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Oblong.</i> Two to four times as long as wide, with the sides somewhat +parallel, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Oblique.</i> Applied to leaves when the sides are unequal, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Obovate.</i> A reversed ovate, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Obovoid.</i> A reversed ovoid; an egg form, with stem at the smaller end.</li> + +<li><i>Obscurely.</i> Not distinctly; usually needing a magnifying-glass to +determine.</li> + +<li><i>Obtuse.</i> Blunt or rounded at tip, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Obvolute</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Odd-pinnate.</i> Pinnate, with an end leaflet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Once-pinnate.</i> A compound leaf, with but a single series of leaflets +along the central stem, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Opposite.</i> With two leaves on opposite sides of a stem at a node, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Orbicular.</i> Circular in outline, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Oval.</i> Broadly elliptical, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Ovary.</i> The part of the pistil of a flower containing the ovules or +future seeds.</li> + +<li><i>Ovate.</i> Shaped like a section of an egg, with the broader end near the +stem, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Overlapping.</i> One piece spreading over another.</li> + +<li><i>Ovoid.</i> Ovate or oval in a solid form, like an egg.</li> + +<li><i>Ovules.</i> The parts within the ovary which may form seeds, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Palmate.</i> A compound leaf, with the leaflets all starting from the end +of the petiole, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Palmately lobed</i>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Palmately veined.</i> With three or more main ribs, or veins of a leaf, +starting from the base, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Panicle.</i> An open, much branched cluster of flowers or fruit, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pappus.</i> The down, hairs, or teeth on the end of the fruit in +Compositæ, as the thistle-down.</li> + +<li><i>Parallel-veined.</i> With the veins of the leaf parallel; nerved, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Parted.</i> Edge of a blade separated three fourths of the distance to the +base or midrib, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pedicel.</i> The stem of each flower of a cluster, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Peduncle.</i> The stem of a solitary flower, or the main stem of a +cluster, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pellucid.</i> Almost or quite transparent.</li> + +<li><i>Peltate.</i> Applied to a leaf or other part when the stem or stalk is +attached within the margin on the side.</li> + +<li><i>Pendent.</i> Hanging downward, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pendulous.</i> Hanging or drooping.</li> + +<li><i>Perfect.</i> Said of a flower with both stamen and pistil, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Petal.</i> A leaf of the corolla of a flower, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Petiole.</i> The stalk or stem of a leaf, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Petiolate.</i> Said of a leaf which has a stem, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pinnæ.</i> The first divisions of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf.</li> + +<li><i>Pinnate leaf.</i> A compound leaf with the leaflets arranged along the +sides of the stem, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pinnately lobed</i>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>; <i>Pinnate-veined</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pinnatifid.</i> A leaf deeply notched along the sides in a pinnate manner, +<a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pistil.</i> The central essential organ of a flower, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pistillate.</i> A flower with pistil but no stamens, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pith</i>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Plicate.</i> Folded like a fan, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pod.</i> A dry dehiscent fruit like that of the pea, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Points of leaves</i>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pollarding trees</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pollen.</i> The dust or fertilizing material contained in the anther, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Polypetalous.</i> Having a corolla of separate petals, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pome.</i> An apple-like fruit with the seeds in horny cells, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Preparation of a collection</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Pressing plants</i>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Prickles.</i> Sharp, spine-like elevations on the bark, leaf or fruit, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Primary root</i>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pubescent.</i> Hairy or downy, especially with fine soft hairs or +pubescence, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pulp.</i> The soft flesh of such fruits as the apple or cherry.</li> + +<li><i>Punctate.</i> With translucent glands, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Pyramidal.</i> With sloping sides like a pyramid, but with a circular +base; broad-conical.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Raceme.</i> A flower-cluster with one-flowered stems arranged along the +peduncle, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Radial section of wood</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Radiating ribs.</i> The ribs of a leaf when several start together at or +near the base. A leaf having such ribs is said to be radiately or +palmately veined, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Rapier-shaped.</i> Narrow, pointed, and curved like a sword.</li> + +<li><i>Recurved</i> or <i>reflexed</i>. Bent backward, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Regular.</i> Said of a flower which has its enveloping organs alike on all +sides, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Repand.</i> Wavy-margined, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Retuse.</i> With a slightly notched tip, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Revolute.</i> Rolled backward, as the edges of many leaves, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Ribbed.</i> With prominent ribs, often somewhat parallel.</li> + +<li><i>Ribs.</i> The strong veins of a leaf, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Root</i>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Rugous.</i> Having an irregularly ridged surface, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Samara.</i> A winged fruit; a key fruit, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Sap-wood</i>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Scabrous.</i> Rough or harsh to the touch, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Scale-shaped</i>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Scarious.</i> Thin, dry, and membranous, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Scattered leaves</i>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Secondary roots</i>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Section of wood</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Seedling.</i> A young plant raised from a seed.</li> + +<li><i>Seeds</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Sepal.</i> A division of a calyx, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Serrate.</i> Having a notched edge, with the teeth pointing forward, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Serration.</i> A tooth of a serrated edge.</li> + +<li><i>Serrulate.</i> Finely serrate, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Sessile.</i> Without stem; sessile leaf, 20; sessile flower, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Sheath.</i> A tubular envelope.</li> + +<li><i>Shoot.</i> A branch.</li> + +<li><i>Shrub.</i> A bush-like plant; one branching from near the base, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Silver grain.</i> <i>Medullary rays</i>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Simple leaf.</i> One with but a single blade, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Sinuate.</i> With a margin strongly wavy, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Sinuation.</i> One of the waves of a sinuate edge.</li> + +<li><i>Spatulate.</i> Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded tip.</li> + +<li><i>Spike.</i> An elongated cluster of flowers with the separate blossoms +about sessile.</li> + +<li><i>Spine.</i> A sharp, rigid outgrowth from the wood of a stem; sometimes +applied to sharp points not so deeply seated which should be considered +as prickles, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Spinescent</i> or <i>spiny</i>. Having spines, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Spray.</i> A collection of small shoots or branches of a plant.</li> + +<li><i>Stamen.</i> One of the pollen-bearing or fertilizing parts of a flower, +24.</li> + +<li><i>Staminate.</i> Said of flowers which have stamens but no pistil, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Stellate.</i> Branching, star-like.</li> + +<li><i>Stems and branches</i>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Stipules.</i> Small blades at the base of a leafstalk, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Straight-veined.</i> Feather-veined with the veins straight and parallel, +20.</li> + +<li><i>Striate.</i> Marked with fine longitudinal lines or ridges.</li> + +<li><i>Sub.</i> A prefix applied to many botanical terms, and indicating nearly.</li> + +<li><i>Subulate.</i> Awl-shaped, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Succulent.</i> Thick and fleshy, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Suckers.</i> Shoots from a subterranean part of a plant.</li> + +<li><i>Surface of leaves and fruit</i>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Tangential section of wood</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Tapering.</i> Gradually pointed; gradually narrowed, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Tap-root.</i> A simple root with a stout tapering body, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Terete.</i> Cylindric, but tapering as the twigs of a tree.</li> + +<li><i>Terminal.</i> Belonging to the extremity of a branch, as a <i>terminal bud</i>, +<a href="#Page_14">14</a>; or <i>terminal flower-cluster</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Texture of leaves</i>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Thyrsus.</i> A compact, much-branched flower- or fruit-cluster, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Tomentose.</i> Covered with matted, woolly hairs, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Toothed.</i> With teeth or short projections.</li> + +<li><i>Tree.</i> A plant with a woody trunk which does not branch near the +ground, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Truncate.</i> With a square end as though cut off, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Twice-pinnate.</i> Applied to a leaf which is twice divided in a pinnate +manner, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Twice-serrate</i>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>. <i>Twice-crenate</i>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Two-ranked.</i> Applied to leaves when they are flattened out in two ranks +on opposite sides of a stem, 18; also applied to spray when it branches +out in one plane, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Umbel.</i> A cluster of flowers or fruit having stems of about equal +length, and starting from the same point, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Umbellate.</i> Like an umbel.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Valvate.</i> Touching edge to edge, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Veining of leaves</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Veinlets.</i> The most minute framework of a leaf, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Veins.</i> The smaller lines of the framework of a leaf, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li><i>Wedge-shaped.</i> Shaped like a wedge; cuneate, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Whorl.</i> In a circle around the stem, as the leaves of a plant, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Wings.</i> A blade or leaf-like expansion bordering a part, as a fruit or +stem, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Winged.</i> With wing-like membranes.</li> + +<li><i>Winter study of trees</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Wood</i>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></li> +</ul> + + + +<h2><a name="index" id="index"></a>INDEX TO PART III.</h2> + + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Abele-tree, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + + <li>Abies, <a href="#Page_183">183-187</a>.</li> + + <li>Acanthopanax, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</li> + + <li>Acer, <a href="#Page_84">84-88</a>.</li> + + <li>Acuminate-leaved Clethra, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + + <li>Æsculus, <a href="#Page_81">81-83</a>.</li> + + <li>African Cedar, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + + <li>Ailanthus, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> + + <li>Albizzia, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + + <li>Alcock's Spruce, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + + <li>Alder, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> + + <li>Alleghany Plum, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + + <li>Alnus, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> + + <li>Alternate-leaved Cornel, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> + + <li>Amelanchier, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> + + <li>Anacardiaceæ, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> + + <li>Angelica-tree, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + + <li>Angiospermæ, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + + <li>Anonaceæ, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + + <li>Apple, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> + + <li>Aralia, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</li> + + <li>Araliaceæ, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + + <li>Araucaria, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + + <li>Arbor-vitæ, American, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Chinese, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> + <li>Eastern, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> + <li>Giant, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> + <li>Hatchet-leaved, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> + <li>Japanese, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> + <li>Weeping, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Arrow-wood, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> + + <li>Ash, Black, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Blue, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> + <li>European, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> + <li>Flowering, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + <li>Green, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + <li>Red, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + <li>Water, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> + <li>Weeping, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + <li>White, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Ash-colored Willow, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + + <li>Ash-leaved Maple, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> + + <li>Asimina, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + + <li>Aspen, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + + <li>Austrian Pine, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Baccharis, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li> + + <li>Bald Cypress, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> + + <li>Balm of Gilead, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + + <li>Balsam-fir, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + + <li>Balsam-poplar, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + + <li>Barren Oak, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + + <li>Bartram's Oak, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + + <li>Basket-oak, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + + <li>Basswood, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + + <li>Bay, Red, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> + + <li>Bay Willow, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + + <li>Beaked Hazelnut, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> + + <li>Beaked Willow, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + + <li>Bean-trefoil Tree, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + + <li>Bear Scrub Oak, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + + <li>Beech, American, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Blue, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + <li>Cut-leaved, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> + <li>European, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> + <li>Purple, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> + <li>Silver Variegated, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> + <li>Water, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Benjamin-bush, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> + + <li>Betula, <a href="#Page_144">144-147</a>.</li> + + <li>Bhotan Pine, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + + <li>Bignoniaceæ, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> + + <li>Bignonia Family, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> + + <li>Big Shellbark, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></li> + + <li>Big Tree of California, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> + + <li>Bilsted, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + + <li>Biota, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> + + <li>Birch, American White, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Black, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + <li>Canoe, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + <li>Cherry, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + <li>Cut-leaved, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + <li>European White, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + <li>Gray, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + <li>Hairy-leaved, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + <li>Paper, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + <li>Purple-leaved, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + <li>Pyramidal, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + <li>Red, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + <li>River, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + <li>Sweet, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + <li>Weeping, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + <li>Yellow, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Bird-cherry, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> + + <li>Bitternut, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + + <li>Bixineæ, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + + <li>Black Ash, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Birch, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + <li>Cherry, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + <li>Gum, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> + <li>Haw, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> + <li>Hawthorn, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + <li>Oak, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + <li>Pine, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + <li>Poplar, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + <li>Scrub Oak, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + <li>Spruce, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + <li>Sugar-maple, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + <li>Walnut, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> + <li>Willow, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Blackthorn, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + + <li>Blue Ash, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Beech, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Bog Willow, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + + <li>Bow-wood, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + + <li>Box Elder, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>White Oak, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Boxwood, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> + + <li>Bristly Locust, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> + + <li>Brittle Willow, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + + <li>Broom-hickory, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + + <li>Buckeye, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> + + <li>Buckthorn, California, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Carolina, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + <li>Common, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + <li>Southern, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> + <li>Woolly-leaved, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Buckthorn Family, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + + <li>Buffalo-berry, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> + + <li>Bullace Plum, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + + <li>Bumelia, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> + + <li>Burning-bush, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> + + <li>Bur-Oak, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + + <li>Butternut, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> + + <li>Buttonwood, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> + + <li>Buxus, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Calico-bush, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> + + <li>California Buckthorn, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Maple, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Camellia Family, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + + <li>Canoe Birch, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + + <li>Caprifoliaceæ, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> + + <li>Caragana, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + + <li>Carolina Buckthorn, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Poplar, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Carpinus, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + + <li>Carya, <a href="#Page_141">141-144</a>.</li> + + <li>Cashew Family, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> + + <li>Castanea, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> + + <li>Catalpa, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> + + <li>Caucasian Planer-tree, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> + + <li>Cedar, African, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Deodar, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + <li>Indian, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + <li>Japan, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> + <li>Lebanon, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + <li>Mt. Atlas, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + <li>Red, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> + <li>Silver, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + <li>White, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Cedrela, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span></li> + + <li>Cedrus, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + + <li>Celastraceæ, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> + + <li>Celtis, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + + <li>Cembra Pine, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + + <li>Cephalonian Silver Fir, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> + + <li>Cephalotaxus, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> + + <li>Cercidiphyllum, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + + <li>Cercis, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> + + <li>Chaste-tree, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> + + <li>Cherry, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> + + <li>Cherry Birch, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + + <li>Cherry, Cornelian, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> + + <li>Chestnut, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> + + <li>Chestnut-oak, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + + <li>Chickasaw Plum, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + + <li>Chile Pine, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + + <li>China-tree, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> + + <li>Chinese Arbor-vitæ, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Cedrela, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> + <li>Cork-tree, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + <li>Honey-locust, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + <li>Parasol, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + <li>Sumac, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + <li>White Magnolia, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Chinquapin, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> + + <li>Chionanthus, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> + + <li>Choke-cherry, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> + + <li>Cilician Silver Fir, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> + + <li>Cladrastis, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> + + <li>Clammy Locust, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> + + <li>Clerodendron, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> + + <li>Clethra, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> + + <li>Club, Hercules', <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + + <li>Cockspur Thorn, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + + <li>Coffee-tree, Kentucky, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + + <li>Colchicum-leaved Maple, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + + <li>Compositæ, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li> + + <li>Coniferæ, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + + <li>Cork-bark Maple, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + + <li>Cork Elm, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + + <li>Cork-tree, Chinese, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + + <li>Cornaceæ, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</li> + + <li>Cornel, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> + + <li>Cornelian Cherry, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> + + <li>Cornus, <a href="#Page_110">110-112</a>.</li> + + <li>Corsican Pine, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + + <li>Corylus, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> + + <li>Cottonwood, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + + <li>Cow-oak, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + + <li>Crab-apple, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> + + <li>Crack-willow, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + + <li>Cranberry-tree, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> + + <li>Crape-myrtle, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + + <li>Cratægus, <a href="#Page_103">103-106</a>.</li> + + <li>Crisped-leaved Elm, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + + <li>Cryptomeria, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> + + <li>Cucumber-tree, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + + <li>Cunninghamia, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + + <li>Cupuliferæ, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + + <li>Custard-apple Family, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + + <li>Cut-leaved Birch, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Alder, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Cypress, Bald, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Lawson's, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> + <li>Nootka Sound, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + <li>Southern, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Dahoon Holly, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> + + <li>Date-plum, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> + + <li>Deodar Cedar, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + + <li>Devil-wood, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + + <li>Diospyros, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> + + <li>Dogwood, Flowering, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Poison, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Dotted-fruited Hawthorn, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + + <li>Double Spruce, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + + <li>Downy-leaved Poplar, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + + <li>Dwarf Chestnut-oak, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + + <li>Dwarf Mountain Sumac, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Ear-leaved Umbrella-tree, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + + <li>Eastern Spruce, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + + <li>Ebenaceæ, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> + + <li>Ebony Family, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> + + <li>Elæagnaceæ, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> + + <li>Elæagnus, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> + + <li>Elder-leaved Mountain Ash, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> + + <li>Elder, Poison, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></li> + + <li>Elm, American, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Cork, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + <li>Crisped-leaved, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + <li>English, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + <li>Field, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + <li>Kiaka, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> + <li>Red, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + <li>Rock, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + <li>Scotch, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + <li>Slippery, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + <li>Wahoo, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> + <li>Weeping, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + <li>White, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> + <li>White-margined, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + <li>Winged, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> + <li>Witch, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>English Elm, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Cherry, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + <li>Hawthorn, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + <li>Maple, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + <li>Oak, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + <li>Walnut, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Ericaceæ, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> + + <li>Euonymus, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> + + <li>Euphorbiaceæ, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Fagus, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> + + <li>Fate-tree, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> + + <li>Field Elm, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + + <li>Figwort Family, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> + + <li>Filbert, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> + + <li>Fir, Balsam, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Cephalonian Silver, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> + <li>Cilician Silver, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> + <li>European Silver, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> + <li>Fraser's Balsam, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + <li>Great Silver, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> + <li>Japan Silver, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + <li>Noble Silver, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> + <li>Nordmann's Silver, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + <li>Pinsapo, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> + <li>Scotch, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + <li>Siberian Silver, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> + <li>Silver, <a href="#Page_184">184-187</a>.</li> + <li>Southern Balsam, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + <li>White, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Flowering Ash, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Dogwood, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Four-winged Silverbell Tree, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> + + <li>Fraser's Balsam-fir, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + + <li>Fraxinus, <a href="#Page_122">122-125</a>.</li> + + <li>French Tamarisk, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + + <li>Fringe-tree, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Garden Plum, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Red Cherry, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Garland Crab-apple, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> + + <li>Giant Arbor-vitæ, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Tree Lilac, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Ginkgo-tree, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> + + <li>Gleditschia, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + + <li>Goat-willow, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + + <li>Golden-chain, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + + <li>Golden Larch, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + + <li>Gordonia, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + + <li>Gray Birch, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Pine, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + <li>Willow, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Great Laurel, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + + <li>Great-leaved Magnolia, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + + <li>Great Silver Fir, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Tree of California, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Green Ash, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + + <li>Groundsel-tree, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li> + + <li>Gum, Black, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Sour, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> + <li>Sweet, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Gymnocladus, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + + <li>Gymnospermæ, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Hackberry, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> + + <li>Hackmatack, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + + <li>Halesia, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> + + <li>Hamamelideæ, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> + + <li>Hamamelis, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> + + <li>Hatchet-leaved Arbor-vitæ, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> + + <li>Haw, Black, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Summer, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + <li>Yellow, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Hawthorn, Black, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Dotted-fruited, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + <li>English, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + <li>Pear, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + <li>Tall, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Hazel, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> + + <li>Hazelnut, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> + + <li>Heart-leaved Alder, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Willow, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Heath Family, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> + + <li>Heavy-wooded Pine, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + + <li>Hemlock, Common, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Ground, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> + <li>Japan, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + <li>Mountain, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Hercules'-Club, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + + <li>Hibiscus, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + + <li>Hickory, Big Shellbark, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Broom, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + <li>Shagbark, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> + <li>Shellbark, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> + <li>Swamp, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + <li>White-heart, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Himalayan Spruce, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + + <li>Hoary Alder, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + + <li>Holly, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> + + <li>Holly Family, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> + + <li>Honey-locust, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + + <li>Honeysuckle Family, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> + + <li>Hop-hornbeam, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> + + <li>Hop-tree, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + + <li>Hornbeam, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + + <li>Horse-chestnut, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> + + <li>Horse-sugar, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> + + <li>Hovenia, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Idesia, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + + <li>Ilex, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> + + <li>Ilicineæ, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> + + <li>Imperial Paulownia, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> + + <li>Indian Bean, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Cedar, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Irish Juniper, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> + + <li>Iron-wood, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Japan Arbor-vitæ, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Cedar, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> + <li>Hemlock, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + <li>Larch, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + <li>Lilac, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> + <li>Magnolia, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + <li>Maple, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + <li>Persimmon, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> + <li>Planer-tree, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> + <li>Pine, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> + <li>Podocarpus, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> + <li>Silver Fir, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + <li>Storax, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Jersey Pine, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + + <li>Judas-tree, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> + + <li>Juglandaccæ, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> + + <li>Juglans, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> + + <li>Jujube, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + + <li>Juniper, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> + + <li>Juniperus, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Kalmia, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> + + <li>Katsura-tree, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + + <li>Kentucky Coffee-tree, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + + <li>Kiaka Elm, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> + + <li>Kilmarnock Willow, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + + <li>Kingnut, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> + + <li>Kœlreuteria, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Laburnum, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + + <li>Lagerstrœmia, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + + <li>Lambert's Pine, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + + <li>Larch, American, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>European, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + <li>Golden, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + <li>Japan, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Large-flowered Magnolia, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + + <li>Large-leaved Maple, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + + <li>Large-toothed Aspen, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + + <li>Large Tupelo, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> + + <li>Larix, <a href="#Page_187">187-189</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span></li> + + <li>Lauraceæ, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> + + <li>Laurel, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + + <li>Laurel Family, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> + + <li>Laurel-leaved Willow, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + + <li>Laurel-oak, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + + <li>Lawson's Cypress, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> + + <li>Lebanon Cedar, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + + <li>Leguminosæ, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + + <li>Lilac, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> + + <li>Linden, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + + <li>Linden Family, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + + <li>Lindera, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> + + <li>Liquidambar, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + + <li>Liriodendron, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + + <li>Live-oak, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + + <li>Loblolly Bay, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Pine, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Locust, Bristly, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Clammy, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> + <li>Common, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> + <li>Honey, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Lombardy Poplar, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + + <li>Long-leaved Pine, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Willow, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Long-racemed Buckeye, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> + + <li>Lonicera, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li> + + <li>Loosestrife Family, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + + <li>Lythraceæ, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Maclura, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + + <li>Madeira Nut, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> + + <li>Magnolia, Chinese White, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Great-leaved, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + <li>Japan, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + <li>Large-flowered, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + <li>Purple Japan, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + <li>Southern Evergreen, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + <li>Swamp, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + <li>Thurber's Japan, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Magnoliaceæ, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + + <li>Magnolia Family, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + + <li>Mallow Family, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + + <li>Malvaceæ, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + + <li>Maple, Ash-leaved, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>California, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + <li>Colchicum-leaved, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + <li>Cork-bark, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + <li>English, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + <li>Japan, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + <li>Large-leaved, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + <li>Mountain, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + <li>Norway, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + <li>Palmate-leaved, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + <li>Red, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> + <li>Rock, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + <li>Round-leaved, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + <li>Silver, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> + <li>Striped, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> + <li>Sugar, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + <li>Sycamore, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + <li>Tartarian, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + <li>Vine, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + <li>White, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Masson's Pine, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + + <li>Melia, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> + + <li>Meliaceæ, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> + + <li>Melia Family, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> + + <li>Mockernut, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + + <li>Morello Cherry, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + + <li>Morus, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> + + <li>Mossy-cup Oak, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + + <li>Mountain Ash, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Hemlock, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + <li>Laurel, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> + <li>Maple, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + <li>Pine, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + <li>Sumac, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Mount Atlas Cedar, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + + <li>Mulberry, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Paper, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Myrtle, Crape, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Narrow-leaved Crab-apple, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> + + <li>Necklace-poplar, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + + <li>Negundo, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> + + <li>Noble Silver Fir, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> + + <li>Nootka Sound Cypress, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + + <li>Nordmann's Silver Fir, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></li> + + <li>Northern Prickly Ash, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Scrub Pine, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Norway Maple, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Spruce, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Nut, Bitter, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Hickory, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + <li>King, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> + <li>Mocker, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + <li>Pecan, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + <li>Pig, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Nut-pine, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + + <li>Nyssa, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Oak, American White, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Barren, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + <li>Bartram's, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + <li>Basket, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + <li>Bear Scrub, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + <li>Black, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + <li>Black Scrub, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + <li>Box White, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + <li>Bur, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + <li>Chestnut, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + <li>Cow, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + <li>English, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + <li>Laurel, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + <li>Live, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + <li>Mossy-cup, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + <li>Pin, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + <li>Post, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + <li>Pyramidal, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + <li>Quercitron, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + <li>Red, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + <li>Rough, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + <li>Scarlet, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + <li>Scrub, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + <li>Shingle, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + <li>Spanish, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + <li>Swamp, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + <li>Turkey, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + <li>Water, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + <li>Weeping, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + <li>White, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + <li>Willow, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + <li>Yellow, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Oak Family, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + + <li>Oak-leaved Alder, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Mountain-ash, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Ohio Buckeye, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> + + <li>Old-field Pine, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + + <li>Oleaceæ, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> + + <li>Oleaster Family, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> + + <li>Olive Family, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> + + <li>Orange, Osage, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + + <li>Oriental Plane, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Spruce, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Osage Orange, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + + <li>Osmanthus, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + + <li>Ostrya, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> + + <li>Oxydendrum, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Palmate-leaved Japan Maple, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + + <li>Papaw, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + + <li>Paper Birch, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Mulberry, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Parsley-leaved Thorn, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + + <li>Paulownia, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> + + <li>Peach, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> + + <li>Pear Hawthorn, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + + <li>Pear-tree, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> + + <li>Pea-tree, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + + <li>Pecan-nut, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + + <li>Pepperbush, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> + + <li>Pepperidge, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> + + <li>Persea, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> + + <li>Persimmon, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> + + <li>Phellodendron, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + + <li>Picea, <a href="#Page_179">179-181</a>.</li> + + <li>Pignut, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + + <li>Pine, Austrian, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Bhotan, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + <li>Black, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + <li>Cembra, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + <li>Chile, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + <li>Corsican, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + <li>Gray, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + <li>Heavy-wooded, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + <li>Japan, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></li> + <li>Jersey, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + <li>Lambert's, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + <li>Loblolly, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + <li>Long-leaved, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + <li>Masson's, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + <li>Mountain, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + <li>Nut, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + <li>Old-field, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + <li>Piñon, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + <li>Pitch, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + <li>Red, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> + <li>Scotch, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + <li>Scrub, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + <li>Stone, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + <li>Sugar, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + <li>Swiss Stone, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + <li>Table-Mountain, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + <li>Twisted-branched, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + <li>Umbrella, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + <li>Weymouth, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + <li>White, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + <li>Yellow, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>,176.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Pine Family, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + + <li>Pin-oak, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + + <li>Piñon Pine, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + + <li>Pinsapo Fir, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> + + <li>Pitch-pine, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + + <li>Pinus Austriaca, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Banksiana, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + <li>Cembra, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + <li>contorta, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + <li>densiflora, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> + <li>edulis, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + <li>excelsa, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + <li>flexilis, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + <li>inops, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + <li>Lambertiana, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + <li>Laricio, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + <li>Massoniana, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + <li>mitis, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> + <li>monophylla, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + <li>monticola, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + <li>palustris, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + <li>ponderosa, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + <li>pungens, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + <li>resinosa, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> + <li>rigida, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + <li>strobus, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + <li>sylvestris, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + <li>Tæda, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Plane, Oriental, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> + + <li>Planera, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> + + <li>Planer-tree, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> + + <li>Plane-tree Family, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> + + <li>Platanaceæ, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> + + <li>Platanus, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> + + <li>Plum, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + + <li>Plum, Date, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> + + <li>Podocarpus, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> + + <li>Poison Dogwood, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Elder, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> + <li>Sumac, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Pomegranate-tree, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + + <li>Populus, <a href="#Page_167">167-170</a>.</li> + + <li>Poplar, Balsam, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Black, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + <li>Carolina, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + <li>Downy-leaved, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + <li>Lombardy, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + <li>Necklace, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + <li>White, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Post-oak, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + + <li>Prickly Ash, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + + <li>Pride of India, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> + + <li>Prunus, <a href="#Page_97">97-100</a>.</li> + + <li>Ptelea, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + + <li>Pterostyrax, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> + + <li>Pulse Family, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + + <li>Punica, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + + <li>Purple Japan Magnolia, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + + <li>Purple-leaved Birch, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + + <li>Purple Willow, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + + <li>Pyramidal Birch, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Oak, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Pyrus, <a href="#Page_100">100-103</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Quaking-asp, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + + <li>Quassia Family, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></li> + + <li>Quercitron Oak, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + + <li>Quercus alba, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>aquatica, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + <li>bicolor, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + <li>Cerris, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + <li>coccinea, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + <li>falcata, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + <li>fastigiata, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + <li>heterophylla, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + <li>ilicifolia, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + <li>imbricaria, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + <li>lyrata, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + <li>macrocarpa, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + <li>Michauxii, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + <li>Muhlenbergii, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + <li>nigra, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + <li>palustris, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + <li>pedunculata, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + <li>pendula, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + <li>Phellos, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + <li>prinoides, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + <li>Prinus, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + <li>Robur, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + <li>rubra, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + <li>sessiliflora, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + <li>stellata, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + <li>tinctoria, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + <li>virens, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Quince-tree, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Rabbit-berry, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> + + <li>Red Ash, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Bay, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> + <li>Birch, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + <li>Buckeye, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> + <li>Cedar, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> + <li>Cherry, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + <li>Elm, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + <li>Horse-chestnut, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> + <li>Maple, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> + <li>Mulberry, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> + <li>Oak, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + <li>Pine, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> + <li>Plum, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Redbud, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> + + <li>Red-leaved Alder, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> + + <li>Redwood, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> + + <li>Retinospora, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, 196, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> + + <li>Rhamnaceæ, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + + <li>Rhamnus, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + + <li>Rhododendron, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + + <li>Rhus, <a href="#Page_89">89-91</a>.</li> + + <li>River Birch, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + + <li>Robinia, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> + + <li>Rock Elm, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Maple, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Rosaceæ, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> + + <li>Rose-acacia, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> + + <li>Rose Family, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> + + <li>Rough Oak, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li> + + <li>Round-leaved Maple, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + + <li>Rowan-tree, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + + <li>Rue Family, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + + <li>Rutaceæ, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Salicaceæ, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> + + <li>Salisburia, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> + + <li>Salix Alba, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>amygdaloides, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + <li>angustata, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + <li>annularis, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + <li>Babylonica, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + <li>caprea, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + <li>cinerea, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + <li>cordata, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + <li>decipiens, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + <li>discolor, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + <li>falcata, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + <li>fragilis, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + <li>longifolia, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + <li>lucida, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + <li>myricoides, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + <li>nigra, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + <li>pentandra, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + <li>purpurea, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + <li>rigida, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + <li>rostrata, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + <li>rufescens, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></li> + <li>Russelliana, 164</li> + <li>viridis, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + <li>vitellina, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Sapindaceæ, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + + <li>Sapodilla Family, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> + + <li>Sapotaceæ, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> + + <li>Sassafras, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> + + <li>Scarlet-fruited Thorn, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + + <li>Scarlet Oak, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + + <li>Sciadopitys, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + + <li>Scotch Elm, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Fir, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + <li>Pine, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Scrophulariaceæ, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> + + <li>Scrub Oak, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Pine, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Seaside Alder, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> + + <li>Sequoia, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> + + <li>Service-berry, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> + + <li>Shad-bush, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> + + <li>Shagbark Hickory, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> + + <li>Sheep-berry, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> + + <li>Shellbark Hickory, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> + + <li>Shepherdia, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> + + <li>Shingle Oak, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + + <li>Shining Willow, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + + <li>Shrubby Trefoil, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + + <li>Siberian Cornel, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Silver Fir, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Silk-tree, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + + <li>Silverbell-tree, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> + + <li>Silver Cedar, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Fir, <a href="#Page_184">184-187</a>.</li> + <li>Maple, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> + <li>Spruce, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Silver-leaved Elæagnus, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> + + <li>Simarubaceæ, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> + + <li>Single Spruce, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + + <li>Slippery Elm, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + + <li>Sloe, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + + <li>Smoke-tree, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + + <li>Smooth Alder, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Sumac, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Soapberry Family, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + + <li>Sorrel-tree, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> + + <li>Sour Gum, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> + + <li>Sourwood, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> + + <li>Southern Cypress, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> + + <li>Spanish Oak, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + + <li>Speckled Alder, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + + <li>Spice-bush, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> + + <li>Spindle-tree, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> + + <li>Spruce, Alcock's, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Black, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + <li>Double, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + <li>Eastern, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + <li>Himalayan, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + <li>Norway, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> + <li>Oriental, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + <li>Silver, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + <li>Single, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + <li>Tiger's-tail, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> + <li>White, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Spurge Family, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> + + <li>Stag-horn Sumac, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> + + <li>Sterculia, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + + <li>Sterculiaceæ, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + + <li>Stone-pine, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + + <li>Storax, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> + + <li>Storax Family, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> + + <li>Striped Maple, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> + + <li>Stuartia, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + + <li>Styracaceæ, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> + + <li>Styrax, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li> + + <li>Sugarberry, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> + + <li>Sugar Maple, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Pine, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Sumac, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + + <li>Summer Haw, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + + <li>Swamp Hickory, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Magnolia, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + <li>Oak, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + <li>Post-oak, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + <li>White Oak, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Sweet Bay, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Birch, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + <li>Buckeye, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> + <li>Gum, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></li> + <li>Pepper-bush, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> + <li>Viburnum, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Sweetleaf, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> + + <li>Swiss Stone-pine, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + + <li>Sycamore, American, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> + + <li>Sycamore-maple, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + + <li>Symplocos, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> + + <li>Syringa, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Table-Mountain Pine, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + + <li>Tacamahac, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + + <li>Tamarack, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + + <li>Tamariscineæ, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + + <li>Tamarisk, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + + <li>Tamarix, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + + <li>Tartarian Honeysuckle, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Maple, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Taxodium, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> + + <li>Tea Family, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + + <li>Ternstrœmiaceæ, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + + <li>Thorn, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + + <li>Thurber's Japan Magnolia, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + + <li>Thuya, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> + + <li>Thuyopsis, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> + + <li>Tiger's-tail Spruce, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> + + <li>Tilia, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + + <li>Tiliaceæ, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + + <li>Toothache-tree, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + + <li>Torreya, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> + + <li>Tree Hibiscus, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + + <li>Tree of Heaven, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> + + <li>Trefoil, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + + <li>Tsuga, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + + <li>Tulip-tree, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + + <li>Tupelo, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> + + <li>Turkey Oak, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Ulmus, <a href="#Page_133">133-135</a>.</li> + + <li>Umbrella-pine, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + + <li>Umbrella-tree, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + + <li>Urticaceæ, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Venetian Sumac, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + + <li>Verbenaceæ, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> + + <li>Viburnum, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> + + <li>Vine Maple, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + + <li>Vitex, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Wahoo, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> + + <li>Walnut, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> + + <li>Walnut Family, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> + + <li>Washington Thorn, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + + <li>Water Ash, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Beech, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> + <li>Locust, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + <li>Oak, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Weeping Ash, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Birch, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + <li>Elm, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + <li>Oak, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + <li>Willow, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>White Ash, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Basswood, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + <li>Birch, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + <li>Cedar, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + <li>Elm, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> + <li>Fir, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> + <li>Maple, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> + <li>Mulberry, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> + <li>Oak, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + <li>Poplar, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + <li>Spruce, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + <li>Willow, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>White-heart Hickory, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> + + <li>Whitewood, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + + <li>Willow, American Bay, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Ash-colored, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + <li>Bay, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + <li>Beaked, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + <li>Black, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + <li>Bog, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + <li>Brittle, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + <li>Crack, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + <li>Glaucous, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + <li>Goat, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + <li>Gray, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + <li>Heart-leaved, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + <li>Kilmarnock, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Willow, Laurel-leaved, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Long-leaved, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + <li>Purple, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + <li>Shining, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + <li>Weeping, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + <li>White, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Willow Family, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> + + <li>Willow-oak, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + + <li>Winged Elm, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> + + <li>Witch-elm, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + + <li>Witch-hazel, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> + + <li>Witch-hazel Family, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Xanthoxylum, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Yellow-barked Oak, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + + <li>Yellow Birch, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>. + <ul class="ix"> + <li>Cucumber-tree, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + <li>Haw, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + <li>Plum, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + + <li>Yellow-wood, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> + + <li>Yew, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> + + <li>Yulan, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Zizyphus, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> +</ul> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Trees of the Northern United States, by +Austin C. 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