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diff --git a/29558.txt b/29558.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..576c8a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/29558.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20791 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Boy Scouts Handbook, by Boy Scouts of America + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Boy Scouts Handbook + The First Edition, 1911 + +Author: Boy Scouts of America + +Release Date: August 1, 2009 [EBook #29558] +[Last updated: May 17, 2012] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BOY SCOUTS HANDBOOK *** + + + + +Produced by Don Kostuch + + + + +Transcriber's note: + Page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers enclosed + in curly braces, e.g. {99}. They have been located where page + breaks occurred in the original book. + + Descriptions of illustrations are indented to distinguish + them from the running text. The "next" page immediately + preceding or following a group of illustrations may jump to + account for the pages occupied by the illustrations. + + Italic are enclosed in underscores: _this is italicized_. + + Some suggestions that have serious consequences are noted (e.g., + Use lead acetate to waterproof a tent). + + Numerous untitled or otherwise ambiguous illustrations are described + and annotated with (tr)--transcriber. +End Transcriber's note. + + + +BOY SCOUTS HANDBOOK +_The First Edition, 1911_ + +[Illustration: Boy Scouts at camp. (tr)] + + +BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA + +Boy Scouts of America +Official National Out +SIGMUND EISNER + +New York Salesrooms +103 Fifth Avenue +Red Bank. N. J. + + +[Illustration: Two Boy Scouts in full uniform. (tr)] +Each part of the uniform is stamped with the official seal of the Boy +Scouts of America. + +If there is no agency for the official uniform in your city write for +samples. + +SIGMUND EISNER + +Manufacturer of U. S. Army and National Guard Uniform + + +The Best Food for The Boy Scouts is + +[Illustration: Cereal bowl. (tr)] + +Shredded Wheat + +because it has all the muscle-building, bone-making material in the +whole wheat grain prepared in a digestible form, supplying all the +strength needed for work or play. It is ready-cooked and ready-to-eat. +It has the greatest amount of body-building nutriment in smallest +bulk. Its crispness compels thorough mastication, and the more you +chew it the better you like it. Shredded Wheat is the favorite food of +athletes. It is on the training table of nearly every college and +university in this country. The records show that the winners of many +brilliant rowing and track events have been trained on Shredded Wheat. + +_The BISCUIT is in little loaf form. It is baked a crisp, golden brown. +It is eaten with milk or cream, or fruit, or is delicious when eaten +as a toast with butter. TRISCUIT is the Shredded Wheat wafer---the +ideal food for the camp or the long tramp_. + +_Building buster boys is bully business--that's the reason we want to +help the Boy Scout movement_. + +The Shredded Wheat Company +Niagara Falls, N. Y. + + + +[Illustration: Getting the final word before hiking.] + + + + +BOY SCOUTS of AMERICA +THE OFFICIAL HANDBOOK +FOR BOYS + + +[Illustration: First Class Scout Emblem. (tr)] + + +_Published for_ +THE BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA +200 FIFTH AVENUE +NEW YORK +GARDEN CITY, NEW YORK +DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY +1911 + + + +COPYRIGHT 1911 +BY BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA + + + +BOY SCOUT CERTIFICATE + +This is to certify that _________ +of ___________ State of _________ +Street and City or Town address + + +Age_____ Height_____ Weigh_____ + +is a member of ________ Patrol, of Troop No. _____ + +________________ +Scout Master + + +SCOUT HISTORY + +Qualified as Tenderfoot ________ 191_ + +Second Class Scout _________ 191_ + +First Class Scout _______ 191_ + + +QUALIFIED FOR MERIT BADGES +SUBJECT DATE +1________________ ________________ +2________________ ________________ +3________________ ________________ +4________________ ________________ +5________________ ________________ + +Qualified as Life Scout ________________ + +Qualified as Star Scout ________________ + +Qualified as Eagle Scout ________________ + +Awarded Honor Medal ________________ + + + +{v} + +PREFACE + +The Boy Scout Movement has become almost universal, and wherever +organized its leaders are glad, as we are, to acknowledge the debt we +all owe to Lieut.-Gen. Sir Robert S. S. Baden-Powell, who has done so +much to make the movement of interest to boys of all nations. + +The BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA is a corporation formed by a group of men +who are anxious that the boys of America should come under the +influence of this movement and be built up in all that goes to make +character and good citizenship. The affairs of the organization are +managed by a National Council, composed of some of the most prominent +men of our country, who gladly and freely give their time and money +that this purpose may be accomplished. + +In the various cities, towns, and villages, the welfare of the boy +scouts is cared for by local councils, and these councils, like the +National Council are composed of men who are seeking for the boys of +the community the very best things. + +In order that the work of the boy scouts throughout America may be +uniform and intelligent, the National Council has prepared its +"Official Handbook," the purpose of which is to furnish to the patrols +of the boy scouts advice in practical methods, as well as inspiring +information. + +The work of preparing this handbook has enlisted the services of men +eminently fitted for such work, for each is an expert in his own +department, and the Editorial Board feels that the organization is to +be congratulated in that such men have been found willing to give +their time and ripe experience to this movement. It would be +impossible adequately to thank all who by advice and friendly +criticism have helped in the preparation of the book, or even to +mention their names, but to the authors whose names are attached to +the various chapters, we acknowledge an especial obligation. Without +their friendly help this book could not be. We wish especially to +express our appreciation of the helpful suggestions made by Daniel +Carter Beard. + +We have carefully examined and approved all the material which goes to +make up {vi} the manual, and have tried to make it as complete as +possible; nevertheless, no one can be more conscious than we are of +the difficulty of providing a book which will meet all the demands of +such widely scattered patrols with such varied interests. We have +constantly kept in mind the evils that confront the boys of our +country and have struck at them by fostering better things. Our hope +is that the information needed for successful work with boy scouts +will be found within the pages of this book. + +In these pages and throughout our organization we have made it +obligatory upon our scouts that they cultivate courage, loyalty, +patriotism, brotherliness, self-control, courtesy, kindness to +animals, usefulness, cheerfulness, cleanliness, thrift, purity and +honor. No one can doubt that with such training added to his native +gifts, the American boy will in the near future, as a man, be an +efficient leader in the paths of civilization and peace. + +It has been deemed wise to publish all material especially for the aid +of scout masters in a separate volume to be known as "The Scout +Masters' Manual." + +We send out our "Official Handbook," therefore, with the earnest wish +that many boys may find in it new methods for the proper use of their +leisure time and fresh inspiration in their efforts to make their +hours of recreation contribute to strong, noble manhood in the days to +come. + +THE BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA +Editorial Board. +WILLIAM D. MURRAY +GEORGE D. PRATT, +A. A. JAMESON, + + +{vii} + +OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL +BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA +THE FIFTH AVENUE BUILDING, 200 FIFTH AVENUE +NEW YORK CITY + +Honorary President THE HON. WILLIAM H. TAFT +Honorary Vice-President Colonel THEODORE ROOSEVELT +President COLIN H. LIVINGSTONE, Washington, D. C. +1st Vice-President B. L. DULANEY, Bristol, Tenn. +2d Vice-President MILTON A. McRAE, Detroit, Mich. +3d Vice-President DAVID STARR JORDAN, Stanford, Ca. +Chief Scout ERNEST THOMPSON SETON, Cos Cob, Conn. +National Scout Commissioner DANIEL CARTER BEARD, Flushing, L. I., N.Y. +National Scout Commissioner Adj.-Gen. WILLIAM VERBECK, Albany, N.Y. +National Scout Commissioner Colonel PETER S. BOMUS, New York City +Treasurer GEORGE D. PRATT, Brooklyn, N. Y. + + +MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD + +COLIN H. LIVINGSTONE, Chairman +Daniel Carter Beard +Milton A. McRae +Mortimer L. Schiff +Col. Peter S. Bomus +William D. Murray +Ernest Thompson Seton +B. L. Dulaney +George D. Pratt +Seth Sprague Terry +Lee F. Hanmer +Frank Presbrey +Adj.-Gen. William Verbeck +George W. Hinckley +Edgar M. Robinson +JAMES E. WEST, Executive Secretary + + +MEMBERS OF NATIONAL COUNCIL + +Charles Conrad Abbott +Arthur Adams +Dr. Felix Adler +Harry A. Allison +Henry Morrell Atkinson +B. N. Baker +Ray Stannard Baker +Evelyn Briggs Baldwin +Clifford W. Barnes +Daniel Carter Beard +Henry M. Beardsley +Martin Behrman +August Belmont +Ernest P. Bicknell + +{viii} + +Edward Bok +Colonel Peter S. Bomus +Hon. Charles J. Bonaparte +William D. Boyce +H. S. Braucher +Roeliff Brinkerhoff +Dr. Elmer E. Brown +Luther Burbank +Dr. Richard C. Cabot +Rev. S. Parkes Cadman +Arthur A. Carey +E. C. Carter +Richard B. Carter +W. D. Champlin +Thomas Chew +Winston Churchill +G. A. Clark +P. P. Claxton +Randall J. Condon +C. M. Connolly +Ernest K. Coulter +Dr. C. Ward Crampton +George H. Dalrymple +Dr. George S. Davis +E. B. DeGroot +Judge William H. De Lacy +William C. Demorest +Dr. Edward T. Devine +Admiral George Dewey +Gov. John A. Diz +Myron E. Douglas +Benjamin L. Dulaney +Hon. T. C. Du Pont +Dr. George W. Ehler +Griffith Ogden Ellis +Robert Erskine Ely +Henry P. Emerson +Hon. John J. Esch +J. W. Everman +Eberhard Faber +Dr. George J. Fisher +Horace Fletcher +Homer Folks +Dr. William Byron Forbush +Dr. Lee K. Frankel +Robert Ives Gammell +Hon. James R. Garfield +Hamlin Garland +Robert Garrett +William H. Gay +Bishop David H. Greer +Jesse A. Gregg +George B. Grinnell +S. R. Guggenheim +Luther Halsey Gulick, M. D. +Dr. G. Stanley Hall +Dr. Winfield Scott Hall +Lee F. Hanmer +Dr. Hastings H. Hart +Hon. W. M. Hays +Prof. C. R. Henderson +Clark W. Hetherington +George W. Hinckley +Allen Hoben +Hon. R. P. Hobson +Rev. R. W. Hogue +John Sherman Hoyt +C. R. H. Jackson +Prof. Jeremiah W. Jenks +G. E. Johnson +Dr. David Starr Jordan +Mayor William S. Jordan +Otto Herman Kahn +Dr. William J. Kerby +Charles H. Kip +Dr. J. H. Kirkland +Judge Henry E. Klamroth +Rev. Walter Laidlow +Charles R. Lamb +Joseph Lee +Samuel McC. Lindsay +Judge Ben B. Lindsey +Colin H. Livingstone +Col. Frank L. Locke +Hon. Nicholas Longworth +Hon. Frank O. Lowden +Hon. Lee McClung +William McCormick + +{ix} + +Hon. Henry B. F. Macfarland +J. Horace McFarland +C. W. McKee +Hon. William B. McKinley +J. S. McLain +Francis H. McLean +Milton A. McRae +Charles G. Maphis +George W. Manton +Edgar S. Martin +Frank S. Mason +Frank Lincoln Masseck +Dr. William H. Maxwell +Lieut.-Gen. Nelson A. Miles +John F. Moore +Arthur C. Moses +William D. Murray +Dr. Cyrus Northrop +Frank W. Ober +Hon. C. S. Page +Dr. C. H. Parkhurst +Hon. Herbert Parsons +Hon. Gifford Pinchot +David R. Porter +George D. Porter +Perry Edwards Powell +Frederic B. Pratt +George D. Pratt +Frank Presbrey +G. Barrett Rich, Jr. +Jacob A. Riis +Clarence C. Robinson +Edgar M. Robinson +Colonel Theodore Roosevelt +Lincoln E. Rowley +Oliver J. Sands +Dr. D. A. Sargent +Henry B. Sawyer +Mortimer L. Schiff +Charles Scribner +George L. Sehon +Rear Admiral Thomas Oliver Selfridge +Jefferson Seligman +Jesse Seligman +Ernest Thompson Seton +Samuel Shuman +Rear Admiral Charles Dwight Sigsbee +William F. Slocum +Fred. B. Smith +Hon. George Otis Smith +Lorillard Spencer +Lorillard Spencer, Jr. +Judge William H. Staake +Hon. Adlai Stevenson +Andrew Stevenson +A. E. Stilwell +C. H. Stoddard +Rev. John Timothy Stone, D.D. +Isidor Straus +Hon. Oscar S. Straus +Josiah Strong +Hon. William H. Taft +Edward K. Taylor +Graham Romeyn Taylor +Judge Harry L. Taylor +William L. Terhune +Seth Sprague Terry +John E. Thayer +Rev. James I. Vance +Dr. Henry Van Dyke +Adj. Gen. William Verbeck +John Wanamaker +Henry L. Ward +Lucien T. Warner +Richard Benedict Watrous +Rear Admiral J. C. Watson +W. D. Weatherford +Dr. Benjamin Ide Wheeler +Eli Whitney +Mornay Williams +Gen. George W. Wingate +A. E. Winship +Henry Rogers Winthrop +Major-Gen. Leonard Wood +Surgeon-Gen. Walter Wyman +Major Andrew C. Zabriskie + + +{x} + +A MESSAGE FROM THE CHIEF SCOUT + +TO THE BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA: + +There was once a boy who lived in a region of rough farms. He was wild +with the love of the green outdoors--the trees, the tree-top singers, +the wood-herbs and the live things that left their nightly tracks in +the mud by his spring well. He wished so much to know them and learn +about them, he would have given almost any price in his gift to know +the name of this or that wonderful bird, or brilliant flower; he used +to tremble with excitement and intensity of interest when some new +bird was seen, or when some strange song came from the trees to thrill +him with its power or vex him with its mystery, and he had a sad sense +of lost opportunity when it flew away leaving him dark as ever. But he +was alone and helpless, he had neither book nor friend to guide him, +and he grew up with a kind of knowledge hunger in his heart that +gnawed without ceasing. But this also it did: It inspired him with the +hope that some day he might be the means of saving others from this +sort of torment--he would aim to furnish to them what had been denied +to himself. + +There were other things in the green and living world that had a +binding charm for him. He wanted to learn to camp out, to live again +the life of his hunter grandfather who knew all the tricks of winning +comfort from the relentless wilderness the foster-mother so rude to +those who fear her, so kind to the stout of heart. + +And he had yet another hankering--he loved the touch of romance. When +he first found Fenimore Cooper's books, he drank them in as one +parched might drink at a spring. He reveled in the tales of courage +and heroic deeds, he gloated over records of their trailing and +scouting by red man and white; he gloried in their woodcraft, and +lived it all in imagination, secretly blaming the writer, a little, +for praising without describing it so it could be followed. "Some +day," he said, "I shall put it all down for other boys to learn." + +As years went by he found that there were books about most of the +things he wished to know, the stars, the birds, the {xi} quadrupeds, +the fish, the insects, the plants, telling their names; their hidden +power or curious ways, about the camper's life the language of signs +and even some of the secrets of the trail. But they were very +expensive and a whole library would be needed to cover the ground. +What he wanted--what every boy wants--is a handbook giving the broad +facts as one sees them in the week-end hike, the open-air life. He did +not want to know the trees as a botanist, but as a forester; nor the +stars as an astronomer, but as a traveler. His interest in the animals +was less that of anatomist than of a hunter and camper, and his +craving for light on the insects was one to be met by a popular book +on bugs, rather than by a learned treatise on entomology. + +So knowing the want he made many attempts to gather the simple facts +together exactly to meet the need of other boys of like ideas, and +finding it a mighty task he gladly enlisted the help of men who had +lived and felt as he did. + +Young Scouts of America that boy is writing to you now. He thought +himself peculiar in those days. He knows now he was simply a normal +boy with the interests and desires of all normal boys, some of them a +little deeper rooted and more lasting perhaps--and all the things +that he loved and wished to learn have now part in the big broad work +we call Scouting. + +"Scout" used to mean the one on watch for the rest. We have widened +the word a little. We have made it fit the town as well as the +wilderness and suited it to peace time instead of war. We have made +the scout an expert in Life-craft as well as Wood-craft, for he is +trained in the things of the heart as well as head and hand. Scouting +we have made to cover riding, swimming, tramping, trailing, +photography, first aid, camping, handicraft, loyalty, obedience, +courtesy, thrift, courage, and kindness. + +Do these things appeal to you? Do you love the woods? + +Do you wish to learn the trees as the forester knows them? And the +stars not as an astronomer, but as a traveler? + +Do you wish to have all-round, well-developed muscles, not those of a +great athlete, but those of a sound body that will not fail you? Would +you like to be an expert camper who can always make himself +comfortable out of doors, and a swimmer that fears no waters? Do you +desire the knowledge to help the wounded quickly, and to make yourself +cool and self-reliant in an emergency? + +Do you believe in loyalty, courage, and kindness? Would {xii} you like +to form habits that will surely make your success in life? + +Then, whether you be farm boy or shoe clerk, newsboy or millionaire's +son, your place is in our ranks, for these are the thoughts in +scouting; it will help you to do better work with your pigs, your +shoes, your papers, or your dollars; it will give you new pleasures in +life; it will teach you so much of the outdoor world that you wish to +know; and this Handbook, the work of many men, each a leader in his +field, is their best effort to show you the way. This is, indeed, the +book that I so longed for, in those far-off days when I wandered, +heart hungry in the woods. + +ERNEST THOMPSON SETON, +Chief Scout. +Headquarters Boy Scouts of America, +200 Fifth Avenue, New York City. +June 1, 1911. + + +{xiii} + +CONTENTS + + PAGE +Boy Scout Certificate iii +Preface v +Officers and Members of the National Council vii + +CHAPTER I. + +Scoutcraft 3 + AIM OF SCOUT MOVEMENT John L. Alexander + + WHAT SCOUTING MEANS John L. Alexander + + SCOUT VIRTUES John L. Alexander + + THE BOY SCOUT ORGANIZATION Special Committee + + SCOUT OATH Special Committee + + SCOUT LAW Special Committee + + TENDERFOOT, SECOND CLASS, AND + FIRST CLASS SCOUT REQUIREMENTS Special Committee + + BADGES, AWARDS AND EQUIPMENT Special Committee + + KNOTS EVERY SCOUT SHOULD KNOW. Samuel A. Moffat + + +CHAPTER II. + +Woodcraft 57 + WOODLORE Ernest Thompson Seton + + BIRDCRAFT National Association Audubon Societies + + SHELLS AND SHELLFISH Dr. Wm. Healey Dall + + REPTILES Dr. Leonhard Stejneger + + INSECTS AND BUTTERFLIES United States Bureau of Entomology + + FISHES AND ANGLING Dr. Hugh M. Smith + + AQUARIUM Dr. Wm. Leland Stowell + + ROCKS AND PEBBLES United States Geological Survey + + FLOWERS, FERNS AND GRASSES Dr. L. C. Corbett + + MUSHROOMS, FUNGI OR TOADSTOOLS Ernest Thompson Seton + + COMMON NORTH AMERICAN TREES Ernest Thompson Seton + + NATIVE WILD ANIMALS Ernest Thompson Seton + + +CHAPTER III. + +Campcraft 145 + HIKING AND OVER-NIGHT CAMPS H. W. Gibson + + TENT MAKING MADE EASY H. J. Holden + + AN OPEN OUTING TENT Warren H. Miller + + CANOEING, ROWING, AND SAILING Special Committee + + +{xiv} + + +CHAPTER IV. +Tracks, Trailing, and Signaling Ernest Thompson Seton 187 + + +CHAPTER V. +Health and Endurance George J. Fisher, M.D. 219 + + +CHAPTER VI. +Chivalry John L. Alexander 237 + + +CHAPTER VII. +First Aid and Life Saving Major Charles Lynch 255 + + WATER ACCIDENTS Wilbert E. Longfellow + + +CHAPTER VIII. +Games and Athletic Standards 291 + + INDOOR AND OUTDOOR GAMES Ernest Thompson Seton + + ATHLETIC STANDARDS Special Committee + + +CHAPTER IX. +Patriotism and Citizenship Waldo H. Sherman 323 + + PRACTICAL CITIZENSHIP Col. Theodore Roosevelt + + +APPENDIX. + EQUIPMENT 359 + BOOKS FOR REFERENCE 369 + INDEX 393 + +ADVERTISEMENTS + + + +HANDBOOK FOR BOYS + + + +{3} + +CHAPTER I + +SCOUTCRAFT + +_This chapter is the result of the work of the Committee on Scout Oath, +Scout Law, Tenderfoot, Second-class and First-class Requirements; the +Committee on Badges, Awards, and Equipment; the Committee on Permanent +Organization and Field Supervision, and John L. Alexander and Samuel +A. Moffat_. + + +Aim of the Scout Movement +_By John L. Alexander, Boy Scouts of America_ + +The aim of the Boy Scouts is to supplement the various existing +educational agencies, and to promote the ability in boys to do things +for themselves and others. It is not the aim to set up a new +organization to parallel in its purposes others already established. +The opportunity is afforded these organizations, however, to introduce +into their programs unique features appealing to interests which are +universal among boys. The method is summed up in the term Scoutcraft, +and is a combination of observation, deduction, and handiness, or the +ability to do things. Scoutcraft includes instruction in First Aid, +Life Saving, Tracking, Signaling, Cycling, Nature Study, Seamanship, +Campcraft, Woodcraft, Chivalry, Patriotism, and other subjects. This +is accomplished in games and team play, and is pleasure, not work, for +the boy. All that is needed is the out-of-doors, a group of boys, and +a competent leader. + + +What Scouting Means + +In all ages there have been scouts, the place of the scout being on +the danger line of the army or at the outposts, protecting those of +his company who confide in his care. + +The army scout was the soldier who was chosen out of all the army to +go out on the skirmish line. + +The pioneer, who was out on the edge of the wilderness, {4} guarding +the men, women, and children in the stockade, was also a scout. Should +he fall asleep, or lose control of his faculties, or fail on his +watch, then the lives of the men, women, and children paid the +forfeit, and the scout lost his honor. + +But there have been other kinds of scouts besides war scouts and +frontier scouts. They have been the men of all ages, who have gone out +on new and strange adventures, and through their work have benefited +the people of the earth. Thus, Columbus discovered America, the +Pilgrim Fathers founded New England, the early English settlers +colonized Jamestown, and the Dutch built up New York. In the same way +the hardy Scotch-Irish pushed west and made a new home for the +American people beyond the Alleghanies and the Rockies. + +These peace scouts had to be as well prepared as any war scouts. They +had to know scoutcraft. They had to know how to live in the woods, and +be able to find their way anywhere, without other chart or compass +than the sun and stars, besides being able to interpret the meaning of +the slightest signs of the forest and the foot tracks of animals and +men. + +They had to know how to live so as to keep healthy and strong, to face +any danger that came their way, and to help one another. These scouts +of old were accustomed to take chances with death and they did not +hesitate to give up their lives in helping their comrades or country. +In fact, they left everything behind them, comfort and peace, in order +to push forward into the wilderness beyond. And much of this they did +because they felt it to be their duty. + +These little-known scouts could be multiplied indefinitely by going +back into the past ages and reading the histories and stories of the +knights of King Arthur, of the Crusaders, and of the great explorers +and navigators of the world. + +Wherever there have been heroes, there have been scouts, and to be a +scout means to be prepared to do the right thing at the right moment, +no matter what the consequences may be. + +The way for achievement in big things is the preparing of one's self +for doing the big things--by going into training and doing the little +things well. It was this characteristic of Livingstone, the great +explorer, that made him what he was, and that has marked the career of +all good scouts. + +To be a good scout one should know something about the woods and the +animals that inhabit them, and how to care for one's self when +camping. + +{5} + +The habits of animals can be studied by stalking them and watching +them in their native haunts. + +The scout should never kill an animal or other living creature +needlessly. There is more sport in stalking animals to photograph +them, and in coming to know their habits than in hunting to kill. + +But woodcraft means more than this. It means not only the following of +tracks and other signs, but it means to be able to read them. To tell +how fast the animal which made the tracks was going; to tell whether +he was frightened, suspicious, or otherwise. + +Woodcraft also enables the scout to find his way, no matter where he +is. It teaches him the various kinds of wild fruit, roots, nuts, etc., +which are good for food, or are the favorite food of animals. + + +[Illustration: Scout Stalking.] + + +By woodcraft a scout may learn a great number of things. He may be +able to tell whether the tracks were made by an animal or by man, +bicycle, automobile or other vehicle. + +By having his power of observation trained he can tell by very slight +signs, such as the sudden flying of birds, that someone is moving very +near him though he may not be able to see the person. + +{6} + +Through woodcraft then, a boy may train his eye, and be able to +observe things that otherwise would pass unnoticed. In this way he may +be able to save animals from pain, as a horse from an ill-fitting +harness. He may also be able to see little things which may give him +the clew to great things and so be able to prevent harm and crime. + + +[Illustration: Horse with head pulled back. (tr)] +Torture (Note the check or bearing-rein) + +[Illustration: Horse with head relaxed. (tr)] +Comfort + +Besides woodcraft one must know something of camp life. One of the +chief characteristics of the scout is to be able to live in the open, +know how to put up tents, build huts, throw up a lean-to for shelter, +or make a dugout in the ground, how to build a fire, how to procure +and cook food, how to bind logs together so as to construct bridges +and rafts, and how to find his way by night as well as by day in a +strange country. + +Living in the open in this way, and making friends of the trees, the +streams, the mountains, and the stars, gives a scout a great deal of +confidence and makes him love the natural life around him. + +[Illustration: Camp loom, for making mats and mattresses.] + +To be able to tell the difference between the trees by their bark and +leaves is a source of pleasure; to be able to make a {7} bed out of +rough timber, or weave a mattress or mat out of grass to sleep on is a +joy. And all of these things a good scout should know. + +Then too, a good scout must be chivalrous. That is, he should be as +manly as the knights or pioneers of old. He should be unselfish. He +should show courage. He must do his duty. He should show benevolence +and thrift. He should be loyal to his country. He should be obedient +to his parents, and show respect to those who are his superiors. He +should be very courteous to women. One of his obligations is to do a +good turn every day to some one. He should be cheerful and seek +self-improvement, and should make a career for himself. + +All these things were characteristics of the old-time American scouts +and of the King Arthur knights. Their honor was sacred. They were +courteous and polite to women and children, especially to the aged, +protected the weak, and helped others to live better. They taught +themselves to be strong, so as to be able to protect their country +against enemies. They kept themselves strong and healthy, so that they +might be prepared to do all of these things at a moment's notice, and +do them well. + +So the boy scout of to-day must be chivalrous, manly, and gentlemanly. + +When he gets up in the morning he may tie a knot in his necktie, and +leave the necktie outside his vest until he has done a good turn. +Another way to remind himself is to wear his scout badge reversed +until he has done his good turn. The good turn may not be a very big +thing--help an old lady across the street; remove a banana skin from +the pavement so that people may not fall; remove from streets or roads +broken glass, dangerous to automobile or bicycle tires; give water to +a thirsty horse; or deeds similar to these. + +The scout also ought to know how to save life. He ought to be able to +make a stretcher; to throw a rope to a drowning person; to drag an +unconscious person from a burning building, and to resuscitate a +person overcome by gas fumes. He ought also to know the method of +stopping runaway horses, and he should have the presence of mind and +the skill to calm a panic and deal with street and other accidents. + +This means also that a boy scout must always be in the pink of +condition. A boy cannot do things like these unless he is healthy and +strong. Therefore, he must be systematically taking exercise, playing +games, running, and walking. It means that he must sleep enough hours +to give him the necessary strength, and if possible to sleep very much +in the open, or at least {8} with the windows of his bedroom open both +summer and winter. + +It means also that he should take a cold bath often, rubbing dry with +a rough towel. He should breathe through the nose and not through the +mouth. He should at all times train himself to endure hardships. + +In addition to these the scout should be a lover of his country. He +should know his country. How many states there are in it, what are its +natural resources, scope, and boundaries. He ought to know something +of its history, its early settlers, and of the great deeds that won +his land. How they settled along the banks of the James River. How +Philadelphia, New York, and other great cities were founded. How the +Pilgrim Fathers established New England and laid the foundation for +our national life. How the scouts of the Middle West saved all that +great section of the country for the Republic. He ought to know how +Texas became part of the United States, and how our national heroes +stretched out their hands, north and south, east and west, to make one +great united country. + +He ought to know the history of the important wars. He ought to know +about our army and navy flags and the insignia of rank of our +officers. He ought to know the kind of government he lives under, and +what it means to live in a republic. He ought to know what is expected +of him as a citizen of his state and nation, and what to do to help +the people among whom he lives. + +In short, to be a good scout is to be a well-developed, well-informed +boy. + + +Scout Virtues + +There are other things which a scout ought to know and which should be +characteristic of him, if he is going to be the kind of scout for +which the Boy Scouts of America stand. One of these is obedience. To +be a good scout a boy must learn to obey the orders of his patrol +leader, scout master, and scout commissioner. He must learn to obey, +before he is able to command. He should so learn to discipline and +control himself that he will have no thought but to obey the orders of +his officers. He should keep such a strong grip on his own life that +he will not allow himself to do anything which is ignoble, or which +will harm his life or weaken his powers of endurance. + +Another virtue of a scout is that of courtesy. A boy scout {9} ought +to have a command of polite language. He ought to show that he is a +true gentleman by doing little things for others. + +Loyalty is also a scout virtue. A scout ought to be loyal to all to +whom he has obligations. He ought to stand up courageously for the +truth, for his parents and friends. + +Another scout virtue is self-respect. He ought to refuse to accept +gratuities from anyone, unless absolutely necessary. He ought to work +for the money he gets. + +For this same reason he should never look down upon anyone who may be +poorer than himself, or envy anyone richer than himself. A scout's +self-respect will cause him to value his own standing and make him +sympathetic toward others who may be, on the one hand, worse off, or, +on the other hand, better off as far as wealth is concerned. Scouts +know neither a lower nor a higher class, for a scout is one who is a +comrade to all and who is ready to share that which he has with +others. + +The most important scout virtue is that of honor. Indeed, this is the +basis of all scout virtues and is closely allied to that of +self-respect. When a scout promises to do a thing on his honor, he is +bound to do it. The honor of a scout will not permit of anything but +the highest and the best and the manliest. The honor of a scout is a +sacred thing, and cannot be lightly set aside or trampled on. + +Faithfulness to duty is another one of the scout virtues. When it is a +scout's duty to do something, he dare not shirk. A scout is faithful +to his own interest and the interests of others. He is true to his +country and his God. + +Another scout virtue is cheerfulness. As the scout law intimates, he +must never go about with a sulky air. He must always be bright and +smiling, and as the humorist says, "Must always see the doughnut and +not the hole." A bright face and a cheery word spread like sunshine +from one to another. It is the scout's duty to be a sunshine-maker in +the world. + +Another scout virtue is that of thoughtfulness, especially to animals; +not merely the thoughtfulness that eases a horse from the pain of a +badly fitting harness or gives food and drink to an animal that is in +need, but also that which keeps a boy from throwing a stone at a cat +or tying a tin can on a dog's tail. If a boy scout does not prove his +thoughtfulness and friendship for animals, it is quite certain that he +never will be really helpful to his comrades or to the men, women, and +children who may need his care. + +{10} + +And then the final and chief test of the scout is the doing of a good +turn to somebody every day, quietly and without boasting. This is the +proof of the scout. It is practical religion, and a boy honors God +best when he helps others most. A boy may wear all the scout uniforms +made, all the scout badges ever manufactured, know all the woodcraft, +campcraft, scoutcraft and other activities of boy scouts, and yet +never be a real boy scout. To be a real boy scout means the doing of a +good turn every day with the proper motive and if this be done, the +boy has a right to be classed with the great scouts that have been of +such service to their country. To accomplish this a scout should +observe the scout law. + +Every boy ought to commit to memory the following abbreviated form of +the Scout law. + +The Twelve Points of the Scout Law +1. A scout is trustworthy. +2. A scout is loyal. +3. A scout is helpful. +4. A scout is friendly. +5. A scout is courteous. +6. A scout is kind. +7. A scout is obedient. +8. A scout is cheerful. +9. A scout is thrifty. +10. A scout is brave. +11. A scout is clean. +12. A scout is reverent. + + +The Boy Scout Organization +(Result of work of Committee on Permanent Organization and Field +Supervision:--H. S. Braucher, Chairman. Lorillard Spencer. Jr., Colin +H. Livingstone. Richard C. Morse. Mortimer Schiff, Dr. George W. +Ehler, C. M. Connolly, E. B. DeGroot, Lee F. Hamner.) + +To do good scouting a boy must understand the organization of which he +is a part. The Boy Scouts of America is promoted and governed by a +group of men called the National Council. This National Council is +made up of leading men of the country and it is their desire that +every American boy shall have the opportunity of becoming a good +scout. + +The National Council holds one meeting annually at which it elects the +officers and the members of the Executive Board. It copyrights badges +and other scout designs, arranges for their manufacture and +distribution, selects designs for uniforms and scout equipment, issues +scout commissioners' and scout masters' certificates, and grants +charters for local councils. + +{11} + +A local council through its officers--president, vice-president, +secretary, treasurer, and scout commissioner, its executive committee, +court of honor, and other committees--deals with all local matters +that relate to scouting. + +The scout commissioner is the ranking scout master of the local +council and presides at all scout masters' meetings as well as at all +scout field meets. It is also the duty of the scout commissioner to +report to and advise with the Chief Scout through the Executive +Secretary concerning the scouts in his district. The scout +commissioner's certificate is issued from National Headquarters upon +the recommendation of a local council after this council has been +granted a charter. + +The scout master is the adult leader of a troop, and must be at least +twenty-one years of age. He should have a deep interest in boys, be +genuine in his own life, have the ability to lead, and command the +boys' respect and obedience. He need not be an expert at scoutcraft; a +good scout master will discover experts for the various activities. +His certificate is granted upon the recommendation of the local +council. + +An assistant scout master should be eighteen years of age or over. His +certificate is granted by the National Council upon the recommendation +of the scout master of his troop and the local council. + + +Chief Scout and Staff + + +The Chief Scout is elected annually by the National Council and has a +staff of deputies each of whom is chairman of a committee of +scoutcraft. These deputies are as follows: +Chief Scout Surgeon. +Chief Scout Director of Health. +Chief Scout Woodsman. +Chief Scout Athletic Director. +Chief Scout Stalker. +Chief Scout Citizen. +Chief Scout Master. +Chief Scout Director of Chivalry. +Chief Scout Camp Master. + +Scouts are graded as follows: +Chief Scout and Staff. +Scout Commissioner. +Scout Master. +Assistant Scout Master. +Patrol Leader. +Assistant Patrol Leader. + + +Eagle Scout. +Star Scout. +Life Scout. +First-class Scout. +Second-class Scout. +Tenderfoot. + + +How to Become a Boy Scout + +The easiest way to become a boy scout is to join a patrol that has +already been started. This patrol may be in {12} a Sunday School, +Boys' Brigade, Boys' Club, Young Men's Christian Association, Young +Men's Hebrew Association, Young Men's Catholic Association, or any +other organization to which you may belong. If there is no patrol near +you, get some man interested enough to start one by giving him all the +information. + +A patrol consists of eight boys, one of whom becomes the patrol leader +and another the assistant patrol leader. + +A troop consists of three or more patrols, and the leader of the troop +is called a scout master. There can be no patrols or troops of boy +scouts without this scout master. + + +The Scout Motto + +The motto of the boy scouts is Be Prepared, and the badge of the boy +scouts is a copyrighted design with this motto, "Be Prepared," on a +scroll at its base. + +The motto, "Be Prepared," means that the scout is always in a state of +readiness in mind and body to do his duty. To be prepared in mind, by +having disciplined himself to be obedient, and also by having thought +out beforehand any accident or situation that may occur, so that he +may know the right thing to do at the right moment, and be willing to +do it. To be prepared in body, by making himself strong and active and +able to do the right thing at the right moment, and then to do it. + + +The Scout Badge + +The scout badge is not intended to represent the fleur-de-lis, or an +arrowhead. It is a modified form of the sign of the north on the +mariner's compass, which is as old as the history of navigation. The +Chinese claim its use among them as early as 2634 B. C., and we have +definite information that it was used at sea by them as early as 300 +A. D. Marco Polo brought the compass to Europe on his return from +Cathay. The sign of the north on the compass gradually came to +represent the north, and pioneers, trappers, woodsmen, and scouts, +because of this, adopted it as their emblem. Through centuries of use +it has undergone modification until it has now assumed the shape of +our badge. + +This trefoil badge of the scouts is now used, with slight local +variations, in almost every civilized country as the mark of +brotherhood, for good citizenship, and friendliness. + +Its scroll is turned up at the ends like a scout's mouth, because he +does his duty with a smile and willingly. + +The knot is to remind the scout to do a good turn to someone daily. + +{13} + +The arrowhead part is worn by the tenderfoot. The scroll part only is +worn by the second-class scout. The badge worn by the first-class +scout is the whole badge. + +The official badges of the Boy Scouts of America are issued by the +National Council and may be secured only from the National +Headquarters. These badges are protected by the U. S. Patent Laws +(letters of patent numbers 41412 and 41532) and anyone infringing +these patents is liable to prosecution at law. + +In order to protect the Boy Scout Movement and those who have +qualified to receive badges designating the various degrees in +scoutcraft, it is desired that all interested cooperate with the +National Headquarters in safeguarding the sale and distribution of +these badges. This may be done by observing the following rules: + +1. Badges should not be ordered until after boys have actually +complied with the requirements prescribed by the National Council and +are entitled to receive them. + +2. All orders for badges should be sent in by the scout master with a +certificate from the local council that these requirements have been +complied with. Blanks for this purpose may be secured on application +to the National Headquarters. + +Where no local council has been formed, application for badges should +be sent direct to Headquarters, signed by the registered scout master +of the troop, giving his official number. + +Scout commissioners', scout masters', and assistant scout masters' +badges can be issued only to those who are registered as such at +National Headquarters. + +_Tenderfoot Badge_--Gilt metal. + +_Patrol Leader's Tenderfoot Badge_--Oxidized silver finish. + +These badges are seven eighths of an inch wide and are made either for +the button-hole or with safety-pin clasp. Price 5 cents. + +_Second-Class Scout Badge_--Gilt metal. + +_Patrol Leader's Second-Class Scout Badge_--Oxidized silver. + +These badges--safety-pin style--to be worn upon the sleeve. Price 10 +cents. + +_First-Class Scout Badge_--Gilt metal. + +_Patrol Leader's First-Class Scout Badge_--Oxidized silver. + +Both badges safety-pin style--to be worn upon the sleeve. Price 15 +cents. + +_Scout Commissioner's, Scout Master's, and Assistant Scout Master's Arm +Badges_. + +These badges are woven in blue, green, and red silk, and are to be +worn on the sleeve of coat or shirt. Price 25 cents. + +{14} + +_Buttons_--The official buttons worn on the scout uniforms sell for 10 +cents per set for shirt and 15 cents per set for coat. + +_Merit Badges_--Price 25 cents each. + +_Boy Scout Certificates_--A handsome certificate in two colors, 6 x 8 +inches, has been prepared for boy scouts who wish to have a record of +their enrolment. The certificate has the Scout Oath and Law and the +official Seal upon it, with place for the signature of the scout +master. The price is 5 cents. + + +Directions For Ordering + +Important! When ordering supplies send exact remittance with order, If +check is used add New York exchange. Make checks and money orders +payable to Boy Scouts of America. All orders received without the +proper remittance will be shipped C. O. D., or held until remittance +arrives. + + +The Scout Oath + +Before he becomes a scout a boy must promise: + +On my honor I will do my best: +1. To do my duty to God and my country, and to obey the scout law; +2. To help other people at all times; +3. To keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight. + +[Illustration: Hand position. (tr)] +When taking this oath the scout will stand, holding up his right hand, +palm to the front, thumb resting on the nail of the little finger and +the other three fingers upright and together. + + +The Scout Sign + +This is the scout sign. The three fingers held up remind him of his +three promises in the scout oath. + + +The Scout Salute + +When the three fingers thus held are raised to the forehead, it is the +scout salute. The scout always salutes an officer. + + +The Scout Law + +(Result of work of Committee on Scout Oath, Scout Law, Tenderfoot, +Second-class and First-class Scout Requirements:--Prof. Jeremiah W. +Jenks, Chairman. Dr. Lee K. Frankel, George D. Porter, E. M. Robinson, +G. W. Hinckley, B. E. Johnson, Clark W. Hetherington, Arthur A. Carey.) + +There have always been certain written and unwritten laws regulating +the conduct and directing the activities of men. {15} We have such +unwritten laws coming down from past ages. In Japan, the Japanese have +their Bushido or laws of the old Samurai warriors. During the Middle +Ages, the chivalry and rules of the Knights of King Arthur, the +Knights Templar and the Crusaders were in force. In aboriginal +America, the Red Indians had their laws of honor: likewise the Zulus, +Hindus, and the later European nations have their ancient codes. + +The following laws which relate to the Boy Scouts of America, are the +latest and most up to date. These laws a boy promises to obey when he +takes his scout oath. + +1. A scout is trustworthy. + + A scout's honor is to be trusted. If he were to violate his honor by + telling a lie, or by cheating, or by not doing exactly a given task, + when trusted on his honor, he may be directed to hand over his scout + badge. + +2. A scout is loyal. + + He is loyal to all to whom loyalty is due: his scout leader, his + home, and parents and country. + +3. A scout is helpful. + + He must be prepared at any time to save life, help injured persons, + and share the home duties. He must do at least one good turn to + somebody every day. + +4. A scout is friendly. + + He is a friend to all and a brother to every other scout. + +5. A scout is courteous. + + He is polite to all, especially to women, children, old people, and + the weak and helpless. He must not take pay for being helpful or + courteous. + +6. A scout is kind. + + He is a friend to animals. He will not kill nor hurt any living + creature needlessly, but will strive to save and protect all + harmless life. + +7. A scout is obedient. + + He obeys his parents, scout master, patrol leader, and all other + duly constituted authorities. + +8. A scout is cheerful. + + He smiles whenever he can. His obedience to orders is prompt and + cheery. He never shirks nor grumbles at hardships. + +9. A scout is thrifty. + + He does not wantonly destroy property. He works faithfully, wastes + nothing, and makes the best use of his {16} opportunities. He saves + his money so that he may pay his own way, be generous to those in + need, and helpful to worthy objects. + + _He may work for pay but must not receive tips for courtesies or good + turns_. + +10. A scout is brave. + + He has the courage to face danger in spite of fear and has to stand + up for the right against the coaxings of friends or the jeers or + threats of enemies, and defeat does not down him. + +11. A scout is clean. + + He keeps clean in body and thought, stands for clean speech, clean + sport, clean habits, and travels with a clean crowd. + +12. A scout is reverent. + + He is reverent toward God. He is faithful in his religious duties + and respects the convictions of others in matters of custom and + religion. + + +The Three Classes of Scouts + +There are three classes of scouts among the Boy Scouts of America, the +tenderfoot, second-class scout, and first-class scout. Before a boy +can become a tenderfoot he must qualify for same. A tenderfoot, +therefore, is superior to the ordinary boy because of his training. To +be a tenderfoot means to occupy the lowest grade in scouting. A +tenderfoot on meeting certain requirements may become a second-class +scout, and a second-class scout upon meeting another set of +requirements may become a first-class scout. The first-class scout may +then qualify for the various merit badges which are offered in another +part of this chapter for proficiency in scouting. The requirements of +the tenderfoot, second-class scout, and first-class scout, are as +follows: + + +_Tenderfoot_ + +To become a scout a boy must be at least twelve years of age and must +pass a test in the following: + +1. Know the scout law, sign, salute, and significance of the badge. + +2. Know the composition and history of the national flag and the +customary forms of respect due to it. + +3. Tie four out of the following knots: square or reef, sheet-bend, +bowline, fisherman's, sheepshank, halter, clove hitch, timber hitch, +or two half hitches. + + +[Illustration: Tenderfoot badge. (tr)] +Tenderfoot + +{17} + +He then takes the scout oath, is enrolled as a tenderfoot, and is +entitled to wear the tenderfoot badge. + + +[Illustration: Second-class Scout badge. (tr)] +Second-class Scout + + +_Second-class Scout_ + +To become a second-class scout, a tenderfoot must pass, to the +satisfaction of the recognized local scout authorities, the following +tests: + +1. At least one month's service as a tenderfoot. + +2. Elementary first aid and bandaging; know the general directions for +first aid for injuries; know treatment for fainting, shock, fractures, +bruises, sprains, injuries in which the skin is broken, burns, and +scalds; demonstrate how to carry injured, and the use of the +triangular and roller bandages and tourniquet. + +3. Elementary signaling: Know the semaphore, or American Morse, or +Myer alphabet. + +4. Track half a mile in twenty-five minutes; or, if in town, describe +satisfactorily the contents of one store window out of four observed +for one minute each. + +5. Go a mile in twelve minutes at scout's pace--about fifty steps +running and fifty walking, alternately. + +6. Use properly knife or hatchet. + +7. Prove ability to build a fire in the open, using not more than two +matches. + +8. Cook a quarter of a pound of meat and two potatoes in the open +without the ordinary kitchen cooking utensils. + +9. Earn and deposit at least one dollar in a public bank. + +10. Know the sixteen principal points of the compass. + + +_First-class Scout_ + +To become a first-class scout, the second-class scout must pass the +following tests: + +1. Swim fifty yards. + +2. Earn and deposit at least two dollars in a public bank. + +3. Send and receive a message by semaphore, or American Morse, or Myer +alphabet, sixteen letters per minute. + +4. Make a round trip alone (or with another scout) to a point {18} at +least seven miles away, going on foot or rowing boat, and write a +satisfactory account of the trip and things observed. + +5. Advanced first aid: Know the methods for panic prevention; what to +do in case of fire and ice, electric and gas accidents; how to help in +case of runaway horse, mad dog, or snake bite; treatment for +dislocations, unconsciousness, poisoning, fainting, apoplexy, +sunstroke, heat exhaustion, and freezing; know treatment for sunburn, +ivy poisoning, bites and stings, nosebleed, earache, toothache, +inflammation or grit in eye, cramp or stomach ache and chills; +demonstrate artificial respiration. + +6. Prepare and cook satisfactorily, in the open, without regular +kitchen utensils, two of the following articles as may be directed. +Eggs, bacon, hunter's stew, fish, fowl, game, pancakes, hoe-cake, +biscuit, hardtack or a "twist," baked on a stick; explain to another +boy the methods followed. + +7. Read a map correctly, and draw, from field notes made on the spot, +an intelligible rough sketch map, indicating by their proper marks +important buildings, roads, trolley lines, main landmarks, principal +elevations, etc. Point out a compass direction without the help of the +compass. + +8. Use properly an axe for felling or trimming light timber; or +produce an article of carpentry or cabinet-making or metal work made +by himself. Explain the method followed. + +9. Judge distance, size, number, height and weight within 25 per cent. + +10. Describe fully from observation ten species of trees or plants, +including poison ivy, by their bark, leaves, flowers, fruit, or scent; +or six species of wild birds by their plumage, notes, tracks, or +habits; or six species of native wild animals by their form, color, +call, tracks, or habits; find the North Star, and name and describe at +least three constellations of stars. + +11. Furnish satisfactory evidence that he has put into practice in his +daily life the principles of the scout oath and law. + +12. Enlist a boy trained by himself in the requirements of a +tenderfoot. + +_NOTE.--No deviation from above requirements will be permitted unless +in extraordinary cases, such as physical inability, and the written +consent of the National Headquarters has been obtained by the +recognized local scout authority_. + + +[Illustration: First-class Scout badge. (tr)] +First-class Scout + + +{19} + +Patrol Signs + +Each troop of boy scouts is named after the place to which it belongs. +For example, it is Troop No. 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., of New York or Chicago. +Each patrol of the troop is named after an animal or bird, but may be +given another kind of name if there is a valid reason. In this way, +the Twenty-seventh New York Troop, for instance, may have several +patrols, which may be respectively the Ox, Wolf, Jackal, Raven, +Buffalo, Fox, Panther, and Rattlesnake. + + +[Illustration: Boy Scout in uniform. (tr)] + Positions of Various Badges + +Each scout in a patrol has a number, the patrol leader being No. 1, +the assistant patrol leader No. 2, and the other scouts the remaining +consecutive numbers. Scouts in this way should {22} work in pairs, +Nos. 3 and 4 together; 5 and 6 together; 7 and. 8 together. + + +{20} + +[Illustration: Outline of animals. (tr)] + MONGOOSE + Squeak--"Cheep" + BROWN AND ORANGE + + HAWK + Cry (same as Eagle)--"Kreeee" + PINK + + WOLF + Howl-"How-oooo" + YELLOW AND BLACK + + PEEWIT + Whistle-"Tewitt" + GREEN AND WHITE + + + HOUND + Bark "Bawow-wow" + ORANGE + + CAT + Cry--"Meeaow" + GRAY AND BROWN + + JACKAL + Laughing Cry-"Wahwah-wah-wah-wah." + GRAY AND BLACK + + RAVEN + Cry-"Kar-kaw" + BLACK + + BUFFALO + Lowing (same as Bull) "Um-maouw" + RED AND WHITE + + PEACOCK + Cry-"Bee-oik" + GREEN AND BLUE + + BULL + Lowing-"Um-maouw" + RED + + SEAL + Call-"Hark" + RED AND BLACK + + OWL + Whistle "Koot-koot-koo" + BLUE + + TIGER + Purr-"Grrrao" + VIOLET + + LION + Roar-"Eu-Ugh" + YELLOW AND RED + + KANGAROO + Call-"Coo-ee" + RED AND GRAY + + HORSE + Whinney-"Hee-e-e-e" + BLACK AND WHITE + +{21} + + FOX + Bark-"Ha-ha" + YELLOW AND GREEN + + BEAR + Growl-"Boorrr" + BROWN AND RED + + STAG + Call-"Baow" + VIOLET AND BLACK + + STORK + Cry-"Korrr" + BLUE AND WHITE + + PANTHER + Tongue in side of mouth--"Keeook" + YELLOW + + CURLEW + Whistle--"Curley" + GREEN + + HYENA + Laughing Cry-"Ooowah-oowah-wah" + YELLOW AND BROWN + + RAM + Bleat--"Ba-a-a" + BROWN + + WOOD PIGEON + Call--"Book-hooroo" + BLUE AND GRAY + + EAGLE + Very shrill cry--"Kreeee" + GREEN AND BLACK + + HIPPO + Hiss-"Brrussssh" + PINK AND BLACK + + RATTLESNAKE + Rattle a pebble in a small potted meat tin. + + WILD BOAR + Grunt--"Broof-broof" + GRAY AND PINK + + COBRA + Hiss--"Pssst" + ORANGE AND BLACK + + CUCKOO + Call--"Cook-koo" + GRAY + + OTTER + Cry--"Hoi-oi-oick" + BROWN AND WHITE + + BEAVER + Slap made by clapping bands + BLUE AND YELLOW + + +{22 continued} + +Each scout in a patrol should be able to imitate the call of his +patrol animal. That is, the scouts of the Wolf patrol should be able +to imitate a wolf. In this way scouts of the same patrol can +communicate with each other when in hiding, or in the dark of night. +It is not honorable for a scout to use the call of any other patrol +except his own. + +The patrol leader calls up his patrol at will by sounding his whistle +and by giving the call of the patrol. + +When the scout makes signs anywhere for others to read he also draws +the head of his animal. That is to say, if he were out scouting and +wanted to show that a certain road should not be followed by others, +he would draw the sign, "not to be followed," across it and add the +name of his patrol animal, in order to show which patrol discovered +that the road was bad, and by adding his own number at the left of the +head to show which scout had discovered it. + + +[Illustration: Outline of animals. (tr)] + BLUE BUFFALO on white ground + + FLYING EAGLES + "Yeh-yeh-yeh" + Black and white on red + + BLUE HERONS + "Hrrrr" + Blue and green + + HORNED KINGBIRDS + + SINAWA + Black on red + + BLACKBEARS + Black on red + + AHMEEKS + + SILVER FOXES + + RED TRAILERS + + MOON BAND + Yellow on blue + + OWNEOKES + + BLAZING ARROW + + +Each patrol leader carries a small flag on the end of his staff {23} or +stave with the head of his patrol animal shown on both sides. Thus the +Tigers of the Twenty-seventh New York Troop should have the flag shown +below. + + +[Illustration: Banner with tiger and "27 N.Y." (tr)] + + +The Merit Badges +(Result of work of Committee on Badges, Awards and Equipment: Dr. +George J. Fisher, Chairman, Gen. George W. Wingate, Dr. C. Ward +Crampton, Daniel Carter Beard. C. M. Connolly, A. A. Jameson. Ernest +Thompson Seton.) + + +When a boy has become a first-class scout he may qualify for the merit +badges. + +_The examination for these badges should be given by the Court of Honor +of the local council. This examination must not be given any boy who +is not qualified as a first-class scout. After the boy has passed the +examination, the local council may secure the merit badge for him by +presenting the facts to the National Council. These badges are +intended to stimulate the boy's interest in the life about him and are +given for general knowledge. The wearing of these badges does not +signify that a scout is qualified to make his living by the knowledge +gained in securing the award_. + +Scouts winning any of the following badges are entitled to place after +their names the insignia of the badges won. For instance, if he has +successfully passed the signaling and seamanship tests, he signs his +name in this manner-- + + +[Illustration: Signature of "James E. Ward" with insignia. (tr)] + + +{24} + +Agriculture + +[Illustration: Plow insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Agriculture a scout must + +1. State different tests with grains. + +2. Grow at least an acre of corn which produces 25 per cent. better +than the general average. + +3. Be able to identify and describe common weeds of the community and +tell how best to eliminate them. + +4. Be able to identify the common insects and tell how best to handle +them. + +5. Have a practical knowledge of plowing, cultivating, drilling, +hedging, and draining. + +6. Have a working knowledge of farm machinery, haymaking, reaping, +loading, and stacking. + +7. Have a general acquaintance of the routine seasonal work on the +farm, including the care of cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs. + +8. Have a knowledge of Campbell's Soil Culture principle, and a +knowledge of dry farming and of irrigation farming. + + +Angling + +[Illustration: Fish insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Angling a scout must + +1. Catch and name ten different species of fish: salmon or trout to be +taken with flies; bass, pickerel, or pike to be caught with rod or +reel, muskallonge to be caught by trolling. + +2. Make a bait rod of three joints, straight and sound, 14 oz. or less +in weight, 10 feet or less in length, to stand a strain of 1-1/2 lbs. +at the tip, 13 lbs. at the grip. + +3. Make a jointed fly-rod 8-10 feet long, 4-8 ozs. in weight, capable +of casting a fly sixty feet. + +4. Name and describe twenty-five different species of fish found in +North American waters and give a complete list of the fishes +ascertained by himself to inhabit a given body of water. + +5. Give the history of the young of any species of wild fish from the +time of hatching until the adult stage is reached. + + +Archery + +[Illustration: Bow and Arrow insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Archery a scout must + +1. Make a bow and arrow which will shoot a distance of one hundred +feet with fair precision. + +2. Make a total score of 350 with 60 shots in one or {25} two meets, +using standard four-foot target at forty yards or three-foot target at +thirty yards. + +3. Make a total score of 300 with 72 arrows, using standard target at +a distance of fifty yards. + +4. Shoot so far and fast as to have six arrows in the air at once. + + +Architecture + +[Illustration: Column and Lintel insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Architecture a scout must + +1. Present a satisfactory free-hand drawing. + +2. Write an essay on the history of Architecture and describe the five +orders. + +3. Submit an original design for a two-story house and tell what +material is necessary for its construction, giving detailed +specifications. + + +Art + +[Illustration: Brushes and Pallet insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Art a scout must + +1. Draw in outline two simple objects, one composed of straight lines, +and one of curved lines, the two subjects to be grouped together a +little below the eye. + +2. Draw in outline two books a little below the eye, one book to be +open; also a table or chair. + +3. Make in outline an Egyptian ornament. + +4. Make in outline a Greek or Renaissance ornament from a cast or +copy. + +5. Make an original arrangement or design using some detail of +ornament. + +6. Make a drawing from a group of two objects placed a little below +the eye and show light and shade. + +7. Draw a cylindrical object and a rectangular object, grouped +together a little below the eye, and show light and shade. + +8. Present a camp scene in color. + + +Astronomy + +[Illustration: Star insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Astronomy a scout must + +1. Have a general knowledge of the nature and movements of stars. + +{26} + +2. Point out and name six principal constellations; find the North by +means of other stars than the Pole-star in case of that star being +obscured by clouds, and tell the hour of the night by the stars and +moon. + +3. Have a general knowledge of the positions and movements of the +earth, sun and moon, and of tides, eclipses, meteors, comets, +sun-spots, and planets. + + +Athletics + +[Illustration: Winged foot insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Athletics a scout must + +1. Write an acceptable article of not less than five hundred words on +how to train for an athletic event. + +2. Give the rules for one track and one field event. + +3. Make the required athletic standard according to his weight, +classifications and conditions as stated in chapter eight. + + +Automobiling + +[Illustration: Wheel insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Automobiling a scout must + +1. Demonstrate how to start a motor, explaining what precautions +should be taken. + +2. Take off and put on pneumatic tires. + +3. Know the functions of the clutch, carburetor, valves, magneto, +spark plug, differential cam shaft, and different speed gears, and be +able to explain difference between a two and four-cycle motor. + +4. Know how to put out burning gasoline or oil. + +5. Have satisfactorily passed the requirements to receive a license to +operate an automobile in the community in which he lives. + + +Aviation + +[Illustration: Biplane insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Aviation a scout must + +1. Have a knowledge of the theory of aeroplanes, balloons, and +dirigibles. + +2. Have made a working model of an {27} aeroplane or dirigible that +will fly at least twenty-five yards; and have built a box kite that +will fly. + +3. Have a knowledge of the engines used for aeroplanes and dirigibles, +and be able to describe the various types of aeroplanes and their +records. + + +Bee Farming + +[Illustration: Bee insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Bee Farming a scout must + +1. Have a practical knowledge of swarming, hiving, hives and general +apiculture, including a knowledge of the use of artificial combs. + +2. Describe different kinds of honey and tell from what sources +gathered. + + +Blacksmithing + +[Illustration: Anvil insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Blacksmithing a scout must + +1. Upset and weld a one-inch iron rod. + +2. Make a horseshoe. + +3. Know how to tire a wheel, use a sledge-hammer and forge, shoe a +horse correctly and roughshoe a horse. + +4. Be able to temper iron and steel. + + +Bugling + +[Illustration: Bugle insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Bugling a scout must + +1. Be able to sound properly on the Bugle the customary United States +Army calls. + + +Business + +[Illustration: Quill Pen insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Business a scout must + +1. Write a satisfactory business, and a personal letter. + +2. State fundamental principles of buying and selling. + +3. Know simple bookkeeping. + +4. Keep a complete and actual account of personal receipts and +expenditures for six months. + +{28} + +5. State how much money would need to be invested at 5 per cent. to +earn his weekly allowance of spending money for a year. + + +Camping + +[Illustration: Tent insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Camping a scout must + +1. Have slept in the open or under canvas at different times fifty +nights. + +2. Have put up a tent alone and ditched it. + +3. Have made a bed of wild material and a fire without matches. + +4. State how to choose a camp site and how to prepare for rain; how to +build a latrine (toilet) and how to dispose of the camp garbage and +refuse. + +5. Know how to construct a raft. + + +Carpentry + +[Illustration: Wood plane insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Carpentry a scout must + +1. Know the proper way to drive, set and clinch a nail. + +2. Know the different kinds of chisels, planes and saws, and how to +sharpen and use them. + +3. Know the use of the rule, square, level, plumb-line and mitre. + +4. Know how to use compasses for scribing both regular and irregular +lines. + +5. Make an article of furniture with three different standard joints +or splices, with at least one surface of highly polished hard or +decorative wood. All work to be done without assistance. + + +Chemistry + +[Illustration: Chemical retort insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Chemistry a scout must be able to pass the +following test: + +1. Define physical and chemical change. Which occurs when salt is +dissolved in water, milk sours, iron rusts, water boils, iron is +magnetized and mercuric oxide is heated above the boiling point of +mercury? + +2. Give correct tests for oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine, and +carbon dioxide gases. + +3. Could you use the above gases to extinguish fire? How? + +4. Why can baking soda be used to put out a small fire? + +{29} + +5. Give tests for a chloride, sulphide, sulphate, nitrate, and +carbonate. + +6. Give the names of three commercial forms of carbon. Tell how each +is made and the purpose for which it is used. + +7. What compound is formed when carbon is burned in air? + +8. Tell process of making lime and mortar from limestone. + +9. Why will fresh plaster harden quicker by burning charcoal in an +open vessel near it? + + +Civics + +[Illustration: Ax insignia (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Civics a scout must + +1. State the principal citizenship requirements of an elector in his +state. + +2. Know the principal features of the naturalization laws of the +United States. + +3. Know how President, Vice-President, senators, and congressmen of +the United States are elected and their terms of office. + +4. Know the number of judges of the Supreme Court of the United +States, how appointed, and their term of office. + +5. Know the various administrative departments of government, as +represented in the President's Cabinet. + +6. Know how the governor, lieutenant-governor, senators, +representatives, or assemblymen of his state are elected, and their +terms of office. + +7. Know whether the judges of the principal courts in his state are +appointed or elected, and the length of their terms. + +8. Know how the principal officers in his town or city are elected and +for what terms. + +9. Know the duties of the various city departments, such as fire, +police, board of health, etc. + +10. Draw a map of the town or city in which he lives, giving location +of the principal public buildings and points of special interest. + +11. Give satisfactory evidence that he is familiar with the {30} +provisions and history of the Declaration of Independence, and the +Constitution of the United States. + + +Conservation + +[Illustration: Sunset over forest insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Conservation a scout must + +1. Be able to recognize in the forest all important commercial trees +in his neighborhood; distinguish the lumber from each and tell for +what purpose each is best suited; tell the age of old blazes on trees +which mark a boundary or trail; recognize the difference in the forest +between good and bad logging, giving reasons why one is good and +another bad; tell whether a tree is dying from injury by fire, by +insects, by disease or by a combination of these causes; know what +tools to use, and how to fight fires in hilly or in flat country. +Collect the seeds of two commercial trees, clean and store them, and +know how and when to plant them. + +2. Know the effect upon stream-flow of the destruction of forests at +head waters; know what are the four great uses of water in streams; +what causes the pollution of streams, and how it can best be stopped; +and how, in general, water power is developed. + +3. Be able to tell, for a given piece of farm land, whether it is best +suited for use as farm or forest, and why; point out examples of +erosion, and tell how to stop it; give the reasons why a growing crop +pointed out to him is successful or why not; and tell what crops +should be grown in his neighborhood and why. + +4. Know where the great coal fields are situated and whether the use +of coal is increasing, and if so at what rate. Tell what are the great +sources of waste of coal, in the mines, and in its use, and how they +can be reduced. + +5. Know the principal game birds and animals in his neighborhood, the +seasons during which they are protected, the methods of protection, +and the results. Recognize the track of any two of the following: +rabbit, fox, deer, squirrel, wild turkey, ruffed grouse and quail. + + +Cooking + +[Illustration: Cooking pot insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Cooking a scout must + +1. Prove his ability to build a fireplace out of stone or sod {31} or +logs, light a fire, and cook in the open the following dishes in +addition to those required for a first-class scout: Camp stew, two +vegetables, omelet, rice pudding; know how to mix dough, and bake +bread in an oven; be able to make tea, coffee, and cocoa, carve +properly and serve correctly to people at the table. + + +Craftsmanship + +[Illustration: Drafting compass insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Craftsmanship a scout must + +1. Build and finish unassisted one of the following articles: a round, +square or octagonal tabouret; round or square den or library table; +hall or piano bench; rustic arm chair or swing to be hung with chains; +or rustic table. + +2. He must also make plans or intelligent rough sketch drawing of the +piece selected. + + +Cycling + +[Illustration: Wheel insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Cycling a scout must + +1. Be able to ride a bicycle fifty miles in ten hours. + +2. Repair a puncture. + +3. Take apart and clean bicycle and put together again properly. + +4. Know how to make reports if sent out scouting on a road. + +5. Be able to read a map and report correctly verbal messages. + + +Dairying + + +[Illustration: Butter churn insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Dairying a scout must + +1. Understand the management of dairy cattle. + +2. Be able to milk. + +3. Understand the sterilization of milk, and care of dairy utensils +and appliances. + +{32} + +4. Test at least five cows for ten days each, with the Babcock test, +and make proper reports. + + +Electricity + + +[Illustration: Fist holding lightening insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Electricity a scout must + +1. Illustrate the experiment by which the laws of electrical +attraction and repulsion are shown. + +2. Name three uses of the direct current, and tell how it differs from +the alternating current. + +3. Make a simple electro-magnet. + +4. Have an elementary knowledge of the action of simple battery cells +and of the working of electric bells and telephones. + +5. Be able to remedy fused wire, and to repair broken electric +connections. + +6. Construct a machine to make static electricity or a wireless +apparatus. + +7. Have a knowledge of the method of resuscitation and rescue of a +person insensible from shock. + + +Firemanship + +[Illustration: Fire hose nozzle insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Firemanship, a scout must + +1. Know how to turn in an alarm for fire. + +2. Know how to enter burning buildings. + +3. Know how to prevent panics and the spread of fire. + +4. Understand the use of hose; unrolling, joining up, connecting two +hydrants, use of nozzle, etc. + +5. Understand the use of escapes, ladders, and chutes, and know the +location of exits in buildings which he frequents. + +6. Know how to improvise ropes and nets. + +7. Know what to do in case of panic, understand the fireman's lift and +drag, and how to work in fumes. + +8. Understand the use of fire extinguishers; how to rescue animals; +how to save property; how to organize a bucket brigade, and how to aid +the police in keeping back crowds. + + +First Aid + +[Illustration: Large "X" insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for First Aid a scout must + +1. Be able to demonstrate the Sylvester and Schaefer methods of +resuscitation. + +{33} + +2. Carry a person down a ladder. + +3. Bandage head and ankle. + +4. Demonstrate treatment of wound of the neck with severe arterial +hemorrhage. + +5. Treat mangling injury of the leg without severe hemorrhage. + +6. Demonstrate treatment for rupture of varicose veins of the leg with +severe hemorrhage. + +7. Show treatment for bite of finger by mad dog. + +8. Demonstrate rescue of person in contact with electric wire. + +9. Apply tourniquet to a principal artery. + +10. State chief differences between carbolic poisoning and +intoxication. + +11. Explain what to do for snake bite. + +12. Pass first aid test of American Red Cross Society. + + +First Aid to Animals + +[Illustration: Bandaged dog insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for First Aid to Animals a scout must + +1. Have a general knowledge of domestic and farm animals. + +2. Be able to treat a horse for colic. + +3. Describe symptoms and give treatment for the following: wounds, +fractures and sprains, exhaustion, choking, lameness. + +4. Understand horseshoeing. + + +Forestry + +[Illustration: Pine cone insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Forestry a scout must + +1. Be able to identify twenty-five kinds of trees when in leaf, or +fifteen kinds of deciduous (broad leaf) trees in winter, and tell some +of the uses of each. + +2. Identify twelve kinds of shrubs. + +3. Collect and identify samples of ten kinds of wood and be able to +tell some of their uses. + +4. Determine the height, and estimate the amount of timber, +approximately, in five trees of different sizes. + +{34} + +5. State laws for transplanting, grafting, spraying, and protecting +trees. + + +Gardening + +[Illustration: Corn cob insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Gardening, a scout must + +1. Dig and care for during the season a piece of ground containing not +less than 144 square feet. + +2. Know the names of a dozen plants pointed out in an ordinary garden. + +3. Understand what is meant by pruning, grafting, and manuring. + +4. Plant and grow successfully six kinds of vegetables or flowers from +seeds or cuttings. + +5. Cut grass with scythe under supervision. + + +Handicraft + +[Illustration: Hammer and Screwdriver insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Handicraft a scout must + +1. Be able to paint a door. + +2. Whitewash a ceiling. + +3. Repair gas fittings, sash lines, window and door fastenings. + +4. Replace gas mantles, washers, and electric light bulbs. + +5. Solder. + +6. Hang pictures and curtains. + +7. Repair blinds. + +8. Fix curtains, portiere rods, blind fixtures. + +9. Lay carpets and mend clothing and upholstery. + +10. Repair furniture and china. + +11. Sharpen knives. + +12. Repair gates. + +13. Fix screens on windows and doors. + + +Horsemanship + +[Illustration: Horseshoe insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Horsemanship a scout must + +1. Demonstrate riding at a walk, trot, and gallop. + +2. Know how to saddle and bridle a horse correctly. + +3. Know how to water and feed and to what amount, and how to groom a +horse properly. + +{35} + +4. Know how to harness a horse correctly in single or double harness +and to drive. + +5. Have a knowledge of the power of endurance of horses at work and +know the local regulations concerning driving. + +6. Know the management and care of horses. + +7. Be able to identify unsoundness and blemishes. + +8. Know the evils of bearing or check reins and of ill-fitting harness +or saddlery. + +9. Know two common causes of, and proper remedies for, lameness, and +know to whom he should refer cases of cruelty and abuse. + +10. Be able to judge as to the weight, height, and age of horses; know +three breeds and their general characteristics. + + +Interpreting + +[Illustration: Handshake insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Interpreting, a scout must + +1. Be able to carry on a simple conversation. + +2. Write a simple letter on subject given by examiners. + +3. Read and translate a passage from a book or newspaper, in French, +German, English, Italian, or any language that is not of his own +country. + + +Invention + +[Illustration: Gear insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Invention a scout must + +1. Invent and patent some useful article; + +2. Show a working drawing or model of the same. + + +Leather Working + +[Illustration: Awl insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Leather Working a scout must + +1. Have a knowledge of tanning and curing. + +{36} + +2. Be able to sole and heel a pair of boots, sewed or nailed, and +generally repair boots and shoes. + +3. Be able to dress a saddle, repair traces, stirrup leathers, etc., +and know the various parts of harness. + + +Life Saving + +[Illustration: Lifesaving buoy insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Life Saving a scout must + +1. Be able to dive into from seven to ten feet of water and bring from +bottom to surface a loose bag of sand weighing five pounds. + +2. Be able to swim two hundred yards, one hundred yards on back +without using the hands, and one hundred yards any other stroke. + +3. Swim fifty yards with clothes on (shirt, long trousers, and shoes +as minimum). + +4. Demonstrate (a) on land--five methods of release; (b) in the +water--two methods of release; (c) the Schaefer method of +resuscitation (prone pressure). + + +Machinery + +[Illustration: Pipewrench insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Machinery a scout must + +1. State the principles underlying the use and construction of the +lathe, steam boiler and engine, drill press and planer. + +2. Make a small wood or metal model illustrating the principles of +either levers, gears, belted pulleys, or block and fall. + + +Marksmanship + +[Illustration: Target insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Marksmanship a scout must + +1. Qualify as a marksman in accordance with the regulations of the +National Rifle Association. + + +Masonry + +[Illustration: Trowel insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Masonry a scout must + +1. Lay a straight wall with a corner. + +{37} + +2. Make mortar and describe process. + +3. Use intelligently a plumb-line, level, and trowel. + +4. Build a stone oven. + +5. Demonstrate a knowledge of various uses for cement. + +6. Build a dry wall. + + +Mining + +[Illustration: Shovel insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Mining a scout must + +1. Know and name fifty minerals. + +2. Know, name and describe the fourteen great divisions of the earth's +crust (according to Geikie). + +3. Define watershed, delta, drift, fault, glacier, terrace, stratum, +dip; and identify ten different kinds of rock. + +4. Describe methods for mine ventilation and safety devices. + + +Music + +[Illustration: Lyre insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Music a. scout must + +1. Be able to play a standard musical instrument satisfactorily. + +2. Read simple music. + +3. Write a satisfactory essay of not less than five hundred words on +the history of American music. + + +Ornithology + +[Illustration: Bird insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Ornithology a scout must + +1. Have a list of one hundred different kinds of birds personally +observed on exploration in the field. + +2. Have identified beyond question, by appearance or by note, +forty-five different kinds of birds in one day. + +3. Have made a good clear photograph of some wild bird, the bird image +to be over one half inch in length on the negative. + +4. Have secured at least two tenants in bird boxes erected by himself. + +{38} + +5. Have daily notes on the nesting of a pair of wild birds from the +time the first egg is laid until the young have left the nest. + +6. Have attracted at least three kinds of birds, exclusive of the +English sparrow, to a "lunch counter" which he has supplied. + + +Painting + +[Illustration: Paintbrush insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Painting a scout must + +1. Have knowledge of how to combine pigments in order to produce +paints in shades and tints of color. + +2. Know how to add positive colors to a base of white lead or of white +zinc. + +3. Understand the mixing of oils; turpentine, etc., to the proper +consistency. + +4. Paint a porch floor or other surface evenly and without laps. + +5. Know how and when to putty up nail holes and uneven surfaces. + +6. Present for inspection a panel covered with three coats of paint, +which panel must contain a border of molding, the body of the panel to +be painted in one color and the molding in another. + + +Pathfinding + +[Illustration: Indianhead insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Pathfinding a scout must + +1. Know every lane, by-path, and short cut for a distance of at least +two miles in every direction around the local scouts' headquarters in +the country. + +2. Have a general knowledge of the district within a five mile radius +of his local headquarters, so as to be able to guide people at any +time, by day or night. + +3. Know the general direction and population of the five principal +neighboring towns and be able to give strangers correct directions how +to reach them. + +4. Know in the country in the two mile radius, approximately, the +number of horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs owned on the five +neighboring farms: or in a town must know in a half-mile radius what +livery stables, garages and blacksmiths there are. + +5. Know the location of the nearest meat markets, bakeries, groceries, +and drug stores. + +{39} + +6. Know where the nearest police station, hospital, doctor, fire +alarm, fire hydrant, telegraph and telephone offices, and railroad +stations are. + +7. Know something of the history of the place, its principal public +buildings, such as town or city hall, post-office, schools, and +churches. + +8. As much as possible of the above information should be entered on a +large scale map. + + +Personal Health + +[Illustration: Heart insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Personal Health a scout must + +1. Write a statement on the care of the teeth. + +2. State a principle to govern in eating, and state in the order of +their importance, five rules to govern the care of his health. + +3. Be able to tell the difference in effect of a cold and hot bath. + +4. Describe the effect of alcohol and tobacco on the growing boy. + +5. Tell how to care for the feet on a march. + +6. Describe a good healthful game and state its merit. + +7. Describe the effects of walking as an exercise. + +8. Tell how athletics may be overdone. + + +Photography + +[Illustration: Camera and tripod insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Photography a scout must + +1. Have a knowledge of the theory and use of lenses, of the +construction of cameras, and the action of developers. + +2. Take, develop, and print twelve separate subjects: three interiors, +three portraits, three landscapes, and three instantaneous "action +photos." + +3. Make a recognizable photograph of any wild bird larger than a +robin, while on its nest; or a wild animal in its native haunts; or a +fish in the water. + + +Pioneering + +[Illustration: Pickaxe and hatchet insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Pioneering a scout must + +1. Fell a nine-inch tree or pole in a prescribed direction neatly and +quickly. + +{40} + +2. Tie six knots of knots quickly. + +3. Lash spars properly together for scaffolding. + +4. Build a modern bridge or derrick. + +5. Make a camp kitchen. + +6. Build a shack of one kind or another suitable for three occupants. + + +Plumbing + +[Illustration: Faucet insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Plumbing a scout must + +1. Be able to make wiped and brazed joints. + +2. Repair a burst pipe. + +3. Mend a ball or faucet tap. + +4. Understand the ordinary hot and cold water system of a house. + + +Poultry Farming + +[Illustration: Chicken insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Poultry Farming a scout must + +1. Have a knowledge of incubators, foster-mothers, sanitary fowl +houses, and coops and runs. + +2. Understand rearing, feeding, killing, and dressing birds for +market. + +3. Be able to pack birds and eggs for market. + +4. Raise a brood of not less than ten chickens. + +5. Report his observation and study of the hen, turkey, duck, and +goose. + + +Printing + +[Illustration: Ink roller insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Printing a scout must + +1. Know the names of ten different kinds of type and ten sizes of +paper. + +2. Be able to compose by hand or machines. + +3. Understand the use of hand or power printing machines. + +4. Print a handbill set up by himself. + +5. Be able to read and mark proof correctly. + + +Public Health + +[Illustration: Torch insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Public Health a scout must + +1. State what the chief causes of each of the following disease are: +tuberculosis, typhoid, malaria. + +{41} + +2. Draw a diagram showing how the house-fly carries disease. + +3. Tell what should be done to a house which has been occupied by a +person who has had a contagious disease. + +4. Tell how a scout may cooperate with the board of health in +preventing disease. + +5. Describe the method used in his community in disposing of garbage. + +6. Tell how a city should protect its foods; milk, meat, and exposed +foods. + +7. Tell how to plan the sanitary care of a camp. + +8. State the reason why school children should undergo a medical +examination. + + +Scholarship + +NOTE: The requirements for the merit badge for Scholarship had not +been decided upon when this book was published. Information about same +may be secured upon application to National Headquarters. + + +Sculpture + +[Illustration: Bust insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Sculpture a scout must + +1. Make a clay model from an antique design. + +2. Make a drawing and a model from nature, these models to be faithful +to the original and of artistic design. + + +Seamanship + +[Illustration: Anchor insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Seamanship + +1. Be able to tie rapidly six different knots. + +2. Splice ropes. + +3. Use a palm and needle. + +4. Fling a rope coil. + +5. Be able to row, pole, scull, and steer a boat; also bring a boat +properly alongside and make fast. + +6. Know how to box the compass, read a chart, and show use of parallel +rules and dividers. + +7. Be able to state direction by the stars and sun. + +8. Swim fifty yards with shoes and clothes on. + +{42} + +9. Understand the general working of steam and hydraulic winches, and +have a knowledge of weather wisdom and of tides. + + +Signaling + +[Illustration: Signal flags insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Signaling a scout must + +1. Send and receive a message in two of the following systems of +signaling: Semaphore, Morse, or Myer, not fewer than twenty-four +letters per minute. + +2. Be able to give and read signals by sound. + +3. Make correct smoke and fire signals. + + +Stalking + +[Illustration: Leaf insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Stalking a scout must + +1. Take a series of twenty photographs of wild animals or birds from +life, and develop and print them. + +2. Make a group of sixty species of wild flowers, ferns, or grasses, +dried and mounted in a book and correctly named. + +3. Make colored drawings of twenty flowers, ferns, or grasses, or +twelve sketches from life of animals or birds, original sketches as +well as the finished pictures to be submitted. + + +Surveying + +[Illustration: Theodolite insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Surveying a scout must + +1. Map correctly from the country itself the main features of half a +mile of road, with 440 yards each side to a scale of two feet to the +mile, and afterward draw same map from memory. + +2. Be able to measure the height of a tree, telegraph pole, and church +steeple, describing method adopted. + +3. Measure width of a river. + +4. Estimate distance apart of two objects a known distance away and +unapproachable. + +5. Be able to measure a gradient. + + +Swimming + +[Illustration: Swimmer insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Swimming a scout must + +1. Be able to swim one hundred yards. + +{43} + +2. Dive properly from the surface of the water. + +3. Demonstrate breast, crawl, and side stroke. + +4. Swim on the back fifty feet. + + +Taxidermy + +[Illustration: Talon insignia. (tr)] + +To obtain a merit badge for Taxidermy a scout must + +1. Have a knowledge of the game laws of the state in which he lives. + +2. Preserve and mount the skin of a game bird, or animal, killed in +season. + +3. Mount for a rug the pelt of some fur animal. + + +Life Scout + +[Illustration: Life Scout insignia. (tr)] + +The life scout badge will be given to all first-class scouts who have +qualified for the following five-merit badges: first aid, athletics, +life-saving, personal health, and public health. + + +Star Scout + +[Illustration: Star Scout insignia. (tr)] + + The star scout badge will be given to the first-class scout who has + qualified for ten merit badges. The ten include the list of badges + under life scout. + + +Eagle Scout + +[Illustration: Eagle Scout insignia. (tr)] + + Any first-class scout qualifying for twenty-one merit badges will be + entitled to wear the highest scout merit badge. This is an eagle's + head in silver, and represents the all-round perfect scout. + + +{44} + +Honor Medals + +[Illustration: Honor medal insignia. (tr)] + +A scout who is awarded any one of the following medals is entitled to +wear the same on the left breast: + +Bronze medal. Cross in bronze with first-class scout badge +superimposed upon it and suspended from a bar by a red ribbon. This is +awarded to a scout who has saved life. + +Silver Medal. Silver Cross with first-class scout badge superimposed +upon it and suspended from bar by blue ribbon. This medal is awarded +to a scout who saves life with considerable risk to himself. + +Gold Medal. Gold Cross with first-class scout badge superimposed upon +it and suspended from bar by white ribbon. This medal is the highest +possible award for service and heroism. It may be granted to a scout +who has saved life at the greatest possible risk to his own life, and +also to anyone who has rendered service of peculiar merit to the Boy +Scouts of America. + +The Honor Medal is a national honor and is awarded only by the +National Council. To make application for one of these badges the +facts must first be investigated by the Court of Honor of the Local +Council and presented by that body to the Court of Honor of the +National Council. + +_The Local Court of Honor may at any time invite experts to share in +their examinations and recommendations_. + +When the National Court of Honor has passed upon the application, the +proper medal will be awarded. + + +Badges of Rank + +The following devices are used to distinguish the various ranks of +scouts: + +Patrol Leader + +[Illustration: Patrol leader insignia. (tr)] + +Patrol Leader: The patrol leader's arm badge consists of two bars, +1-1/2-inches long and 3/8-inch wide, of white braid worn on the sleeve +below the left shoulder. In addition he may {45} wear all oxidized silver +tenderfoot, second-class or first-class scout badge according to his +rank. The assistant patrol leader wears one bar. + + +[Illustration: Service Stripe insignia. (tr)] + + +Service Stripes: For each year of service as a boy scout, he will be +entitled to wear a stripe of white braid around the sleeve above the +wrist, three stripes being changed for one red one. Five years of +scouting would be indicated by one red stripe and two white stripes. +The star indicates the position for wearing merit badges. + + +[Illustration: Scoutmaster insignia. (tr)] + +Scout Master: The badge of the scout commissioner, scout master, and +assistant scout master is the first-class scout's badge reproduced in +blue, green, and red, respectively, and are worn on the sleeve below +the left shoulder. + + +[Illustration: Star insignia. (tr)] + +Chief Scout: The badge of the Chief Scout is the first-class scout +badge with a five-pointed star above it embroidered in silver. + + +[Illustration: Caduceus (snakes on pole) insignia. (tr)] + +Chief Scout Surgeon: The badge of the Chief Scout Surgeon is the +first-class scout badge with a caduceus above it embroidered in +green. (The Chief Scout's staff wear the badge of rank in the same +manner as the Chief Scout.) + + +[Illustration: Crossed hatchets insignia. (tr)] + +Chief Scout Woodsman: The badge of the Chief Scout Woodsman is the +first-class scout badge with two crossed axes above it embroidered in +green. + + +[Illustration: Leaf insignia. (tr)] + +Chief Scout Stalker: The badge of the Chief Scout Stalker is the +first-class scout badge with an oak leaf above it embroidered in +blue. + + +[Illustration: Tongues of fire insignia. (tr)] + +Chief Scout Director of Health: The badge of the Chief Scout Director +of Health is the first-class scout badge with {46} tongues of fire +above it embroidered in red. + + +[Illustration: Moccasin insignia. (tr)] + +Chief Scout Camp Master: The badge of the Chief Scout Camp Master is +the first-class scout badge with a moccasin above it embroidered in +green: + + +[Illustration: Winged foot insignia. (tr)] + +Chief Scout of Athletics: The badge of the Chief Scout Director of +Athletics is the first-class scout badge with a winged Mercury foot +above it embroidered in green. + + +Chief Scout Director of Chivalry: The badge of the Chief Scout +Director of Chivalry is the first-class scout badge with the scout +sign above it embroidered in gold. + + +[Illustration: American Flag insignia. (tr)] + +Chief Scout Citizen: The badge of the Chief Scout Citizen is the +first-class scout badge with the United States flag above it in +silver. + + +Appropriate badges for national and local councilmen may be secured +from the National Headquarters. + + +Equipment + +_It should be clearly understood by all interested in the Scout +Movement that it is not necessary for a boy to have a uniform or any +other special equipment to carry out the scout program. There are a +great many troops in the country which have made successful progress +without any equipment whatever_. + +However, for the convenience of boys who wish to secure a uniform or +other equipment, the National Council has made arrangements with +certain manufacturers to furnish such parts of the equipment as may be +desired by the boys. Such arrangements have been made with these +manufacturers only after a great number of representative firms have +been given an opportunity to submit samples and prices; the prices +quoted to be uniform throughout the country. These manufacturers {47} +are given the privilege of using for a limited period an imprint of +the official badge as an indication that the Committee on Equipment is +willing to recommend the use of that particular article. The official +badge is fully protected by the U. S. Patent Laws and anyone using it +without expressed authority from National Headquarters is subject to +prosecution at law. + +Considerable difficulty has been experienced in the selection of the +material used in making coats, breeches, and shirts. The material used +in the boy scout coat, breeches, and shirt has been submitted to a +thirty-day sun test, the acid and strength test and is guaranteed to +be a fast color and durable. To show the result of the selection made, +the manufacturer of these articles has been given the privilege of +using the imprint of the official seal and the right to use the +official buttons. We recommend the purchase of the articles having +this imprint through any local dealer or through National +Headquarters. However, where a local council exists, buttons will be +supplied on order of the Executive Committee for use on such uniforms +as the Committee may desire to have made locally. In communities where +no local council has been formed, they may be supplied on order of a +registered scout master. Prices of the buttons per set for coat is 15 +cents and per set for shirt 10 cents. + +Every effort is made to have all parts of the uniform and equipment +available to scouts through local dealers. If such arrangements have +not been made in a community, the National Headquarters will be glad +to help in making such an arrangement. Many scout masters prefer to +order uniforms and other supplies direct from National Headquarters. +In order to cover the expense involved in handling these supplies, the +manufacturers have agreed to allow National Headquarters the same +trade discount allowed to local dealers. Trade through National +Headquarters if sufficiently large will help to meet a part of the +current expenses of the National Organization. Any combination desired +may be made from this list. A fairly complete equipment may be secured +at the very nominal sum of $2.15. For instance, the Summer equipment +which consists of: Hat, 50 cents; Shirt, 75 cents; Shorts, 50 cents; +Belt, 40 cents. + +Where it is desired to equip the members of the troop with a standard +uniform the following equipment is suggested: Hat, Shirt, Coat, +Breeches or Knickerbockers, Belt, Leggings or Stockings, shoes, +Haversack. + +{48} + +Other combinations may be made according to the resources of the boys +forming the troop. + +However, it is recommended that each troop decide upon a definite +combination to be worn by its members so that all of the scouts in the +troop may dress alike. Each boy should pay for his own supplies and +equipment. Soliciting donations for this purpose should be prohibited. + + +A complete list of all supplies and equipment with full information +about places where same can be secured is given in the appendix of +this book. + + +KNOTS EVERY SCOUT SHOULD KNOW + +_By Samuel A. Moffat, Boy Scouts of America_ + +Every scout knows what rope is. From the earliest moment of his play +life he has used it in connection with most of his games. In camp life +and on hikes he will be called upon to use it again and again. It is +therefore not essential to describe here the formation of rope; its +various sizes and strength. The important thing to know is how to use +it to the best advantage. To do this an intelligent understanding of +the different knots and how to tie them is essential. Every day +sailors, explorers, mechanics, and mountain-climbers risk their lives +on the knots that they tie. Thousands of lives have been sacrificed to +ill-made knots. The scout therefore should be prepared in an +emergency, or when necessity demands, to tie the right knot in the +right way. + +There are three qualities to a good knot: 1. Rapidity with which it +can be tied. 2. Its ability to hold fast when pulled tight, and 3. The +readiness with which it can be undone. + +The following knots, recommended to scouts, are the most serviceable +because they meet the above requirements and will be of great help in +scoutcraft. If the tenderfoot will follow closely the various steps +indicated in the diagrams, he will have little difficulty in +reproducing them at pleasure. + +In practising knot-tying a short piece of hemp rope may be used. To +protect the ends from fraying a scout should know how to "whip" them. +The commonest method of "whipping" is as follows: + + +[Illustration: Whipping.] + +Lay the end of a piece of twine along the end of the rope. {49} Hold +it to the rope with the thumb of your left hand while you wind the +standing part around it and the rope until the end of the twine has +been covered. Then with the other end of the twine lay a loop back on +the end of the rope and continue winding the twine upon this second +end until all is taken up. The end is then pulled back tight and cut +off close to the rope. + +For the sake of clearness a scout must constantly keep in mind these +three principal parts of the rope: + + +[Illustration: Rope loop. (tr)] + +1. _The Standing Part_--The long unused portion of the rope on which +he works; + +2. _The Bight_--The loop formed whenever the rope is turned back +upon itself; and, + +3. _The End_--The part he uses in leading. Before proceeding with the +tenderfoot requirements, a scout should first learn the two primary +knots: the overhand and figure-of-eight knots. + + +[Illustration: Overhand knot.] + +_The Overhand Knot_. + +Start with the position shown in the preceding diagram. Back the end +around the standing part and up through the bight and draw tight. + + +[Illustration: Figure eight knot.] + +_The Figure of Eight Knot_. Make a bight as before. Then lead the end +around back of the standing part and down through the bight. + +After these preliminary steps, the prospective tenderfoot may proceed +to learn the required knots. + +{50} + +[Illustration: Reef knot.] + +_Square or Reef Knot_. The commonest knot for tying two ropes together. +Frequently used in first-aid bandaging. Never slips or jams; easy to +untie. + + +[Illustration: False reef knot.] + +_False Reef or Granny_. If the ends are not crossed correctly when +making the reef knot, the false reef or granny is the result. This +knot is always bad. + + +[Illustration: Sheet bend knot.] + +_Sheet Bend or Weaver's Knot_. This knot is used in bending the sheet to +the clew of a sail and in tying two rope-ends together. + +Make a bight with one rope A, B, then pass end C, of other rope up +through and around the entire bight and bend it under its own standing +part. + + +[Illustration: Bowline knot.] + +_The Bowline_. A noose that neither jams nor slips. Used in lowering a +person from a burning building, etc. + +Form a small loop on the standing part leaving the end long enough for +the size of the noose required. Pass the end up through the bight +around the standing part and down through the bight again. To tighten, +hold noose in position and pull standing part. + + +[Illustration: Halter knot.] + +_Halter, Slip, or Running Knot_. A bight is first formed and an overhand +knot made with the end around the standing part. + + +[Illustration: Sheepshank knot.] + +_Sheepshank_. Used for shortening ropes. Gather up the amount to be +shortened, then make a half hitch round each of the bends as shown in +the diagram. + + +{51} + +[Illustration: Clove hitch knot.] + +_Clove Hitch_. Used to fasten one pole to another in fitting up +scaffolding; this knot holds snugly; is not liable to slip laterally. +Hold the standing part in left hand, then pass the rope around the +pole; cross the standing part, making a second turn around the pole, +and pass the end under the last turn. + + +[Illustration: Fisherman's bend knot.] + +_The Fisherman's Bend_. Used aboard yachts for bending on the gaff +topsail halliards. It consists of two turns around a spar or ring, +then a half hitch around the standing part and through the turns on +the spar, and another half hitch above it around the standing part. + + +[Illustration: Timber hitch knot.] + +_Timber Hitch_. Used in hauling timber. Pass the end of the rope around +the timber. Then lead it around its standing part and bring it back to +make two or more turns on its own part. The strain will hold it +securely. + + +[Illustration: Two half hitches knot.] + +_Two Half Hitches_. Useful because they are easily made and will not +slip under any strain. Their formation is sufficiently indicated by +the diagram. + + +[Illustration: Blackwall hitch knot.] + +_Blackwall Hitch_. Used to secure a rope to a hook. The standing part +when hauled tight holds the end firmly. + + +[Illustration: Becket hitch knot.] + +_Becket Hitch_. For joining a cord to a rope. May be easily made from +diagram. + + +{52} + + +[Illustration: Fisherman's knot.] + +_The Fisherman's Knot_. Used for tying silk-worm gut for fishing +purposes. It never slips; is easily unloosed by pulling the two short +ends. + +The two ropes are laid alongside one another, then with each end an +overhand knot is made around the standing part of the other. Pull the +standing parts to tighten. + + +[Illustration: Carrick bend knot.] + +_Carrick Bend_. Used in uniting hawsers for towing. Is easily untied by +pushing the loops inwards. + +Turn the end of one rope A over its standing part B to form a loop. +Pass the end of the other rope across the bight thus formed, back of +the standing part B over the end A, then under the bight at C, passing +it over its own standing part and under the bight again at D. + + +[Illustration: Mariner's compass.] + +The Mariner's Compass + +Boxing the Compass consists in enumerating the points, beginning with +north and working around the circle as follows: +North +North by East +North, North-east +North-east by North +North-east +North-east by East +East, North-east +East by North +East +East by South +East, South-east +South-east by East +South-east +South-east by South + +{53} + +South, South-east +South by East +South +South by West +South, South-west +South-west by South +South-west +South-west by West +West, South-west +West by South +West +West by North +West, North-west +North-west by West +North-west +North-west by North +North, North-west +North by West +North + + +NOTES + +{54} + +Notes + + +{55} + +Notes + + +{56} + +Notes + + +{57} + +CHAPTER II + +WOODCRAFT + +Woodlore + +_By Ernest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout_ + +The Watch for a Compass +(From "Boy Scouts of America," by Ernest Thompson Seton. Copyright, +1910, by Doubleday, Page & Company ) + + +The watch is often used to give the compass point exactly. Thus: Point +the hour-hand to the sun; then, in the morning, half-way between the +hour-hand and noon is due south. If afternoon, one must reckon +half-way backward. + +Thus: at 8 A. M., point the hour-hand to the sun and reckon forward +half-way to noon; the south is at 10. If at 4 P. M., point the +hour-hand at the sun and reckon back half-way. The south is at two +o'clock. + +The "half-way" is because the sun makes a course of twenty-four hours +and the clock of but twelve. If we had a rational timepiece of +twenty-four hours, it would fit in much better with all nature, and +with the hour-hand pointed to the sun would make 12 o'clock, noon, +always south. + +If you cannot see the sun, get into a clear, open space, hold your +knife point upright on your watch dial, and it will cast a faint +shadow, showing where the sun really is, unless the clouds are very +heavy. + + +Finding Your Latitude by the Stars + +The use of the stars to the scout is chiefly to guide him by showing +the north, but the white man has carried the use a step farther: he +makes the Pole-star tell him not only where the north is, but where he +himself is. From the Pole-star, he can learn his latitude. + +It is reckoned an exploit to take one's latitude from the North Star +with a cart-wheel, or with two sticks and a bucket of water. + + +{58} + +The first attempt I made was with two sticks and a bucket of water. I +arranged the bucket in the daytime, so that it could be filled from +rim to rim; that is, it was level, and that gave me the horizon line; +next, I fastened my two sticks together at an adjustable angle. Then, +laying one stick across the bucket as a base, I raised the other till +the two sight notches on its upper edge were in straight line for the +Pole-star. The sticks were now fastened at this angle and put away +till the morning. On a smooth board--the board is allowable because it +can be found either far on the plains when you have your wagon, or on +the ship at sea--I mapped out, first a right angle, by the old plan of +measuring off a triangle, whose sides were six, eight, and ten inches, +and applied the star angle to this. By a process of equal subdivision +I got 45 degrees, 22-1/2 degrees, finally 40 degrees, which seemed to +be the latitude of my camp; subsequent looking-up showed it to be 41 +degrees 10 minutes. + + +[Illustration: Bucket and sticks. (tr)] + + +Of course, it is hard to imagine that the boys will ever be so placed +that it is important for them to take their latitude with home-made +implements; but it is also hard to imagine circumstances under which +it would be necessary to know that the sun is 92,000,000 miles away. +It is very sure, however, that a boy who has once done this has a +larger idea of the world and its geography, and it is likely to help +him in realizing that there is some meaning to the lines and figures +on the border of his school maps, and that they are not put there +merely to add to his perplexities. + + +[Illustration: Sundial, or hunter's clock.] + + +{59} + +To make a scout's sundial, prepare a smooth board about fifteen inches +across, with a circle divided into twenty-four equal parts, and a +temporarily hinged pointer, whose upper edge is in the middle of the +dial. Place on some dead level, solid post or stump in the open. At +night fix the dial so that the twelve o'clock line points exactly to +north, as determined by the Polestar. Then, using two temporary +sighting sticks of exactly the same height (so as to permit sighting +clear above the edge of the board) set the pointer exactly pointing to +the Pole-star; that is, the same angle as the latitude of the place, +and fix it there immovably. Then remove the two sighting sticks. As a +timepiece, this dial will be found roughly correct for that latitude. +The angle of the pointer, or style, must be changed for each latitude. + + +Building a Log Cabin +(From Country Life in America. May, 1905 ) + + +There are as many different kinds of log cabins as of any other +architecture. It is best to begin with the simplest. The tools needed +are a sharp ax, a crosscut saw, an inch auger, and a spade. It is +possible to get along with nothing but an ax (many settlers had no +other tool), but the spade, saw, and auger save much work. + +For the site select a high, dry place, in or near the woods, and close +to the drinking-water. It should be a sunny place, and with a view, +preferably one facing south or east. Clear off and level the ground. +Then bring your logs. These are more picturesque with the bark left +on, but last longer peeled. Eight feet by twelve feet outside makes a +good cabin for three or four boys. + +Cut and carry about twelve logs, each ten feet long; and twelve more, +each fourteen feet long. The logs should be at least six inches +through. Soft wood is preferable, as it is easier to handle; the four +ground logs or sills, at least, should be of cedar, chestnut, or other +wood that does not rot. Lay two of the fourteen-foot logs on the +ground, at the places for the long sides, and seven feet apart. Then +across them, at the end, lay two short ones, eleven feet apart. This +leaves about a foot projecting from each log. Roll the last two into +their resting places, and flatten them till they sit firmly. It is of +prime importance that each log rest immovably on the one below. Now +cut the upper part of each end log, to an edge over each corner. (Fig. +1.) + + +{60} + + +[Illustration: Log cabin, figures 1 to 10.] + + +Next put on two long logs, roll them onto the middle, taking care to +change off, so the big end at a given comer may be followed next time +by the small end and insure the corner rising evenly. Roll one of +these large logs close to where it is to be placed, then cut on its +upper surface at each end a notch corresponding with the ridge on the +log it is to ride on. When ready, half a roll drops it into place. The +log should be one to three inches above the one under it, and should +not touch except at {61} the ends. Repeat the process now with the other +sides, then the two ends, etc., always keeping the line of the corner +plumb. As the walls rise, it will be found necessary to skid the +larger logs; that is, roll them up on two long logs, or skids, leaning +against the wall. (Fig. 2.) + +When the logs are in place to the height of four and a half feet from +the ground, it is time to decide where the door and window are to be; +and at that place, while the next long log is lying on top, bottom up, +cut out a piece four feet long and four inches deep. Roll this log +into place. (Fig. 3.) One more log above this, or certainly two, will +make your shanty high enough for boys. Put on final end logs, then two +others across the shanty. (Fig. 4.) Roll up the biggest, strongest log +of all for the ridge (sometimes two are used side by side); it should +lie along the middle of the four cross pieces shown in Fig. 4. + +The two cross logs, B and C, and the ridge log should be very strong, +as the roof is heavy. Now we are ready to cut the doorway and window. + +First, drive in blocks of wood between each of the logs, all the way +down from A to the ground, and from B down to D, and C to E. (Fig. 5.) +Saw down now from A half-way through the ground log F. Then from B +down to half-way through the log D; now continue from G, cutting down +to half through the ground log. Use the ax to split out the upper half +of the ground log, between the saw-cuts and also the upper half of the +log D. + +Hew a flat piece of soft wood, five or six inches wide, about two +inches thick, and as long as the height of this doorway. Set it up +against the ends of the logs A to F. Bore an auger hole through it +into the end of each log (these holes must not be in line lest they +split the jamb), including the top and bottom ones, and drive into +each a pin of oak. This holds all safely. Do the same on the other +side, H to E, and put a small one down B, D, which is the side of the +window. + +Now we are ready to finish the roof. Use the ax to bevel off the +corners of the four cross-logs, A and B. (Fig. 6.) Then get a lot of +strong poles, about five feet long, and lay them close together along +the two sides of the roof till it is covered with poles; putting a +very heavy one, or small log, on the outer edge of each, and fastening +it down with a pin into the ridge log. Cut two long poles and lay one +on each of the lower ends of the roof poles, as at A, B, and C (Fig. +7), pinning them to the side logs. + +Cover this roof with a foot of hay or straw or grass, and cover {62} +that again evenly with about four inches of stiff clay. Pack this +down. It will soon squeeze all that foot of straw down to little more +than one inch, and will make a warm and water-tight roof. As the clay +is very heavy, it is wise, before going inside, to test the roof by +jumping on it. If it gives too much, it will be well to add a centre +prop. + +Now for the door: Hew out planks; two should be enough. Fasten these +together with two cross-pieces and one angle-piece, using oak pegs +instead of nails, if you wish to be truly primitive. For these the +holes should be bored part way with a gimlet, and a peg used larger +than the hole. The lower end of the back plank is left projecting in a +point. (Fig. 8.) This point fits into a hole pecked with a point or +bored with an auger into the door-sill. + +Bore another hole near the top of the door (A), and a corresponding +one through the door-jamb between two logs. Set the door in place. A +strip of rawhide leather, a limber willow branch, or a strip of +hickory put through the auger hole of the door and wedged into the +hole in the jamb, makes a truly wild-wood hinge. A peg in the front +jamb prevents the door going too far out, and a string and peg inside +answer for a latch. + +The window opening may be closed with a glass sash, with a piece of +muslin, or with the rawhide of an animal, scraped clear of hair and +stretched on a frame. + +It now remains to chink and plaster the place. + +Chinking is best done from the inside. Long triangular strips and +blocks of wood are driven in between the logs and fastened there with +oak pins driven into the lower log till nothing but small crannies +remain. Some cabins are finished with moss plugged into all the +crannies, but mud worked into plaster does better. + +It should be put on the outside first, and afterward finished form the +inside. It is best done really with two plasterers working together, +one inside and one out. + +This completes the shanty, but a bunk and fireplace are usually added. + +The fireplace may be in one corner, or in the middle of the end. It is +easiest to make in the former. + +Across the corner, peg three angle braces, each about three feet long. +These are to prevent the chimney falling forward. + +Now begin to build with stone, using mud as mortar, a fireplace this +shape. (Fig. 9.) Make the opening about eighteen inches across; carry +it up two feet high, drawing it in a little, then lay a long stone +across the front, after which build up {63} the flue behind the corner +braces right up to the roof. The top corner-piece carries the rafter +that may be cut off to let the flue out. Build the chimney up outside +as high as the highest part of the ridge. + +But the ideal fireplace is made with the chimney on the outside of the +cabin, at the middle of the end farthest from the door. For this you +must cut a hole in the end log, like a big, low window, pegging a jamb +on the ends as before. + +With stones and mud you now build a fireplace inside the shanty, with +the big chimney carried up outside, always taking care that there are +several inches of mud or stone between the fire and any of the logs. + +In country where stone cannot be found, the fireplace is often built +of mud, sustained by an outside cribbing of logs. + +If the flue is fair size, that is, say one quarter the size of the +fireplace opening, it will be sure to draw. + +The bunk should be made before the chinks are plastered, as the +hammering is apt to loosen the mud. + +Cut eight or ten poles a foot longer than you need the bunk; cut the +end of each into a flat board and drive these between the long logs at +the right height and place for the bunk, supporting the other end on a +crosspiece from a post to the wall. Put a very big pole on the outer +side, and all is ready for the bed; most woodsmen make this of small +fir boughs. + +There are two other well-known ways of cornering the logs--one is +simply flattening the logs where they touch. This, as well as the +first one, is known in the backwoods of Canada as hog-pen finish. The +really skilful woodsmen of the North always dovetail the comers and +saw them flush: (Fig. 10) + +Sometimes it is desirable to make a higher gable than that which one +ridge log can make. Then it is made thus: (Fig. 11.) This is as much +slope as a clay roof should have; with any more, the clay would wash +off. + +This is the simplest way to build a log-cabin, but it illustrates all +the main principles of log building. Shingle roofs and gables, broad +piazzas outside, and modern fitting inside, are often added nowadays in +summer camps, but it must be clear that the more towny you make the +cabin, the less woodsy it is, and less likely to be the complete rest +and change that is desired. + +For fuller instructions, see "Log-Cabins and Cottages." By. Wm. S. +Wicks, 1900. (Pub. Forest and Stream, N. Y.) {64} Also, "The Jack of +All Trades." By Dan C. Beard, Scribner's; and "Field and Forest Handy +Book." + + +Measuring Distances +(See "Two Little Savages," 1903.) + +The height of a tree is easily measured when on a level, open place, +by measuring the length of its shadow, then comparing that with your +own shadow, or that of a ten-foot pole. + +Thus, the ten-foot pole is casting a fifteen-foot shadow, and the +tree's shadow is one hundred and fifty feet long, apply the simple +rule of three. + +15 : 150 :: 10 : x = 100 + +But it is seldom so easy, and the good old rule of the triangle can be +safely counted on: Get a hundred or more feet from your tree, on open +ground, as nearly as possible on the level of its base. Set up a +ten-foot pole (A B, page 65). Then mark the spot where the exact line +from the top of the tree over the top of the pole touches the ground +(C). Now measure the distance from that spot (C) to the foot of the +ten-foot pole (B); suppose it is twenty feet. Measure also the +distance from that spot (C) to the base of the tree (D); suppose it is +one hundred and twenty feet, then your problem is: + +20 : 10 :: 120 : x = 60 + +i.e., if at that angle twenty feet from the eye gives ten feet +elevation, one hundred and twenty feet must give sixty. + +_To make a right angle_, make a triangle whose sides are exactly six, +eight, and ten feet or inches each (or multiples of these). The angle +opposite the ten must be a true right angle. + + +[Illustration: To make a right angle.] + + +There are many ways of measuring distance across rivers, etc., without +crossing. The simplest, perhaps, is by the equilateral triangle. Cut +three poles of exactly equal length; peg them together into a +triangle. Lay {65} this on the bank of the river so one side points to +some point on the opposite bank. Drive in three pegs to mark the exact +points of this triangle (A,B,C). Then move it along the bank until you +find a place (F,E,G) where its base is on line with the two pegs, +where the base used to be, and one side in line with the point across +the river (D). The width of the river is seven eighths of the base of +this great triangle. + + +[Illustration: Measuring the width of a river by sighting with +a triangle. (tr)] + + +Another method is by the isosceles triangle. Make a right-angled +triangle as above, with sides six, eight, and ten feet (A,B,C); then, +after firmly fixing the right angle, cut down the eight-foot side to +six feet and saw off the ten-foot side to fit. Place this with the +side D B on the river bank in line with the sight object (X) across. +Put three pegs to mark the three {66} corner places. Then take the +triangle along the bank in the direction of C until C' D' are in line +with the sight object, while B' C' is in line with the pegs B C. Then +the length of the long base B C' will equal the distance from B to X. + + +[Illustration: Measuring height of tree.] + + +[Illustration: Measuring the distance between two distant objects.] + +To measure the space between two distant objects, D and E. Line A B on +one, then move this right-angled triangle until F G is lined on the +other, with B G in line with G H. B G equals the space between D and E +then. + +If the distance is considerable, it may be measured sometimes by +sound. Thus, when a gun is fired, a man is chopping, or a dog barking, +count the seconds between the sight and the hearing of the sound, and +multiply by eleven hundred feet, which is the distance sound travels +in a second. + +[Illustration: To climb a tree that is too thick--Place small tree +against it.] + +{67} + +Occasionally, the distance of an upright bank, cliff, or building can +be measured by the echo. Half the seconds between shout and echo, +multiplied by eleven hundred gives the distance in feet. + +The usual way to estimate long distances is by the time they take to +cover. Thus, a good canoe on dead water goes four to five miles an +hour. A man afoot walks three and a half miles an hour on good roads. +A packtrain goes two and a half miles an hour, or perhaps one and a +half on the mountain trails. + +A man's thumb is an inch wide. + +Span of thumb and longest finger, nine inches. Brisk walking pace is +one yard for men. + + +What To Do When Lost in the Woods +(Ladies' Home Journal, October, 1902.) + + +"Did you ever get lost in the woods?" I once asked a company of twenty +campers. Some answered, "Yes; once or twice." Others said, "Many a +time." Only two said, "No, never." Then I said, turning to the two, "I +know that all the others here have had plenty of experience, and that +you two are the tenderfeet, and never lived in the woods." + +It is quite certain to come sooner or later; if you go camping, you +will get lost in the woods. Hunters, Indians, yes, birds and beasts, +get lost at times. You can avoid it for long by always taking your +bearings and noting the landscape before leaving the camp, and this +you should always do; but still you will get lost some time, and it is +well to be ready for it by carrying matches, knife, and compass. + +When you do miss your way, the first thing to remember is, like the +Indian, "You are not lost; it is the teepee that is lost." It isn't +serious. It cannot be so unless you do something foolish. + +The first and most natural thing to do is to get on a hill, up a tree, +or other high lookout, and seek for some landmark near camp. You may +be sure of this much: + +You are not nearly so far from camp as you think you are. Your friends +will soon find you. + +You can help them best by signaling. + +The worst thing you can do is to get frightened. The truly dangerous +enemy is not the cold or the hunger so much as the fear. It is fear +that robs the wanderer of his judgment and of his limb power; it is +fear that turns the passing experience into a final tragedy. Only keep +cool and all will be well. + +{68} + +If there is snow on the ground, you can follow your back track. + +If you see no landmark, look for the smoke of the fire. Shout from +time to time, and wait; for though you have been away for hours it is +quite possible you are within earshot of your friends. If you happen +to have a gun, fire it off twice in quick succession on your high +lookout; then wait and listen. Do this several times and wait plenty +long enough--perhaps an hour. If this brings no help, send up a +distress signal--that is, make two smoke fires by smothering two +bright fires with green leaves and rotten wood, and keep them at least +fifty feet apart, or the wind will confuse them. Two shots or two +smokes are usually understood to mean "I am in trouble." Those in camp +on seeing this should send up one smoke, which means, "Camp is here." + +If you have a dog or a horse with you, you may depend upon it he can +bring you out all right; but usually you will have to rely on +yourself. The simplest plan, when there is fresh snow and no wind, is +to follow your own track back. No matter how far around or how crooked +it may be, it will certainly bring you out safely. + +If you are sure of the general direction to the camp and determined to +keep moving, leave a note pinned on a tree if you have paper; if not, +write with charcoal on a piece of wood, and also make a good smoke, so +that you can come back to this spot if you choose. But make certain +that the fire cannot run, by clearing the ground around it and by +banking it around with sods. And mark your course by breaking or +cutting a twig every fifty feet. You can keep straight by the sun, the +moon, or the stars, but when they are unseen you must be guided by the +compass. I do not believe much in guidance by what are called nature's +compass signs. It is usual to say, for example, that the north side of +the tree has the most moss or the south side the most limbs, etc. +While these are true in general, there are so many exceptions that +when alarmed and in doubt as to which is north, one is not in a frame +of mind to decide with certainty on such fine points. + +If a strong west wind, for example, was blowing when you left camp, +and has blown ever since, you can be pretty sure it is still a west +wind; but the only safe and certain natural compass guides are the +sun, moon, and stars. + +The Pole or North Star, and the Great Bear (also called the Dipper and +the Pointers), should be known to every boy as they are to every +Indian. The Pointers always point out the {69} Pole-star. Of course, +they go around it once in twenty-four hours, so this makes a kind of +clock. + +The stars, then, will enable you to keep straight if you travel. But +thick woods, fog, or clouds are apt to come up, and without something +to guide you are sure to go around in a circle. + +Old woodsmen commonly follow down the streams. These are certain to +bring you out somewhere; but the very worst traveling is along the +edges of the streams, and they take you a long way around. All things +considered, it is usually best to stay right where you are, especially +if in a wild country where there is no chance of finding a farm house. +Make yourself comfortable for the night by gathering plenty of good +wood while it is daylight, and building a wind screen on three sides, +with the fire in front, and something to keep you off the ground. Do +not worry but keep up a good fire; and when day comes renew your two +smokes and wait. A good fire is the best friend of a lost man. + +I have been lost a number of times, but always got out without serious +trouble, because I kept cool. The worst losing I ever got was after I +had been so long in the West that I qualified to act as a professional +guide, and was engaged by a lot of Eastern farmers looking for land +locations. + +This was in the October of 1883 on the Upper Assiniboin. The main body +of the farmers had remained behind. I had gone ahead with two of them. +I took them over hundreds of miles of wild country. As we went +northward the country improved. We were traveling with oxen, and it +was our custom to let them graze for two hours at noon. One warm day, +while the oxen were feeding, we went in our shirt sleeves to a distant +butte that promised a lookout. We forgot about the lateness till the +sun got low. Even then I could have got back to camp, but clouds came +up and darkness fell quickly. Knowing the general direction I kept on, +and after half an hour's tramp we came to a canyon I had never seen +before. I got out my compass and a match and found that I had been +circling, as one is sure to do in the dark. I corrected the course and +led off again. After another brief turn I struck another match and +learned from the compass that I was again circling. This was +discouraging, but with corrected course we again tramped. I was +leading, and suddenly the dark ground ten feet ahead of me turned +gray. I could not make it out, so went cautiously nearer. I lay down, +reached forth, and then slowly made sure that we were on the edge of a +steep precipice. I backed off, {70} and frankly told the men I did not +know where we were. I got out my match box and compass and found I had +but one match left. + +"Any of you got any matches?" I asked. "No; left 'em all in our +coats," was their answer. + +"Well," said I, "I have one. Shall I use it to get a new course from +the compass, or shall we make a fire and stay here till morning?" + +All voted to camp for the night. There was now a cold rain. + +We groped into a hollow where we got some dead wood, and by using our +knives got some dry chips from the inside of a log. When all was ready +we gathered close around, and I got out the one match. I was about to +strike it when the younger of the men said: + +"Say, Seton, you are not a smoker; Jack is. Hadn't you better give him +that match?" + +There was sense in this. I have never in my life smoked. Jack was an +old stager and an adept with matches. I handed it to him. +"Rrrp-fizz"--and in a minute we had a fire. + +With the help of the firelight we now found plenty of dead wood; we +made three blazing fires side by side, and after an hour we removed +the centre one, then raked away all the hot ashes, and all lay down +together on the warm ground. When the morning came the rain ceased. We +stretched our stiffened limbs and made for camp. Yes, there it was in +plain view two miles away across a fearful canyon. Three steps more on +that gloomy night and we should have been over the edge of that canyon +and dashed to the bottom. + + +How to Make Fire by Rubbing Sticks + +"How do the Indians make a fire without matches?" asked a boy who +loved to "play Indian." Most of us have heard the answer to this. "The +Indians use a flint and steel, as our own fathers and mothers did one +hundred years ago, and before they had flint and steel they used +rubbing-sticks." We have all read about bringing fire out of two +sticks by rubbing them together. I tried it once for an hour, and I +know now I never would have got it in a thousand years as I was doing +it. Others have had the same experience; consequently, most persons +look upon this as a sort of fairy tale, or, if they believe it to be +true, they think it so difficult as to be worth no second thought. All +scouts, I find, are surprised and greatly interested to learn that not +only is it possible, it is easy, to make a friction {71} fire, if you +know how; and hopeless, if you don't. I have taught many boys and men +(including some Indians) to do it, and some have grown so expert that +they make it nearly as quickly as with an old-fashioned sulphur match. +When I first learned from Walter Hough, who learned from the Indians, +it took me from five to ten minutes to get a blazing fire--not half an +hour, as some books have it. But later I got it down to a minute, then +to thirty-one seconds from the time of taking up the rubbing-sticks to +having a fine blaze, the time in getting the first spark being about +six seconds. + +My early efforts were inspired by book accounts of Indian methods, +but, unfortunately, I have never yet seen a book account that was +accurate enough to guide anyone successfully in the art of +fire-making. All omit one or other of the absolute essentials, or +dwell on some triviality. The impression they leave on those who know +is that the writers did not. + +The surest and easiest method of making a friction fire is by use of +the bow-drill. Two sticks, two tools, and some tinder are needed. + +The two sticks are the drill and the fire-board, or fire-block. The +books generally tell us that these must be of different kinds of wood. +This is a mistake. I have uniformly gotten the best results with two +pieces of the same kind--all the better, indeed, if they are parts of +the same stick. + + +What Kind of Wood + +This is a very important question, as woods that are too hard, too +soft, too wet, too oily, too gummy, or too resinous will not produce +fire. The wood should be soft enough to wear away, else it produces no +punk, and hard enough to wear slowly, or the heat is not enough to +light the punk, and, of course, it should be highly inflammable. Those +that I have had the best luck with are balsam fir, cottonwood roots, +tamarack, European larch, red cedar, white cedar, Oregon cedar, +basswood, cypress, and sometimes second-growth white pine. It should +always be a dry, sound stick, brash, but not in the least punky. + +In each part of the country there seems to be a kind of wood well +suited for fire-making. The Eastern Indians used cedar; the Northern +Indians, cedar or balsam fir; the plains Indians used cottonwood or +sage-brush roots. + +Perhaps the most reliable of all is dry and seasoned balsam fir; +either the species in the North woods or in the Rockies will do. It +gives a fine big spark or coal in about seven seconds. + +{72} + +When in the grinding the dust that runs out of the notch is coarse and +brown, it means that the wood is too soft; when it is very fine and +scanty it means that the wood is too hard. + + +[Illustration: The rubbing-sticks for fire-making.] + + +1. The simplest kind of bow; a bent stick with a stout leather thong +fastened at each end. It is about 27 inches long and 5/8 inch thick. + +2. A more elaborate bow with a hole at each end for the thong. At the +handle end it goes through a disc of wood. This is to tighten the +thong by pressure of the hand against the disc while using. + +3. Simplest kind of drill-socket; a pine or hemlock knot with a +shallow hole or pit in it. 3a is under view of same. It is about 4-1/2 +inches long. + +4. A more elaborate drill-socket; a pebble cemented with gum in a +wooden holder. 4a is under view of same. + +5. A very elaborate drill-socket; it is made of tulip wood, carved to +represent the Thunderbird. It has eyes of green felspar cemented in +with resin. On the under side (5a) is seen, in the middle, a soapstone +socket let into the wood and fastened with pine gum, and on the head a +hole kept filled with grease, to grease the top of the drill before +use. + +6. The drill; 12 to 18 inches long and about 3/4 inch thick; it is +roughly eight-sided so the thong will not slip, and pointed at each +end. The best wood for the drill is old, dry brash, but not punky, +balsam fir or cottonwood roots; but basswood, white cedar, red cedar, +tamarack, and sometimes even white pine, will do. + +7. Fire-board or block; about 3/4 inch thick and any length handy; a +is notch with pit just begun, b shows the pit after once using and in +good trim for second time, c shows the pit bored through and now +useless; the notch is 1/2 inch wide and 3/4 inch deep. + +8. Shows the way of using the sticks. The block (a) is held down with +one foot, the end of the drill (b) is put in the pit, the drill-socket +(c) is held on top in left hand, one end of the bow (d) is held in the +right hand, while the bow is drawn back and forth. + +9. Is a little wooden fire-pan, not essential but convenient; its thin +edge is put under the notch to catch the powder that falls. + +{73} + +I have made many experiments to determine whether there is anything in +the idea that it is better to have the block and the drill of +different woods. + +But no hybrid combination was so successful as "two of a kind." + +The drill and the bow and socket are fully described in the +illustration. + +The preparing of the fire-board is one of the most important things. +At the edge cut a notch half an inch wide and about three fourths of +an inch deep; at the top of this notch make a pit or shallow hole, and +the board is ready. The importance of this notch is such that it is +useless to try fire-making without it. + +While these are the essentials, it is well to get ready, also, some +tinder. I have tried a great many different kinds of lint and punk, +including a number that were artificially prepared, soaked with +saltpetre or other combustibles. But these are not really fair play. +The true woodcrafter limits himself to the things that he can get in +the woods, and in all my recent fire-making I have contented myself +with the tinder used for ages by the red men: that is, cedar wood +finely shredded between two stones. Some use the fringes that grow on +birch, improving it by rubbing in powdered charcoal. + +Now that he has the tools and material ready, it will be an easy +matter for the matchless castaway to produce a fire. + +Pass the leather thong once around the drill--and this should make the +thong taut; put the lower point of the drill in the pit at the top of +the notch in the fire-board, and hold the socket with the left hand on +top of the drill. The notch of the fire-board should be resting on a +chip or thin wooden tray. Hold the bow by the handle end in the right +hand, steady the board under the left foot, and the left arm against +the left knee. Now draw the bow back and forth with steady, even +strokes, its full length. This causes the drill to turn in the pit and +bore into the wood; ground-up wood runs out of the side of the notch, +falling on the chip or tray. At first it is brown; in two or three +seconds it turns black, and then smokes; in five or six seconds it is +giving off a cloud of smoke. A few more vigorous strokes of the bow, +and now it will be found that smoke still comes from the pile of black +wood-dust on the chip. Fan this gently with the hand; the smoke +increases, and in a few seconds you see a glowing coal in the middle +of the dust. (There are never any visible flying sparks.) + +Now take a liberal pinch of the cedar tinder--about a teaspoonful; +wrap this in some bark fibre or shredded rope to {74} keep it from +blowing away. Hold it down on the coal, and, lifting tray and all, +blow or fan it until in a few seconds it blazes. Carefully pile over +it the shreds of birch bark or splinters of fat pine prepared +beforehand, and the fire is made. + +If you have the right wood and still cannot get the fire, it is likely +because you do not hold the drill steady, or have not cut the side +notch quite into the middle point of the little fire pit. + +The advantages of learning this method are threefold: + +First: Fire-making by friction is an interesting experiment in +woodcraft. + +Second: A boy is better equipped having learned it. He can never +afterward freeze to death for lack of matches if he has wood and an +old shoe lace. + +Third: For the very reason that it is difficult, compared with +matches, it tends to prevent the boys making unnecessary fires, and +thus reduces the danger of their setting the woods ablaze or of +smoking the forbidden cigarette. + +There is such a fascination in making the rubbing-stick fire that one +of my Western cooks, becoming an expert, gave up the use of matches +for a time and lit his morning fire with the fire-drill, and, indeed, +he did not find it much slower than the usual way. + +Walter Hough told me a story of an Apache Indian who scoffed at the +matches of white men, and claimed that he could light a fire with +rubbing-sticks faster than Hough could with matches. So each made +ready. They were waiting for the word "go" when the Indian said: + +"Wait. I see if him right." He gave a few strokes with the drill, and +called--"Stop--stop him no good." He rearranged the sticks, and tried +a few more strokes. Just as Mr. Hough was going to strike the match, +he said: "Stop--stop him no good." He did this three times before he +called "Ready." Then the word "Go" was given. The white man struck the +slow, sizzling match. The Indian gave half a dozen twirls to the +drill--the smoke burst forth. He covered it with the tinder, fanned a +few seconds, then a bright flame arose, just before the white man got +his twigs ablaze. So the Indian won, but it was by an Indian trick; +for the three times when he pretended to be trying it, he was really +warming up the wood--that is, doing a large part of the work. I am +afraid that, deft as he was, he would have lost in a fair race. Yet +this incident shows at least that, in point of speed, the old +rubbing-sticks are not very far behind the matches, as one might have +supposed. + +{75} + +It is, indeed, a wonder that the soldiers at West Point are not taught +this simple trick, when it is so easily learned, and might some day be +the one thing to save the lives of many of them. + +Archery + +No woodcraft education is complete without a knowledge of archery. It +is a pity that this noble sport has fallen into disuse. We shall find +it essential to some of our best games. + +The modern hunting gun is an irresistible weapon of wholesale murder, +and is just as deadly no matter who pulls the trigger. It spreads +terror as well as death by its loud discharge, and it leaves little +clew as to who is responsible for the shot. Its deadly range is so +fearfully great as to put all game at the mercy of the clumsiest tyro. +Woodcraft, the oldest of all sciences and one of the best, has +steadily declined since the coming of the gun, and it is entirely due +to this same unbridled power that America has lost so many of her fine +game animals. + +The bow is a far less destructive weapon, and to succeed at all in the +chase the bowman must be a double-read forester. The bow is silent and +it sends the arrow with exactly the same power that the bowman's arm +puts into it--no more, no less--so it is really his own power that +speeds the arrow. There is no question as to which hunter has the +right to the game or is responsible for the shot when the arrow is +there to tell. The gun stands for little skill, irresistible force +supplied from an outside source, overwhelming unfair odds, and sure +death to the victim. The bow, on the other hand, stands for all that +is clever and fine in woodcraft; so, no guns or fire-arms of any kind +are allowed in our boy scout camp. + +The Indian's bow was short, because, though less efficient, it was +easier to carry than a long one. Yet it did not lack power. It is said +that the arrow head sometimes appeared on the far side of the buffalo +it was fired into, and there is a tradition that Wah-na-tah, a Sioux +chief, once shot his arrow through a cow buffalo and killed her calf +that was running at the other side. + +But the long bow is more effective than the short one. The old English +bowmen, the best the world has ever seen, always shot with the long +bow. + +The finest bows and arrows are those made by the professional makers, +but there is no reason why each boy should not make his own. + +According to several authorities the best bow woods are mulberry, +osage-orange, sassafras, Southern cedar, black locust, {76} apple, +black walnut, slippery elm, ironwood, mountain ash, hickory, +California yew, and hemlock. + +Take a perfectly sound, straight, well-seasoned stick five or six feet +long (your bow should be about as long as yourself); mark off a +five-inch space in the middle for the handle; leave this round and a +full inch thick; shave down the rest, flat on one side for the front +and round on the other for the back, until it is about one inch wide +and three fourths of an inch thick next the handle, tapering to about +one half that at the ends, which are then "nocked," nicked, or notched +as shown in Cut I. These notches are for the string, which is to be +put on early. Draw the bow now, flat side out, not more than the +proper distance, and note carefully which end bends the most; then +shave down the other side until it bends evenly. The middle scarcely +bends at all. The perfect shape, when bent, is shown in Cut II. Trim +the bow down to your strength and finish smoothly with sandpaper and +glass. It should be straight when unstrung, and unstrung when not in +use. Fancy curved bows are weak affairs. The bow for our boy should +require a power of fifteen or twenty pounds (shown on a spring +balance) to draw the string twenty-three inches from the bow; not +more. The best string is of hemp or linen; it should be about five +inches from the middle of the bow when strung (Cut II). The notches +for the string should be two-thirds the depth of the string. If you +have not a bought string make one of strong, unbleached linen thread +twisted together. At one end the string, which is heaviest at the +ends, should be fast knotted to the bow notch (Cut V); at the other it +should have a loop as shown in Cut IV. In the middle it should be +lashed with fine silk and wax for five inches, and the exact place +marked where the arrow fits it. + +The arrow is more important than the bow. Anyone can make a bow; few +can make an arrow, for, as a Seminole Indian expressed it to Maurice +Thompson, "Any stick do for bow; good arrow much heap work, ugh." +Hiawatha went all the way to Dakota to see the famous arrow maker. In +England when the bow was the gun of the country, the bow maker was +called a "bowyer," and the arrow maker a "fletcher" (from the Norman +fleche, an arrow). So when men began to use surnames those who +excelled in arrow making were proud to be called the "Fletchers "; but +to make a good bow was not a notable achievement, hence few took +"Bowyer" as their name. + +The first thing about an arrow is that it must be perfectly straight. +"Straight as an arrow" refers to the arrow itself, not to its flight; +that is always curved. + +{77} + +[Illustration: THE ARCHERY OUTFIT (Not all on scale.)] + +I. The five-foot bow as finished, with sections at the point shown. + +II. The bow "braced" or strung. + +III. The bow unstrung, showing the loop slipped down. + +IV. The loop that is used on the upper end of the bow. + +V. The timber hitch always used on the lower end or notch of the bow. + +VI. A turkey feather with split midrib, all ready to lash on. + +VII. End view of arrow, showing notch and arrangement of three feathers. + +VIII. Part of arrow, showing feathering and lashing. + +IX. Sanger hunting arrow with wooden point; 25 inches long. + +X. Sanger war arrow with nail point and extra long feathers; + it also is 25 inches long. + +XI. Quiver with Indian design; 20 inches long. + +XII. The "bracer" or arm guard of heavy leather for left arm with + two laces to tie it on. It is six inches long. + + +{78} + +The Indians made arrows of reeds and of straight shoots of viburnum or +arrow-wood, and of elder, but we make better arrows out of the solid +heartwood of hard pine for target use, and of hickory or ash for +hunting. The arrow should be twenty-five inches long, round, and three +eighths of an inch thick, and have three feathers set as shown in Cut +VI, about an inch from the notch. The feather B, that stands out at +right angles to notch A, should always be away from the bow in +shooting. This is called the cock-feather, and it is usually marked or +colored in some way to be quickly distinguished. + + +[Illustration: CORRECT FORM IN SHOOTING. The diagram at bottom is to +show the centres of heels in line with target.] + + +Turkey and goose wing feathers are the best that grow in our country +for arrow feathers. The Indians mostly use turkey. With a sharp knife +cut a strip of the midrib on which is the vane of the feather; make +three pieces, each two to three inches long. White men glue these on +to the arrow. The Indians leave the midrib projecting at each end and +by these lash the {79} feathers without gluing. The lashed feathers +stand the weather better than those glued, but do not fly so well. The +Indians use sharp flint arrow heads for war and for big game, but for +birds and small game they make arrow heads with a knob of hard wood or +the knuckle bone of some small animal. The best arrow heads for our +purpose are like the ferrule of an umbrella top; they receive the end +of the shaft into them and keep it from splitting. + +One of the best arrows I ever shot with was twenty-eight inches long, +five sixteenths of an inch thick, had a ferrule head and very small +feathers. + +The finishing touch of an arrow is "painting" it. This is done for +several purposes: First, to preserve it from damp which would twist +the arrow and soften the glue that holds the feathers; second, each +hunter paints all his arrows with his mark so as to know them; third, +they are thus made bright-colored to help in finding them when lost. + +There are four other things required by our archer: A smooth, hard +arm-guard, or bracer, usually of hard leather. The Indians who use one +make it of wood, grass, or rawhide. In photographs of famous Indians +you may often see this on the left wrist, and will remember that it +was there as a protection from the blow of the bow cord. Some archers +can shoot with the wrist bent so as to need no guard. The three middle +fingers of the right hand also need protection. An old leather glove, +with thumb and little finger cut away, will do very well for this, +though the ready-made tips at the archery stores are more convenient. +Some archers who practise all their lives can shoot without protecting +the fingers. + +The bow case and quiver are important. Any kind of a cover that will +keep them from the rain, and hang on your back, will do, but there are +many little things that help to make them handy. When the cover is off +the arrows should project three or four inches so that they may be +more easily drawn out. The Indians often carried very beautiful +quivers of buckskin ornamented with quills and beads. + +One day out West I saw an Omaha brave with a bow case and quiver +covered with very odd material--a piece of common red and white cotton +print. When allowed to examine it, I felt some other material +underneath the print. After a little dickering he sold me bow, arrows, +quiver, and all for a couple of dollars. I then ripped open the print +and found my first suspicions confirmed; for, underneath, the quiver +was of buckskin, beautifully embroidered with red feathers and +porcupine {80} quills of deep red and turquoise blue. The Indian was as +much puzzled by my preference for the quill work as I was by his for +the cotton print. + +The standard target for men is four feet across with a nine-inch +bull's-eye, and around that four rings, each four and three quarter +inches wide. The bull's-eye counts nine, the other rings seven, five, +three, one. The bought targets are made of straw, but a good target +may be made of a box filled with sods, or a bank covered with sacking +on which are painted the usual rings. + +Now comes the most important point of all--how to shoot. There are +several ways of holding an arrow, but only one good one. Most boys +know the ordinary finger and thumb pinch, or grip. This is all very +well for a toy bow, but a hunter's bow cannot be drawn that way. No +one has strength enough in his fingers for it. The true archer's grip +of the arrow is shown in the cut. The thumb and little finger have +nothing to do with it. + + +[Illustration: The archer's grip.] + + +As in golf and all such things, there is a right "form." You attend to +your end of the arrow's flight and the other will take care of itself: + +Stand perfectly straight. Plant your feet with the centres of the two +heels in line with the target. (Cut page 78.) Grasp the bow in the +middle with the left hand and place the arrow on the string at the +left side of the bow. Hold the bow plumb, and draw as above till the +notch of the arrow is right under your eye, and the head of the arrow +back to the bow. The right elbow must be in the same line with the +arrow. Let go the arrow by straightening the fingers a little, turning +the hand outward at the bottom and drawing it back one inch. Always do +this in exactly the same way and your shooting will be even. Your left +hand should not move a hair's breadth until the arrow strikes the +target. + +To begin shooting put the target very near, within fifteen or twenty +yards; but the proper shooting distance when the archer is in good +practice is forty yards for a four-foot target and thirty yards for a +three-foot target. A good shot, shooting twelve arrows at this, should +score fifty. + +{81} + +The Indians generally used their bows at short range, so that it was +easy to hit the mark. Rapid firing was important. In their archery +competitions, therefore, the prize was given to the one who could have +the most arrows in the air at once. Their record, according to Catlin, +was eight. + + +The Stars + + +As Seen With the Naked Eye + +The chief works referred to in this are C. Flammarion's "Popular +Astronomy" (Gore's translation), and Garrett P. Serviss's "Astronomy +with an Opera Glass." (Those who wish to go farther a-sky are referred +to these books.) + + +Whether he expects to use them as guides or not, every boy should +learn the principal constellations and the important stars. A +non-scientific friend said to me once: "I am always glad that I +learned the principal star groups when I was young. I have never +forgotten them, and, no matter in what strange country I find myself, +I can always look up at night, and see the old familiar stars that +shone on me in my home in my own country." + +All American boys know the Dipper or Great Bear. This is, perhaps, the +most important star group in our sky, because of its size, peculiar +form, and the fact that it never sets in our latitude, and last, that +it always points out the Pole-star, and, for this reason, it is +sometimes known as the Pointers. It is called the Dipper because it is +shaped like a dipper with a long, bent handle. Why it is called the +Great Bear is not so easy to explain. The classical legend has it that +the nymph Calisto, having violated her vow, was changed by Diana into +a bear, which, after death, was immortalized in the sky by Zeus. +Another suggestion is that the earliest astronomers, the Chaldeans, +called these stars "the shining ones," and their word happened to be +very like the Greek arktos (a bear). Another explanation (I do not +know who is authority for either) is that vessels in olden days were +named for animals, etc. They bore at the prow the carved effigy of the +namesake, and if the Great Bear, for example, made several very happy +voyages by setting out when a certain constellation was in the +ascendant, that constellation might become known as the Great Bear's +constellation. Certainly, there is nothing in its shape to justify the +name. Very few of the constellations, indeed, are like the thing they +are {82} called after. Their names were usually given for some fanciful +association with the namesake, rather than for resemblance to it. + +The Pole-star is really the most important of the stars in our sky; it +marks the north at all times; it alone is fixed in the heavens: all +the other stars seem to swing around it once in twenty-four hours. It +is in the end of the Little Bear's tail. But the Pole-star, or +Polaris, is not a very bright one, and it would be hard to identify +but for the help of the Dipper, or Pointers. + +The outside (Alpha and Beta) of the Dipper points nearly to Polaris, +at a distance equal to three and one half times the space that +separates these two stars of the Dipper's outer side. + +Various Indians call the Pole-star the "Home Star," and "The Star that +Never Moves," and the Dipper they call the "Broken Back." + +The last star but one in the Dipper, away from the pole--that is, the +star at the bend of the handle,--is known to astronomers as Mizar, one +of the Horses; Just above it, and tucked close in, is a smaller star +known to astronomers as Alcor, or the Rider. The Indians call these +two the "Old Squaw and the Pappoose on Her Back." In the old world, +from very ancient times, these have been used as tests of eyesight. To +be able to see Alcor with the naked eye means that one has excellent +eyesight. So also on the plains, the old folks would ask the children +at night, "Can you see the pappoose on the old squaw's back?" And when +the youngster saw it, and proved that he did by a right description, +they rejoiced that he had the eyesight which is the first requisite of +a good hunter. + +The Great Bear is also to be remembered as the Pointers for another +reason. It is the hour-hand of the woodman's clock. It goes once +around the North Star in about twenty-four hours, the same way as the +sun, and for the same reason--that it is the earth that is going and +leaving them behind. + +The time in going around is not exactly twenty-four hours, so that the +position of the Pointers varies with the seasons, but, as a rule, this +for woodcraft purposes is near enough. The bowl of the Dipper swings +one and one half times the width of the opening (i.e., fifteen +degrees) in one hour. If it went a quarter of the circle, that would +mean you had slept a quarter of a day, or six hours. + +{83} + +Each fifteen days the stars seem to be an hour earlier; in three +months they gain one fourth of the circle, and in a year gain the +whole circle. + +According to Flammarion, there are about seven thousand stars visible +to the naked eye, and of those but nineteen are stars of the first +magnitude. Thirteen of them are visible in the latitude of New York, +the other six belong to the South Polar Region of the sky. Here is +Flammarion's arrangement of them in order of seeming brightness. Those +that can be seen in the Southern Hemisphere only, are in brackets: + +1. Sirius, the Dog-star. +2. [Canopus, of Argo.] +3. [Alpha, of the Centaur.] +4. Arcturus, of Bootes. +5. Vega, of the Lyre. +6. Rigel, of Orion's foot. +7. Capella, of Auriga. +8. Procyon, or the Little Dog-star. +9. Betelguese, of Orion's right shoulder. +10. [Beta, of the Centaur.] +11. [Achernar, of Eridanus.] +12. Aldebaran, of Taurus, the Bull's right eye. +13. Antares, of Scorpio. +14. [Alpha, of the Southern Cross.] +15. Altair, of the Eagle. +16. Spica, of Virgo. +17. Fomalhaut, of the Southern Fish. +18. [Beta, of the Southern Cross.] +19. Regulus, of the Lion. + + +Orion + +Orion (O-ri-on), with its striking array of brilliant stars, +Betelguese, Rigel, the Three Kings, etc., is generally admitted to be +the finest constellation in the heavens. + +Orion was the hunter giant who went to Heaven when he died, and now +marches around the great dome, but is seen only in the winter, +because, during the summer, he passes over during daytime. Thus he is +still the hunter's constellation. The three stars of his belt are +called the "Three Kings." + +Sirius, the Great Dog-star, is in the head of Orion's hound, and +following farther back is the Little Dog-star, Procyon. In old charts +of the stars, Orion is shown with his hound, hunting the bull, Taurus. + +{84} + +[Illustration: Taurus. Orion, Sirius and Procyon. (tr)] + + +Pleiades + +Pleiades (Ply-a-des) can be seen in winter as a cluster of small stars +between Aldebaran and Algol, or, a line drawn from the back bottom, +through the front rim of the Dipper, about two Dipper lengths, touches +this little group. They are not far from Aldebaran, being on the +shoulder of the Bull, of which Aldebaran is the right eye. They may be +considered the seven arrow wounds made by Orion. They are nearer the +Pole-star than Aldebaran is, and on the side away from the Dipper; +also, they are nearly on a line between Beta of the Dipper (front +bottom) and Capella. + +Serviss tells us that the Pleiades have a supposed connection with the +Great Pyramid, because "about 2170 B. C., when the beginning of spring +coincided with the culmination of the Pleiades at midnight; that +wonderful group of stars was visible {85} just at midnight, through the +mysterious southward-pointing passage of the Pyramid." + + +The Moon + +The moon is one fifth the diameter of the earth, about one fiftieth of +the bulk, and is about a quarter million miles away. Its course, while +very irregular, is nearly the same as the apparent course of the sun. +But "in winter the full moon is at an altitude in the sky near the +limit attained by the sun in summer, . . . and even, at certain times, +five degrees higher. It is the contrary in summer, a season when the +moon remains very low" (F.). + +The moon goes around the earth in 27-1/4 days. It loses nearly three +fourths of an hour each night; that is, it rises that much later. + + +BIRDCRAFT + +_By the National Association of Audubon Societies_ + + +Any boy who cares enough for out-doors to be a scout is sure to want a +good acquaintance with the birds. Even dull people cannot help taking +notice of our "little brothers of the air," on account of their +beauty, their songs, and their wondrous flight. But most folks never +take the trouble to try and learn the names of any except a few common +birds. Scouts whose eyes are sharp and ears are keen will find the +study of birds a fascinating sport, which may prove to be the best fun +that the woods provide. + + +Knowing the Birds + +It is no easy matter, this trying to get to know the birds; but scouts +are not looking for the easiest jobs, and it is great sport for them +to follow some shy songster through the briery thicket until a really +good look can be had, to sit stock still for half an hour to watch +some unknown bird come home to her nest, or to wriggle on all fours +through the grass to have a glimpse over the top of the knoll at the +ducks in the pool beyond. + +The only equipment necessary for bird study is an opera or field +glass, a note-book and a good bird reference book. As soon as you get +a good look at a strange bird, notice its colors and markings, and +then, if it moves, follow it up until you have seen practically all of +its most prominent features. It will be impossible to carry these +facts in your head, and unless some definite memorandum is made at the +time you will probably {86} be hopelessly perplexed when you go to consult +the bird book later. As it is hard to jot down satisfactory notes in +the field, while catching fleeting glances of some timid bird, a handy +little booklet has been prepared in which observations can be recorded +very rapidly. These can be procured for fifteen cents apiece from the +National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York +City. + + +Location _______________________ _______________________ +Date _______________________Hour _______________________ +Weather ___________________Wind _______________________ + + +[Illustration: A bird. (tr)] + + +SIZE: +Smaller than wren +Between wren and sparrow +Between sparrow and robin +Between robin and crow +Larger than crow +SEEN +Near ground or high up +In heavy woods +Bushy places +Orchard +Garden +Swamp +Open country +Near water + +Name ______________________ +Order ______________________ Family _______________________ +Genus_______________________ Species ______________________ + + +{87} + +Each booklet contains outline figures of the five leading types of +birds: (1) small perching birds, (2) hawks, (3) snipes, (4) herons, +(5) ducks. On the page opposite is a list of numbers corresponding to +colors. You can quickly mark on the outline the proper numbers, and +note with your pencil any marks on the bird. Then check the other data +on the page, add any additional memoranda, and you have your "bird in +the hand," ready to take back and look up at your leisure. + + +Careful Observation + +Notice particularly the "range" of the birds in your reference book, +and eliminate all those not stated as occurring in your territory. +Notice too, dates of the birds' coming and going, and do not expect to +find species at any other time of year than within the dates +mentioned. By thus narrowing down the possibilities the task is much +simplified. As a final resort, the National Association of Audubon +Societies stands ready to help all scouts who are positively +"stumped," and if the descriptive slips are mailed with return +envelopes to the secretary of the association, 1974 Broadway, New York +City, an identification will be made, if the information furnished +renders it in any way possible. + +The next time you see a bird that you have once identified, you will +probably remember its name, and in this way you will be surprised to +find how rapidly your bird acquaintance will grow. After a time even +the flight of a bird or its song will be enough to reveal an old +acquaintance, just as you can often recognize a boy friend by his walk +or the sound of his voice, without seeing his face. And what a new joy +in life there is for anybody that really knows the birds about him. He +can pick from the medley of bird songs the notes of the individual +singers; he knows when to look for old friends of the year before; no +countryside is ever lonely for him, for he finds birds everywhere and +knows that any moment he may make some rare discovery or see a bird +before unknown to him. + + +Bird Lists + +A scout should make a list of all the birds he has positively +identified. This is his "life list" and is added to year by year. In +addition he will keep daily lists of the birds seen on special trips +in the field. Two or more patrols can enjoy a friendly rivalry by +covering different regions and seeing which can observe the largest +variety of birds. Hundreds of well-known {88} ornithologists often +have the fun of this kind of competition, sending in their lists to a +central bureau. As many as one hundred and twenty different kinds of +birds have been counted in a single day by one energetic band of +bird-lovers. Such a list is, however, attainable only under +exceptionally favorable circumstances and by skilled observers who +know their country thoroughly. For most scouts, thirty to forty +species on a summer day, and fifty to sixty during the spring +migration, would be regarded as a good list. + + +88 Boy Scouts + + +[Illustration: Bob-white at feeding station.] + + +Nesting Season + +Undoubtedly the most interesting season to study birds is during the +nesting period which is at its height in June. It takes a pair of +sharp eyes to find most birds' nests in the first place, and once +found, there are dozens of interesting little incidents which it is a +delight to watch. Only a foolish scout would rob himself of his chance +to observe the secrets of nest life by stealing the contents, or would +take any delight in piling up a collection of egg shells whose value +at its best is almost nothing, and whose acquisition is necessarily +accompanied by {89} genuine heart pangs on the part of the rightful +owners. It is more exciting to try to hide yourself near the nest so +skilfully that the birds will carry on their domestic duties as though +you were not near. A blind made of green cloth and set up near the +nest like a little tent will often give opportunity for very close +observation. It is surprising how near many birds will allow one to +come in this way. Even though the blind looks very strange and out of +place, the birds soon seem to get used to it, so long as it is +motionless and the inmate cannot be seen. A simple type of blind can +be constructed by sewing the edges of long pieces of green cloth +together, drawing in the top with a cord, and then draping it over an +open umbrella. + + +[Illustration: Bird blind.] + + +How to Photograph + +From such a hiding place, photographs can often be secured of timid +birds at their nests. In attempting to take photographs it must be +remembered that cameras of the pocket variety or fixed box type are +almost useless. Most of them cannot be worked without special +attachments at closer range than six feet, and, even if the focus is +correctly guessed, the image is apt to be very small. In this work it +is far better to invest in a cheap camera (second-hand if need be) +with which one can obtain a definite image on the ground glass where +the plate or film is to be. Focus the camera on some spot where it is +expected the bird will come; usually this is on the nest or young, +sometimes it is the food, a favorite perch, or some form of decoy. The +next requisite is patience. If the coveted opportunity arrives, set +off the shutter by hand in the {90} blind, or, where this is not +possible, by means of a long thread, after carefully hiding the camera +with boughs, leaves, sods, etc. + + +How to Know + +An idea of the details of a bird's life which a scout may come to +know, may be had from the following table: + +1. Description. (Size, form, color, and markings.) + +2. Haunts. (Upland, lowland, lakes, rivers, woods, fields. etc.) + +3. Movements. (Slow or active, hops, walks, creeps, swims, tail +wagged, etc.) + +4. Appearance. (Alert, listless, crest erect, tail drooped, etc.) + +5. Disposition. (Solitary, flocking, wary, unsuspicious, etc.) + +6. Flight. (Slow, rapid, direct, undulating, soaring, sailing, +flapping, etc.) + +7. Song. (Pleasing, unattractive, long, short, loud, faint, sung from +the ground, from a perch, in the air, etc. Season of song.) + +8. Call notes. (Of surprise, alarm, protest, warning, signaling, etc.) + +9. Season. (Spring, fall, summer, winter, with times of arrival and +departure and variations in numbers.) + +10. Food. (Berries, insects, seeds, etc.; how secured.) + +11. Mating. (Habits during courtship.) + +12. Nesting. (Choice of site, material, construction, eggs, +incubation, etc.) + +13. The young. (Food and care of, time in the nest, notes, actions, +flight, etc.) + +So varied is a bird's life that there is still plenty to be learned +about even our common birds. It is quite possible for a scout to +discover some facts that have never yet been published in books. + + +[Illustration: Red-breasted nuthatch.] + + +What One Boy Did + +A boy once originated the idea of varying the usual "bird's nesting" +craze into a systematic study of the breeding of our common birds. In +one spring he found within the limits of a single village one hundred +and seventy robins' nests. "One hundred were in suitable situations on +private places, forty-one were in woods, swamps and orchards, eight +were placed under bridges (two being under the iron girders of the +railroad bridge), four were {91} in quarries, sixteen were in barns, +sheds, under piazzas, etc., and one was on the ground at the foot of a +bush." + +In addition to searching out the birds in their natural haunts, there +is a great fascination in trying to attract them to our homes. During +winter evenings boy scouts can busy themselves making nesting boxes. +Even an old cigar box or a tomato can with a hole in it the size of a +quarter will satisfy a house wren. Other boxes which are suitable for +bluebirds, chickadees, tree swallows, purple martins, and starlings, +will, if set up in March, often have tenants the very first season. In +many cases it is feasible to have hinged doors or sides on the nesting +boxes, so that they may occasionally be opened and the progress of +events within observed. It is needless to add, however, that great +caution must be exercised to prevent desertion of the nest, or other +disturbance of the birds' home life. Under favorable circumstances, +even some of the shyer inhabitants of the woods, such as woodpeckers, +owls, and ducks can be induced to patronize artificial cavities, if +they are made right and erected right. + + +[Illustration: Downy woodpecker.] + + +[Illustration: Observation box, open.] + + +Caring for Birds + +Another way of attracting birds in summer is by providing drinking and +bathing places. A little artificial pool protected from cats, will be +a source of joy to the birds and of delight to the observer from +morning to night. Apply to the {92} National Association of Audubon +Societies for information as to where ready-made nest boxes and +fountains can be procured, also books on this subject, as well as on +the subject of making friends of the birds through feeding. + + +[Illustration: House wren and tomato-can house] + + +[Illustration: Birch-bark house] + + +The Bird Lunch Counter + +How best to feed the birds is almost an art in itself. A winter lunch +counter spread with suet, nuts, hemp seed, meat, and crumbs will +attract nuthatches, chickadees, downy and hairy woodpeckers, creepers, +blue jays, etc. Canary seed, buckwheat, oats and hay-chaff scattered +on the ground beneath will provide an irresistible banquet for other +feathered boarders. A feeding place of this sort can be arranged for +convenient observation from a window, and afford no end of diversion +and instruction. But whether close to home or far afield, the great +secret of success in such work is regularity. Begin to put the food +out early in November, and let the birds get to know that they are +always sure to find a supply of dainties in a certain spot, and the +news will soon spread among them. In wintry weather, especially, it is +amazing what can be accomplished by feeding the birds regularly, and +at least the following birds have been induced to feed from the human +hand: chickadee, white-breasted nuthatch, red-breasted nuthatch, brown +creeper, Carolina wren, cardinal, evening grosbeak, tufted titmouse, +Canada jay, Florida jay, Oregon jay, and redpoll. Even in spring +untiring patience has resulted in the gratification of this supreme +ambition of the bird-lover, and bluebird, robin, cat-bird: chipping +sparrow, oven-bird, brown thrasher and yellow-throated vireo have been +known to feed from the hand of a trusted friend, even with plenty of +food all around. What scout can add to this list? + + +Protecting the Birds + +Many a boy thinks that just because a bird is alive and moves it is a +proper target for his air rifle or his sling shot. {93} Let us be +thankful that there has now arisen a new class of boys, the scouts, +who, like the knights of old, are champions of the defenceless, even +the birds. Scouts are the birds' police, and wo betide the lad who is +caught with a nest and eggs, or the limp corpse of some feathered +songster that he has slaughtered. Scouts know that there is no value +in birds that are shot, except a few scientific specimens collected by +trained museum experts. Scouts will not commend a farmer for shooting +a hawk or an owl as a harmful bird, even though it were seen to +capture a young chicken. They will post themselves on the subject and +find that most hawks and owls feed chiefly on field mice and large +insects injurious to the farmer's crops, and that thus, in spite of an +occasional toll on the poultry, they are as a whole of tremendous +value. The way the birds help mankind is little short of a marvel. A +band of nuthatches worked all winter in a pear orchard near Rochester +and rid the trees of a certain insect that had entirely destroyed the +crop of the previous summer. A pair of rose-breasted grosbeaks were +seen to feed their nest of youngsters four hundred and twenty-six +times in a day, each time with a billful of potato-bugs or other +insects. A professor in Washington counted two hundred and fifty tent +caterpillars in the stomach of a dead yellow-billed cuckoo, and, what +appeals to us even more, five hundred bloodthirsty mosquitoes inside +of one night-hawk. + + +[Illustration: White-breasted nuthatch] + + +[Illustration: Bluebird at entrance of nesting-box] + + +It must not be forgotten that large city parks are among the best +places for observing birds. As an example of what can be accomplished, +even with limited opportunities, there was a boy who happened to know +where some owls roosted. {94} Now all owls swallow their prey whole, +and in digesting this food they disgorge the skulls, bones, fur, and +feathers in the form of hard dry pellets. This boy used to go out on +Saturday or Sunday afternoon and bring home his pockets full of +pellets, and then in the evening he would break them apart. In this +way he learned exactly what the owls had been eating (without killing +them) and he even discovered the skulls of certain field mice that +naturalists had never known existed in that region. He let the owl be +his collector. + + +Patrol Work + +It is a good idea to keep at patrol headquarters a large sheet on the +wall, where a list of the year's bird observations can be tabulated. +Each time a new bird is seen, its name is added, together with the +initial of the observer, and after that its various occurrences are +noted opposite its name. The keenest eyed scouts are those whose +initials appear most frequently in the table. In addition, the tables +will show the appearance and relative abundance of birds in a given +locality. For patrols of young boys, a plan of tacking up a colored +picture of each bird, as soon as it is thoroughly known, has been +found very successful, and the result provides a way to decorate the +headquarters. + +Such pictures can be obtained very cheaply from the Perry Pictures +Co., Boston, Mass., or the National Association of Audubon Societies, +1974 Broadway, New York City. + + + +MOLLUSCA--Shells and Shellfish + +_By Dr. William Healey Dall, of the United States Geological Survey_ + + +[Illustration: Fig. 1; White lipped snail (Polygyra albolabris)] + + +Among the shy and retiring animals which inhabit our woods and waters, +or the borders of the sea, without making themselves conspicuous to +man except when he seeks the larger ones for food, are the mollusca, +usually confounded with crabs and crayfish under the popular name of +"shellfish," except the few which have no external shell, which are +generally called slugs. Hardly any part of the world (except deserts) +is without them, but, shy as they are, it takes pretty sharp eyes to +find them. Some come out of their hiding places {95} only at night, +and nearly all our American kinds live under cover of some sort. + +The mollusks can be conveniently divided into three groups: those +which inhabit fresh water, those which breathe air and live on dry +land, and lastly those which are confined to the sea. The land shells, +or snails, have generally thin shells of spiral form and live upon +vegetable matter, many of them laying small eggs which look like +minute pearls. Their hiding places are under leaves in shady or moist +places, under the bark of dead trees or stumps, or under loose stone. +They creep slowly and are most active after rain. Some of our larger +kinds are an inch or two in diameter, (see Fig. 1., the white-lipped) +but from this size there are others diminishing in size to the +smallest, which are hardly larger than the head of a pin, In +collecting them the little ones may be allowed to dry up. The big ones +must be killed in boiling water, when the animal can be pulled out +with a hook made of a crooked pin, leaving the shell clean and +perfect. The slugs are not attractive on account of the slime which +they throw out and can only be kept in spirits. Some of the species +found in California are as large as a small cigar, but those of the +states east of the Rocky Mountains are smaller and have mostly been +introduced from Europe, where they do a lot of mischief by eating such +garden plants as lettuce. + +Many of the fresh-water snails are abundant in brooks and ponds, and +their relations, the fresh-water mussels, are often very numerous in +shallow rivers. They have a shell frequently beautifully pearly, white +or purple, and sometimes have the brown outer skin prettily streaked +with bright green. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 2 Whelk (Buccinum umatum)] + + +[Illustration: Fig. 3 Pond snail (Lymnaea palustris)] + + +The principal fresh-water snails are the pond snail (_Lymnaea_; see +Fig. 3); the _Physa_ (see Fig. 6), which is remarkable for having the +coil turned to the left instead of the right; and the orb-snail, +(_Planorbis_: see Fig. 4) which has its coil flat. All of {96} these +lay minute eggs in a mass of transparent jelly, and are to be found on +lily pads and other water plants, or crawling on the bottom, while the +mussels bury themselves more or less in the mud or lie on the gravelly +bottom of streams. There is also a very numerous tribe of small +bivalve shells, varying from half an inch to very minute in size, +which are also mud lovers and are known as Sphaerium or Pisidium, +having no "common" English names, since only those who hunt for them +know of their existence. + +On the seashore everybody knows the mussel (Mytilus: see Fig. 5), the +soft clam, the round clam, and the oyster, as these are sought for +food; but there is a multitude of smaller bivalves which are not so +well known. The sea-snails best known on the coast north of Chesapeake +Bay are the whelk (Buccinum: see Fig. 2), the sand snail or Natica, +which bores the round holes often found in clam shells on the beach, +in order to suck the juices of its neighbors, and the various kinds of +periwinkles (rock snails or Littorina) found by the millions on the +rocks between tides. These, as well as the limpets, small boat-shaped +or slipper-shaped conical shells found in similar places, are +vegetable feeders. Altogether, there are several hundred kinds found +on the seashore and the water near the shore, and a collection of them +will not only contain many curious, pretty, and interesting things, +but will have the advantage of requiring no preservative to keep them +in good condition after the animal has been taken out. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 4 Orb-Shell (Planorbis trivolvis)] + + +[Illustration: Fig. 5 Black Mussel (Mytilus)] + + +[Illustration: Fig. 6 Bubble snail (Physa heterostropha)] + + +The squids, cuttle-fishes, octopus, and their allies are also +mollusks, but not so accessible to the ordinary collector, and can +only be kept in spirits. + +Books which may help the collector to identify the shells he may find +are: + +For the land and fresh-water shells: {97} + +"Mollusks of the Chicago Area" and "The Lymnaeidae of North America." +By F. C. Baker. Published by the Chicago Academy of Sciences. + +For the American Marine Shells: Bulletin No. 37. Published by the +United States National Museum, at Washington. + +For shells in general: "The Shell Book." Published by Doubleday, Page +& Co., Garden City, N.Y. + +On the Pacific Coast the "West Coast Shells," by Prof. Josiah Keep of +Mills College, will be found very useful. + + +REPTILES + +_By Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, Curator National Museum_ + +By reptiles we understand properly a certain class of vertebrate or +backboned animals, which, on the whole, may be described as possessing +scales or horny shields since most of them may be distinguished by +this outer covering, as the mammals by their hair and the birds by +their feathers. Such animals as thousand-legs, scorpions, tarantulas, +etc., though often erroneously referred to as reptiles, do not concern +us in this connection. Among the living reptiles we distinguish four +separate groups, the crocodiles, the turtles, the lizards, and the +snakes. + +The crocodiles resemble lizards in shape, but are very much larger and +live only in the tropics and the adjacent regions of the temperate +zone. To this order belongs our North American alligator, which +inhabits the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico and the coast country +along the Atlantic Ocean as far north as North Carolina. They are +hunted for their skin, which furnishes an excellent leather for +traveling bags, purses, etc., and because of the incessant pursuit are +now becoming quite rare in many localities where formerly they were +numerous. The American crocodile, very much like the one occurring in +the river Nile, is also found at the extreme southern end of Florida. + +The turtles are easily recognized by the bony covering which encases +their body, and into which most species can withdraw their heads and +legs for protection. This bony box is usually covered with horny +plates, but in a large group, the so-called soft-shell turtles, the +outer covering is a soft skin, thus forming a {98} notable exception +to the rule that reptiles are characterized by being covered with +scales or plates. While most of the turtles live in fresh water or on +land, a few species pass their lives in the open ocean, only coming +ashore during the breeding season to deposit their eggs. Some of these +marine turtles grow to an enormous size, sometimes reaching a weight +of over eight hundred pounds. One of them is much sought for on +account of the delicacy of its flesh; another because of the thickness +and beauty of its horny plates which furnish the so-called +tortoise-shell, an important article of commerce. Turtles appear to +reach a very old age, specimens having been known to have lived +several hundred years. The box tortoise of our woods, the musk +turtles, the snapping turtles are familiar examples of this order, +while the terrapin, which lives in brackish ponds and swamps along our +sea-coasts, is famous as a table delicacy. + + +[Illustration: Harlequin snake] + + +The lizards are four-legged reptiles, usually of small size, living on +the ground or in the trees, out very rarely voluntarily entering +water. The so-called water lizards are not lizards at all, but belong +to the salamanders and are distinguished by having a naked body not +covered with scales. Most of the true lizards are of very graceful +form, exceedingly quick at running; others display the most gorgeous +coloration which, in many of them, such as the chameleons, changes +according to the light, or the temperature, or the mood of the animal. +Not all of them have four legs, however, there being a strong tendency +to develop legless species which then externally become so much like +snakes that they are told apart with some difficulty. Thus our +so-called glass-snake, common in the Southern states, is not a snake +at all, but a lizard, as we may easily see by observing the ear +openings on each side of the head, as no snake has ears. This +beautiful animal is also known as the joint-snake, and both names have +reference to the exceeding brittleness of its long tail, which often +breaks in many pieces in the hands of the enemy trying to capture the +lizard. That these pieces ever join and heal together is of course a +silly fable. As a matter of fact, the body in a comparatively short +time grows a new tail, which, however, is much shorter and stumpier +than the old one. The new piece is often of a different color from the +rest of the body and {99} greatly resembles a "horn," being conical and +pointed, and has thus given rise to another equally silly fable, viz., +that of the horn snake, or hoop snake, which is said to have a sting +in its tail and to be deadly poisonous. The lizards are all perfectly +harmless, except the sluggish Gila monster (pronounced Heela, named +from the Gila River in Arizona) which lives in the deserts of Arizona +and Mexico, and whose bite may be fatal to man. The poison glands are +situated at the point of the lower jaw, and the venom is taken up by +the wound while the animal hangs on to its victim with the tenacity of +a bulldog. All the other lizards are harmless in spite of the dreadful +stories told about the deadly quality of some of the species in +various parts of the country. + + +[Illustration: Rattlesnake palate] + + +The snakes form the last group of the reptiles. Universally legless, +though some of the boas and pythons have distinct outer rudiments of +hind limbs, they are not easily mistaken. And it is perhaps well so, +for unless one is an expert at distinguishing between the poisonous +and the harmless kind it is just as well to keep at a respectful +distance from them. It is safest not to interfere with them, +especially as those that are not poisonous are usually very useful in +destroying rats and mice and other vermin, except perhaps those living +in trees and feeding on eggs and young birds, which certainly do not +deserve our protection. Of course the rattlesnake is not to be +mistaken. The horny appendix to its tail, with which it sounds the +warning of its presence, is enough to distinguish it. It should here +be explained that both lizards and snakes at various intervals shed +the outer layer of their skin, the so-called epidermis. This +transparent layer, after a certain length of time, loosens and is +usually stripped off whole by the animal crawling out of it and +turning it inside out, as a tight glove is turned. Now, at the end of +a rattlesnake's tail there is a horny cap which is {100} called the +button, and being narrowed at the base and more strongly built than +the rest of the epidermis it is not shed with the rest of the skin, +but remains attached. + +Thus for each shedding a new joint or ring is added to the rattle. How +often the shedding takes place depends on various circumstances and +may occur an uncertain number of times each year. Such a rattle, +loose-jointed as it is, is rather brittle and the tip of the sounding +instrument is easily broken and lost. It will therefore be easily +understood that the common notion that a rattlesnake's age can be told +by the number of the rings in its rattle is absolutely erroneous. +Another equally common and equally erroneous notion relates to the +tongue of the snake, which the ignorant often term its "sting" and +which they believe to be the death-dealing instrument. Of course, the +soft, forked tongue which constantly darts out and in of the snake's +mouth is perfectly harmless. It serves rather as a "feeler" than as a +taste organ. The wound is inflicted by a pair of large, curved, teeth +or fangs, in the upper jaw. These fangs are hollow and connected by a +duct with the gland on the side of the head, in which the poison is +formed. Pressure on this gland at the time of the strike--for our +poisonous snakes strike rather than bite--squirts the poison into the +wound like a hypodermic syringe. The fangs when shed or damaged are +replaced within a short time with new ones, so that a poisonous snake +can only be made harmless for a short period by breaking them off. +Only in exceptional cases need snake bites prove fatal. It is +estimated that in North America only about two persons in a hundred +bitten are killed by the poison, though many more die from +carelessness or bad treatment, the worst of which is the filling up +with whiskey, which aids the poison rather than counteracts it. The +essential things in case of snake bite are: (1) keeping one's wits; +(2) tying a string, or the like, tightly around the wounded limb +between the wound and the heart, and loosening it about once in +fifteen minutes, so as to admit the poison slowly into the +circulation; (3) making the wound bleed freely by enlarging it with a +knife or otherwise; (4) if permanganate of potash be handy it should +at once be applied to the {101} wound; (5) treat the wound as +antiseptically as it is possible with the means at hand and hurry to a +doctor. + + +[Illustration: Copperhead] + + +The danger depends greatly on the amount of the poison injected, hence +upon the size of the snake. It is for this reason that the big Florida +rattlesnakes which grow to six feet and over are more to be feared +than are other poisonous snakes. Of these, we have in our country, +besides the rattlesnakes, the water moccasin, or cotton mouth, the +copperhead, and the coral snake. The latter is a bright-colored snake +of red, yellow, and black rings found in the South, but it is usually +small, and not aggressive, so that but few cases of poisoning are +known. The other two are common enough, the former from Norfolk, Va., +south, the other all over the eastern country from Texas to +Massachusetts. They are usually confounded, however, with two +perfectly harmless snakes, the cotton mouth with the common water +snake, the copperhead with the so-called spreading adder, but as +their differences have to be learned from actual inspection and are +very hard to express in a description which would help to identify +living specimens, it is wisest to keep away from all of them. + +See "The Poisonous Snakes of North America." By Leonard Stejneger, +published by Government Printing office, Washington. + + +[Illustration: Water moccasin] + + +[Illustration: Chrysalis] + + +INSECTS AND BUTTERFLIES + +_United States Bureau of Entomology_ + +(Illustrations are copies from Comstock's "How to Know the +Butterflies," through courtesy of D. Appleton & Company.) + + +There is an advantage in the study of insects over most other branches +of nature, excepting perhaps plants, in that there is plenty of +material. You may have to tramp miles to see a certain bird or wild +animal, but if you will sit down on the first patch of grass you are +sure to see something going on in the insect world. + + +Butterflies + +Nearly all insects go through several different stages. The young bird +is very much like its parent, so is the young squirrel or a young +snake or a {102} young fish or a young snail; but with most of the +insects the young is very different from its parents. All butterflies +and moths lay eggs, and these hatch into caterpillars which when full +grown transform to what are called pupae or chrysalids--nearly +motionless objects with all of the parts soldered together under an +enveloping sheath. With some of the moths, the pupae are surrounded by +silk cocoons spun by the caterpillars just before finally transforming +to pupae. With all butterflies the chrysalids are naked, except with +one species which occurs in Central America in which there is a common +silk cocoon. With the moths, the larger part spin cocoons, but some of +them, like the owlet moths whose larvae are the cutworms, have naked +pupre, usually under the surface of the ground. It is not difficult to +study the transformations of the butterflies and moths, and it is +always very interesting to feed a caterpillar until it transforms, in +order to see what kind of a butterfly or moth comes out of the +chrysalis. + +Take the monarch butterfly, for example: This is a large, +reddish-brown butterfly, a strong flier, which is seen often flying +about in the spring and again in the late summer and autumn. This is +one of the most remarkable butterflies in America. It is found all +over the United States. It is one of the strongest fliers that we +know. It passes the winter in the Southern states as an adult +butterfly, probably hidden away in cracks under the bark of trees or +elsewhere. When spring comes the butterflies come out and begin to fly +toward the north. Wherever they find the milk-weed plant they stop and +lay some eggs on the leaves. The caterpillars issue from the eggs, +feed on the milkweed, transform to chrysalids; then the butterflies +issue and continue the northward flight, stopping to lay eggs farther +north on other milkweeds. By the end of June or July some of these +Southern butterflies have found their way north into Canada and begin +the return flight southward. Along in early August they will be seen +at the summer resorts in the Catskill Mountains, and by the end of +October they will have traveled far down into the Southern states +where they pass the winter. + + +[Illustration: Empty chrysalis and butterfly] + + +The caterpillar of the monarch or milkweed butterfly is a very +striking creature. It is nearly two inches long when full grown. Its +head is yellow striped with black; its body is white with narrow black +and yellow cross-stripes on each {103} segment. On the back of the +second segment of the thorax there is a pair of black, whiplash-like +filaments, and on the eighth joint there is a similar shorter pair. +When this caterpillar gets ready to transform to chrysalis, it hangs +itself up by its tail end, the skin splits and gradually draws back, +and the chrysalis itself is revealed--pale pea-green in color with +golden spots. Anyone by hunting over a patch of milkweed anywhere in +the United States during the summer is quite apt to find these +caterpillars feeding. It will be easy to watch them and to see them +transform, and eventually to get the butterfly. + +The same thing may be done with anyone of the six hundred and +fifty-two different kinds of butterflies in the United States. + + +[Illustration: Larva getting ready to transform] + + +[Illustration: Full grown larva] + + +Moths + +When it comes to moths, there is a much greater variety. + +Instead of six hundred and fifty-two, there are fifty-nine hundred and +seventy in Doctor Dyar's big catalogue. Perhaps the most interesting +of these caterpillars are the big native silk-worms, like those of the +cecropia moth, the luna moth, the polyphemus moth, or the promethia +moth. These caterpillars are very large and are to be found feeding +upon the leaves of different trees, and all spin strong silken +cocoons. People have tried to reel these cocoons, thinking that they +might be able to use the silk to make silk cloth as with the domestic +silk-worm of commerce, but they have been unable to reel them +properly. The polyphemus moth, for example, has been experimented with +a great deal. It is found over a greater part of the United States, +and its caterpillar feeds upon a great variety of trees and shrubs +such as oak, Butternut, hickory, basswood, elm, maple, birch, +chestnut, sycamore, and many others. The caterpillar is light green +and has raised lines of silvery white on the side. It grows to a very +large size and spins a dense, hard cocoon, usually attached to leaves. +There {104} are two generations in the Southern states, and one in the +Northern states. The moth which comes out of the cocoon has a wing +spread of fully five inches. It is reddish-gray or somewhat buff in +color with darker bands near the edge of the wings, which themselves +are pinkish on the outside, and with a large clear spot near the +centre of the forewing and a regular eyespot (clear in part and blue +in the rest) in the centre of the hind wing. + +One wishing to know about butterflies and moths should consult a book +entitled, "How to Know the Butterflies," by Prof. J. H. Comstock of +Cornell University and his wife, Mrs. Comstock, published by D. +Appleton & Co., of New York, or, "The Butterfly Book," by Dr. W. J. +Holland of Pittsburg, published by Doubleday, Page & Co., of New York, +and "The Moth Book," also by Doctor Holland, and published by the same +firm. + + +[Illustration: Caterpillar to chrysalis] + + +Other Insects + +There are many more different kinds of insects than there are of +flowering plants, and if we were to add together all of the different +kinds of birds, mammals, reptiles, fishes, crabs, mollusks, and all of +the lower forms of animal life, they would not all together amount to +so many different kinds as there are insects. This makes the +classification of insects quite complicated. There are eighteen or +nineteen main orders, and each one is subdivided almost indefinitely. +There is not one of these that is not full of interest. The habits of +ants, for example, living in communities by themselves, afford a +tremendous opportunity for interesting observation. A good book about +them has been recently written by Dr. W. M. Wheeler, of Harvard, +entitled "Ants, their Structure, Development, and Behavior," published +by the Columbia University Press, New York. + +{105} + +Many insects live in the water, and to follow their life histories in +small home-made aquaria is one of the most interesting occupations one +could have, and there is a lot to be learned about these insects. Go +to any stagnant pool and you will find it swarming with animal life: +Larvae or "wigglers" of mosquitoes, and a number of other aquatic +insects will be found, feeding upon these wigglers. Water bugs of +different kinds will be found and the life histories of most of these +were until quite recently almost unknown. + + +Beetles and Wasps + +The order _Coleoptera_, comprising what we know as beetles, has +thousands of species, each one with its own distinctive mode of life; +some of them feeding upon other insects, others boring into wood, +others feeding upon flowers, others upon leaves, and so on in endless +variety. + +The wasps also will bear study. Here, too, there is a great variety, +some of them building the paper nests known to every one, others +burrowing into the surface of the ground and storing up in these +burrows grasshoppers and other insects for food for their young which +are grub-like in form; others still burrowing into the twigs of +bushes, and others making mud nests attached to the trunks of trees or +to the clapboards of houses or outbuildings. + +This is just a hint at the endless variety of habits of insects. The +United States National Museum publishes a bulletin, by Mr. Nathan +Banks, entitled "Directions for Collecting and Preserving Insects," +which gives a general outline of the classification, and should be +possessed by everyone who wishes to take up the study from the +beginning. + + +FISHES + +_By Dr. Hugh M. Smith, Deputy Commissioner United States Fisheries_ + +There is no more fascinating and profitable study than the fish life +of the lakes, ponds, rivers, brooks, bays, estuaries, and coasts of +the United States; and no more important service can be rendered our +American boys than to teach them to become familiar with our native +food and game fishes, to realize their needs, and by example and +precept to {106} endeavor to secure for the fishes fair consideration and +treatment. + + +[Illustration: _Esox lucius_--Common pike pickerel] + + +[Illustration: _Oncorhynchus tschawytscha_--Chinook salmon] + + +[Illustration: _Coregonus clupeiformis_--Common whitefish] + + +[Illustration: _Salvelinus fontinalis_--Brook trout: speckled trout] + + +[Illustration: _Ictalurus punctatus_--The speckled catfish] + + +Classes of Fish + +Fishes may be roughly classified as (1) fresh water, (2) migratory +between fresh and salt water, and (3) marine. Among the families of +American fresh-water fishes that are conspicuous on account of their +size, abundance, or economic importance, or all of these, there may be +mentioned the sturgeons, the catfishes, the suckers, the minnows or +carps, the pikes, the killifishes, the trouts, salmons, and +whitefishes, the perches, and the basses, and sun fishes. + + +Migratory Fish + +The migratory fishes fall into two groups, the anadromous and the +catadtomous. The anadromous fishes pass most of their lives in the +sea, run up stream only for the purpose of spawning, and constitute +the most valuable of our river fishes. In this group are the shads and +the alewives or river herrings, the white perch, the striped bass or +rock fish, some {107} of the sturgeons, and the Atlantic salmon, all +of which go back to sea after spawning, and the Pacific salmons (five +species), all of which die after spawning. Of the catadromous fishes +there is a single example in our waters--the common eel. It spends +most of its life in the fresh waters and sometimes becomes permanently +landlocked there, and runs down to the sea to spawn, laying its eggs +off shore in deep water. + + +Marine Fish + +The marine fishes that are found in the coastal waters of the United +States number many hundred species, some of them of great value as +food. Among the most important are cod, haddock, hake, halibut, +Flounder, herring, bluefish, mackeral, weakfish or squeteague, mullet, +snapper, drum, and rock fishes. + + +[Illustration: _Perea flavescens_--Yellow perch] + + +[Illustration: _Pomolobus altivalis_--The alewife or river herring] + + +[Illustration: _Micropterus salmoides_--Large-mouth black bass] + + +[Illustration: _Notropis hudsonius_--Minnow or shiner] + + +[Illustration: _Acipenser oxyrhynchus_--The Atlantic sturgeon] + + +Studying Fish + +The study of living fishes is most entertaining and is rendered +somewhat difficult by the medium in which they live, by their {108} +shyness, and by the necessity of approaching closely in order to +obtain any accurate view. The spawning, feeding, swimming and other +habits of very few of our fishes are so well known that further +information thereon is not needed; and the boy scout's patience, +skill, and powers of observation will be reflected in the records that +may be and should be kept about the different fishes met with. Fishes +may be studied from a bank, wharf, or boat, or by wading; and the view +of the bottom and the fishes on or adjacent thereto may be greatly +improved by the use of a "water bucket"--an ordinary wooden pail whose +bottom is replaced by a piece of window glass. A more elaborate +arrangement for observation is to provide at the bow of a row-boat a +glass bottom box over which may be thrown a hood so that the student +is invisible to the fishes. + + +[Illustration: _Fundulus diaphanus_--Killifish: top minnow] + + +[Illustration: _Catostomus commersonii_--Common sucker: white sucker] + + +Identification of Specimens + +While many of the fishes in a given section are easily recognizable, +there are in every water fishes which, on account of their small size, +rarity, retiring habits, or close similarity to other fishes, are +unknown to the average boy. These latter fishes often afford the most +interesting subjects for study; and in all parts of the country it is +possible for energetic observers and collectors to add to the list of +fishes already recorded from particular districts. + +When fishes cannot be identified in the field, the larger ones may be +sketched and notes taken on their color, while the smaller ones may be +preserved with salt, formalin, or any kind of spirits. Specimens and +drawings may be forwarded for identification to the zoological +department of the local state university, to the state fish +commission, to the Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C., or to the +United States National Museum in the same city. + + +{109} + +Angling + +This most delightful of outdoor pastimes requires for its enjoyment no +elaborate or expensive paraphernalia: a rod cut on the spot, a cork +float, an ordinary hook baited with angleworm, grasshopper, grub, +may-fly, or any of a dozen other handy lures, will answer for most +occasions. At the same time, the joys of fishing will often be +increased if one possesses and learns how to use a light, jointed rod, +with reel, fine line, and artificial baits. The necessary equipment +for scientific angling is so light and compact that it should form a +part of the outfit of every one who spends much time in the open air. + +It should be the invariable practice of anglers to return to the water +all uninjured fish that are not needed for food or study. "It is not +all of fishing to fish," and no thoughtful boy who has the interests +of the country at heart, and no lover of nature, will go fishing +merely for the purpose of catching the longest possible string of +fish, thus placing himself in the class of anglers properly known as +"fish hogs." + + +Special Service by Boy Scouts + +Valuable service may be rendered by boy scouts in all parts of the +country by bringing to the attention of the proper state, county, or +municipal authorities matters affecting the welfare of the fishes. +Among the subjects that should be reported to fish commissioners, fish +wardens, or local legal officers are: + +(1) All cases noticed where fish are being killed by dynamite, +poisons, or other illegal and improper means. + +(2) Threatened destruction of fish by the drying of streams or ponds. + +(3) The existence of obstructions to the passage of fish on their way +to their spawning grounds. All dams in streams in which are migratory +fish should have fish-ways or fish-ladders. + + +Aquarium + +_William Leland Stowell, M. D._ + +Every boy should have an aquarium. The aquarium will give ten times as +much pleasure as annoyance, and the longer time you have one +undisturbed the greater will be its revelations. + +A simple tank can be made from a large water bottle or demijohn. File +a line around the top and carefully break it off. For the back yard, +cut a paint barrel in two or coat a tub inside with spar varnish. +Anything that will hold a few gallons of water, two inches of clean +sand, and some water plants will be a suitable home for fish and other +creatures. A boy handy with tools can make a frame, and with plate +glass and proper cement construct a large tank. + + +{110} + +Starting the Aquarium + +You can balance your aquarium by plenty of plants. As they grow they +give off oxygen which purifies the water and is breathed by the fish. +The water need not be changed for years. The swamps and slow streams +afford great numbers of plants. If you know the plants get pond weeds, +Canadian water weed, ludwigia, willow moss, or tape grass. (Look in +the dictionary for official names of the plants or get special books +from the library.) Take some tape grass (vallisneria) to your teacher +or doctor and ask him to show you under his microscope how the sap +flows and the green coloring matter is deposited. The simplest form of +vegetation is algae which grows on the sides of the tank. Lest this +grow too thick, put in a few snails. Watch the snails' eggs develop in +clusters. Buy if you cannot find banded swamp snails that give birth +to their young instead of laying eggs. + +Any pond or stream will furnish fish that are beautiful or interesting +to watch, e.g., killies, sunfish, cat-fish, carp, shiners, blacknosed +dace, minnows--the mud minnow that seems to stand on his +tail--darters, etc. If you get your supply from dealers, buy gold +fish, of which there are several varieties, fan-tailed, comets, fringe +tails and telescope eyed. Mirror carp are lively. Paradise fish are as +beautiful as butterflies. + + +[Illustration: A balanced aquarium] + + +Fish Nests + +Every one knows something of birds' nests. Did you ever watch +sticklebacks build their barrel-like nest, or the Paradise fish his +floating nest, and the father fish take all the care of the young? Did +you ever see the newt roll her eggs in small leaves, or the caddis fly +make a case of bits of stick, leaves, and sand? For a real marvel +watch a pair of diving spiders weave their balloon-like nest under +water and actually carry air down to fill it, so that the young may be +dry though submerged. + + +{111} + +Put in a few fresh-water clams and insects in variety, water boatmen, +diving spiders, and whirligigs. A tank of beetles will be full of +interest. Always add two or three tadpoles as scavengers, and watch +their legs grow out as the tail grows short and they become frogs. You +can find or buy a variety of turtles which will soon be tame and eat +from your fingers. Do not keep turtles with fish. + +On every hike or tramp carry a wide-mouthed bottle for specimens and a +piece of rubber cloth in which to bring home water plants. Fish can be +carried wrapped in damp moss for hours and will be found well and +lively when put in the aquarium. + + +Fish Food + +Fish require very little food other than the minute creatures that +develop in the water. + +The dealers supply proper foods for aquaria, or you can prepare your +own. Fine vermicelli is good for gold fish, scraped lean beef is just +what the sunfish and Paradise fish want. Ant eggs suit many fish, and +powdered dog biscuit will fill many mouths. It is evident that an +article so brief as this is only suggestive. The libraries contain +many books of which two are recommended: + +"Home Aquarium and How to Care For It." By Eugene Smith, 1902. +Published by Dutton, New York. + +"Book of Aquaria." By Bateman and Bennett, 1890. Published by L. +Upcott Gill, 170 Strand, W. C., London. + + +ROCKS AND PEBBLES + +_United States Geological Survey_ + +Geologists study the materials of the earth's crust, the processes +continually changing its surface, and the forms and structures thus +produced. In a day's tramp one may see much under each of these heads. + +The earth's crust is made up chiefly of the hard rocks, which outcrop +in many places, but are largely covered by thin, loose, surface +materials. Rocks may be igneous, which have cooled from a melted +condition; or sedimentary, which are made of layers spread one upon +another by water currents or waves, or by winds. + +Igneous rocks, while still molten, have been forced into other rocks +from below, or poured out on the surface from volcanoes. They are +chiefly made of crystals of various minerals, such as quartz, felspar, +mica, and pyrite. Granite often contains large crystals of felspar or +mica. Some igneous rocks, especially lavas, are glassy; others are so +fine grained that the crystals cannot be seen. + +In places one may find veins filling cracks in the rocks, and {113} +made of material deposited from solution in water. Many valuable +minerals and ores occur in such veins, and fine specimens can +sometimes be obtained from them. + + +{112} + +[Illustration: Fold in stratified rock] + + +[Illustration: Wearing the soft and hard beds by rain and wind] + + +[Illustration: Quartz vein in rock] + + +{113 continued} + +Sedimentary rock are formed of material usually derived from the +breaking up and wearing away of older rocks. When first deposited, the +materials are loose, but later, when covered by other beds, they +become hardened into solid rock. If the layers were of sand, the rock +is sandstone; if of clay, it is shale. Rocks made of layers of pebbles +are called conglomerate or pudding-stone; those of limy material, +derived perhaps from shells, are limestone. Many sedimentary rocks +contain fossils, which are the shells or bones of animals or the stems +and leaves of plants living in former times, and buried by successive +beds of sand or mud spread over them. Much of the land is covered by a +thin surface deposit of clay, sand, or gravel, which is yet loose +material and which shows the mode of formation of sedimentary rocks. + +Some rocks have undergone, since their formation, great pressure or +heat and have been much changed. They are called metamorphic rocks. +Some are now made of crystals though at first they were not; in others +the minerals have become arranged {114} in layers closely resembling +the beds of sedimentary rocks; still others, like slate, tend to split +into thin plates. + +The earth's surface is continually being changed; the outcropping hard +rock is worn away by wind and rain, and is broken up by frost, by +solution of some minerals, etc. The loose material formed is blown +away or washed away by rain and deposited elsewhere by streams in +gravel bars, sand beds, and mud flats. The streams cut away their +beds, aided by the sand and pebbles washed along. Thus the hills are +being worn down and the valleys deepened and widened, and the +materials of the land are slowly being moved toward the sea, again to +be deposited in beds. + + +[Illustration: Wave-cut cliff with beach and spit built by waves and +currents] + + +Along the coast the waves, with the pebbles washed about, are wearing +away the land and spreading out its materials in new beds elsewhere. +The shore is being cut back in some places and built out in others. +Rivers bring down sand and mud and build deltas or bars at their +mouths. + +Volcanoes pour out melted rock on the surface, and much fine material +is blown out in eruptions. Swamps are filled {115} by dead vegetable +matter and by sand and mud washed in. These materials form new rocks +and build up the surface. Thus the two processes, the wearing down in +some places and the building up in others, are tending to bring the +surface to a uniform level. Another process, so slow that it can be +observed only through long periods of time, tends to deform the +earth's crust and to make the surface more irregular. In times past, +layers of rock once horizontal have been bent and folded into great +arches and troughs, and large areas of the earth's surface have been +raised high above sea-level. + + +[Illustration: Rock ledge rounded smooth and scratched by ice] + + +[Illustration: Sand-dune with wind-rippled surface] + + +At almost any rock outcrop the result of {116} the breaking-up process +may be seen; the outer portion is softer, more easily broken, and of +different color from the fresh rock, as shown by breaking open a large +piece. The wearing away of the land surface is well shown in rain +gullies, and the carrying along and depositing of sand and gravel may +be seen in almost any stream. In the Northern states and Canada, which +at one time were covered by a great sheet of ice, moving southward and +grinding off the surface over which it passed, most of the rock +outcrops are smoothly rounded and many show scratches made by pebbles +dragged along by the ice. The hills too have {117} smoother and rounder +outlines, as compared with those farther south where the land has been +carved only by rain and streams. Along the coast the wearing away of +the land by waves is shown at cliffs, found where the coast is high, +and by the abundant pebbles on the beaches, which are built of +material torn from the land by the waves. Sand bars and tidal flats +show the deposition of material brought by streams and spread out by +currents. Sand dunes and barrens illustrate the carrying and spreading +out of fine material by the wind. + + +[Illustration: Slab containing fossil shells] + + +[Illustration: Conglomerate or pudding-stone] + + +In many regions the beds of sedimentary rocks, which must have been +nearly horizontal when formed, are now found sloping at various angles +or standing on edge, the result of slow deforming of these beds at an +earlier time. As some beds are more easily worn away than others, the +hills and valleys in such regions owe their form and position largely +to the different extent to which the harder and softer beds have been +worn down by weather and by streams. The irregular line of many coasts +is likewise due to the different hardness of the rocks along the +shore. + +It is by the study of the rocks and of the remains of life found in +them, by observing the way in which the surface of the earth is being +changed and examining the results of those changes and by concluding +that similar results were produced in former times in the same way, +that geologists are able to read much of the past history of the +earth, uncounted years before there were men upon it. + + +Plants, Ferns, and Grasses + + _By Dr. L. C. Corbett, Horticulturist, + United States Bureau of Plant Industry_ + + +The appearance of the blossoms and fruits of the fields and forests in +any locality note the advent and progress of the seasons more +accurately than does the calendar. Plants and seeds which have lain +asleep during the winter are awakened not by the birth of a month, but +by the return of heat and moisture in proper proportions. This may be +early one year and late another, but, no matter what the calendar +says, the plants respond to the call and give evidence of spring, +summer, or autumn as the case may be. The surface of the earth is not +flat. We have valleys and we have mountains; we have torrid and we +have temperate zones. The plant life of the world has been adjusted to +these varied conditions, and as a result we have plants with certain +characteristics growing in the tropics at sea-level, but a very +different class of plants with {118} different habits and +characteristics inhabiting the elevated regions of this same zone. It +must be remembered that even under the tropics some of the highest +mountains carry a perpetual snow-cap. There is therefore all possible +gradations of climate from sea-level to the top of such mountains, +even at the equator, and plant life is as a result as varied as is +climate. Each zone, whether determined by latitude or by altitude, +possesses a distinctive flora. + +But altitude and latitude are not the only factors which have been +instrumental in determining the plants found in any particular +locality. This old earth of ours has not always been as we see her +to-day. The nature we know and observe is quite different from that +which existed in earlier ages of the earth's history. The plants, the +trees, and the flowers that existed upon the earth during the age when +our coal was being deposited were very different from those we now +have. There has been a change, but, strange as it may seem, there are +in some places upon the earth to-day some of the same species of +plants which were abundant during the coal-forming periods. These are +among the oldest representatives of the plant world now extant. Then +we are told that there was a period when the north temperate zone was +covered with a great ice field which crowded down as far as southern +Pennsylvania and central Ohio. This naturally brought about a profound +change in the location and character of the plants of this region. +There are in the Black Hills of Dakota species of plants which have no +relatives anywhere in the prairie region, and no means is known by +which these representatives of a Rocky Mountain family could find +their way into the Black Hills, save that, previous to the ice age, +this species was generally scattered over the territory, and that, +during the ice age, the species was perpetuated in the hills, but was +killed out between there and the Rocky Mountains where it is found in +abundance. These are some of the natural reasons for the existence of +varied plants in different localities. They are sufficient to explain +the reason for the existence of local floras. + +But nature has provided untold ways for the perpetuation as well as +the dispersal of plants for the purpose of, so far as possible, +enabling the plants of the world to take possession of all parts of +the earth's surface. If this adjustment were complete, the plants +would be practically alike all over the surface of the earth, but we +have already explained why this cannot be and why we have a different +flora in each zone, whether it be marked by lines of latitude or +height of {120} the mountains. Plants are perpetuated by seeds, by +bulbs, and by woody parts. Some seeds are highly perishable and must +be sown as soon as ripe; others remain years without losing their +power to produce plants. Some grow as soon as they come in contact +with the soil; others must fall, be buried and frozen before they will +germinate. Some plants are perpetuated by bulbs, tubers, or roots in +which a supply of food material is stored away to carry the plant over +a period when its above-ground parts cannot thrive owing to frost or +drought. Upon the return of favorable conditions, these resting parts +throw out shoots and again make the round of growth, usually producing +both seeds and underground parts for the preservation of the species. +There are both wild and cultivated plants in nearly all sections which +illustrate these methods of preservation. Besides plants which have +bulbs, tubers, or perennial roots, we have the large, woody plants +which live many years and so perpetuate themselves, not only as +individuals the same as plants with perennial roots; but they, too, as +a rule, produce seed for the multiplication of their kind. + + +{119} + +[Illustration: _Pinkster Flower_--It shows its pink flowers in rocky +woods and thickets during spring.] + + +[Illustration: _White Pine_--Common evergreen tree of the Northeastern +states. Needle-like leaves in bundles of five.] + + +[Illustration: _Butterfly Weed_--The bright, orange colored flowers are +conspicuous in dry meadows from June to September.] + + +[Illustration: _Poison Ivy_--Can be distinguished from the harmless +woodbine by its three-lobed leaves.] + + +{120 continued} + +The agencies which serve to spread plants about over the earth's +surface are very varied and interesting. Nature has provided seeds +with many appendages which assist in their dispersal. Some seeds have +wings, and some parachutes to take advantage of the wind. Some seeds +are provided with hooks and stickers by which they become attached to +the fur of animals and are in this way enabled to steal a free ride. +Other seeds are provided with edible coverings which attract birds, +but the seeds themselves are hard and not digestible; the fruit is +eaten and the seeds rejected and so plants are scattered. Besides +these methods of perpetuation and dispersal, some plants are +perpetuated as well as dispersed by vegetative reproduction, i. e., by +cuttings as in the case of willows; by runners as in the case of the +strawberry; and by stolons as with the black raspberry. (For further +information on this point see Bailey's "Lessons with Plants.") + +Some plant characteristics, however, of greatest interest to the scout +may be enumerated. Plants not only mark zones, but they indicate soils +with certain characteristics, and the crop wise say that the soil on +which chestnut abounds is suitable for buckwheat or peaches. Plants +also indicate the influence of local conditions such as lakes, ponds, +or even variations in contour. A knowledge of the local flora of a +region will at once tell one whether he is upon a northern or a +southern hillside by the plants of the area. The creek bottom will +{121} abound with species not to be found on the hillsides, but species +common to both plain and mountain will mark the progress of the season +up the slope. + +In the north temperate zone the moss if any will be found growing upon +the north side of the tree trunk. Each hundred feet of elevation in a +given latitude makes from one to two days difference in time of +blooming of plants. The character of the vegetation of a region is an +index to its climate. Certain plants are adapted to frigid regions, +others to temperate, and still others to tropical areas. Some plants +are adapted to humid sections, while others are admirably adjusted to +desert conditions. A knowledge of these differences in plants will be +of the greatest value to the scout, and if this is supplemented by +information about the value and uses of the various plant products +many hardships can be avoided. Many plants produce valuable juices, +gums, and resins, while others yield us valuable timber for building +and cabinet uses. + +While it is impossible to even suggest the great variety of plants +found within the confines of the United States, the following books on +botany will be found helpful in each of the different sections for +which they are designed. + + +Bibliography + +For the botany of the Northeastern United States use: + +"New Manual of Botany," 7th ed. Asa Gray. + +"Illustrated Flora of the United States and Canada." N. L. Britton and +Hon. Addison Brown. + + +For the botany of the Southern United States use: + +"Flora of the Southern United States." A. W. Chapman. + +"Southern Wild Flowers and Trees." Alice Lounsberry. + + +For the Botany of the Rocky Mountain region use: + +"New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains." John M. +Coulter; Revised by Aven Nelson. + +"Rocky Mountain Wild Flower Studies." Burton O. Longyear. + +"The Trees of California." Willis Linn Jepson. + + +For general information regarding the shrubby plants of the United +States use: + +"Our Shrubs of the United States." Austin C. Apgar. + +"Our Northern Shrubs." Harriet Louise Keeler. + + +For the wild flowers outside of those already mentioned for the +Southern United States and the Rocky Mountain region use: + +"Our Garden Flowers." Harriet Louise Keeler. + +"How to Know the Wild Flowers." Frances Theodora Parsons. + +"Field Book of American Wild Flowers." F. Schuyler Mathews. + +{122} + +For the ferns and grasses it will be found worth while to consult: + +"How to Know the Ferns." Frances Theodora Parsons. + +"The Fern Collector's Guide." Willard Nelson Clute. + +"New England Ferns and Their Common Allies." Helen Eastman. + +"The Grasses, Sedges, and Rushes of the North United States." Edward +Knobel. + + +For the study of the monarchs of our forests the following books will +all be found exceedingly useful: + +"Manual of the Trees of North America." Charles Sprague Sargent. + +"Trees of the Northern United States." Austin C. Apgar. + +"Handbook of the Trees of the Northern United States and Canada." +Romeyn Beck Hough. + +"North American Trees." N. L. Britton. + +"Familiar Trees and Their Leaves." 1911. F. Schuyler Mathews. + +Besides these, several states have issued through their state +experiment stations bulletins dealing with the local plant +inhabitants. In some instances these publications cover forest trees, +grasses, and shrubs, either native or introduced. Several of the +educational institutions, as well as the experiment stations, now +regularly issue nature study leaflets or bulletins which treat of +popular subjects of interest in connection with outdoor things. It +would be well to write the state experiment station in your state for +literature of this nature. + + +MUSHROOMS, FUNGI, OR TOADSTOOLS + + _By Ernest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout + Revised by Dr. C. C. Curtis_ + +There are thousands of different kinds of toadstools or mushrooms in +the world; most of them are good to eat, yet all have a bad +reputation, because some are deadly poisonous. + +False tests. First of all let us dispose of some ancient false tests +that have led many into disaster. + +Cooking or otherwise trying with silver proves absolutely nothing. It +is believed by many that the poisonous mushrooms turn silver black. +Some do; some do not; and some eatable ones do. There is nothing in +it. + +Bright colors on the cap also mean nothing; many gorgeous toadstools +are wholesome food. But the color of the pores {123} means a great +deal, and this is determined by laying the fungus cap gills down on +gray paper for six or eight hours under a glass. + + +[Illustration: Moose horn clavaria.] + + +[Illustration: Spindle clavaria.] + + +[Illustration: Club clavaria.] + + +[Illustration: Golden clavaria.] + + +Poisonous Toadstools + +Of all the poisonous kinds the deadliest are the Amanitas. Not only +are they widespread and abundant, but they are unhappily much like the +ordinary table mushrooms. They have however one or two strong marks: +Their stalk always grows out of a "poison cup" which shows either as a +cup or as a bulb; they have white or yellow gills, and white spores. +The worst of these are: + + +Deathcup, Destroying Angel, Sure-death, or Deadly Amanita +(_Amanita phalloides_) + +One and one half to five inches across the cup; three to seven inches +high; white, green, yellowish olive, or grayish brown; {124} smooth but +sticky when moist; gills white; spores white; on the stem is an +annulus or ring just below the cap. + + +Fly Amanita (_Amanita muscaria_) + +About the same size; mostly yellow, but ranging from orange red to or +almost white; usually with raised white spots or scales on the top; +gills white or tinged yellow; spores white; flesh white. + +Hated Amanita (_Amanita spreta_) + +Four to six inches high; cap three to five inches across; white, +tinged with brown in places especially in the middle of the cap, where +it has sometimes a bump. + + +[Illustration: Deadly amanita] + + +[Illustration: Fly amanita] + + +[Illustration: Hated amanita] + + +There are over a score more of amanitas varying in size and color, but +all have the general style of mushrooms, and the label marks of +poison, viz., white or yellow gills, a poison cup, and white spores. + + +Emetic Russula (_Russula emetica_) + +In a less degree this russula is poisonous. It is a short-stemmed +mushroom, two to four inches high, about the size of the Fly Amanita; +its cap is rosy red, pinkish when young, dark red when older, fading +to straw color in age; its gills and spores white. Its peppery taste +when raw is a fair notice of danger. + +_Symptoms of Poisoning_: Vomiting and purging, "the discharge from the +bowels being watery with small flakes suspended {125} and sometimes +containing blood," cramps in the extremities. The pulse is very slow +and strong at first but later weak and rapid, sometimes sweat and +saliva pour out. Dizziness, faintness, and blindness, the skin clammy, +cold, and bluish, or livid; temperature low with dreadful tetanic +convulsions, and finally stupor. + +_Remedy_: "Take an emetic at once, and send for a physician with +instructions to bring hypodermic syringe and atropine sulphate. The +dose is 1/180 of a grain, and doses should be continued heroically +until 1/20 of a grain is administered, or until, in the physician's +opinion, a proper quantity has been injected. Where the victim is +critically ill, the 1/20 of a grain may be administered." (McIllvaine +& Macadam.) + + +[Illustration: Emetic russula: russula emetica (after Marshall)] + + +[Illustration: Mushrooms] + + +WHOLESOME TOADSTOOLS + +IMPORTANT NOTE.--Experimenting with mushrooms is dangerous; it is +better not to eat them unless gathered under expert direction. + + +The Common Mushroom (_Agaricus campestris_) + +Known at once by its general shape and smell, its pink or brown gills, +white flesh, brown spores and solid stem. + + +Coprinus + +Also belonging to the gilled or true mushroom family are the ink-caps +of the genus. + +They grow on dung piles and rich ground. They spring up over night and +perish in a day. In the last stage the gills turn as black as ink. + + +Inky Coprinus (_Coprinus atramentarius_) + +This is the species illustrated. The example was from the woods; often +it is less tall and graceful. The cap is one inch {126} to three +inches in diameter, grayish or grayish brown, sometimes tinged lead +color. Wash and stew: Stew or bake from twenty to thirty minutes after +thorough washing, being the recognized mode. + +All the Clavarias or Coral Mushrooms are good except Clavaria +dichotoma which is white, and has its branches divided in pairs at +each fork. It grows on the ground under beeches and is slightly +poisonous; it is rare. + + +The Delicious Morel (_Morchella deliciosa_) + +One and a half to three inches high; greenish with brown hollows. +There are several kindred species of various colors. This is known by +the cylindrical shape of its cap. Wash, slice, and stew. + + +[Illustration: Inky coprinus] + + +[Illustration: Morel] + + +Puffballs (_Lycoperdaceae_) + +The next important and safe group are the puffballs before they begin +to puff. All our puffballs when young and solid white inside are good, +wholesome food. Some of them, like the brain puffball or the giant +puffball, are occasionally a foot in diameter, and yield flesh enough +to feed a dozen persons. + + +[Illustration: Brain puffball] + + +[Illustration: Pear puffball] + + +[Illustration: Cup puffball] + + +They are well known to all who live in the country, their smooth +rounded exterior, without special features except the {127} roots, and +their solid white interior are easily remembered. Peel, slice, and +fry. + + +Bibliography + +The following are standard and beautifully illustrated works on +mushrooms and toadstools. They have been freely used for guidance and +illustrations in the preparation of the above: + +"Edible Fungi of New York." By Charles H. Peck. Published by New York +State Museum, Albany, 1900. + +"The Mushroom Book." By Nina L. Marshall. Published 1902 at New York +by Doubleday, Page & Co. $3.50. + +"One Thousand American Fungi." By McIllvaine and Macadam. Published by +the Bobbs-Merrill Company of Indianapolis, 1902. $3.00. Add 40 cents +express. + +"Mushrooms." G. F. Atkinson. Holt & Co. + +"The Mushroom." M. E. Hard. The Ohio Library Co., Columbus, Ohio. + + +COMMON NORTH AMERICAN TREES + +White Pine (_Pinus strobus_) + +A noble evergreen tree, up to 175 feet high. This is the famous pine +of New England, the lumberman's prize. Its leaves are in bunches of +five, and are 3 to 5 inches long; cones 4 to 6 inches long. Wood pale, +soft, straight-grained, easily split. Newfoundland to Manitoba and +south to Illinois. + + +[Illustration: White pine] + + +[Illustration: Hemlock] + + +[Illustration: Red cedar] + + +{128} + +There are many different kinds of pines. They are best distinguished +by their cones. + + +Hemlock (_Tsuga Canadensis_) + +Evergreen. Sixty to seventy feet high. Wood pale, soft, coarse, +splintery, not durable. Bark full of tannin. Leaves 1/2 to 3/4 inches +long; cones about the same. Its knots are so hard that they quickly +turn the edge of an axe or gap it as a stone might; these are probably +the hardest vegetable growth in our woods. Its topmost twig usually +points easterly. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Delaware and +Michigan. + + +[Illustration: Cottonwood] + + +[Illustration: Shagbark] + + +[Illustration: Walnut] + + +Red Cedar (_Juniperus Virginiana_) + +Evergreen. Any height up to 100 feet. Wood, heart a beautiful bright +red; sap wood nearly white; soft, weak, but extremely durable as +posts, etc. Makes a good bow. The tiny scale-like leaves are 3 to 6 to +the inch; the berry-like cones are light blue and 1/4 of an inch in +diameter. It is found in dry places from Nova Scotia to Florida and +west to British Columbia. + + +Cottonwood (_Populus deltoides_) + +Small and rare in the Northeast, but abundant and large {129} in West; +even 150 feet high. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long. Found from Quebec to +Florida and west to the mountains. + + +Shagbark or White Hickory (_Hicoria ovata_) + +A tall forest tree up to 120 feet high. Known at once by the great +angular slabs of bark hanging partly detached from its main trunk, +forced off by the growth of wood, but too tough to fall. Its leaves +are 8 to 14 inches long, with 5 to 7 broad leaflets. + + +Black Walnut (_Juglans nigra_) + +A magnificent forest tree up to 150 feet high. Wood, a dark +purplish-brown or gray; hard, close-grained, strong, very durable in +weather or ground work, and heavy; fruit round, 1-3/4 inches through. +Leaflets 13 to 23, and 3 to 5 inches long. Found from Canada to the +Gulf. + + +White Walnut or Butternut (_Juglans cinerea_) + +A much smaller tree than the last, rarely 100 feet high, with much +smoother bark, leaves similar but larger and coarser, compound of +fewer leaflets, but the leaflet stalks and the new twigs are covered +with sticky down. Leaves 15 to 30 inches long, leaflets 11 to 19 in +number and 3 to 5 inches long; fruit oblong, 2 to 3 inches long. New +Brunswick and Dakota and south to Mississippi. + + +Common Birch or Aspen-leaved Birch (_Betula populifolia_) + +A small tree on dry and poor soil, rarely 50 feet high. Wood soft, +close-grained, not strong, splits in drying, useless for weather or +ground work. A cubic foot weighs 36 pounds. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long. +It has a black triangular scar at each armpit. The canoe birch is +without these black marks. New Brunswick to Ontario to Pennsylvania +and Delaware. + + +Black Birch, Sweet Birch, or Mahogany Birch (_Betula lenta_) + +The largest of the birches; a great tree, in Northern forests up to 80 +feet high. The bark is scarcely birchy, rather like that of {130} +cherry, very dark, and aromatic. Leaves 2-1/2 to 6 inches long. +Newfoundland to Western Ontario and south to Tennessee. + + +[Illustration: Ashen-leaved birch] + + +[Illustration: Black birch] + + +[Illustration: Beech] + + +Beech (_Fagus Americana_) + +In all North America there is but one species of beech. It is a noble +forest tree, 70 to 80 and occasionally 120 feet high, readily +distinguished by its smooth, ashy-gray bark. Leaves 3 to 4 inches +long. It shares with hickory and sugar maple the honor of being a +perfect firewood. Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, south to Florida and +Texas. + + +Chestnut (_Castanea dentata_) + +A noble tree, 60 to 80 or even 100 feet high. The most delicious of +nuts. Leaves 6 to 8 inches long. Maine to Michigan and south to +Tennessee. + + +Red Oak (_Quercus rubra_) + +A fine forest tree, 70 to 80 or even 140 feet high. Hard, strong, +coarse-grained, heavy. It checks, warps, and does not stand for +weather or ground work. The acorn takes two {131} seasons to ripen. +Leaves 4 to 8 inches long. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Texas +and Florida. + + +White Oak (_Quercus alba_) + +A grand forest tree, over 100 up to 150 feet high. Wood pale, strong, +tough, fine-grained, durable and heavy, valuable timber. Called white +from pale color of bark and wood. Leaves 5 to 9 inches long. Acorns +ripen in one season. Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. + + +[Illustration: Chestnut] + + +[Illustration: Red oak] + + +[Illustration: White oak] + + +White Elm or Swamp Elm (_Ulmus Americana_) + +A tall, splendid forest tree, commonly 100, occasionally 120 feet +high. Wood reddish-brown, hard, strong, tough, very hard to split, +coarse, heavy. Soon rots near the ground. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long. +Flowers in early spring before leafing. Abundant, Newfoundland and +Manitoba to Texas. + + +Sycamore, Plane Tree, Buttonball or Buttonwood (_Platanus occidentalis_) + +One of the largest of our trees; up to 140 feet high; commonly hollow. +Little use for weather work. Famous for shedding {132} its bark as well as +its leaves; leaves 4 to 9 inches long. Canada to Gulf. + + +Black or Yellow Locust, Silver Chain (_Robinia pseudacacia_) + +A tall forest tree up to 80 feet high; leaves 8 to 14 inches long; +leaflets 9 to 19, 1 to 2 inches long, pods 2 to 4 inches long, 4 to 7 +seeded. This is the common locust so often seen about old lawns. + + +[Illustration: White elm] + + +[Illustration: Sycamore] + + +[Illustration: Black locust] + + +Red, Scarlet, Water, or Swamp Maple (_Acer rubrum_) + +A fine, tall tree, often over 100 feet high. Noted for its flaming +crimson foliage in fall, as well as its red leaf stalks, flowers, and +fruit, earlier. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long. Like all the maples it +produces sugar, though in this case not much. Western North America. + +The sugar maple is a larger, finer tree. + + +[Illustration: Red maple] + + +[Illustration: White ash] + + + +White Ash (_Fraxinus Americana_) + +A fine tree on moist soil. Seventy to 80 or even 130 feet high. Yellow +in autumn; noted for being last to leaf and first {133} to shed in the +forest. Called white for the silvery under sides of the leaves; these +are 8 to 12 inches long, each leaflet 3 to 6 inches long. Nova Scotia +to Texas. + +For a full unbotanical account of one hundred and twenty of our finest +trees with their uses as wood, their properties, and the curious and +interesting things about them see: + +"The Forester's Manual: or Forest Trees That Every Scout Should Know." +By Ernest Thompson Seton. + + +NATIVE WILD ANIMALS + +Every scout ought to know the principal wild animals that are found in +North America. He need not know them as a naturalist, but as a hunter, +as a camper. Here is a brief account of twenty-four of them, and those +who wish to know more will find the fullest possible account in "Life +Histories of North America," by E. T. Seton. (Scribners, 1909.) These +two volumes are found in all large libraries. + + +[Illustration: Elk] + + +Elk or Wapiti (_Cervus canadensis_) + +This is smaller than the moose. It stands four to five feet at the +shoulder and weighs four hundred to eight hundred pounds. It is known +by its rounded horns and the patch of yellowish-white on the rump and +tail. At one time this splendid animal was found throughout temperate +America from the Atlantic to the Pacific, north to Massachusetts, the +Ottawa River, the Peace River, and British Columbia; and south to +Georgia, Texas, and southern California. It is now exterminated except +in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta; Vancouver Island, Washington, +Wyoming and a few localities in the mountain states and in parks where +it has been reintroduced. + +{134} + +The elk of Washington is very dark in color; that of the +Southwest is very pale and small. + + +White-tailed Deer (_Odocoileus virginianus_) + +This is the best known of the common deer of America. It is +distinguished by the forward bend of the horns, with the snags +pointing backward, and by its long tail which is brown or blackish +above and pure white below. Its face is gray, its throat white. A fair +sized buck weighs two hundred pounds, live weight. A few have been +taken of over three hundred and fifty pounds weight. In the Southern +states they run much smaller. Several varieties have been described. +It was found formerly in all of the timber states east of the Rockies; +also in Ontario south of Lake Nipissing, in south Quebec and south New +Brunswick. At present it is exterminated in the highly cultivated +states of the Middle West, but has spread into northern Ontario, New +Brunswick, and Manitoba. + + +[Illustration: White-tailed deer] + + +[Illustration: Mule deer] + + +[Illustration: Moose] + + +Mule Deer (_Odocoileus hemionus_) + +This is the commonest deer of the hill country in the centre of the +continent. It is found in the mountains from Mexico to British +Columbia and northeasterly Saskatchewan and the Lake of the Woods. It +is known by its {135} double-forked horns, its large ears, the dark +patch on the forehead, the rest of the face being whitish. Also by its +tail which is white with a black bunch on the end. This is a larger +deer than the White-tail. There are several varieties of it in the +South and West. + + +Moose (_Alces americanus_) + +This is the largest of the deer tribe. It stands five and a half to +six and a half feet at the withers and weighs eight hundred to one +thousand pounds. It is readily distinguished by its flat horns and +pendulous, hairy muzzle. It is found in all the heavily timbered +regions of Canada and Alaska and enters the United States in Maine, +Adirondacks, Minnesota, Montana, Idaho, and northwestern Wyoming. +Those from Alaska are of gigantic stature. + +In all our deer the antlers are grown and shed each year, reaching +perfection in autumn for the mating season. They are found in the +males only, except in the caribou, in which species the females also +have small horns. + + +[Illustration: Antelope] + + +Antelope (_Antilocapra americana_) + +The antelope is famous as the swiftest quadruped native in America. It +is a small creature, less than a common deer; a fair-sized buck weighs +about one hundred pounds. It is known by its rich buff color with pure +white patches, by having only two hoofs on each foot, and by the horns +which are of true horn, like those of a goat, but have a snag or +branch and are shed each year. In the female the horns are little +points about an inch long. + +Formerly the antelope abounded on all the high plains from Manitoba to +Mexico and west to Oregon and California. It is now reduced to a few +straggling bands in the central and wildest parts of the region. + + +Mountain Goat (_Oreamnos montanus_) + +The mountain goat is known at once by its pure white coat of wool and +hair, its black horns, and peculiar shape. It is {136} above the size +of a common deer; that is, a full grown male weighs two hundred and +fifty to three hundred pounds; the female a third less. It is famous +for its wonderful power as a rock climber and mountaineer. It is found +in the higher Rockies, chiefly above timber lines, from central Idaho +to Alaska. + + +[Illustration: Goat] + + +[Illustration: Woodchuck] + + +[Illustration: Beaver] + + +Woodchuck (_Marmota monax_) + +The common woodchuck is a grizzly brown on the back, chestnut on the +breast, blackish on the crown and paws, and whitish on the cheeks. Its +short ears and bushy tail are important characteristics. It measures +about twenty-four inches of which the tail is five and a half inches +and weighs five to ten pounds. + +It is found in all the wooded parts of Canada from the Rockies to the +Atlantic and south in the eastern states to about 40 degrees latitude. + + +Beaver (_Castor canadensis_) + +The beaver is known by its great size--weighing from twenty-five to +fifty pounds--its chestnut color, darker on the crown, its webbed +feet, and its broad, flat, naked, scaly tail. The pelt of this animal +is a valuable fur. The creature is famous for building dams and +digging canals. It was found wherever there was water and timber in +North America north of Mexico, but is now exterminated in most highly +settled regions. + + +Muskrat (_Fiber zibethicus_) + +The muskrat is about the size of a cat; that is, it is twenty-one +inches long, of which the tail is ten inches. In color it somewhat +resembles the beaver, but its feet are not conspicuously webbed, its +tail is long and flattened vertically, not {137} horizontally. This +abundant animal is found throughout North America within the limit of +trees wherever there is fresh water. It is the most abundant fur on +the market. + + +[Illustration: Muskrat] + + +[Illustration: Black-tailed jack rabbit] + + +Jack Rabbit (_Lepus Californicus_) + +The jack-rabbit, famous for its speed and its ears, is known by its +size, which about doubles that of a common rabbit and the jet black +stripe running from its back into its tail. It is found on the plains +from Nebraska to Oregon and south to Mexico. There are several +different varieties. + + +Cottontail (_Sylvilagus floridanus_) + +The common eastern cottontail is known from the snowshoe by its +smaller feet and its much larger, longer tail, which is gray above, +and snow-white underneath. Sometimes the common tame rabbit resembles +the cottontail in general color, but the latter has the top of its +tail black. + +The cottontails do not turn white in winter. They are found in most +parts of the United States, entering Canada only in the Ontario +peninsula and southern Saskatchewan. + + +[Illustration: Cottontail] + + +Cougar or Panther (_Felis couguar_) + +The cougar has been called the American lion; it is the largest cat in +the western world except the jaguar or American {138} tiger. It is +known by its unspotted brown coat, its long, heavy tail, and its size. +A male cougar weighs one hundred and fifty to two hundred pounds; a +few have been taken over that. The females are a third smaller. The +young in first coat have black spots. + +The cougar never attacks man but preys on deer, horses, calves, etc. +There are several different forms; one or other of these is (or was) +found from Ottawa, Minnesota, and Vancouver Island to Patagonia. + + +[Illustration: Cougar] + + +[Illustration: Lynx] + + +[Illustration: Wild cat or bob cat] + + +Wild Cat or Bob Cat (_Lynx rufus_) + +This is somewhat like the Canada lynx but is more spotted, has smaller +feet, and the tail has several dark bars above and is pure white on +the under side of the tip. + +There are several species of bob cats; they cover the timbered states +and enter Canada in Ontario, going north to Lake Simcoe. + + +Fox (_Vulpes fulvus_) + +The fox is about four feet from snout to tail tip; of this the tail is +sixteen inches or more; it stands about fifteen inches at the +shoulder. It rarely weighs over fifteen pounds and sometimes barely +ten. The fox is known by its bright, sandy-red coat, black ears and +paws, its white throat, and the white tip at the end of the tail. At a +distance the fox's ears and tail look very large. The silver or black +fox is a mere color freak with black coat and white tail tip. Red +foxes are found throughout the heavily timbered parts of North America +north of latitude thirty-five degrees. + + +Gray Wolf (_Canis occidentalis_) + +The wolf is simply a big wild dog with exceptionally strong jaws and +general gray color, becoming dirty white on the under part. The wolf +is found in all parts of North America, except where settlement has +driven it out, and varies in color with locality. The Florida wolves +are black, Texan wolves are reddish, and Arctic wolves are white. +Wolves weigh from {139} seventy-five to one hundred and twenty pounds +and are distinguishable from coyotes by the heavy muzzle and jaws, +greater size, and comparatively small tail, which is often held aloft. +Wolves nowadays rarely molest man. + + +Coyote (_Canis latrans_) + +The common coyote is like a small and delicate edition of the gray +wolf. It is much smaller, weighing only twenty to thirty pounds, and +is distinguished by its sharp, fox-like muzzle and large bushy tail, +which is rarely raised to the level. In color it is much like the +ordinary gray wolf but usually more tinged with yellow. It is found in +all the interior country from Wisconsin to Oregon and from Mexico to +Great Slave Lake. There are several different varieties. It never +attacks man. + + +Otter (_Lutra canadensis_) + +The otter is a large water weasel with close, dense, shiny fur and +webbed feet. It is known by its color--dark brown above shaded into +dark gray below and white on the cheeks without any markings--and by +its size. It is about forty inches long and weighs about twenty +pounds. It is found throughout North America within the limit of +trees. Its fur is very valuable. It feeds on fish. + + +[Illustration: Otter] + + +[Illustration: Weasel] + + +Weasel (_Putorius noveboracensis_) + +The common weasel of New England is about the size of a big rat; that +is, it is sixteen inches long and all brown with the exception of +white chin, throat, breast, and paws, and black tip to the tail. In +winter it turns white except the tail tip; that does not change. + +The whole continent is inhabited by weasels of one kind or another. To +the north there is a smaller kind with shorter tail; on the prairies a +large kind with a very long tail; but all are of the same general +style and habits. A very small one, {140} the least weasel, is only +six inches long. It is found chiefly in Canada. + + +Mink (_Putorius vison_) + +The mink is simply a water weasel. It is known by its size, larger +than that of a common weasel, as it is twenty-four inches long of +which the tail is seven inches; also by its deep brown color all over +except the throat and chin which are pure white. Its fur is brown, +harder and glossier than that of the marten, and worth about a quarter +as much. It does not turn white in the winter. One form or another of +mink is found over all the unarid parts of North America from the +north limit of trees to the Gulf of Mexico. + + +[Illustration: Mink] + + +[Illustration: Skunk] + + +[Illustration: Badger] + + +Skunk (_Mephitis mephitica_) + +The skunk is known at once by its black coat with white stripes, its +immense bushy tail tipped with white, and its size, nearly that of a +cat. It weighs three to seven pounds. It ranges from Virginia to +Hudson Bay. In the Northwest is a larger kind weighing twice as much +and with black tip to tail. Various kinds range over the continent +south of latitude 55 degrees. It is harmless and beautiful. The smell +gun for which it is famous is a liquid musk; this is never used except +in the extreme of self-defence. + + +Badger (_Taxidea taxus_) + +The common badger is known by its general whitish-gray color, the +black and white markings on the head, the black paws, and the strong +claws for digging. It weighs from twelve to twenty-two pounds. That +is, it is about the size of a 'coon. {141} It is found in all the +prairie and plains country from the Saskatchewan Valley to Mexico and +from Wisconsin to the Pacific. + + +Raccoon (_Procyon lotor_) + +The 'coon looks like a small gray bear with a bushy ringed tail and a +large black patch on each eye. Its paws look like hands, and it has +the full number of five fingers or toes on each extremity. It is found +in all wooded regions from Manitoba south to Mexico and from Atlantic +to Pacific, except the desert and Rocky Mountain region. + + +[Illustration: Racoon] + + +[Illustration: Opossum] + + +[Illustration: Gray Squirrel] + + +Opossum (_Didelphis marsupialis_) + +The opossum is famous for carrying its young in a pouch in front of +the body. It may be known by its dirty-white woolly fur, its long, +naked, prehensile tail, its hand-like paws, its white face and sharp +muzzle, and the naked pink and blue ears. In size it resembles a cat. +The 'possum is found from Connecticut to Florida and westerly to +California. + + +Gray-squirrel (_Sciurus carolinensis_) + +America is particularly rich in squirrels. Not counting +ground-squirrels or chipmunks, we have over seventy-five different +forms on this continent. The widest spread is probably the +red-squirrel; but the best known in the United States is the common +gray-squirrel. Its gray coat white breast, and immense {142} bushy +tail are familiar to all eastern children. It is found in most of the +hardwood timber east of the Mississippi and south of the Ottawa River +and the State of Maine. Most of the nut trees in the woods of this +region were planted by the gray-squirrel. + + +Black Bear (_Ursus americanus_) + +This is the common bear of America. It is known at once by its jet +black color and brown nose. Its claws are short, rarely over an inch +long, and curved, serving better as climbers than do the long claws of +the grizzly. Two hundred pounds would be a good sized female, three +hundred a male; but Florida black bears have been taken weighing five +hundred pounds. Sometimes freaks with cinnamon-brown coats are found. + +This bear is found throughout North America wherever there is timber. + + +NOTES + + +{143} + + +Notes + + +{144} + + +Notes + + +{145} + +CHAPTER III + +CAMPCRAFT +(In treating of camping there has been an intentional omission of the +long-term camp. This is treated extensively in the books of reference +given at the close of this chapter.) + +Hiking and Over-night Camp + _By H. W. Gibson, Boys' Work Secretary, + Young Men's Christian Association + Massachusetts and Rhode Island_ + + +Several things should be remembered when going on a hike: First, avoid +long distances. A foot-weary, muscle-tired and temper-tried, hungry +group of boys is surely not desirable. There are a lot of false +notions about courage and bravery and grit that read well in print, +but fail miserably in practice, and long hikes for boys is one of the +most glaring of these notions. Second, have a leader who will set a +good easy pace, say two or three miles an hour, prevent the boys from +excessive water drinking, and assign the duties of pitching camp, etc. +Third, observe these two rules given by an old woodsman: (1) Never +walk over anything you can walk around; (2) never step on anything +that you can step over. Every time you step on anything you lift the +weight of your body. Why lift extra weight when tramping? Fourth, +carry with you only the things absolutely needed, rolled in blankets, +poncho army style. + +Before starting on a hike, study carefully the road maps, and take +them with you on the walk for frequent reference. The best maps are +those of the United States Geological Survey, costing five cents each. +The map is published in atlas sheets, each sheet representing a small, +quadrangular district. Send to the superintendent of documents at +Washington, D. C., for a list. + +For tramping the boy needs the right kind of a shoe, or the trip will +be a miserable failure. A light-soled or a light-built shoe is not +suited for mountain work or even for an ordinary hike. The feet will +blister and become "road weary." The shoe must be neither too big, too +small, nor too heavy, and be amply broad to give the toes plenty of +room. The shoe should be water-tight. A medium weight, high-topped +lace shoe is about right. Bathing the feet at the springs and streams +along the road will be refreshing, if not indulged in too frequently. +{146} See Chapter on "Health and Endurance" for care of the feet and +proper way of walking. + +It is well to carry a spare shirt hanging down the back with the +sleeves tied around the neck. Change when the shirt you are wearing +becomes too wet with perspiration. + +The most practical and inexpensive pack is the one made for the Boy +Scouts of America. (Price 60 cents.) It is about 14 x 20 inches +square, and 6 inches thick, made of water-proof canvas with +shoulder-straps, and will easily hold everything needed for a tramping +trip. + +A few simple remedies for bruises, cuts, etc., should be taken along +by the leader. You may not need them and some may poke fun at them, +but, as the old lady said, "You can't always sometimes tell." The +amount and kind of provisions must be determined by the locality and +habitation. + + +The Lean-to + + +[Illustration: Fig. 1. Frame of lean-to] + + +Reach the place where you are going to spend the night in plenty of +time to build your lean-to, and make your bed for {147} the night. +Select your camping spot with reference to water, wood, drainage, and +material for your lean-to. Choose a dry, level place, the ground just +sloping enough to insure the water running away from your lean-to in +case of rain. In building your lean-to look for a couple of good trees +standing from eight to ten feet apart with branches from six to eight +feet above the ground. By studying the illustration (No. 1) you will +be able to build a very serviceable shack, affording protection from +the dews and rain. While two or more boys are building the shack, +another should be gathering firewood and preparing the meal, while +another should be cutting and bringing in as many soft, thick tips of +trees as possible, for the roof of the shack and the beds. + +How to thatch the lean-to is shown in illustration No. 2. If the camp +site is to be used for several days, two lean-tos may be built facing +each other, about six feet apart. This will make a very comfortable +camp, as a small fire can be built between the two thus giving warmth +and light. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 2. Method of thatching] + + +The Bed + +On the floor of your lean-to lay a thick layer of the fans or branches +of a balsam or hemlock, with the convex side up, and the butts of the +stems toward the foot of the bed. Now thatch this over with more fans +by thrusting the butt ends through the first layer at a slight angle +toward the head of the bed, so that the soft tips will curve toward +the foot of the bed, and be sure to make the head of your bed away +from the opening of the lean-to and the foot toward the opening. Over +this bed spread your rubber blankets or ponchos with rubber side down, +your sleeping blanket on top, and you will be surprised how soft, +springy, and fragrant a bed you have, upon which to rest your "weary +frame" and sing with the poet: + + "Then the pine boughs croon me a lullaby, + And trickle the white moonbeams + To my face on the balsam where I lie + While the owl hoots at my dreams." + --_J. George Frederick_. + + +{148} + +Hot-Stone Wrinkle + +If the night bids fair to be cold, place a number of stones about six +or eight inches in diameter near the fire, so that they will get hot. +These can then be placed at the feet, back, etc., as needed, and will +be found good "bed warmers." When a stone loses its heat, it is +replaced near the fire and a hot one taken. If too hot, wrap the stone +in a shirt or sweater or wait for it to cool off. + +Boys desire adventure. This desire may be gratified by the +establishment of night watchers in relays of two boys each, every two +hours. Their imaginations will be stirred by the resistless attraction +of the camp-fire and the sound of the creatures that creep at night. + + +Observation Practice + +Many boys have excellent eyes, but see not, and good ears but hear +not, all because they have not been trained to observe or to hear +quickly. A good method of teaching observation while on a hike or +tramp is to have each boy jot down in a small note-book or diary of +the trip, the different kinds of trees, birds, animals, tracks, nature +of roads, fences, peculiar rock formation, smells of plants, etc., and +thus be able to tell what he saw or heard to the boys upon his return +to the permanent camp or to his home. + + +Camera Snap Shots + +One of the party should take a small folding camera. Photographs of +the trip are always of great pleasure and memory revivers. A practical +and convenient method of carrying small folding cameras represents an +ordinary belt to which a strap with a buckle has been attached, which +is run through the loops at the back of the camera case. The camera +may be pushed around the belt to the point where it will be least in +the way. + + +Camp Lamp + +A very convenient lamp to use on a hike is the Baldwin Camp Lamp made +by John Simmons Co., 13 Franklin Street, New York City. It weighs only +five ounces when full; is charged with carbide and is but 4-3/4 inches +high. It projects a strong light 150 feet through the woods. A stiff +wind will not blow it out. It can be worn comfortably in your hat or +belt. + + +Handy Articles + +A boy of ingenuity can make a number of convenient things. A good +drinking cup may be made from a piece of bark cut {149} in +parallelogram shape twisted into pyramid form and fastened with a +split stick. A flat piece of bark may serve as a plate. A pot lifter +may be made from a green stick about 18 inches long, allowing a few +inches of a stout branch to remain. By reversing the same kind of +stick and driving a small nail near the other end or cutting a notch +in it, it may be used to suspend a kettle over a fire. A novel +candlestick is made by opening the blade of a knife and jabbing it +into a tree; upon the other upturned blade put a candle. A green stick +having a split which will hold a piece of bread or meat makes an +excellent broiler. Don't pierce the bread or meat. Driving a +good-sized stake into the ground at an angle of 45 degrees and cutting +a notch on which may be suspended a kettle over a fire will provide a +way of boiling water quickly. + + +Building the Fireplace + +Take two or three stones and build a fireplace, a stick first shaved +and then whittled for shavings, a lighted match, a little blaze, some +bark and dry twigs added, a few small sticks, place the griddle over +the fire and you are ready to cook the most appetizing griddle-cakes. +After the cakes are cooked, fry slices of bacon upon the griddle; in +the surplus fat fry slices of bread, then some thinly sliced raw +potatoes done to a delicious brown. Here is a breakfast capable of +making the mouth of a camper water. + +Another way: Place the green logs side by side, closer together at one +end than the other. Build the fire between. On the logs over the fire +you can rest a frying-pan, kettle, etc. To start the fire have some +light, dry wood split up fine. When sticks begin to blaze, add a few +more of larger size and continue until you have a good fire. To +prevent the re-kindling of the fire after it is apparently out, pour +water over it and soak the earth for the space of two or three feet +around it. This is very important, for many forest fires have started +through failure to observe this caution. + + +COOKING RECEIPTS +Cooking for Hikes and Over-night Camps + +The following tested receipts are given for those who go on hikes and +over-night camps: + + +Griddle-cakes + +Beat one egg, tablespoonful of sugar, one cup diluted condensed milk +or new milk. Mix enough self-raising flour to {150} make a thick cream +batter. Grease the griddle with rind or slices of bacon for each batch +of cakes. Be sure to have the griddle hot. + + +Bacon + +Slice bacon quite thin; remove the rind, which makes slices curl up. +Fry on griddle or put on a sharp end of a stick and hold over the hot +coals, or better yet remove the griddle, and put on a clean, flat rock +in its place. When hot lay the slices of bacon on the rock and broil. +Keep turning so as to brown on both sides. + + +Canned Salmon on Toast + +Dip slices of stale bread into smoking hot lard. They will brown at +once. Drain them. Heat a pint of salmon, picked into flakes, season +with salt and pepper and turn in a tablespoonful of melted butter. +Heat in a pan. Stir in one egg, beaten light, with three +tablespoonfuls evaporated milk not thinned. Pour the mixture on the +fried bread. + + +Roast Potatoes + +Wash and dry potatoes thoroughly, bury them deep in a good bed of +coals, cover them with hot coals until well done. It will take about +forty minutes for them to bake. Then pass a sharpened hard-wood sliver +through them from end to end, and let the steam escape and use +immediately as a roast potato soon becomes soggy and bitter. + + +Baked Fresh Fish + +Clean well. Small fish should be fried whole with the back bone +severed to prevent curling up; large fish should be cut into pieces, +and ribs loosened from back bone so as to lie flat in pan. Rub the +pieces in corn meal or powdered crumbs, thinly and evenly (that browns +them), fry in plenty of hot fat to a golden brown, sprinkling lightly +with salt just as the color turns. If fish has not been wiped dry it +will absorb too much grease. If the frying fat is not very hot when +fish are put in, they will be soggy with it. + + +Frogs' Legs + +First, after skinning, soak them an hour in cold water to which +vinegar has been added, or put them for two minutes into scalding +water that has vinegar in it. Drain, wipe dry, and cook. {151} To fry: +roll in flour, season with salt and pepper, and fry not too rapidly, +preferably in butter or oil. Water-cress is a good relish with them. +To griddle: Prepare three tablespoonsful melted butter, one half +tablespoonful salt, and a pinch or two of pepper, into which dip the +frogs' legs, then roll in fresh bread crumbs and broil for three +minutes on each side. + + +Eggs + +Boiled: Have water to boiling point. Place eggs in carefully. Boil +steadily for three minutes if you wish them soft. If wanted hard +boiled, put them in cold water, bring to a boil, and keep it up for +twenty minutes. The yolk will then be mealy and wholesome. + +Fried: Melt some butter or fat in frying-pan; when it hisses drop in +eggs carefully. Fry them three minutes. + +Scrambled: First stir the eggs up and after putting some butter in the +frying-pan, stir the eggs in it after adding a little condensed milk. + +Poached: First put in the frying-pan sufficient diluted condensed milk +which has been thinned with enough water to float the eggs in, and let +them simmer three or four minutes. Serve the eggs on slices of +buttered toast, pouring on enough of the milk to moisten the toast. + + +Coffee + +For every cup of water allow a tablespoonful of ground coffee, then +add one extra. Have water come to boiling point first, add coffee, +hold it just below boiling point for five minutes, and settle with one +fourth of a cup of cold water. Serve. Some prefer to put the coffee in +a small muslin bag loosely tied. + + +Cocoa + +Allow a teaspoonful of cocoa for every cup of boiling water. Mix the +powdered cocoa with water or boiled milk, with sugar to taste. Boil +two or three minutes. + +These receipts have been tried out. Biscuit and bread making have been +purposely omitted. Take bread and crackers with you from camp. +"Amateur" biscuits are not conducive to good digestion or happiness. +Pack butter in small jar: cocoa, sugar, and coffee in small cans or +heavy paper; also salt and pepper. Wrap bread in a moist cloth to +prevent drying up; {152} bacon and dried or chipped beef in wax paper. +Pickles can be purchased put up in small bottles. Use the empty bottle +as candle-stick. + + +Sample Menu for an Over-night Camp and a Day Hike or Tramp + + +Breakfast +Griddle-Cakes, Fried Bacon and Potatoes, Bread, Coffee, Preserves + +Dinner +Creamed Salmon on Toast, Baked Potatoes, Bread, Pickles, Fruit + +Supper +Fried Eggs, Creamed or Chipped Beef, Cheese, Bread, Cocoa + + +Ration List for Six Boys, Three Meals + +2 pounds bacon (sliced thin) +1 pound butter +1 dozen eggs +1/2 pound cocoa +1/2 pound coffee +1 pound sugar +3 cans salmon +24 potatoes +2 cans condensed milk +1 small package of self-raising flour +Salt and pepper + + +_Utensils_ + +Small griddle +Small stew pan +Small coffee-pot +Large spoon +Plate and cup +Matches and candle. + +Dish Washing + +First fill the frying-pan with water, place over the fire, and let it +boil. Pour out water and you will find the pan has practically cleaned +itself. Clean the griddle with sand and water. Greasy knives and forks +may be cleaned by jabbing {153} them into the ground. After all grease +is gotten rid of, wash in hot water and dry with cloth. Don't use the +cloth first and get it greasy. + + +Leadership + +The most important thing about a camping party is that it should +always have the best of leadership. No group of boys should go camping +by themselves. The first thing a patrol of scouts should do when it +has determined to camp is to insist upon the scout master accompanying +the members of the patrol. The reason for this is that there is less +likely to be accidents of the kind that will break up your camp and +drive you home to the town or city. When the scout master is one of +the party, all of the boys can go in swimming when the proper time +comes for such exercise, and the scout master can stay upon the bank +or sit in the boat for the purpose of preventing accidents by +drowning. There are also a hundred and one things which will occur in +camp when the need of a man's help will show itself. A scout ought to +insist on his scout master going to camp. The scout master and patrol +leader should be present, in order to settle the many questions which +must of necessity arise, so that there may be no need of differences +or quarrels over disputed points, which would be sure to spoil the +outing. + + +Scout Camp Program + +In a scout camp there will be a regular daily program, something +similar to the following: + + 6:30 A.M. Turn out, bathe, etc. + 7:00 A.M. Breakfast + 8:00 A.M. Air bedding in sun, if possible, and clean camp ground + 9:00 A.M. Scouting games and practice +11:00 A.M. Swimming +12:00 P.M. Dinner + 1:00 P.M. Talk by leader + 2:00 P.M. Water games, etc. + 6:00 P.M. Supper + 7:30 P.M. Evening council around camp fire. + + +_Order of Business_ + +1. Opening Council +2. Roll-call +3. Record of last council +4. Reports of scouts +5. Left over business +6. Complaints +7. Honors +8. New scouts +9. New business +10. Challenges +11. Social doings, songs, dances, stories +12. Closing Council (devotional services when desired) 8:45 lights out + +{154} + +Water Supply + +Dr. Charles E. A. Winslow, the noted biologist, is authority for the +following statement: "The source of danger in water is always human or +animal pollution. Occasionally we find water which is bad to drink on +account of passage through the ground or on account of passage through +lead pipes, but the danger is never from ordinary decomposing +vegetable matter. If you have to choose between a bright clear stream +which may be polluted at some point above and a pond full of dead +leaves and peaty matter, but which you can inspect all around and find +free from contamination, choose the pond. Even in the woods it is not +easy to find surface waters that are surely protected and streams +particularly are dangerous sources of water supply. We have not got +rid of the idea that running water purifies itself. It is standing +water which purifies itself, if anything does, for in stagnation there +is much more chance for the disease germs to die out. Better than +either a pond or stream, unless you can carry out a rather careful +exploration of their surroundings, is ground water from a well or +spring; though that again is not necessarily safe. If the well is in +good, sandy soil, with no cracks or fissures, even water that has been +polluted may be well purified and safe to drink. In a clayey or rocky +region, on the other hand, contaminating material may travel for a +considerable distance under the ground. Even if the well is protected +below, a very important point to look after is the pollution from the +surface. I believe more cases of typhoid fever from wells are due to +surface pollution than to the character of the water itself. There is +danger which can, of course, be done away with by protection of the +well from surface drainage, by seeing that the surface wash is not +allowed to drain toward it, and that it is protected by a tight +covering from the entrance of its own waste water. If good water +cannot be secured in any of these ways, it must in some way be +purified. ... Boiling will surely destroy all disease germs." + +The Indians had a way of purifying water from a pond or swamp by +digging a hole about one foot across and down about six inches below +the water level, a few feet from the pond. After it was filled with +water, they bailed it out quickly, repeating the bailing process about +three times. After the third bailing the hole would fill with filtered +water. Try it. + + +Sanitation + +A most important matter when in camp, and away from modern +conveniences is that of sanitation. This includes not {155} only care +as to personal cleanliness, but also as to the water supply and the +proper disposal of all refuse through burial or burning. Carelessness +in these matters has been the cause of serious illness to entire camps +and brought about many deaths. In many instances the loss of life in +the armies has been greater through disease in the camp than on the +battlefields. + +Typhoid fever is one of the greatest dangers in camping and is caused +by unclean habits, polluted water, and contaminated milk, and food. +The armies of the world have given this disease the most careful study +with the result that flies have been found to be its greatest +spreaders. Not only should all sources of water supply be carefully +examined, an analysis obtained if possible before use, but great care +should also be taken when in the vicinity of such a supply, not to +pollute it in any way. In districts where typhoid is at all prevalent +it is advisable for each scout to be immunized before going to camp. + +A scout's honor will not permit him to disobey in the slightest +particular the sanitary rules of his camp. He will do his part well. +He will do everything in his power to make his camp clean, sanitary, +and healthful from every standpoint. + + +General Hints + +Two flannel shirts are better than two overcoats. + +Don't wring out flannels or woolens. + +Wash in cold water, very soapy, hang them up dripping wet, and they +will not shrink. + +If you keep your head from getting hot and your feet dry there will be +little danger of sickness. + +If your head gets too hot put green leaves inside of your hat. + +If your throat is parched, and you cannot get water, put a pebble in +your mouth. This will start the saliva and quench the thirst. + + +Water Hints + +If you work your hands like paddles and kick your feet, you can stay +above water for some time even with your clothes on. It requires a +little courage and enough strength not to lose your head. + + +[Illustration: Ready for the hike.] + + + +{156} + +Many boy swimmers make the mistake of going into the water too soon +after eating. The stomach and digestive organs are busy preparing the +food for the blood and body. Suddenly they are called upon to care for +the work of the swimmer. The change is too quick for the organs, the +process of digestion stops, congestion is apt to follow, and then +paralyzing cramps. + + +Indian Bathing Precaution + +The Indians have a method of protecting themselves from cramps. Coming +to a bathing pool, an Indian swimmer, after stripping off, and before +entering the water, vigorously rubs the pit of the stomach with the +dry palm of his hands. This rubbing probably takes a minute, then he +dashes cold water all over his stomach and continues the rubbing for +another minute, and after that he is ready for his plunge. If the +water in which you are going to swim is cold, try this method before +plunging into the water. + + +Good Bathing Rule + +The rule in most camps regarding entering the water is as follows: "No +one of the party shall enter the water for swimming or bathing except +at the time and place designated, and in the presence of a leader." +Laxity in the observance of this rule will result disastrously. + + +Clouds + +Every cloud is a weather sign: Low clouds, swiftly moving, indicate +coolness and rain; hard-edged clouds, wind; rolled or jagged clouds, +strong wind; "mackerel" sky, twelve hours day. + +Look out for rain when + A slack rope tightens. + Smoke beats downward. + Sun is red in the morning. + There is a pale yellow or greenish sunset. + + +Rains + +Rain with east wind is lengthy. + +A sudden shower is soon over. + +A slow rain lasts long. + +Rain before seven, clear before eleven. + +A circle round the moon means "storm." + + + "The evening red, the morning gray + Sets the traveler on his way; + The evening gray, the morning red + Brings down showers upon his head." + +{157} + + "When the grass is dry at night + Look for rain before the light." + + "When the grass is dry at morning light + Look for rain before the night." + + +Clear + + "When the dew is on the grass + Rain will never come to pass." + +A heavy morning fog generally indicates a clear day. + +East wind brings rain. + +West wind brings clear, bright, and cool weather. + +North wind brings cold. + +South wind brings heat. + + +Direction of the Wind + +The way to find which way the wind is blowing is to throw up little +bits of dry grass, or to hold up a handful of light dust and let it +fall, or to suck your thumb, wet it all around and let the wind blow +over it, and the cold side of it will then tell you which way the wind +is blowing. + + +Weather Flags + +The United States Weather Bureau publishes a "Classification of +Clouds" in colors, which may be had for the asking. If you are near +one of the weather signal stations, daily bulletins will be sent to +camp upon request; also the weather map. + +A set of flag signals run up each day will create interest. The flags +are easily made or may be purchased. + +Keep a daily record of temperature. A boy in charge of the "weather +bureau" will find it to be full of interest as well as offering an +opportunity to render the camp a real service. He will make a weather +vane, post a daily bulletin, keep a record of temperature, measure +velocity of wind, and rainfall. + + +How to Get Your Bearings + +If you have lost your bearings, and it is a cloudy day, put the point +of your knife blade on your thumb nail, and turn the blade around +until the full shadow of the blade is on the nail. This will tell you +where the sun is, and decide in which direction the camp is. + +Face the sun in the morning, spread out your arms straight {158} from +body. Before you is the east; behind you is the west; to your right is +the south; the left hand is the north. Grass turns with the sun. +Remember this when finding your way at night. + + +Building a Camp Fire + +There are ways and ways of building a camp fire. An old Indian saying +runs, "White man heap fool, make um big fire--can't git near! Injun +make um little fire--git close! Ugh! good!" + +Make it a service privilege for a tent of boys to gather wood and +build the fire. This should be done during the afternoon. Two things +are essential in the building of a fire--kindling and air. A fire +must be built systematically. First, get dry, small, dead branches, +twigs, fir branches, and other inflammable material. Place these on +the ground. Be sure that air can draw under it and upward through it. +Next place some heavier sticks and so on until you have built the camp +fire the required size. An interesting account of "How to Build a Fire +by Rubbing Sticks," by Ernest Thompson Seton, will be found in Chapter +11. In many camps it is considered an honor to light the fire. + +Never build a large camp fire too near the tent or inflammable pine +trees. Better build it in the open. + +Be sure and use every precaution to prevent the spreading of fire. +This may be done by building a circle of stones around the fire, or by +digging up the earth, or by wetting a space around the fire. Always +have the buckets of water near at hand. To prevent the re-kindling of +the fire after it is apparently out, pour water over it and soak the +earth for a space of two or three feet around it. This is very +important, for many forest fires have started through failure to +observe this caution. + +Things to remember: First, it is criminal to leave a burning fire; +second, always put out the fire with water or earth. + +"A fire is never out," says Chief Forester H. S. Graves, "until the +last spark is extinguished. Often a log or snag will smolder unnoticed +after the flames have apparently been conquered only to break out +afresh with a rising wind." + +Be sure to get a copy of the laws of your state regarding forest +fires, and if a permit is necessary to build a fire, secure it, before +building the fire. + +Kephart, in his book on "Camping and Woodcraft" (p. 28), says: "When +there is nothing dry to strike it on, jerk the head {160} of the match +forward through the teeth. Or, face the wind. Cup your hands back +toward the wind, remove the right hand just long enough to strike the +match on something very close by, then instantly resume former +position. Flame of match will run up stick instead of blowing away +from it." + + +---------------------------------------------------------------- +{159} +FOREST FIRES! + +The great annual destruction of forests by fire is an injury to all +persons and industries. The welfare of every community is dependent +upon a cheap and plentiful supply of timber, and a forest cover is the +most effective means of preventing floods and maintaining a regular +flow of streams used for irrigation and other useful purposes. + +To prevent forest fires Congress passed the law approved May 5, 1900, +which-- + + Forbids setting fire to the woods, and + + Forbids leaving any fires unextinguished. + +This law, for offenses against which officers of the FOREST SERVICE +can arrest without warrant, provides as maximum punishment-- + + A fine of $5000, or imprisonment for two years, or both, if a fire + is set maliciously, and + + A fine of $1000, or imprisonment for one years, or both, if a fire + is set carelessly, + +It also provides that the money from such fines shall be paid to the +school fund of the county in which the offense is committed. + +THE EXERCISE OF CARE WITH SMALL FIRES IS THE BEST PREVENTIVE OF LARGE +ONES. Therefore all persons are requested-- + +1. Not to drop matches or burning tobacco where there is inflammable +material. + +2. Not to build larger camp fires than are necessary. + +3. Not to build fires in leaves, rotten wood, or other places where +they are likely to spread. + +4. In windy weather and in dangerous places, to dig holes or clear the +ground to confine camp fires. + +5. To extinguish all fires completely before leaving them, even for a +short absence. + +6. Not to build fires against large or hollow logs, where it is +difficult to extinguish them. + +7. Not to build fires to clear land without informing the nearest +officer of the FOREST SERVICE, so that he may assist in controlling +them. + +This notice is posted for your benefit and the good of every resident +of the region. You are requested to cooperate in preventing the +removal or defacement, which acts are punishable by law. + +JAMES WILSON, +Secretary of Agriculture +---------------------------------------------------------------- + + _The above is a copy of one of a series of notices posted in forests + by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, directing attention to U. + S. laws on this important subject_. + + +{160 continued} + + +[Illustration: Around the camp fire.] + + +The Camp Fire + +"I cannot conceive of a camp that does not have a big fire. Our city +houses do not have it, not even a fireplace. The fireplace is one of +the greatest schools the imagination has ever had or can ever have. It +is moral, and it always has a tremendous stimulus to the imagination, +and that is why stories and fire go together. You cannot tell a good +story unless you tell it before a fire. You cannot have a complete +fire unless you have a good story-teller along! + +"There is an impalpable, invisible, softly stepping delight in the +camp fire which escapes analysis. Enumerate all its charms and still +there is something missing in your catalogue. + +"Anyone who has witnessed a real camp fire and participated in its fun +as well as seriousness will never forget it. The huge fire shooting up +its tongue of flame into the darkness of the night, the perfect shower +of golden rain, the company of happy {161} boys, and the great dark +background of piny woods, the weird light over all, the singing, the +yells, the stories, the fun, and then the serious word at the close, +is a happy experience long to be remembered." + + +Camp-fire Stunts + +The camp fire is a golden opportunity for the telling of stories--good +stories told well. Indian legends, war stories, ghost stories, +detective stories, stories of heroism, the history of life, a talk +about the stars. Don't draw out the telling of a story. Make the story +life-like. + +College songs always appeal to boys. Let some leader start up a song +in a natural way, and soon you will have a chorus of unexpected melody +and harmony. As the fire dies down, let the songs be of a more quiet +type like "My Old Kentucky Home," and ballads of similar nature. + +When the embers are glowing is the time for toasting marshmallows. Get +a long stick sharpened to a point, fasten a marshmallow on the end, +hold it over the embers, not in the blaze, until the marsh-mallow +expands. Oh, the deliciousness of it! Ever tasted one? Before roasting +corn on the cob, tie the end of the husk firmly with string or cord; +soak in water for about an hour; then put into the hot embers. The +water prevents the corn from burning and the firmly tied husks enable +the corn to be steamed and the real corn flavor is thus retained. In +about twenty minutes the corn may be taken from the fire and eaten. +Have a bowl of melted butter and salt at hand. Also a pastry brush to +spread the melted butter upon the corn. Try it. + + +Story Telling + +For an example of a good story to be told around the camp fire this +excellent tale by Prof. F. M. Burr is printed by permission: + + +How Men Found the Great Spirit + +In the olden time, when the woods covered all the earth except the +deserts and the river bottoms, and men lived on the fruits and berries +they found and the wild animals which they could shoot or snare, when +they dressed in skins and lived in caves, there was little time for +thought. But as men grew stronger and more cunning and learned how to +live together, they had more time to think and more mind to think +with. + +Men had learned many things. They had learned that cold weather +followed hot; and spring, winter; and that the sun got up in the +morning and went to bed at night. They said that the great water was +kindly when the sun shone, but when the sun hid its face and the wind +blew upon it, it grew black and angry and upset their canoes. They +found that knocking flints together or rubbing dry sticks would light +the dry moss and that the {162} flames which would bring back summer in the +midst of winter and day in the midst of night were hungry and must be +fed, and when they escaped devoured the woods and only the water could +stop them. + +These and many other things men learned, but no one knew why it all +was or how it came to be. Man began to wonder, and that was the +beginning of the path which led to the Great Spirit. + +In the ages when men began to wonder there was born a boy whose name +was Wo, which meant in the language of his time, "Whence." As he lay +in his mother's arms she loved him and wondered: "His body is of my +body, but from whence comes the life--the spirit which is like mine +and yet not like it?" And his father seeing the wonder in the mother's +eyes, said, "Whence came he from?" And there was no one to answer, and +so they called him Wo to remind them that they knew not from whence he +came. + +As Wo grew up, he was stronger and swifter of foot than any of his +tribe. He became a mighty hunter. He knew the ways of all the wild +things and could read the signs of the seasons. As he grew older they +made him a chief and listened while he spoke at the council board, but +Wo was not satisfied. His name was a question and questioning filled +his mind. + +"Whence did he come? Whither was he going? Why did the sun rise and +set? Why did life burst into leaf and flower with the coming of +spring? Why did the child become a man and the man grow old and die?" + +The mystery grew upon him as he pondered. In the morning he stood on a +mountain top and stretching out his hands cried, "Whence?" At night he +cried to the moon "Whither?" He listened to the soughing of the trees +and the song of the brook and tried to learn their language. He peered +eagerly into the eyes of little children and tried to read the mystery +of life. He listened at the still lips of the dead, waiting for them +to tell him whither they had gone. + +He went out among his fellows silent and absorbed, always looking for +the unseen and listening for the unspoken. He sat so long silent at +the council board that the elders questioned him. To their questioning +he replied like one awakening from a dream: + +"Our fathers since the beginning have trailed the beasts of the woods. +There is none so cunning as the fox, but we can trail him to his lair. +Though we are weaker than the great bear and buffalo, yet by our +wisdom we overcome them. The deer is more swift of foot, but by craft +we overtake him. We cannot fly like a bird, but we snare the winged +one with a hair. We have made ourselves many cunning inventions by +which the beasts, the trees, the wind, the water and the fire become +our servants. + +"Then we speak great swelling words: 'How great and wise we are! There +is none like us in the air, in the wood, or in the water!' + +"But the words are false. Our pride is like that of a partridge +drumming on his log in the wood before the fox leaps upon him. Our +sight is like that of the mole burrowing under the ground. Our wisdom +is like a drop of dew upon the grass. Our ignorance is like the great +water which no eye can measure. + +"Our life is like a bird coming out of the dark, fluttering for a +heart-beat in the tepee and then going forth into the dark again. No +one can tell whence it comes or whither it goes. I have asked the wise +men and they cannot answer. I have listened to the voice of the trees +and wind and water, but I do not know their tongue; I have questioned +the sun and the moon and the stars, but they are silent. + +"But to-day in the silence before the darkness gives place to light, I +seemed to hear a still small voice within my breast, saying to me, +'Wo, the {163} questioner, rise up like the stag from his lair; away, +alone, to the mountain of the sun. There thou shalt find that which +thou seekest.' I go, but if I fail by the trail another will take it +up. If I find the answer I will return." + +Waiting for none, Wo left the council of his tribe and went his way +toward the mountain of the sun. For six days he made his way through +the trackless woods, guided by the sun by day and the stars by night. +On the seventh day he came to the great mountain--the mountain of the +sun, on whose top, according to the tradition of his tribe, the sun +rested each night. All day long he climbed saying to himself, "I will +sleep tonight in the teepee of the sun, and he will tell me whence I +come and whither I go." + +But as he climbed the sun seemed to climb higher and higher; and, as +he neared the top, a cold cloud settled like a night bird on the +mountain. Chilled and faint with hunger and fatigue, Wo struggled on. +Just at sunset he reached the top of the mountain, but it was not the +mountain of the sun, for many days' journey to the west the sun was +sinking in the Great Water. + +A bitter cry broke from Wo's parched lips. His long trail was useless. +There was no answer to his questions. The sun journeyed farther and +faster than men dreamed, and of wood and waste and water there was no +end. Overcome with misery and weakness he fell upon a bed of moss with +his back toward the sunset and the unknown. + +And Wo slept, although it was unlike any sleep he had ever known +before, and as he slept he dreamed. He was alone upon the mountain +waiting for the answer. A cloud covered the mountain but all was +silent. A mighty wind rent the cloud and rushed roaring through the +crags, but there was no voice in the wind. Thunder pealed, lightning +flashed, but he whom Wo sought was not there. + +In the hush that followed up the storm Wo heard a voice, low and +quiet, but in it all the sounds of earth and sky seemed to mingle--the +song of the bird, the whispering of the trees, and the murmuring of +the brook. + +"Wo, I am he whom thou seekest, I am the Great Spirit. I am the All +Father. Ever since I made man of the dust of the earth, and so child +of the earth and brother to all living, and breathed into his nostrils +the breath of life, thus making him my son, I have waited for a seeker +who should find me. In the fullness of time thou hast come, Wo the +questioner, to the answerer. + +"Thy body is of the earth and to earth returns; thy spirit is mine; it +is given thee for a space to make according to thy will; then it +returns to me better or worse for thy making. + +"Thou hast found me because thy heart was pure, and thy search for me +tireless. Go back to thy tribe and be to them the voice of the Great +Spirit. From henceforth I will speak to thee, and the seekers that +come after thee in a thousand voices and appear in a thousand shapes. +I will speak in the voices of the woods and streams and of those you +love. I will appear to you in the sun by day and the stars by night. +When thy people and mine are in need and wish for the will of the +Great Spirit, then shall my spirit brood over thine and the words that +thou shalt speak shall be my words." + +And Wo awoke, facing the east and the rising sun. His body was warmed +by its rays. A great gladness filled his soul. He had sought and found +and prayer came to him like the song to the bird. + +"O Great Spirit, father of my spirit, the sun is thy messenger, but +thou art brighter than the sun. Drive thou the darkness before me. Be +thou the light of my spirit." As Wo went down the mountain and took +the journey back to the home of his people, his face shone, and the +light never seemed to leave it, so that men called him "He of the +shining face." + +{164} + +When Wo came back to his tribe, all who saw his face knew that he had +found the answer, and they gathered again about the council fire to +hear. As Wo stood up and looked into the eager faces in the circle of +the fire, he remembered that the Great Spirit had given him no message +and for a moment he was dumb. Then the words of the Great Spirit came +to him again. "When thy people and mine shall need to know my will, my +spirit shall brood over thine and the words that thou shalt speak +shall be my words." Looking into the eager faces of longing and +questioning, his Spirit moved within him and he spoke: + +"I went, I sought, I found the Great Spirit who dwells in the earth as +your spirits dwell in your bodies. It is from Him the spirit comes. We +are His children. He cares for us more than a mother for the child on +her breast, or the father for the son that is his pride. His love is +like the air we breathe: it is about us; it is within us. + +"The sun is the sign of His brightness, the sky of His greatness and +mother-love and father-love, and the love of man and woman are the +signs of His love. We are but His children; we cannot enter into the +council of the Great Chief until we have been proved, but this is His +will, that we love one another as He loves us; that we bury forever +the hatchet of hate, that no man shall take what is not his own and +the strong shall help the weak." + +The chiefs did not wholly understand the words of Wo, but they took a +hatchet and buried it by the fire saying, "Thus bury we hate between +man and his brother," and they took an acorn and put it in the earth +saying, "Thus plant we the love of the strong for the weak." And it +became the custom of the tribe that the great council in the spring +should bury the hatchet and plant the acorn. Every morning the tribe +gathered to greet the rising sun, and with right hand raised and left +upon their hearts prayed: "Great Spirit hear us; guide us to-day; make +our wills Thy will, our ways Thy way." + +And the tribe grew stronger and greater and wiser than all the other +tribes--but that is another story. + + +Tent Making Made Easy + +_By H. J. Holden_ + +(Reprinted from Recreation. Apr. 1, 1911. by permission of the Editor.) + +The accompanying sketches show a few of the many different tents which +may be made from any available piece of cloth or canvas. The material +need not be cut, nor its usefulness for other purposes impaired, +except that rings or tapes are attached at various points as +indicated. For each tent the sketches show a front elevation, with a +ground plan, or a side view; also a view of the material laid flat, +with dotted lines to indicate where creases or folds will occur. +Models may be made from stiff paper and will prove as interesting to +the kindergartner in geometry as to the old campaigner in camping. In +most of the tents a ring for suspension is fastened at the centre of +one side. This may be supported by a pole or hung by means {165} of a +rope from any convenient fastening; both methods are shown in the +sketches. Guy ropes are required for a few of the different models, +but most of them are pegged down to the ground. + +After making paper models, find a stack cover, a tarpaulin, a tent +fly, an awning, or buy some wide cotton cloth, say 90-inch. All the +shapes may be repeatedly made from the same piece of material, if the +rings for changes are left attached. In Nos. 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, a +portion of the canvas is not used and may be turned under to serve as +sod-cloth, or rolled up out of the way. If your material is a large +piece, more pegs and guy lines will be required than is indicated in +the sketches. The suspension ring, 1-1/2 inches or 2 inches in +diameter, should be well fastened, with sufficient reinforcement to +prevent tearing out; 1-inch rings fastened with liberal lengths of +tape are large enough for the pegs and guy lines. Also reinforce along +the lines of the strain from peg to pole. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Fig. 1.--A square of material hung by one corner, from any convenient +support, in a manner to make a comfortable shelter; it will shed rain +and reflect heat. This square makes a good fly or a good ground cloth +for any of the tents. + +[Illustration: Fig. 1. Tent from a square of canvas. A 7 x 7 sheet is +ample for a one-man shelter; 9 x 9 will house two.] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Fig. 2.--A rectangle equal to two squares. A shelter roomy and warm, +with part of one side open toward the fire. + +[Illustration: Fig. 2. Rectangle tent.] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------- + +{166} + +Fig. 3.--Here the rectangle is folded to make a "lean-to" shelter, +with the roof front suspended from a rope or from a horizontal pole by +means of cords. The two corners not in use are folded under, making a +partial ground cloth. A square open front is presented toward the camp +fire. + +[Illustration: Fig. 3. Baker, or lean-to.] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Fig. 4.--Same in plan as No.3, but has a triangular front and only one +point of suspension. + +[Illustration: Fig. 4. Same plan as No.3.] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------- + +{167} + +Fig 5.--Uses all the cloth, has a triangular ground plan, a square +front opening, plenty of head room at the back and requires two or +more guy lines. This shelter resembles a "toque." + +[Illustration: Fig. 5. The toque tent.] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Fig. 6.--Square or "miner's" tent. Two corners are turned under. This +tent is enclosed on all sides, with a door in front. + +[Illustration: Fig. 6. Miner's tent.] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Fig. 7.--Conical tent or "wigwam," entirely enclosed, with door in +front. Two corners of the canvas are turned under. + +[Illustration: Fig. 7. Conical tent, or wigwam/] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Fig. 8.--Has a wall on one side and is called a "canoe tent" in some +catalogues. It requires two or more guy lines and is shown with a pole +support. The front has a triangular opening. + +[Illustration: Fig. 8. So-called canoe tent. Requires three guy lines, +and can be supported by a rope instead of a pole.] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Fig. 9.--A combination of No. 8, with No. 1 in use as an awning or +fly. This sketch shows both tent and fly suspended by means of a rope. +The "awning" may be swung around to any angle. + +[Illustration: Fig. 9. Canoe tent with fly.] + + +{168} + +Fig. 10.--Combination of Nos. 1 and 2; they may be fastened together +by a coarse seam or tied with tapes. The ground plan is an equal-sided +triangle, with a door opening on one side, as shown. There is no waste +cloth. + +[Illustration: Fig. 10. Combination of Nos. 1 and 2.] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Fig. 11.--No. 10 changed to a conical shape and suspended as a canopy. +The circular shape is secured by the use of small-size gas pipe or +limber poles bent into a large hoop. Of course guy lines may be used, +but would probably be in the way. Notice that a little more material +for making a wall would transform the canopy into a "Sibley" tent. + +[Illustration: Fig. 11. Sibley awning.] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------- + +There are other shapes and combinations, but perhaps these sketches +are enough in the line of suggestion. + +The diagram Fig. 12 shows a method for laying out, on your cloth, the +location of all the rings to make the tents and shelters. No +dimensions are given and none is required. The diagram is good for any +size. Most of the fastenings are found on radial lines, which are +spaced to divide a semi-circle into eight equal {169} angles, 22-1/2 +degrees each; these intersect other construction lines and locate the +necessary loops and rings. Figures are given at each ring which refer +back to the sketch numbers. + + +[Illustration: Fig. 12. Showing how ten different tents can be made +with but one piece of canvas.] + + +Suppose the material at hand is the widest unbleached cotton cloth, 90 +inches wide, 5 yards long, or 7-1/2 feet by 15 feet. The accompanying +table will give the dimensions for the various shapes from Fig. 1 to +Fig. 11. + +If in doubt about the location of rings on your canvas, suspend the +tent by the centre ring and fasten the loops temporarily by means of +safety pins, draw the tent into shape and shift the fastenings as +required. The guy lines should have hooks or snaps at one end for +ready attachment and removal; the other end should be provided with +the usual slides for "take up." The edge of the cloth where the large +ring for suspension is fastened should be bound with tape or have a +double hem, for it is the edge of the door in most of the tents shown. + + +TABLE OF DIMENSIONS, 90 IN. MATERIAL + + Size Area, Height Remarks + Sq. Ft. Ft. + 1 7-1/2 ft. triangle 25 6-1/4 One side open + 2 6-1/2 X 15 ft. 65 6-1/4 One side open + 3 6 x 7-1/2 ft. 45 4-1/2 One side open + 4 7-1/2 x 8 ft. 60 5-1/2 One side open + 5 7-1/2 ft. triangle 25 7-1/2 One side open + 6 6-1/4 x 6-1/4 ft. 39 7 Enclosed + 7 7-1/2 ft. diam. 44 6-1/2 Enclosed + 8 5 x 7-1/2 ft. 37-1/2 6-1/2 2-1/2 ft. wall + 9 7-1/2 x 8 ft. 60 6-1/2 No.8, with fly + 10 15 ft. triangle 97 6-1/4 Enclosed + 11 11-1/4 ft. circle 108 5 Canopy, no sides + + +{170} + +Waterproofing a Tent + +Dissolve half a pound of alum in two quarts of boiling water; then add +two gallons of pure cold water. In this solution place the material +and let it remain for a day. Dissolve a quarter of a pound of sugar of +lead in two quarts boiling water, then add two gallons of cold water. +Take the material from the alum solution, wring it lightly, place in +the second solution and leave for five or six hours; then wring out +again lightly and allow it to dry. + +[Transcriber's note: Sugar of Lead (Lead Acetate) is toxic.] + +If you want to avoid trouble with a leaky tent, the following solution +is a "sure cure;" Take a gallon or two gallons of turpentine and one +or two cakes of paraffin, drug store size. Chip the paraffin fairly +fine; dump it into the turpentine. Place the turpentine in a pail and +set same in a larger pail or a tub of hot water. The hot water will +heat the turpentine, and the turpentine will melt the paraffin. Stir +thoroughly, and renew your supply of hot water if necessary. Then pile +your tent into a tub and pour in the turpentine and paraffin mixture. +Work the tent all over thoroughly with your hands, so that every fiber +gets well saturated. You must work fast, however, as the paraffin +begins to thicken as it cools; and work out of doors, in a breeze if +possible, as the fumes of the turpentine will surely make you sick if +you try it indoors. When you have the tent thoroughly saturated, hang +it up to dry. It is not necessary to wring the tent out when you hang +it up. Just let it drip. If you use too much paraffin the tent may +look a little dirty after it dries, but it will be all right after you +have used it once or twice. + + +An Open Outing Tent + +_By Warren H. Miller, Editor "Field and Stream."_ + +To make an open outing tent, get thirteen yards of 8 oz. duck canvas, +which can be bought at any department store or dry goods store for +seventeen or eighteen cents a yard. This makes your total expense +$2.21 for your tent. Layout the strip of canvas on the floor and cut +one end square; measure up 8 inches along the edge and draw a line to +the other corner. {171} From this corner layoff 7 ft. 8 in. along the +edge and on the opposite side, layoff 5 ft. 9 in. beginning at the end +of your 8-in. measurement. Now take a ruler and draw another diagonal +across the canvas at the ends of these measurements and you have the +first gore of your tent. Cut it across, turn the gore over, lay it +down on the strip so as to measure off another one exactly like it. +This is the corresponding gore for the other side of the tent. To make +the second pair of gores, layoff 5 ft. 9 in. along one side of the +remaining strip of canvas beginning at the pointed end, and 3 ft. 10 +in. on the other side. Join these points with a diagonal and you have +a second gore, a duplicate of which is then cut by using it as a +pattern, reversing and laying it down on the strip of canvas. To make +the third gore, layoff 3 ft. 10 in, on one edge of your strip +beginning at the point, and 1 ft. 11 in. on the other side. Draw a +diagonal across and you have the third gore. + + +[Illustration: How to cut up your strip of canvas.] + + +[Illustration: Forester tent pattern.] + + +[Illustration: Forester tent with hood.] + + +You have now used up all but two yards of your canvas, plus a little +left-over piece of about two feet long. Out of this little left-over +piece make a triangle 1 ft. 11 in. on the side, which will form the +back triangle of your tent. Now pin your three gores together to make +the side of your tent, just as in the illustrations, and pin the two +sides together along the ridge. Then sew this tent up. Sew in the +little back triangle and hem all around the edges. Leave a hole at the +peak of the little triangle through which the ridge pole must go. + +{172} + +To set it up, cut three small saplings, one of which should be twelve +feet long and the other two, ten feet long. Tie these two together at +the ends making what the sailors call a "shears." Take the twelve-foot +pole and run it down the ridge inside the tent, and out through the +hole in the back. Now raise the ridge pole with one end stuck in the +ground and the front end resting on the two shear poles and tie all +three of them together. At the end of each seam along the hem you must +work in a little eyelet hole for a short piece of twine to tie to the +tent pegs. Stretch out the back triangle, pegging it down at the two +corners on the ground, and then peg out each hole along the foot until +the entire tent stretches out taut as in our illustrations. Three feet +from the peak along the front edge you must have another eyelet hole +with a little piece of twine and you tie this out to the shear pole on +each side which gives the tent the peculiar gambrel roof which it has, +and which has the advantage of giving you lots more room inside than +the straight tent would. You now have what is known as the "open" +forester tent. + + +[Illustration: Forester tent with hood.] + + +If a thunder storm comes up with a driving rain it will surely rain in +at the front unless you turn the tent around by moving the poles one +at a time. If you don't want to do this you can make a hood for the +front out of the two yards of canvas you have left. Simply draw a +diagonal from one corner to the other of this {173} two-yard piece of +duck and cut it down the diagonal, making two thin triangles which are +sewed to the front edges of the open forester tent, making a hood of +the shape shown in our picture. This prevents the rain beating in the +opening of your tent but still lets the heat of your fire strike in +and at the same time it keeps the heat in the tent as it will not flow +out along the ridge pole as it does in the open type. + +This tent weighs six pounds and packs into a little package fourteen +inches long by seven inches wide by six: inches thick, and can be +carried as a shoulder strap or put in a back pack or any way you wish +to take it. It will sleep three boys, or two men and a boy, very +comfortably indeed. While it really does not need to be water-proofed, +as it immediately shrinks tight after the first rain, you can +water-proof it if you wish by making a solution of ten ounces of quick +lime with four ounces of alum in ten quarts of water. Stir +occasionally until the lime has slackened. Put the tent in another +pail and pour the solution over it, letting it stand twelve hours. +Take out and hang it on the clothes-line to dry. It will then be +entirely waterproof. + +To make a good night fire in front of the tent, drive two stout stakes +three feet long in the ground about three feet from the mouth of the +tent; pile four logs one on top of the other against these stakes or +take a large flat stone and rest it against it. Make two log andirons +for each side of the fire and build your fire in the space between +them. It will give you a fine cheerful fire and all the heat will be +reflected by the back logs into the tent, making it warm and cheerful. +Inside you can put your browse bags stuffed with balsam browse; or +pile up a mountain of dry leaves over which you can stretch your +blankets. Pile all the duffle way back in the peak against the little +back triangle where it will surely keep dry and will form a sort of +back for your pillows. You will find the forester tent lighter and +warmer than the ordinary lean-to, as it reflects the heat better. +After a couple of weeks in it you will come home with your lungs so +full of ozone that it will be impossible to sleep in an ordinary room +without feeling smothered. + + +Canoeing, Rowing and Sailing +(Prepared with the cooperation of Mr. Arthur A. Carey, Scout Master, +Boy Scout ship Pioneer; Mr. Carleton E. Sholl, Captain Lakanoo Boat +Club Crew; Mr. Frederick K. Vreeland, Camp-Fire Club of America. and +Mr. R. F. Tims, Vice-Commodore, American Canoe Association.) + + +The birch-bark canoe is the boat of the North American Indians, and +our modern canvas canoes are made, with some {174} variations, on the +Indian model. With the possible exception of the Venetian gondola, the +motion of a canoe is more graceful than that of any other boat +propelled by hand; it should be continuous and gliding, and so silent +that it may be brought up in the night to an animal or enemy, Indian +fashion, without making any sound, and so take them by surprise. + + +[Illustration: Canoeing stroke (a)] + + +175 Campcraft + + +Many accidents happen in canoes--not because they are unsafe when +properly handled, but because they are unsafe when improperly +handled--and many people do not take the trouble even to find out the +proper way of managing a canoe. Many canoes have seats almost on a +level with the gunwale, whereas, properly speaking, the only place to +sit in a canoe is on the bottom; for a seat raises the body too high +above the centre of gravity and makes the canoe unsteady and likely to +upset. It is, however, difficult to paddle while sitting in the bottom +of a canoe, and the best position for paddling is that of kneeling and +at the same time resting back against one of the thwarts. The size of +the single-blade paddle should be in proportion to the size of the boy +who uses it--long enough to reach from the ground to the tip of his +nose. The bow paddle may be a little shorter. The canoeman should +learn to paddle equally well on either side of a canoe. When paddling +on the {175} left side the top of the paddle should be held by the +right hand, and the left hand should be placed a few inches above the +beginning of the blade. The old Indian stroke, which is the most +approved modern method for all-round canoeing, whether racing or +cruising, is made with the arms almost straight--but not stiff--the +arm at the top of the paddle bending only slightly at the elbow. This +stroke is really a swing from the shoulder, in which there is little +or no push or pull with the arm. When paddling on the left side of the +canoe the right shoulder swings forward and the whole force of the +body is used to push the blade of the paddle through the water, the +left hand acting as a fulcrum. While the right shoulder is swung +forward, the right hand is at the same time twisted at the wrist so +that the thumb goes down; this motion of the wrist has the effect of +turning the paddle around in the left hand--the left wrist being +allowed to bend freely--so that, at the end of the stroke, the blade +slides out of the water almost horizontally. If you should twist the +paddle in the opposite direction it would force the head of the canoe +around so that it would travel in a circle. At the recovery of the +stroke the right shoulder swings back and the paddle is brought +forward in a horizontal position, with the blade almost parallel to +the water. It is swung forward until the paddle is at right angles +across the canoe, then the blade is dipped edgewise with a slicing +motion and a new stroke begins. In paddling on the right side of the +canoe the position of the two hands and the motion of the two +shoulders are reversed. + + +[Illustration: Canoeing stroke (b)] + + +Something should also be said about double paddles--that is, paddles +with two blades--one at each end--as their use is becoming more +general every year. With the double paddle a novice can handle a +canoe, head on to a stiff wind, a feat which {176} requires skill and +experience with a single blade. The doubles give greater safety and +more speed and they develop chest, arm and shoulder muscles not +brought into play with a single blade. The double paddle is not to be +recommended to the exclusion of the single blade, but there are many +times when there is an advantage in its use. + + +[Illustration: Canoeing stroke (c)] + + +In getting in or out of a canoe it is especially necessary to step in +the very centre of the boat; and be careful never to lean on any +object--such as the edge of a wharf--outside of the boat, for this +disturbs your balance and may capsize the canoe. Especially in getting +out, put down your paddle first, and then, grasping the gunwale firmly +in each hand, rise by putting your weight equally on both sides of the +canoe. If your canoe should drift away sideways from the +landing-place, when you are trying to land, place the blade of your +paddle flat upon the water in the direction of the wharf and gently +draw the canoe up to the landing-place with a slight sculling motion. + +When it is necessary to cross the waves in rough water, always try to +cross them "quartering," i. e. at an oblique angle, but not at right +angles. Crossing big waves at right angles {177} is difficult and apt +to strain a canoe, and getting lengthwise between the waves is +dangerous. Always have more weight aft than in the bow; but, when +there is only one person in the canoe, it may be convenient to place a +weight forward as a balance; but it should always be lighter than the +weight aft. A skillful canoeman will paddle a light canoe even in a +strong wind by kneeling at a point about one third of the length from +the stern. + +For the purpose of sailing in a canoe the Lateen rig is the safest, +most easily handled, and the best all-round sailing outfit. For a +seventeen-foot canoe a sail having forty square feet of surface is to +be recommended, and, in all except very high winds, this can be +handled by one man. + + +[Illustration: Canoe with sail.] + + +The Lateen sail is made in the form of an equilateral triangle, and +two sides are fastened to spars which are connected at one end by a +hinge or jaw. The mast--which should be set well forward--should be so +long that, when the sail is spread and the slanting upper spar is +swung from the top of the mast, the lower spar will swing level about +six to eight inches above the gunwale and hang clear above all parts +of the boat in going about. The sail is hoisted by a halyard attached +at, or a little above, the centre of the upper spar, then drawn +through a block attached to the brace which holds the mast in +position, {178} and thus to the cleats--within easy reach of the +sailor. The sheet line is fastened to the lower spar, about two feet +from the outer end; and, when not held in the hand, may be fastened to +another cleat. Both halyard and sheet should at all times be kept +clear, so as to run easily, and with knots about the cleats that can +be instantly slipped. + +The leeboard is a necessary attachment to the sailing outfit. It is +made with two blades--about three feet long and ten inches wide would +furnish a good-sized surface in the water--one dropping on each side +of the canoe and firmly supported by a bar fastened to the gunwale. +The blades should be so rigged that, when striking an object in the +water, they will quickly release, causing no strain on the canoe. The +leeboard, like a centre board, is of course intended to keep the canoe +from sliding off when trying to beat up into the wind. When running +free before the wind the board should be raised. The general rules for +sailing larger craft apply to the canoe. + +The paddle is used as a rudder and may be held by the sailor, but a +better plan is to have two paddles, one over each side, made fast to +the gunwale or the brace. The sailor can then grasp either one as he +goes about and there is no danger of losing the paddles overboard. In +sailing, the sailor sits on the bottom, on the opposite side from the +sail, except in a high wind, when he sits on the gunwale where he can +the better balance the sail with his weight. The combination of sail, +leeboards, and the balancing weight of the sailor, will render the +canoe stiff and safe, with proper care, in any wind less than a gale. +A crew may consist of two or three in a seventeen foot canoe. + +The spars and mast of a sailing outfit should be of spruce or some +other light but strong wood, while cedar or some non-splitting wood is +best for the leeboards. Young canoeists will enjoy making their own +sailing outfits; or a complete Lateen rig as made by various canoe +manufacturers can be purchased either directly from them or through +almost any dealer. + +In case of an upset the greatest mistake is to leave the boat. A +capsized canoe will support at least four persons as long as they have +strength to cling to it. A single man or boy, in case of upsetting +beyond swimming distance to land, should stretch himself flat upon the +bottom of the canoe, with arms and legs spread down over the +tumblehome toward the submerged gunwales. He can thus lie in safety +for hours till help arrives. When two persons are upset, they should +range themselves one {179} on each side of the overturned boat; and, +with one hand grasping each other's wrists across the boat, use the +other hand to cling to the keel or the gunwale. If the canoe should +swamp, {180} fill with water, and begin to sink, it should be turned +over in the water. It is the air remaining under the inverted hull +that gives the craft sufficient buoyancy to support weight. + +Never overload a canoe. In one of the ordinary size--about seventeen +feet in length--three persons should be the maximum number at +anytime, and remember never to change seats in a canoe when out of +your depth. + +{179} +[Illustration: This diagram illustrates some of the angles formed by +the boom and the keel line of the boat in different positions.] + + Running free, or before the wind + Wind abeam Port tack + Wind abeam Starboard tack + Pointing into the wind Port tack + Pointing into the wind Starboard tack. + + +{180 continued} + +Row-boats + +There is a certain caution in the use of boats which you will always +find among sailors and fishermen and all persons who are using them +constantly. Such a person instinctively steps into the middle of the +boat when getting in, and always sits in the middle of the thwart or +seat. This is a matter of instinct with seafaring people, and so is +the habit of never fooling in a boat. Only landlubbers will try to +stand up in a small boat while in motion; and, as for the man who +rocks a boat "for fun," he is like the man "who didn't know the gun +was loaded." + + +Rowing + +Row-boats are propelled either by rowing or by sculling; and rowing is +either "pulling" or "backing water." The usual way of rowing is to +"pull" and to do so, you sit with your back to the bow and propel the +boat by pulling the handles toward your body and so pressing the +blades of the oars against the water toward the stern, while pushing +with your feet against a brace. In backing water you reverse the +action of the oars, pushing the handles away from your body and +pressing the blades of the oars against the water toward the bow. + + +Turning + +To turn your boat to the right, when pulling, you row only with the +left oar; or, if you wish to make a sharp turn "pull" with the left +oar and "back water" with the right. To turn your boat to the left the +action of the oars is reversed. + + +Feathering + +To prevent the momentum of the boat from being checked by the wind +blowing on the blades of the oars, the blades must be turned into a +horizontal position as they leave the water. In "pulling" this is done +by turning the hands backward at {181} the wrist, and in backing water +it is done by turning the hands forward at the wrist. + + +Sculling + +To scull is to propel a boat by a single oar at the stern. The boat +must be provided with rowlock or a semicircular scoop in the stern, +and the boat is propelled by working the oar at the stem, obliquely +from side to side. This is a convenient way of doing when you are +working among boats in the water, and have to go short distances +without the necessity of speed. + + +Steering + +When rowing a boat without the use of a rudder, instead of constantly +turning the head around to see where you are going, it is convenient +to fix upon some object in the landscape on an imaginary line with the +middle of the stern and the middle of the bow; you can then keep your +boat approximately in the right position, without the trouble of +turning your head, by keeping the object selected on a line with the +middle of the stern board. + +Coming Alongside + +When coming alongside of a boat or wharf always approach on the +leeward side or that opposite from which the wind is blowing, and come +up so that the boat will be headed into the wind and waves. Stop +rowing at a convenient distance from the landing-place and come up +with gentle headway; then take in the oar nearest the landing, and, if +necessary, back water with the other oar. + + +Keeping Stroke + +When two or more are rowing together the length and speed of the +stroke are set by the man sitting nearest the stern. + + +Rough Weather + +Always try to row as nearly as possible into the waves at right +angles. In this way you are likely to ship less water and to avoid +capsizing. + + +Going Ashore + +When going ashore always leave your oars lying flat on the thwarts on +either side of your boat. + +The Salute + +To salute a passing vessel or boat, hold the oars up at right angles +with the water. + +{182} + +Every row-boat should be provided with a rough sponge and a tin +dipper to be used in bailing out the water. Always bail out the water +after a rain and keep your boat clean and tidy. + + +Sailing in Small Boats + +The most convenient kind of a boat to learn to sail in is a cat-boat, +which is a boat with a single fore and aft sail held in place by a +boom at the bottom and a gaff at the top. + +To understand the principle of sailing we must realize that a +sail-boat, without the use of a rudder, acts in the water and wind +very much the way a weather vane acts in the air. The bow of the boat +naturally turns toward the wind, thus relieving the sail of all +pressure and keeping it shaking. But if by keeping the main sheet in +your hand you hold the sail in a fixed position, and, at the same +time, draw the tiller away from the sail, it will gradually fill with +air beginning at the hoist or mast end of the sail and impel the boat +in the direction in which you are steering. Given a certain direction +in which you want to travel, the problem is, by letting out or hauling +in your main-sheet, to keep the sail as nearly as possible at right +angles with the direction of the wind. We must remember, also, that, +while the sail must be kept full, it should not be kept more than +full; that is, its position must be such that, by the least push of +the tiller toward the sail, the sail will begin to shake at the hoist. +It is even desirable in a strong wind, and especially for beginners, +to always let the sail, close to the mast, shake a little without +losing too much pressure. When you are sailing with the wind coming +over the boat from its port side you are sailing on the port tack, and +when you are sailing with the wind coming across the boat on its +starboard side you are sailing on the starboard tack. The port side of +the boat is the left hand side as you face the bow while standing on +board, and the starboard side is the right hand side. An easy way of +remembering this is by recalling the sentence, "Jack left port." + + +Direction of Wind + +Of course, you will see that, if you should forget which way the wind +is blowing, you could not possibly know the right position for your +sail; and this is one of the first requirements for a beginner. It is +quite easy to become confused with regard to the direction of the +wind, and therefore every boat should be provided with a small flag or +fly at its mast-head and you should keep watching it at every turn of +the boat until the habit {183} has become instinctive. It is +convenient to remember that the fly should always point as nearly as +possible to the end of the gaff, except when you are sailing free or +before the wind. + + +Close to Wind + +Sailing with the boat pointing as nearly as possible against the wind +is called sailing close to the wind; when you have turned your bow to +the right or left so that the wind strikes both boat and sail at right +angles you are sailing with the wind abeam; as you let out your sheet +so that the boom makes a larger angle with an imaginary line running +from the mast to the middle of the stern you are sailing off the wind; +and, when your sail stands at right angles to this same line, you are +sailing free or before the wind. + + +Before the Wind + +Sailing free, or before the wind, is the extreme opposite of sailing +close hauled or on the wind, and the wind is blowing behind your back +instead of approaching the sail from the direction of the mast. If you +are sailing free on the port tack, with the boom at right angles to +the mast on the starboard side, and you should steer your boat +sufficiently to starboard, the wind would strike the sail at its outer +edge or leech and throw the sail and boom violently over to the port +side of the mast. This is called jibing and is a very dangerous thing; +it should be carefully guarded against whenever sailing before the +wind. + + +Reefing + +If you find that the wind is too strong for your boat, and that you +are carrying too much sail, you can let her come up into the wind and +take in one or two reefs. This is done by letting out both the throat +and peak halliards enough to give sufficient slack of sail, then by +hauling the sail out toward the end of the boom, and afterward by +rolling the sail up and tying the points under and around it, but not +around the boom. Always use a square or reef knot in tying your reef +points. In case of a squall or a strong puff of wind, remember that +you can always ease the pressure on your sail by turning the bow into +the wind, and if for any reason you wish to shorten suddenly you can +drop your peak by loosening the peak halliards. + + +Ready About + +Before "going about," or turning your bow so that the wind will strike +the other side of the sail at its mast end, the man {184} at the helm +should always give warning by singing out the words, "ready about." +"Going about" is just the opposite of jibbing. + + +Right of Way + +When two boats approach each other in opposite directions, close +hauled, the boat on the starboard tack has the right of way and should +continue her course. The responsibility of avoiding a collision rests +with the boat sailing on the port tack. But a boat running before the +wind must always give way to a boat close hauled. + +When sailing through high waves, always try as far as possible to head +into them directly at right angles. Always steer as steadily as +possible. If you are careful to keep the boat on her course and do not +let your mind wander, only a slight motion of the tiller from side to +side will be necessary. + + +Flying the Flag + +While the "fly" or "pennant" is carried at the top of the mast, the +flag is carried at the peak or upper corner of the sail at the end of +the gaff. The salute consists of tipping or slightly lowering the flag +and raising it again into position. + + +{185} + + +Notes + + +{186} + + +Notes + + +{187} + +CHAPTER IV + +TRACKS, TRAILING AND SIGNALING + +_By Ernest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout_ + + +"I wish I could go West and join the Indians so that I should have no +lessons to learn," said an unhappy small boy who could discover no +atom of sense or purpose in any one of the three R's. + +"You never made a greater mistake," said the scribe. "For the young +Indians have many hard lessons from their earliest day--hard lessons +and hard punishments. With them the dread penalty of failure is 'go +hungry till you win,' and no harder task have they than their reading +lesson. Not twenty-six characters are to be learned in this exercise, +but one thousand; not clear straight print are they, but dim, +washed-out, crooked traces; not in-doors on comfortable chairs, with a +patient teacher always near, but out in the forest, often alone and in +every kind of weather, they slowly decipher their letters and read +sentences of the oldest writing on earth--a style so old that the +hieroglyphs of Egypt, the cylinders of Nippur, and the drawings of the +cave men are as things of to-day in comparison--the one universal +script--the tracks in the dust, mud, or snow. + +"These are the inscriptions that every hunter must learn to read +infallibly, and be they strong or faint, straight or crooked, simple +or overwritten with many a puzzling, diverse phrase, he must decipher +and follow them swiftly, unerringly if there is to be a successful +ending to the hunt which provides his daily food. + +"This is the reading lesson of the young Indians, and it is a style +that will never become out of date. The naturalist also must acquire +some measure of proficiency in the ancient art. Its usefulness is +unending to the student of wild life; without it he would know little +of the people of the wood." + + +There Are Still Many Wild Animals + +It is a remarkable fact that there are always more wild animals about +than any but the expert has an idea of. For {188} example, there are, +within twenty miles of New York City, fully fifty different kinds--not +counting birds, reptiles, or fishes--one quarter of which at least are +abundant. Or more particularly within the limits of Greater New York +there are at least a dozen species of wild beasts, half of which are +quite common. + +"Then how is it that we never see any?" is the first question of the +incredulous. The answer is: Long ago the beasts learned the dire +lesson--man is our worst enemy; shun him at any price. And the +simplest way to do this is to come out only at night. Man is a daytime +creature; he is blind in the soft half-light that most beasts prefer. + +While many animals have always limited their activity to the hours of +twilight and gloom, there are not a few that moved about in daytime, +but have given up that portion of their working day in order to avoid +the arch enemy. + +Thus they can flourish under our noses and eat at our tables, without +our knowledge or consent. They come and go at will, and the world +knows nothing of them; their presence might long go unsuspected but +for one thing, well known to the hunter, the trapper, and the +naturalist: wherever the wild four-foot goes, it leaves behind a +record of its visit, its name, the direction whence it came, the time, +the thing it did or tried to do, with the time and direction of +departure. These it puts down in the ancient script. Each of these +dotted lines, called the trail, is a wonderful, unfinished record of +the creature's life during the time it made the same, and it needs +only the patient work of the naturalist to decipher that record and +from it learn much about the animal that made it, without that animal +ever having been seen. + +Savages are more skilful at it than civilized folk, because tracking +is their serious life-long pursuit and they do not injure their eyes +with books. Intelligence is important here as elsewhere, yet it is a +remarkable fact that the lowest race of mankind, the Australian +blacks, are reputed to be by far the best trackers; not only are their +eyes and attention developed and disciplined, but they have retained +much of the scent power that civilized man has lost, and can follow a +fresh track, partly at least by smell. + +It is hard to over-value the powers of the clever tracker. To him the +trail of each animal is not a mere series of similar footprints; it is +an accurate account of the creature's life, habit, changing whims, and +emotions during the portion of life whose record is in view. These are +indeed autobiographical chapters, {190} and differ from other +autobiographies in this--they cannot tell a lie. We may get wrong +information from them, but it is our fault if we do; we misread the +document that cannot falsify. + + +{189} + +[Illustration: Animal tracks; Deer, Sheep, Mink, Cottontail, Hawk, +Owl, Meadow Mouse.] + + +{190 continued} + +When to Learn Tracking + +The ideal time for tracking, and almost the only time for most folk, +is when the ground is white. After the first snow the student walks +forth and begins at once to realize the wonders of the trail. A score +of creatures of whose existence, maybe, he did not know, are now +revealed about him, and the reading of their autographs becomes easy. + +It is when the snow is on the ground, indeed, that we take our +four-foot census of the woods. How often we learn with surprise from +the telltale white that a fox was around our hen house last night, a +mink is living even now under the wood pile, and a deer--yes! there is +no mistaking its sharp-pointed un-sheep-like footprint--has wandered +into our woods from the farther wilds. + +Never lose the chance of the first snow if you wish to become a +trailer. Nevertheless, remember that the first morning after a night's +snow fall is not so good as the second. Most creatures "lie up" during +the storm; the snow hides the tracks of those that do go forth; and +some actually go into a "cold sleep" for a day or two after a heavy +downfall. But a calm, mild night following a storm is sure to offer +abundant and ideal opportunity for beginning the study of the trail. + + +How to Learn + +Here are some of the important facts to keep in view, when you set +forth to master the rudiments: + +_First_.--No two animals leave the same trail; not only each kind but +each individual, and each individual at each stage of its life, leaves +a trail as distinctive as the creature's appearance, and it is obvious +that in that they differ among themselves just as we do, because the +young know their mothers, the mothers know their young, and the old +ones know their mates, when scent is clearly out of the question. + +Another simple evidence of this is the well known fact that no two +human beings have the same thumb mark; all living creatures have +corresponding peculiarities, and all use these parts in making the +trail. + +_Second_.--The trail was begun at the birthplace of that creature and +ends only at its death place; it may be recorded in visible track or +perceptible odor. It may last but a few {191} hours, and may be too +faint even for an expert with present equipment to follow, but +evidently the trail is made, wherever the creature journeys afoot. + +_Third_.--It varies with every important change of impulse, action, or +emotion. + +_Fourth_--When we find a trail we may rest assured that, if living, the +creature that made it is at the other end. And if one can follow, it +is only a question of time before coming up with that animal. And be +sure of its direction before setting out; many a novice has lost much +time by going backward on the trail. + +_Fifth_.--In studying trails one must always keep probabilities in mind. +Sometimes one kind of track looks much like another; then the question +is, "Which is the likeliest in this place." + +If I saw a jaguar track in India, I should know it was made by a +leopard. If I found a leopard in Colorado, I should be sure I had +found the mark of a cougar or mountain lion. A wolf track on Broadway +would doubtless be the doing of a very large dog, and a St. Bernard's +footmark in the Rockies, twenty miles from anywhere, would most likely +turn out to be the happen-so imprint of a gray wolf's foot. To be sure +of the marks, then, one should know all the animals that belong to the +neighborhood. + +These facts are well known to every hunter. Most savages are hunters, +and one of the early lessons of the Indian boy is to know the tracks +of the different beasts about him. These are the letters of the old, +old writing. + + +A First Try + + +Let us go forth into the woods in one of the North-eastern states when +there is a good tracking snow, and learn a few of these letters of the +wood alphabet. + +Two at least are sure to be seen--the track of the blarina and of the +deer mouse. They are shown on the same scale in Figs. 1 and 2, page +198. + +In Fig. 3 is the track of the meadow mouse. This is not unlike that of +the blarina, because it walks, being a ground animal, while the deer +mouse more often bounds. The delicate lace traceries of the masked +shrew, shown in Fig. 4, are almost invisible unless the sun be low; +they are difficult to draw, and impossible to photograph or cast +satisfactorily but the sketch gives enough to recognize them by. + +The meadow mouse belongs to the rank grass in the lowland {192} near +the brook, and passing it toward the open, running, water we may see +the curious track of the muskrat; its five-toed hind foot, its +four-toed front foot, and its long keeled tail, are plainly on record. +When he goes slowly the tail mark is nearly straight; when he goes +fast it is wavy in proportion to his pace. Page 193. + +The muskrat is a valiant beast; he never dies without fighting to the +last, but he is in dread of another brookland creature whose trail is +here--the mink. Individual tracks of this animal are shown in No. 1, +page 161. Here he was bounding; the forefeet are together, the +hindfeet track ahead, and tail mark shows, and but four toes in each +track, though the creature has five on each foot. He is a dreaded +enemy of poor Molly Cottontail, and more than once I have seen the +records of his relentless pursuit. One of these fits in admirably as +an illustration of our present study. + + +A Story of the Trail + +It was in the winter of 1900, I was standing with my brother, a +business man, on Goat Island, Niagara, when he remarked, "How is it? +You and I have been in the same parts of America for twenty years, yet +I never see any of the curious sides of animal life that you are +continually coming across." + +"Largely because you do not study tracks," was the reply. "Look at +your feet now. There is a whole history to be read." + +"I see some marks," he replied, "that might have been made by some +animal." "That is the track of a cottontail," was the answer. "Now, +let us read the chapter of his life. See, he went in a general +straight course as though making some well-known haunt, his easy pace, +with eight or ten inches between each set of tracks, shows unalarm. +But see here, joining on, is something else." + +"So there is. Another cottontail." + +"Not at all, this new track is smaller, the forefeet are more or less +paired, showing that the creature can climb a tree; there is a +suggestion of toe pads and there is a mark telling evidently of a long +tail; these things combined with the size and the place identify it +clearly. This is the trail of a mink. See! he has also found the +rabbit track, and finding it fresh, he followed it. His bounds are +lengthened now, but the rabbit's are not, showing that the latter was +unconscious of the pursuit." + +After one hundred yards the double trail led us to a great pile of +wood, and into this both went. Having followed his {193} game into +dense cover, the trailer's first business was to make sure that it did +not go out the other side. We went carefully around the pile; there +were no tracks leading out. + +"Now," I said, "if you will take the trouble to move that wood pile +you will find in it the remains of the rabbit half devoured and the +mink himself. At this moment he is no doubt curled up asleep." + +As the pile was large and the conclusion more or less self-evident, my +brother was content to accept my reading of the episode. + + +[Illustration: Tracks.] + Dog tracks, front and back (1/2 life-size) + + Cat tracks, front and bad (1/2 life-size) + + Uppermost, well-developed human foot + + Middle, a foot always cramped by boots + + Bottom, a bare foot, never in boots + + Muskrat tracks, (1/3 life-size) + + +What About Winter Sleepers + +Although so much is to be read in the wintry white, we cannot now make +a full account of all the woodland four-foots, for there are some +kinds that do not come out on the snow; they sleep more or less all +winter. + + +{194} + +Thus, one rarely sees the track of a chipmunk or woodchuck in truly +wintry weather; and never, so far as I know, have the trails of +jumping mouse or mud turtle been seen in the snow. These we can track +only in the mud or dust. Such trails cannot be followed as far as +those in the snow, simply because the mud and dust do not cover the +whole country, but they are usually as clear and in some respects more +easy of record. + + +How to Make Pictures of Tracks + +It is a most fascinating amusement to learn some creature's way of +life by following its fresh track for hours in good snow. I never miss +such a chance. If I cannot find a fresh track, I take a stale one, +knowing that, theoretically, it is fresher at every step, and from +practical experience that it always brings one to some track that is +fresh. + +How often I have wished for a perfect means of transferring these wild +life tales to paper or otherwise making a permanent collection. My +earliest attempts were in free-hand drawing, which answers, but has +this great disadvantage--it is a translation, a record discolored by +an intervening personality, and the value of the result is likely to +be limited by one's own knowledge at the time. + +Casting in plaster was another means attempted; but not one track in +ten thousand is fit to cast. Nearly all are blemished and imperfect in +some way, and the most abundant--those in snow--cannot be cast at +all. + +Then I tried spreading plastic wax where the beasts would walk on it, +in pathways or before dens. How they did scoff! The simplest ground +squirrel knew too much to venture on my waxen snare; around 'it, or if +hemmed in, over it, with a mighty bound they went; but never a track +did I so secure. + +Photography naturally suggested itself, but the difficulties proved as +great as unexpected, almost as great as in casting. Not one track in +one thousand is fit to photograph; the essential details are almost +always left out. You must have open sunlight, and even when the +weather is perfect there are practically but two times each day when +it is possible--in mid-morning and mid-afternoon, when the sun is high +enough for clear photographs and low enough to cast a shadow in the +faint track. + + +The Coon that Showed Me How + +Then a new method was suggested in an unexpected way. A friend of mine +had a pet coon which he kept in a cage in his bachelor quarters up +town. One day, during my friend's {195} absence the coon got loose and +set about a series of long-deferred exploring expeditions, beginning +with the bachelor's bedroom. The first promising object was a writing +desk. Mounting by a chair the coon examined several uninteresting +books and papers, and then noticed higher up a large stone bottle. He +had several times found pleasurable stuff in bottles, so he went for +it. The cork was lightly in and easily disposed of, but the smell was +far from inviting, for it was merely a quart of ink. Determined to +leave no stone unturned, however, the coon upset the ink to taste and +try. Alas! it tasted even worse than it smelt; it was an utter failure +as a beverage. + +And the coon, pushing it contemptuously away, turned to a pile of fine +hand-made, deckle-edge, heraldry note-paper--the pride of my friend's +heart--and when he raised his inky little paws there were left on the +paper some beautiful black prints. This was a new idea: the coon tried +it again and again. But the ink held out longer than the paper, so +that the fur-clad painter worked over sundry books, and the adjoining +walls, while the ink, dribbling over everything, formed a great pool +below the desk. Something attracted the artist's attention, causing +him to jump down. He landed in the pool of ink, making it splash in +all directions; some of the black splotches reached the white +counterpane of the bachelor's bed. Another happy idea: the coon now +leaped on the bed, racing around as long as the ink on his feet gave +results. As he paused to rest, or perhaps to see if any places had +been neglected, the door opened, and in came the landlady. The scene +which followed was too painful for description; no one present enjoyed +it. My friend was sent for to come and take his coon out of there +forever. He came and took him away, I suppose "forever." He had only +one other place for him--his office and there it was I made the +animal's acquaintance and heard of his exploit--an ink and paper, if +not a literary affair. + +This gave me the hint at the Zoo I needed, a plan to make an authentic +record of animal tracks. Armed with printer's ink and paper rolls I +set about gathering a dictionary collection of imprints. + +After many failures and much experiment, better methods were devised. +A number of improvements were made by my wife; one was the +substitution of black paint for printer's ink, as the latter dries too +quickly; another was the padding of the paper, which should be light +and soft for very light animals, and stronger and harder for the +heavy. Printing from a mouse, for example, is much like printing a +delicate {196} etching; ink, paper, dampness, etc., must be exactly +right, and furthermore, you have this handicap--you cannot regulate +the pressure. This is, of course, strictly a Zoo method. All attempts +to secure black prints from wild animals have been total failures. The +paper, the smell of paint, etc., are enough to keep the wild things +away. + +In the Zoo we spread the black pad and the white paper in a narrow, +temporary lane, and one by one drove, or tried to drive, the captives +over them, securing a series of tracks that are life-size, properly +spaced, absolutely authentic, and capable of yielding more facts as +the observer learns more about the subject. + +As related here, all this sounds quite easy. But no one has any idea +how cross, crooked, and contrary a creature can be, until he wishes it +to repeat for him some ordinary things that it has hitherto done +hourly. Some of them balked at the paint, some at the paper, some made +a leap to clear all, and thereby wrecked the entire apparatus. Some +would begin very well, but rush back when half-way over, so as to +destroy the print already made, and in most cases the calmest, +steadiest, tamest of beasts became utterly wild, erratic, and +unmanageable when approached with tracklogical intent. + + +Trying It on the Cat + +Even domestic animals are difficult. A tame cat that was highly +trained to do anything a cat could do, was selected as promising for a +black track study, and her owner's two boys volunteered to get all the +cat tracks I needed. They put down a long roll of paper in a hall, +painted pussy's feet black, and proceeded to chase her up and down. +Her docility banished under the strain. She raced madly about, leaving +long, useless splashes of black; then, leaping to a fanlight, she +escaped up stairs to take refuge among the snowy draperies. After +which the boys' troubles began. + + +Drawing is Mostly Used + +These, however, are mere by-accidents and illustrate the many +practical difficulties. After these had been conquered with patience +and ingenuity, there could be no doubt of the value of the prints. +They are the best of records for size, spacing, and detail, but fail +in giving incidents of wild life, or the landscape surroundings. The +drawings, as already seen, are best for a long series and for faint +features; in fact, the {197} drawings alone can give everything you +can perceive; but they fail in authentic size and detail. + +Photography has this great advantage--it gives the surroundings, the +essential landscape and setting, and, therefore, the local reason for +any changes of action on the part of the animal; also the aesthetic +beauties of its records are unique, and will help to keep the method +in a high place. + +Thus each of the three means may be successful in a different way, and +the best, most nearly perfect alphabet of the woods, would include all +three, and consist of a drawing, a pedoscript and a photograph of each +track, and a trail; i.e., a single footprint, and the long series of +each animal. + +My practice has been to use all whenever I could, but still I find +free-hand drawing is the one of the most practical application. When I +get a photograph I treasure it as an adjunct to the sketch. + + +A Story of the Trail + +To illustrate the relative value as records, of sketch and photograph, +I give a track that I drew from nature, but which could not at any +place have been photographed. This was made in February 15, 1885, near +Toronto. It is really a condensation of the facts, as the trail is +shortened where uninteresting. Page 189, No. 2. + +At A, I found a round place about 5 x 8 inches, where a cottontail had +crouched during the light snowfall. At B he had leaped out and sat +looking around; the small prints in front were made by his forefeet, +the two long ones by his hind feet, and farther back is a little +dimple made by the tail, showing that he was sitting on it. Something +alarmed him, causing him to dart out at full speed toward C and D, and +now a remarkable change is to be seen: the marks made by the front +feet are behind the large marks made by the hind feet, because the +rabbit overreaches each time; the hind feet track ahead of the front +feet; the faster he goes, the farther ahead those hind feet get; and +what would happen if he multiplied his speed by ten I really cannot +imagine. This overreach of the hind feet takes place in most bounding +animals. + +Now the cottontail began a series of the most extraordinary leaps and +dodgings (D,E,F.) as though trying to escape from some enemy. But what +enemy? There were no other tracks. I began to think the rabbit was +crazy--was flying from an imaginary foe--that possibly I was on the +trail of a March hare. But at G I found for the first time some spots +of blood. {198} This told me that the rabbit was in real danger but +gave no due to its source. I wondered if a weasel were clinging to its +neck. A few yards farther, at H, I found more blood. Twenty yards +more, at I, for the first time on each side of the rabbit trail, were +the obvious marks of a pair of broad, strong wings. Oho! now I knew +the mystery of the cottontail running from a foe that left no track. +He was pursued by an eagle, a hawk, or an owl. A few yards farther and +I found the remains (J) of the cottontail partly devoured. This put +the eagle out of the question; an eagle would have carried the rabbit +off boldly. A hawk or an owl then was the assassin. I looked for +something to decide which, and close by the remains found the peculiar +two-paired track of an owl. A hawk's track would have been as K, while +the owl nearly always sets its feet in the ground {199} with two toes +forward and two toes back. But which owl? There were at least three in +the valley that might be blamed. I looked for more proof and got it on +the near-by sapling--one small feather, downy, as are all owl +feathers, and bearing three broad bars, telling me plainly that a +barred owl had been there lately, and that, therefore, he was almost +certainly the slayer of the cottontail. As I busied myself making +notes, what should come flying up the valley but the owl himself--back +to the very place of the crime, intent on completing his meal no +doubt. He alighted on a branch ten feet above my head and just over +the rabbit remains, and sat there muttering in his throat. + +The proof in this case was purely circumstantial, but I think that we +can come to only one conclusion; that the evidence of the track in the +snow was complete and convincing. + + +{198} + +[Illustration: TRACKS; 1. Blarina in snow; 2. Deermouse; 3. Meadow +mouse; 4. Masked shrew.] + + +{199 continued} + +Meadow Mouse + +The meadow mouse autograph (page 189) illustrates the black-track +method. At first these dots look inconsequent and fortuitous, but a +careful examination shows that the creature had four toes with claws +on the forefeet, and five on the hind, which is evidence, though not +conclusive, that it was a rodent; the absence of tail marks shows that +the tail was short or wanting; the tubercules on each palm show to +what group of mice the creature belongs. The alternation of the track +shows that it was a ground-animal, not a tree-climber; the spacing +shows the shortness of the legs; their size determines the size of the +creature. Thus we come near to reconstructing the animal from its +tracks, and see how by the help of these studies, we can get much +light on the by-gone animals whose only monuments are tracks in the +sedimentary rocks about us--rocks that, when they received these +imprints, were the muddy margin of these long-gone creatures' haunts. + + +What the Trail Gives--The Secrets of the Woods + +There is yet another feature of trail study that gives it exceptional +value--it is an account of the creature pursuing its ordinary life. If +you succeeded in getting a glimpse of a fox or a hare in the woods, +the chances are a hundred to one that it was aware of your presence +first. They are much cleverer than we are at this sort of thing, and +if they do not actually sight or sense you, they observe, and are +warned by the action of some other creature that did sense us, and so +cease their occupations to steal away or hide. But the snow story will +{201} tell of the life that the animal ordinarily leads--its method of +searching for food, its kind of food, the help it gets from its +friends, or sometimes from its rivals--and thus offers an insight into +its home ways that is scarcely to be attained in any other way. +The trailer has the key to a new storehouse of Nature's secrets, +another of the Sybilline books is opened to his view; his fairy +godmother has, indeed, conferred on him a wonderful {202} gift in opening +his eyes to the foot-writing of the trail. It is like giving sight to +the blind man, like the rolling away of fogs from a mountain view, and +the trailer comes closer than others to the heart of the woods. + + Dowered with a precious power is he, + He drinks where others sipped, + And wild things write their lives for him + In endless manuscript. + + +{200} + +[Illustration: Tracks: Wild Turkey, Toad, Crow, + 1. Jackrabbit + 2. Cottontail + 3. Gray squirrel + 4. Coon + 5. Ground bird, such as quail + 6. Tree-bird + 7. A bird living partly in tree, partly on ground] + + +{201} + +Horses' Track +_N.B.--The large tracks represent the hind feet_. + +[Illustration: Tracks; Walking, Trotting, Canter, Galloping, Lame +Horse Walking: Which leg is the lame in?] + + These are the tracks of two birds on the ground. One lives generally + on the ground, the other in bushes and trees. Which track belongs to + which bird? + (_From Sir Robert Baden Powell's book_) + + + +{202 continued} + +The American Morse Telegraph Alphabet + +[Illustration: Morse codes. (tr)] + + +Signals + 4. Start me. + 5. Have you anything for me? + 9. Train order (or important military message)--give away. + 13. Do you understand? {203} + 25. Busy. + 30. Circuit closed (or closed station). + 73. Accept compliments. + 92. Deliver (ed). + + +Abbreviations + Ahr--Another. + Ans--Answer. + Ck--Check. + Col--Collect. + D H--Dead head. + G A--Go ahead. + G E--Good evening. + G M--Good morning. + G N--Good night. + G R--Government rate. + N M--No more. + Min--Wait a moment + O B--Official business. + O K--All right + Opr--Operator. + Pd--Paid. + Qk--Quick. + Sig--Signature. + + +Rememberable Morse or Re-Morse Alphabet + +[Illustration: Rememberable Morse or Re-Morse Alphabet.] + +By this method it is possible to learn the Morse alphabet in less than +an hour. + + +{204} + +[Illustration: Scouts using signal flags. (tr)] +From A to B in both figures, illustrates method of making a dot. + + +A complete swing from A to C in both figures indicates method of +making a dash. + +Wig-Wag or Myer Code + +_Instructions for Using the System_ + +The whole number opposite each letter or numeral stands for that +letter or numeral. + +A 22 +B 2112 +C 121 +D 222 +E 12 +F 2221 +G 2211 +H 122 +I 1 +J 1122 +K 2121 +L 221 +M 1221 +N 11 +O 21 +P 1212 +Q 1211 +R 211 +S 212 +T 2 +U 112 +V 1222 +W 1121 +X 2122 +Y 111 +Z 2222 +tion 1112 + + +Numerals +1 1111 +2 2222 +3 1112 +4 2221 +5 1122 +6 2211 +7 1222 +8 2111 +9 1221 +0 2112 + + +Conventional Signals + +End of word 3 +Wait a moment 1111 3 +End of sentence 33 +Repeat after (word) 121 121 3 22 3 (word) +End of message 333 +x x 3 numerals follow (or) numerals end. +Repeat last word 121 121 33 +Repeat last message 121 121 121 333 +sig 3 signature follows. +Error 12 12 3 +Move a little to right 211 211 3 +Acknowledgment, + or "I understand" 22 22 3 +Move a little to left 221 221 3 +Cease signaling 22 22 22 333 +Signal faster 2212 3 + + +{205} + + +Abbreviations +a after +b before +c can +h have +n not +r are +t the +u you +ur your +w word +wi with +y yes + + +Rememberable Myer Code + +The elements--a thick and a thin, i. e. 2 and 1 + +[Illustration: Rememberable Myer Code.] + + +To Signal with Flag or Torch Wig-Wag + +There is but one position and three motions. + +The first position is with the flag or other appliance held +vertically, the signalman facing squarely toward the station with +which it is desired to communicate. + +{206} + +The first motion ("one" or "1") is to the right of the sender and will +embrace an arc of 90 degrees, starting with the vertical and returning +to it, and will be made in a plane at right angle to the line +connecting the two stations. + +The second motion ("two" or "2") is a similar motion to the left of +the sender. + +The third motion ("front," "three" or "3") is downward, directly in +front of the sender, and instantly returned upward to the first +position. + +Numbers which occur in the body of a message must be spelled out in +full. Numerals may be used in signaling between stations having naval +books, using the code calls. To break or stop the signals from the +sending station, make with the flag or other signal 12 12 12 +continuously. + + +To Send a Message + +To call a station signal its letter until acknowledged; if the call +letter be not known, signal "E" until acknowledged. To acknowledge a +call, signal "1 understand," followed by the call letter of the +acknowledging station. + +Make a slight pause after each letter and also after "front." If the +sender discovers that he has made an error he should make 3 followed +by 12 123, after which he begins the word in which the error occurred. + + +The Semaphore Signal Code + +The scout may learn the correct angles at which to hold the flags from +the diagram. The easiest method of learning the alphabet is by +grouping the various letters together as follows: + +For all letters from A to G, one arm only is used, making a quarter of +a circle for each letter in succession. + +The letters from H to N (except J)--the right arm stands at A while +the left moves round the circle for the other letters. + +For O to S, the right arm stands at B--the left arm moves round as +before. + +For T, U, Y and the "annul," the right arm stands at C, the left +moving to the next point of the circle successively. + +The numerical sign J (or alphabetical sign) and V--the right arm +stands at position for letter D the left arm only being moved. + +{207} + +W and X--the left arm stands at position for letter E, the right in +this case moving down 45 degrees to show letter X. + +For the letter Z, the left arm stands at the position G--the right arm +crosses the breast taking the position F. + + +[Illustration: Semaphore code. (tr)] + + +{208} + +The letters A to I also stand for the figures 1 to 9 (K standing for +0), if you make the numerical sign to show that you are going to send +numbers followed by the alphabetical sign (J) when the figures are +finished. They will be checked by being repeated back by the receiving +station. Should figures be wrongly repeated by the receiving station +the sending station will send the "annul" sign (which is answered by +the same sign) and then send the group of figures again. + +The sender must always face the station to which he is sending. On a +word failing to make sense, the writer down will say, "no," when the +reader will at once stop the sending station by raising both arms +horizontally to their full extent (letter R). This demand for +repetition the sending station will acknowledge by making J. The +signaller receiving the message will then send the last word he has +read correctly, upon which the sender will continue the message from +that word. + + +Whistle Signs + +1. One long blast means "Silence," "Alert," "Look out for my next +signal." Also approaching a station. + +2. Two short blasts means "All right." + +3. A succession of long, slow blasts means "Go out," "Get farther +away," or "Advance," "Extend," "Scatter." + +4. A succession of short, sharp blasts means "Rally," "Close in," +"Come together," "Fall in," "Danger," "Alarm." + +5. Three short blasts followed by one long one from scout master calls +up the patrol leaders--i.e., "Leaders, come here." + +Any whistle signal must be instantly obeyed at the double--as fast as +you can run--no matter what other job you may be doing at the time. + + +Hand or Flag Signals + +Hand signals, which can also be made by patrol leaders with their +patrol flags when necessary: + +Hand waved several times across the face from side to side or flag +waved horizontally, from side to side opposite the face, means "No," +"Never mind," "As you were." + +Hand or flag held high, and waved as though pushing forward, at full +extent of arm, or whistle a succession of slow blasts means "Extend," +"Go farther out," "Scatter." + +Hand or flag held high, and waved rapidly from side to side, at full +extent of arm, or a succession of short, quick blasts on the whistle, +means "Close in," "Rally," "Come here," "Danger," "Cattle on track." + +{209} + +Hand or flag pointing in any direction means "Go in that direction." + +Clenched hand or flag jumped rapidly up and down several times means, +"Hurry," "Run." + +The movement, pushing or beckoning, indicates whether "Hurry here" or +"Hurry there." + +Hand (or flag) held straight up over head, palm forward, means "Stop," +"Halt." + +When a leader is shouting an order or message to a scout who is some +way off, the scout, if he hears what is being said, should hold up his +hand level with his head all the time. If he cannot hear, he should +stand still, making no sign. The leader will then repeat louder, or +beckon to the scout to come in nearer. + +The following signals are made by a scout with his staff when he is +sent out to reconnoitre within sight of his patrol, and they have the +following meaning: + +Staff held up horizontally, that is, level, with both hands above the +head, means, "I have found." + +The same, out with staff moved up and down slowly, means, "I have +found, but a long way off." + +The same, staff moved up and down rapidly, means, "I have found, and +close by." + +The staff held straight up over the head means, "Nothing in sight." + + +Indian Signs and Blazes + +Shaking a blanket: I want to talk to you. + +Hold up a tree-branch: I want to make peace. + +Hold up a weapon, means war: I am ready to fight. + +Hold up a pole horizontally, with hands on it: I have found something. + + +[Illustration: Indian Signs and Blazes. + This is good water. + Good water not far in this direction. + A long way to good water, go in direction of arrow. + We camped here because one of us was sick.] + +{210} + +[Illustration: Indian Signs and Blazes. + War or trouble about. + Peace. + Road to be followed. + Letter hidden three paces from here in the direction of arrow. + This path not to be followed. + "I have gone home."] + + +WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY + +_The Boy Scout Wireless Club +Y. M. C. A., Newark, N.J._ + +The following directions are given for an up-to-date wireless +apparatus for stationary use in the home or at the meeting place of +each patrol. + +We will consider the receiving apparatus first: + + +[Illustration: Diagram of wireless transmitter and receiver. (tr)] + + +The first thing to do is to build an aerial. First find out how long +your location will allow you to build it, and how high. It ought to be +at least 50 to 60 feet high and about 70 to 100 feet long. The main +point in building an aerial is to have it {211} well insulated from +the ground, and all connections in wire perfectly solid. It is +advisable to solder every connection and to make your aerial strong as +it has a great deal to do with the working qualities of the station. + +After this is completed, the inside work on instruments should begin. + +1. A pair of watch-case receivers having a resistance of 1,000 ohms +each, manufactured by a reliable firm. + +2. A loose coupler tuning coil of about 800 meters. + +3. One of Mordock's metal detectors or one of similar design. + +4. A variable condenser of about 5-10 plates. + +5. A fixed condenser so arranged that its capacity can be changed if +desired. + +With these instruments the receiving set is complete, so we next take +up the sending apparatus. + +1. A two-inch induction coil. + +2. A heavy spark gap (zinc preferable). + +3. One wireless key with heavy contacts. + +4. A plate condenser which can be easily made by any scout. Good glass +is the main point. + +5. A triple pole, double throw aerial switch. (Can be made by scouts.) + + +Now you have everything necessary to go ahead and assemble your +station. The next thing is to connect them up. + +Above is a diagram which will make a good station for a scout. This +station, if the aero is of the proper height, is capable of sending +messages from 8 to 10 miles. + + +The Receiving Set + +Perhaps the most fundamentally important part of a wireless telegraph +station is the aerial. Its construction varies with each station, but +a few general suggestions may be of use. + +The builder should aim to get as high and as long an aerial as +possible, height being the more important factor. In a stationary set +the aerial may be fastened to a tree or pole or high building while in +a field set a tree or an easily portable pole must be used. + +The aerial itself should be made of copper wire and should be hung +between spreaders as long as convenient and insulated from them by two +cleat insulators in series at each end. + +The experimenter should see that his leading-in wire is placed +conveniently and comes in contact with the walls, etc., {212} as +little as possible. All points of contact must be well insulated with +glass, porcelain, or hard rubber. + +The tuning coil is very simple in construction. A cardboard tube, +about three inches in diameter, is mounted between two square heads. +This tube is wound with No. 24 insulated copper wire and very well +shellaced to avoid loosening of the wire. + +Two pieces of one quarter inch square brass rod, to be fastened +between the heads, are secured, and a slider, as shown in drawing, is +made. The rods are fastened on the heads and the insulation in the +path of the slides is then well scraped off. Binding posts are then +fastened to rods and coil ends. + + +[Illustration: Details of instruments for field use.] + + +{213} + +The detector, although the most important of the instruments, is +perhaps the simplest. It is constructed of a hardwood base with a +small brass plate fastened on by means of a binding post. On the other +end of the base is fastened a double binding post which holds a brass +spring, as in the drawing. On the end of this spring is fastened a +copper point made by winding a few inches of No. 36 or 40 wire on it +and allowing about three sixteenths of an inch to project. This +completes the detector but, for use in this instrument, lead sulphide +or Galena crystals must be secured. + +The condenser is made of two pieces of tin-foil, four by ten, and +three pieces of waxed paper a little larger than the foil. A piece of +wire is twisted into the end of each piece of foil, and then one sheet +of foil is laid on a sheet of paper. This is then covered by another +sheet of paper upon which is laid the second sheet of foil. On top of +this is laid the third sheet of paper and the whole is folded into a +convenient bundle. The sheets of foil must be well insulated from each +other and the wires must project from the condenser. + +The ground connection is made by soldering a wire to a cold water +pipe. In the case of a portable set the ground may be made by driving +a metal rod into the ground or sinking metal netting into a body of +water. + +The telephone receivers cannot well be made and must therefore be +bought. The type of phones used will therefore depend entirely on the +builder's purse. + + +The Sending Set + +The same aerial and ground are used for sending as were used for +receiving, and for the experimenter, it will be far cheaper to buy a +spark coil for his sending set than to attempt to make one. + +For a field set there will be very little need of a sending helix, as +close tuning will be hardly possible; but for the stationary set this +is very useful. + +The helix is made by building a drum with square heads fastened +together by six or eight uprights, arranged on the circumference of a +circle. On this then are wound ten or twelve turns of No. 10 or 12, +brass or copper wire. Binding posts are fastened to the ends of the +wire and variable contact made on the turns by means of metal spring +clips. + +The spark gap is made of a hard-wood base with two uprights to which +are fastened strips of brass. Under these strips are {214} placed two +pieces of battery zincs so as to make the gap between their ends +variable. Binding posts are fastened to the strips for contact. + + +The sending condenser is the same as the receiving in construction, +but different in material. The dielectric is glass while the +conducting surfaces are tin-foil, arranged in a pile of alternate +sheets of glass and foil. The foil is shaped as in drawing and +alternate sheets have their lugs projecting on opposite sides, all +lugs on same side being connected together. For a one-inch coil but a +few of these plates are needed, but for higher power a greater number +are necessary. + + +[Illustration: Wireless Telegraph Set Designed for Boy Scouts of +America by L. Horle.] + + +All that now remains is the setting up of the instruments. They are +arranged as in the drawing, a double-point, {215} double-throw switch +being used to switch from sending to receiving. + +After having connected up the receiving instruments, the receiver is +placed at the ear and the point of the detector placed on the various +parts of the mineral until the signals are heard clearly. Then the +tuning coil is adjusted until the signals are loudest. + +The sending apparatus is set up, the key and batteries having been +bought or made, and used to call some other station. The clip is put +on various twins of the helix until the other station signals that the +signals are loudest. The station is then ready for actual operation. + + +NOTES + + +{216} + + +Notes + + +{217} + + +Notes + + +{218} + + +Notes + + +{219} + +CHAPTER V + +HEALTH AND ENDURANCE + + _George J. Fisher, M. D. + Secretary, Physical Department International Committee + Young Men's Christian Association_ + + +Fitness + +Two things greatly affect the conditions under which a boy lives in +these days. One is that he lives in-doors for the greater part of the +time, and the other is that he must attend school, which is pretty +largely a matter of sitting still. Two things therefore are needs of +every boy: out-door experience and physical activity. + +To secure endurance, physical power, physical courage, and skill, the +first thing needful is to take stock of one's physical make-up, put +the body in the best possible condition for doing its work and then +keep it in good order. + + +Proper Carriage + +Head up, chin in, chest out, and shoulders back is a good slogan for a +boy scout who desires an erect figure. One can scarcely think of a +round-shouldered scout. Yet there are such among the boys who desire +to be scouts. + +There is no particular exercise that a boy can take to cure round +shoulders. The thing to remember is that all exercise that is taken +should be done in the erect position, then the muscles will hold the +body there. + +An erect body means a deeper chest, room for the important organs to +work and thus affords them the best chance to act. + +A few setting-up exercises each day in the erect position will help +greatly to get this result. + + +{220} + +[Illustration: Exercise 1] +Position: Heels together, arms down and at sides, palms in. +Movement: Swing arms, sideways, upward to vertical, and return. + + +[Illustration: Exercise 2] +Same as Exercise I, except that arms +are swung forward, upward to vertical. + + +[Illustration: Exercise 3.] +Position: Arms extended to side horizontal. +Movement: Swing forward and return. +(Emphasis upon backward movement.) + + +[Illustration: Exercise 4.] +Position: Arms at side, horizontal, back slightly arched. +Movement: Circle arms backward. + +Setting-up Exercises + + +{221} + +[Illustration: Exercise 5.] +Position: Forearms flexed at side of chest. +Movement: Thrust arms forward and return. + + +[Illustration: Exercise 6.] +Position: Arms at front, horizontal, +forearms flexed, fingers on shoulders. +Movement: Swing backward to side, +horizontal in position. + + +[Illustration: Exercise 7.] +Position: Same as Exercise 6. +Movement: Swing downward, forward, bringing arms beyond sides +of body. Rise on toes with end of backward swing. + + +[Illustration: Exercise 8a.] +Position: Arms at vertical, thumbs locked, head fixed between arms. + + +[Illustration: Exercise 8b.] +Movement: Bend forward as far as possible, +without bending knees, and return. + +Setting-up Exercises + + +{222} + + +[Illustration: Exercise 9.] +Position: Arms at vertical. Repeat exercise 8b + + +[Illustration: Exercise 9b.] +Movement: Arm circles, downward, inward, +across chest. Reverse the movement. + + +[Illustration: Exercise 10.] +Position: Arms on hips. +Movement: Forward bend. + + +[Illustration: Exercise 11.] +Position: Same as Exercise 10. +Movement: Backward bend. + + +[Illustration: Exercise 12.] +Position: Same as Exercise 10. +Movement: Sideward bend, right and left. + +Setting-up Exercises + + +{223} + + +[Illustration: Exercise 13.] +Position: Same as Exercise 10. +Movement: Rotate body of waist. + + +[Illustration: Exercise 14.] +Position: Same as Exercise 10. +Movement: Raise high on toes. (Hold shoulders back firmly) + + +[Illustration: Exercise 15.] +Position: Same as Exercise 10. +Movement: Full knee bend. + + +Setting-up Exercises + + +Growth + +The chief business of a boy is to grow. He may have other affairs, but +this is his chief concern. He should, therefore, have a few simple +rules for living and make them a part of his daily life. + + +Out-door Exercises + +Each day should have its out-door exercises. Walking is a splendid +form of exercise. Walk to school or business; don't ride unless +absolutely necessary because of unusual distance. Walk with a good, +swinging stride with chest well up and spine fairly straight. Slow +running across country is great; it lacks strain and yet affords +splendid stimulation to heart and lungs. Cross-country running and +hiking should be favorite sport for scout patrols and troops. A boy +ought to have at least two hours of sport daily in some good, vigorous +game, such as baseball or tennis, and, if he can possibly afford it, +at least two periods a week, of an hour each, in a gymnasium, where he +can receive guidance in body building. Boys under sixteen should avoid +exercise of strain, such as weight lifting, or sprint running over one +hundred yards, or long distance racing. They should have careful +guidance in all gymnastic work. Work on apparatus may prove harmful +unless of the right sort. The horse {224} and parallel bars should be used +largely to jump over rather than perform upon. Exercises demanding a +sustained support of the body with the arms are not helpful, but may +be harmful. The chief activity should be of the legs, to strengthen +heart and lungs. A boy should be careful not to overdo. In his +excitement to win in a contest he is likely to do this unless +cautioned. A boy should never try to reduce his weight. Now that there +are weight classes in sports for boys there is a temptation to do this +and it may prove very serious. Severe training for athletics should be +avoided. All training should be in moderation. + + +Medical Examinations + +Every boy ought to have, as he takes up his boy-scout work, a thorough +medical examination. Some physician who is interested in boys will be +willing to act as examiner for a patrol or troop. A boy should know +the condition of his heart and lungs before entering any contest. If +he has any defects in his breathing apparatus--nose, throat, or lungs, +these should be attended to or they will seriously interfere with his +endurance tests. + + +Baths + +Beside exercises a boy should have simple, workable rules for living. +A boy ought to take a good soap bath at least twice a week and always +after he has played a hard game or performed work of a nature that has +caused him to perspire freely. + +Each morning a quick sponge bath should be the first order of the day, +in water as cool as he can stand it, followed by a good rub with a +coarse towel. If there is a feeling of warmth after the bath, it is +helpful, if not, the water should be slightly warm or only a portion +of the body should be bathed at a time. + + +Pain + +One thing that should be regarded seriously is pain in any form in any +part of the body. If there is a dull headache frequently, find out +what causes it. Pain in the knee, the arch of the foot, or at any +point, should be taken seriously. Pain means something wrong. It may +be brave to bear it, but it {225} is not wise. It may mean something +serious. Remember that pain felt in one part of the body may be the +result of something wrong in another part. See a wise doctor about it. + + +Eating + +And now in reference to what one shall eat. The average boy ought to +have and usually does have an appetite like an ostrich. Three points +to remember are; don't eat too much, most healthy boys do; don't eat +meat more than once a day; and, third, don't eat anything that you +always taste for several hours after you have eaten it, even though +you like it. + + +Digestion + +The fact that you taste it is an indication that your stomach is +having a wresting match with the food. Some people can't digest +onions, others thrive upon them. Some can't eat cucumbers, others can +do so readily. The one must give them up; the other can continue to +eat them. Each person has some peculiarity of diet and must observe it +to be happy. Many a race has been lost through failure to obey this +rule. A simple diet is best. Most boys eat too much of a mixed nature. +They mix pickles, soda water, frankfurters, and chocolate without fear +or favor. No wonder there is so much stomach ache. In boys' camps the +chief trouble is indigestion caused by this riot of eating. Such boys +are laying up for themselves for the future some beautiful headaches +and bilious attacks, which, when they become chronic later, will cry +out against them and seriously impair their value. Don't eat when very +tired; lie down a while and get rested. Don't eat heavily before +exercising, or, better, put it the other way around, don't exercise +immediately after eating. Never eat when excited or angry and very +lightly when worried or when expecting to study hard. We should learn +to eat slowly and chew the food thoroughly remembering that all food +before it can be taken up in the blood must be as thin as pea soup. +Chewing well will help the digestive organs greatly. Always wash the +hands before eating. Be careful about eating food that has been +exposed to the dust unless it has been washed. Drink freely of clean +water between meals. Never use a public drinking cup without +thoroughly rinsing it. Don't touch your lips to the rim of the cup. + +Boys who cook their own meals when in camp should be {226} careful to +have their food well done. Half-baked and soggy food proves +indigestible. + + +Coffee and Tea + +Should a boy drink coffee or tea? This is a question often asked by +boys. Coffee and tea are the greatest stimulants known. But does a +strong boy need a stimulant? What is a stimulant and what does it do? +A stimulant is a whip, making the body do more at a given time than it +ordinarily would. It doesn't add any fibre to the tissues, doesn't add +any strength, isn't a food, but merely gets more out of the tissues or +nervous system than they would ordinarily yield. Of course there is a +reaction, because the tissues have had nothing to feed on. Herbert +Fisher says that Peary's men, who drank lots of tea on their voyage +north, during the most trying time of their trip showed it in their +haggard faces and loss of tissue. Their own tissues had turned +cannibal and fed on their own material. Stimulants are not foods. They +add no strength to the body. They exact of the body what ought not to +be exacted of it. There is always a reaction and one is always worse +off as a result. Growing boys especially should have nothing to do +with tea, coffee, or any stimulant. + + +Alcohol and Tobacco + +Alcohol is not a stimulant, but is really a narcotic that is very +depressing. It dulls rather than stimulates. The same is true of +nicotine in tobacco. No growing boy should use either. The first +athletes to drop out of a race are usually drinkers and all trainers +know that smoking is bad for the wind. + + +Constipation + +Those boys who find their digestion sluggish and are troubled with +constipation may find the following plan helpful in overcoming the +condition: + +Drink a cool, copious draught of water upon arising. Then take some +body-bending exercises. Follow this with the sponge bath. Then, if +possible, take a walk around the block before breakfast. After school, +play some favorite game for at least an hour. In the absence of this, +take a good hike of three or four miles or a longer bicycle ride. At +least twice a week, if possible, enter a gymnasium class and make +special emphasis of body-bending exercises. + +{227} + +Have a regular time for going to stool. A good plan is to go just +before retiring and immediately upon arising. Go even though you feel +no desire to do so. A regular habit may be established by this method. +Always respond quickly to any call of nature. Toasted bread and graham +bread and the coarser foods and fruit will be found helpful. + + +The Teeth + +Closely related to the matter of eating is the proper care of the +teeth. + +Perhaps--without care--the mouth is the filthiest cavity of the body. +We spend a great deal of energy trying to keep food clean and water +pure, but what is the use if we place them in a dirty cavity as they +enter the body. Full 90 per cent. of the children examined in our +schools have decayed and dirty teeth. These decayed teeth provide +cavities in which food particles decay and germs grow, and through +which poisons are absorbed. These conditions need not exist. Now just +a few suggestions about the care of the teeth. Every boy should own +his own tooth brush. The teeth should be scrubbed at least twice a +day. At night they should receive most careful cleansing, using a good +tooth paste or powder. Then again in the morning they should be rinsed +at which time simply clean water is sufficient. Time should be taken +in the cleansing of the teeth. The gums should be included in the +scrubbing, as this acts as a good stimulant to the circulation of the +blood to the teeth. Not only should the teeth be brushed with a +backward and forward stroke, as we ordinarily do, but also upward and +downward the length of the teeth. In addition to the scrubbing, +particles of food which are lodged between the teeth should be removed +after meals, or at least after the last meal of the day. This is most +safely done by the use of a thread of a fair degree of thickness. +Dentists and druggists furnish this thread in spools. Hard toothpicks +often cause bleeding and detach fillings. A dentist should be visited +once every six months so as to detect decay immediately. Never have a +tooth pulled unless absolutely necessary. + + +Care of the Eyes + +Most troubles with the eyes come from eye strain. Styes and red lids +are usually due to this cause. See how foolish, therefore, it is to +treat these conditions as causes, when really {228} they are only the +result of something else. Of course there are exceptions. Sometimes +wild hairs and skin disease affect the eyes. Eye strain should be +removed by wearing well-fitting glasses and then these other +conditions will disappear. If constant headache is experienced or the +eyes itch or become tired easily, there is possibly eye strain. + +One way to test the eye is for vision. Place the following letters +fifteen feet from you. If you cannot read them clearly with both eyes +and with each eye separately, consult a first-class oculist. + +C L V F O T + +E A C F D L O T + +D V C L A E O T F + +Never buy eye-glasses unless fitted by an expert. Such glasses should +be worn in proper relation to the eyes. They should not be permitted +to slide forward on the nose or tilt. They may need to be changed +often as the eyes grow better. + +For reading, a good, steady light is needed. Never sit in front of a +window facing it to read. Always have the light come from the rear and +over the left shoulder preferably. The book should be held on a level +with the face and not too close. Sit {229} erect. Reading when lying +down or from the light of a fireplace is unwise. + + +Care of the Ears + +Affections of the ears are exceedingly serious and may lead to grave +results. Any trouble with them should be given very prompt attention +and a good specialist consulted. Pain in the ear, or ringing or +hissing sounds, and particularly any discharge from the ear, should +not be neglected. Any sign of deafness must be heeded. Sometimes +deafness occurs in reference to some particular sounds while hearing +is normal to others. No matter what the degree of deafness may be do +not neglect to see a physician about it. Ordinarily the tick of a +watch can be heard at a distance of thirty inches. If you cannot hear +it at that distance and can hear it say at fifteen inches then you are +just one half from the normal in your hearing. The test should be made +with one ear closed. + +Ear troubles are often caused by sticking foreign objects in the ear, +such as hair pins, pins, matches, toothpicks and lead pencils. Never +pick the ear with anything. Often the ear drum is pierced in this way. +The normal ear does not require anything more than the usual cleansing +with the wash rag over the end of the finger. + +If wax to any extent accumulates in the ear it should be removed by +syringing, but ought to be done by a physician. + +In camp an insect might crawl into the ear and if alive cause pain. +Putting oil or other fluids in the ear to drown it is unwise. If a +foreign body should get in the ear it should not cause great alarm +unless attended with severe pain. If a physician is not available at +once such objects may remain for a day or two without serious results. +Syringing usually removes them, but it should be remembered that some +objects like peas or beans swell if made wet. In swimming water is apt +to get into the ear and cause annoyance. A rubber ear stop can be +secured and placed in the ear at the time of swimming, thus keeping +the water out. Cotton should not be stuffed into the ear to keep water +out, as it may get inside. + +One thing to keep in mind is that catarrh of the nose and throat often +extends into the ear passages through a tube which reaches from the +throat to the ear and that syringing of the nose and throat frequently +causes trouble in the ear. + + +Care of Nose and Throat + +Always breathe through the nose. Air passing through the nose is +warmed and moistened and cleansed; thus it gets to {230} the lungs in +a better condition. If you cannot breathe clearly through the nose, +have it examined. There may be a growth present which needs to be +removed. To become a good runner this is important. Adenoids, which +are growths far back in the mouth, often interfere with nose breathing +and are serious in other ways. Don't stick anything in the nose; and +nose picking is not cleanly. If crusts form in the nose, use a little +vaseline to soften them. Don't blow the nose too vigorously. It may +cause trouble. + +Frequent sore throat may be due to enlarged tonsils which either need +treatment or removal. To one who has frequent colds in the head, the +out-of-door life and morning sponge bath and moderate eating will be +of help. + + +Care of the Feet + +This is an important matter with scouts, as they will make frequent +hikes and tramps. The first thing to do is to walk right. The straight +foot is the normal foot. The normal foot is broad at the ball with +space between the toes. How different from the awful feet we see with +toes twisted upon each other and crowded together. Walk with feet +pointing straight forward. The feet that turn outward are weak feet. +Shoes therefore should be straight on the inner border, broad across +the ball, and have a low, broad heel. The shoe adopted by the scout +movement is a good design. + +When a foot is normal, the inner border does not touch the floor. By +wetting the foot one can see readily whether he is flat-footed by the +imprint made. The following exercises are good to strengthen the +arches of the foot if there is a tendency to flat feet: (1) Turn toes +in, raise the heels, and come down slowly on the outer borders of the +feet; (2) Walk with heels raised and toes pointing inward, or walk on +the outer borders of the foot, inner borders turned up. + +Shoes should fit the feet comfortably. Tight shoes, or shoes that fit +loosely, will cause callouses or corns. The way to get rid of these is +to remove the cause--namely, the badly-fitting shoes. Soft corns are +due to pressure between the toes. The toes in such cases should be +kept apart with cotton. Pointed shoes should be avoided. +Patent-leather shoes are non-porous and hot. Ingrown toe nails are +exceedingly painful. The pain comes from the nail piercing the soft +parts. Allowing the nail to grow long and beyond the point of the +tender spot will help; {231} and on the side of the nail and under it +cotton should be inserted to protect the soft parts. + +Hot foot baths will generally relieve tired feet. Boys should be very +careful in trimming corns for fear of blood poisoning. Never buy +plates at a store for flat feet. They may not be adapted to your +needs. Always consult a foot specialist for treatment and buy plates +if needed on his order. Only severe cases need plates. + +Many boys are troubled with perspiring feet and are frequently annoyed +by the odor resulting. Those who are thus troubled should wash the +feet often and carefully, especially, between the toes. By dusting the +feet with boric acid the odor will disappear. At first it may be +necessary to change the stockings daily. In severe cases two pairs of +shoes should be used, changing alternately. + + +Care of the Finger Nails + +The chief thing in the care of the finger nails is to keep them clean. +Each boy should possess and use a nail brush. Always wash the hands +thoroughly before eating, and use the end of a nail file to remove the +accumulation still remaining under the nails. Keep the nails properly +trimmed. They should not be too long nor too short. If long they are +liable to break and if short to be sensitive. Biting the nails is a +filthy practice and mutilates the fingers dreadfully and makes them +unsightly. It is a very hard habit to overcome ofttimes and will +require persistent effort in order to succeed. By keeping the nails +smooth the tendency to bite them will to some extent be overcome. A +bitter application to the nails will often remind one of the habit, as +often the biting is done unconsciously. The nails should never be +pared with a knife; a curved pair of scissors is better as the cutting +should be done in a curved direction; but the best method is to use a +file. The skin overhanging the nails should be pressed back once a +week to keep them shapely. Rubbing the nails with a nail buffer or +cloth will keep them polished. + + +Sleep + +One thing a growing boy wants to be long on is sleep, and yet he is +most apt to be careless about it. It is during sleep that a boy grows +most and catches up. During his waking hours he tears down and burns +up more tissue than he builds. Good, sound and sufficient sleep is +essential to growth, strength, {232} and endurance. A boy scout should +have at least nine or ten hours sleep out of every twenty-four. If you +lose out on this amount on one day, make it up the next. Whenever +unusually tired, or when you feel out of trim, stay in bed a few hours +more if it is possible. A boy should wake up each morning feeling like +a fighting cock. When he doesn't he ought to get to bed earlier that +night. Sleep is a wonderful restorative and tonic. It helps to store +up energy and conserve strength. + + +Sleeping Out of Doors + +The conditions under which one sleeps are as important as the length +of time one sleeps. Many people are finding it wonderfully helpful and +invigorating to sleep out of doors. Often a back porch can be +arranged, or, in summer, a tent can be pitched in the yard. But, by +all means, the sleeping room should be well ventilated. Windows should +be thrown wide open. Avoid drafts. If the bed is in such relation to +the windows as to cause the wind to blow directly on it, a screen can +be used to divert it or a sheet hung up as protection. Good, fresh, +cool air is a splendid tonic. In winter open windows are a splendid +preparation for camping out in summer. + + +Conservation + +In this chapter much has been said of the active measures which a boy +should take in order to become strong and well. We should be equally +concerned in saving and storing up natural forces we already have. In +the body of every boy, who has reached his teens, the Creator of the +universe has sown a very important fluid. This fluid is the most +wonderful material in all the physical world. Some parts of it find +their way into the blood, and through the blood give tone to the +muscles, power to the brain, and strength to the nerves. This fluid is +the sex fluid. When this fluid appears in a boy's body, it works a +wonderful change in him. His chest deepens, his shoulders broaden, his +voice changes, his ideals are changed and enlarged. It gives him the +capacity for deep feeling, for rich emotion. Pity the boy, therefore, +who has wrong ideas of this important function, because they will +lower his ideals of life. These organs actually secrete into the blood +material that makes a boy manly, strong, and noble. Any habit which a +boy has that causes this fluid to be discharged from the body tends to +weaken his strength, to make him less able to resist disease, and +often unfortunately fastens upon him habits which later in life he +{233} cannot break. Even several years before this fluid appears in +the body such habits are harmful to a growing boy. + +To become strong, therefore, one must be pure in thought and clean in +habit. This power which I have spoken of must be conserved, because +this sex function is so deep and strong that there will come times +when temptation to wrong habits will be very powerful. But remember +that to yield means to sacrifice strength and power and manliness. + +For boys who desire to know more of this subject we would suggest a +splendid book by Dr. Winfield S. Hall, entitled, "From Youth into +Manhood." Every boy in his teens who wants to know the secret of +strength, power, and endurance should read this book. + +NOTES + + +{234} + + +Notes + + +{235} + + +Notes + + +{236} + + +Notes + + +{237} + +CHAPTER VI + +CHIVALRY + +_By John L. Alexander, Boy Scouts of America_ + + +Ancient Knighthood + +A little over fifteen hundred years ago the great order of knighthood +and chivalry was founded. The reason for this was the feeling on the +part of the best men of that day that it was the duty of the stronger +to help the weak. These were the days when might was right, and the +man with the strongest arm did as he pleased, often oppressing the +poor and riding rough shod without any regard over the feelings and +affections of others. In revolt against this, there sprang up all over +Europe a noble and useful order of men who called themselves knights. +Among these great-hearted men were Arthur, Gareth, Lancelot, Bedivere, +and Alfred the Great. The desire of these men was "To live pure, speak +true, right wrong, follow the king." Of course in these days there +also lived men who called themselves knights, but who had none of the +desire for service that inspired Arthur and the others. These false +knights, who cared for no one but themselves and their own pleasure, +often brought great sorrow to the common people. Chivalry then was a +revolt against their brutal acts and ignorance and a protest against +the continuation of the idea that might was right. + +Nowhere in all the stories that have come down to us have the acts of +chivalry been so well told as in the tales of the Round Table. Here it +was that King Arthur gathered about him men like Sir Bors, Sir +Gawaine, Sir Pellias, Sir Geraint, Sir Tristram, Sir Lancelot, and Sir +Galahad. These men moved by the desire of giving themselves in +service, cleared the forests of wild animals, suppressed the robber +barons, {238} punished the outlaws, bullies, and thieves of their day, +and enforced wherever they went a proper respect for women. It was for +this great service that they trained themselves, passing through the +degrees of page, esquire, and knight with all the hard work that each +of these meant in order that they might the better do their duty to +their God and country. + + +[Illustration: Ancient knight.] + + +Struggle for Freedom + +Of course this struggle of right against wrong was not confined to the +days in which chivalry was born. The founding of the order of +knighthood was merely the beginning of the age-long struggle to make +right the ruling thought of life. Long after knighthood had passed +away, the struggle continued. In the birth of the modern nations, +England, Germany, France, and others, there was the distinct feeling +on the part of the best men of these nations that might should and +must give way to right, and that tyranny must yield to the spirit of +freedom. The great struggle of the English barons under King John and +the wresting from the king of the Magna Charta, which became the basis +of English liberty, was merely another development of the idea for +which chivalry stood. The protest of the French Revolution, and the +terrible doings of the common people in these days, although wicked +and brutal in method, were symptoms of the same revolt against +oppression. + + +[Illustration: Pilgrim father.] + + +The Pilgrim Fathers + +When the Pilgrim Fathers founded the American colonies, the work of +Arthur and Alfred and the other great men of ancient days was renewed +and extended and fitted to the new conditions and times. With the +English settlements of Raleigh and Captain John Smith we might almost +say that a new race of men was born and a new kind of knight was +developed. All over America an idea made itself felt that in the eyes +of the law every man should be considered just as good as every other +man, and that every man ought to have a fair and square chance {239} +at all the good things that were to be had in a land of plenty. It was +this spirit that compelled the colonists to seek their independence +and that found its way into our Declaration of Independence as +follows: + + We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created + equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain + inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the + pursuit of happiness. + +The fight of the colonists was the old-time fight of the knights +against the oppression and injustice and the might that dared to call +itself right. + + +[Illustration: Pioneer.] + + +American Pioneers + +No set of men, however, showed this spirit of chivalry more than our +pioneers beyond the Alleghanies. In their work and service they +paralleled very closely the knights of the Round Table, but whereas +Arthur's knights were dressed in suits of armor, the American pioneers +were dressed in buckskin. They did, however, the very same things +which ancient chivalry had done, clearing the forests of wild animals, +suppressing the outlaws and bullies and thieves of their day and +enforcing a proper respect for women. Like the old knights they often +were compelled to do their work amid scenes of great bloodshed, +although they loved to live in peace. These American knights and +pioneers were generally termed backwoods men and scouts, and were men +of distinguished appearance, of athletic build, of high moral +character and frequently of firm religious convictions. Such men as +"Apple-seed Johnny," Daniel Boone, George Rogers Clark, Simon Kenton +and John James Audubon, are the types of men these pioneers were. They +were noted for their staunch qualities of character. They hated +dishonesty and were truthful and brave. They were polite to women and +old people, ever ready to rescue a companion when in danger, and +equally ready to risk their lives for a stranger. They were very +hospitable, dividing their last crust with one another, or with the +stranger whom they happened to meet. They were ever ready to do an act +of kindness. {240} They were exceedingly simple in their dress and +habits. They fought the Indians, not because they wished to, but +because it was necessary to protect their wives and children from the +raids of the savages. They knew all the things that scouts ought to +know. They were acquainted with the woods and the fields; knew where +the best fish were to be caught; understood the trees, the signs and +blazes, the haunts of animals and how to track them; how to find their +way by the stars; how to make themselves comfortable in the heart of +the primeval forest; and such other things as are classed under the +general term of woodcraft. And, with all this, they inherited the +splendid ideas of chivalry that had been developed in the thousand +years preceding them, and fitted these ideas to the conditions of +their own day, standing solidly against evil and falsehood whenever +they lifted their head among them. They were not perfect, but they did +their best to be of service to those who came within their reach and +worked conscientiously for their country. + + +[Illustration: Modern knight.] + + +Modern Knighthood + +A hundred years have passed since then, and the conditions of life +which existed west of the Alleghanies are no more. Just as the life of +the pioneers was different from that of the knights of the Round +Table, and as they each practised chivalry in keeping with their own +sur-roundings, so the life of to-day is different from both, but the +need of chivalry is very much the same. Might still tries to make +right, and while there are now no robber barons or outlaws with swords +and spears, their spirit is not unknown in business and commercial +life. Vice and dishonesty lift their heads just as strongly to-day as +in the past and there is just as much need of respect for women and +girls as there ever was. So to-day there is a demand for a modern type +of chivalry. It is for this reason that the Boy Scouts of America +have come into being; for there is need of service in these days, and +that is represented by the good turn done to somebody every day. Doing +the good turn daily will help to form the habit of useful service. A +boy scout, then, while living in modern times, must consider himself +the heir of ancient chivalry {241} and of the pioneers, and he must +for this reason give himself to ever renewed efforts to be true to the +traditions which have been handed down to him by these great and good +leaders of men. The boy-scout movement is a call to American boys +to-day to become in spirit members of the order of chivalry, and a +challenge to them to make their lives count in the communities in +which they live--for clean lives, clean speech, clean sport, clean +habits, and clean relationships with others. It is also a challenge +for them to stand for the right against the wrong, for truth against +falsehood, to help the weak and oppressed, and to love and seek the +best things of life. + + +Abraham Lincoln + +[Illustration: Portrait of Abraham Lincoln. (tr)] + +Perhaps there is no better example of chivalry than the life and +experience of Abraham Lincoln, the greatest of all our American men. +Every boy ought to read the story of his life and come to understand +and appreciate what it means. Lincoln was born in the backwoods of +Kentucky. He was a tall, spare man of awkward build, and knew very +little of the school room as a boy. He fought for his education. He +borrowed books wherever he could. Many long nights were spent by him +before the flickering lights of the log cabin, gleaning from his +borrowed treasures the knowledge he longed to possess. He passed +through all the experiences of life that other scouts and pioneers +have experienced. He split rails for a livelihood, and fought his way +upward by hard work, finally achieving for himself an education in the +law, becoming an advocate in the courts of Illinois. Wherever he +went, he made a profound impression on the lives and minds of the +people and won over his political opponents by his strength, sympathy, +{242} and breadth of mind. At the period when storms threatened to +engulf our Ship of State, he became President of our country. Although +Lincoln was an untried pilot, he stood by the helm like a veteran +master. A man of earnest and intense conviction, he strove to +maintain the glory of our flag and to keep the Union un-broken. +Hundreds of stories are told of his great heart and almost boundless +sympathy for others. The generals of the Civil War were deeply +attached to him, and the rank and file of the sold-iers who fought +under these generals loved and revered him. He was familiarly known as +"Honest Abe." He could always be relied upon to give help and +encouragement. His smile cheered the defenders of the Union, and his +wise counsel gave heart to the men who were helping him to shape the +destinies of the nation. At the close of the war which saw the Union +more firmly established than ever, he fell by the hand of the +assassin, mourned deeply both by his own country and by the world at +large. + +The further we get from the scene of his life and work the more firmly +are we, his countrymen, convinced of his sincerity, strength, wisdom, +and bigness of heart. The two men who stand out preeminently in +history among great Americans are Washington and Lincoln, the former +as the founder of the Union and the latter as the man who gave it +unbreakable continuity and preserved it, as we hope and believe, for +all time. + + +[Illustration: Using every opportunity.] + + +Lincoln's life and career should be the study and inspiration of every +boy scout. He became familiar with all of the things for which the Boy +Scouts of America stand. He was a lover of the wild things in the +woods, and loved and lived the life of the out-of-doors. He had a high +sense of honor and was intensely chivalrous, as the many hundred +stories told about {243} him testify. He did many times more than one +good turn a day; he sincerely loved his country; he lived, fought, and +worked for it; and finally he sealed his loyalty by giving his life. +The path that he travelled from the log cabin to the White House +clearly shows that an American boy who has well defined ideas of truth +and right, and then dares to stand by them, can become great in the +councils of the nation. The life, then, of Abraham Lincoln should be a +steady inspiration to every boy who wishes to call himself a scout. + + +Challenge of the Present + +Thus we see that chivalry is not a virtue that had its beginning long +ago and merely lived a short time, becoming a mere story. Chivalry +began in the far-distant past out of the desire to help others, and +the knights of the olden days did this as best they could. Later the +new race of men in America took up the burden of chivalry, and did the +best they could. Now the privilege and responsibility comes to the +boys of to-day, and the voices of the knight of the olden time and of +the hardy pioneers of our own country are urging the boys of to-day to +do the right thing, in a gentlemanly way, for the sake of those about +them. All of those men, whether knights or pioneers, had an unwritten +code, somewhat like our scout law, and their motto was very much like +the motto of the boy scouts, "Be Prepared." + + +[Illustration: Politeness.] + + +Good Manners + +The same thing that entered into the training of these men, knights, +pioneers, and Lincoln, then, must enter into the training of the boy +scouts of to-day. Just as they respected women and served them, so the +tenderfoot and the scout must be polite and kind to women, not merely +to well-dressed women, but to poorly-dressed women; not merely to +young women, but to old women: to women wherever they may be found-- +{244} wherever they may be. To these a scout must always be courteous and +helpful. + +When a scout is walking with a lady or a child, he should always walk +on the outside of the sidewalk, so that he can better protect them +against the jostling crowds. This rule is only altered when crossing +the street, when the scout should get between the lady and the +traffic, so as to shield her from accident or mud. Also in meeting a +woman or child, a scout, as a matter of course, should always make way +for them even if he himself has to step off the sidewalk into the mud. +When riding in a street car or train a scout should never allow a +woman, an elderly person, or a child to stand, but will offer his +seat; and when he does it he should do it cheerfully and with a smile. + +When on the street, be continually on a quest, on the lookout to help +others, and always refuse any reward for the effort. This kind of +courtesy and good manners is essential to success. It was this +unselfish desire to protect and help that made these men of olden time +such splendid fellows. + +Good manners attract and please, and should be cultivated by every boy +who expects to win success and make his life interesting to others. In +the home, on the street, in the school, in the workshop or the office, +or wherever one may be, his relationship to others should be +characterized as gentle, courteous, polite, considerate and +thoughtful. These are virtues and graces that make life easier and +pleasanter for all. + + +Cheerfulness + +As has been said, whatever a scout does should be done with +cheerfulness, and the duty of always being cheerful cannot be +emphasized too much. + + Why don't you laugh, and make us all laugh too, + And keep us mortals all from getting blue? + A laugh will always win. + If you can't laugh--just grin. + Go on! Let's all join in! + Why don't you laugh? + +Benjamin Franklin said: "Money never yet made a man happy, and there +is nothing in its nature to produce happiness, One's personal +enjoyment is a very small thing, but one's personal usefulness is a +very important thing." Those only are happy who have their minds fixed +upon some object other and higher than their own happiness. Doctor +Raffles once said, {245} "I have made it a rule never to be with a +person ten minutes without trying to make him happier." A boy once +said to his mother, "I couldn't make little sister happy, nohow I +could fix it, but I made myself happy trying to make her happy." + +There was once a king who had a tall, handsome son whom he loved with +his whole heart, so he gave him everything that his heart desired--a +pony to ride, beautiful rooms to live in, picture books, stories, and +everything that money could buy. And yet, in spite of this, the young +prince was unhappy and wore a wry face and a frown wherever he went, +and was always wishing for something he did not have. By and by, a +magician came to the court, and seeing a frown on the prince's face, +said to the king, "I can make your boy happy and turn his frown into a +smile, but you must pay me a very large price for the secret." "All +right," said the king, "whatever you ask, I will do." So the magician +took the boy into a private room, and with white liquid wrote +something on a piece of paper; then he gave the boy a candle and told +him to warm the paper and read what was written. The prince did as he +was told. The white letters turned into letters of blue, and he read +these words; "Do a kindness to some one every day." So the prince +followed the magician's advice and became the happiest boy in all the +king's realm. + +To be a good scout one must remain cheerful under every circumstance, +bearing both fortune and misfortune with a smile. + + +[Illustration: Cheer up.] + + +Character + +If a scout is cheerful, follows the advice of the magician to the +king's son, and does a good turn to some one every day, he will come +into possession of a strong character such as the knights of the Round +Table had; for, after all, character is the thing that distinguishes a +good scout from a bad one. Character is not what men say about you. A +great writer {246} once said, "I can't hear what you say for what you +are," and another one said, "Your life speaks louder than your words." +It was not the words of the knights of old that told what they were. +It was their strong life and fine character that gave power to their +words and the thrust to their spears. + +It is necessary that a boy should live right and possess such a +character as will help him to do the hardest things of life. Every boy +should remember that he is in reality just what he is when alone in +the dark. The great quests of the knights were most often done singly +and alone. + + +Will + +Another thing that entered into the make-up of a knight was an iron +will. He had staying powers because he willed to stick; and the way he +trained his will to do the hard things was to keep himself doing the +small things. Not long ago, there was a lad whom the boys nicknamed +"Blockey" and "Wooden Man." When they played ball in the school play +ground, Blockey never caught the ball. When they worked together in +the gymnasium, Blockey was always left out of the game because he +couldn't do things, and was slow and unwieldy in his motions. But one +day, a great change came over Blockey and he began to train his will. +He worked hard in the gymnasium: he learned to catch the ball, and, by +sticking to it, was not only able to catch the ball but became +proficient. Then there came a time when the first one chosen upon the +team was Blockey; and it all came about because he had trained his +will so that when he made up his mind to do a thing, he did it. + + +Thrift + +Another thing which entered into the training of a knight was his +readiness to seize his opportunities. The motto of the scout is "Be +Prepared." He should be prepared for whatever opportunity presents +itself. An interesting story is told by Orison Swett Marden. He says +that a lad, who later became one of the millionaires of one of our +great Western cities, began his earning career by taking advantage of +an opportunity that came to him as he was passing an auction shop. He +saw several boxes of a kind of soap which his mother was accustomed to +buy from the family grocer. Hastening to the grocery store he asked +the price of the soap. "Twelve cents a pound" was the reply. On being +pressed for a lower figure the shopkeeper remarked in a bantering tone +that he would buy all that the boy could bring to his store at {247} +nine cents a pound. The boy hurried back to the auction and bought the +soap at six cents a pound. It was in this way that he made his first +money in trade and laid the foundation of his fortune. + +The knight never waited for opportunity to come to him. He went out +looking for it, and wore his armor in order that he might be ready for +it when it came. There is a story of a Greek god who had only one lock +of hair upon his forehead. The remainder of his head was shining bald. +In order to get this ancient god's attention, it was necessary to grip +him by his forelock, for when he had passed, nothing could check his +speed. So it is with opportunity, and the hour of opportunity. A good +scout is ready for both and always grips "time by the forelock." + + +Individuality + +If the foregoing qualities enter into a scout's training, an +individuality will be developed in him, which will make itself known +and felt. + +Every scout should read over the following list of scout virtues, and +should strive at all times to keep them before him in his training, +thus making them a part of his life: + +Unselfishness: The art of thinking of others first and one's self + afterward. + +Self Sacrifice: The giving up of one's comfort, desires, and pleasures + for the benefit of some one else. + +Kindness: The habit of thinking well of others and doing good + to them. + +Friendliness: The disposition to make everyone you meet feel at + ease, and to be of service to him if possible. + +Honesty: The desire to give to every one a square deal and the + same fair chance that you yourself wish to enjoy. It + means also respect for the property and rights of + others, the ability to face the truth, and to call + your own faults by their right name. + +Fair Play: Scorning to take unfair advantage of a rival and + readiness even to give up an advantage to him. + +Loyalty: The quality of remaining true and faithful not only + to your principles but also to your parents and + friends. + +Obedience: Compliance with the wishes of parents or those in + places of authority. + +Discipline: That self-restraint and self-control that keep a boy + steady, and help him in team work. + +Endurance: A manly moderation which keeps a boy fit and strong + and in good condition. + +{248} + +Self Improvement: The ambition to get on in life by all fair means. + +Humility: That fine quality which keeps a scout from + boasting, and which generally reveals a boy of + courage and achievement. + +Honor: That great thing which is more sacred than anything + else to scouts and gentlemen; the disdain of telling + or implying an untruth; absolute trustworthiness and + faithfulness. + +Duty to God: That greatest of all things, which keeps a boy + faithful to his principles and true to his friends + and comrades; that gives him a belief in things that + are high and noble, and which makes him prove his + belief by doing his good turn to some one every day. + +This list of virtues a scout must have, and if there are any that +standout more prominently than the others, they are the following: + + +[Illustration: Scout protecting child from mad dog.] + + +Courage + +It is horrible to be a coward. It is weak to yield to fear and heroic +to face danger without flinching. The old Indian who had been mortally +wounded faced death with a grim smile on his lips and sang his own +death song. The soldier of the {249} Roman legions laughed in the face +of death, and died often with a "Hail, Imperator!" for the Roman +Caesar upon his lips. + +One of the stories connected with the battle of Agincourt tells us +that four fair ladies had sent their knightly lovers into battle. One +of these was killed. Another was made prisoner. The third was lost in +the battle and never heard of afterward. The fourth was safe, but owed +his safety to shameful flight. "Ah! woe is me," said the lady of this +base knight, "for having placed my affections on a coward. He would +have been dear to me dead. But alive he is my reproach." + +A scout must be as courageous as any knight of old or any Roman +soldier or any dying Indian. + + +Loyalty + +Loyalty is another scout virtue which must stand out prominently, +because it is that which makes him true to his home, his parents, and +his country. Charles VIII, at the Battle of Foronovo, picked out nine +of his bravest officers and gave to each of them a complete suit of +armor, which was a counterpart of his own. By this device he outwitted +a group of his enemies who had leagued themselves to kill him during +the fight. They sought him through all the ranks, and every time they +met one of these officers they thought they had come face to face with +the king. The fact that these officers hailed such a dangerous honor +with delight and devotion is a striking illustration of their loyalty. + +The scout should be no less loyal to his parents, home, and country. + + +Duty to God + +No scout can ever hope to amount to much until he has learned a +reverence for religion. The scout should believe in God and God's +word. In the olden days, knighthood, when it was bestowed, was a +religious ceremony, and a knight not only considered himself a servant +of the king, but also a servant of God. The entire night preceding the +day upon which the young esquire was made knight was spent by him on +his knees in prayer, in a fast and vigil. + +There are many kinds of religion in the world. One important point, +however, about them is that they all involve the worship of the same +God. There is but one leader, although many ways of following Him. If +a scout meets one of another religion, he should remember that he, +too, is striving for the best. {250} A scout should respect the +convictions of others in matters of custom and religion. + + +[Illustration: Scout helping old lady across street.] + + +A Boy Scout's Religion + +The Boy Scouts of America maintain that no boy can grow into the best +kind of citizenship without recognizing his obligation to God. The +first part of the boy scout's oath or pledge is therefore: "I promise +on my honor to do my best to honor my God and my country." The +recognition of God as the ruling and leading power in the universe, +and the grateful acknowledgement of His favors and blessings is +necessary to the best type of citizenship and is a wholesome thing in +the education of the growing boy. No matter what the boy may +be--Catholic, or Protestant, or Jew--this fundamental need of good +citizenship should be kept before him. The Boy Scouts of America +therefore recognize the religious element in the training of a boy, +but it is absolutely non-sectarian in its attitude toward that +religious training. Its policy is that the organization or institution +with which the boy scout is connected shall give definite attention to +his religious life. If he be a Catholic boy scout, the Catholic Church +of which he is a member is the best channel for his training. If he be +a Hebrew boy, then the Synagogue will train him in the faith of his +fathers. If he be a Protestant, no matter to what denomination of +Protestantism he may belong, the church of which he is an adherent or +a member should be the proper organization to give him an education in +the things that pertain to his allegiance to God. The Boy Scouts of +America, then, while recognizing the fact that the boy should be +taught the things that pertain to religion, insists upon the boy's +religious life being stimulated and fostered by the institution with +which he is connected. Of course, it is a fundamental principle of the +Boy Scouts of America to insist on {251} clean, capable leadership in +its scout masters, and the influence of the leader on the boy scout +should be of a distinctly helpful character. + + +Work, Not Luck + +Life, after all, is just this: Some go through life trusting to luck. +They are not worthy to be scouts. Others go through life trusting to +hard work and clear thinking. These are they who have cleared the +wilderness and planted wheat where forests once grew, who have driven +back the savage, and have fostered civilization in the uncultivated +places of the earth. The good scout is always at work--working to +improve himself and to improve the daily lot of others. + +The thing that is to be noticed in all of these men, those of the +Round Table, and those of American pioneer days, is the fact that they +were ever ready to do a good turn to some one. The knights of the +Round Table did theirs by clash of arms, by the jousts and the +tourney, and by the fierce hand-to-hand fights that were their delight +in open battle. The old scouts, our own pioneers, very often had to +use the rifle and the hatchet and the implements of war. However, +those days have passed, and we are living in a non-military and +peace-loving age; and the glory of it is that, whereas these men took +their lives in their hands and by dint of rifle and sword did their +part in helping others, our modern civilization gives the Boy Scouts +of America an opportunity to go out and do their good turn daily for +others in the thousand ways that will benefit our American life the +most. Sometimes they will have to risk their lives, but it will be in +case of fire or accident or catastrophe. At other times they will be +given the privilege of showing simple deeds of chivalry by their +courteous treatment of their elders, cripples, and children, by giving +up their seats in street cars, or by carrying the bundles of those who +are not as physically strong as themselves. And in it all will come +the satisfying feeling that they are doing just as much and perhaps a +great deal more than the iron-clad men or the buckskin clothed scouts +in making their country a little safer and a little better place to +live in. Chivalry and courtesy and being a gentleman mean just as much +now as they ever did, and there is a greater demand in these days to +live pure, to speak true, and to help others by a good turn daily than +ever before in the world's history. + + +{252} + + +Notes + + +{253} + +Notes + + +{254} + + +Notes + + + +{255} + +CHAPTER VII + +FIRST AID AND LIFE SAVING + +_Major Charles Lynch, Medical Corps, U. S. A. +Acting for the American Red Cross_ + + +PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS + +General + +Considerably over a million persons are seriously injured in the +United States each year. The enormous loss of life and the great +suffering involved certainly demand that every boy scout do what he +can to improve conditions in this respect. Some accidents happen under +all circumstances, but, on the other hand a great many accidents are +avoidable and probably quite one half of the injuries which occur in +the United States yearly could be prevented if common care were +exercised. + + +Panics and Their Prevention + +In case of a panic, at an in-door assembly, scouts, if they live up to +their motto, "Be Prepared," will be able to save hundreds of lives. +There is usually plenty of time for people to get out of a building if +the exits are not blocked by too many crowding them at once. One +should, if possible, try to arrange to have the performance go on, and +the others could reassure the people and get them to go out quietly +through the exits provided. Almost all scouts know how quickly and +safely our school buildings are cleared by means of the fire drill. + + +Fires + +Fires constitute a danger as great as panics, and scouts should be +equally well informed what to do in case of fire. It is the duty of a +scout to know how to prevent fires. Many fires are caused by +carelessness. Never throw away a lighted match, for it may fall on +inflammable material and start a fire. Reading in bed by the light of +a lamp or candle is dangerous, for if the reader goes to sleep the bed +clothing is likely to catch fire. {256} A scout may often have to dry +his clothes before a fire and if so, they should be carefully watched. +Hot ashes in wooden boxes, or in barrels, are responsible for many +fires. In camp, dry grass should be cut away from the locality of the +camp fire; and not to put out a camp fire on leaving a camp is +criminal. Many of the great fires in our forests have been due to +carelessness in this respect. Fires also result frequently from +explosions of gas or gunpowder. A room in which the odor of gas is +apparent should never be entered with a light, and in handling +gunpowder a scout should have no matches loose in his pockets. + + +How To Put Out Burning Clothing + +If your own clothing should catch fire do not run for help as this +will fan the flames. Lie down and roll up as tightly as possible in an +overcoat, blanket, or rug. If nothing can be obtained in which to wrap +up, lie down and roll over slowly at the same time beating out the +fire with the hands. If another person's clothing catches fire, throw +him to the ground and smother the fire with a coat, blanket, or rug. + + +What To Do in Case of Fire + +A fire can usually be put out very easily when it starts, and here is +an occasion when a scout can show his presence of mind and coolness. +At first a few buckets of water or blankets or woollen clothing thrown +upon a fire will smother it. Sand, ashes, or dirt, or even flour, will +have the same effect. + +[Transcriber's note: Flour dust suspended in air is explosive.] + +If a scout discovers a building to be on fire, he should sound the +alarm for the fire department at once. If possible he should send some +one else, as the scout will probably know better what to do before the +fire-engine arrives. All doors should be kept closed so as to prevent +draughts. If you enter the burning building, close the window or door +after you, if possible, and leave some responsible person to guard it +so it will not be opened and cause a draught. In searching for people, +go to the top floor and walk down, examining each room as carefully as +possible. If necessary to get air while making the search, close the +door of the room, open a window, and stick the head out until a few +breaths can be obtained. Afterward close the window to prevent a +draught. If doors are found locked and you suspect people are asleep +inside, knock and pound on doors to arouse them. If this produces no +results, you will have to try to break down the door. While searching +through a burning building it will be best to tie a wet handkerchief +or cloth {257} over the nose and mouth. You will get a little air from +the water. + +Remember the air within six inches of the floor is free from smoke, so +when you have difficulty in breathing, crawl along the floor, with the +head low, dragging anyone you have rescued behind you. + +If you tie the hands of an insensible person together with a +handkerchief and put them over your head, you will find it fairly easy +to crawl along the floor dragging him with you. + + +[Illustration: Learning by doing.] + + +Never jump from a window unless the flames are so close to you that +this is the only means of escape. + +If you are outside a building, put bedding in a pile to break the +jumper's fall, or get a strong carpet or rug to catch him, and have it +firmly held by as many men and boys as can secure hand holds. + +In country districts, scouts should organize a bucket brigade which +consists of two lines from the nearest water supply to the fire. +Scouts in one line pass buckets, pitchers, or anything else that will +hold water from one to another till the last scout {258} throws the +water on the fire. The buckets are returned by the other line. + + +Drowning + +Drowning accidents are very common. Every scout should know how to +swim and to swim well, but this is not all that is necessary. He +should also know how to prevent accidents that may result in drowning. +In summer, boating and bathing accidents are common. Remember a light +boat is not intended for heavy seas; do not change seats except in a +wide and steady boat; and above all things do not put yourself in the +class of idiots who rock a boat. + +At the sea-shore, unless you are a strong swimmer, do not go outside +the life line, and if the undertow is strong be careful not to walk +out where the water is so deep it will carry you off your feet. Very +cold water and very long swims are likely to exhaust even a strong +swimmer and are therefore hazardous unless a boat accompanies the +swimmer. + + +Rescue of the Drowning +(_See pages 279 to 285_) + + +Ice Rescue + +To rescue a person who has broken through the ice you should first tie +a rope around your body and have the other end tied, or held, on +shore. Then secure a long board or a ladder or limb of a tree, crawl +out on this, or push it out, so that the person in the water may reach +it. If nothing can be found on which you can support your weight do +not attempt to walk out toward the person to be rescued, but lie down +flat on your face and crawl out, as by doing this much less weight +bears at anyone point on the ice than in walking. If you yourself +break through the ice remember that if you try to crawl up on the +broken edge it will very likely break again with you. If rescuers are +near, it would be much better to support yourself on the edge of the +ice and wait for them to come to you. + + +Restoring the Drowning and Artificial Respiration +(_See pages 286 to 288_) + + +Electric Accidents + +For his own benefit and that of his comrades, the scout should know +how to avoid accidents from electricity. The third rail is always +dangerous, so do not touch {259} it. Swinging wires of any kind may +somewhere in their course be in contact with live wires, so they +should not be touched. + +A person in contact with a wire or rail carrying an electric current +will transfer the current to the rescuer. Therefore he must not touch +the unfortunate victim unless his own body is thoroughly insulated. +The rescuer must act very promptly, for the danger to the person in +contact is much increased the longer the electric current is allowed +to pass through his body. If possible, the rescuer should insulate +himself by covering his hands with a mackintosh, rubber sheeting, +several thicknesses of silk, or even dry cloth. In addition he should, +if possible, complete his insulation by standing on a dry board, a +thick piece of paper, or even on a dry coat. Rubber gloves and rubber +shoes or boots are still safer, but they cannot usually be procured +quickly. + +If a live wire is under a person and the ground is dry, it will be +perfectly safe to stand on the ground and pull him off the wire with +the bare hands, care being taken to touch only his clothing, and this +must not be wet. + +A live wire lying on a patient may be flipped off with safety with a +dry board or stick. In removing the live wire from the person, or the +person from the wire, do this, with one motion, as rocking him to and +fro on the wire will increase shock and burn. + +A live wire may be safely cut by an axe or hatchet with dry, wooden +handle. The electric current may be short circuited by dropping a +crow-bar or poker on the wire. These must be dropped on the side from +which the current is coming and not on the farther side, as the latter +will not short circuit the current before it is passed through the +body of the person in contact. Drop the metal bar; do not place it on +the wire or you will then be made a part of the short circuit and +receive the current of electricity through your body. + + +What To Do for Electric Shocks + +Always send for a doctor, but do not wait for him. Treatment should be +given even if the man appears to be dead. Loosen the clothing around +neck and body. Proceed to restore breathing by artificial respiration +as in drowning. (See pages 286, 287.) + + +Gas Accidents + +The commonest gas encountered is the ordinary illuminating gas. To +prevent such gas from escaping in dangerous {260} quantities, leaks in +gas pipes should be promptly repaired. Be careful in turning off gas +to make sure that gas is actually shut off. It is dangerous to leave a +gas jet burning faintly when you go to sleep: as it may go out if +pressure in the gas pipe becomes less, and if pressure is afterward +increased gas may escape into the room. + +Coal gas will escape through red-hot cast-iron, and very big fires in +such stoves are dangerous, especially in sleeping rooms. Charcoal +burned in open vessels in tight rooms is especially dangerous. In +underground sewers and wells other dangerous gases are found. If a +lighted candle or torch will not burn in such a place, it is very +certain the air will be deadly for any person who enters. + +To rescue an unconscious person in a place filled with gas, move +quickly and carry him out without breathing yourself. Take a few deep +breaths before entering and if possible hold breath while in the +place. Frequently less gas will be found near the floor of a building, +so one may be able to crawl where it would be dangerous to walk. + + +What To Do for Gas Poisoning + +Proceed to restore breathing by artificial respiration as in drowning. +(See pages 286, 287.) + + +Runaway Horses + +The method for checking a horse running away is not to run out and +wave your arm in front of him, as this will only cause him to dodge to +one side and to run faster, but to try to run alongside the vehicle +with one hand on the shaft to prevent yourself from falling, seizing +the reins with the other hand and dragging the horse's head toward +you. If when he has somewhat slowed down by this method, you can turn +him toward a wall or a house he will probably stop. + + +Mad Dog + +The first thing to do is to kill the mad dog at once. Wrap a +handkerchief around the hand to prevent the dog's teeth from entering +the flesh and grasp a club of some kind. If you can stop the dog with +a stick you should hit him hard over the head with it, or kick him +under the jaw. A handkerchief held in front of you in your +outstretched hands will generally cause the dog to stop to paw it +before he attempts to bite you. This will give you an opportunity to +kick him under the lower jaw. + +{261} + +Another way suggested is to wrap a coat around the left arm and let +the dog bite it; then with the other hand seize the dog's throat and +choke him. + + +FIRST AID FOR INJURIES + +General Directions + +Keep cool. There is no cause for excitement or hurry. In not one case +in a thousand are the few moments necessary to find out what is the +matter with an injured man going to result in any harm to him, and of +course in order to treat him intelligently you must first know what is +the matter. Commonsense will tell the scout that he must waste no +time, however, when there is severe bleeding, or in case of poisoning. + +If possible, always send for a doctor, unless the injury is a trivial +one. Don't wait until he arrives, however, to do something for the +injured person. A crowd should always be kept back and tight clothing +should be loosened. If the patient's face is pale, place him on his +back with his head low. If his face is flushed, fold your coat and put +it under his head so as to raise it slightly. + +In case of vomiting, place the patient on his side. Do not give an +unconscious person a stimulant, as he cannot swallow, and it will run +down his windpipe and choke him. + +If the injury is covered by clothing, remove it by cutting or tearing, +but never remove more clothing than necessary, as one of the results +of injury is for a person to feel cold. Shoes and boots should be cut +in severe injuries about the feet. + + +Shock + +For example, a scout is riding on a trolley-car. The car runs into a +loaded wagon. The wagon is overturned and the driver thrown to the +pavement. Part of the load falls upon his body and when you reach him +he is unconscious. So far as you can find out, nothing else is the +matter with him. This is called shock. It accompanies all serious +injuries and is itself serious, as a person may die without ever +recovering from shock. Of course, there are different degrees of +shock. In severe shock the person is completely unconscious or he may +be only slightly confused and feel weak and uncertain of what has +happened. + +In shock always send for a doctor when you can. Before he comes, warm +and stimulate the patient in every possible way. Place him on his back +with his head low and cover him with {262} your coat or a blanket. Rub +his arms and legs toward his body but do not uncover him to do this. +If you have ammonia or smelling salts, place them before the patient's +nose so he may breathe them. + +This is all you can do when unconsciousness is complete. When the +patient begins to recover a little, however, and as soon as he can +swallow, give him hot tea or coffee, or a half teaspoonful of aromatic +spirits of ammonia in a quarter glass of water. + +Warning: Remember always that a person with shock may have some other +serious injuries. These you should always look for and treat if +necessary. + + +Injuries in Which the Skin is Not Broken--Fractures + +A fracture is the same thing as a broken bone. When the bone pierces +or breaks through the skin, it is called a compound fracture, and when +it does not, a simple fracture. + + +[Illustration: Splints for broken thigh.] + + +A scout is in the country with a comrade. The latter mounts a stone +wall to cross it. The wall falls with him and he calls out for help. +When the other scout reaches him, he finds the injured scout lying +flat on the ground with both legs stretched out. One of these does not +look quite natural, and the scout complains of a great deal of pain at +the middle of the thigh and thinks he felt something break when he +fell. He cannot raise the injured leg. Carefully rip the trousers and +the underclothing at the seam to above the painful point. When you +have done this the deformity will indicate the location of the +fracture. You must be very gentle now or you will do harm, but if one +hand is put above where you think the {263} break occurred and the +other below it and it is lifted gently you will find that there is +movement at the broken point. + + +[Illustration: Splints for broken leg.] + + +Send for a doctor first, if you can, and, if you expect him to arrive +very soon, let your comrade lie where he is, putting his injured leg +in the same position as the sound one and holding it there by coats or +other articles piled around the leg. But if the doctor cannot be +expected for some time, draw the injured limb into position like the +sound one and hold it there by splints. Splints can be made of +anything that is stiff and rigid. Something flat like a board is +better than a pole or staff; limbs broken off a tree will do if +nothing else can be found. Shingles make excellent splints. In +applying splints remember that they should extend beyond the next +joint above and the next joint below; otherwise, movements of the +joint will cause movement at the broken point. With a fracture of the +thigh, such as that described, the outer splint should be a very long +one, extending below the feet from the arm pit. A short one extending +just below the knee will do for the inner splint. Splints may be tied +on with handkerchiefs, pieces of cloth torn from the clothing, or the +like. Tie firmly but not tight enough to cause severe pain. In a +fracture of the thigh it will also be well to bind the injured leg to +the sound one by two or three pieces of cloth around both. The +clothing put back in place will serve as padding under the splint, but +with thin summer clothing it is better to use straw, hay, or leaves in +addition. Fractures of the lower leg and of the upper and lower arm +are treated in the same way with a splint on the inner and outer sides +of the broken bone. A sling will be required for a fracture of the +arm. This may be made of the triangular bandage, or of a triangular +piece of cloth, torn from your shirt. + +{264} + +The Red Cross First Aid Outfit is very convenient to use in +fractures as well as in other injuries. The gauze bandage may be used +for the strips to tie on the splints and the triangular bandage for an +arm sling; or, if a sling is not needed, for strips to fix the splints +firmly in place. + + +Compound Fractures + +The edges of a broken bone are very sharp and may cut through the skin +at the time of an injury, but more often afterward, if the injured +person moves about or if the splints are not well applied so as to +prevent movement at the point where the bone is broken. If a compound +fracture has occurred, the wound produced by the sharp bone must +always be treated first. The treatment is the same for any other +wound. + +_Warning_: You will not always be able to tell whether or not a +fracture has occurred. In this case do not pull and haul the limb +about to make sure, but treat as a fracture. There will always be a +considerable amount of shock with fracture and this must also be +treated. + + +[Illustration: Splints and sling for fracture of upper arm.] + + +Bruises + +Everybody has suffered from a bruise at some time in his life and +knows just what it is. A slight bruise needs no treatment. For a +severe one, apply very hot or very cold water to prevent pain and +swelling. + + +Sprains + +A scout slips and twists his ankle and immediately suffers severe +pain, and in a little while the ankle begins to swell. {265} The +sprained joint should be put in an elevated position and cloths wrung +out in very hot or very cold water should be wrapped around it and +changed very frequently. Movement of any sprained joint is likely to +increase the injury, so this ought not to be permitted. Walking with a +sprained ankle is not only exceedingly painful but it generally +increases the hurt. + + +[Illustration: Triangular sling for arm.] + + +Dislocation + +A dislocation is an injury where the head of a bone has slipped out of +its socket at a joint. A scout is playing foot-ball. He suddenly feels +as though his shoulder has been twisted out of place. Comparison with +the other side will show that the injured shoulder does not look like +the other one, being longer, or shorter, and contrary to the case with +fracture there will not be increased movement at the point of injury +but a lessened movement. Do not attempt to get a dislocated joint back +in place. Cover the joint with cloths wrung out in very hot or very +cold water, and get the patient into the hands of a doctor as soon as +possible. + + +Injuries in Which the Skin is Broken + +Such injuries are called wounds. There is one very important fact +which must be remembered in connection with such injuries. Any injury +in which the skin is unbroken is much less dangerous, as the skin +prevents germs from reaching the injured part. The principle to be +followed in treating a wound is to apply something to prevent germs +from reaching the injury. + +{266} + +All wounds unless protected from germs are very liable to become +infected with matter, or pus. Blood poisoning and even death may +result from infection. To prevent infection of wounds, the scout +should cover them promptly with what is called a sterilized dressing. +This is a surgical dressing which has been so treated that it is free +from germs. A number of dressings are on the market and can be +procured in drug stores. In using them, be very careful not to touch +the surface of the dressing which is to be placed in contact with the +wound. The Red Cross First Aid Dressing is so made that this accident +is almost impossible. In taking care of a wound, do not handle it or +do anything else to it. Every one's hands, though they may appear to +be perfectly clean, are not so in the sense of being free from germs; +nor is water, so a wound should never be washed. + + +[Illustration: Head bandage.] + + +It will be a good thing for a scout always to carry a Red Cross First +Aid Outfit, or some similar outfit, for with this he is ready to take +care of almost any injury; without it he will find it very difficult +to improvise anything to cover a wound with safety to the injured +person. If no prepared dressing is procurable, boil a towel if +possible for fifteen minutes, squeeze the water out of it without +touching the inner surface, and apply that to the wound. The next best +dressing, if you cannot prepare this, will be a towel or handkerchief +which has been recently washed and has not been used. These should be +held in place on the wound with a bandage. Do not be afraid to leave a +wound exposed to the air; germs do not float around in the air and +such exposure is much safer than water or any dressing which is not +free from germs. Of course you can bind up a {267} wound with a towel +not boiled or piece of cotton torn from your shirt, but you cannot do +so without the liability of a great deal of harm to the injured +person. + + +Snake Bites + +While snake bites are wounds, the wounds caused by venomous snakes are +not important as such but because the venom is quickly absorbed and by +its action on the brain may cause speedy death. The rattlesnake and +the moccasin are the most dangerous snakes in the United States. + +In order to prevent absorption of the poison, immediately tie a +string, handkerchief, or bandage above the bite. This can only be done +in the extremities, but nearly all bites are received on the arms or +legs. Then soak the wound in hot water and squeeze or suck it to +extract the poison. Sucking a wound is not dangerous unless one has +cuts or scrapes in the mouth. Then burn the wound with strong ammonia. +This is not aromatic spirits of ammonia, but what is commonly known as +strong ammonia in any drug store. Aromatic spirits of ammonia should +also be given as a stimulant. + +If you have nothing but a string to tie off the wound, be sure to do +that and to get out as much poison as you can by squeezing or sucking +the wound. A doctor should of course always be sent for when +practicable in any injury as severe as a snake bite. Leave your string +or bandage in place for an hour. A longer period is unsafe, as cutting +off the circulation may cause mortification. Loosen the string or +bandage after an hour's time, so that a little poison escapes into the +body. If the bitten person does not seem to be much affected, repeat +at the end of a few moments, and keep this up until the band has been +entirely removed. If, however, the bitten person seems to be seriously +affected by the poison you have allowed to escape into his body, you +must not loosen the bandage again, but leave it in place and take the +chance of mortification. + + +Wounds Without Severe Bleeding + +These constitute the majority of all wounds. Use the Red Cross Outfit +as described in the slip contained in the outfit. The pressure of a +bandage will stop ordinary bleeding if firmly bound into place. + + +Wounds With Severe Bleeding + +A scout must be prepared to check severe bleeding at once, and he +should then dress the wound. Bleeding from an {268} artery is by far +the most dangerous. Blood coming from a cut artery is bright red in +color and flows rapidly in spurts or jets. As the course of the blood +in an artery is away from the heart, pressure must be applied on the +heart side just as a rubber pipe which is cut must be compressed on +the side from which the water is coming in order to prevent leakage at +a cut beyond. The scout must also know the course of the larger +arteries in order that he may know where to press on them. In the arm +the course of the large artery is down the inner side of the big +muscle in the upper arm about in line with the seam of the coat. The +artery in the leg runs down from the centre of a line from the point +of the hip to the middle of the crotch, and is about in line with the +inseam of the trousers. Pressure should be applied about three inches +below the crotch. In making pressure on either of these arteries, use +the fingers and press back against the bone. You can often feel the +artery beat under your fingers, and the bleeding below will stop when +you have your pressure properly made. Of course you cannot keep up the +pressure with your fingers indefinitely in this way as they will soon +become tired and cramped. Therefore, while you are doing this have +some other scout prepare a tourniquet. The simplest form of tourniquet +is a handkerchief tied loosely about the limb. In this handkerchief a +smooth stone or a cork should be placed just above your fingers on the +artery. When this is in place put a stick about a foot long under the +handkerchief at the outer side of the limb and twist around till the +stone makes pressure on the artery in the same way that your {269} +fingers have. Tie the stick in position so it will not untwist. + + +[Illustration: How to apply first aid dressing.] + + +_Warning_: When using a tourniquet remember that cutting off the +circulation for a long time is dangerous. It is much safer not to keep +on a tourniquet more than an hour. Loosen it, but be ready to tighten +it again quickly if bleeding re-commences. + +Another method to stop bleeding from an artery when the wound is below +the knee or elbow is to place a pad in the bend of the joint and +double the limb back over it holding the pad in tightly. Tie the arm +or leg in this position. If these means do not check the bleeding put +a pad into the wound and press on it there. If you have no dressing +and blood is being lost very rapidly, make pressure in the wound with +your fingers. Remember, however, that this should only be resorted to +in the case of absolute necessity as it will infect the wound. + +Blood from veins flows in a steady stream back toward the heart and is +dark in color. From most veins a pad firmly bandaged on the bleeding +point will stop the bleeding. If a vein in the neck is wounded, blood +will be lost so rapidly that the injured person is in danger of +immediate death, so you must disregard the danger of infection and jam +your hand tightly against the bleeding point. + +Keep the patent quiet in all cases of severe bleeding, for even if it +is checked it may start up again. Do not give any stimulants until the +bleeding has been checked unless the patient is very weak. The best +stimulant is aromatic spirits of ammonia, one teaspoonful in half a +glass of water. + + +[Illustration: How to apply tourniquet to upper arm.] + + +{270} + +Unconsciousness and Poisoning + +Unconsciousness, of course, means lack of consciousness, or, in other +words; one who is unconscious knows nothing of his surroundings or of +what is happening. A person may, however, be partially, as well as +wholly, unconscious. + +Unconsciousness may be due to so many causes that, in order to give +the best treatment, the scout should first know the cause. Always try +to find this out if you can. If you cannot do this, however, you +should at least determine whether unconsciousness is due to poison, to +bleeding, to sunstroke, or to freezing; for each of these demand +immediate, special treatment. If it is not due to one of these causes, +and the patient is pale and weak, have him placed with his head low, +and warm and stimulate him in every possible way. If the face is red +and the pulse is bounding and strong, that patient should have his +head raised on a folded coat. No stimulants should be given him and +cold water should be sprinkled on his face and chest. + +The common causes of unconsciousness are shock, electric shock, +fainting, apoplexy and injury to the brain, sunstroke and heat +exhaustion, freezing, suffocation, and poisoning. The first two have +already been described and the treatment of any form of suffocation in +artificial respiration. + + +Fainting + +Fainting usually occurs in overheated, crowded places. The patient is +very pale and partially or completely unconscious. The pupils of the +eye are natural, the pulse is weak and rapid. The patient should be +placed in a lying-down position with the head lower than the rest of +the body so that the brain will receive more blood. Loosen the +clothing, especially about the neck. Keep the crowd back and open the +windows if in-doors so that the patient may get plenty of fresh air. +Sprinkle the face and chest with cold water. Apply smelling salts or +ammonia to the nose, rub the limbs toward the body. A stimulant may be +given when the patient is so far recovered that he is able to swallow. + + +Apoplexy and Injury to the Brain + +Apoplexy and unconsciousness from injury to the brain are due to the +pressure of blood on the brain so that they {271} may be described +together. Apoplexy is of course much harder to distinguish than injury +to the brain as in the latter the scout can always see that the head +has been hurt. With both, unconsciousness will usually be complete. +Pupils are large and frequently unequal in size, breathing is snoring, +and the pulse is usually full and slow. One side of the body will be +paralyzed. Test this by raising arm or leg; if paralyzed, it will drop +absolutely helpless. Send for a doctor at once. Keep patient quiet and +in a dark room if possible. Put in lying-down position with head +raised by pillows. Apply ice or cold cloths to head. No stimulants. +Drunkenness is sometimes mistaken for apoplexy. If there is any doubt +on this point always treat for apoplexy. + + +Sunstroke and Heat Exhaustion + +Anyone is liable to sunstroke or heat exhaustion if exposed to +excessive heat. A scout should remember not to expose himself too much +to the sun nor should he wear too heavy clothing in the summer. Leaves +in the hat will do much to prevent sunstroke. If the scout becomes +dizzy and exhausted through exposure to the sun he should find a cool +place, lie down, and bathe the face, hands, and chest in cold water +and drink freely of cold water. + +Sunstroke and heat exhaustion, though due to the same cause, are quite +different and require different treatment. In sunstroke +unconsciousness is complete. The face is red, pupils large, the skin +is very hot and dry with no perspiration. The patient sighs and the +pulse is full and slow. The treatment for sunstroke consists in +reducing the temperature of the body. A doctor should be summoned +whenever possible. The patient should be removed to a cool place and +his clothing loosened, or better the greater part of it removed. Cold +water, or ice, should be rubbed over the face, neck, chest, and in arm +pits. When consciousness returns give cold water freely. + +Heat exhaustion is simply exhaustion or collapse due to heat. The +patient is greatly depressed and weak but not usually unconscious. +Face is pale and covered with clammy sweat, breathing and pulse are +weak and rigid. While this condition is not nearly as dangerous as +sunstroke, a doctor should be summoned if possible. Remove the patient +to a cool place and have him lie down with his clothing loosened. +Don't use anything cold {272} externally, but permit him to take small +sips of cold water. Stimulants should be given just as in fainting. + + +Freezing + +The patient should be taken into a cold room and the body should be +rubbed with rough cloths wet in cold water. The temperature of the +room should be increased if possible. This should be done gradually +and the cloths should be wet in warmer and warmer water. As soon as +the patient can swallow give him stimulants. It will be dangerous to +place him before an open fire or in a hot bath until he begins to +recover. You will know this by his skin becoming warmer, by his better +color, and by his generally improved appearance. + + +Frost-Bite + +Remember that you are in danger of frost-bite if you do not wear +sufficient clothing in cold weather, and that rubbing any part of the +body which becomes very cold helps to prevent frostbite, because it +brings more warm blood to the surface. The danger is when, after being +cold, the part suddenly has no feeling. + +The object of the treatment is gradually to restore warmth to the +frozen part. To do this the part should be rubbed first with snow or +cold water; the water should be warmed gradually. The use of hot water +at once would be likely to cause mortification of the frozen part. + + +Poisoning + +For all poisons give an emetic. Send for a doctor at once and if +possible have the messenger tell what poison has been taken so that +the doctor may bring the proper antidote. Do not wait for him to +arrive, but give an emetic to rid the stomach of the poison. Good +emetics are mustard and water, salt water, or lukewarm water alone in +large quantities. Never mind the exact dose and if vomiting is not +profuse repeat the dose. + + +Fits + +A person in a fit first has convulsive movements of the body, then he +usually becomes unconscious. A scout should have no difficulty in +making out what is the matter with a person in a fit. + +Put the sufferer on the floor or the ground where he can not hurt +himself by striking anything. Loosen tight clothing and do not try to +restrain the convulsive movements. A wad of {273} cloth thrust in the +mouth will prevent biting the tongue. When he becomes quiet do not +disturb him. + + +INJURIES DUE TO HEAT AND COLD + +Burns and Scalds + +For slight burns in order to relieve the pain some dressing to exclude +the air is needed. Very good substances of this character are pastes +made with water and baking soda, starch, or flour. Carbolized +vaseline, olive or castor oil, and fresh lard or cream are all good. +One of these substances should be smeared over a thin piece of cloth +and placed on the burned part. A bandage should be put on over this to +hold the dressing in place and for additional protection. + +Severe burns and scalds are very serious injuries which require +treatment from a physician. Pending his arrival the scout should +remember to treat the sufferer for shock as well as to dress the +wound. + +Burns from electricity should be treated exactly like other burns. Do +not attempt to remove clothing which sticks to a burn; cut the cloth +around the part which sticks and leave it on the burn. + + +FIRST AID FOR EMERGENCIES + +Besides the accidents which have been mentioned, certain emergencies +may demand treatment by a scout. + +The commonest of these are described here. + + +Something in the Eye + +No little thing causes more pain and discomfort than something in the +eye. Do not rub to remove a foreign body from the eye, as this is +likely to injure the delicate covering of the eyeball. First, close +the eye so the tears will accumulate, these may wash the foreign body +into plain view so that it may be easily removed. If this fails, pull +the upper lid over the lower two or three times, close the nostril on +the opposite side and have the patient blow his nose hard. If the +foreign body still remains in the eye, examine first under the lower +and then the upper lid. For the former have the patient look up, press +lower lid down, and if the foreign body is seen lift it out gently +with the corner of a clean handkerchief. It is not so easy {274} to +see the upper lid. Seat the patient in a chair with his head bent +backward. Stand behind him and place a match or thin pencil across the +upper lid one half an inch from its edge, turn the upper lid back over +the match, and lift the foreign body off as before. A drop of castor +oil in the eye after removing the foreign body will soothe it. + + +[Illustration: Eye bandage.] + + +Sunburn + +This is simply an inflammation of the skin due to action of the sun. +It may be prevented by hardening the skin gradually. Any toilet powder +or boracic acid will protect the skin to a considerable extent. The +treatment consists of soothing applications such as ordinary or +carbolized vaseline. + + +Ivy Poisoning + +Poison ivy causes a very intense inflammation of the skin. Better +avoid, even though it has not harmed you before. Baking soda made in a +thick paste with water or carbolized vaseline are good remedies. In +severe cases a doctor should be consulted. + + +Bites and Stings + +Ammonia should be immediately applied. Wet salt and wet earth are also +good applications. + + +Nosebleed + +Slight nosebleed does not require treatment as no harm will result +from it. When more severe the collar should be {275} loosened. Do not +blow the nose. Apply cold to the back of the neck by means of a key or +cloth wrung out in cold water. + +A roll of paper under the upper lip, between it and the gum, will also +help. When the bleeding still continues shove a cotton or gauze plug +into the nostrils, leaving it there until the bleeding stops. + + +[Illustration: Position of hands.] + + +[Illustration: Chair carry.] + + +Earache + +This is likely to result seriously and a doctor should be consulted in +order to prevent bad results with possible loss of hearing. Hot +cloths, a bag of heated salt, or a hot bottle applied to the ear will +often cure earache. A few drops of alcohol on a hot cloth so placed +that the alcohol fumes enter the ear will often succeed. If neither is +effective, heat a few drops of sweet oil as hot as you can stand, put +a few drops in the ear and plug with cotton. Be careful that it is not +too hot. + + +Toothache + +Remember that toothache indicates something seriously wrong with the +teeth which can only be permanently corrected {276} by a dentist. In +toothache if you can find a cavity, clean it out with a small piece of +cotton or a toothpick. Then plug it with cotton, on which a drop of +oil of cloves has been put if you have it. If no cavity is found, soak +a piece of cotton in camphor and apply it to the outside of the gum. +Hot cloths and hot bottles or bags will help in toothache, just as +they do in earache. + + +Inflammation of the Eye + +Cover with a cloth wrung out in cold water and change cloths from time +to time when they get warm. See a doctor in order to safeguard your +sight. + + +Cramp or Stomachache + +This is usually due to the irritation produced by undigested food. A +hot bottle applied to the stomach or rubbing will often give relief. A +little peppermint in hot water and ginger tea are both excellent +remedies. The undigested matter should be gotten rid of by vomiting or +a cathartic. + +Remember this kind of pain is sometimes due to something serious and +if it is very severe or continues for some time, it is much safer to +send for a doctor. + + +Hiccough + +This is due to indigestion. Holding the breath will often cure, as +will also drinking a full glass of water in small sips without taking +a breath. If these fail vomiting is an almost certain remedy. + + +[Illustration: Arm carry.] + + +{277} + +Chills + +In order to stop a chill drink hot milk or hot lemonade and get into +bed. Plenty of covers should be used, and hot water bottles or hot +milk or lemonade help to warm one quickly. + + +[Illustration: Improvised stretcher.] + + +Carrying Injured + +A severely injured person is always best carried on a stretcher. The +easiest stretcher for a scout to improvise is the coat stretcher. For +this two coats and a pair of poles are needed. The sleeves of the coat +are first turned inside out. The coats are then placed on the ground +with their lower sides touching each other. The poles are passed +through the sleeves on each side, the coats are buttoned up with the +button side down. A piece of carpet, a blanket, or sacking can be used +in much the same way as the coat, rolling in a portion at each side. +Shutters and doors make fair stretchers. In order not to jounce the +patient in carrying him the bearers should break step. The bearer in +front steps off with the left foot and the one in the rear with the +right. A number of different methods for carrying a patient by two +bearers are practiced. The four-handed {278} seat is a very good one. +To make this each bearer grasps his left wrist in his right hand, and +the other bearer's right wrist in his left hand with the backs of the +hands uppermost. The {279} bearers then stoop and place the chair +under the sitting patient who steadies himself by placing his arms +around their necks. + + +[Illustration: First position.] + + +[Illustration: Fireman's lift.] + + +It will sometimes be necessary for one scout to carry an injured +comrade. The scout should first turn the patient on his face; he then +steps astride his body, facing toward the patient's head, and, with +hands under his arm-pits, lifts him to his knees; then, clasping hands +over the abdomen, lifts him to his feet; he then, with his left hand, +seizes the patient by the left wrist and draws his left arm around his +(the bearer's) neck and holds it against his left chest, the patient's +left side resting against his body, and supports him with his right +arm about the waist. The scout, with his left hand, seizes the right +wrist of the patient and draws the arm over his head and down upon his +shoulder, then, shifting himself in front, stoops and clasps the right +thigh with his right arm passed between the legs, his right hand +seizing the patient's right wrist; lastly, the scout, with his left +hand, grasps the patient's left hand, and steadies it against his side +when he arises. + + +WATER ACCIDENTS + +_Wilbert E. Longfellow, +United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps_ + +The scout's motto, "Be Prepared," is more than usually applicable to +the work of caring for accidents which happen in the water. + +To save lives, the scout must know first how to swim, to care for +himself, and then to learn to carry another and to break the clutch, +the "death grip," which we read so much about in the newspaper +accounts of drowning accidents. By constant training, a boy, even +though not a good swimmer, can be perfectly at home in the water, +fully dressed, undressed, or carrying a boy of his own size or larger. +In fact two boys of twelve or fourteen years can save a man. + + +Swimming + +For physical development the breast stroke is useful, for it is one +that is used in carrying a tired swimmer and is used to go to the +bottom for lost articles and to search for a person who has sunk +before help has reached him. It is possible, you know, to go to the +bottom and bring a body to the surface and swim with it to shore +before life is extinct and to restore consciousness by well-directed +efforts. The body of an unconscious person weighs little when wholly +or partially submerged and {280} in salt water weighs less than in +fresh water, and is consequently more readily carried. Training makes +a small boy the equal or superior of an untrained boy much larger and +of greater strength, and the way to learn to carry a drowning person +is to carry a boy who is not drowning to get used to handling the +weights. A little struggle now and then lends realism to the work and +increases the skill of the scout candidate for a life saver's rating. +Speed swimming for itself alone is a very selfish sport so that the +scout should develop his ability to make it generally useful to +others. + + +[Illustration: Breast stroke for tired swimmer.] + + +[Illustration: Under-arm carry.] + + +Floating + +After the breast stroke is learned, floating on the back for rest and +swimming on the back, using feet only for propulsion, leaving the +hands free to hold a drowning person, should be learned. This can be +readily acquired with a little practice, carrying the hands on the +surface of the water, arms half bent, with the elbows close to the +sides at the waist line. To carry a man this way the hands are placed +at either side of the {281} drowning man's head and he is towed +floating on his back, the rescuer swimming on his back, keeping the +other away. It is well to remember to go with the tide or current, and +do not wear your strength away opposing it. Other ways of carrying are +to place the hands beneath the arms of the drowning man, or to grasp +him firmly by the biceps from beneath, at the same time using the knee +in the middle of his back to get him into a floating position, the +feet acting as propellers. Methods which enable the rescuer's use of +one arm in addition to the feet are known as the "German army" and the +"cross shoulder." In the first, the swimmer approaches the drowning +person from the back, passes the left arm under the other's left arm, +across in front of the chest, and firmly grasps the right arm, either +by the biceps or below the elbow, giving him control. This leaves the +right arm to swim with. The other one-arm hold mentioned is one in +which the rescuer passes an arm over {282} the shoulder of the one to +be carried, approaching from the back as before, and getting a hold +under the other's arm, which makes the drowning man helpless. The +breast stroke carry previously mentioned is used only for helping a +tired swimmer, and one in possession of his faculties who will not try +to grasp the rescuer. The tired swimmer lies on the back and, +extending his arms fully in front, rests a hand on either shoulder of +the swimmer who rests facing him in the regular breast position +allowing the feet of the other to drop between his own. Quite good +speed can be made in this way, and all of these methods are practical +as a trial will show. A little practice will enable the beginner to +see which he can do most readily and then he can perfect himself in it +for instant use. + + +{281} + +[Illustration: Swimming on back without hands.] + + +[Illustration: Head carry-swim on back.] + + +[Illustration: Break for wrist hold.] + + +[Illustration: Breaking back strangle hold.] + + +{282 continue} + +Breaking "Death Grips" + +If one uses care in approaching a frightened or drowning person in the +water, there will be no use for the release methods; but the best of +swimmers get careless at times and all swimmers need to know how to +get clear when gripped. + + +Wrist Grip + +Of these the simplest is the one where the wrists of the swimmer have +been grasped by the drowning man in his {283} struggles. The swimmer +throws both hands above his head which forces both low in the water +and then turns the leverage of his arms against the other's thumbs, +breaking the hold easily. It should be borne in mind that a drowning +man grasps what he can see above the surface of the water, so he will +not attempt to grasp his rescuer below the points of the shoulders. +Remember also that a tall man and a short man would have about the +same amount of their body projecting above the surface of the water. + + +[Illustration: Break for front strangle hold.] + + +Neck Grip + +For the grip around the swimmer's neck from the front, for both arms +around the shoulders, and for a grip in which the drowning man had the +other over one shoulder and under the other arm, the break is much the +same. As soon as the rescuer feels the hold, he covers the other's +mouth with the palm of his hand, clasping the nostrils tightly between +his first two fingers, at the same time pulling the drowning man to +him with the left hand in the small of the back, treading water in the +meantime. Then, taking a full breath, he applies his knee {284} in the +other's stomach, forcing him to expel the air in his lungs and at the +same time preventing him from getting more by pressure on the nostrils +and mouth. Should the pressure of the grip around the body be too +great to allow freedom of the arms, the preliminary move in that case +would be to bring both arms to the level of the shoulder, thus sliding +the other's arms to the neck, leaving the rescuer's arms to cover the +nose. + + +Back Strangle + +The back strangle hold is an awkward one to break and one which must +be broken without an instant's delay, or the would-be rescuer himself +will be in great need of help. In practice it will be found that, by +grasping the encircling arms at the wrists and pushing back with the +buttocks against the other's abdomen, room to slip out can be +obtained. In a life and death struggle, sharper measures are needed, +and if the rescuer throws his head suddenly back against the nose of +the drowning man, he will secure his freedom very readily and have him +under control by the time he has recovered from his dazed condition. + + +Rescue From Shore or Boat + +It is not always necessary to go into the water to attempt a rescue, +and in many cases, when some one has fallen off a bridge or dock, a +line or buoy or boat can be used to advantage without placing more +lives in danger than the one in the water. Discretion in such matters +is worthy of recognition rather than too much recklessness in swimming +out. Use a boat when possible. Practice in throwing a life buoy should +be indulged in where possible, and a good scout should always leave +the line coiled over pegs and the buoy hanging on top to bind it in +place for instant use in an emergency. + + +Diving From the Surface + +When a bather or victim from a boating accident sinks to the bottom of +a river or pond of from seven to twenty feet in depth, prompt rescue +methods may bring him to the surface, and resuscitation methods, +promptly applied, will restore breath. If there is no current in the +pond or lake, bubbles from the body will indicate its whereabouts +directly beneath the place where it sank. Should there be tide or +currents, the bubbles are carried at an angle with the streams and the +searcher must go from the spot where the person disappeared and look +along {285} the bottom going with the current. When a drowning man +gives up his struggle and goes down, his body sinks a little way and +is brought up again by the buoyancy within it and the air is expelled. +It sinks again and next rises less high and air is again expelled. +This happens several times until enough water is taken into the +stomach and air passages to offset the floating capacity. The floating +capacity is barely overcome, so the body weighs but little. It is very +simple, as almost any youthful swimmer knows, to go to the bottom if +one can dive from a float, pier, or boat, but to be able to dive down +ten feet from the surface requires practice. In most cases to go +deeper would require a weight after the manner of the Southern sponge +and pearl fishers. Grasp a ten or fifteen pound stone and dive in; to +come up the swimmer lets go and rises to the top. + + +[Illustration: Throwing feet for dive from surface.] + + +Diving For Lost Objects + +In covering a considerable area in search for bodies or lost objects, +several ropes can be anchored with grapnels or rocks in squares and a +systematic search thus maintained by divers. Going down from the +surface is not so simple and the knack is attained by practice, +especially by athletic lads. The secret is to swim to a point where a +sounding is to be made, and to plunge the head and shoulders under, +elevating the hips above the surface to drive the shoulders deep and +give chance for a few strokes--breast stroke preferred--until the +whole body in a vertical position is headed for the bottom. The +elevation of the feet and lower legs in the air gives the body +additional {286} impetus downward, and when the object is attained a +push-off from the bottom with both feet sends the swimmer to the +surface in quick order. To carry any weight ashore, it is necessary to +carry it low on the body, hugged close to the waist line, allowing one +hand and both feet for swimming, or if on the back, hold by both hands +using the feet as propellers. + + +[Illustration: Artificial respiration (a)] + + +[Illustration: Artificial respiration (b)] + + +Restoring Breathing + +Knowledge of resuscitation of the apparently drowned is an important +part of the equipment of a first-class scout, and a great many lives +could have been saved had it been more general. To be effective no +time must be lost in getting the apparently drowned person out of the +water and getting the {287} water out of him. The Schaefer or prone +method requires but one operator at a time and no waste of time in +preliminaries. + +When taken from the water the patient is laid on the ground face +downward, arms extended above the head, face a little to one side, so +as not to prevent the free passage of air. The operator kneels astride +or beside the prone figure and lets his hands fall into the spaces +between the short ribs. By letting the weight of the upper body fall +upon his hands resting on the prone man, the air is forced out of the +lungs; by relaxing the pressure, the chest cavity enlarges and air is +drawn in to take the place of that forced out. By effecting this +change of air--pressing and relaxing, twelve to fifteen times a minute +(time it by watch at first, and then count) artificial breathing is +performed. Sometimes it is necessary to work an hour or two before the +flicker of an eyelid or a gasp from the patient rewards the life +saver's efforts, and then he must carefully "piece in" the breathing +until natural breathing is resumed. When breathing starts, then +promote circulation by rubbing the legs and body toward the heart. Do +not attempt to stimulate by the throat until the patient can swallow. +Give a teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia, in half a glass of +water. + +_Remember that by laying the patient face downward fluids in the air +passages will run or be forced out and the tongue will drop forward, +and require no holding, always an awkward task_. + + +Treatment After Respiration Begins + +The after treatment is important. Put the patient to bed, keep quiet +and warm. Always get the services of a physician as soon as possible, +but do not wait for him to come. Start work instantly. The patient +needs oxygen, so keep spectators away. They are robbing the man of the +life-giving properties of the air. For this reason, in all but the +most severe weather, it is well to work on the patient in the open. + + +Life Buoys + +If one is to place a life buoy for instant use in emergencies it +should be hung upon four pegs driven into holes in two pieces of wood +nailed together in the form of the diameter of a two-foot square or +three pegs in strips of wood arranged in the form of a T, about +eighteen or twenty inches high, the two pegs at either side of the top +bar of the T and the other one on the upright near the bottom. Most +life buoys used on shore have fifty or seventy-five feet of light line +attached to draw the {288} rescued person ashore or to recover the +buoy after a faulty throw. Commencing at the free end of the line, +where a small wooden float is often attached, the rope should first be +coiled on the pegs, hanging the buoy outside the coil to bind it in +place so wind or jars will not loosen it. Then, when the buoy is +needed, the ring is grasped by the throwing hand which clasps the buoy +itself, and the coil is clasped in the free hand, the end of the rope +being secured ashore by standing upon it with one foot. After each use +or practice the buoy line should be restored to its pegs for instant +use. + +[Illustration: Life buoy and ice ball/] + + +{289} + + +Notes + + +{290} + + +Notes + + +{291} + +CHAPTER VIII + + +GAMES AND ATHLETIC STANDARDS THE GAMES + +_By Ernest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout_ + + +Deer Hunting + +The deer hunt has proved one of our most successful games. + +The deer is a dummy, best made with a wire frame, on which soft hay is +wrapped till it is of proper size and shape, then all is covered with +open burlap. A few touches of white and black make it very realistic. + +If time does not admit of a well-finished deer, one can be made of a +sack stuffed with hay, decorated at one end with a smaller sack for +head and neck, and set on four thin sticks. + +The side of the deer is marked with a large oval, and over the heart +is a smaller one. + +Bows and arrows only are used to shoot this deer. + + +[Illustration: Wooden Legged Deer.] + + +A pocketful of corn, peas, or other large grain is now needed for +scent. The boy who is the deer for the first hunt takes the dummy +under his arm and runs off, getting ten minutes' start, or until he +comes back and shouts "ready!" He leaves a trail of corn, dropping two +or three grains for every yard and making the trail as crooked as he +likes, playing such tricks as a deer would do to baffle his pursuers. +Then he hides the deer in any place he fancies, but not among rocks or +on the top of a ridge, because in one case many arrows would be +broken, and in the other, lost. + +The hunters now hunt for this deer just as for a real deer, either +following the trail or watching the woods ahead; the {292} best +hunters combine the two. If at any time the trail is quite lost the +one in charge shouts: "Lost Trail!" After that the one who finds the +trail scores two. Anyone giving a false alarm by shouting "Deer" is +fined five. + + +[Illustration: Burlap Deer, 3 ft. high.] + + +Thus they go till some one finds the deer. He shouts: "_Deer!_" and +scores ten for finding it. The others shout: "_Second_," "_Third_," +etc., in order of seeing it, but they do not score. + +The finder must shoot at the deer with his bow and arrow from the very +spot whence he saw it. If he misses, the second hunter may step up +five paces, and have his shot. If he misses, the third one goes five, +and so on till some one hits the deer, or until the ten-yard limit is +reached. If the finder is within ten yards on sighting the deer, and +misses his shot, the other hunters go back to the ten-yard limit. Once +the deer is hit, all the shooting must be from the exact spot whence +the successful shot was fired. + +A shot in the big oval is a body wound; that scores five. A shot +outside that is a scratch; that scores two. A shot in the small oval +or heart is a heart wound; it scores ten, and ends the hunt. Arrows +which do not stick do not count, unless it can be proved that they +passed right through, in which case they take the highest score that +they pierced. + +If all the arrows are used, and none in the heart, the deer escapes, +and the boy who was deer scores twenty-five. + +The one who found the dummy is deer for the next hunt. +A clever deer can add greatly to the excitement of the game. + +Originally we used paper for scent, but found it bad. It littered the +woods; yesterday's trail was confused with that of {293} to-day, etc. +Corn proved better, because the birds and the squirrels kept it +cleaned up from day to day, and thus the ground was always ready for a +fresh start. But the best of all is the hoof mark for the shoe. These +iron hoof marks are fast to a pair of shoes, and leave a trail much +like a real deer. This has several advantages. It gives the hunter a +chance to tell where the trail doubled, and which way the deer was +going, It is more realistic, and the boy who can follow this +skillfully can follow a living deer. In actual practice it is found +well to use a little corn with this on the hard places, a plan quite +consistent with realism, as every hunter will recall. + + +[Illustration: Shoe with iron hoof. (tr)] + + +It is strictly forbidden to any hunter to stand in front of the firing +line; all must be back of the line on which the shooter stands. + +There is no limit to the situations and curious combinations in this +hunt. The deer may be left standing or lying. There is no law why it +should not be hidden behind a solid tree trunk. The game develops as +one follows it. After it has been played for some time with the iron +hoof mark as above, the boys grow so skilful on the trail that we can +dispense with even the corn. The iron mark like a deer hoof leaves a +very realistic "slot" or track, which the more skilful boys readily +follow through the woods. A hunt is usually for three, five, or more +deer, according to agreement and the result is reckoned by points on +the whole chase. + + +The Bear Hunt + +This is played by half a dozen or more boys. Each has a club about the +size and shape of a baseball club, but made of straw {294} tied around two +or three switches and tightly sewn up in burlap.--One big fellow is +selected for the bear. He has a school bag tightly strapped on his +back, and in that a toy balloon fully blown up. This is his heart. On +his neck is a bear-claw necklace of wooden beads and claws. (See cut.) + + +[Illustration: Bear-claw necklace, claw and bead.] + + +He has three dens about one hundred yards apart in a triangle. While +in his den the bear is safe. If the den is a tree or rock, he is safe +while touching it. He is obliged to come out when the chief hunter +counts one hundred, and must go the rounds of the three till the hunt +is settled. + +The object of the hunters is to break the balloon or heart; that is, +to kill the bear. He must drop dead when the heart bursts. The hunter +who kills him claims the necklace. + +But the bear also has a club for defence. Each hunter must wear a hat, +and once the bear knocks a hunter's hat off, that one is dead and out +of this hunt. He must drop where his hat falls. + + +[Illustration: Straw club.] + + +Tackling of any kind is forbidden. + +The bear wins by killing or putting to flight all the hunters. In this +case he keeps the necklace. + +The savageness of these big bears is indescribable. Many lives are +lost in each hunt, and it has several times happened that the whole +party of hunters has been exterminated by some monster of unusual +ferocity. + +This game has also been developed into a play. + + +{295} + + +Spearing the Great Sturgeon + +This water game is exceedingly popular and is especially good for +public exhibition, being spectacular and full of amusement and +excitement. + + +[Illustration: Wooden Sturgeon.] + + +The outfit needed is: + +(1) A sturgeon roughly formed of soft wood; it should be about three +feet long and nearly a foot thick at the head. It may be made +realistic, or a small log pointed at both ends will serve. + +(2) Two spears with six-inch steel heads and wooden handles (about +three feet long). The points should be sharp, but not the barbs. +Sometimes the barbs are omitted altogether. Each head should have an +eye to which is attached twenty feet of one-quarter inch rope. On each +rope, six feet from the spearhead, is a fathom mark made by tying on a +rag or cord. + +(3) Two boats with crews. Each crew consists of a spearman, who is +captain, and one or two oarsmen or paddlers, of whom the after one is +the pilot. All should be expert swimmers or else wear life-belts +during the game. + + +[Illustration: Spearhead.] + + +The Game.--Each boat has a base or harbor; this is usually part of the +shore opposite that of the enemy; or it obviates all danger of +collision if the boats start from the same side. The sturgeon is left +by the referee's canoe at a point midway between the bases. At the +word "Go!" each boat leaves its base and, making for the sturgeon, +tries to spear it, then drag it by the line to his base. When both get +their spears into it the contest becomes a tug of war until one of the +spears pulls out. + +{296} + +The sturgeon is landed when the prow of the boat that has it in tow +touches its proper base, even though the spear of the enemy is then in +the fish: or it is landed when the fish itself touches base. The boats +change bases after each heat. + +Matches are usually for one, three, or five sturgeon. Points are +counted only for the landing of the fish, but the referee may give the +decision on a foul or a succession of fouls, or the delinquent may be +set back one or more boat lengths. + +Sometimes the game is played in canoes or boats, with one man as +spearman and crew. + +_Rules_.--It is _not allowable_ to push the sturgeon into a new position +with the spear or paddle before striking. + +It is _allowable_ to pull the sturgeon under the boat or pass it around +by using the line after spearing. + +It is _allowable_ to lay hands on the other boat to prevent a collision, +but otherwise it is forbidden to touch the other boat or crew or +paddle or spear or line, or to lay hands on the fish, or to touch it +with the paddle or oar, or touch your own spear while it is in the +fish, or to tie the line around the fish except so far as this may be +accidentally done in spearing. + +It is _allowable_ to dislodge the enemy's spear by throwing your own +over it. The purpose of the barbs is to assist in this. + +It is _allowable_ to run on to the sturgeon with the boat. + +_It is absolutely forbidden to throw the spear over the other boat or +over the heads of your crew_. + +In towing the sturgeon the fathom mark must be over the gunwale--at +least six feet of line should be out when the fish is in tow. It is +not a foul to have less, but the spearman must at once let it out if +the umpire or the other crew cries "fathom!" + +The spearman is allowed to drop the spear and use the paddle or oar at +will, but not to resign his spear to another of the crew. The spearman +must be in his boat when the spear is thrown. + +If the boat is upset the referee's canoe helps them to right. Each +crew must accept the backset of its accidents. + + +Tilting In The Water + +For this we usually have two boats or war canoes manned by four men +each. These are a spearman, who is also a captain, a pilot, and two +oarsmen. + +The spearman is armed with a light pole or bamboo eight or ten feet +long, with a soft pad on the end. Sometimes this is {297} further +provided with a hook. This is a forked branch with limbs a foot long; +one is lashed to the bamboo, the other projecting out a foot, and +slightly backward. The end of the spear and the fork are now +thoroughly padded with burlap to the shape of a duck's head and bill. +And it must be cased in waterproof, to keep it from getting wet and +heavy. The object of the hook is to change suddenly from pushing, and +to pull the enemy by hooking round his neck. Each boat should have a +quarter-deck or raised platform at one end, on which the spearman +stands. + + +[Illustration: Tilting spear.] + + +The battle is fought in rounds and by points. + +To put your opponent back into the canoe with one foot counts you +five; two feet, ten. If he loses his spear you count five (excepting +when he is put overboard). If you put him down on one knee on the +fighting deck, you count five; two knees, ten. If you put him +overboard it counts twenty-five. One hundred points is a round. + +A battle is for one or more rounds, as agreed on. It is forbidden to +hook or strike below the belt. The umpire may dock for fouls. + + +Canoe Tag + +Any number of canoes or boats may engage in this. A rubber cushion, a +hot-water bag full of air, any rubber football, {298} or a cotton bag +with a lot of corks in it is needed. The game is to tag the other +canoe by throwing this into it. + +The rules are as in ordinary cross-tag. + + +Scouting + +Scouts are sent out in pairs or singly. A number of points are marked +on the map at equal distances from camp, and the scouts draw straws to +see where each goes. If one place is obviously hard, the scout is +allowed a fair number of points as handicap. All set out at same time, +go direct, and return as soon as possible. + +Points are thus allowed: + +Last back, zero for travelling. + +The others count one for each minute they are ahead of the last. + +Points up to one hundred are allowed for their story on return. + +Sometimes we allow ten points for each turtle they have seen; ten for +each owl seen and properly named; five for each hawk, and one each for +other wild birds; also two for a cat one for a dog. + +No information is given the scout; he is told to go to such a point +and do so and so, but is fined points if he hesitates or asks how or +why, etc. + + +[Illustration: Quicksight Game.] + + +The Game of Quicksight + +Make two boards about a foot square, divide each into twenty-five +squares; get ten nuts and ten pebbles. Give to one player one board, +five nuts, and five pebbles. He places {299} these on the squares in +any pattern he fancies, and when ready the other player is allowed to +see it for five seconds. Then it is covered up, and from the memory of +what he saw the second player must reproduce the pattern on his own +board. He counts one for each that was right, and takes off one for +each that was wrong. They take turn and turn about. + +This game is a wonderful developer of the power to see and memorize +quickly. + + +[Illustration: Farsight game.] + + +Farsight, or Spot the Rabbit + +Take two six-inch squares of stiff white pasteboard or whitened wood. +On each of these draw an outline rabbit, one an exact duplicate of the +other. Make twenty round black wafers or spots, each half an inch +across. Let one player stick a few of these on one rabbit-board and +set it up in full light. The other, beginning at one hundred yards, +draws near till he can see the spots well enough to reproduce the +pattern on the other which he carries. If he can do it at seventy-five +yards he has wonderful eyes. Down even to seventy (done three times +out of five), he counts high honor; from seventy to sixty counts +honor. Below that does not count at all. + + +Pole-star + +Each competitor is given a long straight stick in daytime, and told to +lay it due north and south. In doing this he may guide himself by sun, +moss, or anything he can find in nature--anything, indeed, except a +compass. + +{300} + +The direction is checked by a good compass corrected for the locality. +The one who comes nearest wins. + +It is optional with the judges whether the use of a timepiece is to be +allowed. + + +Rabbit Hunt + +The game of rabbit hunting is suited for two hunters in limited +grounds. + +Three little sacks of brown burlap, each about eight inches by twelve, +are stuffed with hay. + +At any given place in the woods the two hunters stand in a ten-foot +circle with their bows and arrows. One boy is blindfolded; the other, +without leaving the circle, throws the rabbits into good hiding places +on the ground. Then the second hunter has to find the rabbits and +shoot them without leaving the circle. The lowest number of points +wins, as in golf. If the hunter has to leave the circle he gets one +point for every step he takes outside. After he sees the rabbit he +must keep to that spot and shoot till it is hit once. One shot kills +it, no matter where struck. For every shot he misses he gets five +points. + +After his first shot at each rabbit the hider takes alternate shots +with him. + +If it is the hider who kills the rabbit, the hunter adds ten points to +his score. If the hunter hits it, he takes ten off his score. + +If the hunter fails to find all the rabbits, he scores twenty-five for +each one he gives up. + +The hider cannot score at all. He can only help his friend into +trouble. Next time the two change places. + +A match is usually for two brace of rabbits. + + +Hostile Spy + +Hanging from the totem pole is a red or yellow horse-tail. This is the +grand medicine scalp of the band. The hostile spy has to steal it. The +leader goes around on the morning of the day and whispers to the +various braves, "Look out--there's a spy in camp." At length he gets +secretly near the one he has selected for spy and whispers, "Look out, +there's a spy in camp, and you are it." He gives him at the same time +some bright-coloured badge, that he must wear as soon as he has +secured the medicine scalp. He must not hide the scalp on his person, +but keep it in view. He has all day till sunset {301} to get away with +it. If he gets across the river or other limit, with warriors in close +pursuit, they give him ten arrow heads (two and one half cents each), +or other ransom agreed on. If he gets away safely and hides it, he can +come back and claim fifteen arrow heads from the council as ransom for +the scalp. If he is caught, he pays his captor ten arrow heads ransom +for his life. + + +The Man-Hunt + +This is played with a scout and ten or more hostiles, or hounds, +according to the country, more when it is rough or wooded. + +The scout is given a letter addressed to the "Military Commandant" +(usually the lady of the house that he gets to) of any given place a +mile or two away. He is told to take the letter to anyone of three +given houses, and get it endorsed, with the hour when he arrived, then +return to the starting-point within a certain time. + +The hostiles are sent to a point half-way, and let go by a starter at +the same time as the scout leaves the camp. They are to intercept him. + +If they catch him before he delivers the letter he must ransom his +life by paying each two arrow heads (or other forfeit) and his captor +keeps the letter as a trophy. If he gets through, but is caught on the +road back, he pays half as much for his life. If he gets through, but +is over time, it is a draw. If he gets through successfully on time he +claims three arrow heads from each hostile and keeps the letter as a +trophy. + +They may not follow him into the house (that is, the fort), but may +surround it at one hundred yards distance. They do not know which +three houses he is free to enter, but they do know that these are +within certain limits. + +The scout should wear a conspicuous badge (hat, shirt, coat, or +feather), and may ride a wheel or go in a wagon, etc., as long as his +badge is clearly visible. + +To "tag" the scout is not to capture. "The blockade to be binding must +be effectual." + + +Hunt the Coon + +This is an in-door game, founded on the familiar "Hunt the Thimble." + +We use a little dummy coon; either make it or turn a ready-made toy +rabbit into one by adding tail and black mask, and cropping the ears. + +{302} + +All the players but one go out of the room. That one places the coon +anywhere in sight, high or low, but in plain view; all come in and +seek. The first to find it, sits down silently, and scores one. Each +sits down, on seeing it, giving no clue to the others. + +The first to score three coons is winner, usually. Sometimes we play +till everyone but one has a coon; that one is the booby. The others +are first, second, etc. + +Sometimes each is given his number in order of finding it. + +Then, after seven or eight coons, these numbers are added up, and the +lowest is winner. If no coon is available use a thimble. + + +Spear Fights + +This is an in-door game with out-door weapons. The soft-headed, eight +foot spears of the tilting-match are used. The contestants stand on +barrels eight feet apart. Each tries to put the other off his barrel. +It is well to have a catcher behind each player to save him if he +falls. + +Games are for seven, eleven, or thirteen points. + + +Navajo Feather Dance + +An eagle feather hung on a horse-hair, so as to stand upright, is +worked by a hidden operator, so as to dance and caper. The dancer has +to imitate all its motions. A marionette may be used. It is a great +fun-maker. + + +Feather Football or Feather Blow + +This is an in-door, wet-weather game. + +The players hold a blanket on the knees or on the table. A soft +feather is put in the middle. As many may play as can get near. They +may be in sides, two or four or each for himself. At the signal, "Go!" +each tries to blow the feather off the blanket at the enemy's side, +and so count one for himself. + +A game is usually best out of seven, eleven, or thirteen. + + +Cock-Fighting + +Get two stout sticks, each two feet long (broomsticks will do). Pad +each of these on the end with a ball of rag. These are the spurs. Make +an eight-foot ring. The two rivals are on their hunkers, each with a +stick through behind his knees, his hands clasped in front of the +knees, and the arms under the ends of the spurs. + +{303} + +Now they close; each aiming to upset the other, to make him lose his +spurs, or to put him out of the ring, any of which ends that round and +scores one for the victor. If both fall, or lose a spur, or go out +together, it is a draw. Battle is for seven, eleven, or thirteen +rounds. + + +Hand-Wrestling + +This is a jiujitsu game, introduced by Dr. L. H. Gulick. The two +contestants stand right toe to right toe, each right hand clasped, +left feet braced, left hand free. At the word, "Go!" each tries to +unbalance the other: that is, make him lift or move one of his feet. A +lift or a shift ends the round. + +Battles are for best out of five, seven, eleven, or thirteen rounds. + + +Badger-Pulling + +The two contestants, on hands and knees, face each other. + +A strong belt or strap is buckled into one great loop that passes +round the head of each: that is, crosses his nape. Half-way between +them is a dead line. The one who pulls the other over this line is +winner. + +The contestant can at any time end the bout by lowering his head so +the strap slips off; but this counts one against him. + +Game is best out of five, seven, eleven, or thirteen points. + + +Poison + +This is an ancient game. A circle about three feet across is drawn on +the ground. The players, holding hands, make a ring around this, and +try to make one of the number step into the poison circle. He can +evade it by side-stepping, by jumping over, or by dragging another +fellow into it. + +First to make the misstep is "it" for the time or for next game. + + +Hat-Ball + +When I was among the Chepewyan Indians of Great Slave Lake, in 1907, I +made myself popular with the young men, as well as boys, by teaching +them the old game of hat-ball. + +The players (about a dozen) put their hats in a row near a house, +fence, or log (hollows up). A dead line is drawn ten feet from the +hats; all must stand outside of that. The one who is "it" begins by +throwing a soft ball into one of the hats. If he misses the hat, a +chip is put into his own, and he tries over. As soon as he drops the +ball into a hat, the owner runs {304} to get the ball; all the rest +run away. The owner must not follow beyond the dead line, but must +throw the ball at some one. If he hits him, a chip goes into that +person's hat; if not, a chip goes into his own. + +As soon as some one has five chips, he wins the booby prize: that is, +he must hold his hand out steady against the wall, and each player has +five shots at it with the ball, as he stands on the dead line. + + +Duck-on-a-Rock + +This is a good old grandfather game. + +Each player has a large, smooth, roundish stone, about five or six +inches through. This is his duck. He keeps it permanently. + +Toe rock is any low bowlder, block, stump, bump, or hillock on level +ground. A dead line is drawn through the rock, and another parallel, +fifteen feet away, for a firing line. + +The fellow who is "it," or "keeper," perches his duck on the rock. The +others stand at the firing line and throw their ducks at his. They +must not pick them up or touch them with their hands when they are +beyond the dead line. If one does, then the keeper can tag him (unless +he reaches the firing line), and send him to do duty as keeper at the +rock. + +But they can coax their ducks with their feet, up to the dead line, +not beyond, then watch for a chance to dodge back to the firing line, +where they are safe at all times. + +If the duck is knocked off by anyone in fair firing, the keeper is +powerless till he has replaced it. Meantime, most of the players have +secured their ducks and got back safely to the firing line. + + +Road-side Cribbage + +This is a game we often play in the train, to pass the time +pleasantly. + +Sometimes one party takes the right side of the road, with the windows +there, and the other the left. Sometimes all players sit on the same +side. + +The game is, whoever is first to see certain things agreed on scores +so many points. + +Thus: +A crow or a cow counts 1 +A cat 2 +A hawk 3 +An owl 4 +A sheep 5 +A goat 6 +A horse 7 + +{305} + +The winner is the one who first gets twenty-five or fifty +points, as agreed. + +When afoot, one naturally takes other things for points, as certain +trees, flowers, etc. + + +Lion Hunting + +(The games from Lion Hunting to Hare and Hounds are from General +Baden-Powell.) + +A lion is represented by one scout, who goes out with tracking irons +on his feet, and a pocketful of corn or peas, and six lawn-tennis +balls or rag balls. He is allowed half an hour's start, and then the +patrol go after him, following his spoor, each armed with one tennis +ball with which to shoot him when they find him. The lion may hide or +creep about or run, just as he feels inclined, but whenever the ground +is hard or very greasy he must drop a few grains of corn every few +yards to show the trail. + +If the hunters fail to come up to him neither wins the game. + +When they come near to his lair the lion fires at them with his tennis +balls, and the moment a hunter is hit he must fall out dead and cannot +throw his tennis ball. If the lion gets hit by a hunter's tennis ball +he is wounded, and if he gets wounded three times he is killed. + +Tennis balls may only be fired once; they cannot be picked up and +fired again in the same fight. + +Each scout must collect and hand in his tennis balls after the game. +In winter, if there is snow, this game can be played without tracking +irons, and using snowballs instead of tennis balls. + + +Plant Race + +Start off your scouts, either cycling or on foot, to go in any +direction they like, to get a specimen of any ordered plant, say a +sprig of yew, a shoot of ilex, a horseshoe mark from a chestnut tree, +a briar rose, or something of that kind, whichever you may order, such +as will tax their knowledge of plants and will test their memory as to +where they noticed one of the kind required and will also make them +quick in getting there and back. + + +Throwing the Assegai + +Target, a thin sack, lightly stuffed with straw, or a sheet of +card-board, or canvas stretched on a frame. + +Assegais to be made of wands, with weighted ends sharpened or with +iron arrow heads on them. + +{306} + +Flag Raiding + +Two or more patrols on each side. + +Each side will form an outpost within a given tract of country to +protect three flags (or at night three lanterns two feet above +ground), planted not less than two hundred yards (one hundred yards at +night) from it. The protecting outpost will be posted in concealment +either all together or spread out in pairs. It will then send out +scouts to discover the enemy's position. When these have found out +where the outpost is, they try to creep round out of sight till they +can get to the flags and bring them away to their own line. One scout +may not take away more than one flag. + +This is the general position of a patrol on such an outpost: + + + Pair of Scouts Pair of Scouts Pair of Scouts + + Patrol Leader + + P. P. P. + Flags + + + +Any scout coming within fifty yards of a stronger party will be put +out of action if seen by the enemy; if he can creep by without being +seen it is all right. + +Scouts posted to watch as outposts cannot move from their ground, but +their strength counts as double, and they may send single messages to +their neighbors or to their own scouting party. + +An umpire should be with each outpost and with each scouting patrol. + +At a given hour operations will cease, and all will assemble at the +given spot to hand in their reports. The following points might be +awarded: + +For each flag or lamp captured and brought in--5 + +For each report or sketch of the position of the enemy's outposts up +to five--5 + +For each report of movement of enemy's scouting patrols--2 + +The side which makes the biggest total wins. + +The same game may be played to test the scouts in stepping +lightly--the umpire being blindfolded. The practice should preferably +be carried out where there are dry twigs lying about, and gravel, etc. +The scout may start to stalk the blind enemy at one hundred yards' +distance, and he must do it fairly fast--say, in one minute and a +half--to touch the blind man before he hears him. + +{307} + +Stalking and Reporting + +The umpire places himself out in the open and sends each scout or pair +of scouts away in different directions about half a mile off. When he +waves a flag, which is the signal to begin, they all hide, and then +proceed to stalk him, creeping up and watching all he does. When he +waves the flag again, they rise, come in, and report each in turn all +that he did, either by handing in a written report or verbally, as may +be ordered. The umpire meantime has kept a lookout in each direction, +and, every time he sees a scout he takes two points off that scout's +score. He, on his part, performs small actions, such as sitting down, +kneeling, looking through glasses, using handkerchief, taking hat off +for a bit, walking round in a circle a few times, to give scouts +something to note and report about him. Scouts are given three points +for each act reported correctly. It saves time if the umpire makes out +a scoring card beforehand, giving the name of each scout, and a number +of columns showing each act of his, and what mark that scout wins, +also a column of deducted marks for exposing themselves. + + +Spider and Fly + +A bit of country or section of the town about a mile square is +selected as the web, and its boundaries described, and an hour fixed +at which operations are to cease. + +One patrol (or half-patrol) is the "spider," which goes out and +selects a place to hide itself. + +The other patrol (or half-patrol) go a quarter of an hour later as the +"fly" to look for the "spider." They can spread themselves about as +they like, but must tell their leader anything that they discover. + +An umpire goes with each party. + +If within the given time (say, about two hours) the fly has not +discovered the spider, the spider wins. The spiders write down the +names of any of the fly patrol that they may see. + + +Stalking + +Instructor acts as a deer--not hiding, but standing, moving a little +now and then if he likes. + +Scouts go out to find, and each in his own way tries to get up to him +unseen. + +Directly the instructor sees a scout, he directs him to stand up as +having failed. After a certain time the instructor calls {308} "time," +all stand up at the spot which they have reached, and the nearest +wins. + +_Demonstrate the value of adapting color of clothes to background by +sending out one boy about five hundred yards to stand against +different backgrounds in turn, till he gets one similar in color to +his own clothes._ + +_The rest of the patrol to watch and to notice how invisible he becomes +when he gets a suitable background. E. g., a boy in a gray suit +standing in front of dark bushes, etc., is quite visible but becomes +less so if he stands in front of a gray rock or house; a boy in a dark +suit is very visible in a green field, but not when lie stands in an +open door-way against dark interior shadow_. + + +Scout Hunting + +One scout is given time to go out and hide himself, the remainder then +start to find him; he wins if he is not found, or if he can get back +to the starting point within a given time without being touched. + + +Relay Race + +One patrol pitted against another to see who can get a message sent a +long distance in shortest time by means of relays of runners (or +cyclists). The patrol is ordered out to send in three successive notes +or tokens (such as sprigs of certain plants), from a point, say, two +miles distant or more. The leader in taking his patrol out to the spot +drops scouts at convenient distances, who will then act as runners +from one post to the next and back. If relays are posted in pairs, +messages can be passed both ways. + + +Track Memory + +Make a patrol sit with their feet up, so that other scouts can study +them. Give the scouts, say, three minutes to study the boots. Then +leaving the scouts in a room or out of sight, let one of the patrol +make some footmarks in a good bit of ground. Call up the scouts one by +one and let them see the track and say who made it. + + +Spot the Thief + +Get a stranger to make a track unseen by the scouts. The scouts study +his track so as to know it again. + +Then put the stranger among eight or ten others and let them all make +their tracks for the boys to see, going by in rotation. Each scout +then in turn whispers to the umpire which man, {309} made the original +track--describing him by his number in filing past. The scout who +answers correctly wins; if more than one answers correctly, the one +who then draws the best diagram, from memory, of the footprint wins. + + +Smugglers Over the Border + +The "border" is a certain line of country about four hundred yards +long, preferably a road or wide path or bit of sand, on which foot +tracks can easily be seen. One patrol watches the border with sentries +posted along this road, with a reserve posted farther inland. This +latter about half-way between the "border" and the "town"; the "town" +would be a base marked by a tree, building, or flags, etc., about half +a mile distant from the border. A hostile patrol of smugglers assemble +about half a mile on the other side of the border. They will all cross +the border, in any formation they please, either singly or together or +scattered, and make for the town, either walking or running, or at +scouts' pace. Only one among them is supposed to be smuggling, and he +wears tracking irons, so that the sentries walk up and down their beat +(they may not run till after the "alarm"), waiting for the tracks of +the smuggler. Directly a sentry sees the track, he gives the alarm +signal to the reserve and starts himself to follow up the track as +fast as he can. The reserves thereupon cooperate with him and try to +catch the smuggler before he can reach the town. Once within the +boundary of the town he is safe and wins the game. + + +Shop Window Out-doors in Town + +Umpire takes a patrol down a street past six shops, gives them half a +minute at each shop, then, after moving them off to some distance, he +gives each boy a pencil and card, and tells him to write from memory, +or himself takes down, what they noticed in, say, the third and fifth +shops. The one who sets down most articles correctly wins. It is +useful practice to match one boy against another in heats--the loser +competing again, till you arrive at the worst. This gives the worst +scouts the most practice. + + +Similar Game In-doors + +Send each scout in turn into a room for half a minute; when he comes +out take down a list of furniture and articles which he notices. The +boy who notices most wins. + +{310} + +The simplest way of scoring is to make a list of the articles in the +room on your scoring paper with a column for marks for each scout +against them, which can then easily be totalled up at foot. + + +Follow the Trail + +Send out a "hare," either walking or cycling, with a pocketful of +corn, nutshells, confetti paper, or buttons, etc., and drop a few here +and there to give a trail for the patrol to follow. + +Or go out with a piece of chalk and draw the patrol sign on walls, +gate posts, pavements, lamp posts, trees, etc., every here and there, +and let the patrol hunt you by these marks. Patrols should wipe out +all these marks as they pass them for tidiness, and so as not to +mislead them for another day's practice. + +The other road signs should also be used, such as closing up certain +roads as not used, and hiding a letter at some point, giving +directions as to the next turn. + + +Scout's Nose In-doors + +Prepare a number of paper bags, all alike, and put in each a different +smelling article, such as chopped onion in one, tan in another, rose +leaves, leather, anise-seed, violet powder, orange peel, etc. Put +these packets in a row a couple of feet apart, and let each competitor +walk down the line and have five seconds sniff at each. At the end he +has one minute in which to write down or to state to the umpire the +names of the different objects smelled, from memory, in their correct +order. + + +Scout Meets Scout in Town or Country + +Single scouts, or complete patrols or pairs of scouts, to be taken out +about two miles apart, and made to work toward each other, either +alongside a road, or by giving each side a landmark to work to, such +as a steep hill or big tree, which is directly behind the other party, +and will thus insure their coming together. The patrol which first +sees the other wins. This is signified by the patrol leader holding up +his patrol flag for the umpire to see, and sounding his whistle. A +patrol need not keep together, but that patrol wins which first holds +out its flag, so it is well for the scouts to be in touch with their +patrol leaders by signal, voice, or message. + +Scouts may employ any ruse they like, such as climbing into trees, +hiding in carts, etc., but they must not dress up in disguise. + +This may also be practised at night. + +{311} + +Shoot Out + +Two patrols compete. Targets: bottles or bricks set up on end to +represent the opposing patrol. Both patrols are drawn up in line at +about twenty to twenty-five yards from the targets. At the word +"fire," they throw stones at the targets. Directly a target falls, the +umpire directs the corresponding man of the other patrol to sit +down--killed. The game goes on, if there are plenty of stones, till +the whole of one patrol is killed. Or a certain number of stones can +be given to each patrol, or a certain time limit, say one minute. + + +Kim's Game + +Place about twenty or thirty small articles on a tray, or on the table +or floor, such as two or three different kinds of buttons, pencils, +corks, rags, nuts, stones, knives, string, photos--anything you can +find--and cover them over with a cloth or coat. + +Make a list of these, and make a column opposite the list for each +boy's replies. + +Then uncover the articles for one minute by your watch, or while you +count sixty at the rate of "quick march." Then cover them over again. + +Take each boy separately and let him whisper to you each of the +articles that he can remember, and mark it off on your scoring sheet. + +The boy who remembers the greatest number wins the game. + + +Morgan's Game + +Scouts are ordered to run to a certain boarding, where an umpire is +already posted to time them. They are each allowed to look at this for +one minute, and then to run back to headquarters and report to the +instructor all that was on the boarding in the way of advertisements. + + +Snow Fort + +The snow fort may be built by one patrol according to their own ideas +of fortification, with loopholes, etc., for looking out. When +finished, it will be attacked by hostile patrols, using snowballs as +ammunition. Every scout struck by a snowball is counted dead. The +attackers should, as a rule, number at least twice the strength of the +defenders. + +{312} + +Siberian Man Hunt + +One scout as fugitive runs away across the snow in any direction he +may please until he finds a good hiding place, and there conceals +himself. The remainder, after giving him twenty minutes' start or +more, proceed to follow him by his tracks. As they approach his hiding +place, he shoots at them with snowballs, and every one that is struck +must fall out dead. The fugitive must be struck three times before he +is counted dead. + + +Hare and Hounds + +Two or more persons representing the hares, and provided with a large +quantity of corn, are given a start of several minutes and run a +certain length of time, then return by another route to the starting +point, all the time scattering corn in their path. After the lapse of +the number of minutes' handicap given the hares, those representing +the hounds start in pursuit, following by the corn and trying to catch +the hares before they reach the starting-point in returning. + +The handicap given the hares should be small, depending on the running +abilities of the hares and hounds. The fastest runners are usually +picked for the hounds. + + +Chalk the Arrow + +This is usually played in the city streets, one player running and +trying to keep out of sight of the others who follow. The runner is +given time to disappear around the first corner before the others +start after him, and at every corner he turns he marks (with chalk) an +arrow pointing in the direction he takes. Those pursuing follow by the +arrow, the first one seeing him being the runner for the next time. + +This may also be played by having any number run and only one follow, +the first becoming "it" for the next time. + + +Dodge Ball + +Of any number of players, half of that number form a circle, while the +other half stand inside of the ring (centre) facing outward. Now, the +game for those in the centre is to dodge the ball which is thrown by +any of those forming the circle with the intention of striking the +centre ones {313} out. Every time a member is struck he is dead, and +takes his place among those of the circle. Now he has a chance to +throw at those remaining in the centre. This arrangement keeps all +taking part busy. Only one is out at a time. This being kept up until +finally only one is left. He is hailed the king. For next round, +players exchange places, i. e., those who were in the centre now form +the circle. + +Note: If the touch is preceded by a bound of the ball it does not +count. + + +Prisoner's Base + +Goals are marked off at both ends of the playground, the players +divided into two equal divisions, occupying the two goals. About ten +paces to the right of each goal is a prison. A player advances toward +the opposite goal, when one from that goal starts out to catch him. He +retreats, and one from his side runs to his rescue by trying to catch +the pursuer--who in turn is succored by one from his side, and so on. +Every player may catch anyone from the opposite side who has been out +of goal longer than he has. Any player caught is conducted to the +prison by his captor and must remain there until rescued by some one +from his side, who touches him with the hand. The one who does this is +subject to being caught like any other player. + + +Throwing the Spear + +The game is an old Greek and Persian pastime. "Throw the spear and +speak the truth," was a national maxim of the Persians that we may +copy with advantage. + +The apparatus required is some light spears and an archery target. The +spears should vary from five to six feet in length; the point should +be shod with a steel tip, having a socket into which the wooden handle +is fitted, and made fast by small screws passing through holes in the +sides of the metal, and then into the wood itself. The wood, for about +a foot above the barb, should be about three quarters of an inch in +diameter, and from thence gradually taper to about a quarter of an +inch in thickness until the end of the spear is reached. + +Some spears are fitted with feathers, like an arrow, but these are not +necessary to obtain a good throw, and soon get dismantled in +continually falling upon the ground. Any ordinary target will serve. +It may be an archery target, a sack full of straw, or a sod bank. + +{314} + +The object of the contest is to hit the target from a given mark, the +firing line. Whoever throws nearest to the centre of the target the +greatest number of times out of six shots is hailed the winner. + +The best form for throwing is with the left foot forward, the leg +perfectly straight, body well back, its weight resting on the right +leg. Now extend the left arm forward, in a line with the shoulder, and +over the left leg; poise the spear horizontally in the right hand, +holding at the centre of gravity by the forefinger and thumb. Bring +the right arm backward until the hand is behind the right shoulder. + +Now, inclining the point of the spear slightly upward, make your cast, +bringing the right arm forward, followed by the right side of the +body, the right leg forward and the left arm backward. Count yourself +fortunate if you even hit the target in the first few attempts, but +practice will make a wonderful difference. The distance should be +mutually agreed upon, but fifty feet for a boy of fifteen and one +hundred feet for an adult will be found about right. + +To "throw the javelin" is another phase of this pastime. The javelin +is four to five feet in length, three quarters of an inch in +thickness, and fitted with a barbed end, slightly heavier than the +spear end. The "object of the game" is to throw the javelin as far as +possible but not at a target; instead, the javelin must stick into the +ground. + +In throwing the javelin, hold it in the right hand, the left leg and +hand being advanced; the barb and arm at this point should be at the +rear. Then, describing a semicircle with the arm over the right +shoulder, and leaning well to the rear, hurl the weapon as far as +possible forward. + + +Arctic Expedition + +Each patrol make a bob sleigh with ropes, harness, for two of their +number to pull or for dogs if they have them and can train them to do +the work. Two scouts or so go a mile or two ahead, the remainder with +the sleigh follow, finding the way by means of the spoor, and by such +signs as the leading scouts may draw in the snow. All other drawings +seen on the way are to be examined, noted, and their meaning read. The +sleigh carries rations and cooking pots, etc. + +Build snow huts. These must be made narrow, according to the length of +the sticks available for forming the roof, which can be made with +brushwood and covered with snow. + +{315} + +Dragging Race + +A line of patients from one patrol is laid out fifty feet distant from +the start. Another patrol, each carrying a rope, run out, tie ropes to +the patients, and drag them in. Time taken of last in. Patrols change +places. The one which completes in the shortest time wins. Knots must +be carefully tied, and patients' coats laid out under their heads. + + +Far and Near + +Umpire goes along a given road or line of country with a patrol in +patrol formation. He carries a scoring card with the name of each +scout on it. + +Each scout looks out for the details required, and directly he notices +one he runs to the umpire and informs him or hands in the article, if +it is an article he finds. The umpire enters a mark accordingly +against his name. The scout who gains the most marks in the walk wins. + + +Details like the following should be chosen to develop the scout's +observation and to encourage him to look far and near, up and down, +etc. + +The details should be varied every time the game is played; and about +eight or ten should be given at a time. + +Every match found 1 point +Every button found 1 point +Bird tracks 2 points +Patch noticed on + stranger's clothing or boots 2 points +Gray horse seen 2 points +Pigeon flying 2 points +Sparrow sitting 2 points +Ash tree 2 points +Broken chimney-pot 2 points +Broken window 1 point + + +Fire-lighting Race + +To collect material, build, and light a fire till the log given by +umpire is alight. + + +Follow My Leader + +With a large number of boys this can be made a very effective display, +and is easy to do at a jog trot, and occasional "knee-up" with musical +accompaniment. It also can be done at night, {316} each boy carrying a +Chinese lantern on top of his staff. If in a building all lights, of +course, would be turned down. A usual fault is that the exercise is +kept on too long, till it wearies both audience and performers. + + +Games in Path-finding + +Instructor takes a patrol in patrolling formation into a strange town +or into an intricate piece of strange country, with a cycling map. He +then gives instructions as to where he wants to go, makes each scout +in turn lead the patrol, say, for seven minutes if cycling, fifteen +minutes if walking. This scout is to find the way entirely by the map, +and points are given for ability in reading. + + +Mountain Scouting + +This has been played by tourists' clubs in the lake district, and is +very similar to the "Spider and Fly" game. Three hares are sent out at +daybreak to hide themselves about in the mountains: after breakfast a +party of hounds go out to find them before a certain hour, say 4 +o'clock P.M. If they find them even with field-glasses, it counts, +provided that the finder can say definitely who it was he spotted. +Certain limits of ground must be given, beyond which anyone would be +out of bounds, and therefore disqualified. + + +Knight Errantry + +Scouts go out singly, or in pairs, or as a patrol. If in a town, to +find women or children in want of help, and to return and report, on +their honor, what they have done. If in the country, call at any farms +or cottages and ask to do odd jobs--for nothing. The same can be made +into a race called a "Good Turn" race. + + +Unprepared Plays + +Give the plot of a short, simple, play and assign to each player his +part, with an outline of what he has to do and say, and then let them +act it, making up the required conversation as they go along. + +This develops the power of imagination and expression on points kept +in the mind, and is a valuable means of education. + +It is well before starting to act a play in this way to be a little +less ambitious, and to make two or three players merely {317} carry +out a conversation on given topics leading up to a given point, using +their own words and imaginations in doing so. + + +The Treasure Hunt + +The treasure hunt needs observation and skill in tracking, and +practically any number can take part in it. + +Several ways of playing the game are given below. + +1. The treasure is hidden and the scouts know what the treasure is; +they are given the first clew, and from this all the others can be +traced. Such clews might be (a) written on a gate post: "Go west and +examine third gate on north side of stream"; (b) on that gate, scout's +sign pointing to notice board on which is written, "Strike south by +south-east telegraph post, No. 28," and so on. The clews should be so +worded as to need some skill to understand, and the various points +should be difficult of access from one another. This method might be +used as a patrol competition, starting off patrols at ten-minute +intervals, and at one particular clew there might be different orders +for each patrol, to prevent the patrols behind from following the +first. + +2. The clews may be bits of colored wood tied to gates, hedges, etc., +at about three-yard intervals, leading in a certain direction, and +when these clews come to the end it should be known that the treasure +is hidden within so many feet. To prevent this degenerating into a +mere game of follow my leader, several tracks might be laid working up +to the same point, and false tracks could be laid, which only lead +back again to the original. + +3. Each competitor or patrol might be given a description of the +way--each perhaps of a slightly different way; the description should +make it necessary to go to each spot in turn; and prevent any +"cutting" in the following way: "Go to the tallest tree in a certain +field, from there go one hundred yards north, and then walk straight +toward a church tower which will be on your left," etc. All the +descriptions should lead by an equal journey to a certain spot where +the treasure is hidden. The first to arrive at that spot should not +let the others know it is the spot, but should search for the treasure +in as casual a manner as possible. + + +Will-o'-the-Wisp + +This game should take place across country at night. Two scouts set +off in a given direction with a lighted bull's-eye {318} lantern. +After two minutes have passed the patrol or troop starts in pursuit. + +The lantern bearer must show his light at least every minute +concealing it for the rest of the time. The two scouts take turns in +carrying the light, and so may relieve each other in difficulties, but +either may be captured. The scout without the light can often mingle +with the pursuers without being recognized and relieve his friend when +he is being hard pressed. They should arrange certain calls or signals +between themselves. + + +Treasure Island + +A treasure is known to be hidden upon a certain island or bit of shore +marked off, and the man who hid it leaves a map with clews for finding +it (compass, directions, tide marks, etc.). This map is hidden +somewhere near the landing-place; the patrols come in turn to look for +it--they have to row from a certain distance, land, find the map, and +finally discover the treasure. They should be careful to leave no foot +tracks, etc., near the treasure, because then the patrols that follow +them will easily find it. The map and treasure are to be hidden afresh +for the next patrol when they have been found. The patrol wins which +returns to the starting place with the treasure in the shortest time. +(This can be played on the river, the patrols having to row across the +river to find the treasure.) + + +Horse and Rider Tourney + +In playing this game it is necessary to have a soft, velvety piece of +grass, or if in doors, in the gymnasium, cover the floor with regular +gymnasium mats. It requires four boys to play the game, two being +horses and the other two riders. The riders mount their horses and +dash at each other with great caution, striving to get a good hold of +each other in such a way as to compel the opponent to dismount. This +can be done either by dragging him from his mount or by making the +horse and rider lose their balance so as to throw them off their feet. +A great deal of sport can be gotten out of this game, and boys become +very skilful after a little practice. + + +Mumbly Peg +(From Daniel Carter Beard, National Scout Commissioner) + +First: Hold the right fist with the back to the ground and with the +jack-knife, with blade pointing to the right, resting {319} on top of +the closed fingers. The hand is swung to the right, up and over, +describing a semicircle, so that the knife falls point downward and +sticks, or should stick, upright in the ground. If there is room to +slip two fingers, one above the other, beneath the handle of the +knife, and if the point of the knife is hidden in the ground, it +counts as a fair stick or throw. + +Second: The next motion is the same as the one just described, but is +performed with the left. + +Third: Take the point of the blade between the first and second +fingers of the right hand, and fillip it with a jerk so that the knife +turns once around in the air and strikes the point into the ground. + +Fourth: Do the same with the left hand. + +Fifth: Hold the knife as in the third and fourth positions, and bring +the arm across the chest so that the knife handle touches the left +ear. Take hold of the right ear with the left hand and fillip the +knife so that it turns once or twice in the air and strikes on its +point in the earth. + +Sixth: Do the same with the left hand. + +Seventh: Still holding the knife in the same manner, bring the handle +up to the nose and fillip it over through the air, so that it will +stick in the ground. + +Eighth: Do the same with the handle at the right eye. + +Ninth: Repeat with the handle at the left eye. + +Tenth: Place the point of the blade on the top of the head. Hold it in +place with the forefinger, and with a downward push send it whirling +down to earth, where it must stick with the point of blade in the +earth. + +Eleventh to Fifteenth: Hold the left hand with the fingers pointing +upward and, beginning with the thumb, place the point of the knife on +each finger as described above, and the forefinger of the right hand +on the end of the knife handle. By a downward motion, throw the knife +revolving through the air, so that it will alight with the point of +the blade in the sod. + +Sixteenth to Twentieth: Repeat, with the right hand up and the +forefinger of the left hand on the knife handle. + +Twenty-first, twenty-second: Do the same from each knee. + +Twenty-third: Hold the point of the blade between the first and second +fingers, and, placing the hand on the forehead, fillip the knife back +over the head, so that it will stick in the ground behind the person +ready for the next motion. + +Twenty-fourth: After twenty-three the knife is left in the ground. +Then with the palm of the hand strike the knife handle a smart blow +that will send it revolving over the ground {320} for a yard, more or +less, and cause it to stick in the ground where it stops. This is +called "ploughing the field." + +When a miss is made the next player takes his turn, and when the first +player's turn comes again he must try the feat over that he failed to +perform last. A good player will sometimes go through almost all the +twenty-four motions without failing to make a "two finger," that is, a +fair stick, each time; but it is very unusual for anyone to run the +game out in one inning. This is the game in twenty-four motions; many +boys play it double that number. + + +Outdoor Athletic Standards + +The athletic standards given below are those which most boys ought to +be able to attain. They are the result of the experience of several +physical directors who have made a special study of athletics and +physical work among boys. + +The rules governing the events are found in the official handbook of +the Athletic League of North America. These rules must be strictly +adhered to. + +EVENTS UNDER UNDER UNDER UNDER OVER + 90 LBS. 110 LBS. 125 LBS. 140 LBS. 140 LBS. + +(1) Running Broad Jump 12' 13' 14' 15' 16' +(2) Running High Jump 3' 11" 4' 1" 4' 4" 4' 7" 4' 10" +(3) Standing Broad Jump 6' 6" 7' 7' 6" 8' 8' 6" +(4) Standing High Jump 3' 2" 3' 4" 3' 6" 3' 8" 3' 10" +(5) Pull-Up (times) 5 7 9 11 13 +(6) 20-Yard Swim 20 sec. 18 sec. 16 sec. 14 sec. 12 sec. +(7) 40-Yard Swim 40 sec. 39 sec. 38 sec. 37 sec. 36 sec. +(8) 50-Yard Dash 7.8 sec. 7.4 sec. 7 sec. 6.6 sec. 6.2 sec. +(9) Eight-Potato Race 45 sec. 43 sec. 41 sec. 39 sec. 37 sec. +(10) 8 lb.-Shot Put * 25' 30' 35' 40' +(11) Push-Up from Floor * 11 13 15 17 +(12) Rope Climb * 14 sec. 12 sec. 10 sec. 8 sec. +(13) 100-Yard Dash * * 13 sec. 12.6 sec. 12.2 sec. + * Should not attempt this event + +For merit badge a boy under ninety pounds must qualify in seven of the +first nine events; a boy under one hundred and ten pounds must qualify +in ten of the first twelve events; all others must qualify in their +proper class in eleven of the thirteen events. + + +{321} + + +Notes + + +{322} + + +Notes + + +{323} + +CHAPTER IX + +PATRIOTISM AND CITIZENSHIP + +_By Waldo H. Sherman, +Author of "Civics--Studies in American Citizenship"_ + + +OUR COUNTRY + +America is the home of social, religious, and political liberty--"the +land of the free and the home of the brave." + +As a nation, we have always been rich in land, and for this reason +millions of people have sought our shores. We have come into +possession of our territory through treaty, purchase, and annexation. +In speaking of our territorial area we usually speak of the "original +territory" and "additions" to same. When we speak of "original +territory" we mean that part of the United States which was ceded to +us by Great Britain in the peace treaty of 1783, at the close of the +War of the Revolution. This territory, in brief, is described as +follows: East to the Atlantic Ocean, west to the Mississippi River, +north to the Great Lakes and Canada, and as far south as the northern +line of Florida. We sometimes hear it spoken of as the territory of +the "Thirteen Original States," meaning the states that formed the +Government of the Constitution in 1789. However if we look at the map +we shall see that the original territory includes not only the +territory of the thirteen original states, but comprises also land out +of which twelve other states have been formed. Looking at this area +to-day, however, it seems a small part of our country compared with +our present limits. + + +Additions + +_Louisiana Purchase_: What is known as the Louisiana Purchase we bought +from France in 1803. It consisted of 875,025 square miles, for which +we paid $15,000,000. It is described as follows: west of the +Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, north to Canada, and south +to the Gulf of Mexico, exclusive of Texas. This is a territory greater +than the present combined areas of Spain, Portugal, Italy, Hungary, +and the Balkan states. + +{324} + +_Florida Purchase_: In 1819, we purchased Florida from Spain at a cost +of over $5,000,000, and this single state is larger in territorial +area than the combined territory of Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, and +Switzerland. + +_Texas_: In 1845, Texas came to us by annexation, but the outcome of +this annexation later on was our war with Mexico. In territorial area +this is an empire in itself--larger than the whole German Empire. + +_Oregon Territory_: In 1846, by treaty with Great Britain, we acquired +what is known as the Oregon Territory. This includes the states of +Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. + +_Mexican Cession and Purchase from Texas_: As an outcome of the Mexican +War, we obtained from Mexico, in 1848, the territory of California, +Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and a part of New Mexico at a cost of +$15,000,000; and in 1850, we purchased from Texas the remaining part +of New Mexico and that part of Colorado not included in the Louisiana +Purchase, at a cost of $10,000,000. + +_Gadsden Purchase_: In 1853, we made what is known as the Gadsden +Purchase, acquiring thus from Mexico a needed tract of land on the +boundary between Mexico, Arizona, and New Mexico, paying for this +tract $10,000,000. + +_Alaska_: In 1867, we paid Russia $7,000,000, and added Alaska to our +possessions. This purchase is spoken of in history as "Seward's +Folly," because the transaction, made while he was secretary of state, +was not generally considered a good bargain. Nevertheless it has +proved one of our most valuable possessions. + +_Hawaii_: In 1898, we reached out into the Pacific waters and annexed +the beautiful Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands. + +_Porto Rico, Pine Islands, Guam, Philippine Islands_: In 1898, the +island of Porto Rico with an area of 3600 square miles came into our +possession as an outcome of the Spanish-American War; likewise the +Pine Islands with their 882 square miles; Guam with 175 square miles; +and the Philippine Islands with a territorial area of 143,000 square +miles. But for these latter in settlement of a number of private +claims, and to gain peaceable possession of various public lands, we +paid Spain $20,000,000. + +_Samoan Islands_: In 1899, we acquired the Samoan Islands, with an area +of 73 square miles; and, in 1901, some additional islands in the +Philippines. + +{325} + +Land Settlements + +The first permanent English settlements in America were made at +Jamestown, Va., in 1607, and at Plymouth, Mass., in 1620; and from +these two settlements we may trace in large part the growth, +character, and development of our national life. The story of the +"Pilgrim Fathers" in Massachusetts has been told for generations in +literature and in song, and can never cease to be of romantic and +thrilling interest. + +The story of the settlement and dispersal of other nationalities in +America--the Swedes in Delaware, the Dutch in New York, the Spanish +and French in Florida and along the banks of the Mississippi and Ohio +Rivers--all this is summed up in what is known as "colonial history." + +In 1763, at the close of the French and Indian wars, England had come +into possession of practically all the territory east of the +Mississippi--that territory which was ceded in 1783 as the original +territory of the United States. + +You will sometimes hear it said that thirteen is an unlucky number. +Indeed you may have known people so superstitious that they refuse to +sit down at a table when the number is thirteen. Again you may know it +to be a fact that some hotels do not have a room numbered thirteen, +and that many steamboats likewise follow the same custom in state-room +arrangement. Strange superstition for Americans! It took thirteen +states to make our Union; we have made thirteen additions to our +territory; when George Washington was inaugurated as president, a +salute of thirteen guns was fired; and, finally, the foundation of the +flag of our country bears thirteen stripes. + + +The American Revolution + +The story of the American Revolution (1775-1783)--Declaration of +Independence (1776), the adoption of the Articles of Confederation +(1781), and, finally, the making and adoption of the Constitution of +the United States in 1789--all is summed up in a period of fourteen +years, and may be told and written in the life of George Washington, +who was indeed the "Father of His Country." + +The cause of the American Revolution was England's oppression of her +American colonists; and the injustice of taxation without +representation, with other injustices, finally brought about +rebellion. The war began in Massachusetts with the battles of +Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775, and ended at Yorktown, Va., +October 19, 1781. The treaty of peace was {326} signed at Paris, +France, September 3, 1783, and November 25 of that year, known in +history as "Evacuation Day," the British took their departure down the +bay of New York harbor and America was free. + +Now do we find ourselves at the fireside of American patriotism. Here +is Washington. He is a Virginian, and the American people know him at +this time as Colonel Washington. It is the 13th day of June, 1775, and +the second Continental Congress is in session at Philadelphia. John +Adams of Massachusetts has the floor. He is to show himself at this +time the master statesman. Justly has he been called the "Colossus of +the Revolution." On his way to Independence Hall this morning he meets +his cousin, Samuel Adams, and tells him what he is going to do. "We +must," he says; "act on this matter at once. We must make Congress +declare for or against something. I'll tell you what I am going to do. +I am determined this very morning to make a direct motion that +Congress shall adopt the army before Boston, and appoint the +Virginian, Colonel Washington, commander of it." + +Adams is now stating to the Congress the gravity of the situation; he +points out the necessity of immediate action the colonies must be +united, the army must be brought together, disciplined, and trained +for service, and, under Congress, a fitting commander appointed. "Such +a gentleman," he said, "I have in mind. I mention no names, but every +gentleman here knows him at once as a brave soldier and a man of +affairs. He is a gentleman from Virginia, one of this body, and well +known to all of us. He is a gentleman of skill and excellent universal +character and would command the approbation of all the colonies better +than any other person in the Union." + +George Washington is in the hall. The eyes of all Congress have turned +toward him. He is surprised, confused, and embarrassed, leaves his +seat and hurries into the library. + +Congress spent two days considering Adams's motion, for there were +other men who had hoped for the appointment; but finally, on the 15th +of June, 1775, a ballot was taken, and Washington was unanimously +elected commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. + +On July 2, 1775, he took command of the army at Cambridge, Mass., and +March 17, 1776, the British were expelled from Boston. + +{327} + +We now come to the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. It was +written by Thomas Jefferson, at that time a young man of thirty-three. +The committee of the General Congress appointed to draft it, consisted +of the following: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, +Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. + +The strong feeling of Thomas Jefferson as he wrote the Declaration is +indicated by his statement that, "Rather than submit to the right of +legislating for us assumed by the British Parliament, I would lend my +hand to sink the whole island in the ocean." Here also we get a +glimpse of one of the most interesting and delightful characters in +the history of this period--Benjamin Franklin. History records that +while Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, a few +verbal suggestions were made by Doctor Franklin, as the following +conversation reported to have taken place between them would indicate: +"Well, Brother Jefferson," said Franklin, "is the fair copy made?" +"All ready, doctor," replied Jefferson. "Will you hear it through once +more?" "As many times as you wish," responded the smiling doctor, with +a merry twinkle in his eyes. "One can't get too much of a good thing, +you know." Jefferson then read to Franklin the Declaration of +Independence, which has been pronounced one of the world's greatest +papers. "That's good, Thomas! That's right to the point! That will +make King George wince. I wish I had done it myself." It is said +Franklin would "have put a joke into the Declaration of Independence, +if it had fallen to his lot to write that immortal document." + +The Declaration of Independence went forth to the world signed by one +man, John Hancock--which explains the expression you sometimes hear, +"Put your John Hancock there." It was, however, signed later by all +the members of that Congress--fifty-four in number. This immortal +document has been carefully preserved and the original may be seen at +Washington. + +The Declaration was a notice to Great Britain and to all the world +that the American colonists would no longer be subject to Great +Britain; that henceforth they were to be a free and independent +people, holding Great Britain as they held the rest of mankind, +"enemies in war--in peace friends." This Declaration marks the birth +of our nation. + +Our government fathers fully realized the step they were taking. They +knew it meant a final breaking with the home government of England, +but--"with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence," in +support of this {328} Declaration, they pledged to each other "their +lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor." + +Following the expulsion of the British from Boston, the battle field +of the Revolution changes to New York, moving to Harlem Heights and +White Plains; then to New Jersey; Trenton, and Princeton; then to +Pennsylvania; Brandywine, Westchester, Germantown, Valley Forge, and +on to Monmouth. + +But here let us pause. It has been a terrible winter at Valley Forge. +While the British at Philadelphia, twenty miles away, have been living +in luxury, our Washington and his men have suffered bitterly with +hunger and cold; and out of a list of eleven thousand men, three +thousand at Valley Forge lay sick at one time. But at last the spring +has come and Washington has now been nearly three years in service. +Listen! The order has gone forth! At 10:30 o'clock comes the signal, +and the firing of a cannon sees all men under arms! At 11:30 o'clock +the second signal is given and the march begins. It is May 7, 1778, +and Washington is assembling his men. Great news has come and it is +fitting to return thanks to Divine Providence--so reads his +proclamation. + +Now comes the third signal, the firing of thirteen cannon! Another +signal! and the whole army breaks into a loud huzza "Long live the +King of France!" followed by a running fire of guns. + +On this same day in the afternoon, Washington gives a banquet to his +officers, aides, and guests, to which they march arm-in-arm, thirteen +abreast. What does it mean? It means that Benjamin Franklin has been +heard from, and that an alliance with France, England's bitterest +enemy, has been made. Some day when you are in Washington, you may see +directly in front of the White House, Lafayette Park, and, knowing the +story of the Revolution, you understand why it is there. You also +understand why Washington's army on that May morning shouted, "Long +live the King of France." + +But it is not our purpose here to tell the whole story: we can only +touch the high points. Again the army moves to White Plains and on to +Middlebrook and New Windsor; and Washington spends the winter (1781) +at Morristown, N. J. The end is approaching. He joins Lafayette at +Yorktown, Va., and on October 19th, Cornwallis, the British general, +surrenders to George Washington, commander-in-chief of the American +Army. Thus the conflict begun in one English settlement is ended in +the other. Massachusetts marks the beginning and Virginia the ending +of the War of the Revolution. + +{329} + +The War of 1812-1815 + +The War of 1812 was a naval war. It was a battle for rights--the +rights of our sailors, the rights of our commerce. American ships and +cargoes were being confiscated. France and England and the Barbary +pirates were engaged in a profitable war on our commerce, and last but +not least twenty thousand American seamen had been pressed into +service and were slaves on ships that were foreign, England especially +claiming the right to search American ships and press into service all +men found on board who were English by birth, though American by +choice and adoption. + +"Once a subject always a subject," said Great Britain, but our answer +in 1812 was as it is now: any foreigner after five years' residence +within our territory, who has complied with our naturalization laws +and taken the oath of allegiance to our flag, becomes one of our +citizens as completely as if he were native born. + +This war is sometimes spoken of as a "leaderless war," but great +leaders came out of it. The names of Hull, Perry, and Lawrence are +memorable in its history; it was the war which made Andrew Jackson, +known as "Old Hickory," President of the United States in 1828. You +will read the story of his great victory in the Battle of New Orleans. + +Some day you will read the life story of David Glasgow Farragut of +whom it is said that, with the exception of Nelson, the great English +admiral, "he was as great an admiral as ever sailed the broad or +narrow seas." Although the great work of Farragut was in the Civil +War, the story of his life began in the War of 1812 when he was but +ten years old. Admiral Farragut is reported as giving this +explanation, in the late years of his life, of his success in the +service of his country + +"It was all owing to a resolution that I formed when I was ten years +old. My father was sent to New Orleans with the little navy we had, to +look after the treason of Burr. I accompanied him as cabin-boy. I had +some qualities that I thought made a man of me. I could swear like an +old salt, could drink as stiff a glass of grog as if I had doubled +Cape Horn, and could smoke like a locomotive. I was great at cards, +and was fond of gambling in every shape. At the close of dinner one +day, my father turned everybody out of the cabin, locked the door, and +said to me: + +"David, what do you mean to be?" + +"'I mean to follow the sea,' I said." + +{330} + +"'Follow the sea!' exclaimed my father; 'yes, be a poor, miserable, +drunken sailor before the mast, kicked and cuffed about the world, and +die in some fever hospital in a foreign clime?' + +"'No, father,' I replied, 'I will tread the quarter-deck, and command +as you do!' + +"'No, David; no boy ever trod the quarter-deck with such principles +as you have, and such habits as you exhibit. You will have to change +your whole course of life if you ever become a man.' + +"My father left me and went on deck. I was stunned by the rebuke, and +overwhelmed with mortification. 'A poor, miserable, drunken sailor +before the mast, kicked and cuffed about the world, and die in some +fever hospital!' That's my fate is it? I'll change my life, and I will +change it at once. I will never utter another oath, never drink +another drop of intoxicating liquor, never gamble, and as God is my +witness I have kept these three vows to this hour." + + +The Star Spangled Banner + +The sun is slowly sinking in the west. The men of the army and navy +are drawn up at attention. At every fort, army post, and navy yard, +and on every American battle-ship at home or abroad, the flag of our +country is flying at full mast. The sunset gun will soon be fired, and +night will follow the day as darkness follows the light. All is ready, +the signal is given, the men salute, and the flag to the band's +accompaniment of "The Star Spangled Banner" slowly descends for the +night to be folded and kept for the morning's hoisting. + + "And the Star Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave + While the land of the free is the home of the brave." + +In the cemetery of Mt. Olivet, near Frederick, Md., there is a spot +where the flag of our country is never lowered. It is keeping watch by +night as by day over the grave of Francis Scott Key, author of "The +Star Spangled Banner." He was born in Frederick County, Md., August 1, +1779, and died in Baltimore, January 11, 1843. + +The Congress of the United States has never formally adopted "The Star +Spangled Banner" as a national anthem, but it has become such through +the recognition {331} given to it by the army and navy. It is played +on all state occasions at home or abroad and is the response of our +bands at all international gatherings. In the theatre, at a public +meeting, or at a banquet--whenever it is played, the people rise and +remain standing to the end as a tribute to the flag of our country. + +The poem itself is descriptive of what the author saw and felt on the +night of September 13, 1814, as he watched the bombardment of Fort +McHenry by the British during the War of 1812. The city of Washington +had been sacked, bombarded, and burned by the British, and now in +their march of destruction, they were bombarding the fort to gain +entrance to Baltimore's harbor, in which city they had purposed to +spend the winter. We can well imagine the joy of Key's heart, the son +of a Revolutionary patriot, held in custody on a British battle-ship, +to see in the morning "that our flag was still there," and to know, +therefore, that there was still hope for our country. + + "Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, + And this be our motto, 'In God is our Trust'." + + +The Birth of New States + +The history of the fifty-six years between 1789 and 1845 is marked by +the development of new states formed out of the territorial settlement +of the wilderness. The people of our country have always been +pioneering, going ahead of civilization, so to speak, but always +taking it with them. Scouts they have been in every sense of the word. +Following the rivers, clearing the forests, fording the streams, +braving the dangers, living the wild life--brave men and women! + +The first state to come into the Union of the thirteen original states +was Vermont, the "Green Mountain" state (1791); next came Kentucky +(1792), the "Blue Grass" state, the home of Daniel Boone, the great +hunter and pioneer. Four years later, (1796) came Tennessee, the +"Volunteer" state, receiving this name because of its large number of +volunteer soldiers for the Seminole war and the War of 1812; next +comes Ohio (1803), the "Buckeye," so called because of the large +number of buckeye trees, the nut of which bears some resemblance to a +buck's eye. This is the first state to be formed out of the public +domain, known at this time as the "Northwest Territory." The land +ordinance bill of 1785 and the homestead act of 1862 {332} relate to +the development and settlement of the public domain, the first being a +plan of survey applied to all public lands owned by the United States +government; the other being a law by which the possession of these +lands was made possible to settlers. + +Following Ohio into the Union came Louisiana (1812), the "Creole" +state whose people were descendants of the original French and Spanish +settlers. This was the first state to be formed west of the +Mississippi, and New Orleans, its chief city, known as the "Crescent +City," is one of the oldest in our country and full of historic +interest. + +After the War of 1812 the new states began to come in rapidly. The +admission of Indiana (1816), "The Hoosier"; Mississippi (1817), the +"Bayou"; Illinois, the "Prairie" (1818); Alabama (1819), the "Cotton," +show that the pioneer settlements of our people had been closing in +along the banks of the Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers. + +We now go back to the far East, for the state of Maine, our "Pine +Tree" state, has now been developed, and its admission (1820) +completes the coast line of states as far south as Georgia. The next +state admitted is Missouri (1821), the "Iron," followed by Arkansas, +the "Bear" (1836), to be followed in turn by Michigan (1836), the +"Lake" or "Wolverine" state, the thirteenth state to be admitted; and +the stars in our flag are now doubled. + +The first census of the United States was taken in 1790, and the +Constitution provided that it must be taken every ten years +thereafter. In that year, the order of states in rank of population +was as follows: Virginia first, Pennsylvania second, North Carolina +third, Massachusetts fourth, and New York fifth. + +The census of 1820 makes a decided change, we find, in the order of +population, and New York comes first, Virginia second, Pennsylvania +third, North Carolina fourth, Ohio fifth, Kentucky sixth, and +Massachusetts seventh. + +The states of Florida and Texas came into the Union in the same +year--the one March 3 and the other December 29, 1845; and thereby +hangs a tale. It had been claimed by our government that Texas was +included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803; but the Mexicans claimed +it also, and, in 1819, in order to close the deal for the purchase of +Florida, our government was obliged to relinquish its claim to Texas. +At this time the possession of Florida was more desirable and +necessary to the peace of our country than the {333} possession of +Texas; it was under Spanish rule, overrun with outlaws and a most +undesirable neighbor, besides being very necessary to the rounding out +of our coast territory. + + +The Mexican War + +The annexation and admission of Texas into the Union in 1845 came +about through the pioneering and settlement of our people in her +territory; where at first welcomed and encouraged by the Mexicans, +they were later deluged in blood. The spirit of Americanism grew +rampant under the barbaric and military despotism of the Mexican +government, and in 1835 there was an uprising of the settlers led by a +pioneer, an ex-governor of Tennessee, Gen. Samuel Houston, the man +for whom the city of Houston, Texas, was named. At this time there +were about ten thousand Americans in Texas, and on March 2, 1836, +through their representatives in convention assembled, these Americans +in true Revolutionary spirit declared Texas an independent republic. +The Mexican government tried to put down this rebellion, but met with +a crushing defeat, and Texas, the "Lone Star" state, remained an +independent republic up to the time of her annexation and admission as +a state of the Union. + +The cause of the war with Mexico, then, was her resentment because +Texas began to move for annexation to the United States. The fact that +Texas had been for many years an independent republic and been so +recognized by the United States, Great Britain, France, and some +smaller countries, gave Texas the right on her part to ask for +annexation, and the United States the right to annex her. But in order +to bring Texas into the Union and save her people from the Mexicans, +the United States was obliged to declare war against Mexico. This she +did May 13, 1845, although Texas was not admitted as a state until +December 29th of that year. The war lasted nearly three years, peace +being declared February 2, 1848. As an outcome of the war the peaceful +possession of Texas was secured, and also possession of the territory +of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and a part of Colorado and New +Mexico, for which territory, however, our government in final +settlement paid Mexico, $15,000,000. + + +New States--1845-1861 + +During the Mexican War, Iowa (1846), the "Hawkeye" state, came into +the Union, followed by the state of Wisconsin (1848), {334} the +"Badger." Next comes the story of the "Forty-niners," and California +(1850), the "Golden State," enters the Union; and then comes Minnesota +(1858), the "North Star" State, and the Great Lakes are walled in, +this state completing the circuit. Oregon, (1859), the "Beaver" +follows, then the "Garden of the West," Kansas (1861), and the Civil +War is upon us. Of course, we do not mean to say that Kansas was the +cause of the Civil War, although it had much to do with it. + + +The Civil War--1861-1865 + +The Civil War was a war between states, in the government of the +United States between states that were slave and states that were +free. + +The rights of property ownership are involved in state rights, and +slaves held as property in slave-holding states were not recognized as +such in states that were free. Therefore, the principle of slavery +became involved not alone in the individual ownership of slaves, but +also in the rights of a state, and the relationship of states to each +other in the government of the United States. + +At the close of the Revolutionary War, one of the first things to be +settled was the boundaries as between states of the land comprising +the thirteen original states; and as an outcome of this settlement, +there came into possession of the United States all of that territory +ceded by Great Britain in 1783, which was not included in the +boundaries of those states. This territory, in brief, may be described +as the territory east of the Mississippi, and north and south of the +Ohio River; and out of this territory and that west of the Mississippi +added later (1803) through the Louisiana Purchase, most of the new +states were formed that came into the Union before the Civil War. And +this was the beginning of what is known as the "public domain"--that +is, land owned by the Federal Government. + +In 1785, Congress passed a law which has become general in its +application to all public lands of the United States. It is a law for +the uniform survey of public lands into townships six miles square, +subdivided into sections containing 640 acres, and quarter sections +containing 160 acres. The purpose of the government in making this +survey was to make public lands in the territories of the government +easy of settlement, and as the townships became settled, to develop in +them the local township form of government. + +{335} + +The territory north of the Ohio River was designated the "Northwest +Territory." As soon as the public lands in this territory were thrown +open to settlers, they began to pour in. Indeed, in many instances, +they went ahead of the survey. + +The next step taken by Congress was to pass a law, in 1787, for the +government and protection of those settlers in this Northwest +Territory, and in this law Congress made provision that slavery should +be prohibited. Therefore, states formed in this territory had to come +into the Union as free states. This was a restriction of slavery, +however, which did not apply to the territory south of the Ohio, nor +west of the Mississippi; so that when a new state came into the Union, +formed out of either one of these territories, it became a great +political factor in our government either for or against slavery. + +In the passing of the years, many changes were taking place in our +government, but there came a time when the people began to realize +that slavery was spreading and that our government was politically +divided between states that were slave and states that were free--or, +in other words, that in the principle of slavery the peace and +preservation of the Union were involved. + +And thus it happened that the slave-holding states, not being able to +live at peace in the Union, decided to go out of it, and live by +themselves. The right of a state to leave the Union was called "the +right of secession"--a right which the North held did not exist under +the Constitution. + +Nevertheless, one by one, under the leadership of South Carolina, +December 20, 1860, the slave-holding states announced their secession, +either by act of state legislature or in convention assembled; and on +February 4, 1861, there had been formed in our government a Southern +confederacy. At this time the whole number of states in the Union was +thirty-two, and of this number eleven entered the Southern +confederacy. + +The first shot was fired by the Southern confederacy on April 12, +1861, against Fort Sumter, a fortification of the Federal Government +over which floated the stars and stripes. The war lasted four years, +ending on April 9, 1865, when Robert E. Lee, commander-in-chief of the +army of the Southern confederacy, surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant, +commander-in-chief of the Federal army. + + +Abraham Lincoln + +The central figure in the Civil War is Abraham Lincoln--in heart, +brain, and character, not only one of our greatest Americans, but one +of the world's greatest men. + +{336} + +Lincoln was born February 12, 1809, in Hardin County, Kentucky. His +parents had come to this then pioneer state from Virginia, and his +grandfather, whose Christian name he bore, moved there as early as +1781, where, a few years later, he was killed by the Indians while +trying to make a home in the forest. When Lincoln was eight years old, +his people moved to the new state of Indiana about the time it came +into the Union, and there he lived until he was twenty-one, when he +went to Illinois, from which state, eventually, he was elected +President. + +In 1859, when he was beginning to gain some recognition as a national +figure, he was asked to write a little sketch of his life, and in the +letter enclosing it he said: "There is not much of it, for the reason, +I suppose, there is not much of me." In this sketch, which is indeed +brief, he tells us he was raised to farm work until he was twenty-two; +that up to that time he had had little education; and when he became +of age he did not know much beyond reading, writing, and ciphering to +the "rule of three." He clerked for one year in a store and was +elected and served as captain of the volunteers in the Black Hawk War; +later on he ran for the state legislature (1832) and was defeated, +though successful in the three succeeding elections. While in the +state legislature, he studied law and later went to Springfield to +practise it. The only other public office he makes note of is his +election to the lower house of Congress for one term (1846). He +returned to Springfield and took up more earnestly the study and +practice of law; he entered with spirit into the political campaigns, +and constantly was growing in public esteem. His public debates with +Douglas (1858) made him a familiar figure throughout the state of +Illinois, and his profound knowledge and masterful handling of +questions debated, his convincing and unanswerable arguments, his +clear grasp of the political situation, began to gain the attention of +Eastern politicians, convincing them and the country at large that +they had a mighty force to reckon with in the prairie state of +Illinois. + +Although he lost the election to the United States Senate, and Douglas +won, the campaign had pushed him to the front as a national figure, +and paved the way for his presidential nomination. + +In 1860, at the Republican convention assembled in Chicago, Abraham +Lincoln was nominated for President. In November he was elected and +March 4, 1861, he was inaugurated. His address at this time was an +earnest plea for peace and friendship {337} between the North and the +South: "We are not enemies but friends. We must not be enemies. Though +passion may have strained, it must not break our bond of affection." + +But the war tide was rising and could not be stemmed; four years of +bitter conflict ensued. Lincoln's emancipation of the slaves was made +only after he had convinced himself it could not be longer deferred +and preserve the Union. "My paramount duty," he said, "is to save the +Union, and not either to destroy or save slavery. What I do about +slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save +the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it +would save the Union." His Emancipation Proclamation, officially +freeing the slaves, was finally issued in September, 1862, to take +effect Jan, 1st of the following year. + +Lincoln was elected to the Presidency for the second term and +inaugurated March 4, 1865, while the war was still on. His second +inaugural address closes with these words with which every boy should +be familiar, voicing as they do the exalted spirit of a great and good +man: + + With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the + right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish + the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him + who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and for his + orphan; to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting + peace among ourselves, and with all nations. + +The war ended on April 9th of this same year, and on April 14th, the +President, weary with the cares of state, but with the burden of the +war clouds lifted, had gone to Ford's Theatre in Washington for an +evening's entertainment and pleasure, accompanied by Mrs. Lincoln. The +box which the President occupied had been most elaborately decorated +with the flag of the country. His coming had been heralded abroad and +the audience that had assembled in his honor was large, brilliant, and +joyously happy over the assured preservation of the Union. In the +midst of the play, the assassin, J. Wilkes Booth, entered the box and +fired the fatal shot. The body of the bleeding President was taken to +a house across the street where the next morning at 7:20 o'clock he +died. Thus the emancipator of the slave, the friend of the whole +people and the savior of our country died, a martyr to the cause of +freedom. + +Washington has been called "the aristocrat," and Lincoln "the man of +the people." The one had culture, wealth, and social position; the +other lacked all of these in his early years. Lincoln's early life was +cradled in the woods, and all of life out of doors had been his in the +new and pioneer states of the {338} wilderness. He grew up not knowing +many people, but somehow in his up-coming there was developed in his +life a great heart full of tenderness and kindly feeling. Doubtless it +was the very hardships of life that made him what he was. At any rate, +he was one of the greatest and noblest figures in all history. He was +called "Honest Abe" by those who knew him because always, even in +little things, he wanted to see perfect justice done; and thus it was, +when he came to things of large importance, that the man was only a +boy grown tall, not only in stature but in the things that make for +righteousness in a nation. + + +The Spanish-American War--1889 + +The war with Spain was not of this country's seeking. The island of +Cuba, whose distress had aroused the sympathy of the whole world, was +our near neighbor, and to sit idly by and witness the inhuman +treatment practised by the Spanish soldiery upon the helpless +islanders would hardly be a part creditable to any people. It was not +our intention at first to do other than to relieve the suffering and +distress of Cuba, near at hand, and this we tried to do peaceably in +the supplying of food and other necessities of life. + +As the next step, the United States sent a remonstrance to Spain +telling her she should send a more humane governor to the island. But +as matters grew worse instead of better, even under a change of +governors, the sympathy of the United States became daily more deeply +enlisted in the freedom of the Cubans. + +The battleship Maine was sent to Havana Harbor to protect, if need be, +the Americans and American interests in Cuba. On the night of February +15th, 1898, an explosion occurred, sinking the ship almost +immediately. + +With the destruction of the Maine--whether by accident or intent--with +the appalling loss of two hundred and fifty-six men, including two +officers, relations with Spain became more and more strained, until +war seemed inevitable. On April 11, 1898, President McKinley in a +special message to Congress, said: "In the name of humanity and +civilization, the war in Cuba must stop." + +War indeed was formally declared April 25th, and in the brief space of +one hundred and fourteen days history had added to its annals: the +blockading of Cuban ports whereby the Spanish fleet was trapped; the +invasion and siege of the island by United States regulars, +volunteers, and rough riders; the {339} destruction of the Pacific +Spanish fleet in Manila Bay by Admiral Dewey; and, finally, the +destruction of the remainder of the Spanish fleet under command of +Admiral Cervera, Sunday morning, July 3d. The final outcome of this +war was the freedom of Cuba and the possession by the United States of +Porto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands. + + +Peace + +There is no country in the world less warlike than ours, and no +country in the world that more potently argues for universal peace. We +have never departed from the spirit of our Declaration of +Independence, "that all men are created equal; that they are endowed +by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are +life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." We put it into our +Constitution when we said, "in order to form a more perfect union, +establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the +common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings +of liberty to ourselves and our posterity" we "do ordain and establish +this Constitution for the United States of America." Such has been, +then, and always must be, our programme--the chart and compass of all +our ways. + + +The American Flag + +"_A star for every state and a state for every star_." + +The flag of one's country is its dearest possession--emblem of home, +and country, and native land. This is what one thinks and feels when +he sees the flag, and this is what it means. Our flag is the emblem of +liberty--the emblem of hope--the emblem of peace and good-will toward +men. + +There is a story, quite generally believed, that the first flag was +planned and made in 1776 by Betsy Ross, who kept an upholstery shop on +Arch Street, Philadelphia, and that this, a year later, was adopted by +Congress. The special committee appointed to design a national flag +consisted of George Washington, Robert Morris, and Col. George Ross, +uncle of the late husband of Betsy Ross. The star that the committee +decided upon had six points, but Mrs. Ross advised the five-pointed +star, which has ever since been used in the United States flag. The +flag thus designed was colored by a local artist, and from this +colored copy Betsy Ross made the first American flag. + +When Washington was in command at Cambridge, in January, 1776, the +flag used by him consisted of a banner of {340} thirteen red and white +stripes with the British Union Jack in the upper left-hand comer. + +The Betsy Ross house has been purchased by the American Flag House and +Betsy Ross Memorial Association, and is pointed out as one of the +interesting historical places in Philadelphia. + +The official history of our flag begins on June 14, 1777, when the +American Congress adopted the following resolution proposed by John +Adams: + + Resolved: That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen + stripes, alternate red and white: that the Union be thirteen stars, + white on a blue field, representing a new constellation. + +"We take," said Washington, "the star from Heaven, the red from our +mother country, separating it by white stripes, thus showing that we +have separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to +posterity representing liberty." + +In designing the flag there was much discussion as to the arrangement +of the stars in the field of blue. It was thought at one time that a +new stripe as well as a new star should be added for each new state +admitted to the Union. Indeed, in 1794, Congress passed an act to the +effect that on and after May 1, 1795, "the flag of the United States be +fifteen stripes, alternate red and white; and that the union be +fifteen stars, white in a field of blue." These additional stars and +stripes were for the states of Vermont and Kentucky. + +The impracticability of adding a stripe for each state was apparent as +other states began to be admitted. Moreover, the flag of fifteen +stripes, it was thought, did not properly represent the Union; +therefore, on April 14, 1818, after a period of twenty-one years in +which the flag of fifteen stripes had been used, Congress passed an +act which finally fixed the general flag of our country, which reads +as follows: + + An Act to Establish the Flag of the United States. + + Sec. 1. Be it enacted, etc.. That from and after the fourth day of + July next, the flag of the United States be thirteen horizontal + stripes, alternate red and white; that the union have twenty stars, + white in a blue field. + + Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, that, on the admission of every new + state into the union, one star be added to the union of the flag; + and that such addition shall take effect on the fourth day of July + succeeding such admission. + + +341 Patriotism and Citizenship + + +Flag Day + +June 14th, the anniversary of the adoption of the flag, is celebrated +as flag day in many of our states. + +{341} + +In order to show proper respect for the flag, the following rules +should be observed: + + It should not be hoisted before sunrise nor allowed to remain up + after sunset. + + At "retreat," sunset, civilian spectators should stand at attention + and give the military salute. + + When the national colors are passing on parade or review, the + spectators should, if walking, halt, and if sitting, rise and stand + at attention and uncover. + + When the flag is flown at half staff as a sign of mourning it should + be hoisted to full staff at the conclusion of the funeral. In + placing the flag at half mast, it should first be hoisted to the top + of the staff and then lowered to position, and preliminary to + lowering from half staff it should first be raised to top. + + On Memorial Day, May 30th, the flag should fly at half mast from + sunrise until noon, and full staff from noon to sunset. + + (Taken from the "Sons of the Revolution," state of New York.) + + +The Scout's Pledge to the Flag + +"I pledge allegiance to my flag and to the republic for which it +stands; one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." + + +Congress + +The Congress of the United States is its law-making body, and is +composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. Senators are +elected for six years, two from each state; representatives for two +years, each state being represented in proportion to its population. +The Vice-president of the United States is the president of the +Senate, and the presiding officer of the House of Representatives is +chosen by the members from their number; he is called the speaker. The +salary of the senators and representatives is $7,500 a year and 20 +cents per mile is allowed for traveling to and from Washington. The +speaker's salary is $12,000 a year. + + +The President + +The President is elected for a term of four years. He lives during his +term of office at the White House, where presidential receptions and +social affairs of state are held. The President's offices are +connected with the White House. Here he receives his callers and here +the meetings of his Cabinet are held. The salary of the President is +$75,000, a year. + + +The Cabinet + +The members of the Cabinet are the officers and heads of the several +departments of the administrative government. {342} They are appointed +by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The +members of the Cabinet are as follows: secretary of state, secretary +of the treasury, secretary of war, attorney general, postmaster +general, secretary of the navy, secretary of the interior, secretary +of agriculture, secretary of commerce and labor. The members of the +Cabinet are such men as the President believes are qualified to serve +during his administration of office, and are usually members of the +same political party as the President. + + +United States Courts + +The Supreme Court of the United States is at Washington, D. C., but +there are other courts of the United States held in the several +states, called district courts. + + +Washington, D. C. + +The capitol at Washington is the home of Congress, and the Supreme +Court. The Library of Congress, the Treasury, Army and Navy, Pension, +Post-office, and many other buildings of public character are located +in Washington. These during certain hours are open to visitors. + + +The Army + +The President, in accordance with the Constitution, is +commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States and of +the militia of the several states when called to the actual service of +the United States. The law provides that the total strength of the +army shall not exceed at any one time 100,000. As now organized (1910) +the total strength of the staff and line is 76,911 not including the +provisional force and the hospital corps. These figures include the +Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry, the Service School Detachments, the +Military Academy (officers, soldiers and cadets), the Indian Scouts, +52,000 native scouts in the Philippine Islands, 193 First Lieutenants +of the Medical Reserve Corps on active duty, and 11,777 recruits, etc. +They do not include the veterinary surgeons, the officers of the +Medical Reserve Corps not on active duty, nor the retired officers and +enlisted men of the army. The appropriation for the maintenance of the +army for the year 1909-10 was $100,330,181. + + +Militia + +The law of our country states that in time of war every able-bodied +male citizen, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five, {343} shall +be counted a member of the state militia. The state militia is divided +into two classes: one, the organized, known as the national guard; and +the other the unorganized, known as the reserve militia. + +The membership of the national guard is voluntary. One may join or +not, as he chooses, except that in some states the law requires that +students at the state university shall receive military training for +at least a part of their university course, and during that time they +are accounted a part of the national guard of the State. The governor +of each state holds the same relationship to the state militia as the +President to the army and navy: he is commander-in-chief. + + +Military Academy + +The United States Military Academy is at West Point, N. Y., on the +Hudson River. The number of students is limited to 533, and +appointments to the academy are made in accordance with the rule which +permits each United States senator and each congressman to have one +representative, and also gives the President the right to make forty +appointments at large. Candidates for appointment must be between the +ages of seventeen and twenty-two; must pass the required physical +examination; also an examination in English grammar, composition and +literature, algebra and geometry, geography and history. The course of +instruction is four years; the discipline very strict. Only one leave +of absence is granted during the entire four years, and this comes at +the close of the second year. The pay is $709.50 per year, and on +graduation a cadet is commissioned a second lieutenant. To receive an +appointment to West Point, one must apply to his United States senator +or to a congressman in the state in which he lives, or to the +President. + + +The Navy + +The enlisted strength of the navy, as in the army, is limited. The law +allows 47,500 men and apprenticed seamen. The number of officers and +enlisted men at the present time is 46,898, and the annual expenditure +for the support of the navy at this date (1911) is about $130,000,000. + + +Naval Enlistment + +The enlistment of men in the United States navy, as in the army, is +voluntary. The term is four years. To be eligible for enlistment one +must be between the ages of eighteen and {344} twenty-two. He must be +of good moral character, must pass the physical examination, must be +able to write English, and take the oath of allegiance. + + +Naval Militia + +In the District of Columbia and in twenty of the states we have what +is known as the naval militia. The assistant secretary of the navy +stands in a special relation to the naval militia through the governor +and the adjutant-general of the several states. The naval militia +holds the same relationship to the navy that the national guard does +to the United States army. + + +Naval Academy + +The United States Naval Academy is at Annapolis, Md. The students are +called midshipmen, and candidates for appointment must be between the +ages of sixteen and twenty. The appointment of candidates is made as +at West Point--through senators and congressmen and the President, the +only difference being in the number of appointments that may be made: +each senator and representative may be represented by two midshipmen +at Annapolis, while at West Point he is represented by but one cadet. +The President has the appointment of seven men to the Naval +Academy--two from the District of Columbia and five from the United +States at large. He may also appoint one from Porto Rico, who must be +a native. The midshipmen's course is six years--four at Annapolis, and +two at sea. The pay is $600 per year. + + +Civil Service + +In the administration of the government of the United States, +thousands of men and women are employed in the various offices at +Washington, and are sometimes termed the great "peace army." + +In one period of our country's history, it was believed that each +President, when he came into office, had the right to turn out of +office every person employed by the government in any of its civil +departments, should it please him to do so, and to put into office his +own friends or the friends of his party. This right was claimed on the +ground that "to the victor belong the spoils"--a theory of government +administration that has been severely dealt with and reformed through +what is known as the "Civil Service Act." The Civil Service Act was +passed {345} by Congress January 16, 1883, and by this act a civil +service commission was brought into existence. The three members of +this commission are appointed by the President with consent of the +Senate, not more than two of whom may be members of the same party. +Thus, by this civil service act, positions in the government service +are now obtained for the most part through competitive examinations, +and such positions are not affected in any way by the incoming of a +new President or the appointment of a new head of a department. + +In some states and in most of the large cities civil service +appointments are now made through competitive examinations. Anyone +interested in learning what positions may be secured in the service of +the government, may apply to the Civil Service Commission at +Washington, D. C., or make inquiry at the local post-office. + + +Foreign Service + +The foreign service of our government is carried on through the +diplomatic corps and the consular service. In the diplomatic corps, we +have ambassadors, envoys, ministers, diplomatic agents, and +secretaries; in the consular service, consuls general, consuls, and +consular agents. + +Our diplomatic representatives abroad look after our interests as a +nation in the family of nations. They represent us socially as well as +politically in the great foreign capitals of the world. They are +received as our representatives of state, and it is their duty to +sustain and promote good-will and friendly feeling between us and +other nations. The consular service is more directly responsible for +our trade relationships in the great centres of the world. Through our +foreign service, also, Americans abroad, whether as tourists, or +residents, are protected in person and in property interests. +Appointments to the foreign service are made by the President with the +advice of the Senate. + +As we send our representatives abroad, so the countries to which our +representatives go in turn send their representatives to us. In the +city of Washington, one may see representatives of all the principal +nations of the earth living there as ambassadors, for the purpose of +promoting friendly commercial and political relationships. The +secretary of state is the representative of our government through +whose office the great work of the foreign service is directly carried +on, and upon him devolves therefore the great affairs of state +relationships with other countries. When our independence as a nation +was declared in 1776, it {346} was important to gain as quickly as +possible from other nations a recognition of our independence and of +our entrance into the family of nations. France was the first to give +us recognition, and the first to enter into a treaty relationship. +Some of the most thrilling and interesting stories of our national +life are to be found in the adventurous determination of our +representatives to gain the recognition of our independence as a +nation from the great powers of the earth. The name of Benjamin +Franklin, sent to the court of France, stands at the head of our +diplomatic service; and we may read with interest of the first +appearance of our diplomatic representative, John Adams, at the court +of Great Britain. When we speak of court in this sense, we mean, of +course, the king's court--the place of meeting--usually the throne +room. In our country, foreign representatives are received by the +President at the White House, or by the secretary of state in his +office apartments. Some foreign countries have built for their +representatives in Washington palatial and beautiful residences, over +which floats the flag of the country to which the palace or residence +belongs. Our own country has already begun to make this residential +provision for her representatives abroad, and in time will undoubtedly +own residences in all of the principal foreign capitals. + + +State Government + +The states of the United States are not all alike either in +constitution or government, although there is a likeness at many +points. For instance, each state has about the same officers, a +governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, +adjutant general, superintendent of schools, etc. + +Each state has its own state legislature: a senate to which state +senators are elected, and a house of representatives sometimes called +the assembly, to which state representatives or assemblymen are +elected. Each state legislature makes laws only for its own state; +therefore not all state laws are alike. Indeed, there is a great deal +of individuality to each state, and rightly so. As each person has his +own individuality, and as each family has its own characteristics, so +each state has an individuality and characteristics peculiar to +itself. The history of each state reveals its character, so also the +climate, the hills, the valleys, the mountains, the plains, the lakes, +the rivers, the harbors, the schools, the colleges, the towns, the +villages, and the cities within its borders, all help in forming the +character of a state. + +{347} + +Towns, Villages, and Cities + +The government of the town, or the village, or the city is called +local government. It is government close at hand--home government. And +out of the home government of each town, village, and city in a state +must come, by the votes of the people at the ballot-box, the men whom +they choose as their representatives, in the government of the state +and the nation--for the people rule through representatives of their +own choosing. + + +Politics + +In every presidential election, the people, through the rule of the +majority, as determined by the Constitution, elect their chief +magistrate, the President, who becomes the "first citizen" of the +nation and is entitled "Mr. President." The people of a state by the +same rule elect their chief magistrate and entitle him "His +Excellency, the Governor"; he is the state's chief or leading citizen. +The people of the city by the same rule elect their chief magistrate +and entitle him "His Honor, the Mayor," the city's leading citizen. +The people of the town, in the New England States, elect their chief +officers three to five men--and entitle them the "Selectmen"; although +in towns of the middle and western states, they are called +"Supervisors." + +So, likewise, the people in town, village, and city by the same "rule +of the majority" elect aldermen, councilmen, state senators, +representatives or assemblymen, and congressmen. + +And the state legislatures in turn elect, according to the +Constitution of the United States, the state's United States senators, +two in number. Thus, by the rule of the majority, are all officers of +town, village, and city, county and state elected, except such few as +are appointed by law to offices by superior officers, heads of +departments, bureaus, or districts of supervision or administration. + + +Property + +The ownership of property, both real and personal, and the protection +of that ownership, is made possible in the organization of +society--termed the government--and in the power of that government to +make and enforce its laws. Real property is the kind of property which +pertains to land, the ownership of which is transferred from one +person to another, either by a deed recorded in the office of the +register of deeds in the county court house, or else transferred by +descent, or by will through the {348} administration of the county +court, usually called the probate court. This latter proceeding is in +the case of the owner's death when his property is divided by the +court and distributed to the heirs--the family or other relatives +according to his will; or in case no will is left the law provides for +the manner of its distribution. + + +The Register of Deeds: County Court House + +The record title, therefore, of all real property is to be found in +the office of the register of deeds in the county court house. It +makes no difference what kind of real property it is, acre property or +city property, here the title of ownership is always to be found, the +books of record being always open to the public. Thus when one buys a +piece of real property, a home for instance, he should receive from +the owner a deed and an abstract of title, which is a paper showing +the title as it appears on the records, and this title when not +vouched for as perfect by an abstract title company, should be passed +upon by a lawyer in order that any flaw or defect therein may be made +right before the deed is passed from one owner to another. In some +states, however, the law does not require the owner to furnish an +abstract. When the title is proved or pronounced good, the deed should +at once be placed on record. + + +Personal Property + +Personal property is that form of property which in general terms is +stated as movable, such as animals, furniture, clothing, tools, +implements, money, stocks, bonds, mortgages, etc., the transfer of +which from one owner to another is not as a rule a matter of public +record, although in the case of a bill of sale--sometimes made of some +forms of personal property--the county record may give evidence +thereof. Therefore it is, that in the matter of taxation, the tax +record or assessment comes under two general heads--a tax on real +property and a tax on personal property. + + +Property and Government + +It is desirable to be a property owner so long as the government under +which one lives protects one in his property ownership. The government +must do two things: it must protect the person and his personal rights +as a citizen, and it must also protect property and the rights of +property ownership from enemies within, as from without. In order that +this may {349} be done and done in all fairness and justice, we elect +some citizens to make laws and term them legislators. We elect others +to enforce or administer the laws, and term them executives--the +President, the governor, and the mayor coming under this head. We +elect other citizens to enforce and interpret the laws, and we term +them judges and officers of the court. In fact, it is a principle in +our government that no man or set of men shall have authority in all +departments of government, legislative, executive, and judicial. You +will see that the Constitution of the United States is divided into +these three departments of government, and the state constitutions and +city charters are, as a rule, likewise divided. + +You will understand that any property you may obtain will be valuable +to you only in proportion as you are protected in your rights of +ownership by the government, and that the government not only protects +your property, it also protects your life and its interest as well as +the life and interests of all other citizens. + +The building and maintenance of schools and colleges, libraries, art +and natural history museums, parks, playgrounds, hospitals, etc., are +carried on at the expense of the government by means of taxation, +inasmuch as these things are in the interests of mankind and for its +upbuilding. In the city the protection of life and property is found +in one or the other of these different departments: police, fire, +health, street cleaning, parks, water supply, etc.; and every good +citizen should lend his hand to help in every way possible the +enforcement of law in each department. + + +Citizenship + +In any form of government, problems are continually arising as to the +rights of property and the rights of persons, and it is well for us to +remember this distinction: that the end of society (and by that term +we mean government) is not the protection of property, but rather the +upbuilding of mankind. If we bear this in mind and act upon it as a +principle in life, we shall find ourselves standing and voting on the +right side of public questions. We shall also be able to mark the man +in private or public life who shows by his talk or his actions that he +thinks more of property rights than he does of the rights of +individuals. Any business that does not benefit society, but on the +other hand degrades it, whether run by an individual or individuals in +a firm, company, or corporation, is a business that ought by the law +to be put out of existence. This is why {350} the business of +gambling, for instance, is made unlawful; also why the government had +the right to make lotteries unlawful; also why some states (for +instance New York) have passed laws making book-making at race tracks +unlawful. For all of these things degrade and do not upbuild mankind. +It is for every one then, to apply this principle to the town, village +or city in which he lives, and determine just what stand he will take +as to endorsing and protecting such business interests in his +community. One is likely to find in any community men who seem to care +nothing for any interests other than their own. They stand for +property rights because it is for their interest to do so; but for the +rights of mankind, the rights of society, apparently they care +nothing. Here is the distinction then between the good citizen, and +the bad citizen, the desirable and "the undesirable" citizen. + + +Practical Citizenship + +In nearly every town, village, and city of any size or importance, +there is at least one individual, and usually groups of individuals, +working for the "betterment of society." They are people who take an +interest in the people about them and do what they can to improve the +conditions of life in the community. If one were to take a survey of +the whole country and make a study of the social workers--the men and +the women who give freely of their time and of their money to make the +world a better and happier place to live in--he would come to see that +such service is a kind of service that grows out of the heart, and is +the fruit of the kindly spirit which prompts the "good turn daily." + +In doing the "good turn daily," then, one has abundant opportunity to +do his part toward the social betterment of the community in which he +lives. There are so many ways that one hardly knows what to write down +as the most important, because all are important. It is not alone in +big things, but in the little things as well, that the really great +work is done. + +The community--the town, the village, or the city in which one +lives--has many problems to solve. The streets in the community are +always interesting and one can do much in the streets to help keep +them clean, attractive, and pleasing, as well as safe for the people +and horses passing through. In a city where there is a large +population the lives of the people are in greater danger at all times +than in the country, and that is the reason why the city has to be so +organized in its government that it can make special laws, or +ordinances as they are {351} called, for its own special protection against +the dangers of city life. The policemen of a city, wherever stationed +in the daytime or in the night time, are there to protect the lives +and property of individuals, at street crossings, at public buildings, +at theatres, in the parks, and on playgrounds; and it is the privilege +as well as the duty of all citizens to help them in every way possible +to do their work well. In the "good turn daily," one may be able to +help in more ways than one if he is on the lookout. + +"A scout's honor is to be trusted" to obey the laws and to see that +they are not disobeyed by others. "A scout's duty is to be useful and +to help others. He must be prepared at any time to save life or to +help injured persons." There are often accidents in the streets--many +avoidable ones--due simply to carelessness. For instance, some boys +were careless and threw broken glass bottles into the street, and a +passing automobile came to a standstill because of a punctured tire. +The man who owned the automobile and was driving it got out and called +one of the boys on the street to come over to him. He did not call +this particular boy because he thought he had thrown the glass, but +because he thought he was a boy who would appreciate what he wanted to +say to him. He told the boy that he had just had a new tire put on his +machine and appealed to him as to whether or not he thought he had +been treated right through the carelessness of the one who threw that +glass into the street. The boy said no, he didn't think he had been, +and, after a little more talk, added that he would do all in his power +in that neighborhood to see that such things were kept out of the +street in the future. That boy was in line for the making of a +first-class scout, and the man to whom he had been talking, being a +good scout commissioner, had won the boy, because instead of being +angry, he had been kind, courteous, and friendly--all qualifications +of a good scout. + +"A scout is a friend to animals." "Yes," said a stable keeper, "I have +two good horses laid up, each injured by stepping on a nail in a board +in the street. You know people are awfully careless about such +things." There are some people who never go out of their way to do +helpful things, just as some people never go out of their way to know +people, and for that reason are often alone and lonesome. It is the +little things that count, just such little things as picking up from +the street a board with a nail in it, and putting it aside--even that +is a good turn. + +Lincoln once said in speaking of a man whom he thought lacking in +sympathy: "He is so put up by nature that a {352} lash upon his back +would hurt him, but a lash upon anybody's else back does not hurt +him." There are many people in the world who seem to be like that +man--not so many who feel that way towards mankind, possibly, but many +who thoughtlessly feel and act that way toward animals. The lash on +the back of an animal--the horse, the cow, the dog--hurts, and the +good scout always takes the animal's part. He is kind to animals. + +In the city, people often become careless as to the necessary +precautions against fire and for this reason many lives are lost. In +all well-regulated school systems, each school building is properly +provided with fire escapes and the children regularly disciplined in +fire drills. Proper fire precautions are not yet generally required by +law as they should be in great buildings, factories, or workshops +where men and women are employed in large numbers. If a scout should +be employed in such a place, he might make himself very serviceable in +case of a fire, because having thought of it beforehand, he would know +what to do--his motto being, "Be Prepared." + +One very important thing in city life is the protection of one's +health: it is essential to have good food, pure water, plenty of good, +fresh air--things not always easily obtainable, but always most +necessary. The scout learns through the many activities of scouting +something of the market places and sources of supply for food; he has +some idea as to the cost of living in his own home, and should become +a good marketer himself, making himself competent to judge of the +quality and prices of food. If he is wide-awake and intelligent, he +knows the products of his own county as well as those of the state. He +knows what food products are shipped in and sometimes finds that it +would be cheaper, and more profitable as well, to produce them in his +own community. An industrious scout may often make his own pocket +money in this way or provide funds towards his own education. + +In the Constitution of the United States is written this law: "No +title of nobility shall be granted by the United States." The purpose +of this law is to defeat any attempt to elevate one citizen above +another in rank of social or political preferment. Ours is a country +free from the entanglements of social distinction such as mark one man +or family from another by way of title or patent of nobility; and yet, +in our country of uncrowned kings and unknighted men, we would not +forget the real deeds of valor, the services rendered, or the +victories won. For it was the purpose {353} in the mind and in the +heart of our fathers who framed the Constitution that each succeeding +generation should rise to the duties and responsibilities of the +State; that the virtues of the State should not descend or be lodged +in one family, or any selected number of families, but rather should +be in the keeping of all the families, in the care and keeping of all +the people. + +Thus do we remember our Washington and our Lincoln. They served the +generation to which they belonged; they lived and passed out of their +generation having served the State: and all the virtues, cares, and +responsibilities of the State--the government that is--they left to +the generations that should come after them. And, therefore, each +generation as it comes and goes must rise or fall in proportion as it +raises or lowers the citizenship standard, for each generation must +prove its own worth as must each individual his own virtues. + + +Practical Citizenship + +As set forth in a letter from Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Honorary +Vice-president, Boy Scouts of America: + +THE OUTLOOK +287 Fourth Avenue, +New York + +Office of +Theodore Roosevelt +July 20th, 1911. + +My DEAR SIR: + +I quite agree with Judge Lindsey that the Boy Scout Movement is of +peculiar importance to the whole country. It has already done much +good, and it will do far more, for it is in its essence a practical +scheme through which to impart a proper standard of ethical conduct, +proper standards of fair play and consideration for others, and +courage and decency, to boys who have never been reached and never +will be reached by the ordinary type of preaching, lay or clerical. I +have been particularly interested in that extract of a letter from a +scout master in the Philippines, which runs as follows: + +"It might interest you to know that at a recent fire in Manila which +devastated acres of ground and rendered 3,000 people homeless, that +two patrols of the Manila scouts reached the fire almost with the fire +companies, reported to the proper authorities and worked for hours +under very trying conditions {354} helping frightened natives into +places of safety, removing valuables and other articles from houses +that apparently were in the path of the flames, and performing +cheerfully and efficiently all the tasks given to them by the firemen +and scout master. They were complimented in the public press, and in a +kind editorial about their work." + +"During the recent Carnival the services of the boys were requested by +the Carnival officers, and for a period of ten days they were on duty +performing all manner of service in the Carnival grounds, directing +strangers to hotels, and acting as guides and helpers in a hundred +ways." + +What these boy scouts of the Philippines have just done, I think our +boy scouts in every town and country district should train themselves +to be able to do. The movement is one for efficiency and patriotism. +It does not try to make soldiers of boy scouts, but to make boys who +will turn out as men to be fine citizens, and who will, if their +country needs them, make better soldiers for having been scouts. No +one can be a good American unless he is a good citizen, and every boy +ought to train himself so that as a man he will be able to do his full +duty to the community. I want to see the boy scouts not merely utter +fine sentiments, but act on them; not merely sing, "My Country 'Tis of +Thee," but act in a way that will give them a country to be proud of. +No man is a good citizen unless he so acts as to show that he actually +uses the Ten Commandments, and translates the Golden Rule into his +life conduct--and I don't mean by this in exceptional cases under +spectacular circumstances, but I mean applying the Ten Commandments +and the Golden Rule in the ordinary affairs of every-day life. I hope +the boy scouts will practise truth and square dealing, and courage and +honesty, so that when as young men they begin to take a part not only +in earning their own livelihood, but in governing the community, they +may be able to show in practical fashion their insistence upon the +great truth that the eighth and ninth commandments are directly +related to every-day life, not only between men as such in their +private relations, but between men and the government of which they +are part. Indeed the boys even while only boys can have a very real +effect upon the conduct of the grown up members of the community, for +decency and square dealing are just as contagious as vice and +corruption. + +Every healthy boy ought to feel and will feel that in order to amount +to anything, it is necessary to have a constructive, {355} and not +merely a destructive, nature; and if he can keep this feeling as he +grows up he has taken his first step toward good citizenship. The man +who tears down and criticises and scolds may be a good citizen, but +only in a negative sense; and if he never does anything else he is apt +not to be a good citizen at all. The man who counts, and the boy who +counts, are the man and boy who steadily endeavor to build up, to +improve, to better living conditions everywhere and all about them. + +But the boy can do an immense amount right in the present, entirely +aside from training himself to be a good citizen in the future; and he +can only do this if he associates himself with other boys. Let the boy +scouts see to it that the best use is made of the parks and +playgrounds in their villages and home towns. A gang of toughs may +make a playground impossible; and if the boy scouts in the +neighborhood of that particular playground are fit for their work, +they will show that they won't permit any such gang of toughs to have +its way. Moreover, let the boy scouts take the lead in seeing that the +parks and playgrounds are turned to a really good account. I hope, by +the way, that one of the prime teachings among the boy scouts will be +the teaching against vandalism. Let it be a point of honor to protect +birds, trees and flowers, and so to make our country more beautiful +and not more ugly, because we have lived in it. + +The same qualities that mean success or failure to the nation as a +whole, mean success or failure in men and boys individually. The boy +scouts must war against the same foes and vices that most hurt the +nation; and they must try to develop the same virtues that the nation +most needs. To be helpless, self-indulgent, or wasteful, will turn the +boy into a mighty poor kind of a man, just as the indulgence in such +vices by the men of a nation means the ruin of the nation. Let the boy +stand stoutly against his enemies both from without and from within, +let him show courage in confronting fearlessly one set of enemies, and +in controlling and mastering the others. Any boy is worth nothing if +he has not got courage, courage to stand up against the forces of +evil, and courage to stand up in the right path. Let him be unselfish +and gentle, as well as strong and brave. It should be a matter of +pride to him that he is not afraid of anyone, and that he scorns not +to be gentle and considerate to everyone, and especially to those who +are weaker than he is. If he doesn't treat his mother and sisters +well, then he is a poor creature no matter what else he does; just as +a man who {356} doesn't treat his wife well is a poor kind of citizen +no matter what his other qualities may be. And, by the way, don't ever +forget to let the boy know that courtesy, politeness, and good manners +must not be neglected. They are not little things, because they are +used at every turn in daily life. Let the boy remember also that in +addition to courage, unselfishness, and fair dealing, he must have +efficiency, he must have knowledge, he must cultivate a sound body and +a good mind, and train himself so that he can act with quick decision +in any crisis that may arise. Mind, eye, muscle, all must be trained +so that the boy can master himself, and thereby learn to master his +fate. I heartily wish all good luck to the movement. + + Very sincerely yours, + THEODORE ROOSEVELT. + + Mr. James E. West, + Executive Secretary + Boy Scouts of America, + New York City. + +{357} + +America + +MY country, 'tis of thee, +Sweet land of liberty, + Of thee I sing; +Land where my fathers died, +Land of the Pilgrims' pride, +From every mountain side + Let freedom ring. + +My native country, thee +Land of the noble free, + Thy name I love; +I love thy rocks and rills, +Thy woods and templed hills; +My heart with rapture thrills + Like that above. + +Let music swell the breeze, +And ring from all the trees + Sweet freedom's song; +Let mortal tongues awake, +Let all that breathe partake, +Let rocks their silence break, + The sound prolong! + +Our father's God, to Thee, +Author of liberty, + To thee we sing: +Long may our land be bright +With freedom's holy light; +Protect us by Thy might, + Great God, our King. + +--Samuel F. Smith, 1832. + + +{358} + + +The Star-Spangled Banner + +O Say, can you see, by the dawn's early light, + What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming? +Whose broad stripes and bright stars, thro' the perilous fight, + O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming; +And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, + Gave proof thro' the night that our flag was still there! +O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave + O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? + +On the shore, dimly seen thro' the mists of the deep, + Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes. +What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, + As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? +Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, + In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream-- +'Tis the star-spangled banner. O long may it wave + O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. + +And where is that band who so vauntingly swore, + 'Mid the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, +A home and a country they'd leave us no more? + Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. +No refuge could save the hireling and slave + From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave-- +And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave, + O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. + +O thus be it ever when freemen shall stand + Between their loved homes and foul war's desolation, +Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the heav'n-rescued land + Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation. +Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, + And this be our motto, "In God is our trust" +And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave, + While the land of the free is the home of the brave. + +--Francis Scott Key, 1814. + + +{359} + + +APPENDIX + +BOY SCOUT EQUIPMENT + +As stated in the chapter on "Scoutcraft," for the convenience of boys +who wish to secure uniforms or other equipment, the National Council +has made arrangements with certain manufacturers to furnish such parts +of the equipment as are most needed by boys. A number of these +manufacturers have taken advertising space in this book and it is +desired that in case goods are ordered as a result of their +advertisement they be informed of the fact. Some of them have made +arrangements for the distribution of material through Mr. Sigmund +Eisner, of Red Bank, New Jersey, who has the contract for making the +official uniforms. + +It should be remembered at all times that the sole purpose of the +National Council in entering into any arrangement whatever with +manufacturers is to secure a low price on the very best material +possible. The manufacturers have agreed to sell all the material +listed in this book at a uniform price in all parts of the country. In +case local dealers or agents for the National Outfitter ask a price +different from that given in the price list herewith, National +Headquarters should be notified. + +Every effort is made to have all parts of the uniform and equipment +available to scouts through local dealers. If such arrangements have +not been made in your community, the National Headquarters will be +glad to help in making such an arrangement. Many scout masters prefer +to order uniforms and other supplies direct from National +Headquarters. In order to cover the expense involved in handling these +supplies, the manufacturers in some cases have agreed to allow +National Headquarters the same trade discount allowed to local +dealers. Trade through National Headquarters, if sufficiently large, +will help to meet a part of the current expenses of the National +Organization. + +In this suggested list of equipment all articles marked with a star +(*) may be secured either through a local dealer or by {360} ordering +direct through National Headquarters in New York City. + + +Directions for Ordering + +_Important_: When ordering supplies care should be taken to see that the +exact amount of remittance is included with the order. If check is +used add New York Exchange. Make checks and money orders payable to +Boy Scouts of America. All orders received without the proper +remittance will be shipped C. O. D., or held until remittance arrives. + + +[Illustration: Axe] +* _Axe_: Any local hardware dealer can suggest quite a variety of good +axes which may be used by the scout, but because of quality and price, +the Boy Scout axe is suggested. Weight without handle, 12 oz. Made +of one piece of solid steel--special temper, axe pattern hickory handle, +missionized hand forged--non-rusting finish. Price 35 cents. Axe +scabbard or shield, 25 cents extra. + + +_Bandanna or Neckerchief_: These are so common that every boy will +recognize at once what is mean by a bandanna. The members of each +patrol wear bandanas made in the colors of their patrol. These can be +purchased at any local dry goods store at ten or fifteen cents each. + + +[Illustration: Belts] +* _Belts_: Any good belt will meet the scout's needs. But for his +convenience the belt illustrated herewith is suggested. Price 40 +cents. + + +[Illustration: Breeches] +* _Breeches_: Standard material--belt guides--pockets--full pattern-legs +laced below the knee, the lacing to be covered by stockings or +leggings. Order by age according to following table: Boys' sizes: +Price $1.00. + + +Age-size Waist Seat Inseam Calf Ankle +18 32 37 26 13-1/2 9-1/2 +17 31 36-1/2 25-1/2 13-1/2 9 +16 30 35 25 13 9 +15 29 34 24-1/2 12-3/4 8-3/4 +14 28 32-1/2 24 12-1/2 8-1/2 +13 27 31 23 12-1/2 8-1/4 +12 26-1/2 30-1/2 22 12 8-1/4 + + +{361} + + +Extra Sizes: Breeches above eighteen-year size will be made to order +and will cost twenty-five cents more per garment. + + Waist Seat Inseam Calf Ankle +1 32 38 27 13-1/2 9-1/2 +2 33 39 27 13-3/4 9-3/4 +3 34 40 28 14 9-3/4 +4 35 41 27 14-1/2 9-3/4 +5 36 42 28 15 10 +6 37 43 27 15-1/4 10-1/4 +7 38 44 28 15-1/2 10-1/2 + + +[Illustration: Bugle] +_Bugle_: It is recommended that the standard bugle used in an army or +drum corps be used. Each patrol should purchase these from a local +music store. + + +[Illustration: Camp Knives, Forks and Spoons] +_Camp Knives, Forks and Spoons_: Ordinary table-knives, forks and spoons +may be used. An inexpensive knife, fork and spoon for use in camps, +like set illustrated herewith, may be secured for about eight cents +per dozen through almost any local hardware store. + + +[Illustration: Canteen] +_Canteen_: A canteen of this design may be carried by each scout on +hikes and long tramps. Many army supply houses carry these in stock, +where they may be secured if desired. + + +[Illustration: Coat] +* _Coats_: Standard material--four bellows pockets--standing collar-- +dull metal buttons with Boy Scout emblem. Order by age according/to +following table: + +Boys' sizes: Price $1.35. + +Age Breast Waist Length Sleeve Collar +18 34 32 26 31 16 +17 33 31 25 30-1/2 15-1/2 +16 32 30-1/2 24-1/2 29-1/2 15 +15 31 30 24 28-1/2 14-1/2 +14 30 29 23-1/2 27-1/2 14 +13 29 28-1/2 23 26 13-1/2 +12 28 27-1/2 22 25 13 + + +{362} + + +Extra Sizes: Coats above eighteen-year size will be made as extra size +and will cost twenty-five cents more per garment than boys' sizes. + + Breast Waist Length Sleeve Length Collar Finish +1 35 32 27 32 16-1/4 +2 36 33 27-1/2 32 16-1/2 +3 37 34 28 32-1/2 16-3/4 +4 38 35 28-1/2 32-1/2 17-1/4 +5 39 36 29 33 17-1/4 +6 40 37 29-1/2 33 18 +7 42 38 30 33-1/2 18-1/2 + + +[Illustration: Norfolk Coat] +* _Norfolk Coat for Scout Masters_: Made of standard olive drab cotton +cloth, two pleats, back and front, with belt. Price, $3.00. + + +_Compass_: Every scout should learn how to use his watch as a compass. +However, should he desire to own a compass, he will find no difficulty +in securing one at any local jeweler's. + + +[Illustration: Drinking Cup] +* _Drinking Cup_: A drinking cup for individual use is recommended. The +folding cup shown in the illustration is made of brass and is nickel +plated. Price 10 cents. + + +_Drum_: The selection of this is left to each local troop desiring this +piece of equipment. Place your order with local music dealer. + + +[Illustration: First Aid Kit] +_First Aid Kit_: This kit for the use of the individual scout can be +secured through this office or the Red Cross Society in Washington, +New York and San Francisco. Price 25 cents. + + +* _Hats_: Four hats are suggested as follows: + +1. _Boy Scout Hat_. Olive drab felt--standard quality--detachable ties. +Price $1.15. + + +[Illustration: Boy Scout Hats] +No. 1 No. 2 Nos. 3 and 4 + + +{363} + + +2. _Boy Scout Summer Hat_. Olive drab drill, inside seams reinforced +with leather, eyelets in crown for ventilation, detachable ties. Price +50 cents. + +3. _Boy Scout Hat_. Extra fine, fur felt, made for hard service. Price +$2.00. + +4. _Scout Master's Hat_. Quality same as above, but larger dimensions. +Price $2.50. Be sure to indicate size desired when ordering. + + +[Illustration: Haversack] +* _Haversack_: Waterproof canvas, leather straps--buckles and separate +pockets--scout emblem on flap. Price 60 cents. + + +[Illustration: Hospital Corps Pouch] +_Hospital Corps Pouch_: This pouch has been made up specially by the +American Red Cross Society and contains the following: +1 Shears +1 Tweezers +1 Carbolized Vaseline +1 Pkg. Safety Pins +2 Wire Gauze Splints +1 2-oz. Bottle Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia +1 A.R.C. First Aid Outfit (cardboard) +2 1-yd. packages Sterilized Gauze. +3 1-inch Bandages. +3 2-1/2 inch Bandages +2 Triangular Bandages (cartons) +1 U. S. A. Tourniquet +Arrange with the American Red Cross Society for purchase of these. +Price $.1.00. + + +[Illustration: Knickerbockers] +* _Knickerbockers_: Boy Scout olive drab drill, belt guides, pockets, +knee buckles, full pattern. Price 75 cents. +Age-Size Waist +19 32 +17 31 +16 30 +15 29 +14 28 +13 27 +12 26-1/2 + + +[Illustration: Knives] +* _Knives_: +No. 1, Price $1.00. +A Stag handle, brass lining, german silver bolsters and shield. Large +polished cutting blade, screw driver, can-opener and leather boring +tool (U. S. Pat. 6-10-02.) + + +Number 2, Price 50 cents. +Genuine ebony handle, brass lining, german silver bolsters and shield. +Large cutting blade can be opened without using the fingernail. +Shackle for hanging to belt. + + +{364} + + +[Illustration: Lanyard] +_Lanyard_: This piece of equipment is so simple in construction that +every scout ought to make his own lanyard. These are used for carrying +the scout whistle or knife. + + +[Illustration: Leggings] +* _Leggings_: (Puttees). The style of leggings is the same as United +States Army puttee legging. Made of best waterproof army duck. Price +55 cents. + + +[Illustration: Mess Kits] +* _Mess Kits_: + +Number 1. Price 75 cents. +Coffee or tea can, cup, stew or fry pan, with cover, one broiler +two handles. + +Number 2. Price 50 cents. +Coffee or tea can, cup, stew or fry pan, one handle. + + +[Illustration: Patrol Flag] +_Patrol Flags_: The patrol flags are made from a good quality muslin or +wool bunting in the colors of the local patrol. Scouts make their own +patrol flags. Material may be purchased at a local dry goods store. +The size of the flag is 11 in. by 27 in. Emblems can be secured from +National Headquarters. + + +* _Ponchos_: A good poncho is almost an absolute necessity for the scout +when on a march or in camp. Ponchos suitable for scout purposes can be +secured from local dealers at prices from $2.50 upward. + + +_Shelter Tents_: Scouts should make their own tents. Directions for +making tents are given in the text of this book. + + +[Illustration: Shirts] +* _Shirts_: Boy Scout shirt, standard material--two bellows pockets-- +open front, coat style--standard button same as coat. Order by size. +Price $1.00 + +_Summer Shirts_: Same as above, light weight. Price 75 cents. + +{365} + +[Illustration: Shorts] +* _Shorts_: Standard material--belt guides. Full running pant pattern-- +especially desirable for summer use. Order according to age and waist +measurement. Price 50 cents. + + +[Illustration: Shoes] +* _Shoes_: Any good shoe that is made up for the purpose of ease, and +comfort in tramping will serve the boy scout's needs. The Boy Scout +shoe is convenient, inexpensive and especially designed for scouting. +Price $2.50. + + +[Illustration: Signal Flags] +_Signal Flags_: These can be made from muslin or bunting which may be +secured at local stores. It is recommended that each scout make his +own flags. Regulation sizes of the semaphore 18 in. by 18 in. and the +Morse or Myer flag 24 in. by 24 in. as shown in illustration. + + +[Illustration: Staff] +_Staff_: Ash or bamboo, two metres, (6 ft. 6-1/2 in.), in length and +about one and one-half inches in diameter; marked off on one side in +centimetres up to one-half metre, and the balance in metres. On the +other side it should be marked off in inches up to one foot and the +balance in feet. The staff should have a blunt end. Scouts should make +their own staffs whenever it is possible for them to secure the +lumber. Hoe or rake handles make excellent staffs. These can be +procured through any local dealer at a nominal sum. + + +The Scout Staff and Its Uses + +Many boys, upon taking up the Scout Movement, are dubious about the +value of the scout staff and many friends of the movement ask "Why +does a boy scout carry a staff?" + +Experience has proven it to be one of the most helpful articles of +equipment. In order to show this we are reproducing, through the +courtesy of Lieut-Gen. Sir Robert S. S. {366} Baden-Powell, +illustrations from printed matter used by the English boy scouts. +These illustrations show a number of different ways in which the staff +will prove a handy and valuable article; in fact, essential to the +Scout outfit. + +[Illustration: Uses of the Staff.] + + The staff is very useful for beating out brush fires and outbreaks + which occur on open heaths. + + Wading a stream. Two or three Scouts grasp the Staff like this. + + Both patrol tents and tepees can be made with the aid of the Staff. + + An improvised stretcher of coats and staves. + + A line of Scouts linked together on a night march. + + When anyone falls through some ice, throw him your Staff so that he + can grasp it like this until you can get a rope and pull him out. + + When climbing gates you can give yourself a push up with your Staff. + + For erecting a flagstaff and forming a fence, the Staff is very + useful. + + A clear view can be had by looking through a small hole drilled in the + Staff. + + Measuring Distances. + + Self-defence. + + Making Splints. + + Jumping Ditches. + + Making Rafts. + + Bridge Building. + + Climbing a Mountain.--Carry the Staff cross-wise, and if you slip, + lean inwards upon it, against the side of the mountain. The weight + of your body will then drive the end of the staff into the earth, + and so anchor you. + + Levering up Logs and Stones. + + Rope ladders, + + Feeling the way over marshy ground. + + Recovering Objects Floating in the Water-- + + First tie a line to the centre of the staff. Then tie a piece of + string to each end of the staff, and the other ends of these strings + being tied to the centre. That will keep the staff at right angles to + the line that is in your hand. + + By swinging the staff out over the water, beyond the floating + article, you will be able to draw the latter in close to shore. + + +* _Stockings_: To match uniforms, made of heavy material and suitable +for scouting. Price 30 cents in cotton, $1.25 in wool. + + +_Sweaters_: Any local clothing store will be able to secure for the +scout the kind and quality of sweater needed. + + +* _Telegraph Instruments_: Beginners' telegraph {367} instruments, to be +used in learning the Morse code, may be secured through any electrical +supply house. The instrument illustrated, five ohms, price, $1.30. + + +_Tracking Irons_: Excellent tracking irons can be made of 7/8-inch heavy +band iron, using the design presented here. Any local blacksmith will +gladly assist the boys in making their irons. + + +* _Troop Colors_: Made of superior wool bunting upper half, red; lower +half, white. Reproduction of the official badge super-imposed in green +and gold. Sufficient space left for troop number and name of city. +Size of flag, 22 in. by 36 in. Letters to be attached by the local +troop. Price without letters $1.00. + + +* _Trousers_: Full length for scout masters: Made of Standard olive drab +cotton cloth, belt loop. Price $2.00. If breeches are preferred, they +may be had at same price. Better quality of boy scout suits--made of +U. S. Army standard olive drab cloth. Coat $2.50, breeches $2.00. + + +_Watch_: Every scout should possess a good watch. No particular make of +watch is recommended. The choice of this article is left entirely with +the boy and may be bought through a local jeweler. + + +_Water Bottle_: In some cases where the individual scout is not +furnished with a canteen, the patrol may desire to carry a supply of +water on the march. For this purpose water bottles capable of carrying +a large quantity of water may be secured. These should be purchased +through some army supply house. + + +* _Whistles_: Scout standard whistle, for use in signaling by whistle. +Made of brass, gun metal finish, ring at end to attach to lanyard. +Price 10 cents. + + +{368} + + +Suggestions for Measuring + +Name +Street +City + +Coat Measure +L--All around at breast under coat +M--All around at waist under coat + +Sleeve +C to D--From centre of collar seam to shoulder seam +Then +E--To elbow. +F--To full length + +Breeches +M--All around at waist under coat + +Leggings +G--Size of calf +H--Size of instep + + +[Illustration: Scout's clothing. (tr)] + + +{369} + + +Hat +Size of hat +Size of linen collar worn + +Answer following questions plainly: +Age? Height? Weight? + + +BOOKS FOR REFERENCE + + +This list of reference books has been prepared for the use of scouts, +to supplement information given in the handbook prepared for their +use. It has been the aim to give as wide a selection as possible, in +order that the boy scout might not fail to find in the local public +library, some book on any subject in which he may have particular +interest. The list includes literature directly or indirectly related +to scouting, as well as some appropriate books of fiction. + +For convenience the books have been listed in accordance with the +subject headings of the various chapters of the Handbook. Some of the +most experienced librarians of the country have submitted material +which has aided in the preparation of this list. For this kindly +cooperation, sincere thanks is given. + +Many of the books have been carefully reviewed by someone connected +with the boy scouts, and in many cases through the courtesy of the +publishers copies of these books are available for reference purposes +at the office of the National Headquarters. Suggestions for additions +or improvements upon this list will be gladly received at any time. +Communications should be addressed to the Executive Secretary, 200 +Fifth Avenue, New York City. + + +[Transcriber's note: In the following list of books the first line +is the title, the second the author, the third the publisher. The +author and/or publisher may be omitted.] + +Scoutcraft + +Notes on Scouting and Reconnaissance +Jas. F. M. Livingston +London, Clowes + +Pioneering and Mapmaking for Boy Scouts +C. R. Enock +London, Pearson + +Scouting for Boys +Lieut.-Gen. Robert Baden-Powell +C. Arthur Pearson, Ltd. Henrietta St., London + +Three Amateur Scouts +Jadberns +Lippincott + +The Boy Scouts +Chipman +Burt Co. + +Yarns for Boy Scouts +Lieut.-Gen. Robert Baden-Powell +C. Arthur Pearson, Ltd. +Henrietta St., London + + +Woodcraft + +ANIMALS + + +American Natural History +Hornaday + +Animal Artisans +C. J. Cornish +Longmans, Green & Co. + +Animals at Home +Lillian Bartlett +American Book Co. + +{370} + +Animal Heroes +Seton +Century Co. + +A Wilderness Dog + +Biography of a Grizzly +Seton +Scribners + +Biography of a Silver Fox +Seton +Scribners + +Claws and Hoofs +James Johonnot +American Book Co. + +Dan Beard's Animal Book and Campfire Stories +D. C. Beard +Scribners + +Familiar Animals and Their Wild Kindred +John Monteith +American Book Co. + +Four-footed Americans and their Kin +M. C. Wright + +Good Hunting +Theodore Roosevelt +Harper Bros. + +Habits of Animals +E. Ingersoll + +Half-hours with the Lower Animals +C. G. Holder +American Book Co. + +Haunter of Pine Gloom +C. G. D. Roberts + +Haunters of the Silences +C. G. D. Roberts +Grosset & Dunlap + +Homes, Haunts and Habits of Wild Animals +I. T. Johnson + +House in the Water +C. G. D. Roberts + +Jock of the Bushvold +Sir. P. Fitzpatrick +Longmans, Green & Co. + +Jungle Book +Kipling + +Second Jungle Book +Kipling + +Kindred of the Wild +C. G. D. Roberts + +King of the Mamozekel +C. G. D. Roberts + +Krag and Johny Bear +Seton +Scribners + +Life Histories of North America +Seton +Scribners + +Little Beasts of Field and Wood +Cram + +Little Brother to the Bear +W. J. Long +Ginn & Co. + +Lives of the Fur Folk +M.D.Haviland +Longmans Green & Co. + +Living Animals of the World, Vol. I, +II, III +The University Society + +Lobo, Rag and Vixen +Seton +Scribners + +Lives of the Hunted +Seton +Scribners + +Mooswa +W. A. Fraser + +My Dogs in the Northland +E. R. Young +Revell Co. + +Monarch, the Big Bear of Tallac +Seton +Scribners + +Red Fox +C. G. D. Roberts + +Shaggycoat +C. Hawkes + +Shovelhorns, Biography of a Moose +C. Hawkes + +Some Curious Flyers, Creepers and Swimmers +J. Johonnot +American Book Co. + +Some Useful Animals and What They Do for Us +J. C. Monteith +American Book Co. + +{371} + +Squirrel and Other Fur Bearers +John Burroughs + +Stories of Animal Life +C. F. Holder +American Book Co. + +Stories of Humble Friends +Katharine Pyle +American Book Co. + +Story of the Trapper +A. C. Laut + +The Romance of Animal Arts and Crafts +H. Coupin and John Lea +Lippincott + +The Romance of the Animal World +Edmund Selous +Seeley & Co. + +The Wolf Patrol +John Finnemore + +Trapper Jim +Edwin Sandys + +Ways of Wood Folk +W. J. Long + +Wild Animals at Play +Seton +Doubleday Page & Co. + +Wild Animals I Have Known +Seton +Scribners + +Wilderness Ways +W. J. Long + +Wild Life in the Rockies +Enos A. Mills +Houghton Mifflin Co. + +Wild Life of Orchard and Field +Ingersoll + +Wolf, the Storm Leader +Frank Caldwell +Dodd, Mead & Co. + +Wood Folk at School +W. J. Long +Ginn & Co. + + +ASTRONOMY + + +A Field Book of the Stars +W. F. Olcutt +Putnam + +Astronomy +Julia McNair Wright +Penn Pub. Co. + +Astronomy by Observation +Eliza A. Bowen +American Book Co. + +Astronomy for Everybody +Simon Newcomb +Doubleday, Page & Co. + +Astronomy with an Opera Glass +G. P. Serviss + +A Study of the Sky +H. A. Howe +Scribners + +Astronomy with the Naked Eye +P. Serviss +G Harper Bros. + +Children's Book of the Stars +Milton +Macmillan Co. + +Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know +J. E. Rogers + +How to Identify the Stars +W. J. Milham + +How to Locate the Stars +Hinds, Noble & Co. + +Popular Astronomy +G. Flammarion + +Round the Year with the Stars +G. P. Serviss + +Starland +Ball +Ginn & Co. + +Steele's Popular Astronomy +J. D. Steele +American Book Co. + +The Friendly Stars +M. E. Martin + +The Romance of Modern Astronomy +McPherson +Lippincott + +{372} + +BIRDS + +Bird Guide--Part 1 Water Birds +Chester A. Reed +Doubleday, Page & Co. + +Bird Guide--Part 2 Land Birds +Neltje Blanchan +Doubleday, Page & Co. + +Bird Homes +A. E. Dugmore +Doubleday, Page & Co. + +Birds in their Relation to Men +Weed & Beerborn +Lippincott + +Bird Life +Frank Chapman +Appleton + +Bird Neighbours +Neltje Blanchan +Doubleday, Page & Co. + +Bird Neighbors +John Burroughs +Doubleday, Page & Co. + +Birds of Eastern North America +Chapman +Appleton + +Birds that Every Child Should Know +Neltje Blanchan +Doubleday, Page & Co. + +Birds that Hunt and Are Hunted +Neltje Blanchan +Doubleday, Page & Co. + +Birds Through the Year +A. F. Gilmore +American Book Co. + +Citizen Bird +M. O. Wright + +Elo the Eagle and Other Stories +Floyd Brallian +Pacific Pub. Co. + +Everyday Birds +Bradford Torrey + +Field Book of Wild Birds and Their Music +F. S. Mathews +Putnam's Sons + +First Book of Birds +H. M. Miller + +Second Book of Birds +H. M. Miller + +Flamingo Feather +Munroe + +How to Attract the Birds +Neltje Blanchan +Doubleday, Page & Co. + +How to Attract the Birds +Trafton + +How to Know the Birds +H. & E. Parkhurst +Scribners + +How to Know the Wild Birds of Ohio +Dietrich Lange + +How to Study Birds In Birdland +Leander S. Kyser +McClurg Co. + +Land Birds East of the Rockies +C. A. Reed + +Lord of the Air +C. G. D. Roberts + +Nestlings of Forest and Marsh +Irene G. Wheelock +McClurg Co. + +Our Birds and Hew to Know Them +J. B. Grant +Scribners + +Our Own Birds +Wm. L. Baily +Lippincott + +Tenants of the Trees +C. Hawkes + +The Blue Goose Chase +H. K. Job + +The Romance of Bird Life +John Lea +Lippincott + +Short Stories of our Shy Neighbors +Mrs. M. A. B. Keely +American Book Co. + +The Sport of Bird Study +Job +Outing Pub. Co. + +Wild Birds of City Parks + +{373} + +FISH AND FISHING + +Book of Aquaria +Bateman & Bennett +L. Upcott Gill + +Boy's Own Guide to Fishing +J. H. Keene + +Denizens of the Deep +Frank T. Bullen +Revell Co. + +Familiar Fish +Eugene McCarthy + +Favorite Fish and Fishing +J. A. Henshall +Outing Pub. Co. + +Fine Art of Fishing +S. G. Camp +Outing Pub. Co. + +Fishing and Shooting Sketches +Grover Cleveland +Outing Pub. Co. + +Fishing Kits and Equipment +G. S. Camp +N. Y. Outing Co. + +Fish Stories +Holder and Jordan + +Half Hours with Fishes Reptiles, and Birds +Holder +American Book Co. + +Home Aquarium and How to Care for It +Eugene Smith +Dutton + +The Angler's Guide +Wainwright Randall + +The Book of Fish and Fishing +Louis Rhead +Scribners + +The Little Water Folks +Hawkes +Crowell Co. + +Tricks and Knacks of Fishing +(Horton Mfg. Co.) + +Water Wonders Every Child Should Know +J. M. Thompson + + +FLOWERS, FERNS AND GRASSES + + +Botany +Julia McNair Wright +Penn Pub. Co. + +Botany for Children +Harriet C. Cooper +Crowell Co. + +Common Plants +George O. Goodall +D. C. Heath & Co. + +Elementary Botany with Spring Flora +W. A. Kellerman +Hinds, Noble & Co. + +Field Book of American Wild Flowers +P. Schuyler Mathews + +Flora of the Southern United States +A. W. Chapman + +Flower Guide +C. A. & C. K. Reed + +Gardening for Profit. +P. Henderson + +Grasses, Sedges and Rushes of the North United States +Edward Knoble + +How to Collect and Preserve Plants and Sea-weeds +Hinds, Noble & Co. + +How to Know the Ferns +Frances Theodora Parsons + +How to know the Wild Flowers +Parsons + +Illustrated Flora of the United States and Canada +N. L. Britton and Addison Brown + +{374} + +Lessons with Plants +Bailey + +Manual of Gardening +L. H. Bailey + +Nature's Garden +Neltje Blanchan +Doubleday, Page & Co. + +New England Ferns and Their Common Allies +Helen Eastman + +New Manual of Botany +Asa Gray + +New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains +John M. Coulter, revised by Aven Nelson + +Our Garden Flowers +Harriet Louise Keeler + +Plants and Their Children +Wm. Starr Dana +American Book Co. + +Rocky Mountain Wild Flower Studies +Burton O. Longyear + +Southern Wild Flowers and Trees +Alice Lounsbery + +The Fern Collector's Guide +Willard Nelson Clute + +The Garden Yard +B. Hall + +Young Folk's Nature Field Book +J. Alden Loring +Dana Estes Co. + + +FUNGI + + +Edible Fungi of New York +Charles H. Peck +N. Y. State Museum + +Flowerless Plants: Ferns, Mushrooms, Mosses, Lichens and Sea weeds. +E. H. Hale + +Mushrooms +Atkinson +Holt & Co. + +One Thousand American Fungi +McIllvain & Macadam +Bobbs, Merrill & Co. + +Studies of American Fungi +Atkinson + +The Mushroom +M. E. Hard +Ohio Library Co. + +The Mushroom Book +Nina L. Marshall +Doubleday, Page & Co. + + +HANDICRAFT + + +Clay Modelling +Paul N. Hasluck +David McKay + +Dynamos and Electric Motors +Paul N. Hasluck +David McKay + +Electric Bells +Paul N. Hasluck +David McKay + +Electro-Plating +Paul N. Hasluck +David McKay + +Glass Writing, Embossing and Facia Work +Paul N. Hasluck +David McKay + +How to Make Baskets. +Mary White +Doubleday, Page & Co. + +Leather Working +Paul N. Hasluck +David McKay + +Photography +Paul N. Hasluck +David McKay + +Photographic Cameras +Paul N. Hasluck +David McKay + +Photographic Chemistry +Paul N. Hasluck +David McKay + +Photographic Studies +Paul N. Hasluck +David McKay + +Upholstery +Paul N. Hasluck +David McKay + +{375} + +INSECTS AND BUTTERFLIES + +Ants, their Structure, Development and Behavior +W. M. Wheeler +Columbia Univ. Press + +Beehives and Appliances +Paul Hasluck +David McKay + +Directions for Collecting and Preserving Insects +Nathan Banks +U. S. National Museum Bulletin + +Everyday Butterflies + +How to Keep Bees +Anna B. Comstock +Doubleday, Page Co. + +How to Know the Butterflies +J. H. and Mrs. Comstock +D. Appleton & Co. + +Insect Life +Comstock + +Little Busy Bodies +Marks Moody +Harper Bros. + +Manual for the Study of Insects +J. H. and A. B. Comstock + +Moths and Butterflies +Julia P. Ballard +Putnam's Sons + +Our Insect Friends and Enemies +J. B. Smith +Lippincott + +Our Insect Friends and Foes +B. S. Cragin +Putnam's Sons + +The Butterfly Book +W. J. Holland +Doubleday, Page & Co. + +The House-Fly--Disease Carrier +L. O. 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Clay Trumbull +Sunday School Times + +Book of Famous Verse +Agnes Repplier + +Boy's King Arthur +Lanier + +Boy's Life of Captain John Smith +Johnson + +Careers of Danger and Daring +Cleveland Mofett + +{382} + +Character Shaping and Character Working +H. Clay Trumbull +Sunday School Times + +Character the Grandest Thing +Orison Swett Marden +Crowell Co. + +Cheerfulness as a Life Power +Orison Swett Marden +Crowell Co. + +Daniel Boone, Backwoodsman +Forbes Lindsay +Lippincott + +Duty +Ellen E. Kenyon Warner +Hinds, Noble & Co. + +Duty Knowing and Duty Doing +H. Clay Trumbull +Sunday School Times + +Economy +Orison Swett Marden +Crowell Co. + +Every Man a King +Orison Swett Marden +Crowell Co. + +Famous Scouts +Johnston + +Fidelity +Ellen E. Kenyon Warner +Hinds Noble & Co. + +First Battles +Frederick A. 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Skinner +American Book Co. + +Man Without a Country +E. E. Hale +Crowell & Co. + +New Century History of the United States. +Edward Eggleston +American Book Co. + +North America +Frank G. Carpenter +American Book Co. + +Our Country's Flag and the Flags of Foreign Countries +Holden + +Our Country's Story +Eva M. Tappan +Houghton Mifflin Co. + +Pathfinders of the West +Laut +Grosset & Dunlap + +Patriotic Citizenship + +Poor Boys Who Became Famous +Sarah K. Bolton +Crowell + +Poems of American Citizenship +Brander Matthews +Scribners + +Politics for Young Americans +Charles Nordhoff +American Book Co. + +Poor Richard's Almanac. +Benjamin Franklin +Duffield Co. + +Popular Patriotic Poems Explained +Murphy +Hinds, Noble & Co. + +Potter's Advanced Geography +Eliza H. Horton +Hinds, Noble & Co. + +Stories of Heroic Deeds +James Johonnot +American Book Co. + +Stories of Our Country +James Johonnot +American Book Co. + +Story of the American Merchant Marine +J. R. 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S +Townsend +Lothrop + +Washington and His Generals +Headley +Hurst & Co. + +Washington's Farewell Address +Duffield Co. + +When America Became a Nation +Jenks +Crowell Co. + +When America was New +Tudor Jenks +Crowell Co. + +When America Won Liberty +Tudor Jenks +Crowell Co. + +Young Americans +Judson + +Young Continentals at Bunker Hill +McIntyre +Penn Pub. Co. + +Young Continentals at Lexington +McIntyre +Penn Pub. Co. + +Young People's History of the War with Spain +Prescott Holmes +Henry Altemus Co. + + +MISCELLANEOUS + +A Guide to Biography +Burton E. Stevenson +Baker, Taylor Co. + +American Indians +Yonge + +A Vagabond Journey Around the World +Franck +Century Co. + +Book of Golden Deeds +Catlin + +Boy's Life of Captain John Smith +Eleanor Johnson +Crowell Co. + +"Boy Wanted" +W. Waterman + +Childhood of Jishib, the Ojibwa +Jenks + +Choosing a Life Work +L. R. Fiske +Eaton & Mains Co. + +Choosing a Vocation +Parsons + +Christopher Carson, known as Kit Carson +J. S. C. Abbott + +Courage +Charles Wagner + +David Crockett: His Life and Adventures +J. S. C. Abbott + +Dashing Paul Jones +Frank Sheridan +David McKay + +David Crockett, Scout +Allen + +Famous Indian Chiefs +O. W. Howard +Century Co. + +First Across the Continent +N. Brooks + +Handy Parliamentary Rules +Craig +Hinds, Noble & Co. + +{388} + +Heroes of the Polar Seas +J. K. Maclean +Lippincott + +How George Rogers Clark won the Northwest +R. G. Thwaites + +Incentives for Life +J. W. Ludlow +Revell Co. + +Indian Boyhood +Eastman + +Indian Fights and Fighters +Brady + +Indian Story and Song +Fletcher + +Letters to American Boys +Carruth + +Life of David Crockett +E. S. Ellis + +Life of John Gutenberg +Emily C. Pearson +Hurst & Co. + +Life Questions of High School Boys +Jenks +Association Press + +Living Races of Mankind, Vol IV and V +The University Society. + +Loyalty +J. G. R. McCleeve +Revell Co. + +Lure of the Labrador Wild +Wallace + +Northland Heroes +Florence Holbrook +Houghton Mifflin Co. + +Old Santa Fe Trail +H. Inman + +Pony Tracks +F. Remington + +Punishment of the Stingy +Grinnell + +Pushing to the Front +Marden + +Romance of Early Exploration +Williams +Seeley Co. + +Self-Help +Smiles + +Some Merry Adventures of Robin Hood. +Pyle +Scribners + +Story of a Scout +Finnemore + +Starting in Life +Fowler + +Story of the Indian +Grinnell + +Success +O. S. Marden + +Successful Careers +Thaye +Crowell Co. + +The American Shotgun +Askins +Outing Pub. Co. + +The Children's Life of Lincoln +M. Louise Putnam +McClurg Co. + +The Blazed Trail +White + +The Boy General +Mrs. E. B. Custer + +The Boy on a Farm at Work and at Play +Jacob Abbott +American Book Co. + +The Heart of the Ancient Wood +C. G. D. Roberts +Wessels Co. + +The Romance of Polar Exploration +G. F. Scott +Seeley & Co. + +The Seven Ages of Washington +Owen Wister +Grosset & Dunlap + +The Way of an Indian +F. Remington + + +STORIES FOR SCOUTS + +Adrift on an Icepan +W. T. Grenfell + +American Life and Adventure +Eggleston +American Book Co. + +{389} + +Arizona Nights +S. E. White + +Around the World with the Battleships +Miller +McClurg Co. + +Backwoodsmen +D. Roberts + +Black Rock +Gordon (Ralph Connor, pseud) + +Bob Burton +Horatio Alger, Jr +Winston Co. + +Bar B. Boys or the Young Cow Punchers. +Edwin S. Sabin +Crowell Co. + +Battling for Atlanta +Byron A. Dunn +McClurg Co. + +Boys of Other Countries +Taylor +Putnam's Sons + +Boy Trappers +Harry Castleman +Hurst & Co. + +Camping on the St. Lawrence +E. T. Tomlinson + +Cattle Brands +A. Adams + +Cattle Ranch to College +Russell +Doubleday + +Chilhowee Boys +Morrison +Crowell Co. + +Chilhowee Boys in Harness +Sarah E. Morrison +Crowell Co. + +Chilhowee Boys in War Times +Sarah E. Morrison +Crowell Co. + +Cast up by the Sea +Sir Samuel W. Baker +Hurst & Co. + +Cruise of the Canoe Club +W. L. Alden + +Cruise of the Ghost +W. L. Alden + +Dale and Fraser, Sheep-men +S. F. Hamp + +Dashing Paul Jones +Sheridan +David McKay + +Dare Boys of 1776 +Stephen Angus Co +A. L. Chatterton Co. + +Dorymates +C. R. Monroe + +Forest Runners +Altsheler + +For Freedom's Cause +T. C. Harbauch +David McKay + +Fox Hunting +C. A. Stephens +Hurst & Co. + +Frank in the Woods +Castleman +Hurst & Co. + +Freckles +Porter +Grosset & Dunlap + +From Atlanta to the Sea +Byron A. Dunn +A. C. McClurg Co. + +Frontier Boys on the Overland Trail. +Wyn. Roosevelt +Chatterton Co. + +General Nelson's Scout +Byron A. Dunn +A. C. McClurg + +Huckleberry Finn +Twain + +Hans Brinker of the Silver Skates +Mary Mapes Dodge +Grosset & Dunlap + +In the Clouds for Uncle Sam +Ashton Lamar +Reilly & Britton + +Ivanhoe +Scott + +Jack Among the Indians. +G: B. Grinnell + +Kim +Kipling + +Kidnapped +Stevenson + +Knights Who Fought the Dragon +Edwin Leslie +Sunday School Times Co. + +Larry Deeter's Great Search +Howard R. Garis +Grosset & Dunlap + +Little Metacomet +Hezekiah Butterworth +Crowell Co. + +{390} + +Little Smoke +W. O. Stoddard + +Log of a Cowboy +A. Adams + +Luke Walton +Horatio Alger, Jr +Winston Co. + +Marching Against the Iroquois +Everett T. Tomlinson + +Marion and His Men +John De Morgan +David McKay + +Master of the Strong Hearts +E. S. Brooks + +Off the Rocks +Grenfell +S. S. Tirnes + +On the Indian Trail +Egerton R. Young +Revell Co. + +On the Old Kearsarge +Cyrus Townsend Brady +Scribners + +On General Thomas's Staff +Byron A. Dunn +McClurg + +Paul Revere +John De Morgan +David McKay + +Peggy Owen +Lucy Foster Madison +Penn Pub. Co. + +Raiding with Morgan +Byron A. Dunn +McClurg + +Range and Trail or the Bar B's Great Drive +Edwin L. Sabin +T. Y. Crowell Co. + +Rip Van Winkle +Washington Irving +Burse & Hopkins + +Robinson Crusoe +Defoe +Houghton Mifflin Co. + +Silent Places +S. E. White + +Stories of the Good Green Wood +C. Hawkes +Crowell Co. + +Story of Sonny Sahib +S. J. Duncan + +Sheridan's Troopers on the Borders +De B. Randolph Keirn +David McKay + +Sir Raul +James M. Ludlow +Revell Co. + +Stories from Life +Orison Swett Marden +American Book Co. + +Struggling Upward +Alger, Jr +Winsted Co. + +Swiss Family Robinson +J. D. Wyss + +Talking Leaves +W. O. Stoddard + +Tan and Freckles +C. L. Bryson +Revell Co. + +Ten Years Before the Mast. +Dana, Jr +Houghton Mifflin Co + +The Air Ship Boys +Sayler +Reilly & Britton + +The Boy Aviators in Nicaragua +Wilbur Lawton +Hurst & Co. + +The Boy Aviators in Africa +Wilbur Lawton +Hurst & Co. + +The Boy Aviators' Polar Dash +Wilbur Lawton +Hurst & Co. + +The Boy Aviators in Record Flight +Wilbur Lawton +Hurst & Co. + +The Boy Aviators in Secret Service +Wilbur Lawton +Hurst & Co. + +The Boy Aviators' Treasure Quest +Wilbur Lawton +Hurst & Co. + +The Boy Fortune Hunters in Alaska +F. Akes +Reilly & Britton + +The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama +F. Akes +Reilly & Britton + +The Hill +Horace A. Vachell +Dodd, Mead & Co. + +The Pilot +Cooper + +The Pioneers +Cooper + +The Spy +Cooper + +{391} + +Washington's Young Spy +T. C. Harbauch +David McKay + +Waste Not Want Not Stories +Clifton Johnson +American Book Co. + +With Fighting Jack Berry +John T. McIntyre +Lippincott + +With Flintlock and Fife +Everett T. Tomlinson +Grosset & Dunlap + +With Sully Into the Sioux Land +Joseph Mills Hansen +McClurg + +Wolf Hunters +Joseph Oliver Curwood +Bobbs, Merrill Co. + +Work and Win +Edward S. Ellis +A. L. Burt Co. + + +{392} + + +{393} + + +{394} + + +INDEX + +{395} + +INDEX + + PAGE +Accidents, prevention of 255 +Additions to Territory of the United States 323 +A First Try in Tracking 191 +Aim of the Scout Movement 3 +Alaska Purchase (1867) 324 +Alcohol 226 +Ambassadors 345 +America (Hymn) 357 +American Morse Telegraph Alphabet 202 +American Morse Telegraph Abbreviations 203 +American Morse Telegraph Numerals 202 +American Morse Telegraph Punctuations 202 +American Morse Telegraph Signal 202 +American Revolution. The (1775-1783) 325-328 +Angling 109 +Animals, Native, Wild 133 + Antelope 135 + Badger 140 + Bear, Black 142 + Beaver 136 + Cottontail 125 + Cougar or Panther 137 + Coyote 139 + Deer, Mule 134 + Deer, White Tailed 134 + Elk or Wapiti 133 + Fox 138 + Goat, Mountain 135 + Mink 140 + Moose 135 + Muskrat 136 + Opossum 141 + Otter 139 + Panther or Cougar 137 + Rabbit, Cottontail 137 + Rabbit, Jack or Black Tailed 137 + Raccoon 141 + Squirrel, Gray 141 + Skunk 140 + Weasel 139 + Wild Cat or Bob Cat 138 + Wolf. Gray 138 + Woodchuck 136 +Annapolis, Md., Naval Academy 344 +Apoplexy and Injury to Brain 270 +Aquarium, Home 109 +Aquarium Fish Food 111 +Aquarium Fish Nets 110 +Aquarium, Starting the 110 +Archery 255 +Arm Carry 240, 276 +Army of the United States 342 +Articles of Confederation (1781) 325 +A Story of the Trail 192-197 +Athletic Standards, Outdoor 320 +Axes 360 + +Badges of Rank 44 + Chief Scout 45 + Chief Scout Camp Master 46 + Chief Scout Citizen 46 + Chief Scout Director of Athletics 46 + Chief Scout Director of Chivalry 46 + Chief Scout Director of Health 45 + Chief Scout Stalker 45 + Chief Scout Surgeon 45 + Chief Scout Surveyor 45 + Chief Scout Woodsman 45 + Scout Master 45 + Service Stripes 45 +Back Strangle 284 +Bandanna 360 +Bathing Rules 156 +Baths 224 +Battleship Maine (1898) 338 +Bed. The Camp 147 +Beetles and Wasps 105 +Belts 360 +Bird Box 92 +Bird Craft 85-94 +Bird Blind 89 +Bird Lists 87 +Bird Lunch Counter 92 +Bird Patrol Man 94 +Birds, Caring For 91 +Birds, How to Photograph 89 +Birds, Knowing the 85-90 +Birds, Nesting Season 88 +Birds, Protecting the 92 +Birth of New States. The 331 +Bites and Stings 274 +Books for Reference 369-391 +Boy Scout Equipment 359-369 +Boy Scout Organization, The 10 +Breeches 360 +Bruises 264 +Bugle 361 +Building a Lot Cabin 59 +Burns and Scalds 273 +Butterflies 101 +Butterfly Weed 119 + +Cabinet, President's 341 +Campcraft 145-186 +Camera Snap Shots 148 +Camp Fire, The 160 +Camp Fire Building 158 +Camp Fire Fireplace 149 +Camp Fire Story Telling 161 +Camp Fire Stunts 161 +Camp Lamp 148 +Camp Site 147 + + +{396} + + PAGE +Canoeing, Rowing and Sailing 173-184 +Clear Weather Signs 157 +Clouds as Weather Signs 156 +Cooking Receipts 149-152 + Bacon 150 + Cocoa 151 + Coffee 151 + Eggs--Boiled, fried, scrambled, poached 151 + Fish, baked 150 + Frog Legs 150 + Griddle Cakes 149 + Potatoes, Roast 150 + Salmon on Toast 150 +Camp Knives 361 +Carrying Injured 277 +Canteen 361 +Census of United States (1790-1820) + taken every ten years 332 +Chair Carry 275 +Challenge of the Present 243 +Character 245 +Cheerfulness 244 +Chief Scout and Staff 11 +Chills 277 +Chivalry 237-254 +Citizenship 349 +Civil Service, United Stales. State and City 344 +Civil War, The (1861-1865) 334 +Clothing on Fire--How to Put Out 256 +Coats 361 +Coffee 226 +Compass 362 +Confederacy, Southern (1861) 335 +Congress 341 +Conservation 232 +Constipation 226 +Constitution of the United States (1789) 325 +Consuls 345 +County Court House 348 +Courage 248 +Courts of the United States 342 +Cramps or Stomach Ache 276 +Cuba (1898) 338 + +"Death Grips"--How to Break 282 +Declaration of Independence (1776) 327 +Digestion 225 +Directions for Ordering 360 +Dish Washing 152 +Dislocation 265 +Diving for Lost Objects 285 +Diving from the Surface 284 +Drawing Tracks 196 +Drinking Cup 362 +Drowning 258 +Drum 362 +Dutch in New York 325 +Duty to God 249 + +Ear Ache 275 +Ears, Care of 229 +Eating 225 +Electric Accidents 258 +Electric Shocks, What to do 259 +Emancipation Proclamation (1862) 337 +Emergencies, First Aid For 273 +English Settlements (t607) (1620) 325 +Equipment 359-369 +Evacuation Day (1783) 326 +Exercise, Setting-Up 188-191 +Exercises. Outdoor 223 +Eye Bandage 274 +Eyes--Care of 226 +Eye--Inflammation of 276 +Eye--Something in the 273 + +Fainting 270 +Farragut, Admiral--Life Story 329 +Feet, Care of 230 +Ferns 117 +Finding your latitude by the Stars 57 +Finger Nails, Care of 230 +Fire by Rubbing Sticks. How to Make 70 +Fire, Building the 158 +Fireman's Lift 278 +Fires 255 +Fires. How to Put Out--What to Do 255 +First Aid and Life Saving 255-290 +First Aid 251 +First Aid Kit 362 +First Class Scout 17 +Fitness 219 +Fits 272 +Fishes 105-109 + Classes of 106 + Identification of Specimens 108 + Bass, Black--large mouth 107 + Catfish, Speckled 106 + Herring, River or Alewife 107 + Killifish. Tip minnow 108 + Perch, Yellow 107 + Pickerel, Common Pike 106 + Salmon, Chinook 106 + Sturgeon, The Atlantic 107 + Sucker, Common White 108 + Trout, Brook or Speckled 106 + Whitefish, Common 106 +Marine 107 +Migratory 106 +Studying 107 +Flag Day--June 14th 340 +Flag. The History of American (1777) 337 +Flag Rules Observed 341 +Floating 280 +Florida and Texas 333 +Florida Purchase (1819) 324 +Foreign Service 345 +Forest Fires 159 +Forks 361 +Fort Sumter (1861) 335 +Fractures, Compound 264 +Franklin. Benjamin 327 +Freezing 272 +French and Indian Wars, (1763) 335 +Frost Bite 272 +Gadsend Purchase (1853) 324 +Games 291 + Arctic Expedition 314 + Badger Pulling 303 + Bear Hunt 293 + Canoe Tag 297 + Chalk the Arrow 312 + Cock Fighting 302 + Deer Hunting 291 + Dodge Ball 312 + Dragging Race 351 + + +{397} + + PAGE + Duck-on-a-rock 304 + Far and Near 315 + Far Sight 299 + Feather Football or Feather Blow 302 + Fire Lighting Race 315 + Flag Raiding 305 + Follow My Leader 315 + Follow the Trail 310 + Hand Wrestling 303 + Hare and Hound 312 + Hat Ball 303 + Horse and Rider Tourney 318 + Hostile Spy 300 + Hunt the Coon 301 + Kim's Game 311 + Knight Errantry 316 + Lion Hunting 305 + Man-Hunt, The 301 + Morgan's Game 311 + Mountain Scouting 316 + Mumbly Peg 318 + Navajo Feather Dance 302 + Pathfinding, Games in 316 + Plant Race 305 + Poison 303 + Pole-star 299 + Prisoner's Base 313 + Quick Sight, The Game of 298 + Rabbit Hunt 300 + Relay Race 308 + Roadside Cribbage 304 + Scouting 298 + Scout Hunting 308 + Scout Meets Scout 310 + Scout's Nose (Indoors) 310 + Shop Window (Indoors in Town) 309 + Shop Window (Outdoors in Town) 309 + Shoot Out 311 + Siberian Man Hunt 312 + Smugglers on the Border 309 + Snow Fort 311 + Spear Fights 302 + Spearing the Great Sturgeon 295 + Spider and Fly 307 + Spot the Rabbit or Far Sight 299 + Spot the Thief 308 + Stalking 307 + Stalking and Reporting 307 + Throwing the Assegai 305 + Throwing the Spear 313 + Tilting in the Water 296 + Track Memory 308 + Treasure Hunt, The 317 + Treasure Island 318 + Unprepared Plays 316 + Will-o-the-Wisp 317 +Gas Accidents 259 +Gas Poisoning, What to Do 260 +General Hints 155 +Grant, Ulysses S. 335 +Grasses 117 +Growth 223 +Guam Acquired (1808) 324 + +Hancock, John 327 +Hand or Flag Signals 209 +Handy Articles in Camp 148 +Hats 362 +Haversack 363 +Hawaii Annexed (1898) 324 +Head Bandage 266 +Health and Endurance 219-236 +Hiccough 276 +Hiking and Over Night Camps 145 +Honor Medals 44 +Hospital Corps Pouch 363 +Hot Stone Wrinkle 148 +How the Great Spirit was Found 161 +How to Become a Boy Scout 11 +How to Get Your Bearings 157 +How to Make Pictures of Tracks 194 + +Ice Rescue 258 +Indian Bathing Precaution 156 +Indian Signs and Blazes 209 +Individuality 247 +Injuries Due to Heat or Cold 273 +Injuries When Skin is Broken 265 +Injuries When Skin is Not Broken 262 +Insects and Butterflies 101-105 +Insects, Other 104 +Ivy Poisoning 247 + +Key. Francis Scott, Author 330 +Knickerbockers 363 +Knighthood, Ancient 237 +Knighthood, Modern 240 +Knives 363 +Knots Every Scout Should Know 48-52 + Becket Hitch 51 + Blackwall Hitch 51 + Bowline 50 + Carrick Bend 52 + Clove Hitch 51 + Fisherman's Bend 51 + Fisherman's Knot 52 + False Reef or Granny 50 + Figure of Eight Knot 49 + Halter, Slip or Running Knot 50 + Overhand Knot. The 49 + Sheet Bend or Weaver's Knot 50 + Square or Reef Knot 50 + Sheepshank 50 + Timber Hitch 51 + Two Half Hitches 51 + Whipping a Rope 49 + +Land Ordinances (1785) (1787) 334 +Land Settlements 325 +Lanyard 364 +Leadership 152 +Lean-to, The 146 +Lee, Robert E 335 +Leggings 364 +Letter from Col. Theodore Roosevelt 353 +Lexington and Concord (1775) 325 +Life Buoys 287 +Lincoln, Abraham 241, 335 +Louisiana Purchase (1803) 323 + +Mad Dog 260 +Manners, Good 243 +Mariner's Compass, The 52 +Meadow Mouse 199 +Measurement, Hand 368 +Measuring Distances 64 +Medical Examinations 224 +Memorial Day--May 30th 341 +Menu for Camp and Hike 152 +Mess-Kits 364 + + +{398} + + Page +Mexican Cession and Purchase from Texas (1848) 324 +Military Academy West Point 343 +Militia, Naval 344 +Militia, State 308 +Molusca--Shells and Shellfish 94-97 +Moon, The 85 +Moths 103 +Mushrooms, Fungi or Toadstools 122 +Mushrooms, Common 125 +Mushrooms, Coprinus 125 +Mushrooms, Delicious Morel 126 +Mushrooms, Inky Coprinus 125 +Mushrooms, Puff Balls 126 +Merit Badges + Agriculture 24 + Angling 24 + Archery 24 + Architecture 25 + Art 25 + Astronomy 25 + Athletics 26 + Automobiling 26 + Aviation 26 + Bee Farming 27 + Blacksmithing 27 + Bugling 27 + Business 27 + Camping 28 + Carpentry 28 + Chemistry 28 + Civics 29 + Conservation 30 + Cooking 30 + Craftsmanship 31 + Cycling 31 + Dairying 31 + Eagle Scout 43 + Electricity 32 + Firemanship 32 + First Aid 32 + First Aid to Animals 33 + Forestry 33 + Gardening 34 + Handicraft 34 + Horsemanship 34 + Interpreting 35 + Invention 35 + Leather Working 35 + Life Saving 36 + Life Scout 43 + Machinery 36 + Marksmanship 36 + Masonry 36 + Mining 37 + Music 37 + Ornithology 37 + Painting 38 + Pathfinding 38 + Personal Health 39 + Photography 39 + Pioneering 39 + Plumbing 40 + Poultry Farming 40 + Printing 40 + Public Health 40 + Scholarship 41 + Sculpture 41 + Seamanship 41 + Signalling 42 + Stalking 42 + Star Scout 43 + Surveying 42 + Swimming 42 + Taxidermy 43 + +Naval Enlistment 343 +Naval Academy 344 +Navy of United States 343 +Neckerchief 360 +Neck Grip 283 +New States (1845-1861) 333 +Norfolk Coat 362 +"Northwest Territory" 335 +Nose Bleed 274 +Nose, Care of 229 + +Observation, Practice 148 +Open Outing Tent 170-173 +Order of Business--Camp 153 +Oregon Territory Acquired (1846) 324 +Original Territory (1783) 323 +Orion 83 + +Pain 224 +Panics, Prevention of 255 +Patriotism and Citizenship 323-356 +Patrol Flags 364 +Patrol Signs 19 +Patrol Work 83 +Peace 339 +Peace Treaty (1783) 291-292 +Philippine Islands Acquired (1898) 324 +Pilgrim Fathers 238, 325 +Pine Island Acquired (1898) 324 +Pioneers. American 239 +Plants, Ferns and Grasses 117-122 +Pleiades 84 +Poisoning 272 +Poison Ivy 119 +Politics 347 +Ponchos 364 +Porto Rico Acquired (1898) 324 +Practical Citizenship 353 +President--Term of Office, Salary, etc. 341 +Program, Scout Camp 153 +Proper Carriage 219 +Property-- + Real. Personal--Relationship to Government 348 +Public Domain 322 +Purchase from Texas (1850) 324 +Puttees 364 + +Rains, Signs of 156 +Ration List 152 +Register of Deeds 347 +Religion, Boy Scouts 250 +Rememberable Morse or Re-Morse Alphabet 203 +Reptiles 97-101 +Rescue from Shore or Boat 284 +Restoring Breathing 286 +Rocks and Pebbles 111-117 + Rocks, Stratified 112 + Rocks, Quartz vein 113 + Fossill, Shells 116 + Pudding-Stone 116 +Row Boats 180 + Coming Alongside 181 + Feathering 180 + Going Ashore 181 + Keeping Ashore 181 +{399} + Rowing 181 + Sculling 181 + Steering 181 + Salute, The 181 + Turning. The 180 +Runaway Horse 260 + + + PAGE +Sailing Small Boats 182 +Sailing Before Wind 183 +Sailing Close to Wind 183 +Sailing, Direction of Wind 182 +Sailing--Flying the Flag 184 +Sailing--Reefing 183 +Sailing--Right of Way 184 +Samoan Islands Acquired (1899) 324 +Sanitation 154 +Scout Badge, The 12 +Scout Law, The 14 +Scout Motto, The 12 +Scout Oath, The 14 +Scout Salute, The 14 +Scout Sign, The 14 +Scout Virtues 8 +Scout Master, The 153 +Scouts Pledged to the Flag 341 +Scout Staff and its Uses 365 +Secession of States 335 +Second Class Scout 17 +Secrets of the Woods 199 +Semaphore Signal Code 206 +Shells and Shell Fish 94-97 +Shelter Tents 364 +Shirts 364 +Shock--What to do in Case of 261 +Shoes 365 +Signal Flags 365 +Signalling by Flag or Torch 305 +Slavery 335 +Sleep 231 +Sleeping out of doors 232 +Snake Bites 237 +Snakes, Water Moccasin 101 +Southern Confederacy formed (1861) 335 +Spanish American War, The (1898) 338 +Spanish and French 325 +Speaker, House of Representatives 341 +Special Service by Boy Scouts 109 +Splints and Sling for Arm 264 +Splints for Broken Leg 263 +Splints for Broken Thigh 262 +Spoons 361 +Sports 364 +Sprains 264 +Staff 365 +Star Spangled Banner, The (1815) 330 +Star Spangled Banner, Hymn 358 +Stars, The 81 +State Government 346 +Stockings 66 +Stomach Ache 276 +Stretcher Improvised 277 +Struggle for Freedom 238 +Sunburn 274 +Sun Dial or Hunter's Clock 53 +Sun Stroke and Heat Exhaustion 274 +Sweaters 361 +Swedes in Delaware 325 + +Taxes 349 +Tea 226 +Teeth 227 +Telegraph Instruments 366 +Tenderfoot 16 +Tent Making Made Easy 164-170 +Texas Annexed 324 +Three Classes of Scouts, The 16 +Thrift 246 +Throat 229 +Toadstools 122 +Toadstools, Deadly Cup 123 +Toadstools, Deadly Amanita 123 +Toadstools, Destroying Angel 123 +Toadstools, Fly Amanita 124 +Toadstools, Hated Amanita 124 +Toadstools, Poisonous 123 +Toadstools, Sure Death 123 +Toadstools, Wholesome 125 +Tobacco 226 +Toothache 275 +Torniquet to Upper Arm 269 +Towns, Villages and Cities 347 +Tracking Irons 367 +Tracks, Tracking and Signaling 187-218 + The Coon that Showed How 194 + Tracking 188 + Tracking, How to Learn 190 + Tracking, When to Learn 190 + Trying It on the Cat 196 +Treatment After Respiration Begins 287 +Trees. Common North American 127-133 + Ash, White 132 + Beech 130 + Birch, Black. Sweet or Mahogany 129 + Birch, Common or Aspen Leaved 129 + Butternut or White Walnut 129 + Cedar, Red 128 + Chestnut 130 + Cottonwood 128 + Elm, White or Swamp 131 + Hemlock 128 + Hickory, White 128 + Locust, Black or Yellow 132 + Maple, Red, Scarlet. Water or Swamp 132 + Oak, Red 130 + Oak, White 131 + Pine, White 127 + Shagbark, or White Hickory 128 + Sycamore, Plane Tree, + Buttonball or Buttonwood 131 + Walnut, Black 129 + Walnut, White or Butternut 129 +Troop Colors 367 +Trousers 367 +Twelve Points of the Scout Law, The 10 + +Unconsciousness 270 + +Valley Forge 328 +Vice-President--President of Senate 341 + +War of 1812 329 +Washington, D. C 342 +Washington, George 325 +Wasps 105 +Watch 367 +Watch for a Compass 57 +Water Accidents 279-288 +Water Bottle 367 +Water Hints 155 + +{400} + + + PAGE +Waterproofing a Tent 170 +Water Supply 154 +Waves 179 +Weather Flags 157 +West Point Military Academy 343 +What One Boy Did 90 +What Scouting Means 3 +What to do When Lost in the Woods 67 +Whistles 367 +Whistle Signs 208 +White House 341 +White Pine 119 +Wig-Wag or Myer Code 204 +Will 246 +Wind, How to Tell Direction of 157 +Wireless Telegraphy 210 +Wireless Abbreviations 205 +Wireless Signs 204 +Wireless Numbers 204 +Wireless. Receiving Set 211 +Wireless Sending Set 213 +Woodcraft 57-145 +Woodlore 57-85 +Work not Luck 251 +Wounds Without Severe Bleeding 267 +Wounds With Severe Bleeding 267 +Wrist Grip 282 + +Yorktown, Va. (1781) 328 + + +THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS. GARDEN CITY. N. Y. + + + +[Transcriber's Note: The following pages are advertisements.] + +{401} + +Do You Know This Manual From Cover To Cover? + +Well, here is another rule for you to memorize: + +"Whenever Hungry Eat Peter's Chocolate" + +Alpine climbers, hunters, campers, and woodsmen of all descriptions +consider Peter's Chocolate the regulation food for camp or trail. + +It is absolutely the most sustaining; has the most delicious taste +that always makes you want more, and does not create thirst. + +Don't you go camping this summer without a liberal supply. You can get +the nut chocolate or the plain chocolate as you prefer, but be sure to +ask for Peter's, the Original Milk Chocolate. + +Peter's comes in several varieties: + +Peter's Milk Chocolate + +Peter's Milk Chocolate Croquettes + +Peter's Almond Milk Chocolate + +Peter's Milk Chocolate with Roasted Hazelnuts + +Peter's Bon-Bons + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{402} + +World Famous "SCOUTS" + +Now on Sale! + +Now's your chance to get the "Boy +Scout" Shoe, boys--that world famous shoe +about which you have read so much in the +magazines. It's making just as big a hit in +this town as it has made in the big cities. +Boys are "wild" about them--say they +never saw anything like them for baseball, +running, jumping, and all outdoor sports. + +The "Boy Scout" Shoe + +Toughest, lightest, most sensible, +everyday shoe made. Uppers are soft as +gloves. Soles wear two to three times as +long as ordinary soles. No linings. Coolest +and most healthful boy's shoe ever +invented. + +COLORS +Olive, Tan and Black + +Tell your pa that "Boy Scouts" outwear +two to three pairs of ordinary shoes. + +Good-Luck Charm FREE +with each pair of genuine BOY SCOUT SHOES + +Write us direct if your dealer does not +handle them and we will forward booklet +immediately. + +The Excelsior Shoe Co., Portsmouth, Ohio + +Little Boys', size 10 to 13-1/2; $2.00 +Boys', size 1 to 5-1/2, $2.50 +Big Boys' and Men's, size 6-10, $3.00 + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{403} + +In conjunction with the Boy SCOUTS OF AMERICA we have published a book +called "Boy Scouts." The text of the book is written by Mr. J. L. +Alexander and the illustrations are by Gordon Grant. It is the only +illustrated book of the Boy Scouts. We have made arrangements with the +National Headquarters of the Boy Scouts of America to allow a +commission of two cents to any patrol on each book sold for ten cents +by the members of that patrol. We will send express collect, to the +Scoutmaster any number of these books which he thinks can be disposed +of within thirty days by the boys under him. At the end of that time +he is to send us eight cents for each book sold and return the +remaining books. + +If a local organization is in need of funds to purchase pictures, +furniture, uniforms or anything else needful for its rooms or +activities, this affords an excellent opportunity for the boys to earn +part or all of the necessary amount. + +This book, "BOY Scouts," will be sent anywhere for ten cents in stamps +or coin by + +Minute Tapioca Co., Orange, Mass. + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{404} + +The Soft, Sure Silent Step of the Indian, the trapper and the guide is +yours in the city as well as on the trail, if you will simply attach +O'Sullivan's Heels of New Live Rubber to your ordinary shoes. + +As you carry home with you the high, wholesome ideas of the woods, so +also retain the noiseless tread of the true scout by always wearing +O'Sullivan Heels. + +The best known men today are wearing these heels. They give that +quiet, springy tread which shows the strong, self-reliant man. + +Put O'Sullivan's on all your shoes. 50 cents per pair attached. + +We have a free booklet especially for you on the subject. + +O'Sullivan Rubber Company +131 Hudson Street +New York + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{405} + +SCOUT'S AXE + + +The Official Axe of the Boy Scout + +Furnished with a Sheath of Chrome Tanned Leather to carryon the belt. + +Manufactured by the makers of the famous Plumb "Anchor Brand" tools. + +Solid steel of special analysis, from head to cutting edge. Double +tempered, making a good keen edge, hard--yet tough. + +Highest grade Hickory handles, with special Forest finish, which +blends with the colors of the woods. + +The best axe that money can buy or skill produce. + +For use in forest or camp it is the handiest tool in a woodsman's kit. + + + +FAYETTE R. PLUMB, INC. +Philadelphia U. S. A. St. Louis. + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{406} + +Scout Masters' Manual + +A handbook especially prepared to aid the scout master in his work +with boys. + +It is full of suggestions! + +Programs for Scout Meetings; indoors and out, summer and winter; long +term camp, Scout games, etc. + +Price 60 cent. postpaid +National Headquarters +200 Fifth Avenue +New York, N. Y. + + +----------------------------------------------------------- + + +Give a Flood of Light + +This 14-candle-power lamp projects a bright, white light 150 feet and +fulfils every lighting requirement for the camper, Hunter and Angler. + +The Baldwin Camp Light is only 3-1/2 inches high and weighs but 5 +ounces. 25 cents worth of carbide gives fifty hours' light. Can be +hung up in the tent, fastened to bow of boat or worn on cap or belt, +leaving both hands free. + +Sold by leading Hardware and Sporting Goods Dealers, or sent prepaid +upon receipt of regular price, $1.00 + +John Simmons Company +22 Franklin Street +New York + +Write for this interesting booklet, sent free if you mention your +dealer's name and address + + +----------------------------------------------------------- + + +The Official Boys Scout Whistle + +LOUD TONE Heavy Metal Gun Metal Finish + +Secure from your dealer, or mailed on receipt of price and 2c extra +for postage. + +BEHREND & ROTHSCHILD +Price 10 cents +355 Broadway +New York City +Strauss Bros. & Co., Sole Selling Agents + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{407} + +Boy Scouts and ScoutMasters + +The Hill & Loper Co., Danbury, Conn., are making a special hat for +you--a hat that's built for scouting--one that will hold its shape and +color and all the snap and dash that are put into it, in spite of +"wind and weather." It's made to supply the increasing demand for a +better Boy Scout Hat. It's made from Fine Fur Felt--from the same +stock and by the same skilled workmen that produce the Hill & Loper +Co.'s famous "HI-LO" Felt Hats which are sold to the most particular +trade all over the country. It's "Scout" style, through and through, +and built on the thorough, thoroughly honest principles that your +great organization stands for. It is approved by your National +Council, and you'll approve it as soon as you see it and try it on. +You can get one of these Boy Scout or Scout Master Hats from your +local dealer or from National Headquarters, Boy Scouts of America. Be +sure to look for the Scout Seal, stamped on the Sweat Leather. None +genuine without this seal. If there is no dealer in your locality send +your size and the regular price--$2.00 for "Boy Scout" or $2.50 for +"Scout Master" Hat, direct to + +National Outfitter +SIGMUND EISNER +Red Bank, New Jersey + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{408} + +BOY SCOUT SHOES + +Joseph M. Herman & Co., of Boston, the world famous manufacturers of +Herman's U. S. Army Shoes, the kind the soldiers, sailors, marines and +militia wear, have created the moat comfortable and best wearing shoe +for boys that ever was known. It is made on the sensible orthopedic +last designed by army surgeons. The regular army stamp is on these +shoes and so is the official Boy Scout seal. Look for these marks when +buying. The genuine + +U. S. Army--Boy Scout Shoe + +is made of Shrewsbury leather with double sole of solid oak leather +reinforced so that it cannot break away. The upper has a cool lining +and is soft and pliable. This is not only the best shoe for wear that +a boy can put on but is handsome and snappy--one that any boy will be +proud to show to his friends. Be sure to mention your size when +ordering. + +Price $2.50 + + +Official Seal + +Bottom Stamp +Herman's US Army Shoe +For Boy Scouts of America +T. E. O'Donnell +Inspector + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{409} + + +Bailey's +Boy Scout Underwear +Consisting of Knit Shirts +Drawers and Union Suits + +Made in plain and open mesh effect cloth, in olive drab regulation +color, also in Egyptian and white. + +Shirts made athletic style as shown in cut. + +Drawers finished with strong ribbed cuffs that reach just below the +knee which insures comfort to wearer. + +Union suits also made in athletic finish. + +Sizes from 24 to 34. + +PRICES +Athletic Shirts $.25 +Athletic Drawers .25 +Union Suits .50 + +If you cannot get these goods from your dealer, advise us and we will +mail or express them to you prepaid on receipt of price. + +THE BAILEY KNITTING MILLS +FORT PLAIN. N. Y. + +N. B. Boy Scout Underwear suggested by Master Charles S. Bailey of +Troop 2, Boy Scouts of America, Fort Plain, N. Y. + + +Showing Use of Shirt as a Jersey +Ideal for Use in Camp. Color, Olive +Drab, Matching Uniform + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{410} + + +Official Equipments +'Tabloid' First-Aid +No. 709, for Patrol Leaders and Scout Masters $2.00 +No. 710, for Scouts $1.00 + +Special discount on orders for 1/2 doz. or more when ordered through +the local organization. + +Burroughs, Wellcome & Co. 35 West 33d Street New York City + +No. 709. 'Tabloid' First-Aid + + +----------------------------------------------------------- + + +Outfitters for Explorers, Campers, Prospectors, Hunters and Boy Scouts +Light Weight Water and Rot Proof Tents. Ask About Our Green Tents + +ABERCROMBIE'S CAMP +TRADE MARK + +Outing Clothes, Camp Outfits, Footwear +Canoes, Fishing Tackle, Guns and Ammunition +DAVID T. ABERCROMBIE CO., 311 Broadway, New York +American Agents. +NEWLAND, TARLTON & CO., Safari Outfitters. +Nairobi, B.E. Africa + +Send for Illustrated Catalogue. Please Note Name and Address + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{411} + +Knives Recommended by Committee on Equipment of Boy Scouts of America +Ask your hardware dealer for these knives +Made to cut and stay sharp +Two Blades, Ebony Handle, "Easy Opener," +Brass Lined, and German Silver Bolsters +Price 50 cents + +Made to cut and stay sharp. +Stag Handle, Large Blade, Screwdriver, +Leather Punch, Can Opener, Brass Lining, +German Silver Bolsters +Price $1.00 +New York Knife Co. +226 Fifth Ave., New York Works +Walden, N. Y. + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{412} + + +"It's time you owned a Waltham" + +The Watch for the Boy Scout as well as for the veteran. The boy of +today doesn't want a clock watch bought in a notion store at the price +of a toy. He wants an accurate watch bought from a jeweler--one he can +take pride in and one that teaches him to respect time. An accurate +time-piece, like scouting, cultivates habits of precision and +punctuality. + +WALTHAM + +Watches are noted time-keepers in every grade. There are moderate +priced Waltham watches that keep perfect time. Even low priced +Walthams maintain wonderful records for accuracy. The pride of owning +a watch of the world-wide reputation of Waltham, adds immensely to any +boy's happiness. + +Send for Descriptive Booklet of Waltham Movements or Ask Your Jeweler. + +WALTHAM WATCH CO.--Waltham, Mass. + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{413} + + +Boy Scout Knit Union Suits +A New Kind of Underwear + +Slip into the Suit, fasten it on the shoulders--and there you are! +That is the whole idea in a nutshell. A simple, sensible undergarment, +easy to get into, comfortable to wear, and very serviceable. + +There is no "pull" or strain on any part, the suit fits smoothly and +comfortably and allows free action of the whole body. + +Only four buttons on the whole garment, and they are so well sewn that +not even the most strenuous boy is apt to pull them off. + +Boy Scout Union Suit +This label on every garment--None other genuine. +Made in sizes to fit every boy and youth + +PATENT APPLIED FOR +Price. 50c per Suit +Ask your store-keeper for them, +if he hasn't, them, we'll supply you direct. +H. L Nelke & CO. +Manufactures +Nelke Building +Philadelphia + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{414} + + +[Illustration: Photograph of two Scouts.] +MADE WITH A BROWNIE CAMERA. + +The Camera for Field Service: + +BROWNIE + +Easy to carry on the march; simple to operate. Loads in daylight with +Kodak Film Cartridges. Ideal for the equipment of every detachment of +Boy Scouts. Negatives can be easily developed in the field--No +dark-room required. + +Write for the Book of Brownies. + +EASTMAN KODAK CO., Rochester, N. Y. + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{415} + + +ATTENTION SCOUTS! +DAN BEARD +One of the National Scout Commissioner. + +Has written a Library of Scout Books--books you must have for they +tell all about the life in fields and forests and on rivers and +streams--the things you want to know in your business. + +READ THIS LIST + +The Boy Pioneer Sons of Daniel Boone. Illustrated by the author. +$2.00 net + + "The reader is told how to take part in all the old Pioneer games." + --Phila. Press. + + +The Field and Forest Handy Book. Illustrated by the author. $2.00 + + "A book to be coveted by every active-minded boy capable of handling + tools."--Chicago News, + + +The Jack of All Trades. Illustrated by the author. $2.00 + + "Any boy who is handy with tools of any sort will enjoy this book." + --Youths' Companion, + + +The Out Door Handy Book. Illustrated by the author. $2.00 + + "It makes a man of a boy and a boy of a man."--Charles Dana Gibson, + + +The American Boy's Handy Book. Illustrated by the author. $2.00 + + "It tells how to make all kinds of things--boats, traps, toys, + fishing tackle, balloons, rear wild birds, train dogs, + etc."--Indianapolis Journal. + +Charles Scribner's Sons +New York City + + +----------------------------------------------------------- + +THE NATIONAL CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION + +Offers to Boy Scouts an immediate opportunity to earn good returns +from useful work in a great cause by acting as Subscription Agents for + +American Conservation + +The new illustrated monthly magazine published by the Association. + +Handsomely printed, magnificently illustrated; every article written +by a recognized authority; full of interest, each month, for every +thoughtful man and boy in America. + +Write for full details of our plan for enabling boys to earn money by +helping to put into more American homes a magazine in which every +thinking American is interested at sight. + +American Conservation +Colorado Building +Washington, D. C. + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{416} + + +"Be Prepared" +When you get your camp supplies don't forget to buy a box of +"STEERO" Bouillon Cubes +Reg. U. S. Pat. Off +Made by American Kitchen Products Co., New York + +Add them to the list of supplies on page 152 of your Handbook. A box +of 100 Steero Cubes is the right size for six boys for a week. + +Steero Cubes will save a lot of cooking in camp. All you have to do is +to put a Steero Cube in a cup and pour boiling water on it. You can +make dandy soup for dinner, supper, or any time you're hungry. You +can't help getting it just right every time, and there isn't any waste +because + +"A Cube Makes a Cup" + +Send for Free Samples and try them at home, so you'll know just what +they are. + +If the grocer, druggist, or sporting goods dealer doesn't have Steero +Cubes, send 35c for a box of 12 Cubes, prepaid, enough to make 12 +cups. We also put them up in boxes of 50 and 100 Cubes--they are +cheaper this way. + +Distributed and Guaranteed by +Schleffelin & Co. +215 William St., +New York +Under Pure Food Law, Serial No. 1 + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{417} + + +SCOUTS! +Chief Scout Ernest Thompson Seton has written Books without which no +Scout Library is first-rate. + +Here is a List of Them: + +Animal Heroes Illustrated by the author $2.00 + + "The Histories of a dog, a cat, a lynx, a rabbit, two wolves and a + reindeer * * * Written in a vein of fiction. Yet the general habits + and mode of living of the animals are accurately + described."--Philia. Press + + +Monarch, the Big Bear of Tallac. Illustrated by the author. $1.25$ net + + "A fascinating account of a Bear Family."--Providence Journal. + + +Lives of the Hunted. Illustrated by the author. $2.00 + + "There is nothing in Kipling's "Jungle Books" more intensely + dramatic and absorbing than The Story of Krag, the Kookney Ram, + Scotty's long hunt and its ending."--Brooklyn Eagle. + + +Wild Animals I Have Known. Illustrated by the author. + + Tells the histories of such wild creatures as a wolf, a fox, a molly + cottontail and others. + + +The Trail of the Sand Hill Stag. Illustrated by the author. $1.50 + + "Ought to make any boy happy and will furnish him some delightful + hours." --Detroit Free Press. + + +Krag and Johnny Bear. Illustrated by the author. 50 cents net + + +Tobo Rag and Vixen. Illustrated by the author. 50 cents net + + +Charles Scribner's Sons New York City + + +----------------------------------------------------------- + + +American Red Cross Abridged Text-Book on FIRST AID +GENERAL EDITION +By MAJOR CHARLES LYNCH +Medical Corps, United States Army + +The attention of all Boy Scouts is invited to this small TEXTBOOK on +FIRST AID. It is now in use by a great number of Boy Scout +organizations throughout the country. In no respect can the Boy Scout +better fit himself for helping others than by learning First Aid and +this text-book will enable him to do so in a thoroughly satisfactory +manner and in the shortest space of time. The book contains everything +on the subject of First Aid which the Boy Scout ought to know and is +free from technical details which serve no useful purpose and only +result in confusing the student. + +With 55 Illustrations. xii + 183 Pages. Paper Cover. 30c Postpaid + +Can be purchased through any bookseller, American Red Cross Society. +or National Headquarters, Boy Scouts of America + +P. BLAKISTON'S SON &: CO., PUBLISHERS +1012 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{418} + + +Camping for Boys +H. W. Gibson + +Illustrated, Cloth, $1 + +A Knapsack Full of Outdoor Wisdom + +The author has put into this book his experience of twenty-two summers +of actual camping with boys. The twenty-three chapters are filled with +information such as this: where to go; what to take; how to layout a +camp, pitch tent, build a camp fire; what to cook and how to cook it, +how to get well if you eat too much of it; directions for long trips, +short trips, any trip at all; something to do every hour of the day, +from reveille to taps; first aid, games, nature study and that's not +half. 294 pages. 100 pictures. + + +----------------------------------------------------------- + + +At Home in the Water + +Swimming, Diving. Water Sports, Life-Saving. +GEORGE H. CORSAN, Swimming Instructor, University of Toronto. +Cloth, 75 cents; paper, 50 cents. + +The author has started thousands of men and boys on the way to mastery +of the various strokes--under arm, over arm, crawl, etc. Over one +hundred practical illustrations are shown. More value for less money +than can be found in any other book of the kind. "The methods of +illustrating are the best that can be devised, and the pictures convey +an extremely clear idea of what is meant. Mr Corsan's book stands with +the best, of which there are few, as a most complete work."--CHARLES +M. DANIELS, Champion swimmer of the United States, in the Playground. + + +----------------------------------------------------------- + + +From Youth Into Manhood. +WINFIELD S. HALL. M. D., Professor of Physiology. Northwestern University + +Medical School. Cloth. 50 cents, postpaid. The standard book on Sexual +Hygiene. "It is the only book of this order which I should care to +recommend. It compactly puts the physical facts of male life; adds a +very valuable chapter of practical advice on personal hygiene; then +stops, and lets the boy do his own thinking." +--Professor G. WALTER FISKE, Oberlin. + + +----------------------------------------------------------- + + +Life Questions of High School Boys + +J. W. JENKS. Cloth, 40 cents; paper, 25 cent. The distinguished +Cornell Professor has given here brief discussions of Habit, Cheating, +Societies, etc., in a way that starts the boy thinking in the right +direction. + +The boy has the brain and the will, he doesn't need anybody to think +for him or to decide for him. He needs to be guided into right ways of +thinking and deciding for himself. This book is such a guide. It +simply says, Here are two ways--which do you think is right. Very +well, do that. + + +----------------------------------------------------------- + + +Social Activities for Men and Boys + +A. M. CHESLEY, Editor. Illustrated, cloth, $1. A book of nearly 300 +plans and programs for cheerful occasions, gathered from all available +sources. All the material has been successfully used. + +The book tells how to carry on receptions of different sorts; how to +play interesting and original games, indoors and outdoors, in the +water, as well as on land; how to promote an amateur circus or a +dramatic entertainment as well as a summer campaign or outing. +Considerable attention is given to the organization of clubs of all +kinds, civic, educational, and athletic. + + +----------------------------------------------------------- + + +Complete Catalog Sent on Request +ASSOCIATION PRESS +124 East 28th Street, New York +The five books bound in cloth, postpaid $3.00 + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{419} + + +More Ponies for Boys + +Two Blooded Shetlands, each with Cart and Harness made especially to +fit the pony, will be given each month to boys who sell + +The Saturday Evening Post + + +COUNTRY AND CITY BOYS + +No matter whether your town is a large one or a small one, you have as +good a chance to earn a Pony Outfit as has a boy in any other town or +city. The ways of scoring equalize the opportunities of country and +city boys. Thus, Harry Royster, Yazoo City, Mississippi, earned our +last Pony Outfit by selling only 555 copies within two months. + +Start Now To Earn Your Pony. + +Your pony, guaranteed to be well-broken and safe for you to drive, +will yet be full of life and a good traveler. The complete outfit is +worth $150.00. (You can have cash if you prefer.) If you want a pony, +write at once for details and for copies of the weekly. These you can +sell at five cents each. Full information will be sent you with the +weekly. Write today. Gold watches and other premiums for boys who do +good work. + +The Curtis Publishing Company, +405 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{420} + + +The New Boy's Leather-Stocking + +By Ernest Thompson Seton + +Rolf in The Woods + + +Chief Scout Ernest Thompson Seton + +Being the Adventure of a Boy Scout with Indian Quonab and Little Dog +Skookum in the War of 1812. + +When Rolf Kittering crawled out of the window of his little attic room +that night to escape his infuriated and brutal uncle, there was no +refuge for him to seek except the camp of his chance friend, old +Quonab the Indian. The story of his life outdoors, of the fight with +the monster snapping turtle, of the journey to the great North Woods, +and how the boy came to know the intimate life of the wild creatures, +will make any boy's, or man's, heart beat faster with admiring envy. + +The most exciting portion of all is where Rolf comes to put his new +knowledge into practice as a daring scout during the War of 1812. + +Profusely illustrated and with marginal decorations by the author. +Fixed price, $1.50 + +By the Same Author + +Two Little Savages. +Net $1.75 (postage 17c.) + + +Foresters Manual. +Cloth. Net, $1.00 (postage 10c.) Paper, net, 50c. (postage 5c.) + + +Manual of Signs and Sign Language (In Preparation.) +Cloth, Net, $1.00 (postage 10c.) Paper. Net. 50c. (postage 5c.) + + +By STEWART EDWARD WHITE + +The Rule of the Game. +Fixed price, $1.40 (postage 15c.) + +The Cabin + +The Forest. +Illustrated. Net, $1.50 (postage 15c.) + +The Mountains. +Illustrated. Net, $1.50 (upstage 15c.) + +The Pass. +Illustrated. Net, $1.25 (postage 12c.) + +Camp and Trail. +Illustrated. Net, $1.25 (postage 12c.) + + +Garden City +Doubleday, Page & Co. +New York + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{421} + + +You Can't Be a Scout + unless you learn how to use your hands in useful work: Carpentry, + electrical work and so on. + + +You Need a Guide + to show you the way, for all these mechanical matters are easy when + you know how, but terribly difficult to puzzle out by yourself. + + +There's Only One Set of Books + ever published which really does this, so simply and clearly that + anybody can understand it. It's called + + +"The Library of Work and Play" + and its ten volumes tell you all most people ever need to learn + about + +Carpentry +Mechanics +Electricity +Outdoor Work +Metal Work +Gardening and Farming +Home Decoration +Games and Sports +Housekeeping +Needlecraft + +Cut off this coupon to-day and mail it to us and we'll send you full +information of this most useful and interesting set of books. + +Doubleday, Page & CO. +Garden City, N. Y. + +------------------------------------------- +Doubleday, Page & CO. +Garden City, N. Y. +Sent me the booklet descriptive of the +Library of Work and Play, and containing +colored plates, illustrations, etc. + +Name _____________________________ +Address _____________________________ +------------------------------------------- + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{422} + + +The Boys' Magazine + +is unquestionably the finest magazine in the world for boys. Each +issue is filled with fascinating stories and absorbing articles all of +intense interest to every live boy. Also each issue contains +departments devoted to Electricity, Mechanics, Photography, Carpentry, +Stamps and Coins. A big Athletic department, edited by Walter Camp is +a regular feature. Every one knows that Mr. Camp is the highest +authority on this subject in the country. This department is of great +value to every boy who wishes to excel in Athletic sports. + +It will be of interest to our Boy Scout friends to know that we have +recently inaugurated a special department devoted entirely to the BOY +SCOUTS OF AMERICA. The manuscript and illustrations for this +department are specially prepared for us and forwarded each month +direct from National Headquarters. + +A New Handsome Cover in Colors Each Month. Beautifully Illustrated +Throughout. + +A BIG BARGAIN + +FOR ONLY FIFTY CENTS we will send you THE BOYS' MAGAZINE for six +months AND a copy of the cleverest little book you ever read, +entitled, "Fifty Ways for Boys to Make Money" AND a "Reach" Base Ball +Fielder's Glove, (This glove is made of fine brown tan leather, felt +padded and leather lined, patent wide hump, web thumb and deep +pocket.) + +Think of it! All the Above for Only Fifty Cents + +Don't put this off but send in your subscription to-day. We will +refund your money promptly if you are not more than pleased with your +investment. (References as to our Responsibility, Hamlin Bank & Trust +Co., Smethport. Pa., or Dun or Bradstreet's Mercantile Agencies.) + +Address +The Scott F. Redfield Co. 595 Main Street Smethport, Pa. + +(THE BOYS' MAGAZINE is on sale for 10c a copy at practically every +news stand in America. Should you prefer to purchase copies each month +rather than subscribe, then your newsdealer will be glad to get our +magazine for you in case, of course, he does not already handle it.) + + +----------------------------------------------------------- + +{423} + + +All Boy Scouts Should Subscribe for this Best Boys' Magazine in the World! + +The American Boy + +PAGES are given to the Boy Scout movement. Its Editor is a member of +the National Council. Ernest Thompson Seton, the Chief Scout, +contributes a page for each issue. + +And listen to this! You're a bright, up-to-date fellow, you know +what's good, and you like the best of everything. But so far, you've +missed the best reading--the liveliest, truest, most fascinating +reading you ever set eyes on. 500,000 boys now read it. + +You're probably used to reading the ordinary magazines that come to +the house, or newspapers or books. They are all good, but why not have +a magazine all your own, that comes every month to you, addressed in +your own name, and that is filled from cover to cover with stories and +anecdotes, and illustrated talks and latest news on sports, and--oh, +hundreds of things you want to know about--all written by the biggest +boys' authors in the country. And pictures! Say there are hundreds of +them! Beats sensational trash all hollow! + +SUBSCRIBE TODAY! +Subscription Price $1.00 a Year. +Address: +THE SPRAGUE PUBLISHING CO. +No.128 Majestic Building, DETROIT, MICH. + + +----------------------------------------------------------- +{424} + + +For the Boy Scouts of America +Remington UMC .22 Rifles +Repeater, Single Shot + +Quickness Of Eye, Steady Judgment, Self Confidence--these Are The +Characteristics Of Men And Boys Who Shoot. + +Buy A Remington-UMC .22 Single Shot Or Repeater. It Is As Keen A Rifle +For Its Size As The Most Highly Developed Military Arm. + +Remington-UMC--Single Shot Rifles List At $4.00 And Up, And The Boys' +Scout Special At $5.00--as Shown In The Illustration. It Is Especially +Built For Drill Use. + +Remington-UMC--repeating Rifles List At $12.65 And Up. + +These Rifles Are Built In The Same Factory By The Same Experts As The +Famous Remington-U.M.C. Big Game Rifles. + +Send 10c in stamps for a beautifully bound and illustrated history of +the development of fire arms and ammunition from sling shot to present +day high power repeating rifles. This book contains many intensely +interesting stories of adventure. + +Address Boy Scout Department +REMINGTON ARMS--UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE CO. +299 Broadway, New York + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Boy Scouts Handbook, by Boy Scouts of America + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BOY SCOUTS HANDBOOK *** + +***** This file should be named 29558.txt or 29558.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/5/5/29558/ + +Produced by Don Kostuch + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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