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diff --git a/29558-h/29558-h.htm b/29558-h/29558-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7859f34 --- /dev/null +++ b/29558-h/29558-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,28785 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> + +<head> + + <meta content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1" + http-equiv="Content-Type"> +<title>Boy Scout Handbook 1911</title> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Boy Scouts Handbook, by Boy Scouts of America + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Boy Scouts Handbook + The First Edition, 1911 + +Author: Boy Scouts of America + +Release Date: August 1, 2009 [EBook #29558] +[Last updated: May 17, 2012] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BOY SCOUTS HANDBOOK *** + + + + +Produced by Don Kostuch + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p> +Transcriber's note: +</p> +<p style="margin-left: 40px;"> +Page numbers are enclosed in curly braces, e.g. {99}. They are located +where page breaks occurred in the original book. Paragraphs are not +broken. +<br> +<br> +When a paragraph flows around illustrations the "next" page +immediately preceding or following the illustrations jumps to +account for the pages occupied by the illustrations. The location of +the paragraph following the illustration group is indicated as +{52 continued}. The material following {10}, up to the next {}, +is on page 10, even if the next page number is not 11. +<br> +<br> +Horizontal lines indicate the boundaries of segments such as +advertisements or complex diagrams. +</p> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +BOY SCOUTS HANDBOOK +</span> +<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> +The First Edition, 1911 +</span><br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 393px; height: 517px;" alt="" +src="images/01_front_coverpic.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA +</span> +</p> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +Boy Scouts of America +</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +Official National Out +</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +SIGMUND EISNER +</span><br> +<br> +New York Salesrooms +<br> +103 Fifth Avenue +<br> +Red Bank. N. J. +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 372px; height: 462px;" alt="" src="images/03pic1.jpg"> +<p> +Each part of the uniform is stamped with the official seal of the Boy +Scouts of America. +</p> +<p> +If there is no agency for the official uniform in your city write for +samples. +</p> +<br> +SIGMUND EISNER +<br> +<br> +Manufacturer of U. S. Army and National Guard Uniform +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +The Best Food for The Boy Scouts is +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 342px; height: 153px;" alt="" +src="images/04pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +Shredded Wheat +</span><br> +<p> +because it has all the muscle-building, bone-making material in +the whole wheat grain prepared in a digestible form, supplying +all the strength needed for work or play. It is ready-cooked and +ready-to-eat. It has the greatest amount of body-building +nutriment in smallest bulk. Its crispness compels thorough +mastication, and the more you chew it the better you like it. +Shredded Wheat is the favorite food of athletes. It is on the +training table of nearly every college and university in this +country. The records show that the winners of many brilliant +rowing and track events have been trained on Shredded Wheat.<br> +</p> +<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-style: italic;">The +BISCUIT is in little loaf form. It is baked a crisp, golden +brown. It is eaten with milk or cream, or fruit, or is delicious +when eaten as a toast with butter. TRISCUIT is the Shredded Wheat +wafer---the ideal food for the camp or the long tramp. </span><br> +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;">Building +buster boys is bully business--that's the reason we want to help +the Boy Scout movement.</span> +</p> +<br><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +The Shredded Wheat Company +</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +Niagara Falls, N. Y. +</span><br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 491px; height: 312px;" alt="" +src="images/08pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Getting the final word before hiking +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +BOY SCOUTS of AMERICA +</span><br> +<br> +THE OFFICIAL HANDBOOK +<br> +FOR BOYS +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 174px; height: 298px;" alt="" +src="images/09pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +Published for +</span><br> +THE BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA +<br> +200 FIFTH AVENUE +<br> +NEW YORK +<br> +<br> +GARDEN CITY, NEW YORK +<br> +DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY +<br> +1911 +<br> +<br> +<br> +COPYRIGHT 1911 +<br> +BY BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><br><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +BOY SCOUT CERTIFICATE +</span><br> +<br> +This is to certify that _________ +<br> +of ___________ State of _________ +<br> +Street and City or Town address +<br> +<br> +<br> +Age_____ Height_____ Weigh_____ +<br> +<br> +is a member of ________ Patrol, of Troop No. _____ +<br> +<br> +________________ +<br> +Scout Master +<br> +<br> +<br><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +SCOUT HISTORY +</span><br> +<br> +Qualified as Tenderfoot ________ 191_ +<br> +<br> +Second Class Scout _________ 191_ +<br> +<br> +First Class Scout _______ 191_ +<br> +<br> +<br><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +QUALIFIED FOR MERIT BADGES +</span><br> +<table style="width: 389px; height: 172px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody><tr><td> +<br> +</td><td>SUBJECT </td><td> +DATE</td></tr> +<tr><td>1</td><td>________________</td><td>________________</td></tr> +<tr><td>2</td><td>________________</td><td>________________</td></tr> +<tr><td>3</td><td>________________</td><td>________________</td></tr> +<tr><td>4</td><td>________________</td><td>________________</td></tr> +<tr><td>5</td><td>________________</td><td>________________</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +Qualified as Life Scout ________________ +<br> +<br> +Qualified as Star Scout ________________ +<br> +<br> +Qualified as Eagle Scout ________________ +<br> +<br> +Awarded Honor Medal ________________ +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{v} +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"><B> +PREFACE +</B></p> +<br> +<p> +The Boy Scout Movement has become almost universal, and wherever +organized its leaders are glad, as we are, to acknowledge the debt we +all owe to Lieut.-Gen. Sir Robert S. S. Baden-Powell, who has done so +much to make the movement of interest to boys of all nations. +</p> +<p> +The BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA is a corporation formed by a group of men +who are anxious that the boys of America should come under the +influence of this movement and be built up in all that goes to make +character and good citizenship. The affairs of the organization are +managed by a National Council, composed of some of the most prominent +men of our country, who gladly and freely give their time and money +that this purpose may be accomplished. +</p> +<p> +In the various cities, towns, and villages, the welfare of the boy +scouts is cared for by local councils, and these councils, like the +National Council are composed of men who are seeking for the boys of +the community the very best things. +</p> +<p> +In order that the work of the boy scouts throughout America may be +uniform and intelligent, the National Council has prepared its +"Official Handbook," the purpose of which is to furnish to the patrols +of the boy scouts advice in practical methods, as well as inspiring +information. +</p> +<p> +The work of preparing this handbook has enlisted the services of men +eminently fitted for such work, for each is an expert in his own +department, and the Editorial Board feels that the organization is to +be congratulated in that such men have been found willing to give +their time and ripe experience to this movement. It would be +impossible adequately to thank all who by advice and friendly +criticism have helped in the preparation of the book, or even to +mention their names, but to the authors whose names are attached to +the various chapters, we acknowledge an especial obligation. Without +their friendly help this book could not be. We wish especially to +express our appreciation of the helpful suggestions made by Daniel +Carter Beard. +</p> +<p> +We have carefully examined and approved all the material which goes to +make up {vi} the manual, and have tried to make it as complete as possible; +nevertheless, no one can be more conscious than we are of the +difficulty of providing a book which will meet all the demands of such +widely scattered patrols with such varied interests. We have +constantly kept in mind the evils that confront the boys of our +country and have struck at them by fostering better things. Our hope +is that the information needed for successful work with boy scouts +will be found within the pages of this book. +</p> +<p> +In these pages and throughout our organization we have made it +obligatory upon our scouts that they cultivate courage, loyalty, +patriotism, brotherliness, self-control, courtesy, kindness to +animals, usefulness, cheerfulness, cleanliness, thrift, purity and +honor. No one can doubt that with such training added to his native +gifts, the American boy will in the near future, as a man, be an +efficient leader in the paths of civilization and peace. +</p> +<p> +It has been deemed wise to publish all material especially for the aid +of scout masters in a separate volume to be known as "The Scout +Masters' Manual." +</p> +<p> +We send out our "Official Handbook," therefore, with the earnest wish +that many boys may find in it new methods for the proper use of their +leisure time and fresh inspiration in their efforts to make their +hours of recreation contribute to strong, noble manhood in the days to +come. +</p> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +THE BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA +<br> +Editorial Board. +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +WILLIAM D. MURRAY +<br> +GEORGE D. PRATT, +<br> +A. A. JAMESON, +<br> +</div> +</div> +<br> +<br> +{vii} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL +<br> +<br><b> +BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA +</b> +<br> +<br> +THE FIFTH AVENUE BUILDING, 200 FIFTH AVENUE +<br> +NEW YORK CITY +</p> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 492px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Honorary President</td> +<td>THE HON. WILLIAM H. TAFT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Honorary Vice-President</td> +<td>Colonel THEODORE ROOSEVELT</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>President</td> +<td>COLIN H. LIVINGSTONE,<br> + Washington, D. C.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1st Vice-President</td> +<td>B. L. DULANEY,<br> + Bristol, Tenn.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2d Vice-President</td> +<td>MILTON A. McRAE,<br> + Detroit, Mich.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3d Vice-President</td> +<td>DAVID STARR JORDAN,<br> + Stanford, Ca.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Chief Scout</td> +<td>ERNEST THOMPSON SETON,<br> + Cos Cob, Conn.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>National Scout Commissioner</td> +<td>DANIEL CARTER BEARD,<br> + Flushing, L. I., N.Y.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>National Scout Commissioner</td> +<td>Adj.-Gen. WILLIAM VERBECK,<br> + Albany, N.Y.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>National Scout Commissioner</td> +<td>Colonel PETER S. BOMUS,<br> + New York City</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Treasurer</td> +<td>GEORGE D. PRATT,<br> + Brooklyn, N. Y.</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<br> +MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD +<br> +<br> +COLIN H. LIVINGSTONE, Chairman +<br> +Daniel Carter Beard +<br> +Milton A. McRae +<br> +Mortimer L. Schiff +<br> +Col. Peter S. Bomus +<br> +William D. Murray +<br> +Ernest Thompson Seton +<br> +B. L. Dulaney +<br> +George D. Pratt +<br> +Seth Sprague Terry +<br> +Lee F. Hanmer +<br> +Frank Presbrey +<br> +Adj.-Gen. William Verbeck +<br> +George W. Hinckley +<br> +Edgar M. Robinson +<br> +JAMES E. WEST, Executive Secretary +<br> +<br> +<p> +MEMBERS OF NATIONAL COUNCIL +<br> +<br> +Charles Conrad Abbott +<br> +Arthur Adams +<br> +Dr. Felix Adler +<br> +Harry A. Allison +<br> +Henry Morrell Atkinson +<br> +B. N. Baker +<br> +Ray Stannard Baker +<br> +Evelyn Briggs Baldwin +<br> +Clifford W. Barnes +<br> +Daniel Carter Beard +<br> +Henry M. Beardsley +<br> +Martin Behrman +<br> +August Belmont +<br> +Ernest P. Bicknell +<br> +<br> +{viii} +<br> +<br> +Edward Bok +<br> +Colonel Peter S. Bomus +<br> +Hon. Charles J. Bonaparte +<br> +William D. Boyce +<br> +H. S. Braucher +<br> +Roeliff Brinkerhoff +<br> +Dr. Elmer E. Brown +<br> +Luther Burbank +<br> +Dr. Richard C. Cabot +<br> +Rev. S. Parkes Cadman +<br> +Arthur A. Carey +<br> +E. C. Carter +<br> +Richard B. Carter +<br> +W. D. Champlin +<br> +Thomas Chew +<br> +Winston Churchill +<br> +G. A. Clark +<br> +P. P. Claxton +<br> +Randall J. Condon +<br> +C. M. Connolly +<br> +Ernest K. Coulter +<br> +Dr. C. Ward Crampton +<br> +George H. Dalrymple +<br> +Dr. George S. Davis +<br> +E. B. DeGroot +<br> +Judge William H. De Lacy +<br> +William C. Demorest +<br> +Dr. Edward T. Devine +<br> +Admiral George Dewey +<br> +Gov. John A. Diz +<br> +Myron E. Douglas +<br> +Benjamin L. Dulaney +<br> +Hon. T. C. Du Pont +<br> +Dr. George W. Ehler +<br> +Griffith Ogden Ellis +<br> +Robert Erskine Ely +<br> +Henry P. Emerson +<br> +Hon. John J. Esch +<br> +J. W. Everman +<br> +Eberhard Faber +<br> +Dr. George J. Fisher +<br> +Horace Fletcher +<br> +Homer Folks +<br> +Dr. William Byron Forbush +<br> +Dr. Lee K. Frankel +<br> +Robert Ives Gammell +<br> +Hon. James R. Garfield +<br> +Hamlin Garland +<br> +Robert Garrett +<br> +William H. Gay +<br> +Bishop David H. Greer +<br> +Jesse A. Gregg +<br> +George B. Grinnell +<br> +S. R. Guggenheim +<br> +Luther Halsey Gulick, M. D. +<br> +Dr. G. Stanley Hall +<br> +Dr. Winfield Scott Hall +<br> +Lee F. Hanmer +<br> +Dr. Hastings H. Hart +<br> +Hon. W. M. Hays +<br> +Prof. C. R. Henderson +<br> +Clark W. Hetherington +<br> +George W. Hinckley +<br> +Allen Hoben +<br> +Hon. R. P. Hobson +<br> +Rev. R. W. Hogue +<br> +John Sherman Hoyt +<br> +C. R. H. Jackson +<br> +Prof. Jeremiah W. Jenks +<br> +G. E. Johnson +<br> +Dr. David Starr Jordan +<br> +Mayor William S. Jordan +<br> +Otto Herman Kahn +<br> +Dr. William J. Kerby +<br> +Charles H. Kip +<br> +Dr. J. H. Kirkland +<br> +Judge Henry E. Klamroth +<br> +Rev. Walter Laidlow +<br> +Charles R. Lamb +<br> +Joseph Lee +<br> +Samuel McC. Lindsay +<br> +Judge Ben B. Lindsey +<br> +Colin H. Livingstone +<br> +Col. Frank L. Locke +<br> +Hon. Nicholas Longworth +<br> +Hon. Frank O. Lowden +<br> +Hon. Lee McClung +<br> +William McCormick +</p> +{ix} +<p> +Hon. Henry B. F. Macfarland +<br> +J. Horace McFarland +<br> +C. W. McKee +<br> +Hon. William B. McKinley +<br> +J. S. McLain +<br> +Francis H. McLean +<br> +Milton A. McRae +<br> +Charles G. Maphis +<br> +George W. Manton +<br> +Edgar S. Martin +<br> +Frank S. Mason +<br> +Frank Lincoln Masseck +<br> +Dr. William H. Maxwell +<br> +Lieut.-Gen. Nelson A. Miles +<br> +John F. Moore +<br> +Arthur C. Moses +<br> +William D. Murray +<br> +Dr. Cyrus Northrop +<br> +Frank W. Ober +<br> +Hon. C. S. Page +<br> +Dr. C. H. Parkhurst +<br> +Hon. Herbert Parsons +<br> +Hon. Gifford Pinchot +<br> +David R. Porter +<br> +George D. Porter +<br> +Perry Edwards Powell +<br> +Frederic B. Pratt +<br> +George D. Pratt +<br> +Frank Presbrey +<br> +G. Barrett Rich, Jr. +<br> +Jacob A. Riis +<br> +Clarence C. Robinson +<br> +Edgar M. Robinson +<br> +Colonel Theodore Roosevelt +<br> +Lincoln E. Rowley +<br> +Oliver J. Sands +<br> +Dr. D. A. Sargent +<br> +Henry B. Sawyer +<br> +Mortimer L. Schiff +<br> +Charles Scribner +<br> +George L. Sehon +<br> +Rear Admiral Thomas Oliver Selfridge +<br> +Jefferson Seligman +<br> +Jesse Seligman +<br> +Ernest Thompson Seton +<br> +Samuel Shuman +<br> +Rear Admiral Charles Dwight Sigsbee +<br> +William F. Slocum +<br> +Fred. B. Smith +<br> +Hon. George Otis Smith +<br> +Lorillard Spencer +<br> +Lorillard Spencer, Jr. +<br> +Judge William H. Staake +<br> +Hon. Adlai Stevenson +<br> +Andrew Stevenson +<br> +A. E. Stilwell +<br> +C. H. Stoddard +<br> +Rev. John Timothy Stone, D.D. +<br> +Isidor Straus +<br> +Hon. Oscar S. Straus +<br> +Josiah Strong +<br> +Hon. William H. Taft +<br> +Edward K. Taylor +<br> +Graham Romeyn Taylor +<br> +Judge Harry L. Taylor +<br> +William L. Terhune +<br> +Seth Sprague Terry +<br> +John E. Thayer +<br> +Rev. James I. Vance +<br> +Dr. Henry Van Dyke +<br> +Adj. Gen. William Verbeck +<br> +John Wanamaker +<br> +Henry L. Ward +<br> +Lucien T. Warner +<br> +Richard Benedict Watrous +<br> +Rear Admiral J. C. Watson +<br> +W. D. Weatherford +<br> +Dr. Benjamin Ide Wheeler +<br> +Eli Whitney +<br> +Mornay Williams +<br> +Gen. George W. Wingate +<br> +A. E. Winship +<br> +Henry Rogers Winthrop +<br> +Major-Gen. Leonard Wood +<br> +Surgeon-Gen. Walter Wyman +<br> +Major Andrew C. Zabriskie +<br> +<br> +{x} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<b>A MESSAGE FROM THE CHIEF SCOUT</b> +<br> +</p> +<p> +TO THE BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA: +</p> +<p> +There was once a boy who lived in a region of rough farms. He was wild +with the love of the green outdoors--the trees, the tree-top singers, +the wood-herbs and the live things that left their nightly tracks in +the mud by his spring well. He wished so much to know them and learn +about them, he would have given almost any price in his gift to know +the name of this or that wonderful bird, or brilliant flower; he used +to tremble with excitement and intensity of interest when some new +bird was seen, or when some strange song came from the trees to thrill +him with its power or vex him with its mystery, and he had a sad sense +of lost opportunity when it flew away leaving him dark as ever. But he +was alone and helpless, he had neither book nor friend to guide him, +and he grew up with a kind of knowledge hunger in his heart that +gnawed without ceasing. But this also it did: It inspired him with the +hope that some day he might be the means of saving others from this +sort of torment--he would aim to furnish to them what had been denied +to himself. +</p> +<p> +There were other things in the green and living world that had a +binding charm for him. He wanted to learn to camp out, to live again +the life of his hunter grandfather who knew all the tricks of winning +comfort from the relentless wilderness the foster-mother so rude to +those who fear her, so kind to the stout of heart. +</p> +<p> +And he had yet another hankering--he loved the touch of romance. When +he first found Fenimore Cooper's books, he drank them in as one +parched might drink at a spring. He reveled in the tales of courage +and heroic deeds, he gloated over records of their trailing and +scouting by red man and white; he gloried in their woodcraft, and +lived it all in imagination, secretly blaming the writer, a little, +for praising without describing it so it could be followed. "Some +day," he said, "I shall put it all down for other boys to learn." +</p> +<p> +As years went by he found that there were books about most of the +things he wished to know, the stars, the birds, the {xi} quadrupeds, the +fish, the insects, the plants, telling their names; their hidden power +or curious ways, about the camper's life the language of signs and +even some of the secrets of the trail. But they were very expensive +and a whole library would be needed to cover the ground. What he +wanted--what every boy wants--is a handbook giving the broad facts as +one sees them in the week-end hike, the open-air life. He did not want +to know the trees as a botanist, but as a forester; nor the stars as +an astronomer, but as a traveler. His interest in the animals was less +that of anatomist than of a hunter and camper, and his craving for +light on the insects was one to be met by a popular book on bugs, +rather than by a learned treatise on entomology. +</p> +<p> +So knowing the want he made many attempts to gather the simple facts +together exactly to meet the need of other boys of like ideas, and +finding it a mighty task he gladly enlisted the help of men who had +lived and felt as he did. +</p> +<p> +Young Scouts of America that boy is writing to you now. He thought +himself peculiar in those days. He knows now he was simply a normal +boy with the interests and desires of all normal boys, some of them a +little deeper rooted and more lasting perhaps--and all the things +that he loved and wished to learn have now part in the big broad work +we call Scouting. +</p> +<p> +"Scout" used to mean the one on watch for the rest. We have widened +the word a little. We have made it fit the town as well as the +wilderness and suited it to peace time instead of war. We have made +the scout an expert in Life-craft as well as Wood-craft, for he is +trained in the things of the heart as well as head and hand. Scouting +we have made to cover riding, swimming, tramping, trailing, +photography, first aid, camping, handicraft, loyalty, obedience, +courtesy, thrift, courage, and kindness. +</p> +<p> +Do these things appeal to you? Do you love the woods? +</p> +<p> +Do you wish to learn the trees as the forester knows them? And the +stars not as an astronomer, but as a traveler? +</p> +<p> +Do you wish to have all-round, well-developed muscles, not those of a +great athlete, but those of a sound body that will not fail you? Would +you like to be an expert camper who can always make himself +comfortable out of doors, and a swimmer that fears no waters? Do you +desire the knowledge to help the wounded quickly, and to make yourself +cool and self-reliant in an emergency? +</p> +<p> +Do you believe in loyalty, courage, and kindness? Would {xii} you like to +form habits that will surely make your success in life? +</p> +<p> +Then, whether you be farm boy or shoe clerk, newsboy or millionaire's +son, your place is in our ranks, for these are the thoughts in +scouting; it will help you to do better work with your pigs, your +shoes, your papers, or your dollars; it will give you new pleasures in +life; it will teach you so much of the outdoor world that you wish to +know; and this Handbook, the work of many men, each a leader in his +field, is their best effort to show you the way. This is, indeed, the +book that I so longed for, in those far-off days when I wandered, +heart hungry in the woods. +</p> +<br> +ERNEST THOMPSON SETON, +<br> +Chief Scout. +<br> +<br> +Headquarters Boy Scouts of America, +<br> +200 Fifth Avenue, New York City. +<br> +June 1, 1911. +<br> +<br> +<br> +{xiii} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<b>CONTENTS</b> +</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 116px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +<br> +</td> +<td>PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boy Scout Certificate</td> +<td> iii</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Preface</td> +<td> v</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Officers and Members of the National Council</td> +<td> vii</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +CHAPTER I. +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 306px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Scoutcraft</td> +<td>3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>AIM OF SCOUT MOVEMENT</td> +<td> John L. Alexander</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>WHAT SCOUTING MEANS</td> +<td>John L. Alexander</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>SCOUT VIRTUES</td> +<td>John L. Alexander</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>THE BOY SCOUT ORGANIZATION</td> +<td> Special Committee</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>SCOUT OATH</td> +<td> Special Committee</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>SCOUT LAW</td> +<td>Special Committee</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>TENDERFOOT, SECOND CLASS,<br> +AND FIRST CLASS SCOUT REQUIREMENTS</td> +<td>Special Committee</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>BADGES, AWARDS AND EQUIPMENT</td> +<td>Special Committee</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>KNOTS EVERY SCOUT SHOULD KNOW.</td> +<td> Samuel A. Moffat</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +CHAPTER II. +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 359px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Woodcraft</td> +<td>57</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>WOODLORE</td> +<td>Ernest Thompson Seton</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>BIRDCRAFT</td> +<td>National Association Audubon Societies</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>SHELLS AND SHELLFISH</td> +<td>Dr. Wm. Healey Dall</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>REPTILES</td> +<td>Dr. Leonhard Stejneger</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>INSECTS AND BUTTERFLIES</td> +<td>United States Bureau of Entomology</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>FISHES AND ANGLING</td> +<td>Dr. Hugh M. Smith</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>AQUARIUM</td> +<td>Dr. Wm. Leland Stowell</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>ROCKS AND PEBBLES</td> +<td>United States Geological Survey</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>FLOWERS, FERNS AND GRASSES</td> +<td> Dr. L. C. Corbett</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>MUSHROOMS, FUNGI OR TOADSTOOLS</td> +<td>Ernest Thompson Seton</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>COMMON NORTH AMERICAN TREES</td> +<td> Ernest Thompson Seton</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>NATIVE WILD ANIMALS</td> +<td>Ernest Thompson Seton</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +CHAPTER III. +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 148px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Campcraft</td> +<td>145</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>HIKING AND OVER-NIGHT CAMPS</td> +<td> H. W. Gibson</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>TENT MAKING MADE EASY</td> +<td>H. J. Holden</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>AN OPEN OUTING TENT</td> +<td>Warren H. Miller</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>CANOEING, ROWING, AND SAILING</td> +<td>Special Committee</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +{xiv} +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 1017px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>CHAPTER IV.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tracks, Trailing, and Signaling</td> +<td>Ernest Thompson Seton</td> +<td>187</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>CHAPTER V.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Health and Endurance</td> +<td>George J. Fisher, M.D.</td> +<td>219</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>CHAPTER VI.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Chivalry</td><td>John L. Alexander</td><td>237</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>CHAPTER VII.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>First Aid and Life Saving</td><td>Major Charles Lynch</td> +<td>255</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>WATER ACCIDENTS</td><td>Wilbert E. Longfellow</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>CHAPTER VIII.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Games and Athletic Standards</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;"> +<br> +</td> +<td>291</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>INDOOR AND OUTDOOR GAMES</td><td>Ernest Thompson Seton</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>ATHLETIC STANDARDS</td><td>Special Committee</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>CHAPTER IX.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Patriotism and Citizenship</td><td>Waldo H. Sherman</td> +<td>323</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>PRACTICAL CITIZENSHIP</td><td>Col. Theodore Roosevelt</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>APPENDIX.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>EQUIPMENT</td> +<td> +<br> +</td> +<td>359</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>BOOKS FOR REFERENCE</td> +<td> +<br> +</td> +<td>369</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>INDEX</td> +<td> +<br> +</td> +<td>393</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +ADVERTISEMENTS +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<b>HANDBOOK FOR BOYS</b> +</p> +<br> +{3} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +CHAPTER I +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">SCOUTCRAFT</span> +</p> +<p> +<I> +This chapter is the result of the work of the Committee on Scout Oath, +Scout Law, Tenderfoot, Second-class and First-class Requirements; the +Committee on Badges, Awards, and Equipment; the Committee on Permanent +Organization and Field Supervision, and John L. Alexander and Samuel +A. Moffat. +</I> +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +Aim of the Scout Movement</span> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +By John L. Alexander, Boy Scouts of America +</span> +</p> +<p> +The aim of the Boy Scouts is to supplement the various existing +educational agencies, and to promote the ability in boys to do things +for themselves and others. It is not the aim to set up a new +organization to parallel in its purposes others already established. +The opportunity is afforded these organizations, however, to introduce +into their programs unique features appealing to interests which are +universal among boys. The method is summed up in the term Scoutcraft, +and is a combination of observation, deduction, and handiness, or the +ability to do things. Scoutcraft includes instruction in First Aid, +Life Saving, Tracking, Signaling, Cycling, Nature Study, Seamanship, +Campcraft, Woodcraft, Chivalry, Patriotism, and other subjects. This +is accomplished in games and team play, and is pleasure, not work, for +the boy. All that is needed is the out-of-doors, a group of boys, and +a competent leader. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">What Scouting Means</span> +</p> +<p>In all ages there have been scouts, the place of the scout +being on +the danger line of the army or at the outposts, protecting those of +his company who confide in his care. +</p> +<p> +The army scout was the soldier who was chosen out of all the army +to go out on the skirmish line. +</p> +<p> +The pioneer, who was out on the edge of the wilderness, {4} guarding the +men, women, and children in the stockade, was also a scout. Should he +fall asleep, or lose control of his faculties, or fail on his watch, +then the lives of the men, women, and children paid the forfeit, and +the scout lost his honor. +</p> +<p> +But there have been other kinds of scouts besides war scouts and +frontier scouts. They have been the men of all ages, who have gone out +on new and strange adventures, and through their work have benefited +the people of the earth. Thus, Columbus discovered America, the +Pilgrim Fathers founded New England, the early English settlers +colonized Jamestown, and the Dutch built up New York. In the same way +the hardy Scotch-Irish pushed west and made a new home for the +American people beyond the Alleghanies and the Rockies. +</p> +<p> +These peace scouts had to be as well prepared as any war scouts. +They had to know scoutcraft. They had to know how to live in the woods, and +be able to find their way anywhere, without other chart or compass +than the sun and stars, besides being able to interpret the meaning of +the slightest signs of the forest and the foot tracks of animals and +men. +</p> +<p> +They had to know how to live so as to keep healthy and strong, to +face any danger that came their way, and to help one another. These scouts +of old were accustomed to take chances with death and they did not +hesitate to give up their lives in helping their comrades or country. +In fact, they left everything behind them, comfort and peace, in order +to push forward into the wilderness beyond. And much of this they did +because they felt it to be their duty. +</p> +<p> +These little-known scouts could be multiplied indefinitely by +going back into the past ages and reading the histories and stories of the +knights of King Arthur, of the Crusaders, and of the great explorers +and navigators of the world. +</p> +<p> +Wherever there have been heroes, there have been scouts, and to be +a scout means to be prepared to do the right thing at the right moment, +no matter what the consequences may be. +</p> +<p> +The way for achievement in big things is the preparing of one's self +for doing the big things--by going into training and doing the little +things well. It was this characteristic of Livingstone, the great +explorer, that made him what he was, and that has marked the career of +all good scouts. +</p> +<p> +To be a good scout one should know something about the woods and the +animals that inhabit them, and how to care for one's self when +camping. +</p> +{5} +<p> +The habits of animals can be studied by stalking them and +watching +them in their native haunts. +</p> +<p> +The scout should never kill an animal or other living creature +needlessly. There is more sport in stalking animals to photograph +them, and in coming to know their habits than in hunting to kill. +</p> +<p> +But woodcraft means more than this. It means not only the +following of +tracks and other signs, but it means to be able to read them. To tell +how fast the animal which made the tracks was going; to tell whether +he was frightened, suspicious, or otherwise. +</p> +<p> +Woodcraft also enables the scout to find his way, no matter where he +is. It teaches him the various kinds of wild fruit, roots, nuts, etc., +which are good for food, or are the favorite food of animals. +</p> +<br> +<img style="width: 406px; height: 283px;" alt="" +src="images/p0005pic.jpg"> +<br> +Scout Stalking +<br> +<p> +By woodcraft a scout may learn a great number of things. He may be +able to tell whether the tracks were made by an animal or by man, +bicycle, automobile or other vehicle. +</p> +<p> +By having his power of observation trained he can tell by very slight +signs, such as the sudden flying of birds, that someone is moving very +near him though he may not be able to see the person. +</p> +{6} +<p> +Through woodcraft then, a boy may train his eye, and be able to +observe things that otherwise would pass unnoticed. In this way he may +be able to save animals from pain, as a horse from an ill-fitting +harness. He may also be able to see little things which may give him +the clew to great things and so be able to prevent harm and crime. +</p> +<p> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 264px; height: 234px;" alt="" +src="images/p0006p1.jpg"> +<br> +Torture (Note the check or bearing-rein) +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 263px; height: 207px;" alt="" +src="images/p0006p2.jpg"> +<br> +Comfort +<br> +</p> +<p> +Besides woodcraft one must know something of camp life. One of the +chief characteristics of the scout is to be able to live in the open, +know how to put up tents, build huts, throw up a lean-to for shelter, +or make a dugout in the ground, how to build a fire, how to procure +and cook food, how to bind logs together so as to construct bridges +and rafts, and how to find his way by night as well as by day in a +strange country. +</p> +<p> +Living in the open in this way, and making friends of the trees, +the +streams, the mountains, and the stars, gives a scout a great deal of +confidence and makes him love the natural life around him. +</p> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 383px; height: 238px;" alt="" +src="images/p0006p3.jpg"> +<br> +Camp loom, for making mats and mattresses +<br> +<br> +<p> +To be able to tell the difference between the trees by their bark and +leaves is a source of pleasure; to be able to make a {7} bed out of rough +timber, or weave a mattress or mat out of grass to sleep on is a joy. +And all of these things a good scout should know. +</p> +<p> +Then too, a good scout must be chivalrous. That is, he should be as +manly as the knights or pioneers of old. He should be unselfish. He +should show courage. He must do his duty. He should show benevolence +and thrift. He should be loyal to his country. He should be obedient +to his parents, and show respect to those who are his superiors. He +should be very courteous to women. One of his obligations is to do a +good turn every day to some one. He should be cheerful and seek +self-improvement, and should make a career for himself. +</p> +<p> +All these things were characteristics of the old-time American scouts +and of the King Arthur knights. Their honor was sacred. They were +courteous and polite to women and children, especially to the aged, +protected the weak, and helped others to live better. They taught +themselves to be strong, so as to be able to protect their country +against enemies. They kept themselves strong and healthy, so that they +might be prepared to do all of these things at a moment's notice, and +do them well. +</p> +<p> +So the boy scout of to-day must be chivalrous, manly, and +gentlemanly. +</p> +<p> +When he gets up in the morning he may tie a knot in his necktie, and +leave the necktie outside his vest until he has done a good turn. +Another way to remind himself is to wear his scout badge reversed +until he has done his good turn. The good turn may not be a very big +thing--help an old lady across the street; remove a banana skin from +the pavement so that people may not fall; remove from streets or roads +broken glass, dangerous to automobile or bicycle tires; give water to +a thirsty horse; or deeds similar to these. +</p> +<p> +The scout also ought to know how to save life. He ought to be able to +make a stretcher; to throw a rope to a drowning person; to drag an +unconscious person from a burning building, and to resuscitate a +person overcome by gas fumes. He ought also to know the method of +stopping runaway horses, and he should have the presence of mind and +the skill to calm a panic and deal with street and other accidents. +</p> +<p> +This means also that a boy scout must always be in the pink of +condition. A boy cannot do things like these unless he is healthy and +strong. Therefore, he must be systematically taking exercise, playing +games, running, and walking. It means that he must sleep enough hours +to give him the necessary strength, and if possible to sleep very much +in the open, or at least {8} with the windows of his bedroom open both +summer and winter. +</p> +<p> +It means also that he should take a cold bath often, rubbing dry with +a rough towel. He should breathe through the nose and not through the +mouth. He should at all times train himself to endure hardships. +</p> +<p> +In addition to these the scout should be a lover of his country. He +should know his country. How many states there are in it, what are its +natural resources, scope, and boundaries. He ought to know something +of its history, its early settlers, and of the great deeds that won +his land. How they settled along the banks of the James River. How +Philadelphia, New York, and other great cities were founded. How the +Pilgrim Fathers established New England and laid the foundation for +our national life. How the scouts of the Middle West saved all that +great section of the country for the Republic. He ought to know how +Texas became part of the United States, and how our national heroes +stretched out their hands, north and south, east and west, to make one +great united country. +</p> +<p> +He ought to know the history of the important wars. He ought to know +about our army and navy flags and the insignia of rank of our +officers. He ought to know the kind of government he lives under, and +what it means to live in a republic. He ought to know what is expected +of him as a citizen of his state and nation, and what to do to help +the people among whom he lives. +</p> +<p> +In short, to be a good scout is to be a well-developed, well-informed +boy. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Scout Virtues</span> +</p> +<p> +There are other things which a scout ought to know and which should be +characteristic of him, if he is going to be the kind of scout for +which the Boy Scouts of America stand. One of these is obedience. To +be a good scout a boy must learn to obey the orders of his patrol +leader, scout master, and scout commissioner. He must learn to obey, +before he is able to command. He should so learn to discipline and +control himself that he will have no thought but to obey the orders of +his officers. He should keep such a strong grip on his own life that +he will not allow himself to do anything which is ignoble, or which +will harm his life or weaken his powers of endurance. +</p> +<p> +Another virtue of a scout is that of courtesy. A boy scout {9} ought to +have a command of polite language. He ought to show that he is a true +gentleman by doing little things for others. +</p> +<p> +Loyalty is also a scout virtue. A scout ought to be loyal to all to +whom he has obligations. He ought to stand up courageously for the +truth, for his parents and friends. +</p> +<p> +Another scout virtue is self-respect. He ought to refuse to accept +gratuities from anyone, unless absolutely necessary. He ought to work +for the money he gets. +</p> +<p> +For this same reason he should never look down upon anyone who may be +poorer than himself, or envy anyone richer than himself. A scout's +self-respect will cause him to value his own standing and make him +sympathetic toward others who may be, on the one hand, worse off, or, +on the other hand, better off as far as wealth is concerned. Scouts +know neither a lower nor a higher class, for a scout is one who is a +comrade to all and who is ready to share that which he has with +others. +</p> +<p> +The most important scout virtue is that of honor. Indeed, this is the +basis of all scout virtues and is closely allied to that of +self-respect. When a scout promises to do a thing on his honor, he is +bound to do it. The honor of a scout will not permit of anything but +the highest and the best and the manliest. The honor of a scout is a +sacred thing, and cannot be lightly set aside or trampled on. +</p> +<p> +Faithfulness to duty is another one of the scout virtues. When it is a +scout's duty to do something, he dare not shirk. A scout is faithful +to his own interest and the interests of others. He is true to his +country and his God. +</p> +<p> +Another scout virtue is cheerfulness. As the scout law intimates, he +must never go about with a sulky air. He must always be bright and +smiling, and as the humorist says, "Must always see the doughnut and +not the hole." A bright face and a cheery word spread like sunshine +from one to another. It is the scout's duty to be a sunshine-maker in +the world. +</p> +<p> +Another scout virtue is that of thoughtfulness, especially to animals; +not merely the thoughtfulness that eases a horse from the pain of a +badly fitting harness or gives food and drink to an animal that is in +need, but also that which keeps a boy from throwing a stone at a cat +or tying a tin can on a dog's tail. If a boy scout does not prove his +thoughtfulness and friendship for animals, it is quite certain that he +never will be really helpful to his comrades or to the men, women, and +children who may need his care. +</p> +{10} +<p> +And then the final and chief test of the scout is the doing of a good +turn to somebody every day, quietly and without boasting. This is the +proof of the scout. It is practical religion, and a boy honors God +best when he helps others most. A boy may wear all the scout uniforms +made, all the scout badges ever manufactured, know all the woodcraft, +campcraft, scoutcraft and other activities of boy scouts, and yet +never be a real boy scout. To be a real boy scout means the doing of a +good turn every day with the proper motive and if this be done, the +boy has a right to be classed with the great scouts that have been of +such service to their country. To accomplish this a scout should +observe the scout law. +</p> +<p> +Every boy ought to commit to memory the following abbreviated form of the +Scout law. +</p> +<br><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +The Twelve Points of the Scout Law +</span><br> +<table style="width: 311px; height: 340px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody><tr><td style="text-align: right;">1.</td><td> A scout is +trustworthy.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">2.</td><td>A scout is loyal.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">3.</td><td>A scout is helpful.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">4.</td><td>A scout is +friendly.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">5.</td><td>A scout is +courteous.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">6.</td><td>A scout is kind.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">7.</td><td>A scout is +obedient.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">8.</td><td>A scout is +cheerful.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">9.</td><td>A scout is thrifty.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">10.</td><td>A scout is brave.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">11.</td><td> A scout is clean.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">12.</td><td>A scout is +reverent.</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Boy Scout Organization</span> +<br> +<br> +(Result of work of Committee on Permanent Organization and Field +Supervision:--H. S. Braucher, Chairman. Lorillard Spencer. Jr., Colin +H. Livingstone. Richard C. Morse. Mortimer Schiff, Dr. George W. +Ehler, C. M. Connolly, E. B. DeGroot, Lee F. Hamner.) +</p> +<p> +To do good scouting a boy must understand the organization of which he +is a part. The Boy Scouts of America is promoted and governed by a +group of men called the National Council. This National Council is +made up of leading men of the country and it is their desire that +every American boy shall have the opportunity of becoming a good +scout. +</p> +<p> +The National Council holds one meeting annually at which it +elects the officers and the members of the Executive Board. It +copyrights badges and other scout designs, arranges for their +manufacture and distribution, selects designs for uniforms and +scout equipment, issues scout commissioners' and scout masters' +certificates, and grants charters for local councils. +</p> +{11} +<p> +A local council through its officers--president, vice-president, +secretary, treasurer, and scout commissioner, its executive committee, +court of honor, and other committees--deals with all local matters +that relate to scouting. +</p> +<p> +The scout commissioner is the ranking scout master of the local +council and presides at all scout masters' meetings as well as at all +scout field meets. It is also the duty of the scout commissioner to +report to and advise with the Chief Scout through the Executive +Secretary concerning the scouts in his district. The scout +commissioner's certificate is issued from National Headquarters upon +the recommendation of a local council after this council has been +granted a charter. +</p> +<p> +The scout master is the adult leader of a troop, and must be at +least twenty-one years of age. He should have a deep interest in +boys, be genuine in his own life, have the ability to lead, and +command the boys' respect and obedience. He need not be an expert +at scoutcraft; a good scout master will discover experts for the +various activities. His certificate is granted upon the +recommendation of the local +council. +</p> +<p> +An assistant scout master should be eighteen years of age or +over. His certificate is granted by the National Council upon the +recommendation of the scout master of his troop and the local +council. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Chief Scout and Staff</span> +</p> +The Chief Scout is elected annually by the National Council and +has a staff of deputies each of whom is chairman of a committee of +scoutcraft. These deputies are as follows: +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +Chief Scout Surgeon. +<br> +Chief Scout Director of Health. +<br> +Chief Scout Woodsman. +<br> +Chief Scout Athletic Director. +<br> +Chief Scout Stalker. +<br> +Chief Scout Citizen. +<br> +Chief Scout Master. +<br> +Chief Scout Director of Chivalry. +<br> +Chief Scout Camp Master. +<br> +</div> +<br> +Scouts are graded as follows: +<br> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +Chief Scout and Staff. +<br> +Scout Commissioner. +<br> +Scout Master. +<br> +Assistant Scout Master. +<br> +Patrol Leader. +<br> +Assistant Patrol Leader. +<br> +</div> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +Eagle Scout. +<br> +Star Scout. +<br> +Life Scout. +<br> +First-class Scout. +<br> +Second-class Scout. +<br> +Tenderfoot. +<br> +</div> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">How to Become a Boy Scout</span> +</p> +<p> +The easiest way to become a boy scout is to join a patrol that +has already been started. This patrol may be in {12} a Sunday School, Boys' +Brigade, Boys' Club, Young Men's Christian Association, Young Men's +Hebrew Association, Young Men's Catholic Association, or any other +organization to which you may belong. If there is no patrol near you, +get some man interested enough to start one by giving him all the +information. +</p> +<p> +A patrol consists of eight boys, one of whom becomes the patrol +leader and another the assistant patrol leader. +</p> +<p> +A troop consists of three or more patrols, and the leader of the +troop is called a scout master. There can be no patrols or troops of boy +scouts without this scout master. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Scout Motto</span> +</p> +<p> +The motto of the boy scouts is Be Prepared, and the badge of the +boy scouts is a copyrighted design with this motto, "Be +Prepared," on a scroll at its base. +</p> +<p> +The motto, "Be Prepared," means that the scout is always in a +state of +readiness in mind and body to do his duty. To be prepared in mind, by +having disciplined himself to be obedient, and also by having thought +out beforehand any accident or situation that may occur, so that he +may know the right thing to do at the right moment, and be willing to +do it. To be prepared in body, by making himself strong and active and +able to do the right thing at the right moment, and then to do it. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Scout Badge</span> +</p> +<p> +The scout badge is not intended to represent the fleur-de-lis, +or an +arrowhead. It is a modified form of the sign of the north on the +mariner's compass, which is as old as the history of navigation. The +Chinese claim its use among them as early as 2634 B. C., and we have +definite information that it was used at sea by them as early as 300 +A. D. Marco Polo brought the compass to Europe on his return from +Cathay. The sign of the north on the compass gradually came to +represent the north, and pioneers, trappers, woodsmen, and scouts, +because of this, adopted it as their emblem. Through centuries of use +it has undergone modification until it has now assumed the shape of +our badge. +</p> +<p> +This trefoil badge of the scouts is now used, with slight local +variations, in almost every civilized country as the mark of +brotherhood, for good citizenship, and friendliness. +</p> +<p> +Its scroll is turned up at the ends like a scout's mouth, because +he +does his duty with a smile and willingly. +</p> +<p> +The knot is to remind the scout to do a good turn to someone daily. +</p> +{13} +<p> +The arrowhead part is worn by the tenderfoot. The scroll part +only is +worn by the second-class scout. The badge worn by the first-class +scout is the whole badge. +</p> +<p> +The official badges of the Boy Scouts of America are issued by the +National Council and may be secured only from the National +Headquarters. These badges are protected by the U. S. Patent Laws +(letters of patent numbers 41412 and 41532) and anyone infringing +these patents is liable to prosecution at law. +</p> +<p> +In order to protect the Boy Scout Movement and those who have +qualified to receive badges designating the various degrees in +scoutcraft, it is desired that all interested cooperate with the +National Headquarters in safeguarding the sale and distribution of +these badges. This may be done by observing the following rules: +</p> +<p> +1. Badges should not be ordered until after boys have actually +complied with the requirements prescribed by the National Council and +are entitled to receive them. +</p> +<p> +2. All orders for badges should be sent in by the scout master +with a +certificate from the local council that these requirements have been +complied with. Blanks for this purpose may be secured on application +to the National Headquarters. +</p> +<p> +Where no local council has been formed, application for badges +should +be sent direct to Headquarters, signed by the registered scout master +of the troop, giving his official number. +</p> +<p> +Scout commissioners', scout masters', and assistant scout masters' +badges can be issued only to those who are registered as such at +National Headquarters. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Tenderfoot Badge</span>--Gilt metal. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Patrol Leader's Tenderfoot Badge-</span>-Oxidized silver finish. +</p> +<p> +These badges are seven eighths of an inch wide and are made either +for +the button-hole or with safety-pin clasp. Price 5 cents. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Second-Class Scout Badge</span>--Gilt metal. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Patrol Leader's Second-Class Scout Badge</span>--Oxidized silver. +</p> +<p> +These badges--safety-pin style--to be worn upon the sleeve. Price +10 cents. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +First-Class Scout Badge</span>--Gilt metal. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Patrol Leader's First-Class Scout Badge</span>--Oxidized silver. +</p> +<p> +Both badges safety-pin style--to be worn upon the sleeve. Price 15 +cents. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Scout Commissioner's, Scout Master's, and Assistant Scout Master's +Arm Badges.</span> +</p> +<p> +These badges are woven in blue, green, and red silk, and are to be +worn on the sleeve of coat or shirt. Price 25 cents. +<br> +</p> +{14} +<p> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +Buttons</span>--The official buttons worn on the scout uniforms sell for 10 +cents per set for shirt and 15 cents per set for coat. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Merit Badges</span>--Price 25 cents each. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Boy Scout Certificates</span>--A handsome certificate in two colors, 6 x +8 +inches, has been prepared for boy scouts who wish to have a record of +their enrolment. The certificate has the Scout Oath and Law and the +official Seal upon it, with place for the signature of the scout +master. The price is 5 cents. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Directions For Ordering</span> +</p> +<p> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +Important!</span> When ordering supplies send exact remittance with +order, If +check is used add New York exchange. Make checks and money orders +payable to Boy Scouts of America. All orders received without the +proper remittance will be shipped C. O. D., or held until remittance +arrives. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Scout Oath</span> + +<br> +<img style="width: 128px; height: 272px;" alt="" +src="images/p0014pic1.jpg"><br> +</p> +<p> +Before he becomes a scout a boy must promise: +</p> +<div style="margin-left: 40px; font-weight: bold;">On my honor I will do my +best: +</div> +<p style="margin-left: 40px; font-weight: bold;"> +1. To do my duty to God and my country, and to obey the scout law; +</p> +<p style="margin-left: 40px; font-weight: bold;"> +2. To help other people at all times; +</p> +<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +3. To keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally +straight.</span> +</p> +<p> +When taking this oath the scout will stand, holding up his right hand, +palm to the front, thumb resting on the nail of the little finger and +the other three fingers upright and together. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Scout Sign</span> +</p> +<p> +This is the scout sign. The three fingers held up remind him of his +three promises in the scout oath. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Scout Salute</span> +</p> +<p> +When the three fingers thus held are raised to the forehead, it +is the scout salute. The scout always salutes an officer. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Scout Law</span> +</p> +<p> +(Result of work of Committee on Scout Oath, Scout Law, Tenderfoot, +Second-class and First-class Scout Requirements:--Prof. Jeremiah W. +Jenks, Chairman. Dr. Lee K. Frankel, George D. Porter, E. M. Robinson, +G. W. Hinckley, B. E. Johnson, Clark W. Hetherington, Arthur A. +Carey.) +</p> +<p> +There have always been certain written and unwritten laws regulating +the conduct and directing the activities of men. {15} We have such +unwritten laws coming down from past ages. In Japan, the Japanese have +their Bushido or laws of the old Samurai warriors. During the Middle +Ages, the chivalry and rules of the Knights of King Arthur, the +Knights Templar and the Crusaders were in force. In aboriginal +America, the Red Indians had their laws of honor: likewise the Zulus, +Hindus, and the later European nations have their ancient codes. +</p> +<p> +The following laws which relate to the Boy Scouts of America, are the +latest and most up to date. These laws a boy promises to obey when he +takes his scout oath. +</p> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">1. A scout is trustworthy.</span> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +<p> +A scout's honor is to be trusted. If he were to violate his honor by +telling a lie, or by cheating, or by not doing exactly a given task, +when trusted on his honor, he may be directed to hand over his scout +badge. +</p> +</div> +<p> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">2. A scout is loyal.</span> +</p> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +<p> +He is loyal to all to whom loyalty is due: his scout leader, his home, +and parents and country. +</p> +</div> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">3. A scout is helpful.</span> +<br> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +He must be prepared at any time to save life, help injured persons, +and share the home duties. He must do at least one good turn to +somebody every day. +<br> +</div> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">4. A scout is friendly.</span> +<br> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;">He is a friend to all and a +brother to every other scout. +<br> +</div> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">5. A scout is courteous.</span><br +style="font-weight: bold;"> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +He is polite to all, especially to women, children, old people, and +the weak and helpless. He must not take pay for being helpful or +courteous. +<br> +</div> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">6. A scout is kind.</span> +<br> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;">He is a friend to animals. He will +not kill nor hurt any living creature needlessly, but will strive to +save and protect all harmless life. +<br> +</div> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">7. A scout is obedient.</span> +<br> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;">He obeys his parents, scout +master, patrol leader, and all other duly constituted authorities. +<br> +</div> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">8. A scout is cheerful.</span> +<br> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;">He smiles whenever he can. His +obedience to orders is prompt and cheery. He never shirks nor grumbles +at hardships. +<br> +</div> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">9. A scout is thrifty.</span> +<br> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +He does not wantonly destroy property. He works faithfully, wastes +nothing, and makes the best use of his {16} opportunities. He saves his +money so that he may pay his own way, be generous to those in need, +and helpful to worthy objects. +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +He may work for pay but must not receive tips for courtesies or +good turns. +</span><br> +</div> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">10. A scout is brave.</span> +<br> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +He has the courage to face danger in spite of fear and has to stand up +for the right against the coaxings of friends or the jeers or threats +of enemies, and defeat does not down him. +<br> +</div> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">11. A scout is clean.</span> +<br> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +He keeps clean in body and thought, stands for clean speech, clean +sport, clean habits, and travels with a clean crowd. +<br> +</div> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">12. A scout is reverent.</span> +<br> +<br> +<p style="margin-left: 40px;"> +He is reverent toward God. He is faithful in his religious duties and +respects the convictions of others in matters of custom and religion. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Three Classes of Scouts</span> +</p> +<p> +There are three classes of scouts among the Boy Scouts of America, the +tenderfoot, second-class scout, and first-class scout. Before a boy +can become a tenderfoot he must qualify for same. A tenderfoot, +therefore, is superior to the ordinary boy because of his training. To +be a tenderfoot means to occupy the lowest grade in scouting. A +tenderfoot on meeting certain requirements may become a second-class +scout, and a second-class scout upon meeting another set of +requirements may become a first-class scout. The first-class scout may +then qualify for the various merit badges which are offered in another +part of this chapter for proficiency in scouting. The requirements of +the tenderfoot, second-class scout, and first-class scout, are as +follows: +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-style: italic;">Tenderfoot +</span> +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 272px; height: 359px;" alt="" +src="images/p0016pic.jpg"> +<br> +Tenderfoot +</p> +<br> +To become a scout a boy must be at least twelve years of age +and must pass a test in the following: +<br> +<br> +1. Know the scout law, sign, salute, and significance of the badge. +<br> +<br> +2. Know the composition and history of the national flag and the +customary forms of respect due to it. +<br> +<br> +3. Tie four out of the following knots: square or reef, +sheet-bend, bowline, fisherman's, sheepshank, halter, clove hitch, +timber hitch, or two half hitches. +<br> +<br> +<br> +{17} +<p> +He then takes the scout oath, is enrolled as a tenderfoot, and +is entitled to wear the tenderfoot badge. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<I>Second-class Scout</I> +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 254px; height: 216px;" alt="" +src="images/p0017pic.jpg"> +<br> +Second-class Scout +</p> +<br> +To become a second-class scout, a tenderfoot must pass, to the +satisfaction of the recognized local scout authorities, the following +tests: +<br> +<br> +1. At least one month's service as a tenderfoot. +<br> +<br> +2. Elementary first aid and bandaging; know the general directions +for first aid for injuries; know treatment for fainting, shock, +fractures, bruises, sprains, injuries in which the skin is broken, +burns, and scalds; demonstrate how to carry injured, and the use of the +triangular and roller bandages and tourniquet. +<br> +<br> +3. Elementary signaling: Know the semaphore, or American Morse, or +Myer alphabet. +<br> +<br> +4. Track half a mile in twenty-five minutes; or, if in town, +describe satisfactorily the contents of one store window out of four +observed for one minute each. +<br> +<br> +5. Go a mile in twelve minutes at scout's pace--about fifty steps +running and fifty walking, alternately. +<br> +<br> +6. Use properly knife or hatchet. +<br> +<br> +7. Prove ability to build a fire in the open, using not more than +two matches. +<br> +<br> +8. Cook a quarter of a pound of meat and two potatoes in the open +without the ordinary kitchen cooking utensils. +<br> +<br> +9. Earn and deposit at least one dollar in a public bank. +<br> +<br> +10. Know the sixteen principal points of the compass. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-style: italic;">First-class Scout +</span> +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 284px; height: 456px;" + alt="" src="images/p0018pic.jpg"> +<br> +First-class Scout +</p> +<p> +To become a first-class scout, the second-class scout must pass +the following tests: +</p> +<p> +1. Swim fifty yards. +<br> +<br> +2. Earn and deposit at least two dollars in a public bank. +</p> +<p> +3. Send and receive a message by semaphore, or American Morse, or Myer +alphabet, sixteen letters per minute. +</p> +<p> +4. Make a round trip alone (or with another scout) to a point {18} at +least seven miles away, going on foot or rowing boat, and write a +satisfactory account of the trip and things observed. +</p> +<p> +5. Advanced first aid: Know the methods for panic prevention; what to +do in case of fire and ice, electric and gas accidents; how to help in +case of runaway horse, mad dog, or snake bite; treatment for +dislocations, unconsciousness, poisoning, fainting, apoplexy, +sunstroke, heat exhaustion, and freezing; know treatment for sunburn, +ivy poisoning, bites and stings, nosebleed, earache, toothache, +inflammation or grit in eye, cramp or stomach ache and chills; +demonstrate artificial respiration. +</p> +<p> +6. Prepare and cook satisfactorily, in the open, without regular +kitchen utensils, two of the following articles as may be directed. +Eggs, bacon, hunter's stew, fish, fowl, game, pancakes, hoe-cake, +biscuit, hardtack or a "twist," baked on a stick; explain to another +boy the methods followed. +</p> +<p> +7. Read a map correctly, and draw, from field notes made on the spot, +an intelligible rough sketch map, indicating by their proper marks +important buildings, roads, trolley lines, main landmarks, principal +elevations, etc. Point out a compass direction without the help of the +compass. +</p> +<p> +8. Use properly an axe for felling or trimming light timber; or +produce an article of carpentry or cabinet-making or metal work made +by himself. Explain the method followed. +</p> +<p> +9. Judge distance, size, number, height and weight within 25 per +cent. +</p> +<p> +10. Describe fully from observation ten species of trees or plants, +including poison ivy, by their bark, leaves, flowers, fruit, or scent; +or six species of wild birds by their plumage, notes, tracks, or +habits; or six species of native wild animals by their form, color, +call, tracks, or habits; find the North Star, and name and describe at +least three constellations of stars. +</p> +<p> +11. Furnish satisfactory evidence that he has put into practice in +his daily life the principles of the scout oath and law. +</p> +<p> +12. Enlist a boy trained by himself in the requirements of a +tenderfoot. +</p> +<p> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +NOTE.--No deviation from above requirements will be permitted +unless +in extraordinary cases, such as physical inability, and the written +consent of the National Headquarters has been obtained by the +recognized local scout authority. +</span> +</p> +<br> +{19} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Patrol Signs</span> +</p> +<p> +Each troop of boy scouts is named after the place to which it belongs. +For example, it is Troop No. 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., of New York or Chicago. +Each patrol of the troop is named after an animal or bird, but may be +given another kind of name if there is a valid reason. In this way, +the Twenty-seventh New York Troop, for instance, may have several +patrols, which may be respectively the Ox, Wolf, Jackal, Raven, +Buffalo, Fox, Panther, and Rattlesnake. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 415px; height: 427px;" + alt="" src="images/p0019pic.jpg"> +<br> +Positions of Various Badges +</p> +<p> +Each scout in a patrol has a number, the patrol leader being No. 1, +the assistant patrol leader No. 2, and the other scouts the remaining +consecutive numbers. Scouts in this way should {22} work in pairs, Nos. 3 +and 4 together; 5 and 6 together; 7 and. 8 together. +</p> +<br> +{20} +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 485px; height: 158px;" alt="" +src="images/p0020pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<table style="text-align: left; width: 492px; height: 92px;" border="1" +cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">MONGOOSE +<br> +Squeak--"Cheep" +<br> +BROWN AND ORANGE</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">HAWK +<br> +Cry (same as Eagle)--"Kreeee" +<br> +PINK</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">WOLF +<br> +Howl-"How-oooo" +<br> +YELLOW AND BLACK</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">PEEWIT +<br> +Whistle-"Tewitt" +<br> +GREEN AND WHITE</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 493px; height: 111px;" alt="" +src="images/p0020pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<table style="text-align: left; width: 489px; height: 92px;" border="1" +cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">HOUND +<br> +Bark "Bawow-wow" +<br> +ORANGE</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">CAT +<br> +Cry--"Meeaow" +<br> +GRAY AND BROWN</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">JACKAL +<br> +Laughing Cry-"Wahwah-wah-wah-wah." +<br> +GRAY AND BLACK</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<img style="width: 473px; height: 96px;" alt="" src="images/p0020pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<table style="text-align: left; width: 492px; height: 73px;" border="1" +cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">RAVEN +<br> +Cry-"Kar-kaw" +<br> +BLACK</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">BUFFALO +<br> +Lowing (same as Bull) "Um-maouw" +<br> +RED AND WHITE</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">PEACOCK +<br> +Cry-"Bee-oik" +<br> +GREEN AND BLUE</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 477px; height: 102px;" alt="" +src="images/p0020pic4.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<table style="text-align: left; width: 485px; height: 78px;" border="1" +cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">BULL +<br> +Lowing-"Um-maouw" +<br> +RED</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">SEAL +<br> +Call-"Hark" +<br> +RED AND BLACK</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">OWL +<br> +Whistle "Koot-koot-koo" +<br> +BLUE</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<img style="width: 470px; height: 102px;" alt="" +src="images/p0020pic5.jpg"> +<br> +<table style="text-align: left; width: 486px; height: 92px;" border="1" +cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">TIGER +<br> +Purr-"Grrrao" +<br> +VIOLET</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">LION +<br> +Roar-"Eu-Ugh" +<br> +YELLOW AND RED</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">KANGAROO +<br> +Call-"Coo-ee" +<br> +RED AND GRAY</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">HORSE +<br> +Whinney-"Hee-e-e-e" +<br> +BLACK AND WHITE</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +{21} +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 493px; height: 165px;" alt="" +src="images/p0021pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<table style="text-align: left; width: 501px; height: 92px;" border="1" +cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">FOX +<br> +Bark-"Ha-ha" +<br> +YELLOW AND GREEN</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">BEAR +<br> +Growl-"Boorrr" +<br> +BROWN AND RED</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">STAG +<br> +Call-"Baow" +<br> +VIOLET AND BLACK</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">STORK +<br> +Cry-"Korrr" +<br> +BLUE AND WHITE</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<img style="width: 482px; height: 101px;" alt="" +src="images/p0021pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<table style="text-align: left; width: 492px; height: 92px;" border="1" +cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">PANTHER +<br> +Tongue in side of mouth--"Keeook" +<br> +YELLOW</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">CURLEW +<br> +Whistle--"Curley" +<br> +GREEN</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">HYENA +<br> +Laughing Cry-"Ooowah-oowah-wah" +<br> +YELLOW AND BROWN</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<img style="width: 490px; height: 83px;" alt="" src="images/p0021pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<table style="text-align: left; width: 486px; height: 75px;" border="1" +cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">RAM +<br> +Bleat--"Ba-a-a" +<br> +BROWN</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">WOOD PIGEON +<br> +Call--"Book-hooroo" +<br> +BLUE AND GRAY</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">EAGLE +<br> +Very shrill cry--"Kreeee" +<br> +GREEN AND BLACK</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<img style="width: 472px; height: 100px;" alt="" +src="images/p0021pic4.jpg"> +<br> +<table style="text-align: left; width: 486px; height: 92px;" border="1" +cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">HIPPO +<br> +Hiss-"Brrussssh" +<br> +PINK AND BLACK</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">RATTLESNAKE +<br> +Rattle a pebble in a small potted meat tin.</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">WILD BOAR +<br> +Grunt--"Broof-broof" +<br> +GRAY AND PINK</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<img style="width: 478px; height: 108px;" alt="" +src="images/p0021pic5.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<table style="text-align: left; width: 479px; height: 112px;" border="1" +cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">COBRA +<br> +Hiss--"Pssst" +<br> +ORANGE AND BLACK</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">CUCKOO +<br> +Call--"Cook-koo" +<br> +GRAY</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">OTTER +<br> +Cry--"Hoi-oi-oick" +<br> +BROWN AND WHITE</td> + <td style="vertical-align: top;">BEAVER +<br> +Slap made by clapping bands +<br> +BLUE AND YELLOW</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<br> +{22 continued} +<p> +Each scout in a patrol should be able to imitate the call of his +patrol animal. That is, the scouts of the Wolf patrol should be able +to imitate a wolf. In this way scouts of the same patrol can +communicate with each other when in hiding, or in the dark of night. +It is not honorable for a scout to use the call of any other patrol +except his own. +</p> +<p> +The patrol leader calls up his patrol at will by sounding his whistle +and by giving the call of the patrol. +</p> +<p> +When the scout makes signs anywhere for others to read he also draws +the head of his animal. That is to say, if he were out scouting and +wanted to show that a certain road should not be followed by others, +he would draw the sign, "not to be followed," across it and add the +name of his patrol animal, in order to show which patrol discovered +that the road was bad, and by adding his own number at the left of the +head to show which scout had discovered it. +</p> +<br> +<img style="width: 485px; height: 125px;" alt="" +src="images/p0022pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<table style="text-align: left; width: 483px; height: 92px;" border="1" +cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">BLUE BUFFALO +<br> +on white ground</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">FLYING EAGLES +<br> +"Yeh-yeh-yeh" +<br> +Black and white on red</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">BLUE HERONS +<br> +"Hrrrr" +<br> +Blue and green</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">HORNED KINGBIRDS</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<img style="width: 477px; height: 126px;" alt="" +src="images/p0022pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<table style="text-align: left; width: 479px; height: 54px;" border="1" +cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">SINAWA +<br> +Black on red</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">BLACKBEARS +<br> +Black on red</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">AHMEEKS</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">SILVER FOXES</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<img style="width: 448px; height: 77px;" alt="" src="images/p0022pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<table style="text-align: left; width: 459px; height: 54px;" border="1" +cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">RED TRAILERS</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">MOON BAND +<br> +Yellow on blue</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">OWNEOKES</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">BLAZING ARROW</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<p> +Each patrol leader carries a small flag on the end of his staff {23} or +stave with the head of his patrol animal shown on both sides. Thus the +Tigers of the Twenty-seventh New York Troop should have the flag shown +below. +</p> +<br> +<img style="width: 444px; height: 252px;" alt="" +src="images/p0023pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Merit Badges</span> +</p> +<p> +(Result of work of Committee on Badges, Awards and Equipment: Dr. +George J. Fisher, Chairman, Gen. George W. Wingate, Dr. C. Ward +Crampton, Daniel Carter Beard. C. M. Connolly, A. A. Jameson. Ernest +Thompson Seton.) +</p> +<p> +When a boy has become a first-class scout he may qualify for the merit +badges. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +The examination for these badges should be given by the Court of Honor +of the local council. This examination must not be given any boy who +is not qualified as a first-class scout. After the boy has passed the +examination, the local council may secure the merit badge for him by +presenting the facts to the National Council. These badges are +intended to stimulate the boy's interest in the life about him and are +given for general knowledge. The wearing of these badges does not +signify that a scout is qualified to make his living by the knowledge +gained in securing the award. +</span> +</p> +<p> +Scouts winning any of the following badges are entitled to place after +their names the insignia of the badges won. For instance, if he has +successfully passed the signaling and seamanship tests, he signs his +name in this manner-- +</p> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 408px; height: 109px;" alt="" +src="images/p0023pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<br> +{24} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Agriculture</span> +</p> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 171px; height: 168px;" alt="" +src="images/p0024pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Agriculture a scout must +<br> +<br> +1. State different tests with grains. +<br> +<br> +2. Grow at least an acre of corn which produces 25 per cent. better +than the general average. +<br> +<br> +3. Be able to identify and describe common weeds of the community and +tell how best to eliminate them. +<br> +<br> +4. Be able to identify the common insects and tell how best to handle +them. +<br> +<br> +5. Have a practical knowledge of plowing, cultivating, drilling, +hedging, and draining. +<br> +<br> +6. Have a working knowledge of farm machinery, haymaking, reaping, +loading, and stacking. +<br> +<br> +7. Have a general acquaintance of the routine seasonal work on the +farm, including the care of cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs. +<br> +<br> +8. Have a knowledge of Campbell's Soil Culture principle, and a +knowledge of dry farming and of irrigation farming. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Angling</span> +</p> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 172px; height: 177px;" alt="" +src="images/p0024pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Angling a scout must +<br> +<br> +1. Catch and name ten different species of fish: salmon or trout to be +taken with flies; bass, pickerel, or pike to be caught with rod or +reel, muskallonge to be caught by trolling. +<br> +<br> +2. Make a bait rod of three joints, straight and sound, 14 oz. or less +in weight, 10 feet or less in length, to stand a strain of 1-1/2 lbs. +at the tip, 13 lbs. at the grip. +<br> +<br> +3. Make a jointed fly-rod 8-10 feet long, 4-8 ozs. in weight, capable +of casting a fly sixty feet. +<br> +<br> +4. Name and describe twenty-five different species of fish found in +North American waters and give a complete list of the fishes +ascertained by himself to inhabit a given body of water. +<br> +<br> +5. Give the history of the young of any species of wild fish from the +time of hatching until the adult stage is reached. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Archery</span> +</p> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 174px; height: 178px;" alt="" +src="images/p0025pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Archery a scout must +<br> +<br> +1. Make a bow and arrow which will shoot a distance of one hundred feet +with fair precision. +<br> +<br> +2. Make a total score of 350 with 60 shots in one or {25} two meets, using +standard four-foot target at forty yards or three-foot target at thirty +yards. +<br> +<br> +3. Make a total score of 300 with 72 arrows, using standard target at a +distance of fifty yards. +<br> +<br> +4. Shoot so far and fast as to have six arrows in the air at once. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Architecture</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 165px; height: 175px;" alt="" +src="images/p0025pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Architecture a scout must +<br> +<br> +1. Present a satisfactory free-hand drawing. +<br> +<br> +2. Write an essay on the history of Architecture and describe the five +orders. +<br> +<br> +3. Submit an original design for a two-story house and tell what +material is necessary for its construction, giving detailed +specifications. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Art</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 175px; height: 179px;" alt="" +src="images/p0025pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Art a scout must +<br> +<br> +1. Draw in outline two simple objects, one composed of straight lines, +and one of curved lines, the two subjects to be grouped together a +little below the eye. +<br> +<br> +2. Draw in outline two books a little below the eye, one book to be +open; also a table or chair. +<br> +<br> +3. Make in outline an Egyptian ornament. +<br> +<br> +4. Make in outline a Greek or Renaissance ornament from a cast or copy. +<br> +<br> +5. Make an original arrangement or design using some detail of ornament. +<br> +<br> +6. Make a drawing from a group of two objects placed a little below the +eye and show light and shade. +<br> +<br> +7. Draw a cylindrical object and a rectangular object, grouped together +a little below the eye, and show light and shade. +<br> +<br> +8. Present a camp scene in color. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Astronomy</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 172px; height: 169px;" alt="" +src="images/p0026pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Astronomy a scout must +<br> +<br> +1. Have a general knowledge of the nature and movements of stars. +<br> +{26} +<br> +2. Point out and name six principal constellations; find the North by +means of other stars than the Pole-star in case of that star being +obscured by clouds, and tell the hour of the night by the stars and +moon. +<br> +<br> +3. Have a general knowledge of the positions and movements of the +earth, sun and moon, and of tides, eclipses, meteors, comets, +sun-spots, and planets. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Athletics</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 172px; height: 176px;" alt="" +src="images/p0026pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Athletics a scout must +<br> +<br> +1. Write an acceptable article of not less than five hundred words on +how to train for an athletic event. +<br> +<br> +2. Give the rules for one track and one field event. +<br> +<br> +3. Make the required athletic standard according to his weight, +classifications and conditions as stated in chapter eight. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Automobiling</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 173px; height: 172px;" alt="" +src="images/p0026pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Automobiling a scout must +<br> +<br> +1. Demonstrate how to start a motor, explaining what precautions should +be taken. +<br> +<br> +2. Take off and put on pneumatic tires. +<br> +<br> +3. Know the functions of the clutch, carburetor, valves, magneto, spark +plug, differential cam shaft, and different speed gears, and be able to +explain difference between a two and four-cycle motor. +<br> +<br> +4. Know how to put out burning gasoline or oil. +<br> +<br> +5. Have satisfactorily passed the requirements to receive a license to +operate an automobile in the community in which he lives. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Aviation</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 169px; height: 167px;" alt="" +src="images/p0026pic4.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Aviation a scout must +<br> +<br> +1. Have a knowledge of the theory of aeroplanes, balloons, and +dirigibles. +<br> +<br> +2. Have made a working model of an {27} aeroplane or dirigible that will fly +at least twenty-five yards; and have built a box kite that will fly. +<br> +<br> +3. Have a knowledge of the engines used for aeroplanes and dirigibles, +and be able to describe the various types of aeroplanes and their +records. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Bee Farming</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 164px; height: 170px;" alt="" +src="images/p0027pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Bee Farming a scout must +<br> +<br> +1. Have a practical knowledge of swarming, hiving, hives and general +apiculture, including a knowledge of the use of artificial combs. +<br> +<br> +2. Describe different kinds of honey and tell from what sources +gathered. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Blacksmithing</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 167px; height: 171px;" alt="" +src="images/p0027pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Blacksmithing a scout must +<br> +<br> +1. Upset and weld a one-inch iron rod. +<br> +<br> +2. Make a horseshoe. +<br> +<br> +3. Know how to tire a wheel, use a sledge-hammer and forge, shoe a +horse correctly and roughshoe a horse. +<br> +<br> +4. Be able to temper iron and steel. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Bugling</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 171px; height: 172px;" alt="" +src="images/p0027pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Bugling a scout must +<br> +<br> +1. Be able to sound properly on the Bugle the customary United States +Army calls. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Business</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 170px; height: 174px;" alt="" +src="images/p0027pic4.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Business a scout must +<br> +<br> +1. Write a satisfactory business, and a personal letter. +<br> +<br> +2. State fundamental principles of buying and selling. +<br> +<br> +3. Know simple bookkeeping. +<br> +<br> +4. Keep a complete and actual account of personal receipts and +expenditures for six months. +<br> +{28} +<br> +5. State how much money would need to be invested at 5 per cent. to +earn his weekly allowance of spending money for a year. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Camping</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 175px; height: 176px;" alt="" +src="images/p0028pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Camping a scout must +<br> +<br> +1. Have slept in the open or under canvas at different times fifty +nights. +<br> +<br> +2. Have put up a tent alone and ditched it. +<br> +<br> +3. Have made a bed of wild material and a fire without matches. +<br> +<br> +4. State how to choose a camp site and how to prepare for rain; how to +build a latrine (toilet) and how to dispose of the camp garbage and +refuse. +<br> +<br> +5. Know how to construct a raft. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Carpentry</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 171px; height: 169px;" alt="" +src="images/p0028pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Carpentry a scout must +<br> +<br> +1. Know the proper way to drive, set and clinch a nail. +<br> +<br> +2. Know the different kinds of chisels, planes and saws, and how to +sharpen and use them. +<br> +<br> +3. Know the use of the rule, square, level, plumb-line and mitre. +<br> +<br> +4. Know how to use compasses for scribing both regular and irregular +lines. +<br> +<br> +5. Make an article of furniture with three different standard joints or +splices, with at least one surface of highly polished hard or +decorative wood. All work to be done without assistance. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Chemistry</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 176px; height: 176px;" alt="" +src="images/p0029pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Chemistry a scout must be able to pass the +following test: +<br> +<br> +1. Define physical and chemical change. Which occurs when salt is +dissolved in water, milk sours, iron rusts, water boils, iron is +magnetized and mercuric oxide is heated above the boiling point of +mercury? +<br> +<br> +2. Give correct tests for oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine, and +carbon dioxide gases. +<br> +<br> +3. Could you use the above gases to extinguish fire? How? +<br> +<br> +4. Why can baking soda be used to put out a small fire? +<br> +{29} +<br> +5. Give tests for a chloride, sulphide, sulphate, nitrate, and +carbonate. +<br> +<br> +6. Give the names of three commercial forms of carbon. Tell how each is +made and the purpose for which it is used. +<br> +<br> +7. What compound is formed when carbon is burned in air? +<br> +<br> +8. Tell process of making lime and mortar from limestone. +<br> +<br> +9. Why will fresh plaster harden quicker by burning charcoal in an open +vessel near it? +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Civics</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 170px; height: 172px;" alt="" +src="images/p0029pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Civics a scout must +<br> +<br> +1. State the principal citizenship requirements of an elector in his +state. +<br> +<br> +2. Know the principal features of the naturalization laws of the United +States. +<br> +<br> +3. Know how President, Vice-President, senators, and congressmen of the +United States are elected and their terms of office. +<br> +<br> +4. Know the number of judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, +how appointed, and their term of office. +<br> +<br> +5. Know the various administrative departments of government, as +represented in the President's Cabinet. +<br> +<br> +6. Know how the governor, lieutenant-governor, senators, +representatives, or assemblymen of his state are elected, and their +terms of office. +<br> +<br> +7. Know whether the judges of the principal courts in his state are +appointed or elected, and the length of their terms. +<br> +<br> +8. Know how the principal officers in his town or city are elected and +for what terms. +<br> +<br> +9. Know the duties of the various city departments, such as fire, +police, board of health, etc. +<br> +<br> +10. Draw a map of the town or city in which he lives, giving location +of the principal public buildings and points of special interest. +<br> +<br> +11. Give satisfactory evidence that he is familiar with the {30} provisions +and history of the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of +the United States. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Conservation</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 212px; height: 212px;" alt="" +src="images/p0030pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Conservation a scout must +<br> +<p> +1. Be able to recognize in the forest all important commercial trees in +his neighborhood; distinguish the lumber from each and tell for what +purpose each is best suited; tell the age of old blazes on trees which +mark a boundary or trail; recognize the difference in the forest +between good and bad logging, giving reasons why one is good and +another bad; tell whether a tree is dying from injury by fire, by +insects, by disease or by a combination of these causes; know what +tools to use, and how to fight fires in hilly or in flat country. +Collect the seeds of two commercial trees, clean and store them, and +know how and when to plant them. +</p> +<p> +2. Know the effect upon stream-flow of the destruction of forests at +head waters; know what are the four great uses of water in streams; +what causes the pollution of streams, and how it can best be stopped; +and how, in general, water power is developed. +</p> +<p> +3. Be able to tell, for a given piece of farm land, whether it is best +suited for use as farm or forest, and why; point out examples of +erosion, and tell how to stop it; give the reasons why a growing crop +pointed out to him is successful or why not; and tell what crops should +be grown in his neighborhood and why. +</p> +<p> +4. Know where the great coal fields are situated and whether the use of +coal is increasing, and if so at what rate. Tell what are the great +sources of waste of coal, in the mines, and in its use, and how they +can be reduced. +</p> +<p> +5. Know the principal game birds and animals in his neighborhood, the +seasons during which they are protected, the methods of protection, and +the results. Recognize the track of any two of the following: rabbit, +fox, deer, squirrel, wild turkey, ruffed grouse and quail. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Cooking</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 177px; height: 173px;" alt="" +src="images/p0031pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Cooking a scout must +<br> +<p> +1. Prove his ability to build a fireplace out of stone or sod {31} or logs, +light a fire, and cook in the open the following dishes in addition to +those required for a first-class scout: Camp stew, two vegetables, +omelet, rice pudding; know how to mix dough, and bake bread in an oven; +be able to make tea, coffee, and cocoa, carve properly and serve +correctly to people at the table. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Craftsmanship</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 172px; height: 176px;" alt="" +src="images/p0031pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Craftsmanship a scout must +<br> +<p> +1. Build and finish unassisted one of the following articles: a round, +square or octagonal tabouret; round or square den or library table; +hall or piano bench; rustic arm chair or swing to be hung with chains; +or rustic table +</p> +<p> +2. He must also make plans or intelligent rough sketch drawing of the +piece selected. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Cycling</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 177px; height: 176px;" alt="" +src="images/p0031pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Cycling a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Be able to ride a bicycle fifty miles in ten hours. +</p> +<p> +2. Repair a puncture. +</p> +<p> +3. Take apart and clean bicycle and put together again properly. +</p> +<p> +4. Know how to make reports if sent out scouting on a road. +</p> +<p> +5. Be able to read a map and report correctly verbal messages. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Dairying</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 178px; height: 176px;" alt="" +src="images/p0031pic4.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Dairying a scout must +<br> +<p> +1. Understand the management of dairy cattle. +</p> +<p> +2. Be able to milk. +</p> +<p> +3. Understand the sterilization of milk, and care of dairy utensils and +appliances. +</p> +{32} +<p> +4. Test at least five cows for ten days each, with the Babcock test, +and make proper reports. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Electricity</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 176px; height: 171px;" alt="" +src="images/p0032pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Electricity a scout must +<br> +<p> +1. Illustrate the experiment by which the laws of electrical attraction +and repulsion are shown. +</p> +<p> +2. Name three uses of the direct current, and tell how it differs from +the alternating current. +</p> +<p> +3. Make a simple electro-magnet. +</p> +<p> +4. Have an elementary knowledge of the action of simple battery cells +and of the working of electric bells and telephones. +</p> +<p> +5. Be able to remedy fused wire, and to repair broken electric +connections. +</p> +<p> +6. Construct a machine to make static electricity or a wireless +apparatus. +</p> +<p> +7. Have a knowledge of the method of resuscitation and rescue of a +person insensible from shock. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Firemanship</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 174px; height: 176px;" alt="" +src="images/p0032pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Firemanship, a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Know how to turn in an alarm for fire. +</p> +<p> +2. Know how to enter burning buildings. +</p> +<p> +3. Know how to prevent panics and the spread of fire. +</p> +<p> +4. Understand the use of hose; unrolling, joining up, connecting two +hydrants, use of nozzle, etc. +</p> +<p> +5. Understand the use of escapes, ladders, and chutes, and know the +location of exits in buildings which he frequents. +</p> +<p> +6. Know how to improvise ropes and nets. +</p> +<p> +7. Know what to do in case of panic, understand the fireman's lift and +drag, and how to work in fumes. +</p> +<p> +8. Understand the use of fire extinguishers; how to rescue animals; how +to save property; how to organize a bucket brigade, and how to aid the +police in keeping back crowds. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">First Aid</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 169px; height: 170px;" alt="" +src="images/p0033pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for First Aid a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Be able to demonstrate the Sylvester and Schaefer methods of +resuscitation. +</p> +<p> +2. Carry a person down a ladder. +</p> +{33} +<p> +3. Bandage head and ankle. +</p> +<p> +4. Demonstrate treatment of wound of the neck with severe arterial +hemorrhage. +</p> +<p> +5. Treat mangling injury of the leg without severe hemorrhage. +</p> +<p> +6. Demonstrate treatment for rupture of varicose veins of the leg with +severe hemorrhage. +</p> +<p> +7. Show treatment for bite of finger by mad dog. +</p> +<p> +8. Demonstrate rescue of person in contact with electric wire. +</p> +<p> +9. Apply tourniquet to a principal artery. +</p> +<p> +10. State chief differences between carbolic poisoning and intoxication. +</p> +<p> +11. Explain what to do for snake bite. +</p> +<p> +12. Pass first aid test of American Red Cross Society. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">First Aid to Animals</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 173px; height: 176px;" alt="" +src="images/p0033pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for First Aid to Animals a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Have a general knowledge of domestic and farm animals. +</p> +<p> +2. Be able to treat a horse for colic. +</p> +<p> +3. Describe symptoms and give treatment for the following: wounds, +fractures and sprains, exhaustion, choking, lameness. +</p> +<p> +4. Understand horseshoeing. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Forestry</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 170px; height: 172px;" alt="" +src="images/p0033pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Forestry a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Be able to identify twenty-five kinds of trees when in leaf, or +fifteen kinds of deciduous (broad leaf) trees in winter, and tell some +of the uses of each. +</p> +<p> +2. Identify twelve kinds of shrubs. +</p> +<p> +3. Collect and identify samples of ten kinds of wood and be able to +tell some of their uses. +</p> +<p> +4. Determine the height, and estimate the amount of timber, +approximately, in five trees of different sizes. +</p> +{34} +<p> +5. State laws for transplanting, grafting, spraying, and protecting +trees. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Gardening</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 176px; height: 174px;" alt="" +src="images/p0034pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Gardening, a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Dig and care for during the season a piece of ground containing not +less than 144 square feet. +</p> +<p> +2. Know the names of a dozen plants pointed out in an ordinary garden. +</p> +<p> +3. Understand what is meant by pruning, grafting, and manuring. +</p> +<p> +4. Plant and grow successfully six kinds of vegetables or flowers from +seeds or cuttings. +</p> +<p> +5. Cut grass with scythe under supervision. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Handicraft</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 170px; height: 174px;" alt="" +src="images/p0034pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Handicraft a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Be able to paint a door. +</p> +<p> +2. Whitewash a ceiling. +</p> +<p> +3. Repair gas fittings, sash lines, window and door fastenings. +</p> +<p> +4. Replace gas mantles, washers, and electric light bulbs. +</p> +<p> +5. Solder. +</p> +<p> +6. Hang pictures and curtains. +</p> +<p> +7. Repair blinds. +</p> +<p> +8. Fix curtains, portiere rods, blind fixtures. +</p> +<p> +9. Lay carpets and mend clothing and upholstery. +</p> +<p> +10. Repair furniture and china. +</p> +<p> +11. Sharpen knives. +</p> +<p> +12. Repair gates. +</p> +<p> +13. Fix screens on windows and doors. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Horsemanship</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 172px; height: 172px;" alt="" +src="images/p0035pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Horsemanship a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Demonstrate riding at a walk, trot, and gallop. +</p> +<p> +2. Know how to saddle and bridle a horse correctly. +</p> +<p> +3. Know how to water and feed and to what amount, and how to groom a +horse properly. +</p> +{35} +<p> +4. Know how to harness a horse correctly in single or double harness +and to drive. +</p> +<p> +5. Have a knowledge of the power of endurance of horses at work and +know the local regulations concerning driving. +</p> +<p> +6. Know the management and care of horses. +</p> +<p> +7. Be able to identify unsoundness and blemishes. +</p> +<p> +8. Know the evils of bearing or check reins and of ill-fitting harness +or saddlery. +</p> +<p> +9. Know two common causes of, and proper remedies for, lameness, and +know to whom he should refer cases of cruelty and abuse. +</p> +<p> +10. Be able to judge as to the weight, height, and age of horses; know +three breeds and their general characteristics. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Interpreting</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 166px; height: 169px;" alt="" +src="images/p0035pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Interpreting, a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Be able to carry on a simple conversation. +</p> +<p> +2. Write a simple letter on subject given by examiners. +</p> +<p> +3. Read and translate a passage from a book or newspaper, in French, +German, English, Italian, or any language that is not of his own +country. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Invention</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 169px; height: 168px;" alt="" +src="images/p0035pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Invention a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Invent and patent some useful article; +</p> +<p> +2. Show a working drawing or model of the same. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Leather Working</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 171px; height: 174px;" alt="" +src="images/p0036pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Leather Working a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Have a knowledge of tanning and curing. +</p> +{36} +<p> +2. Be able to sole and heel a pair of boots, sewed or nailed, and +generally repair boots and shoes. +</p> +<p> +3. Be able to dress a saddle, repair traces, stirrup leathers, etc., +and know the various parts of harness. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Life Saving</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 173px; height: 168px;" alt="" +src="images/p0036pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Life Saving a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Be able to dive into from seven to ten feet of water and bring from +bottom to surface a loose bag of sand weighing five pounds. +</p> +<p> +2. Be able to swim two hundred yards, one hundred yards on back without +using the hands, and one hundred yards any other stroke. +</p> +<p> +3. Swim fifty yards with clothes on (shirt, long trousers, and shoes as +minimum). +</p> +<p> +4. Demonstrate (a) on land--five methods of release; (b) in the +water--two methods of release; (c) the Schaefer method of resuscitation +(prone pressure). +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Machinery</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 169px; height: 167px;" alt="" +src="images/p0036pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Machinery a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. State the principles underlying the use and construction of the +lathe, steam boiler and engine, drill press and planer. +</p> +<p> +2. Make a small wood or metal model illustrating the principles of +either levers, gears, belted pulleys, or block and fall. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Marksmanship</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 168px; height: 167px;" alt="" +src="images/p0036pic4.jpg"> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Marksmanship a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Qualify as a marksman in accordance with the regulations of the +National Rifle Association. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Masonry</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 162px; height: 164px;" alt="" +src="images/p0037pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Masonry a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Lay a straight wall with a corner. +</p> +{37} +<p> +2. Make mortar and describe process. +</p> +<p> +3. Use intelligently a plumb-line, level, and trowel. +</p> +<p> +4. Build a stone oven. +</p> +<p> +5. Demonstrate a knowledge of various uses for cement. +</p> +<p> +6. Build a dry wall. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Mining</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 164px; height: 165px;" alt="" +src="images/p0037pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Mining a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Know and name fifty minerals. +</p> +<p> +2. Know, name and describe the fourteen great divisions of the earth's +crust (according to Geikie). +</p> +<p> +3. Define watershed, delta, drift, fault, glacier, terrace, stratum, +dip; and identify ten different kinds of rock. +</p> +<p> +4. Describe methods for mine ventilation and safety devices. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Music</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 165px; height: 171px;" alt="" +src="images/p0037pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Music a. scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Be able to play a standard musical instrument satisfactorily. +</p> +<p> +2. Read simple music. +</p> +<p> +3. Write a satisfactory essay of not less than five hundred words on +the history of American music. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Ornithology</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 169px; height: 171px;" alt="" +src="images/p0037pic4.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Ornithology a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Have a list of one hundred different kinds of birds personally +observed on exploration in the field. +</p> +<p> +2. Have identified beyond question, by appearance or by note, +forty-five different kinds of birds in one day. +</p> +<p> +3. Have made a good clear photograph of some wild bird, the bird image +to be over one half inch in length on the negative. +</p> +<p> +4. Have secured at least two tenants in bird boxes erected by himself. +</p> +{38} +<p> +5. Have daily notes on the nesting of a pair of wild birds from the +time the first egg is laid until the young have left the nest. +</p> +<p> +6. Have attracted at least three kinds of birds, exclusive of the +English sparrow, to a "lunch counter" which he has supplied. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Painting</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 168px; height: 167px;" alt="" +src="images/p0038pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Painting a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Have knowledge of how to combine pigments in order to produce paints +in shades and tints of color. +</p> +<p> +2. Know how to add positive colors to a base of white lead or of white +zinc. +</p> +<p> +3. Understand the mixing of oils; turpentine, etc., to the proper +consistency. +</p> +<p> +4. Paint a porch floor or other surface evenly and without laps. +</p> +<p> +5. Know how and when to putty up nail holes and uneven surfaces. +</p> +<p> +6. Present for inspection a panel covered with three coats of paint, +which panel must contain a border of molding, the body of the panel to +be painted in one color and the molding in another. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Pathfinding</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 164px; height: 165px;" alt="" +src="images/p0038pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Pathfinding a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Know every lane, by-path, and short cut for a distance of at least +two miles in every direction around the local scouts' headquarters in +the country. +</p> +<p> +2. Have a general knowledge of the district within a five mile radius +of his local headquarters, so as to be able to guide people at any +time, by day or night. +</p> +<p> +3. Know the general direction and population of the five principal +neighboring towns and be able to give strangers correct directions how +to reach them. +</p> +<p> +4. Know in the country in the two mile radius, approximately, the +number of horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs owned on the five neighboring +farms: or in a town must know in a half-mile radius what livery +stables, garages and blacksmiths there are. +</p> +<p> +5. Know the location of the nearest meat markets, bakeries, groceries, +and drug stores. +</p> +{39} +<p> +6. Know where the nearest police station, hospital, doctor, fire alarm, +fire hydrant, telegraph and telephone offices, and railroad stations +are. +</p> +<p> +7. Know something of the history of the place, its principal public +buildings, such as town or city hall, post-office, schools, and +churches. +</p> +<p> +8. As much as possible of the above information should be entered on a +large scale map. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Personal Health</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 171px; height: 173px;" alt="" +src="images/p0039pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Personal Health a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Write a statement on the care of the teeth. +</p> +<p> +2. State a principle to govern in eating, and state in the order of +their importance, five rules to govern the care of his health. +</p> +<p> +3. Be able to tell the difference in effect of a cold and hot bath. +</p> +<p> +4. Describe the effect of alcohol and tobacco on the growing boy. +</p> +<p> +5. Tell how to care for the feet on a march. +</p> +<p> +6. Describe a good healthful game and state its merit. +</p> +<p> +7. Describe the effects of walking as an exercise. +</p> +<p> +8. Tell how athletics may be overdone. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Photography</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 171px; height: 171px;" alt="" +src="images/p0039pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Photography a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Have a knowledge of the theory and use of lenses, of the +construction of cameras, and the action of developers. +</p> +<p> +2. Take, develop, and print twelve separate subjects: three interiors, +three portraits, three landscapes, and three instantaneous "action +photos." +</p> +<p> +3. Make a recognizable photograph of any wild bird larger than a robin, +while on its nest; or a wild animal in its native haunts; or a fish in +the water. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Pioneering</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 171px; height: 175px;" alt="" +src="images/p0040pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Pioneering a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Fell a nine-inch tree or pole in a prescribed direction neatly and +quickly. +</p> +{40} +<p> +2. Tie six knots of knots quickly. +</p> +<p> +3. Lash spars properly together for scaffolding. +</p> +<p> +4. Build a modern bridge or derrick. +</p> +<p> +5. Make a camp kitchen. +</p> +<p> +6. Build a shack of one kind or another suitable for three occupants. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Plumbing</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 174px; height: 173px;" alt="" +src="images/p0040pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Plumbing a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Be able to make wiped and brazed joints. +</p> +<p> +2. Repair a burst pipe. +</p> +<p> +3. Mend a ball or faucet tap. +</p> +<p> +4. Understand the ordinary hot and cold water system of a house. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Poultry Farming</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 175px; height: 177px;" alt="" +src="images/p0040pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To obtain a merit badge for Poultry Farming a scout must +<br> +<p> +1. Have a knowledge of incubators, foster-mothers, sanitary fowl +houses, and coops and runs. +</p> +<p> +2. Understand rearing, feeding, killing, and dressing birds for market. +</p> +<p> +3. Be able to pack birds and eggs for market. +</p> +<p> +4. Raise a brood of not less than ten chickens. +</p> +<p> +5. Report his observation and study of the hen, turkey, duck, and goose. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Printing</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 172px; height: 176px;" alt="" +src="images/p0040pic4.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Printing a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Know the names of ten different kinds of type and ten sizes of paper. +</p> +<p> +2. Be able to compose by hand or machines. +</p> +<p> +3. Understand the use of hand or power printing machines. +</p> +<p> +4. Print a handbill set up by himself. +</p> +<p> +5. Be able to read and mark proof correctly. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Public Health</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 174px; height: 170px;" alt="" +src="images/p0041pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Public Health a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. State what the chief causes of each of the following disease are: +tuberculosis, typhoid, malaria. +</p> +{41} +<p> +2. Draw a diagram showing how the house-fly carries disease. +</p> +<p> +3. Tell what should be done to a house which has been occupied by a +person who has had a contagious disease. +</p> +<p> +4. Tell how a scout may cooperate with the board of health in +preventing disease. +</p> +<p> +5. Describe the method used in his community in disposing of garbage. +</p> +<p> +6. Tell how a city should protect its foods; milk, meat, and exposed +foods. +</p> +<p> +7. Tell how to plan the sanitary care of a camp. +</p> +<p> +8. State the reason why school children should undergo a medical +examination. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Scholarship</span> +</p> +<p> +NOTE: The requirements for the merit badge for Scholarship had not been +decided upon when this book was published. Information about same may +be secured upon application to National Headquarters. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Sculpture</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 175px; height: 177px;" alt="" +src="images/p0041pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Sculpture a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Make a clay model from an antique design. +</p> +<p> +2. Make a drawing and a model from nature, these models to be faithful +to the original and of artistic design. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Seamanship</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 168px; height: 173px;" alt="" +src="images/p0041pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Seamanship +</p> +<p> +1. Be able to tie rapidly six different knots. +</p> +<p> +2. Splice ropes. +</p> +<p> +3. Use a palm and needle. +</p> +<p> +4. Fling a rope coil. +</p> +<p> +5. Be able to row, pole, scull, and steer a boat; also bring a boat +properly alongside and make fast. +</p> +<p> +6. Know how to box the compass, read a chart, and show use of parallel +rules and dividers. +</p> +<p> +7. Be able to state direction by the stars and sun. +</p> +<p> +8. Swim fifty yards with shoes and clothes on. +</p> +{42} +<p> +9. Understand the general working of steam and hydraulic winches, and +have a knowledge of weather wisdom and of tides. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Signaling</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 170px; height: 174px;" alt="" +src="images/p0042pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Signaling a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Send and receive a message in two of the following systems of +signaling: Semaphore, Morse, or Myer, not fewer than twenty-four +letters per minute. +</p> +<p> +2. Be able to give and read signals by sound. +</p> +<p> +3. Make correct smoke and fire signals. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Stalking</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 176px; height: 173px;" alt="" +src="images/p0042pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Stalking a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Take a series of twenty photographs of wild animals or birds from +life, and develop and print them. +</p> +<p> +2. Make a group of sixty species of wild flowers, ferns, or grasses, +dried and mounted in a book and correctly named. +</p> +<p> +3. Make colored drawings of twenty flowers, ferns, or grasses, or +twelve sketches from life of animals or birds, original sketches as +well as the finished pictures to be submitted. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Surveying</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 169px; height: 174px;" alt="" +src="images/p0042pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Surveying a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Map correctly from the country itself the main features of half a +mile of road, with 440 yards each side to a scale of two feet to the +mile, and afterward draw same map from memory. +</p> +<p> +2. Be able to measure the height of a tree, telegraph pole, and church +steeple, describing method adopted. +</p> +<p> +3. Measure width of a river. +</p> +<p> +4. Estimate distance apart of two objects a known distance away and +unapproachable. +</p> +<p> +5. Be able to measure a gradient. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Swimming</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 176px; height: 171px;" alt="" +src="images/p0043pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Swimming a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Be able to swim one hundred yards. +</p> +{43} +<p> +2. Dive properly from the surface of the water. +</p> +<p> +3. Demonstrate breast, crawl, and side stroke. +</p> +<p> +4. Swim on the back fifty feet. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Taxidermy</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 172px; height: 178px;" alt="" +src="images/p0043pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To obtain a merit badge for Taxidermy a scout must +</p> +<p> +1. Have a knowledge of the game laws of the state in which he lives. +</p> +<p> +2. Preserve and mount the skin of a game bird, or animal, killed in +season. +</p> +<p> +3. Mount for a rug the pelt of some fur animal. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Life Scout</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 212px; height: 202px;" alt="" +src="images/p0043pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +The life scout badge will be given to all first-class scouts who have +qualified for the following five-merit badges: first aid, athletics, +life-saving, personal health, and public health. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Star Scout</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 199px; height: 203px;" alt="" +src="images/p0043pic4.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +The star scout badge will be given to the first-class scout who has +qualified for ten merit badges. The ten include the list of badges +under life scout. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Eagle Scout</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 199px; height: 323px;" alt="" +src="images/p0043pic5.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Any first-class scout qualifying for twenty-one merit badges will be +entitled to wear the highest scout merit badge. This is an eagle's head +in silver, and represents the all-round perfect scout. +</p> +<br> +{44} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Honor Medals</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 205px; height: 303px;" alt="" +src="images/p0044pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +A scout who is awarded any one of the following medals is entitled to +wear the same on the left breast: +</p> +<p> +Bronze medal. Cross in bronze with first-class scout badge superimposed +upon it and suspended from a bar by a red ribbon. This is awarded to a +scout who has saved life. +</p> +<p> +Silver Medal. Silver Cross with first-class scout badge superimposed +upon it and suspended from bar by blue ribbon. This medal is awarded to +a scout who saves life with considerable risk to himself. +</p> +<p> +Gold Medal. Gold Cross with first-class scout badge superimposed upon +it and suspended from bar by white ribbon. This medal is the highest +possible award for service and heroism. It may be granted to a scout +who has saved life at the greatest possible risk to his own life, and +also to anyone who has rendered service of peculiar merit to the Boy +Scouts of America. +</p> +<p> +The Honor Medal is a national honor and is awarded only by the National +Council. To make application for one of these badges the facts must +first be investigated by the Court of Honor of the Local Council and +presented by that body to the Court of Honor of the National Council. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +The Local Court of Honor may at any time invite experts to share in +their examinations and recommendations.</span> +</p> +<p> +When the National Court of Honor has passed upon the application, the +proper medal will be awarded. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Badges of Rank</span> +</p> +<p> +The following devices are used to distinguish the various ranks of +scouts: +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Patrol Leader</span> +</p> +<img style="width: 175px; height: 226px;" alt="" +src="images/p0045pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Patrol Leader: The patrol leader's arm badge consists of two bars, +1-1/2-inches long and 3/8-inch wide, of white braid worn on the sleeve +below the left shoulder. In addition he may {45} wear all oxidized silver +tenderfoot, second-class or first-class scout badge according to his +rank. The assistant patrol leader wears one bar. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 143px; height: 177px;" alt="" +src="images/p0045pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Service Stripes: For each year of service as a boy scout, he will be +entitled to wear a stripe of white braid around the sleeve above the +wrist, three stripes being changed for one red one. Five years of +scouting would be indicated by one red stripe and two white stripes. +The star indicates the position for wearing merit badges. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 165px; height: 281px;" alt="" +src="images/p0045pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Scout Master: The badge of the scout commissioner, scout master, and +assistant scout master is the first-class scout's badge reproduced in +blue, green, and red, respectively, and are worn on the sleeve below +the left shoulder. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 169px; height: 161px;" alt="" +src="images/p0045pic4.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Chief Scout: The badge of the Chief Scout is the first-class scout +badge with a five-pointed star above it embroidered in silver. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 83px; height: 120px;" alt="" src="images/p0045pic5.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Chief Scout Surgeon: The badge of the Chief Scout Surgeon is the +first-class scout badge with a caduceus above it embroidered in green. +(The Chief Scout's staff wear the badge of rank in the same manner as +the Chief Scout.) +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 120px; height: 113px;" alt="" +src="images/p0045pic6.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Chief Scout Woodsman: The badge of the Chief Scout Woodsman is the +first-class scout badge with two crossed axes above it embroidered in +green. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 167px; height: 85px;" alt="" src="images/p0045pic7.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Chief Scout Stalker: The badge of the Chief Scout Stalker is the +first-class scout badge with an oak leaf above it embroidered in blue. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 154px; height: 144px;" alt="" +src="images/p0046pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Chief Scout Director of Health: The badge of the Chief Scout Director +of Health is the first-class scout badge with {46} tongues of fire above it +embroidered in red. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 167px; height: 101px;" alt="" +src="images/p0046pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Chief Scout Camp Master: The badge of the Chief Scout Camp Master is +the first-class scout badge with a moccasin above it embroidered in +green: +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 228px; height: 111px;" alt="" +src="images/p0046pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Chief Scout of Athletics: The badge of the Chief Scout Director of +Athletics is the first-class scout badge with a winged Mercury foot +above it embroidered in green. +</p> +<br> +<p> +Chief Scout Director of Chivalry: The badge of the Chief Scout Director +of Chivalry is the first-class scout badge with the scout sign above it +embroidered in gold. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 145px; height: 151px;" alt="" +src="images/p0046pic4.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Chief Scout Citizen: The badge of the Chief Scout Citizen is the +first-class scout badge with the United States flag above it in silver. +</p> +<br> +<p> +Appropriate badges for national and local councilmen may be secured +from the National Headquarters. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Equipment</span> +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +It should be clearly understood by all interested in the Scout Movement +that it is not necessary for a boy to have a uniform or any other +special equipment to carry out the scout program. There are a great +many troops in the country which have made successful progresswithout +any equipment whatever.</span> +</p> +<p> +However, for the convenience of boys who wish to secure a uniform or +other equipment, the National Council has made arrangements with +certain manufacturers to furnish such parts of the equipment as may be +desired by the boys. Such arrangements have been made with these +manufacturers only after a great number of representative firms have +been given an opportunity to submit samples and prices; the prices +quoted to be uniform throughout the country. These manufacturers {47} are +given the privilege of using for a limited period an imprint of the +official badge as an indication that the Committee on Equipment is +willing to recommend the use of that particular article. The official +badge is fully protected by the U. S. Patent Laws and anyone using it +without expressed authority from National Headquarters is subject to +prosecution at law. +</p> +<p> +Considerable difficulty has been experienced in the selection of the +material used in making coats, breeches, and shirts. The material used +in the boy scout coat, breeches, and shirt has been submitted to a +thirty-day sun test, the acid and strength test and is guaranteed to +be a fast color and durable. To show the result of the selection made, +the manufacturer of these articles has been given the privilege of +using the imprint of the official seal and the right to use the +official buttons. We recommend the purchase of the articles having +this imprint through any local dealer or through National +Headquarters. However, where a local council exists, buttons will be +supplied on order of the Executive Committee for use on such uniforms +as the Committee may desire to have made locally. In communities where +no local council has been formed, they may be supplied on order of a +registered scout master. Prices of the buttons per set for coat is 15 +cents and per set for shirt 10 cents. +</p> +<p> +Every effort is made to have all parts of the uniform and equipment +available to scouts through local dealers. If such arrangements have +not been made in a community, the National Headquarters will be glad +to help in making such an arrangement. Many scout masters prefer to +order uniforms and other supplies direct from National Headquarters. +In order to cover the expense involved in handling these supplies, the +manufacturers have agreed to allow National Headquarters the same +trade discount allowed to local dealers. Trade through National +Headquarters if sufficiently large will help to meet a part of the +current expenses of the National Organization. Any combination desired +may be made from this list. A fairly complete equipment may be secured +at the very nominal sum of $2.15. For instance, the Summer equipment +which consists of: Hat, 50 cents; Shirt, 75 cents; Shorts, 50 cents; +Belt, 40 cents. +</p> +<p> +Where it is desired to equip the members of the troop with a standard +uniform the following equipment is suggested: Hat, Shirt, Coat, +Breeches or Knickerbockers, Belt, Leggings or Stockings, shoes, +Haversack. +</p> +{48} +<p> +Other combinations may be made according to the resources of the boys +forming the troop. +</p> +<p> +However, it is recommended that each troop decide upon a definite +combination to be worn by its members so that all of the scouts in the +troop may dress alike. Each boy should pay for his own supplies and +equipment. Soliciting donations for this purpose should be prohibited. +</p> +<p> +<br> +A complete list of all supplies and equipment with full information +about places where same can be secured is given in the appendix of +this book. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">KNOTS EVERY SCOUT SHOULD KNOW</span> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +By Samuel A. Moffat, Boy Scouts of America</span> +</p> +<p> +Every scout knows what rope is. From the earliest moment of his play +life he has used it in connection with most of his games. In camp life +and on hikes he will be called upon to use it again and again. It is +therefore not essential to describe here the formation of rope; its +various sizes and strength. The important thing to know is how to use +it to the best advantage. To do this an intelligent understanding of +the different knots and how to tie them is essential. Every day +sailors, explorers, mechanics, and mountain-climbers risk their lives +on the knots that they tie. Thousands of lives have been sacrificed to +ill-made knots. The scout therefore should be prepared in an +emergency, or when necessity demands, to tie the right knot in the +right way. +</p> +<p> +There are three qualities to a good knot: +<br> +1. Rapidity with which it can be tied. +<br> +2. Its ability to hold fast when pulled tight, and +<br> +3. The readiness with which it can be undone. +</p> +<p> +The following knots, recommended to scouts, are the most serviceable +because they meet the above requirements and will be of great help in +scoutcraft. If the tenderfoot will follow closely the various steps +indicated in the diagrams, he will have little difficulty in +reproducing them at pleasure +</p> +<p> +In practising knot-tying a short piece of hemp rope may be used. To +protect the ends from fraying a scout should know how to "whip" them. +The commonest method of "whipping" is as follows: +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 292px; height: 101px;" alt="" +src="images/p0049pic1.jpg"> +</p> +<p> +Lay the end of a piece of twine along the end of the rope. {49} Hold it to +the rope with the thumb of your left hand while you wind the standing +part around it and the rope until the end of the twine has been +covered. Then with the other end of the twine lay a loop back on the +end of the rope and continue winding the twine upon this second end +until all is taken up. The end is then pulled back tight and cut off +close to the rope. +</p> +<p> +For the sake of clearness a scout must constantly keep in mind these +three principal parts of the rope: +</p> +<br> +<img style="width: 159px; height: 298px;" alt="" +src="images/p0049pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +1. <span style="font-style: italic;">The Standing Part-</span>-The long +unused portion of the rope on which +he works; +</p> +<p> +2. <span style="font-style: italic;">The Bight</span>--The loop formed +whenever the rope is turned back +upon itself; and, +</p> +<p> +3. <span style="font-style: italic;">The End</span>--The part he uses in +leading.<br> +</p> +<p>Before proceeding with the +tenderfoot requirements, a scout should first learn the two primary +knots: the overhand and figure-of-eight knots. +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;">The Overhand Knot. +</span><br> +<br> +<img style="width: 72px; height: 307px;" alt="" src="images/p0049pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Start with the position shown in the preceding diagram. Back the end +around the standing part and up through the bight and draw tight. +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;">The Figure of Eight Knot. +</span><br> +<br> +<img style="width: 78px; height: 293px;" alt="" src="images/p0049pic4.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Make a bight as before. Then lead the end +around back of the standing part and down through the bight. +</p> +<p> +After these preliminary steps, the prospective tenderfoot may proceed +to learn the required knots. +</p> +{50} +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;">Square or Reef Knot. +</span><br> +<br> +<img style="width: 297px; height: 110px;" alt="" +src="images/p0050pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +The commonest knot for tying two ropes together. +Frequently used in first-aid bandaging. Never slips or jams; easy to +untie. +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;">False Reef or Granny. +</span><br> +<br> +<img style="width: 285px; height: 107px;" alt="" +src="images/p0050pic2.jpg"> +<p> +If the ends are not crossed correctly when +making the reef knot, the false reef or granny is the result. This +knot is always bad. +</p> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-style: italic;">Sheet Bend or Weaver's Knot. +</span><br> +<img style="width: 86px; height: 299px;" alt="" src="images/p0050pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +This knot is used in bending the sheet to +the clew of a sail and in tying two rope-ends together. +</p> +<p> +Make a bight with one rope A, B, then pass end C, of other rope up +through and around the entire bight and bend it under its own standing +part. +</p> +<br style="font-style: italic;"> +<span style="font-style: italic;">The Bowline.</span> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 115px; height: 287px;" alt="" +src="images/p0050pic4.jpg"> +<p> +A noose that neither jams nor slips. Used in lowering a +person from a burning building, etc. +</p> +<p> +Form a small loop on the standing part leaving the end long enough for +the size of the noose required. Pass the end up through the bight +around the standing part and down through the bight again. To tighten, +hold noose in position and pull standing part. +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;">Halter, Slip, or Running Knot.</span> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 81px; height: 297px;" alt="" src="images/p0050pic5.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +A bight is first formed and an overhand +knot made with the end around the standing part. +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;">Sheepshank.</span> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 70px; height: 302px;" alt="" src="images/p0050pic6.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Used for shortening ropes. Gather up the amount to be +shortened, then make a half hitch round each of the bends as shown in +the diagram. +</p> +<br> +{51} +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;">Clove Hitch.</span> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 130px; height: 258px;" alt="" +src="images/p0051pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Used to fasten one pole to another in fitting up +scaffolding; this knot holds snugly; is not liable to slip laterally. +Hold the standing part in left hand, then pass the rope around the +pole; cross the standing part, making a second turn around the pole, +and pass the end under the last turn. +</p> +<br style="font-style: italic;"> +<span style="font-style: italic;">The Fisherman's Bend.</span> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 104px; height: 289px;" alt="" +src="images/p0051pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Used aboard yachts for bending on the gaff +topsail halliards. It consists of two turns around a spar or ring, +then a half hitch around the standing part and through the turns on +the spar, and another half hitch above it around the standing part. +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;">Timber Hitch.</span><span +style="font-weight: bold;"></span> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 111px; height: 272px;" alt="" +src="images/p0051pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Used in hauling timber. Pass the end of the rope around +the timber. Then lead it around its standing part and bring it back to +make two or more turns on its own part. The strain will hold it +securely. +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;">Two Half Hitches.</span> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 106px; height: 284px;" alt="" +src="images/p0051pic4.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Useful because they are easily made and will not +slip under any strain. Their formation is sufficiently indicated by +the diagram. +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;">Blackwall Hitch.</span> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 101px; height: 280px;" alt="" +src="images/p0051pic5.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Used to secure a rope to a hook. The standing part +when hauled tight holds the end firmly. +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;">Becket Hitch. +</span><br> +<br> +<img style="width: 105px; height: 294px;" alt="" +src="images/p0051pic6.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +For joining a cord to a rope. May be easily made from +diagram. +</p> +<br> +{52} +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;">The Fisherman's Knot.</span> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 65px; height: 289px;" alt="" src="images/p0052pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Used for tying silk-worm gut for fishing +purposes. It never slips; is easily unloosed by pulling the two short +ends. +</p> +<p> +The two ropes are laid alongside one another, then with each end an +overhand knot is made around the standing part of the other. Pull the +standing parts to tighten. +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;">Carrick Bend.</span> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 79px; height: 293px;" alt="" src="images/p0052pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +Used in uniting hawsers for towing. Is easily untied by +pushing the loops inwards. +</p> +<p> +Turn the end of one rope A over its standing part B to form a loop. +Pass the end of the other rope across the bight thus formed, back of +the standing part B over the end A, then under the bight at C, passing +it over its own standing part and under the bight again at D. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +The Mariner's Compass</span> +<br> +<img style="width: 358px; height: 359px;" alt="" +src="images/p0052pic3.jpg"> +</p> +<p> +Boxing the Compass consists in enumerating the points, beginning with +north and working around the circle as follows: +</p> +North +<br> +North by East +<br> +North, North-east +<br> +North-east by North +<br> +North-east +<br> +North-east by East +<br> +East, North-east +<br> +East by North +<br> +East +<br> +East by South +<br> +East, South-east +<br> +South-east by East +<br> +South-east +<br> +South-east by South +<br> +{53} +<br> +South, South-east +<br> +South by East +<br> +South +<br> +South by West +<br> +South, South-west +<br> +South-west by South +<br> +South-west +<br> +South-west by West +<br> +West, South-west +<br> +West by South +<br> +West +<br> +West by North +<br> +West, North-west +<br> +North-west by West +<br> +North-west +<br> +North-west by North +<br> +North, North-west +<br> +North by West +<br> +North +<br> +<br> +<br> +NOTES +<br> +<br> +<br> +{54} +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +<br> +{55} +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +<br> +{56} +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +{57} +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">CHAPTER II</span> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">WOODCRAFT</span> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Woodlore</span> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +By Ernest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout +</span> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Watch for a Compass</span> +<br> +(From "Boy Scouts of America," by Ernest Thompson Seton. Copyright, +1910, by Doubleday, Page & Company ) +</p> +<p> +<br> +The watch is often used to give the compass point exactly. Thus: Point +the hour-hand to the sun; then, in the morning, half-way between the +hour-hand and noon is due south. If afternoon, one must reckon +half-way backward. +</p> +<p> +Thus: at 8 A. M., point the hour-hand to the sun and reckon forward +half-way to noon; the south is at 10. If at 4 P. M., point the +hour-hand at the sun and reckon back half-way. The south is at two +o'clock. +</p> +<p> +The "half-way" is because the sun makes a course of twenty-four hours +and the clock of but twelve. If we had a rational timepiece of +twenty-four hours, it would fit in much better with all nature, and +with the hour-hand pointed to the sun would make 12 o'clock, noon, +always south. +</p> +<p> +If you cannot see the sun, get into a clear, open space, hold your +knife point upright on your watch dial, and it will cast a faint +shadow, showing where the sun really is, unless the clouds are very +heavy. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Finding Your Latitude by the Stars</span> +</p> +<p> +The use of the stars to the scout is chiefly to guide him by showing +the north, but the white man has carried the use a step farther: he +makes the Pole-star tell him not only where the north is, but where he +himself is. From the Pole-star, he can learn his latitude. +</p> +<p> +It is reckoned an exploit to take one's latitude from the North Star +with a cart-wheel, or with two sticks and a bucket of water. +</p> +{58} +<p> +The first attempt I made was with two sticks and a bucket of water. I +arranged the bucket in the daytime, so that it could be filled from +rim to rim; that is, it was level, and that gave me the horizon line; +next, I fastened my two sticks together at an adjustable angle. Then, +laying one stick across the bucket as a base, I raised the other till +the two sight notches on its upper edge were in straight line for the +Pole-star. The sticks were now fastened at this angle and put away +till the morning. On a smooth board--the board is allowable because it +can be found either far on the plains when you have your wagon, or on +the ship at sea--I mapped out, first a right angle, by the old plan of +measuring off a triangle, whose sides were six, eight, and ten inches, +and applied the star angle to this. By a process of equal subdivision +I got 45 degrees, 22-1/2 degrees, finally 40 degrees, which seemed to +be the latitude of my camp; subsequent looking-up showed it to be 41 +degrees 10 minutes. +<br> +</p> +<img style="width: 147px; height: 204px;" alt="" +src="images/p0058pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +Of course, it is hard to imagine that the boys will ever be so placed +that it is important for them to take their latitude with home-made +implements; but it is also hard to imagine circumstances under which +it would be necessary to know that the sun is 92,000,000 miles away. +It is very sure, however, that a boy who has once done this has a +larger idea of the world and its geography, and it is likely to help +him in realizing that there is some meaning to the lines and figures +on the border of his school maps, and that they are not put there +merely to add to his perplexities. +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 504px; height: 302px;" alt="" +src="images/p0058pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Sundial, or hunter's clock +<br> +<br> +<br> +{59} +<p> +To make a scout's sundial, prepare a smooth board about fifteen inches +across, with a circle divided into twenty-four equal parts, and a +temporarily hinged pointer, whose upper edge is in the middle of the +dial. Place on some dead level, solid post or stump in the open. At +night fix the dial so that the twelve o'clock line points exactly to +north, as determined by the Polestar. Then, using two temporary +sighting sticks of exactly the same height (so as to permit sighting +clear above the edge of the board) set the pointer exactly pointing to +the Pole-star; that is, the same angle as the latitude of the place, +and fix it there immovably. Then remove the two sighting sticks. As a +timepiece, this dial will be found roughly correct for that latitude. +The angle of the pointer, or style, must be changed for each latitude. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Building a Log Cabin</span> +<br> +(From Country Life in America. May, 1905 ) +</p> +<p> +There are as many different kinds of log cabins as of any other +architecture. It is best to begin with the simplest. The tools needed +are a sharp ax, a crosscut saw, an inch auger, and a spade. It is +possible to get along with nothing but an ax (many settlers had no +other tool), but the spade, saw, and auger save much work. +</p> +<p> +For the site select a high, dry place, in or near the woods, and close +to the drinking-water. It should be a sunny place, and with a view, +preferably one facing south or east. Clear off and level the ground. +Then bring your logs. These are more picturesque with the bark left +on, but last longer peeled. Eight feet by twelve feet outside makes a +good cabin for three or four boys. +</p> +<p> +Cut and carry about twelve logs, each ten feet long; and twelve more, +each fourteen feet long. The logs should be at least six inches +through. Soft wood is preferable, as it is easier to handle; the four +ground logs or sills, at least, should be of cedar, chestnut, or other +wood that does not rot. Lay two of the fourteen-foot logs on the +ground, at the places for the long sides, and seven feet apart. Then +across them, at the end, lay two short ones, eleven feet apart. This +leaves about a foot projecting from each log. Roll the last two into +their resting places, and flatten them till they sit firmly. It is of +prime importance that each log rest immovably on the one below. Now +cut the upper part of each end log, to an edge over each corner. (Fig. 1.) +</p> +{60} +<br> +<img style="width: 557px; height: 773px;" alt="" +src="images/p0060pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<p> +Next put on two long logs, roll them onto the middle, taking care to +change off, so the big end at a given comer may be followed next time +by the small end and insure the corner rising evenly. Roll one of +these large logs close to where it is to be placed, then cut on its +upper surface at each end a notch corresponding with the ridge on the +log it is to ride on. When ready, half a roll drops it into place. The +log should be one to three inches above the one under it, and should +not touch except at {61} the ends. Repeat the process now with the other +sides, then the two ends, etc., always keeping the line of the corner +plumb. As the walls rise, it will be found necessary to skid the +larger logs; that is, roll them up on two long logs, or skids, leaning +against the wall. (Fig. 2.) +</p> + +<p> +When the logs are in place to the height of four and a half feet from +the ground, it is time to decide where the door and window are to be; +and at that place, while the next long log is lying on top, bottom up, +cut out a piece four feet long and four inches deep. Roll this log +into place. (Fig. 3.) One more log above this, or certainly two, will +make your shanty high enough for boys. Put on final end logs, then two +others across the shanty. (Fig. 4.) Roll up the biggest, strongest log +of all for the ridge (sometimes two are used side by side); it should +lie along the middle of the four cross pieces shown in Fig. 4. +</p> +<p> +The two cross logs, B and C, and the ridge log should be very strong, +as the roof is heavy. Now we are ready to cut the doorway and window. +</p> +<p> +First, drive in blocks of wood between each of the logs, all the way +down from A to the ground, and from B down to D, and C to E. (Fig. 5.) +Saw down now from A half-way through the ground log F. Then from B +down to half-way through the log D; now continue from G, cutting down +to half through the ground log. Use the ax to split out the upper half +of the ground log, between the saw-cuts and also the upper half of the +log D. +</p> +<p> +Hew a flat piece of soft wood, five or six inches wide, about two +inches thick, and as long as the height of this doorway. Set it up +against the ends of the logs A to F. Bore an auger hole through it +into the end of each log (these holes must not be in line lest they +split the jamb), including the top and bottom ones, and drive into +each a pin of oak. This holds all safely. Do the same on the other +side, H to E, and put a small one down B, D, which is the side of the +window. +</p> +<p> +Now we are ready to finish the roof. Use the ax to bevel off the +corners of the four cross-logs, A and B. (Fig. 6.) Then get a lot of +strong poles, about five feet long, and lay them close together along +the two sides of the roof till it is covered with poles; putting a +very heavy one, or small log, on the outer edge of each, and fastening +it down with a pin into the ridge log. Cut two long poles and lay one +on each of the lower ends of the roof poles, as at A, B, and C (Fig. +7), pinning them to the side logs. +</p> +<p> +Cover this roof with a foot of hay or straw or grass, and cover {62} that +again evenly with about four inches of stiff clay. Pack this down. It +will soon squeeze all that foot of straw down to little more than one +inch, and will make a warm and water-tight roof. As the clay is very +heavy, it is wise, before going inside, to test the roof by jumping on +it. If it gives too much, it will be well to add a centre prop. +</p> +<p> +Now for the door: Hew out planks; two should be enough. Fasten these +together with two cross-pieces and one angle-piece, using oak pegs +instead of nails, if you wish to be truly primitive. For these the +holes should be bored part way with a gimlet, and a peg used larger +than the hole. The lower end of the back plank is left projecting in a +point. (Fig. 8.) This point fits into a hole pecked with a point or +bored with an auger into the door-sill. +</p> +<p> +Bore another hole near the top of the door (A), and a corresponding +one through the door-jamb between two logs. Set the door in place. A +strip of rawhide leather, a limber willow branch, or a strip of +hickory put through the auger hole of the door and wedged into the +hole in the jamb, makes a truly wild-wood hinge. A peg in the front +jamb prevents the door going too far out, and a string and peg inside +answer for a latch. +</p> +<p> +The window opening may be closed with a glass sash, with a piece of +muslin, or with the rawhide of an animal, scraped clear of hair and +stretched on a frame. +</p> +<p> +It now remains to chink and plaster the place. +</p> +<p> +Chinking is best done from the inside. Long triangular strips and +blocks of wood are driven in between the logs and fastened there with +oak pins driven into the lower log till nothing but small crannies +remain. Some cabins are finished with moss plugged into all the +crannies, but mud worked into plaster does better. +</p> +<p> +It should be put on the outside first, and afterward finished form the +inside. It is best done really with two plasterers working together, +one inside and one out. +</p> +<p> +This completes the shanty, but a bunk and fireplace are usually added. +</p> +<p> +The fireplace may be in one corner, or in the middle of the end. It is +easiest to make in the former. +</p> +<p> +Across the corner, peg three angle braces, each about three feet long. +These are to prevent the chimney falling forward. +</p> +<p> +Now begin to build with stone, using mud as mortar, a fireplace this +shape. (Fig. 9.) Make the opening about eighteen inches across; carry +it up two feet high, drawing it in a little, then lay a long stone +across the front, after which build up {63} the flue behind the corner +braces right up to the roof. The top corner-piece carries the rafter +that may be cut off to let the flue out. Build the chimney up outside +as high as the highest part of the ridge. +</p> +<p> +But the ideal fireplace is made with the chimney on the outside of the +cabin, at the middle of the end farthest from the door. For this you +must cut a hole in the end log, like a big, low window, pegging a jamb +on the ends as before. +</p> +<p> +With stones and mud you now build a fireplace inside the shanty, with +the big chimney carried up outside, always taking care that there are +several inches of mud or stone between the fire and any of the logs. +</p> +<p> +In country where stone cannot be found, the fireplace is often built +of mud, sustained by an outside cribbing of logs. +</p> +<p> +If the flue is fair size, that is, say one quarter the size of the +fireplace opening, it will be sure to draw. +</p> +<p> +The bunk should be made before the chinks are plastered, as the +hammering is apt to loosen the mud. +</p> +<p> +Cut eight or ten poles a foot longer than you need the bunk; cut the +end of each into a flat board and drive these between the long logs at +the right height and place for the bunk, supporting the other end on a +crosspiece from a post to the wall. Put a very big pole on the outer +side, and all is ready for the bed; most woodsmen make this of small +fir boughs. +</p> +<p> +There are two other well-known ways of cornering the logs--one is +simply flattening the logs where they touch. This, as well as the +first one, is known in the backwoods of Canada as hog-pen finish. The +really skilful woodsmen of the North always dovetail the comers and +saw them flush: (Fig. 10) +</p> +<p> +Sometimes it is desirable to make a higher gable than that which one +ridge log can make. Then it is made thus: (Fig. 11.) This is as much +slope as a clay roof should have; with any more, the clay would wash +off. +</p> +<p> +This is the simplest way to build a log-cabin, but it illustrates all +the main principles of log building. Shingle roofs and gables, broad +piazzas outside, and modern fitting inside, are often added nowadays in +summer camps, but it must be clear that the more towny you make the +cabin, the less woodsy it is, and less likely to be the complete rest +and change that is desired. +</p> +<p> +For fuller instructions, see "Log-Cabins and Cottages." By. Wm. S. +Wicks, 1900. (Pub. Forest and Stream, N. Y.) {64} Also, "The Jack of +All Trades." By Dan C. Beard, Scribner's; and "Field and Forest Handy +Book." +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +Measuring Distances +</span><br> +(See "Two Little Savages," 1903.) +</p> +<p> +The height of a tree is easily measured when on a level, open place, +by measuring the length of its shadow, then comparing that with your +own shadow, or that of a ten-foot pole. +</p> +<p> +Thus, the ten-foot pole is casting a fifteen-foot shadow, and the +tree's shadow is one hundred and fifty feet long, apply the simple +rule of three. +</p> +<p style="margin-left: 40px;"> +15 : 150 :: 10 : x = 100 +</p> +<p> +But it is seldom so easy, and the good old rule of the triangle can be +safely counted on: Get a hundred or more feet from your tree, on open +ground, as nearly as possible on the level of its base. Set up a +ten-foot pole (A B, page 65). Then mark the spot where the exact line +from the top of the tree over the top of the pole touches the ground +(C). Now measure the distance from that spot (C) to the foot of the +ten-foot pole (B); suppose it is twenty feet. Measure also the +distance from that spot (C) to the base of the tree (D); suppose it is +one hundred and twenty feet, then your problem is: +</p> +<p style="margin-left: 40px;"> +20 : 10 :: 120 : x = 60 +</p> +<p> +i.e., if at that angle twenty feet from the eye gives ten feet +elevation, one hundred and twenty feet must give sixty. +</p> +<p> +<span style="font-style: italic;">To make a right angle,</span> make a +triangle whose sides are exactly six, eight, and ten feet or inches +each (or multiples of these). The angle opposite the ten must be a +true right angle. +</p> +<br> +<img style="width: 390px; height: 477px;" alt="" +src="images/p0064pic1.jpg"> +<br> +To make a right angle +<br> +<br> +<br> +<p> +There are many ways of measuring distance across rivers, etc., without +crossing. The simplest, perhaps, is by the equilateral triangle. Cut +three poles of exactly equal length; peg them together into a +triangle. Lay {65} this on the bank of the river so one side points to some +point on the opposite bank. Drive in three pegs to mark the exact +points of this triangle (A,B,C). Then move it along the bank until you +find a place (F,E,G) where its base is on line with the two pegs, +where the base used to be, and one side in line with the point across +the river (D). The width of the river is seven eighths of the base of +this great triangle. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 408px; height: 370px;" alt="" +src="images/p0065pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<p> +Another method is by the isosceles triangle. Make a right-angled +triangle as above, with sides six, eight, and ten feet (A,B,C); then, +after firmly fixing the right angle, cut down the eight-foot side to +six feet and saw off the ten-foot side to fit. Place this with the +side D B on the river bank in line with the sight object (X) across. +Put three pegs to mark the three {66} corner places. Then take the triangle +along the bank in the direction of C until C' D' are in line with the +sight object, while B' C' is in line with the pegs B C. Then the +length of the long base B C' will equal the distance from B to X. +</p> +<br> +<img style="width: 440px; height: 174px;" alt="" +src="images/p0065pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Measuring height of tree. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 465px; height: 269px;" alt="" +src="images/p0066pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +To measure the space between two distant objects, D and E. Line A B on +one, then move this right-angled triangle until F G is lined on the +other, with B G in line with G H. B G equals the space between D and E +then. +</p> +<p> +If the distance is considerable, it may be measured sometimes by +sound. Thus, when a gun is fired, a man is chopping, or a dog barking, +count the seconds between the sight and the hearing of the sound, and +multiply by eleven hundred feet, which is the distance sound travels +in a second. +</p> +<img style="width: 336px; height: 533px;" alt="" +src="images/p0066pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +To climb a tree that is too thick--Place small tree against it. +<br> +<br> +<br> +{67} +<br> +<p> +Occasionally, the distance of an upright bank, cliff, or building can +be measured by the echo. Half the seconds between shout and echo, +multiplied by eleven hundred gives the distance in feet. +</p> +<p> +The usual way to estimate long distances is by the time they take to +cover. Thus, a good canoe on dead water goes four to five miles an +hour. A man afoot walks three and a half miles an hour on good roads. +A packtrain goes two and a half miles an hour, or perhaps one and a +half on the mountain trails. +</p> +<p> +A man's thumb is an inch wide. +</p> +<p> +Span of thumb and longest finger, nine inches. Brisk walking pace is +one yard for men. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">What To Do When Lost in the Woods</span> +<br> +(Ladies' Home Journal, October, 1902.) +</p> +<p> +"Did you ever get lost in the woods?" I once asked a company of twenty +campers. Some answered, "Yes; once or twice." Others said, "Many a +time." Only two said, "No, never." Then I said, turning to the two, "I +know that all the others here have had plenty of experience, and that +you two are the tenderfeet, and never lived in the woods." +</p> +<p> +It is quite certain to come sooner or later; if you go camping, you +will get lost in the woods. Hunters, Indians, yes, birds and beasts, +get lost at times. You can avoid it for long by always taking your +bearings and noting the landscape before leaving the camp, and this +you should always do; but still you will get lost some time, and it is +well to be ready for it by carrying matches, knife, and compass. +</p> +<p> +When you do miss your way, the first thing to remember is, like the +Indian, "You are not lost; it is the teepee that is lost." It isn't +serious. It cannot be so unless you do something foolish. +</p> +<p> +The first and most natural thing to do is to get on a hill, up a tree, +or other high lookout, and seek for some landmark near camp. You may +be sure of this much: +</p> +<p> +You are not nearly so far from camp as you think you are. Your friends +will soon find you. +</p> +<p> +You can help them best by signaling. +</p> +<p> +The worst thing you can do is to get frightened. The truly dangerous +enemy is not the cold or the hunger so much as the fear. It is fear +that robs the wanderer of his judgment and of his limb power; it is +fear that turns the passing experience into a final tragedy. Only keep +cool and all will be well. +</p> +{68} +<p> +If there is snow on the ground, you can follow your back track. +</p> +<p> +If you see no landmark, look for the smoke of the fire. Shout from +time to time, and wait; for though you have been away for hours it is +quite possible you are within earshot of your friends. If you happen +to have a gun, fire it off twice in quick succession on your high +lookout; then wait and listen. Do this several times and wait plenty +long enough--perhaps an hour. If this brings no help, send up a +distress signal--that is, make two smoke fires by smothering two +bright fires with green leaves and rotten wood, and keep them at least +fifty feet apart, or the wind will confuse them. Two shots or two +smokes are usually understood to mean "I am in trouble." Those in camp +on seeing this should send up one smoke, which means, "Camp is here." +</p> +<p> +If you have a dog or a horse with you, you may depend upon it he can +bring you out all right; but usually you will have to rely on +yourself. The simplest plan, when there is fresh snow and no wind, is +to follow your own track back. No matter how far around or how crooked +it may be, it will certainly bring you out safely. +</p> +<p> +If you are sure of the general direction to the camp and determined to +keep moving, leave a note pinned on a tree if you have paper; if not, +write with charcoal on a piece of wood, and also make a good smoke, so +that you can come back to this spot if you choose. But make certain +that the fire cannot run, by clearing the ground around it and by +banking it around with sods. And mark your course by breaking or +cutting a twig every fifty feet. You can keep straight by the sun, the +moon, or the stars, but when they are unseen you must be guided by the +compass. I do not believe much in guidance by what are called nature's +compass signs. It is usual to say, for example, that the north side of +the tree has the most moss or the south side the most limbs, etc. +While these are true in general, there are so many exceptions that +when alarmed and in doubt as to which is north, one is not in a frame +of mind to decide with certainty on such fine points. +</p> +<p> +If a strong west wind, for example, was blowing when you left camp, +and has blown ever since, you can be pretty sure it is still a west +wind; but the only safe and certain natural compass guides are the +sun, moon, and stars. +</p> +<p> +The Pole or North Star, and the Great Bear (also called the Dipper and +the Pointers), should be known to every boy as they are to every +Indian. The Pointers always point out the {69} Pole-star. Of course, they +go around it once in twenty-four hours, so this makes a kind of clock. +</p> +<p> +The stars, then, will enable you to keep straight if you travel. But +thick woods, fog, or clouds are apt to come up, and without something +to guide you are sure to go around in a circle. +</p> +<p> +Old woodsmen commonly follow down the streams. These are certain to +bring you out somewhere; but the very worst traveling is along the +edges of the streams, and they take you a long way around. All things +considered, it is usually best to stay right where you are, especially +if in a wild country where there is no chance of finding a farm house. +Make yourself comfortable for the night by gathering plenty of good +wood while it is daylight, and building a wind screen on three sides, +with the fire in front, and something to keep you off the ground. Do +not worry but keep up a good fire; and when day comes renew your two +smokes and wait. A good fire is the best friend of a lost man. +</p> +<p> +I have been lost a number of times, but always got out without serious +trouble, because I kept cool. The worst losing I ever got was after I +had been so long in the West that I qualified to act as a professional +guide, and was engaged by a lot of Eastern farmers looking for land +locations. +</p> +<p> +This was in the October of 1883 on the Upper Assiniboin. The main body +of the farmers had remained behind. I had gone ahead with two of them. +I took them over hundreds of miles of wild country. As we went +northward the country improved. We were traveling with oxen, and it +was our custom to let them graze for two hours at noon. One warm day, +while the oxen were feeding, we went in our shirt sleeves to a distant +butte that promised a lookout. We forgot about the lateness till the +sun got low. Even then I could have got back to camp, but clouds came +up and darkness fell quickly. Knowing the general direction I kept on, +and after half an hour's tramp we came to a canyon I had never seen +before. I got out my compass and a match and found that I had been +circling, as one is sure to do in the dark. I corrected the course and +led off again. After another brief turn I struck another match and +learned from the compass that I was again circling. This was +discouraging, but with corrected course we again tramped. I was +leading, and suddenly the dark ground ten feet ahead of me turned +gray. I could not make it out, so went cautiously nearer. I lay down, +reached forth, and then slowly made sure that we were on the edge of a +steep precipice. I backed off, {70} and frankly told the men I did not know +where we were. I got out my match box and compass and found I had but +one match left. +</p> +<p> +"Any of you got any matches?" I asked. "No; left 'em all in our +coats," was their answer. +</p> +<p> +"Well," said I, "I have one. Shall I use it to get a new course from +the compass, or shall we make a fire and stay here till morning?" +</p> +<p> +All voted to camp for the night. There was now a cold rain. +</p> +<p> +We groped into a hollow where we got some dead wood, and by using our +knives got some dry chips from the inside of a log. When all was ready +we gathered close around, and I got out the one match. I was about to +strike it when the younger of the men said: +</p> +<p> +"Say, Seton, you are not a smoker; Jack is. Hadn't you better give him +that match?" +</p> +<p> +There was sense in this. I have never in my life smoked. Jack was an +old stager and an adept with matches. I handed it to him. +"Rrrp-fizz"--and in a minute we had a fire. +</p> +<p> +With the help of the firelight we now found plenty of dead wood; we +made three blazing fires side by side, and after an hour we removed +the centre one, then raked away all the hot ashes, and all lay down +together on the warm ground. When the morning came the rain ceased. We +stretched our stiffened limbs and made for camp. Yes, there it was in +plain view two miles away across a fearful canyon. Three steps more on +that gloomy night and we should have been over the edge of that canyon +and dashed to the bottom. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">How to Make Fire by Rubbing Sticks</span> +</p> +<p> +"How do the Indians make a fire without matches?" asked a boy who +loved to "play Indian." Most of us have heard the answer to this. "The +Indians use a flint and steel, as our own fathers and mothers did one +hundred years ago, and before they had flint and steel they used +rubbing-sticks." We have all read about bringing fire out of two +sticks by rubbing them together. I tried it once for an hour, and I +know now I never would have got it in a thousand years as I was doing +it. Others have had the same experience; consequently, most persons +look upon this as a sort of fairy tale, or, if they believe it to be +true, they think it so difficult as to be worth no second thought. All +scouts, I find, are surprised and greatly interested to learn that not +only is it possible, it is easy, to make a friction {71} fire, if you know +how; and hopeless, if you don't. I have taught many boys and men +(including some Indians) to do it, and some have grown so expert that +they make it nearly as quickly as with an old-fashioned sulphur match. +When I first learned from Walter Hough, who learned from the Indians, +it took me from five to ten minutes to get a blazing fire--not half an +hour, as some books have it. But later I got it down to a minute, then +to thirty-one seconds from the time of taking up the rubbing-sticks to +having a fine blaze, the time in getting the first spark being about +six seconds. +</p> +<p> +My early efforts were inspired by book accounts of Indian methods, +but, unfortunately, I have never yet seen a book account that was +accurate enough to guide anyone successfully in the art of +fire-making. All omit one or other of the absolute essentials, or +dwell on some triviality. The impression they leave on those who know +is that the writers did not. +</p> +<p> +The surest and easiest method of making a friction fire is by use of +the bow-drill. Two sticks, two tools, and some tinder are needed. +</p> +<p> +The two sticks are the drill and the fire-board, or fire-block. The +books generally tell us that these must be of different kinds of wood. +This is a mistake. I have uniformly gotten the best results with two +pieces of the same kind--all the better, indeed, if they are parts of +the same stick. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">What Kind of Wood</span> +</p> +<p> +This is a very important question, as woods that are too hard, too +soft, too wet, too oily, too gummy, or too resinous will not produce +fire. The wood should be soft enough to wear away, else it produces no +punk, and hard enough to wear slowly, or the heat is not enough to +light the punk, and, of course, it should be highly inflammable. Those +that I have had the best luck with are balsam fir, cottonwood roots, +tamarack, European larch, red cedar, white cedar, Oregon cedar, +basswood, cypress, and sometimes second-growth white pine. It should +always be a dry, sound stick, brash, but not in the least punky. +</p> +<p> +In each part of the country there seems to be a kind of wood well +suited for fire-making. The Eastern Indians used cedar; the Northern +Indians, cedar or balsam fir; the plains Indians used cottonwood or +sage-brush roots. +</p> +<p> +Perhaps the most reliable of all is dry and seasoned balsam fir; +either the species in the North woods or in the Rockies will do. It +gives a fine big spark or coal in about seven seconds. +</p> +{72} +<p> +When in the grinding the dust that runs out of the notch is coarse and +brown, it means that the wood is too soft; when it is very fine and +scanty it means that the wood is too hard. +</p> +<br> +<img style="width: 545px; height: 334px;" alt="" +src="images/p0072pic1.jpg"> +<br> +The rubbing-sticks for fire-making +<br> +<br> +<p> +1. The simplest kind of bow; a bent stick with a stout leather thong +fastened at each end. It is about 27 inches long and 5/8 inch thick. +</p> +<p> +2. A more elaborate bow with a hole at each end for the thong. At the +handle end it goes through a disc of wood. This is to tighten the +thong by pressure of the hand against the disc while using. +</p> +<p> +3. Simplest kind of drill-socket; a pine or hemlock knot with a +shallow hole or pit in it. 3a is under view of same. It is about 4-1/2 +inches long. +</p> +<p> +4. A more elaborate drill-socket; a pebble cemented with gum in a +wooden holder. 4a is under view of same. +</p> +<p> +5. A very elaborate drill-socket; it is made of tulip wood, carved to +represent the Thunderbird. It has eyes of green felspar cemented in +with resin. On the under side (5a) is seen, in the middle, a soapstone +socket let into the wood and fastened with pine gum, and on the head a +hole kept filled with grease, to grease the top of the drill before +use. +</p> +<p> +6. The drill; 12 to 18 inches long and about 3/4 inch thick; it is +roughly eight-sided so the thong will not slip, and pointed at each +end. The best wood for the drill is old, dry brash, but not punky, +balsam fir or cottonwood roots; but basswood, white cedar, red cedar, +tamarack, and sometimes even white pine, will do. +</p> +<p> +7. Fire-board or block; about 3/4 inch thick and any length handy; a +is notch with pit just begun, b shows the pit after once using and in +good trim for second time, c shows the pit bored through and now +useless; the notch is 1/2 inch wide and 3/4 inch deep. +</p> +<p> +8. Shows the way of using the sticks. The block (a) is held down with +one foot, the end of the drill (b) is put in the pit, the drill-socket +(c) is held on top in left hand, one end of the bow (d) is held in the +right hand, while the bow is drawn back and forth. +</p> +<p> +9. Is a little wooden fire-pan, not essential but convenient; its thin +edge is put under the notch to catch the powder that falls. +</p> +{73} +<p> +I have made many experiments to determine whether there is anything in +the idea that it is better to have the block and the drill of +different woods. +</p> +<p> +But no hybrid combination was so successful as "two of a kind." +</p> +<p> +The drill and the bow and socket are fully described in the +illustration. +</p> +<p> +The preparing of the fire-board is one of the most important things. +At the edge cut a notch half an inch wide and about three fourths of +an inch deep; at the top of this notch make a pit or shallow hole, and +the board is ready. The importance of this notch is such that it is +useless to try fire-making without it. +</p> +<p> +While these are the essentials, it is well to get ready, also, some +tinder. I have tried a great many different kinds of lint and punk, +including a number that were artificially prepared, soaked with +saltpetre or other combustibles. But these are not really fair play. +The true woodcrafter limits himself to the things that he can get in +the woods, and in all my recent fire-making I have contented myself +with the tinder used for ages by the red men: that is, cedar wood +finely shredded between two stones. Some use the fringes that grow on +birch, improving it by rubbing in powdered charcoal. +</p> +<p> +Now that he has the tools and material ready, it will be an easy +matter for the matchless castaway to produce a fire. +</p> +<p> +Pass the leather thong once around the drill--and this should make the +thong taut; put the lower point of the drill in the pit at the top of +the notch in the fire-board, and hold the socket with the left hand on +top of the drill. The notch of the fire-board should be resting on a +chip or thin wooden tray. Hold the bow by the handle end in the right +hand, steady the board under the left foot, and the left arm against +the left knee. Now draw the bow back and forth with steady, even +strokes, its full length. This causes the drill to turn in the pit and +bore into the wood; ground-up wood runs out of the side of the notch, +falling on the chip or tray. At first it is brown; in two or three +seconds it turns black, and then smokes; in five or six seconds it is +giving off a cloud of smoke. A few more vigorous strokes of the bow, +and now it will be found that smoke still comes from the pile of black +wood-dust on the chip. Fan this gently with the hand; the smoke +increases, and in a few seconds you see a glowing coal in the middle +of the dust. (There are never any visible flying sparks.) +</p> +<p> +Now take a liberal pinch of the cedar tinder--about a teaspoonful; +wrap this in some bark fibre or shredded rope to {74} keep it from blowing +away. Hold it down on the coal, and, lifting tray and all, blow or fan +it until in a few seconds it blazes. Carefully pile over it the shreds +of birch bark or splinters of fat pine prepared beforehand, and the +fire is made. +</p> +<p> +If you have the right wood and still cannot get the fire, it is likely +because you do not hold the drill steady, or have not cut the side +notch quite into the middle point of the little fire pit. +</p> +<p> +The advantages of learning this method are threefold: +</p> +<p> +First: Fire-making by friction is an interesting experiment in +woodcraft. +</p> +<p> +Second: A boy is better equipped having learned it. He can never +afterward freeze to death for lack of matches if he has wood and an +old shoe lace. +</p> +<p> +Third: For the very reason that it is difficult, compared with +matches, it tends to prevent the boys making unnecessary fires, and +thus reduces the danger of their setting the woods ablaze or of +smoking the forbidden cigarette. +</p> +<p> +There is such a fascination in making the rubbing-stick fire that one +of my Western cooks, becoming an expert, gave up the use of matches +for a time and lit his morning fire with the fire-drill, and, indeed, +he did not find it much slower than the usual way. +</p> +<p> +Walter Hough told me a story of an Apache Indian who scoffed at the +matches of white men, and claimed that he could light a fire with +rubbing-sticks faster than Hough could with matches. So each made +ready. They were waiting for the word "go" when the Indian said: +</p> +<p> +"Wait. I see if him right." He gave a few strokes with the drill, and +called--"Stop--stop him no good." He rearranged the sticks, and tried +a few more strokes. Just as Mr. Hough was going to strike the match, +he said: "Stop--stop him no good." He did this three times before he +called "Ready." Then the word "Go" was given. The white man struck the +slow, sizzling match. The Indian gave half a dozen twirls to the +drill--the smoke burst forth. He covered it with the tinder, fanned a +few seconds, then a bright flame arose, just before the white man got +his twigs ablaze. So the Indian won, but it was by an Indian trick; +for the three times when he pretended to be trying it, he was really +warming up the wood--that is, doing a large part of the work. I am +afraid that, deft as he was, he would have lost in a fair race. Yet +this incident shows at least that, in point of speed, the old +rubbing-sticks are not very far behind the matches, as one might have +supposed. +</p> +{75} +<p> +It is, indeed, a wonder that the soldiers at West Point are not taught +this simple trick, when it is so easily learned, and might some day be +the one thing to save the lives of many of them. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Archery</span> +</p> +<p> +No woodcraft education is complete without a knowledge of archery. It +is a pity that this noble sport has fallen into disuse. We shall find +it essential to some of our best games. +</p> +<p> +The modern hunting gun is an irresistible weapon of wholesale murder, +and is just as deadly no matter who pulls the trigger. It spreads +terror as well as death by its loud discharge, and it leaves little +clew as to who is responsible for the shot. Its deadly range is so +fearfully great as to put all game at the mercy of the clumsiest tyro. +Woodcraft, the oldest of all sciences and one of the best, has +steadily declined since the coming of the gun, and it is entirely due +to this same unbridled power that America has lost so many of her fine +game animals. +</p> +<p> +The bow is a far less destructive weapon, and to succeed at all in the +chase the bowman must be a double-read forester. The bow is silent and +it sends the arrow with exactly the same power that the bowman's arm +puts into it--no more, no less--so it is really his own power that +speeds the arrow. There is no question as to which hunter has the +right to the game or is responsible for the shot when the arrow is +there to tell. The gun stands for little skill, irresistible force +supplied from an outside source, overwhelming unfair odds, and sure +death to the victim. The bow, on the other hand, stands for all that +is clever and fine in woodcraft; so, no guns or fire-arms of any kind +are allowed in our boy scout camp. +</p> +<p> +The Indian's bow was short, because, though less efficient, it was +easier to carry than a long one. Yet it did not lack power. It is said +that the arrow head sometimes appeared on the far side of the buffalo +it was fired into, and there is a tradition that Wah-na-tah, a Sioux +chief, once shot his arrow through a cow buffalo and killed her calf +that was running at the other side. +</p> +<p> +But the long bow is more effective than the short one. The old English +bowmen, the best the world has ever seen, always shot with the long +bow. +</p> +<p> +The finest bows and arrows are those made by the professional makers, +but there is no reason why each boy should not make his own. +</p> +<p> +According to several authorities the best bow woods are mulberry, +osage-orange, sassafras, Southern cedar, black locust, {76} apple, black +walnut, slippery elm, ironwood, mountain ash, hickory, California yew, +and hemlock. +</p> +<p> +Take a perfectly sound, straight, well-seasoned stick five or six feet +long (your bow should be about as long as yourself); mark off a +five-inch space in the middle for the handle; leave this round and a +full inch thick; shave down the rest, flat on one side for the front +and round on the other for the back, until it is about one inch wide +and three fourths of an inch thick next the handle, tapering to about +one half that at the ends, which are then "nocked," nicked, or notched +as shown in Cut I. These notches are for the string, which is to be +put on early. Draw the bow now, flat side out, not more than the +proper distance, and note carefully which end bends the most; then +shave down the other side until it bends evenly. The middle scarcely +bends at all. The perfect shape, when bent, is shown in Cut II. Trim +the bow down to your strength and finish smoothly with sandpaper and +glass. It should be straight when unstrung, and unstrung when not in +use. Fancy curved bows are weak affairs. The bow for our boy should +require a power of fifteen or twenty pounds (shown on a spring +balance) to draw the string twenty-three inches from the bow; not +more. The best string is of hemp or linen; it should be about five +inches from the middle of the bow when strung (Cut II). The notches +for the string should be two-thirds the depth of the string. If you +have not a bought string make one of strong, unbleached linen thread +twisted together. At one end the string, which is heaviest at the +ends, should be fast knotted to the bow notch (Cut V); at the other it +should have a loop as shown in Cut IV. In the middle it should be +lashed with fine silk and wax for five inches, and the exact place +marked where the arrow fits it. +</p> +<p> +The arrow is more important than the bow. Anyone can make a bow; few +can make an arrow, for, as a Seminole Indian expressed it to Maurice +Thompson, "Any stick do for bow; good arrow much heap work, ugh." +Hiawatha went all the way to Dakota to see the famous arrow maker. In +England when the bow was the gun of the country, the bow maker was +called a "bowyer," and the arrow maker a "fletcher" (from the Norman +fleche, an arrow). So when men began to use surnames those who +excelled in arrow making were proud to be called the "Fletchers "; but +to make a good bow was not a notable achievement, hence few took +"Bowyer" as their name. +</p> +<p> +The first thing about an arrow is that it must be perfectly straight. +"Straight as an arrow" refers to the arrow itself, not to its flight; +that is always curved. +</p> +<br> +{77} +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 637px; height: 378px;" alt="" +src="images/p0077pic1.jpg"> +<br> +THE ARCHERY OUTFIT (Not all on scale.) +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%;" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody><tr><td>I.</td><td>The five-foot bow as finished, with +sections at the point shown.</td></tr> +<tr><td>II.</td><td>The bow "braced" or strung.</td></tr> +<tr><td>III.</td><td>The bow unstrung, showing the loop slipped +down.</td></tr> +<tr><td>IV.</td><td>The loop that is used on the upper end of the +bow.</td></tr> +<tr><td>V.</td><td>The timber hitch always used on the lower end or +notch of the bow.</td></tr> +<tr><td>VI.</td><td>A turkey feather with split midrib, all ready to +lash on.</td></tr> +<tr><td>VII.</td><td>End view of arrow, showing notch and arrangement of +three feathers.</td></tr> +<tr><td>VIII.</td><td>Part of arrow, showing feathering and +lashing.</td></tr> +<tr><td>IX.</td><td>Sanger hunting arrow with wooden point; 25 inches +long.</td></tr> +<tr><td>X.</td><td>Sanger war arrow with nail point and extra long +feathers; it also is 25 inches long.</td></tr> +<tr><td>XI.</td><td>Quiver with Indian design; 20 inches long.</td></tr> +<tr><td>XII.</td><td>The "bracer" or arm guard of heavy leather for left +arm with two laces to tie it on. It is six inches +long.</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +{78} +<p> +The Indians made arrows of reeds and of straight shoots of viburnum or +arrow-wood, and of elder, but we make better arrows out of the solid +heartwood of hard pine for target use, and of hickory or ash for +hunting. The arrow should be twenty-five inches long, round, and three +eighths of an inch thick, and have three feathers set as shown in Cut +VI, about an inch from the notch. The feather B, that stands out at +right angles to notch A, should always be away from the bow in +shooting. This is called the cock-feather, and it is usually marked or +colored in some way to be quickly distinguished. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 212px; height: 410px;" alt="" +src="images/p0078pic1.jpg"> +<br> +CORRECT FORM IN SHOOTING. +<br> +The diagram at bottom is to show the centres +of heels in line with target. +</p> +<p> +Turkey and goose wing feathers are the best that grow in our country +for arrow feathers. The Indians mostly use turkey. With a sharp knife +cut a strip of the midrib on which is the vane of the feather; make +three pieces, each two to three inches long. White men glue these on +to the arrow. The Indians leave the midrib projecting at each end and +by these lash the {79} feathers without gluing. The lashed feathers stand +the weather better than those glued, but do not fly so well. The +Indians use sharp flint arrow heads for war and for big game, but for +birds and small game they make arrow heads with a knob of hard wood or +the knuckle bone of some small animal. The best arrow heads for our +purpose are like the ferrule of an umbrella top; they receive the end +of the shaft into them and keep it from splitting. +</p> +<p> +One of the best arrows I ever shot with was twenty-eight inches long, +five sixteenths of an inch thick, had a ferrule head and very small +feathers. +</p> +<p> +The finishing touch of an arrow is "painting" it. This is done for +several purposes: First, to preserve it from damp which would twist +the arrow and soften the glue that holds the feathers; second, each +hunter paints all his arrows with his mark so as to know them; third, +they are thus made bright-colored to help in finding them when lost. +</p> +<p> +There are four other things required by our archer: A smooth, hard +arm-guard, or bracer, usually of hard leather. The Indians who use one +make it of wood, grass, or rawhide. In photographs of famous Indians +you may often see this on the left wrist, and will remember that it +was there as a protection from the blow of the bow cord. Some archers +can shoot with the wrist bent so as to need no guard. The three middle +fingers of the right hand also need protection. An old leather glove, +with thumb and little finger cut away, will do very well for this, +though the ready-made tips at the archery stores are more convenient. +Some archers who practise all their lives can shoot without protecting +the fingers. +</p> +<p> +The bow case and quiver are important. Any kind of a cover that will +keep them from the rain, and hang on your back, will do, but there are +many little things that help to make them handy. When the cover is off +the arrows should project three or four inches so that they may be +more easily drawn out. The Indians often carried very beautiful +quivers of buckskin ornamented with quills and beads. +</p> +<p> +One day out West I saw an Omaha brave with a bow case and quiver +covered with very odd material--a piece of common red and white cotton +print. When allowed to examine it, I felt some other material +underneath the print. After a little dickering he sold me bow, arrows, +quiver, and all for a couple of dollars. I then ripped open the print +and found my first suspicions confirmed; for, underneath, the quiver +was of buckskin, beautifully embroidered with red feathers and +porcupine {80} quills of deep red and turquoise blue. The Indian was as +much puzzled by my preference for the quill work as I was by his for +the cotton print. +</p> +<p> +The standard target for men is four feet across with a nine-inch +bull's-eye, and around that four rings, each four and three quarter +inches wide. The bull's-eye counts nine, the other rings seven, five, +three, one. The bought targets are made of straw, but a good target +may be made of a box filled with sods, or a bank covered with sacking +on which are painted the usual rings. +</p> +<p> +Now comes the most important point of all--how to shoot. There are +several ways of holding an arrow, but only one good one. Most boys +know the ordinary finger and thumb pinch, or grip. This is all very +well for a toy bow, but a hunter's bow cannot be drawn that way. No +one has strength enough in his fingers for it. The true archer's grip +of the arrow is shown in the cut. The thumb and little finger have +nothing to do with it. +</p> +<br> +<img style="width: 340px; height: 211px;" alt="" +src="images/p0080pic1.jpg"><p> +The archer's grip +</p> +<br> +<p> +As in golf and all such things, there is a right "form." You attend to +your end of the arrow's flight and the other will take care of itself: +</p> +<p> +Stand perfectly straight. Plant your feet with the centres of the two +heels in line with the target. (Cut page 78.) Grasp the bow in the +middle with the left hand and place the arrow on the string at the +left side of the bow. Hold the bow plumb, and draw as above till the +notch of the arrow is right under your eye, and the head of the arrow +back to the bow. The right elbow must be in the same line with the +arrow. Let go the arrow by straightening the fingers a little, turning +the hand outward at the bottom and drawing it back one inch. Always do +this in exactly the same way and your shooting will be even. Your left +hand should not move a hair's breadth until the arrow strikes the +target. +</p> +<p> +To begin shooting put the target very near, within fifteen or twenty +yards; but the proper shooting distance when the archer is in good +practice is forty yards for a four-foot target and thirty yards for a +three-foot target. A good shot, shooting twelve arrows at this, should +score fifty. +</p> +{81} +<p> +The Indians generally used their bows at short range, so that it was +easy to hit the mark. Rapid firing was important. In their archery +competitions, therefore, the prize was given to the one who could have +the most arrows in the air at once. Their record, according to Catlin, +was eight. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Stars</span> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">As Seen With the Naked Eye</span> +<br> +</p> +<p> +The chief works referred to in this are C. Flammarion's "Popular +Astronomy" (Gore's translation), and Garrett P. Serviss's "Astronomy +with an Opera Glass." (Those who wish to go farther a-sky are referred +to these books.) +</p> +<p> +Whether he expects to use them as guides or not, every boy should +learn the principal constellations and the important stars. A +non-scientific friend said to me once: "I am always glad that I +learned the principal star groups when I was young. I have never +forgotten them, and, no matter in what strange country I find myself, +I can always look up at night, and see the old familiar stars that +shone on me in my home in my own country." +</p> +<p> +All American boys know the Dipper or Great Bear. This is, perhaps, the +most important star group in our sky, because of its size, peculiar +form, and the fact that it never sets in our latitude, and last, that +it always points out the Pole-star, and, for this reason, it is +sometimes known as the Pointers. It is called the Dipper because it is +shaped like a dipper with a long, bent handle. Why it is called the +Great Bear is not so easy to explain. The classical legend has it that +the nymph Calisto, having violated her vow, was changed by Diana into +a bear, which, after death, was immortalized in the sky by Zeus. +Another suggestion is that the earliest astronomers, the Chaldeans, +called these stars "the shining ones," and their word happened to be +very like the Greek arktos (a bear). Another explanation (I do not +know who is authority for either) is that vessels in olden days were +named for animals, etc. They bore at the prow the carved effigy of the +namesake, and if the Great Bear, for example, made several very happy +voyages by setting out when a certain constellation was in the +ascendant, that constellation might become known as the Great Bear's +constellation. Certainly, there is nothing in its shape to justify the +name. Very few of the constellations, indeed, are like the thing they +are {82} called after. Their names were usually given for some fanciful +association with the namesake, rather than for resemblance to it. +</p> +<p> +The Pole-star is really the most important of the stars in our sky; it +marks the north at all times; it alone is fixed in the heavens: all +the other stars seem to swing around it once in twenty-four hours. It +is in the end of the Little Bear's tail. But the Pole-star, or +Polaris, is not a very bright one, and it would be hard to identify +but for the help of the Dipper, or Pointers. +</p> +<p> +The outside (Alpha and Beta) of the Dipper points nearly to Polaris, +at a distance equal to three and one half times the space that +separates these two stars of the Dipper's outer side. +</p> +<p> +Various Indians call the Pole-star the "Home Star," and "The Star that +Never Moves," and the Dipper they call the "Broken Back." +</p> +<p> +The last star but one in the Dipper, away from the pole--that is, the +star at the bend of the handle,--is known to astronomers as Mizar, one +of the Horses; Just above it, and tucked close in, is a smaller star +known to astronomers as Alcor, or the Rider. The Indians call these +two the "Old Squaw and the Pappoose on Her Back." In the old world, +from very ancient times, these have been used as tests of eyesight. To +be able to see Alcor with the naked eye means that one has excellent +eyesight. So also on the plains, the old folks would ask the children +at night, "Can you see the pappoose on the old squaw's back?" And when +the youngster saw it, and proved that he did by a right description, +they rejoiced that he had the eyesight which is the first requisite of +a good hunter. +</p> +<p> +The Great Bear is also to be remembered as the Pointers for another +reason. It is the hour-hand of the woodman's clock. It goes once +around the North Star in about twenty-four hours, the same way as the +sun, and for the same reason--that it is the earth that is going and +leaving them behind. +</p> +<p> +The time in going around is not exactly twenty-four hours, so that the +position of the Pointers varies with the seasons, but, as a rule, this +for woodcraft purposes is near enough. The bowl of the Dipper swings +one and one half times the width of the opening (i.e., fifteen +degrees) in one hour. If it went a quarter of the circle, that would +mean you had slept a quarter of a day, or six hours. +</p> +{83} +<p> +Each fifteen days the stars seem to be an hour earlier; in three +months they gain one fourth of the circle, and in a year gain the +whole circle. +</p> +<p> +According to Flammarion, there are about seven thousand stars visible +to the naked eye, and of those but nineteen are stars of the first +magnitude. Thirteen of them are visible in the latitude of New York, +the other six belong to the South Polar Region of the sky. Here is +Flammarion's arrangement of them in order of seeming brightness. Those +that can be seen in the Southern Hemisphere only, are in brackets: +</p> +<table style="width: 602px; height: 536px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody><tr><td style="text-align: right;">1.</td><td>Sirius, the +Dog-star.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">2.</td><td>[Canopus, of +Argo.]</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">3.</td><td>[Alpha, of the +Centaur.]</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">4.</td><td>Arcturus, of +Bootes.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">5.</td><td>Vega, of the +Lyre.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">6.</td><td>Rigel, of Orion's +foot.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">7.</td><td>Capella, of +Auriga.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">8.</td><td>Procyon, or the Little +Dog-star.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">9.</td><td>Betelguese, of Orion's +right shoulder.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">10.</td><td>[Beta, of the +Centaur.]</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">11.</td><td>[Achernar, of +Eridanus.]</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">12.</td><td>Aldebaran, of Taurus, the +Bull's right eye.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">13.</td><td> Antares, of +Scorpio.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">14.</td><td>[Alpha, of the Southern +Cross.]</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">15.</td><td> Altair, of the +Eagle.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">16.</td><td>Spica, of Virgo.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">17.</td><td> Fomalhaut, of the Southern +Fish.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">18.</td><td>[Beta, of the Southern +Cross.]</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">19.</td><td>Regulus, of the +Lion.</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +Orion</span> +</p> +<p> +Orion (O-ri-on), with its striking array of brilliant stars, +Betelguese, Rigel, the Three Kings, etc., is generally admitted to be +the finest constellation in the heavens. +</p> +<p> +Orion was the hunter giant who went to Heaven when he died, and now +marches around the great dome, but is seen only in the winter, +because, during the summer, he passes over during daytime. Thus he is +still the hunter's constellation. The three stars of his belt are +called the "Three Kings." +</p> +<p> +Sirius, the Great Dog-star, is in the head of Orion's hound, and +following farther back is the Little Dog-star, Procyon. In old charts +of the stars, Orion is shown with his hound, hunting the bull, Taurus. +</p> +{84} +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 520px; height: 457px;" alt="" +src="images/p0084pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Pleiades</span> +</p> +<p> +Pleiades (Ply-a-des) can be seen in winter as a cluster of small stars +between Aldebaran and Algol, or, a line drawn from the back bottom, +through the front rim of the Dipper, about two Dipper lengths, touches +this little group. They are not far from Aldebaran, being on the +shoulder of the Bull, of which Aldebaran is the right eye. They may be +considered the seven arrow wounds made by Orion. They are nearer the +Pole-star than Aldebaran is, and on the side away from the Dipper; +also, they are nearly on a line between Beta of the Dipper (front +bottom) and Capella. +</p> +<p> +Serviss tells us that the Pleiades have a supposed connection with the +Great Pyramid, because "about 2170 B. C., when the beginning of spring +coincided with the culmination of the Pleiades at midnight; that +wonderful group of stars was visible {85} just at midnight, through the +mysterious southward-pointing passage of the Pyramid." +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Moon</span> +</p> +<p> +The moon is one fifth the diameter of the earth, about one fiftieth of +the bulk, and is about a quarter million miles away. Its course, while +very irregular, is nearly the same as the apparent course of the sun. +But "in winter the full moon is at an altitude in the sky near the +limit attained by the sun in summer, . . . and even, at certain times, +five degrees higher. It is the contrary in summer, a season when the +moon remains very low" (F.). +</p> +<p> +The moon goes around the earth in 27-1/4 days. It loses nearly three +fourths of an hour each night; that is, it rises that much later. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">BIRDCRAFT</span> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +By the National Association of Audubon Societies</span> +</p> +<p> +Any boy who cares enough for out-doors to be a scout is sure to want a +good acquaintance with the birds. Even dull people cannot help taking +notice of our "little brothers of the air," on account of their +beauty, their songs, and their wondrous flight. But most folks never +take the trouble to try and learn the names of any except a few common +birds. Scouts whose eyes are sharp and ears are keen will find the +study of birds a fascinating sport, which may prove to be the best fun +that the woods provide. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Knowing the Birds</span> +</p> +<p> +It is no easy matter, this trying to get to know the birds; but scouts +are not looking for the easiest jobs, and it is great sport for them +to follow some shy songster through the briery thicket until a really +good look can be had, to sit stock still for half an hour to watch +some unknown bird come home to her nest, or to wriggle on all fours +through the grass to have a glimpse over the top of the knoll at the +ducks in the pool beyond. +</p> +<p> +The only equipment necessary for bird study is an opera or field +glass, a note-book and a good bird reference book. As soon as you get +a good look at a strange bird, notice its colors and markings, and +then, if it moves, follow it up until you have seen practically all of +its most prominent features. It will be impossible to carry these +facts in your head, and unless some definite memorandum is made at the +time you will probably {86} be hopelessly perplexed when you go to consult +the bird book later. As it is hard to jot down satisfactory notes in +the field, while catching fleeting glances of some timid bird, a handy +little booklet has been prepared in which observations can be recorded +very rapidly. These can be procured for fifteen cents apiece from the +National Association of Audubon Societies, 1974 Broadway, New York +City. +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +Location _______________________<br> +Date _______________________<br> +Hour _______________________ +<br> +Weather ___________________<br> +Wind _______________________ +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 350px; height: 317px;" alt="" +src="images/p0086pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +SIZE: +<br> +Smaller than wren +<br> +Between wren and sparrow +<br> +Between sparrow and robin +<br> +Between robin and crow +<br> +Larger than crow +<br> +<br> +SEEN +<br> +Near ground or high up +<br> +In heavy woods +<br> +Bushy places +<br> +Orchard +<br> +Garden +<br> +Swamp +<br> +Open country +<br> +Near water +<br> +<br> +Name ______________________ +<br> +Order ______________________ <br> +Family _______________________ +<br> +Genus_______________________ <br> +Species ______________________ +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{87} +<p> +Each booklet contains outline figures of the five leading types of +birds: (1) small perching birds, (2) hawks, (3) snipes, (4) herons, +(5) ducks. On the page opposite is a list of numbers corresponding to +colors. You can quickly mark on the outline the proper numbers, and +note with your pencil any marks on the bird. Then check the other data +on the page, add any additional memoranda, and you have your "bird in +the hand," ready to take back and look up at your leisure. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Careful Observation</span> +</p> +<p> +Notice particularly the "range" of the birds in your reference book, +and eliminate all those not stated as occurring in your territory. +Notice too, dates of the birds' coming and going, and do not expect to +find species at any other time of year than within the dates +mentioned. By thus narrowing down the possibilities the task is much +simplified. As a final resort, the National Association of Audubon +Societies stands ready to help all scouts who are positively +"stumped," and if the descriptive slips are mailed with return +envelopes to the secretary of the association, 1974 Broadway, New York +City, an identification will be made, if the information furnished +renders it in any way possible. +</p> +<p> +The next time you see a bird that you have once identified, you will +probably remember its name, and in this way you will be surprised to +find how rapidly your bird acquaintance will grow. After a time even +the flight of a bird or its song will be enough to reveal an old +acquaintance, just as you can often recognize a boy friend by his walk +or the sound of his voice, without seeing his face. And what a new joy +in life there is for anybody that really knows the birds about him. He +can pick from the medley of bird songs the notes of the individual +singers; he knows when to look for old friends of the year before; no +countryside is ever lonely for him, for he finds birds everywhere and +knows that any moment he may make some rare discovery or see a bird +before unknown to him. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Bird Lists</span> +</p> +<p> +A scout should make a list of all the birds he has positively +identified. This is his "life list" and is added to year by year. In +addition he will keep daily lists of the birds seen on special trips +in the field. Two or more patrols can enjoy a friendly rivalry by +covering different regions and seeing which can observe the largest +variety of birds. Hundreds of well-known {88} ornithologists often have the +fun of this kind of competition, sending in their lists to a central +bureau. As many as one hundred and twenty different kinds of birds +have been counted in a single day by one energetic band of +bird-lovers. Such a list is, however, attainable only under +exceptionally favorable circumstances and by skilled observers who +know their country thoroughly. For most scouts, thirty to forty +species on a summer day, and fifty to sixty during the spring +migration, would be regarded as a good list. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 522px; height: 412px;" alt="" +src="images/p0088pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Bob-white at feeding station +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Nesting Season</span> +</p> +<p> +Undoubtedly the most interesting season to study birds is during the +nesting period which is at its height in June. It takes a pair of +sharp eyes to find most birds' nests in the first place, and once +found, there are dozens of interesting little incidents which it is a +delight to watch. Only a foolish scout would rob himself of his chance +to observe the secrets of nest life by stealing the contents, or would +take any delight in piling up a collection of egg shells whose value +at its best is almost nothing, and whose acquisition is necessarily +accompanied by {89} genuine heart pangs on the part of the rightful owners. +It is more exciting to try to hide yourself near the nest so skilfully +that the birds will carry on their domestic duties as though you were +not near. A blind made of green cloth and set up near the nest like a +little tent will often give opportunity for very close observation. It +is surprising how near many birds will allow one to come in this way. +Even though the blind looks very strange and out of place, the birds +soon seem to get used to it, so long as it is motionless and the +inmate cannot be seen. A simple type of blind can be constructed by +sewing the edges of long pieces of green cloth together, drawing in +the top with a cord, and then draping it over an open umbrella. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 428px; height: 286px;" alt="" +src="images/p0089pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Bird blind +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">How to Photograph</span> +</p> +<p> +From such a hiding place, photographs can often be secured of timid +birds at their nests. In attempting to take photographs it must be +remembered that cameras of the pocket variety or fixed box type are +almost useless. Most of them cannot be worked without special +attachments at closer range than six feet, and, even if the focus is +correctly guessed, the image is apt to be very small. In this work it +is far better to invest in a cheap camera (second-hand if need be) +with which one can obtain a definite image on the ground glass where +the plate or film is to be. Focus the camera on some spot where it is +expected the bird will come; usually this is on the nest or young, +sometimes it is the food, a favorite perch, or some form of decoy. The +next requisite is patience. If the coveted opportunity arrives, set +off the shutter by hand in the {90} blind, or, where this is not possible, +by means of a long thread, after carefully hiding the camera with +boughs, leaves, sods, etc. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +How to Know +</span> +</p> +<p> +An idea of the details of a bird's life which a scout may come to +know, may be had from the following table: +</p> +<table style="width: 100%;" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody><tr><td style="text-align: right;">1. </td><td>Description. (Size, +form, color, and markings.)</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">2.</td><td> Haunts. (Upland, lowland, +lakes, rivers, woods, fields. etc.)</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">3.</td><td> Movements. (Slow or active, +hops, walks, creeps, swims, tail +wagged, etc.)</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">4. </td><td>Appearance. (Alert, +listless, crest erect, tail drooped, etc.)</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">5.</td><td> Disposition. (Solitary, +flocking, wary, unsuspicious, etc.)</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">6. </td><td>Flight. (Slow, rapid, +direct, undulating, soaring, sailing, +flapping, etc.)</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">7. </td><td>Song. (Pleasing, +unattractive, long, short, loud, faint, sung from +the ground, from a perch, in the air, etc. Season of song.)</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">8. </td><td>Call notes. (Of surprise, +alarm, protest, warning, signaling, etc.)</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">9.</td><td> Season. (Spring, fall, +summer, winter, with times of arrival and +departure and variations in numbers.)</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">10.</td><td> Food. (Berries, insects, +seeds, etc.; how secured.)</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">11. </td><td>Mating. (Habits during +courtship.)</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">12. </td><td>Nesting. (Choice of site, +material, construction, eggs, +incubation, etc.)</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">13.</td><td> The young. (Food and care +of, time in the nest, notes, actions, +flight, etc.) +</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<p> +So varied is a bird's life that there is still plenty to be learned +about even our common birds. It is quite possible for a scout to +discover some facts that have never yet been published in books. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 280px; height: 311px;" alt="" +src="images/p0090pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Red-breasted nuthatch +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">What One Boy Did</span> +</p> +<p> +A boy once originated the idea of varying the usual "bird's nesting" +craze into a systematic study of the breeding of our common birds. In +one spring he found within the limits of a single village one hundred +and seventy robins' nests. "One hundred were in suitable situations on +private places, forty-one were in woods, swamps and orchards, eight +were placed under bridges (two being under the iron girders of the +railroad bridge), four were {91} in quarries, sixteen were in barns, sheds, +under piazzas, etc., and one was on the ground at the foot of a bush." +</p> +<p> +In addition to searching out the birds in their natural haunts, there +is a great fascination in trying to attract them to our homes. During +winter evenings boy scouts can busy themselves making nesting boxes. +Even an old cigar box or a tomato can with a hole in it the size of a +quarter will satisfy a house wren. Other boxes which are suitable for +bluebirds, chickadees, tree swallows, purple martins, and starlings, +will, if set up in March, often have tenants the very first season. In +many cases it is feasible to have hinged doors or sides on the nesting +boxes, so that they may occasionally be opened and the progress of +events within observed. It is needless to add, however, that great +caution must be exercised to prevent desertion of the nest, or other +disturbance of the birds' home life. Under favorable circumstances, +even some of the shyer inhabitants of the woods, such as woodpeckers, +owls, and ducks can be induced to patronize artificial cavities, if +they are made right and erected right. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 271px; height: 202px;" alt="" +src="images/p0091pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Downy woodpecker +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 349px; height: 506px;" alt="" +src="images/p0091pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Observation box, open +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Caring for Birds</span> +</p> +<p> +Another way of attracting birds in summer is by providing drinking and +bathing places. A little artificial pool protected from cats, will be +a source of joy to the birds and of delight to the observer from +morning to night. Apply to the {92} National Association of Audubon +Societies for information as to where ready-made nest boxes and +fountains can be procured, also books on this subject, as well as on +the subject of making friends of the birds through feeding. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 275px; height: 247px;" alt="" +src="images/p0092pic1.jpg"> +<br> +House wren and tomato-can house +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 128px; height: 334px;" alt="" +src="images/p0092pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Birch-bark house +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Bird Lunch Counter</span> +</p> +<p> +How best to feed the birds is almost an art in itself. A winter lunch +counter spread with suet, nuts, hemp seed, meat, and crumbs will +attract nuthatches, chickadees, downy and hairy woodpeckers, creepers, +blue jays, etc. Canary seed, buckwheat, oats and hay-chaff scattered +on the ground beneath will provide an irresistible banquet for other +feathered boarders. A feeding place of this sort can be arranged for +convenient observation from a window, and afford no end of diversion +and instruction. But whether close to home or far afield, the great +secret of success in such work is regularity. Begin to put the food +out early in November, and let the birds get to know that they are +always sure to find a supply of dainties in a certain spot, and the +news will soon spread among them. In wintry weather, especially, it is +amazing what can be accomplished by feeding the birds regularly, and +at least the following birds have been induced to feed from the human +hand: chickadee, white-breasted nuthatch, red-breasted nuthatch, brown +creeper, Carolina wren, cardinal, evening grosbeak, tufted titmouse, +Canada jay, Florida jay, Oregon jay, and redpoll. Even in spring +untiring patience has resulted in the gratification of this supreme +ambition of the bird-lover, and bluebird, robin, cat-bird: chipping +sparrow, oven-bird, brown thrasher and yellow-throated vireo have been +known to feed from the hand of a trusted friend, even with plenty of +food all around. What scout can add to this list? +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Protecting the Birds</span> +</p> +<p> +Many a boy thinks that just because a bird is alive and moves it is a +proper target for his air rifle or his sling shot. {93} Let us be thankful +that there has now arisen a new class of boys, the scouts, who, like +the knights of old, are champions of the defenceless, even the birds. +Scouts are the birds' police, and wo betide the lad who is caught with +a nest and eggs, or the limp corpse of some feathered songster that he +has slaughtered. Scouts know that there is no value in birds that are +shot, except a few scientific specimens collected by trained museum +experts. Scouts will not commend a farmer for shooting a hawk or an +owl as a harmful bird, even though it were seen to capture a young +chicken. They will post themselves on the subject and find that most +hawks and owls feed chiefly on field mice and large insects injurious +to the farmer's crops, and that thus, in spite of an occasional toll +on the poultry, they are as a whole of tremendous value. The way the +birds help mankind is little short of a marvel. A band of nuthatches +worked all winter in a pear orchard near Rochester and rid the trees +of a certain insect that had entirely destroyed the crop of the +previous summer. A pair of rose-breasted grosbeaks were seen to feed +their nest of youngsters four hundred and twenty-six times in a day, +each time with a billful of potato-bugs or other insects. A professor +in Washington counted two hundred and fifty tent caterpillars in the +stomach of a dead yellow-billed cuckoo, and, what appeals to us even +more, five hundred bloodthirsty mosquitoes inside of one night-hawk. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 265px; height: 296px;" alt="" +src="images/p0093pic1.jpg"> +<br> +White-breasted nuthatch +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 266px; height: 231px;" alt="" +src="images/p0093pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Bluebird at entrance of nesting-box +</p> +<br> +<p> +It must not be forgotten that large city parks are among the best +places for observing birds. As an example of what can be accomplished, +even with limited opportunities, there was a boy who happened to know +where some owls roosted. {94} Now all owls swallow their prey whole, and in +digesting this food they disgorge the skulls, bones, fur, and feathers +in the form of hard dry pellets. This boy used to go out on Saturday +or Sunday afternoon and bring home his pockets full of pellets, and +then in the evening he would break them apart. In this way he learned +exactly what the owls had been eating (without killing them) and he +even discovered the skulls of certain field mice that naturalists had +never known existed in that region. He let the owl be his collector. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Patrol Work</span> +</p> +<p> +It is a good idea to keep at patrol headquarters a large sheet on the +wall, where a list of the year's bird observations can be tabulated. +Each time a new bird is seen, its name is added, together with the +initial of the observer, and after that its various occurrences are +noted opposite its name. The keenest eyed scouts are those whose +initials appear most frequently in the table. In addition, the tables +will show the appearance and relative abundance of birds in a given +locality. For patrols of young boys, a plan of tacking up a colored +picture of each bird, as soon as it is thoroughly known, has been +found very successful, and the result provides a way to decorate the +headquarters. +</p> +<p> +Such pictures can be obtained very cheaply from the Perry Pictures +Co., Boston, Mass., or the National Association of Audubon Societies, +1974 Broadway, New York City. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">MOLLUSCA--Shells and Shellfish</span> +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +By Dr. William Healey Dall, of the United States Geological Survey +</span><br> +<br> +<img style="width: 203px; height: 131px;" alt="" +src="images/p0094pic1.jpg"> +Fig. 1 +<br> +White lipped snail (Polygyra albolabris) +</p> +<p> +Among the shy and retiring animals which inhabit our woods and waters, +or the borders of the sea, without making themselves conspicuous to +man except when he seeks the larger ones for food, are the mollusca, +usually confounded with crabs and crayfish under the popular name of +"shellfish," except the few which have no external shell, which are +generally called slugs. Hardly any part of the world (except deserts) +is without them, but, shy as they are, it takes pretty sharp eyes to +find them. Some come out of their hiding places {95} only at night, and +nearly all our American kinds live under cover of some sort. +</p> +<p> +The mollusks can be conveniently divided into three groups: those +which inhabit fresh water, those which breathe air and live on dry +land, and lastly those which are confined to the sea. The land shells, +or snails, have generally thin shells of spiral form and live upon +vegetable matter, many of them laying small eggs which look like +minute pearls. Their hiding places are under leaves in shady or moist +places, under the bark of dead trees or stumps, or under loose stone. +They creep slowly and are most active after rain. Some of our larger +kinds are an inch or two in diameter, (see Fig. 1., the white-lipped) +but from this size there are others diminishing in size to the +smallest, which are hardly larger than the head of a pin, In +collecting them the little ones may be allowed to dry up. The big ones +must be killed in boiling water, when the animal can be pulled out +with a hook made of a crooked pin, leaving the shell clean and +perfect. The slugs are not attractive on account of the slime which +they throw out and can only be kept in spirits. Some of the species +found in California are as large as a small cigar, but those of the +states east of the Rocky Mountains are smaller and have mostly been +introduced from Europe, where they do a lot of mischief by eating such +garden plants as lettuce. +</p> +<p> +Many of the fresh-water snails are abundant in brooks and ponds, and +their relations, the fresh-water mussels, are often very numerous in +shallow rivers. They have a shell frequently beautifully pearly, white +or purple, and sometimes have the brown outer skin prettily streaked +with bright green. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 239px; height: 378px;" alt="" +src="images/p0095pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 2 Whelk (Buccinum umatum) +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 235px; height: 435px;" alt="" +src="images/p0095pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 3 Pond snail (Lymnaea palustris) +</p> +<p> +The principal fresh-water snails are the pond snail (Lymnaea; see Fig. +3); the Physa (see Fig. 6), which is remarkable for having the coil +turned to the left instead of the right; and the orb-snail, +(Planorbis: see Fig. 4) which has its coil flat. All of {96} these lay +minute eggs in a mass of transparent jelly, and are to be found on +lily pads and other water plants, or crawling on the bottom, while the +mussels bury themselves more or less in the mud or lie on the gravelly +bottom of streams. There is also a very numerous tribe of small +bivalve shells, varying from half an inch to very minute in size, +which are also mud lovers and are known as Sphaerium or Pisidium, +having no "common" English names, since only those who hunt for them +know of their existence. +</p> +<p> +On the seashore everybody knows the mussel (Mytilus: see Fig. 5), the +soft clam, the round clam, and the oyster, as these are sought for +food; but there is a multitude of smaller bivalves which are not so +well known. The sea-snails best known on the coast north of Chesapeake +Bay are the whelk (Buccinum: see Fig. 2), the sand snail or Natica, +which bores the round holes often found in clam shells on the beach, +in order to suck the juices of its neighbors, and the various kinds of +periwinkles (rock snails or Littorina) found by the millions on the +rocks between tides. These, as well as the limpets, small boat-shaped +or slipper-shaped conical shells found in similar places, are +vegetable feeders. Altogether, there are several hundred kinds found +on the seashore and the water near the shore, and a collection of them +will not only contain many curious, pretty, and interesting things, +but will have the advantage of requiring no preservative to keep them +in good condition after the animal has been taken out. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 183px; height: 355px;" alt="" +src="images/p0096pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 4 Orb-Shell (Planorbis trivolvis) +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 331px; height: 170px;" alt="" +src="images/p0096pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 5 Black Mussel (Mytilus) +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 296px; height: 412px;" alt="" +src="images/p0096pic3.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 6 Bubble snail (Physa heterostropha) +</p> +<p> +The squids, cuttle-fishes, octopus, and their allies are also +mollusks, but not so accessible to the ordinary collector, and can +only be kept in spirits. +</p> +<p> +Books which may help the collector to identify the shells he may find +are: +</p> +<p> +For the land and fresh-water shells: +</p> +{97} +<p> +"Mollusks of the Chicago Area" and "The Lymnaeidae of North America." +By F. C. Baker. Published by the Chicago Academy of Sciences. +</p> +<p> +For the American Marine Shells: Bulletin No. 37. Published by the +United States National Museum, at Washington. +</p> +<p> +For shells in general: "The Shell Book." Published by Doubleday, Page +& Co., Garden City, N.Y. +</p> +<p> +On the Pacific Coast the "West Coast Shells," by Prof. Josiah Keep of +Mills College, will be found very useful. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">REPTILES</span> +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +By Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, Curator National Museum +</span> +</p> +<p> +By reptiles we understand properly a certain class of vertebrate or +backboned animals, which, on the whole, may be described as possessing +scales or horny shields since most of them may be distinguished by +this outer covering, as the mammals by their hair and the birds by +their feathers. Such animals as thousand-legs, scorpions, tarantulas, +etc., though often erroneously referred to as reptiles, do not concern +us in this connection. Among the living reptiles we distinguish four +separate groups, the crocodiles, the turtles, the lizards, and the +snakes. +</p> +<p> +The crocodiles resemble lizards in shape, but are very much larger and +live only in the tropics and the adjacent regions of the temperate +zone. To this order belongs our North American alligator, which +inhabits the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico and the coast country +along the Atlantic Ocean as far north as North Carolina. They are +hunted for their skin, which furnishes an excellent leather for +traveling bags, purses, etc., and because of the incessant pursuit are +now becoming quite rare in many localities where formerly they were +numerous. The American crocodile, very much like the one occurring in +the river Nile, is also found at the extreme southern end of Florida. +</p> +<p> +The turtles are easily recognized by the bony covering which encases +their body, and into which most species can withdraw their heads and +legs for protection. This bony box is usually covered with horny +plates, but in a large group, the so-called soft-shell turtles, the +outer covering is a soft skin, thus forming a {98} notable exception to the +rule that reptiles are characterized by being covered with scales or +plates. While most of the turtles live in fresh water or on land, a +few species pass their lives in the open ocean, only coming ashore +during the breeding season to deposit their eggs. Some of these marine +turtles grow to an enormous size, sometimes reaching a weight of over +eight hundred pounds. One of them is much sought for on account of the +delicacy of its flesh; another because of the thickness and beauty of +its horny plates which furnish the so-called tortoise-shell, an +important article of commerce. Turtles appear to reach a very old age, +specimens having been known to have lived several hundred years. The +box tortoise of our woods, the musk turtles, the snapping turtles are +familiar examples of this order, while the terrapin, which lives in +brackish ponds and swamps along our sea-coasts, is famous as a table +delicacy. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 150px; height: 254px;" alt="" +src="images/p0098pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Harlequin snake +</p> +<p> +The lizards are four-legged reptiles, usually of small size, living on +the ground or in the trees, out very rarely voluntarily entering +water. The so-called water lizards are not lizards at all, but belong +to the salamanders and are distinguished by having a naked body not +covered with scales. Most of the true lizards are of very graceful +form, exceedingly quick at running; others display the most gorgeous +coloration which, in many of them, such as the chameleons, changes +according to the light, or the temperature, or the mood of the animal. +Not all of them have four legs, however, there being a strong tendency +to develop legless species which then externally become so much like +snakes that they are told apart with some difficulty. Thus our +so-called glass-snake, common in the Southern states, is not a snake +at all, but a lizard, as we may easily see by observing the ear +openings on each side of the head, as no snake has ears. This +beautiful animal is also known as the joint-snake, and both names have +reference to the exceeding brittleness of its long tail, which often +breaks in many pieces in the hands of the enemy trying to capture the +lizard. That these pieces ever join and heal together is of course a +silly fable. As a matter of fact, the body in a comparatively short +time grows a new tail, which, however, is much shorter and stumpier +than the old one. The new piece is often of a different color from the +rest of the body and {99} greatly resembles a "horn," being conical and +pointed, and has thus given rise to another equally silly fable, viz., +that of the horn snake, or hoop snake, which is said to have a sting +in its tail and to be deadly poisonous. The lizards are all perfectly +harmless, except the sluggish Gila monster (pronounced Heela, named +from the Gila River in Arizona) which lives in the deserts of Arizona +and Mexico, and whose bite may be fatal to man. The poison glands are +situated at the point of the lower jaw, and the venom is taken up by +the wound while the animal hangs on to its victim with the tenacity of +a bulldog. All the other lizards are harmless in spite of the dreadful +stories told about the deadly quality of some of the species in +various parts of the country. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 300px; height: 389px;" alt="" +src="images/p0099pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Rattlesnake palate +</p> +<p> +The snakes form the last group of the reptiles. Universally legless, +though some of the boas and pythons have distinct outer rudiments of +hind limbs, they are not easily mistaken. And it is perhaps well so, +for unless one is an expert at distinguishing between the poisonous +and the harmless kind it is just as well to keep at a respectful +distance from them. It is safest not to interfere with them, +especially as those that are not poisonous are usually very useful in +destroying rats and mice and other vermin, except perhaps those living +in trees and feeding on eggs and young birds, which certainly do not +deserve our protection. Of course the rattlesnake is not to be +mistaken. The horny appendix to its tail, with which it sounds the +warning of its presence, is enough to distinguish it. It should here +be explained that both lizards and snakes at various intervals shed +the outer layer of their skin, the so-called epidermis. This +transparent layer, after a certain length of time, loosens and is +usually stripped off whole by the animal crawling out of it and +turning it inside out, as a tight glove is turned. Now, at the end of +a rattlesnake's tail there is a horny cap which is {100} called the button, +and being narrowed at the base and more strongly built than the rest +of the epidermis it is not shed with the rest of the skin, but remains +attached. +</p> +<p> +Thus for each shedding a new joint or ring is added to the rattle. How +often the shedding takes place depends on various circumstances and +may occur an uncertain number of times each year. Such a rattle, +loose-jointed as it is, is rather brittle and the tip of the sounding +instrument is easily broken and lost. It will therefore be easily +understood that the common notion that a rattlesnake's age can be told +by the number of the rings in its rattle is absolutely erroneous. +Another equally common and equally erroneous notion relates to the +tongue of the snake, which the ignorant often term its "sting" and +which they believe to be the death-dealing instrument. Of course, the +soft, forked tongue which constantly darts out and in of the snake's +mouth is perfectly harmless. It serves rather as a "feeler" than as a +taste organ. The wound is inflicted by a pair of large, curved, teeth +or fangs, in the upper jaw. These fangs are hollow and connected by a +duct with the gland on the side of the head, in which the poison is +formed. Pressure on this gland at the time of the strike--for our +poisonous snakes strike rather than bite--squirts the poison into the +wound like a hypodermic syringe. The fangs when shed or damaged are +replaced within a short time with new ones, so that a poisonous snake +can only be made harmless for a short period by breaking them off. +Only in exceptional cases need snake bites prove fatal. It is +estimated that in North America only about two persons in a hundred +bitten are killed by the poison, though many more die from +carelessness or bad treatment, the worst of which is the filling up +with whiskey, which aids the poison rather than counteracts it. The +essential things in case of snake bite are: (1) keeping one's wits; +(2) tying a string, or the like, tightly around the wounded limb +between the wound and the heart, and loosening it about once in +fifteen minutes, so as to admit the poison slowly into the +circulation; (3) making the wound bleed freely by enlarging it with a +knife or otherwise; (4) if permanganate of potash be handy it should +at once be applied to the {101} wound; (5) treat the wound as antiseptically +as it is possible with the means at hand and hurry to a doctor. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 275px; height: 232px;" alt="" +src="images/p0100pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Copperhead +</p> +<p> +The danger depends greatly on the amount of the poison injected, hence +upon the size of the snake. It is for this reason that the big Florida +rattlesnakes which grow to six feet and over are more to be feared +than are other poisonous snakes. Of these, we have in our country, +besides the rattlesnakes, the water moccasin, or cotton mouth, the +copperhead, and the coral snake. The latter is a bright-colored snake +of red, yellow, and black rings found in the South, but it is usually +small, and not aggressive, so that but few cases of poisoning are +known. The other two are common enough, the former from Norfolk, Va., +south, the other all over the eastern country from Texas to +Massachusetts. They are usually confounded, however, with two +perfectly harmless snakes, the cotton mouth with the common water +snake, the copperhead with the so-called spreading adder, but as +their differences have to be learned from actual inspection and are +very hard to express in a description which would help to identify +living specimens, it is wisest to keep away from all of them. +</p> +<p> +See "The Poisonous Snakes of North America." By Leonard Stejneger, +published by Government Printing office, Washington. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 294px; height: 90px;" alt="" src="images/p0101pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Water moccasin +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 202px; height: 222px;" alt="" +src="images/p0101pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Chrysalis +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">INSECTS AND BUTTERFLIES</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +United States Bureau of Entomology +</span><br> +(Illustrations are copies from Comstock's "How to Know the +<br> +Butterflies," through courtesy of D. Appleton & Company.) +</p> +<p> +There is an advantage in the study of insects over most other branches +of nature, excepting perhaps plants, in that there is plenty of +material. You may have to tramp miles to see a certain bird or wild +animal, but if you will sit down on the first patch of grass you are +sure to see something going on in the insect world. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Butterflies</span> +</p> +<p> +Nearly all insects go through several different stages. The young bird +is very much like its parent, so is the young squirrel or a young +snake or a {102} young fish or a young snail; but with most of the insects +the young is very different from its parents. All butterflies and +moths lay eggs, and these hatch into caterpillars which when full +grown transform to what are called pupae or chrysalids--nearly +motionless objects with all of the parts soldered together under an +enveloping sheath. With some of the moths, the pupae are surrounded by +silk cocoons spun by the caterpillars just before finally transforming +to pupae. With all butterflies the chrysalids are naked, except with +one species which occurs in Central America in which there is a common +silk cocoon. With the moths, the larger part spin cocoons, but some of +them, like the owlet moths whose larvae are the cutworms, have naked +pupre, usually under the surface of the ground. It is not difficult to +study the transformations of the butterflies and moths, and it is +always very interesting to feed a caterpillar until it transforms, in +order to see what kind of a butterfly or moth comes out of the +chrysalis. +</p> +<p> +Take the monarch butterfly, for example: This is a large, +reddish-brown butterfly, a strong flier, which is seen often flying +about in the spring and again in the late summer and autumn. This is +one of the most remarkable butterflies in America. It is found all +over the United States. It is one of the strongest fliers that we +know. It passes the winter in the Southern states as an adult +butterfly, probably hidden away in cracks under the bark of trees or +elsewhere. When spring comes the butterflies come out and begin to fly +toward the north. Wherever they find the milk-weed plant they stop and +lay some eggs on the leaves. The caterpillars issue from the eggs, +feed on the milkweed, transform to chrysalids; then the butterflies +issue and continue the northward flight, stopping to lay eggs farther +north on other milkweeds. By the end of June or July some of these +Southern butterflies have found their way north into Canada and begin +the return flight southward. Along in early August they will be seen +at the summer resorts in the Catskill Mountains, and by the end of +October they will have traveled far down into the Southern states +where they pass the winter. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 233px; height: 346px;" alt="" +src="images/p0102pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Empty chrysalis and butterfly +</p> +<p> +The caterpillar of the monarch or milkweed butterfly is a very +striking creature. It is nearly two inches long when full grown. Its +head is yellow striped with black; its body is white with narrow black +and yellow cross-stripes on each {103} segment. On the back of the second +segment of the thorax there is a pair of black, whiplash-like +filaments, and on the eighth joint there is a similar shorter pair. +When this caterpillar gets ready to transform to chrysalis, it hangs +itself up by its tail end, the skin splits and gradually draws back, +and the chrysalis itself is revealed--pale pea-green in color with +golden spots. Anyone by hunting over a patch of milkweed anywhere in +the United States during the summer is quite apt to find these +caterpillars feeding. It will be easy to watch them and to see them +transform, and eventually to get the butterfly. +</p> +<p> +The same thing may be done with anyone of the six hundred and +fifty-two different kinds of butterflies in the United States. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 209px; height: 232px;" alt="" +src="images/p0103pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Larva getting ready to transform +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 161px; height: 203px;" alt="" +src="images/p0103pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Full grown larva +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Moths</span> +<br> +<p> +When it comes to moths, there is a much greater variety. +</p> +<p> +Instead of six hundred and fifty-two, there are fifty-nine hundred and +seventy in Doctor Dyar's big catalogue. Perhaps the most interesting +of these caterpillars are the big native silk-worms, like those of the +cecropia moth, the luna moth, the polyphemus moth, or the promethia +moth. These caterpillars are very large and are to be found feeding +upon the leaves of different trees, and all spin strong silken +cocoons. People have tried to reel these cocoons, thinking that they +might be able to use the silk to make silk cloth as with the domestic +silk-worm of commerce, but they have been unable to reel them +properly. The polyphemus moth, for example, has been experimented with +a great deal. It is found over a greater part of the United States, +and its caterpillar feeds upon a great variety of trees and shrubs +such as oak, Butternut, hickory, basswood, elm, maple, birch, +chestnut, sycamore, and many others. The caterpillar is light green +and has raised lines of silvery white on the side. It grows to a very +large size and spins a dense, hard cocoon, usually attached to leaves. +There {104} are two generations in the Southern states, and one in the +Northern states. The moth which comes out of the cocoon has a wing +spread of fully five inches. It is reddish-gray or somewhat buff in +color with darker bands near the edge of the wings, which themselves +are pinkish on the outside, and with a large clear spot near the +centre of the forewing and a regular eyespot (clear in part and blue +in the rest) in the centre of the hind wing. +</p> +<p> +One wishing to know about butterflies and moths should consult a book +entitled, "How to Know the Butterflies," by Prof. J. H. Comstock of +Cornell University and his wife, Mrs. Comstock, published by D. +Appleton & Co., of New York, or, "The Butterfly Book," by Dr. W. J. +Holland of Pittsburg, published by Doubleday, Page & Co., of New +York, +and "The Moth Book," also by Doctor Holland, and published by the same +firm. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 280px; height: 490px;" alt="" +src="images/p0104pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Caterpillar to chrysalis +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Other Insects</span> +</p> +<p> +There are many more different kinds of insects than there are of +flowering plants, and if we were to add together all of the different +kinds of birds, mammals, reptiles, fishes, crabs, mollusks, and all of +the lower forms of animal life, they would not all together amount to +so many different kinds as there are insects. This makes the +classification of insects quite complicated. There are eighteen or +nineteen main orders, and each one is subdivided almost indefinitely. +There is not one of these that is not full of interest. The habits of +ants, for example, living in communities by themselves, afford a +tremendous opportunity for interesting observation. A good book about +them has been recently written by Dr. W. M. Wheeler, of Harvard, +entitled "Ants, their Structure, Development, and Behavior," published +by the Columbia University Press, New York. +</p> +{105} +<p> +Many insects live in the water, and to follow their life histories in +small home-made aquaria is one of the most interesting occupations one +could have, and there is a lot to be learned about these insects. Go +to any stagnant pool and you will find it swarming with animal life: +<br> +Larvae or "wigglers" of mosquitoes, and a number of other aquatic +insects will be found, feeding upon these wigglers. Water bugs of +different kinds will be found and the life histories of most of these +were until quite recently almost unknown. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Beetles and Wasps</span> +</p> +<p> +The order <span style="font-style: italic;">Coleoptera</span>, comprising +what we know as beetles, has +thousands of species, each one with its own distinctive mode of life; +some of them feeding upon other insects, others boring into wood, +others feeding upon flowers, others upon leaves, and so on in endless +variety. +</p> +<p> +The wasps also will bear study. Here, too, there is a great variety, +some of them building the paper nests known to every one, others +burrowing into the surface of the ground and storing up in these +burrows grasshoppers and other insects for food for their young which +are grub-like in form; others still burrowing into the twigs of +bushes, and others making mud nests attached to the trunks of trees or +to the clapboards of houses or outbuildings. +</p> +<p> +This is just a hint at the endless variety of habits of insects. The +United States National Museum publishes a bulletin, by Mr. Nathan +Banks, entitled "Directions for Collecting and Preserving Insects," +which gives a general outline of the classification, and should be +possessed by everyone who wishes to take up the study from the +beginning. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">FISHES</span> +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +By Dr. Hugh M. Smith, Deputy Commissioner United States Fisheries +</span> +</p> +<p> +There is no more fascinating and profitable study than the fish life +of the lakes, ponds, rivers, brooks, bays, estuaries, and coasts of +the United States; and no more important service can be rendered our +American boys than to teach them to become familiar with our native +food and game fishes, to realize their needs, and by example and +precept to {106} endeavor to secure for the fishes fair consideration and +treatment. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 363px; height: 985px;" alt="" +src="images/p0106pic1.jpg"> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Esox lucius</span>--Common pike pickerel +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Oncorhynchus tschawytscha</span>--Chinook salmon +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Coregonus clupeiformis</span>--Common whitefish +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +Salvelinus fontinalis</span>--Brook trout: speckled trout +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Ictalurus punctatus</span>--The speckled catfish +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Classes of Fish</span> +</p> +<p> +Fishes may be roughly classified as (1) fresh water, (2) migratory +between fresh and salt water, and (3) marine. Among the families of +American fresh-water fishes that are conspicuous on account of their +size, abundance, or economic importance, or all of these, there may be +mentioned the sturgeons, the catfishes, the suckers, the minnows or +carps, the pikes, the killifishes, the trouts, salmons, and +whitefishes, the perches, and the basses, and sun fishes. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Migratory Fish</span> +</p> +<p> +The migratory fishes fall into two groups, the anadromous and the +catadtomous. The anadromous fishes pass most of their lives in the +sea, run up stream only for the purpose of spawning, and constitute +the most valuable of our river fishes. In this group are the shads and +the alewives or river herrings, the white perch, the striped bass or +rock fish, some {107} of the sturgeons, and the Atlantic salmon, all of +which go back to sea after spawning, and the Pacific salmons (five +species), all of which die after spawning. Of the catadromous fishes +there is a single example in our waters--the common eel. It spends +most of its life in the fresh waters and sometimes becomes permanently +landlocked there, and runs down to the sea to spawn, laying its eggs +off shore in deep water. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Marine Fish</span> +</p> +<p> +The marine fishes that are found in the coastal waters of the United +States number many hundred species, some of them of great value as +food. Among the most important are cod, haddock, hake, halibut, +Flounder, herring, bluefish, mackeral, weakfish or squeteague, mullet, +snapper, drum, and rock fishes. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 365px; height: 985px;" alt="" +src="images/p0107pic1.jpg"> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Perea flavescens</span>--Yellow perch +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Pomolobus altivalis</span>--The alewife or river herring +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Micropterus salmoides</span>--Large-mouth black bass +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Notropis hudsonius</span>--Minnow or shiner +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Acipenser oxyrhynchus</span>--The Atlantic sturgeon +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Studying Fish</span> +</p> +<p> +The study of living fishes is most entertaining and is rendered +somewhat difficult by the medium in which they live, by their {108}shyness, +and by the necessity of approaching closely in order to obtain any +accurate view. The spawning, feeding, swimming and other habits of +very few of our fishes are so well known that further information +thereon is not needed; and the boy scout's patience, skill, and powers +of observation will be reflected in the records that may be and should +be kept about the different fishes met with. Fishes may be studied +from a bank, wharf, or boat, or by wading; and the view of the bottom +and the fishes on or adjacent thereto may be greatly improved by the +use of a "water bucket"--an ordinary wooden pail whose bottom is +replaced by a piece of window glass. A more elaborate arrangement for +observation is to provide at the bow of a row-boat a glass bottom box +over which may be thrown a hood so that the student is invisible to +the fishes. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 354px; height: 129px;" alt="" +src="images/p0108pic1.jpg"> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Fundulus diaphanus</span>--Killifish: top minnow +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 345px; height: 142px;" alt="" +src="images/p0108pic2.jpg"> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Catostomus commersonii</span>--Common sucker: white sucker +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Identification of Specimens</span> +</p> +<p> +While many of the fishes in a given section are easily recognizable, +there are in every water fishes which, on account of their small size, +rarity, retiring habits, or close similarity to other fishes, are +unknown to the average boy. These latter fishes often afford the most +interesting subjects for study; and in all parts of the country it is +possible for energetic observers and collectors to add to the list of +fishes already recorded from particular districts. +</p> +<p> +When fishes cannot be identified in the field, the larger ones may be +sketched and notes taken on their color, while the smaller ones may be +preserved with salt, formalin, or any kind of spirits. Specimens and +drawings may be forwarded for identification to the zoological +department of the local state university, to the state fish +commission, to the Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C., or to the +United States National Museum in the same city. +</p> +<br> +{109} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Angling</span> +</p> +<p> +This most delightful of outdoor pastimes requires for its enjoyment no +elaborate or expensive paraphernalia: a rod cut on the spot, a cork +float, an ordinary hook baited with angleworm, grasshopper, grub, +may-fly, or any of a dozen other handy lures, will answer for most +occasions. At the same time, the joys of fishing will often be +increased if one possesses and learns how to use a light, jointed rod, +with reel, fine line, and artificial baits. The necessary equipment +for scientific angling is so light and compact that it should form a +part of the outfit of every one who spends much time in the open air. +</p> +<p> +It should be the invariable practice of anglers to return to the water +all uninjured fish that are not needed for food or study. "It is not +all of fishing to fish," and no thoughtful boy who has the interests +of the country at heart, and no lover of nature, will go fishing +merely for the purpose of catching the longest possible string of +fish, thus placing himself in the class of anglers properly known as +"fish hogs." +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Special Service by Boy Scouts</span> +</p> +<p> +Valuable service may be rendered by boy scouts in all parts of the +country by bringing to the attention of the proper state, county, or +municipal authorities matters affecting the welfare of the fishes. +Among the subjects that should be reported to fish commissioners, fish +<br> +wardens, or local legal officers are: +</p> +<p> +(1) All cases noticed where fish are being killed by dynamite, +poisons, or other illegal and improper means. +</p> +<p> +(2) Threatened destruction of fish by the drying of streams or ponds. +</p> +<p> +(3) The existence of obstructions to the passage of fish on their way +to their spawning grounds. All dams in streams in which are migratory +fish should have fish-ways or fish-ladders. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Aquarium</span> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +William Leland Stowell, M. D. +</span> +</p> +<p> +Every boy should have an aquarium. The aquarium will give ten times as +much pleasure as annoyance, and the longer time you have one +undisturbed the greater will be its revelations. +</p> +<p> +A simple tank can be made from a large water bottle or demijohn. File +a line around the top and carefully break it off. For the back yard, +cut a paint barrel in two or coat a tub inside with spar varnish. +Anything that will hold a few gallons of water, two inches of clean +sand, and some water plants will be a suitable home for fish and other +creatures. A boy handy with tools can make a frame, and with plate +glass and proper cement construct a large tank. +</p> +<br> +{110} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Starting the Aquarium</span> +</p> +<p> +You can balance your aquarium by plenty of plants. As they grow they +give off oxygen which purifies the water and is breathed by the fish. +The water need not be changed for years. The swamps and slow streams +afford great numbers of plants. If you know the plants get pond weeds, +Canadian water weed, ludwigia, willow moss, or tape grass. (Look in +the dictionary for official names of the plants or get special books +from the library.) Take some tape grass (vallisneria) to your teacher +or doctor and ask him to show you under his microscope how the sap +flows and the green coloring matter is deposited. The simplest form of +vegetation is algae which grows on the sides of the tank. Lest this +grow too thick, put in a few snails. Watch the snails' eggs develop in +clusters. Buy if you cannot find banded swamp snails that give birth +to their young instead of laying eggs. +</p> +<p> +Any pond or stream will furnish fish that are beautiful or interesting +to watch, e.g., killies, sunfish, cat-fish, carp, shiners, blacknosed +dace, minnows--the mud minnow that seems to stand on his +tail--darters, etc. If you get your supply from dealers, buy gold +fish, of which there are several varieties, fan-tailed, comets, fringe +tails and telescope eyed. Mirror carp are lively. Paradise fish are as +beautiful as butterflies. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 397px; height: 399px;" alt="" +src="images/p0110pic1.jpg"> +<br> +A balanced aquarium +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Fish Nests</span> +</p> +<p> +Every one knows something of birds' nests. Did you ever watch +sticklebacks build their barrel-like nest, or the Paradise fish his +floating nest, and the father fish take all the care of the young? Did +you ever see the newt roll her eggs in small leaves, or the caddis fly +make a case of bits of stick, leaves, and sand? For a real marvel +watch a pair of diving spiders weave their balloon-like nest under +water and actually carry air down to fill it, so that the young may be +dry though submerged. +</p> +{111} +<p> +Put in a few fresh-water clams and insects in variety, water boatmen, +diving spiders, and whirligigs. A tank of beetles will be full of +interest. Always add two or three tadpoles as scavengers, and watch +their legs grow out as the tail grows short and they become frogs. You +can find or buy a variety of turtles which will soon be tame and eat +from your fingers. Do not keep turtles with fish. +</p> +<p> +On every hike or tramp carry a wide-mouthed bottle for specimens and a +piece of rubber cloth in which to bring home water plants. Fish can be +carried wrapped in damp moss for hours and will be found well and +lively when put in the aquarium. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Fish Food</span> +</p> +<p> +Fish require very little food other than the minute creatures that +develop in the water. +</p> +<p> +The dealers supply proper foods for aquaria, or you can prepare your +own. Fine vermicelli is good for gold fish, scraped lean beef is just +what the sunfish and Paradise fish want. Ant eggs suit many fish, and +powdered dog biscuit will fill many mouths. It is evident that an +article so brief as this is only suggestive. The libraries contain +many books of which two are recommended: +</p> +<p> +"Home Aquarium and How to Care For It." By Eugene Smith, 1902. +<br> +Published by Dutton, New York. +</p> +<p> +"Book of Aquaria." By Bateman and Bennett, 1890. Published by L. +Upcott Gill, 170 Strand, W. C., London. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">ROCKS AND PEBBLES</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +United States Geological Survey +</span> +</p> +<p> +Geologists study the materials of the earth's crust, the processes +continually changing its surface, and the forms and structures thus +produced. In a day's tramp one may see much under each of these heads. +</p> +<p> +The earth's crust is made up chiefly of the hard rocks, which outcrop +in many places, but are largely covered by thin, loose, surface +materials. Rocks may be igneous, which have cooled from a melted +condition; or sedimentary, which are made of layers spread one upon +another by water currents or waves, or by winds. +</p> +<p> +Igneous rocks, while still molten, have been forced into other rocks +from below, or poured out on the surface from volcanoes. They are +chiefly made of crystals of various minerals, such as quartz, felspar, +mica, and pyrite. Granite often contains large crystals of felspar or +mica. Some igneous rocks, especially lavas, are glassy; others are so +fine grained that the crystals cannot be seen. +</p> +<p> +In places one may find veins filling cracks in the rocks, and {113} made of +material deposited from solution in water. Many valuable minerals and +ores occur in such veins, and fine specimens can sometimes be obtained +from them. +</p> +{112} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 450px; height: 731px;" alt="" +src="images/p0112pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Fold in stratified rock +<br> +<br> +Wearing the soft and hard beds by rain and wind +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 450px; height: 334px;" alt="" +src="images/p0113pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Quartz vein in rock +</p> +<br> +{113 continued} +<p> +Sedimentary rock are formed of material usually derived from the +breaking up and wearing away of older rocks. When first deposited, the +materials are loose, but later, when covered by other beds, they +become hardened into solid rock. If the layers were of sand, the rock +is sandstone; if of clay, it is shale. Rocks made of layers of pebbles +are called conglomerate or pudding-stone; those of limy material, +derived perhaps from shells, are limestone. Many sedimentary rocks +contain fossils, which are the shells or bones of animals or the stems +and leaves of plants living in former times, and buried by successive +beds of sand or mud spread over them. Much of the land is covered by a +thin surface deposit of clay, sand, or gravel, which is yet loose +material and which shows the mode of formation of sedimentary rocks. +</p> +<p> +Some rocks have undergone, since their formation, great pressure or +heat and have been much changed. They are called metamorphic rocks. +Some are now made of crystals though at first they were not; in others +the minerals have become arranged {114} in layers closely resembling the +beds of sedimentary rocks; still others, like slate, tend to split +into thin plates. +</p> +<p> +The earth's surface is continually being changed; the outcropping hard +rock is worn away by wind and rain, and is broken up by frost, by +solution of some minerals, etc. The loose material formed is blown +away or washed away by rain and deposited elsewhere by streams in +gravel bars, sand beds, and mud flats. The streams cut away their +beds, aided by the sand and pebbles washed along. Thus the hills are +being worn down and the valleys deepened and widened, and the +materials of the land are slowly being moved toward the sea, again to +be deposited in beds. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 452px; height: 368px;" alt="" +src="images/p0114pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Wave-cut cliff with beach and spit built by waves and currents +</p> +<p> +Along the coast the waves, with the pebbles washed about, are wearing +away the land and spreading out its materials in new beds elsewhere. +The shore is being cut back in some places and built out in others. +Rivers bring down sand and mud and build deltas or bars at their +mouths. +</p> +<p> +Volcanoes pour out melted rock on the surface, and much fine material +is blown out in eruptions. Swamps are filled {115} by dead vegetable matter +and by sand and mud washed in. These materials form new rocks and +build up the surface. Thus the two processes, the wearing down in some +places and the building up in others, are tending to bring the surface +to a uniform level. Another process, so slow that it can be observed +only through long periods of time, tends to deform the earth's crust +and to make the surface more irregular. In times past, layers of rock +once horizontal have been bent and folded into great arches and +troughs, and large areas of the earth's surface have been raised high +above sea-level. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 378px; height: 488px;" alt="" +src="images/p0115pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Rock ledge rounded smooth and scratched by ice +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 451px; height: 264px;" alt="" +src="images/p0115pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Sand-dune with wind-rippled surface +</p> +<br> +<p> +At almost any rock outcrop the result of {116} the breaking-up process +may be seen; the outer portion is softer, more easily broken, and of +different color from the fresh rock, as shown by breaking open a large +piece. The wearing away of the land surface is well shown in rain +gullies, and the carrying along and depositing of sand and gravel may +be seen in almost any stream. In the Northern states and Canada, which +at one time were covered by a great sheet of ice, moving southward and +grinding off the surface over which it passed, most of the rock +outcrops are smoothly rounded and many show scratches made by pebbles +dragged along by the ice. The hills too have {117} smoother and rounder +outlines, as compared with those farther south where the land has been +carved only by rain and streams. Along the coast the wearing away of +the land by waves is shown at cliffs, found where the coast is high, +and by the abundant pebbles on the beaches, which are built of +material torn from the land by the waves. Sand bars and tidal flats +show the deposition of material brought by streams and spread out by +currents. Sand dunes and barrens illustrate the carrying and spreading +out of fine material by the wind. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 320px; height: 484px;" alt="" +src="images/p0116pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Slab containing fossil shells +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 452px; height: 333px;" alt="" +src="images/p0116pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Conglomerate or pudding-stone +</p> +<br> +<p> +In many regions the beds of sedimentary rocks, which must have been +nearly horizontal when formed, are now found sloping at various angles +or standing on edge, the result of slow deforming of these beds at an +earlier time. As some beds are more easily worn away than others, the +hills and valleys in such regions owe their form and position largely +to the different extent to which the harder and softer beds have been +worn down by weather and by streams. The irregular line of many coasts +is likewise due to the different hardness of the rocks along the +shore. +</p> +<p> +It is by the study of the rocks and of the remains of life found in +them, by observing the way in which the surface of the earth is being +changed and examining the results of those changes and by concluding +that similar results were produced in former times in the same way, +that geologists are able to read much of the past history of the +earth, uncounted years before there were men upon it. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Plants, Ferns, and Grasses</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +By Dr. L. C. Corbett, Horticulturist, +United States Bureau of Plant Industry +</span> +</p> +<br> +<p> +The appearance of the blossoms and fruits of the fields and forests in +any locality note the advent and progress of the seasons more +accurately than does the calendar. Plants and seeds which have lain +asleep during the winter are awakened not by the birth of a month, but +by the return of heat and moisture in proper proportions. This may be +early one year and late another, but, no matter what the calendar +says, the plants respond to the call and give evidence of spring, +summer, or autumn as the case may be. The surface of the earth is not +flat. We have valleys and we have mountains; we have torrid and we +have temperate zones. The plant life of the world has been adjusted to +these varied conditions, and as a result we have plants with certain +characteristics growing in the tropics at sea-level, but a very +different class of plants with {118} different habits and characteristics +inhabiting the elevated regions of this same zone. It must be +remembered that even under the tropics some of the highest mountains +carry a perpetual snow-cap. There is therefore all possible gradations +of climate from sea-level to the top of such mountains, even at the +equator, and plant life is as a result as varied as is climate. Each +zone, whether determined by latitude or by altitude, possesses a +distinctive flora. +</p> +<p> +But altitude and latitude are not the only factors which have been +instrumental in determining the plants found in any particular +locality. This old earth of ours has not always been as we see her +to-day. The nature we know and observe is quite different from that +which existed in earlier ages of the earth's history. The plants, the +trees, and the flowers that existed upon the earth during the age when +our coal was being deposited were very different from those we now +have. There has been a change, but, strange as it may seem, there are +in some places upon the earth to-day some of the same species of +plants which were abundant during the coal-forming periods. These are +among the oldest representatives of the plant world now extant. Then +we are told that there was a period when the north temperate zone was +covered with a great ice field which crowded down as far as southern +Pennsylvania and central Ohio. This naturally brought about a profound +change in the location and character of the plants of this region. +There are in the Black Hills of Dakota species of plants which have no +relatives anywhere in the prairie region, and no means is known by +which these representatives of a Rocky Mountain family could find +their way into the Black Hills, save that, previous to the ice age, +this species was generally scattered over the territory, and that, +during the ice age, the species was perpetuated in the hills, but was +killed out between there and the Rocky Mountains where it is found in +abundance. These are some of the natural reasons for the existence of +varied plants in different localities. They are sufficient to explain +the reason for the existence of local floras. +</p> +<p> +But nature has provided untold ways for the perpetuation as well as +the dispersal of plants for the purpose of, so far as possible, +enabling the plants of the world to take possession of all parts of +the earth's surface. If this adjustment were complete, the plants +would be practically alike all over the surface of the earth, but we +have already explained why this cannot be and why we have a different +flora in each zone, whether it be marked by lines of latitude or +height of {120} the mountains. Plants are perpetuated by seeds, by +bulbs, and by woody parts. Some seeds are highly perishable and must +be sown as soon as ripe; others remain years without losing their +power to produce plants. Some grow as soon as they come in contact +with the soil; others must fall, be buried and frozen before they will +germinate. Some plants are perpetuated by bulbs, tubers, or roots in +which a supply of food material is stored away to carry the plant over +a period when its above-ground parts cannot thrive owing to frost or +drought. Upon the return of favorable conditions, these resting parts +throw out shoots and again make the round of growth, usually producing +both seeds and underground parts for the preservation of the species. +There are both wild and cultivated plants in nearly all sections which +illustrate these methods of preservation. Besides plants which have +bulbs, tubers, or perennial roots, we have the large, woody plants +which live many years and so perpetuate themselves, not only as +individuals the same as plants with perennial roots; but they, too, as +a rule, produce seed for the multiplication of their kind. +</p> +<br> +{119} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 294px; height: 443px;" alt="" +src="images/p0119pic1.jpg"> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Pinkster Flower</span>--It shows its pink flowers +in rocky woods and thickets during spring. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 216px; height: 444px;" alt="" +src="images/p0119pic2.jpg"> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +White Pine</span>--Common evergreen tree of the +Northeastern states. Needle-like leaves in +bundles of five +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 204px; height: 345px;" alt="" +src="images/p0119pic3.jpg"> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Butterfly Weed</span>--The bright, orange colored +flowers are conspicuous in dry meadows +from June to September +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 258px; height: 349px;" alt="" +src="images/p0119pic4.jpg"> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Poison Ivy</span>--Can be distinguished from the +harmless woodbine by its three-lobed leaves +</p> +<br> +<br> +{120 continued} +<p> +The agencies which serve to spread plants about over the earth's +surface are very varied and interesting. Nature has provided seeds +with many appendages which assist in their dispersal. Some seeds have +wings, and some parachutes to take advantage of the wind. Some seeds +are provided with hooks and stickers by which they become attached to +the fur of animals and are in this way enabled to steal a free ride. +Other seeds are provided with edible coverings which attract birds, +but the seeds themselves are hard and not digestible; the fruit is +eaten and the seeds rejected and so plants are scattered. Besides +these methods of perpetuation and dispersal, some plants are +perpetuated as well as dispersed by vegetative reproduction, i. e., by +cuttings as in the case of willows; by runners as in the case of the +strawberry; and by stolons as with the black raspberry. (For further +information on this point see Bailey's "Lessons with Plants.") +</p> +<p> +Some plant characteristics, however, of greatest interest to the scout +may be enumerated. Plants not only mark zones, but they indicate soils +with certain characteristics, and the crop wise say that the soil on +which chestnut abounds is suitable for buckwheat or peaches. Plants +also indicate the influence of local conditions such as lakes, ponds, +or even variations in contour. A knowledge of the local flora of a +region will at once tell one whether he is upon a northern or a +southern hillside by the plants of the area. The creek bottom will +{121} abound with species not to be found on the hillsides, but species +common to both plain and mountain will mark the progress of the season +up the slope. +</p> +<p> +In the north temperate zone the moss if any will be found growing upon +the north side of the tree trunk. Each hundred feet of elevation in a +given latitude makes from one to two days difference in time of +blooming of plants. The character of the vegetation of a region is an +index to its climate. Certain plants are adapted to frigid regions, +others to temperate, and still others to tropical areas. Some plants +are adapted to humid sections, while others are admirably adjusted to +desert conditions. A knowledge of these differences in plants will be +of the greatest value to the scout, and if this is supplemented by +information about the value and uses of the various plant products +many hardships can be avoided. Many plants produce valuable juices, +gums, and resins, while others yield us valuable timber for building +and cabinet uses. +</p> +<p> +While it is impossible to even suggest the great variety of plants +found within the confines of the United States, the following books on +botany will be found helpful in each of the different sections for +which they are designed. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Bibliography</span> +</p> +<br> +For the botany of the Northeastern United States use: +<br> +<br> +"New Manual of Botany," 7th ed. Asa Gray. +<br> +<br> +"Illustrated Flora of the United States and Canada." N. L. Britton and +Hon. Addison Brown. +<br> +<br> +<br> +For the botany of the Southern United States use: +<br> +<br> +"Flora of the Southern United States." A. W. Chapman. +<br> +<br> +"Southern Wild Flowers and Trees." Alice Lounsberry. +<br> +<br> +<br> +For the Botany of the Rocky Mountain region use: +<br> +<br> +"New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains." John M. +Coulter; Revised by Aven Nelson. +<br> +<br> +"Rocky Mountain Wild Flower Studies." Burton O. Longyear. +<br> +<br> +"The Trees of California." Willis Linn Jepson. +<br> +<br> +<br> +For general information regarding the shrubby plants of the United +States use: +<br> +<br> +"Our Shrubs of the United States." Austin C. Apgar. +<br> +<br> +"Our Northern Shrubs." Harriet Louise Keeler. +<br> +<br> +<br> +For the wild flowers outside of those already mentioned for the +Southern United States and the Rocky Mountain region use: +<br> +<br> +"Our Garden Flowers." Harriet Louise Keeler. +<br> +<br> +"How to Know the Wild Flowers." Frances Theodora Parsons. +<br> +<br> +"Field Book of American Wild Flowers." F. Schuyler Mathews. +<br> +{122} +<br> +For the ferns and grasses it will be found worth while to consult: +<br> +<br> +"How to Know the Ferns." Frances Theodora Parsons. +<br> +<br> +"The Fern Collector's Guide." Willard Nelson Clute. +<br> +<br> +"New England Ferns and Their Common Allies." Helen Eastman. +<br> +<br> +"The Grasses, Sedges, and Rushes of the North United States." Edward +Knobel. +<br> +<br> +<br> +For the study of the monarchs of our forests the following books will +all be found exceedingly useful: +<br> +<br> +"Manual of the Trees of North America." Charles Sprague Sargent. +<br> +<br> +"Trees of the Northern United States." Austin C. Apgar. +<br> +<br> +"Handbook of the Trees of the Northern United States and Canada." +Romeyn Beck Hough. +<br> +<br> +"North American Trees." N. L. Britton. +<br> +<br> +"Familiar Trees and Their Leaves." 1911. F. Schuyler Mathews. +<br> +<p> +Besides these, several states have issued through their state +experiment stations bulletins dealing with the local plant +inhabitants. In some instances these publications cover forest trees, +grasses, and shrubs, either native or introduced. Several of the +educational institutions, as well as the experiment stations, now +regularly issue nature study leaflets or bulletins which treat of +popular subjects of interest in connection with outdoor things. It +would be well to write the state experiment station in your state for +literature of this nature. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">MUSHROOMS, FUNGI, OR TOADSTOOLS</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +By Ernest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout +<br> +Revised by Dr. C. C. Curtis +</span> +</p> +<p> +There are thousands of different kinds of toadstools or mushrooms in +the world; most of them are good to eat, yet all have a bad +reputation, because some are deadly poisonous. +</p> +<p> +False tests. First of all let us dispose of some ancient false tests +that have led many into disaster. +</p> +<p> +Cooking or otherwise trying with silver proves absolutely nothing. It +is believed by many that the poisonous mushrooms turn silver black. +Some do; some do not; and some eatable ones do. There is nothing in +it. +</p> +<p> +Bright colors on the cap also mean nothing; many gorgeous toadstools +are wholesome food. But the color of the pores {123} means a great deal, and +this is determined by laying the fungus cap gills down on gray paper +for six or eight hours under a glass. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 271px; height: 207px;" alt="" +src="images/p0123pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Moose horn clavaria +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 205px; height: 326px;" alt="" +src="images/p0123pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Spindle clavaria +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 177px; height: 364px;" alt="" +src="images/p0123pic3.jpg"> +<br> +Club clavaria +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 281px; height: 285px;" alt="" +src="images/p0123pic4.jpg"> +<br> +Golden clavaria +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Poisonous Toadstools</span> +</p> +<p> +Of all the poisonous kinds the deadliest are the Amanitas. Not only +are they widespread and abundant, but they are unhappily much like the +ordinary table mushrooms. They have however one or two strong marks: +Their stalk always grows out of a "poison cup" which shows either as a +cup or as a bulb; they have white or yellow gills, and white spores. +The worst of these are: +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Deathcup, Destroying Angel, +Sure-death, or Deadly Amanita</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Amanita phalloides) +</span> +</p> +<p> +One and one half to five inches across the cup; three to seven inches +high; white, green, yellowish olive, or grayish brown; {124} smooth but +sticky when moist; gills white; spores white; on the stem is an +annulus or ring just below the cap. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Fly Amanita</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Amanita muscaria) +</span> +</p> +<p> +About the same size; mostly yellow, but ranging from orange red to or +almost white; usually with raised white spots or scales on the top; +gills white or tinged yellow; spores white; flesh white. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Hated Amanita</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Amanita spreta) +</span> +<br> +<p> +Four to six inches high; cap three to five inches across; white, +tinged with brown in places especially in the middle of the cap, where +it has sometimes a bump. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 578px; height: 281px;" alt="" +src="images/p0124pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Deadly amanita --- Fly amanita --- Hated amanita +</p> +<p> +There are over a score more of amanitas varying in size and color, but +all have the general style of mushrooms, and the label marks of +poison, viz., white or yellow gills, a poison cup, and white spores. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Emetic Russula</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Russula emetica) +</span> +</p> +<p> +In a less degree this russula is poisonous. It is a short-stemmed +mushroom, two to four inches high, about the size of the Fly Amanita; +its cap is rosy red, pinkish when young, dark red when older, fading +to straw color in age; its gills and spores white. Its peppery taste +when raw is a fair notice of danger. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Symptoms of Poisoning: </span>Vomiting and purging, "the discharge from the +bowels being watery with small flakes {125} suspended and sometimes +containing blood," cramps in the extremities. The pulse is very slow +and strong at first but later weak and rapid, sometimes sweat and +saliva pour out. Dizziness, faintness, and blindness, the skin clammy, +cold, and bluish, or livid; temperature low with dreadful tetanic +convulsions, and finally stupor. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Remedy: </span>"Take an emetic at once, and send for a physician with +instructions to bring hypodermic syringe and atropine sulphate. The +dose is 1/180 of a grain, and doses should be continued heroically +until 1/20 of a grain is administered, or until, in the physician's +opinion, a proper quantity has been injected. Where the victim is +critically ill, the 1/20 of a grain may be administered." (McIllvaine +& Macadam.) +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 332px; height: 274px;" alt="" +src="images/p0125pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Emetic russula: russula emetica +<br> +(after Marshall) +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 303px; height: 175px;" alt="" +src="images/p0125pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Mushrooms +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">WHOLESOME TOADSTOOLS</span> +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">IMPORTANT NOTE.--Experimenting with +mushrooms is dangerous; it is</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">better not to eat them unless gathered +under expert direction.</span> +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Common Mushroom<br> +</span><span style="font-style: italic;">(Agaricus +campestris) +</span> +</p> +Known at once by its general shape and smell, its pink or brown gills, +white flesh, brown spores and solid stem. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Coprinus</span> +</p> +Also belonging to the gilled or true mushroom family are the ink-caps +of the genus. +<br> +<p> +They grow on dung piles and rich ground. They spring up over night and +perish in a day. In the last stage the gills turn as black as ink. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Inky Coprinus</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Coprinus atramentarius) +</span> +</p> +<p> +This is the species illustrated. The example was from the woods; often +it is less tall and graceful. The cap is one inch {126} to three inches in +diameter, grayish or grayish brown, sometimes tinged lead color. Wash +and stew: Stew or bake from twenty to thirty minutes after thorough +washing, being the recognized mode. +</p> +<p> +All the Clavarias or Coral Mushrooms are good except Clavaria +dichotoma which is white, and has its branches divided in pairs at +each fork. It grows on the ground under beeches and is slightly +poisonous; it is rare. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 118px; height: 266px;" alt="" +src="images/p0126pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Inky coprinus +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Delicious Morel</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Morchella deliciosa) +</span> +</p> +<p> +One and a half to three inches high; greenish with brown hollows. +There are several kindred species of various colors. This is known by +the cylindrical shape of its cap. Wash, slice, and stew. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 138px; height: 267px;" alt="" +src="images/p0126pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Morel +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Puffballs</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Lycoperdaceae) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The next important and safe group are the puffballs before they begin +to puff. All our puffballs when young and solid white inside are good, +wholesome food. Some of them, like the brain puffball or the giant +puffball, are occasionally a foot in diameter, and yield flesh enough +to feed a dozen persons. +</p> +<br> +<img style="width: 433px; height: 166px;" alt="" +src="images/p0126pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<table style="width: 434px; height: 32px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Brain puffball</td><td +style="text-align: center;">Pear puffball</td><td style="text-align: +center;">Cup puffball</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<p> +They are well known to all who live in the country, their smooth +rounded exterior, without special features except the {127} roots, and their +solid white interior are easily remembered. Peel, slice, and fry. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Bibliography</span> +</p> +<br> +The following are standard and beautifully illustrated works on +mushrooms and toadstools. They have been freely used for guidance and +illustrations in the preparation of the above: +<br> +<br> +"Edible Fungi of New York." By Charles H. Peck. Published by New York +State Museum, Albany, 1900. +<br> +<br> +"The Mushroom Book." By Nina L. Marshall. Published 1902 at New York +by Doubleday, Page & Co. $3.50. +<br> +<br> +"One Thousand American Fungi." By McIllvaine and Macadam. Published by +the Bobbs-Merrill Company of Indianapolis, 1902. $3.00. Add 40 cents +express. +<br> +<br> +"Mushrooms." G. F. Atkinson. Holt & Co. +<br> +<br> +"The Mushroom." M. E. Hard. The Ohio Library Co., Columbus, Ohio. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">COMMON NORTH AMERICAN TREES</span><br +style="font-weight: bold;"> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">White Pine </span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Pinus strobus) +</span> +</p> +<br> +A noble evergreen tree, up to 175 feet high. This is the famous pine +of New England, the lumberman's prize. Its leaves are in bunches of +five, and are 3 to 5 inches long; cones 4 to 6 inches long. Wood pale, +soft, straight-grained, easily split. Newfoundland to Manitoba and +south to Illinois. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 437px; height: 200px;" alt="" +src="images/p0127pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<table style="width: 439px; height: 32px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;">White pine</td><td +style="text-align: center;">Hemlock</td><td style="text-align: center;">Red +cedar +</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<br> +{128} +<br> +<br> +There are many different kinds of pines. They are best distinguished +by their cones. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Hemlock</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Tsuga Canadensis) +</span> +</p> +<p> +Evergreen. Sixty to seventy feet high. Wood pale, soft, coarse, +splintery, not durable. Bark full of tannin. Leaves 1/2 to 3/4 inches +long; cones about the same. Its knots are so hard that they quickly +turn the edge of an axe or gap it as a stone might; these are probably +the hardest vegetable growth in our woods. Its topmost twig usually +points easterly. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Delaware and +Michigan. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 435px; height: 219px;" alt="" +src="images/p0128pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<table style="width: 451px; height: 32px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Cottonwood</td><td +style="text-align: center;">Shagbark</td><td style="text-align: +center;">Walnut +</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Red Cedar</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Juniperus Virginiana) +</span> +</p> +<p> +Evergreen. Any height up to 100 feet. Wood, heart a beautiful bright +red; sap wood nearly white; soft, weak, but extremely durable as +posts, etc. Makes a good bow. The tiny scale-like leaves are 3 to 6 to +the inch; the berry-like cones are light blue and 1/4 of an inch in +diameter. It is found in dry places from Nova Scotia to Florida and +west to British Columbia. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Cottonwood</span><span style="font-style: +italic;"> +</span> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Populus deltoides) +</span> +</p> +<p> +Small and rare in the Northeast, but abundant and large {129} in West; even +150 feet high. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long. Found from Quebec to Florida +and west to the mountains. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Shagbark or White Hickory</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Hicoria ovata) +</span> +</p> +<p> +A tall forest tree up to 120 feet high. Known at once by the great +angular slabs of bark hanging partly detached from its main trunk, +forced off by the growth of wood, but too tough to fall. Its leaves +are 8 to 14 inches long, with 5 to 7 broad leaflets. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Black Walnut</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Juglans nigra) +</span> +</p> +<p> +A magnificent forest tree up to 150 feet high. Wood, a dark +purplish-brown or gray; hard, close-grained, strong, very durable in +weather or ground work, and heavy; fruit round, 1-3/4 inches through. +Leaflets 13 to 23, and 3 to 5 inches long. Found from Canada to the +Gulf. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">White Walnut or Butternut</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Juglans cinerea) +</span> +</p> +<p> +A much smaller tree than the last, rarely 100 feet high, with much +smoother bark, leaves similar but larger and coarser, compound of +fewer leaflets, but the leaflet stalks and the new twigs are covered +with sticky down. Leaves 15 to 30 inches long, leaflets 11 to 19 in +number and 3 to 5 inches long; fruit oblong, 2 to 3 inches long. New +Brunswick and Dakota and south to Mississippi. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Common Birch or Aspen-leaved Birch</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Betula populifolia) +</span> +</p> +<p> +A small tree on dry and poor soil, rarely 50 feet high. Wood soft, +close-grained, not strong, splits in drying, useless for weather or +ground work. A cubic foot weighs 36 pounds. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long. +It has a black triangular scar at each armpit. The canoe birch is +without these black marks. New Brunswick to Ontario to Pennsylvania +and Delaware. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Black Birch, Sweet Birch, or Mahogany +Birch</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Betula lenta) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The largest of the birches; a great tree, in Northern forests up to 80 +feet high. The bark is scarcely birchy, rather like that of {130} cherry, +very dark, and aromatic. Leaves 2-1/2 to 6 inches long. Newfoundland +to Western Ontario and south to Tennessee. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 433px; height: 220px;" alt="" +src="images/p0130pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<table style="width: 439px; height: 32px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Ashen-leaved birch</td><td +style="text-align: center;"> Black +birch</td><td style="text-align: center;"> Beech +</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Beech</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Fagus Americana) +</span> +</p> +<p> +In all North America there is but one species of beech. It is a noble +forest tree, 70 to 80 and occasionally 120 feet high, readily +distinguished by its smooth, ashy-gray bark. Leaves 3 to 4 inches +long. It shares with hickory and sugar maple the honor of being a +perfect firewood. Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, south to Florida and +Texas. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Chestnut</span><span style="font-style: +italic;"> +</span><br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Castanea dentata) +</span> +</p> +<p> +A noble tree, 60 to 80 or even 100 feet high. The most delicious of +nuts. Leaves 6 to 8 inches long. Maine to Michigan and south to +Tennessee. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Red Oak</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Quercus rubra) +</span> +</p> +<p> +A fine forest tree, 70 to 80 or even 140 feet high. Hard, strong, +coarse-grained, heavy. It checks, warps, and does not stand for +weather or ground work. The acorn takes two {131} seasons to ripen. Leaves 4 +to 8 inches long. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Texas and +Florida. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">White Oak</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Quercus alba) +</span> +</p> +<p> +A grand forest tree, over 100 up to 150 feet high. Wood pale, strong, +tough, fine-grained, durable and heavy, valuable timber. Called white +from pale color of bark and wood. Leaves 5 to 9 inches long. Acorns +ripen in one season. Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. +</p> +<br> +<img style="width: 510px; height: 283px;" alt="" +src="images/p0131pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<table style="width: 506px; height: 32px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Chestnut</td> + <td style="text-align: center;"> Red oak </td> + <td style="text-align: center;"> White oak</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">White Elm or Swamp Elm</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Ulmus Americana) +</span> +</p> +<p> +A tall, splendid forest tree, commonly 100, occasionally 120 feet +high. Wood reddish-brown, hard, strong, tough, very hard to split, +coarse, heavy. Soon rots near the ground. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long. +Flowers in early spring before leafing. Abundant, Newfoundland and +Manitoba to Texas. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +Sycamore, Plane Tree, Buttonball or Buttonwood</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Platanus occidentalis) +</span> +</p> +<p> +One of the largest of our trees; up to 140 feet high; commonly hollow. +Little use for weather work. Famous for shedding {132} its bark as well as +its leaves; leaves 4 to 9 inches long. Canada to Gulf. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +Black or Yellow Locust, Silver Chain</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Robinia pseudacacia) +</span> +</p> +<p> +A tall forest tree up to 80 feet high; leaves 8 to 14 inches long; +leaflets 9 to 19, 1 to 2 inches long, pods 2 to 4 inches long, 4 to 7 +seeded. This is the common locust so often seen about old lawns. +</p> +<br> +<img style="width: 434px; height: 243px;" alt="" +src="images/p0132pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<table style="width: 465px; height: 32px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;">White elm</td><td +style="text-align: center;"> Sycamore</td><td style="text-align: +center;">Black locust</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Red, Scarlet, Water, or Swamp Maple</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Acer rubrum) +</span> +</p> +<p> +A fine, tall tree, often over 100 feet high. Noted for its flaming +crimson foliage in fall, as well as its red leaf stalks, flowers, and +fruit, earlier. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long. Like all the maples it +produces sugar, though in this case not much. Western North America. +</p> +The sugar maple is a larger, finer tree. +<br> +<br> +<table style="text-align: left; width: 399px; height: 288px;" border="0" +cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><img + style="width: 233px; height: 248px;" alt="" + src="images/p0132pic2.jpg"></td> + <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><img + style="width: 140px; height: 246px;" alt="" + src="images/p0132pic3.jpg"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">Red maple</td> + <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> +White Ash</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">White Ash</span> +<br> +(Fraxinus Americana) +</p> +<p> +A fine tree on moist soil. Seventy to 80 or even 130 feet high. Yellow +in autumn; noted for being last to leaf and first {133} to shed in the +forest. Called white for the silvery under sides of the leaves; these +are 8 to 12 inches long, each leaflet 3 to 6 inches long. Nova Scotia +to Texas. +</p> +<p> +For a full unbotanical account of one hundred and twenty of our finest +trees with their uses as wood, their properties, and the curious and +interesting things about them see: +</p> +<p> +"The Forester's Manual: or Forest Trees That Every Scout Should Know." +By Ernest Thompson Seton.</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">NATIVE WILD ANIMALS</span> +</p> +<p> +Every scout ought to know the principal wild animals that are found in +North America. He need not know them as a naturalist, but as a hunter, +as a camper. Here is a brief account of twenty-four of them, and those +who wish to know more will find the fullest possible account in "Life +Histories of North America," by E. T. Seton. (Scribners, 1909.) These +two volumes are found in all large libraries. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 239px; height: 294px;" alt="" +src="images/p0133pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Elk +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Elk or Wapiti</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Cervus canadensis) +</span> +</p> +<p> +This is smaller than the moose. It stands four to five feet at the +shoulder and weighs four hundred to eight hundred pounds. It is known +by its rounded horns and the patch of yellowish-white on the rump and +tail. At one time this splendid animal was found throughout temperate +America from the Atlantic to the Pacific, north to Massachusetts, the +Ottawa River, the Peace River, and British Columbia; and south to +Georgia, Texas, and southern California. It is now exterminated except +in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta; Vancouver Island, Washington, +Wyoming and a few localities in the mountain states and in parks where +it has been reintroduced. +</p> +{134} +<p> +The elk of Washington is very dark in color; that of the Southwest is +very pale and small. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">White-tailed Deer</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Odocoileus virginianus) +</span> +</p> +<p> +This is the best known of the common deer of America. It is +distinguished by the forward bend of the horns, with the snags +pointing backward, and by its long tail which is brown or blackish +above and pure white below. Its face is gray, its throat white. A fair +sized buck weighs two hundred pounds, live weight. A few have been +taken of over three hundred and fifty pounds weight. In the Southern +states they run much smaller. Several varieties have been described. +It was found formerly in all of the timber states east of the Rockies; +also in Ontario south of Lake Nipissing, in south Quebec and south New +Brunswick. At present it is exterminated in the highly cultivated +states of the Middle West, but has spread into northern Ontario, New +Brunswick, and Manitoba. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 252px; height: 278px;" alt="" +src="images/p0134pic1.jpg"> +<br> +White-tailed deer +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 286px; height: 243px;" alt="" +src="images/p0134pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Mule deer +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Mule Deer</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Odocoileus hemionus) +</span> +</p> +<p> +This is the commonest deer of the hill country in the centre of +the continent. It is found in the mountains from Mexico to +British Columbia and northeasterly Saskatchewan and the Lake of +the Woods. It is known by its {135} double-forked horns, its large +ears, the dark patch on the forehead, the rest of the face being +whitish. Also by its tail which is white with a black bunch on +the end. This is a larger deer than the White-tail. There are +several varieties of it in the South and West. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 313px; height: 209px;" alt="" +src="images/p0134pic3.jpg"> +<br> +Moose +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Moose</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Alces americanus) +</span> +</p> +<p> +This is the largest of the deer tribe. It stands five and a half to +six and a half feet at the withers and weighs eight hundred to one +thousand pounds. It is readily distinguished by its flat horns and +pendulous, hairy muzzle. It is found in all the heavily timbered +regions of Canada and Alaska and enters the United States in Maine, +Adirondacks, Minnesota, Montana, Idaho, and northwestern Wyoming. +Those from Alaska are of gigantic stature. +</p> +<p> +In all our deer the antlers are grown and shed each year, reaching +perfection in autumn for the mating season. They are found in the +males only, except in the caribou, in which species the females also +have small horns. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 194px; height: 312px;" alt="" +src="images/p0135pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Antelope +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Antelope</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Antilocapra americana) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The antelope is famous as the swiftest quadruped native in America. It +is a small creature, less than a common deer; a fair-sized buck weighs +about one hundred pounds. It is known by its rich buff color with pure +white patches, by having only two hoofs on each foot, and by the horns +which are of true horn, like those of a goat, but have a snag or +branch and are shed each year. In the female the horns are little +points about an inch long. +</p> +<p> +Formerly the antelope abounded on all the high plains from Manitoba to +Mexico and west to Oregon and California. It is now reduced to a few +straggling bands in the central and wildest parts of the region. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Mountain Goat</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Oreamnos montanus) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The mountain goat is known at once by its pure white coat of wool and +hair, its black horns, and peculiar shape. It is {136} above the size of a +common deer; that is, a full grown male weighs two hundred and fifty +to three hundred pounds; the female a third less. It is famous for its +wonderful power as a rock climber and mountaineer. It is found in the +higher Rockies, chiefly above timber lines, from central Idaho to +Alaska. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 195px; height: 333px;" alt="" +src="images/p0136pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Goat +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 453px; height: 270px;" alt="" +src="images/p0136pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Woodchuck +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Woodchuck</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Marmota monax) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The common woodchuck is a grizzly brown on the back, chestnut on the +breast, blackish on the crown and paws, and whitish on the cheeks. Its +short ears and bushy tail are important characteristics. It measures +about twenty-four inches of which the tail is five and a half inches +and weighs five to ten pounds. +</p> +<p> +It is found in all the wooded parts of Canada from the Rockies to the +Atlantic and south in the eastern states to about 40 degrees latitude. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 450px; height: 207px;" alt="" +src="images/p0136pic3.jpg"> +<br> +Beaver +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Beaver</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Castor canadensis) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The beaver is known by its great size--weighing from twenty-five to +fifty pounds--its chestnut color, darker on the crown, its webbed +feet, and its broad, flat, naked, scaly tail. The pelt of this animal +is a valuable fur. The creature is famous for building dams and +digging canals. It was found wherever there was water and timber in +North America north of Mexico, but is now exterminated in most highly +settled regions. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 316px; height: 178px;" alt="" +src="images/p0137pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Muskrat +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Muskrat</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Fiber zibethicus) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The muskrat is about the size of a cat; that is, it is twenty-one +inches long, of which the tail is ten inches. In color it somewhat +resembles the beaver, but its feet are not conspicuously webbed, its +tail is long and flattened vertically, not {137} horizontally. This abundant +animal is found throughout North America within the limit of trees +wherever there is fresh water. It is the most abundant fur on the +market. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 320px; height: 330px;" alt="" +src="images/p0137pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Black-tailed jack rabbit +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Jack Rabbit +<br> +</span><span style="font-style: italic;">(Lepus Californicus) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The jack-rabbit, famous for its speed and its ears, is known by its +size, which about doubles that of a common rabbit and the jet black +stripe running from its back into its tail. It is found on the plains +from Nebraska to Oregon and south to Mexico. There are several +different varieties. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 329px; height: 346px;" alt="" +src="images/p0137pic3.jpg"> +<br> +Cottontail +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Cottontail</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Sylvilagus floridanus) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The common eastern cottontail is known from the snowshoe by its +smaller feet and its much larger, longer tail, which is gray above, +and snow-white underneath. Sometimes the common tame rabbit resembles +the cottontail in general color, but the latter has the top of its +tail black. +</p> +<p> +The cottontails do not turn white in winter. They are found in most +parts of the United States, entering Canada only in the Ontario +peninsula and southern Saskatchewan. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 439px; height: 263px;" alt="" +src="images/p0138pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Cougar +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Cougar or Panther</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Felis couguar) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The cougar has been called the American lion; it is the largest cat in +the western world except the jaguar or American {138} tiger. It is known by +its unspotted brown coat, its long, heavy tail, and its size. A male +cougar weighs one hundred and fifty to two hundred pounds; a few have +been taken over that. The females are a third smaller. The young in +first coat have black spots. +</p> +<p> +The cougar never attacks man but preys on deer, horses, calves, etc. +There are several different forms; one or other of these is (or was) +found from Ottawa, Minnesota, and Vancouver Island to Patagonia. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 251px; height: 371px;" alt="" +src="images/p0138pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Lynx +<br> +Wild cat or bob cat +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 220px; height: 338px;" alt="" +src="images/p0138pic3.jpg"> +<br> +Wild Cat or Bob Cat +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +Wild Cat or Bob Cat +</span><br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Lynx rufus) +</span> +</p> +<p> +This is somewhat like the Canada lynx but is more spotted, has smaller +feet, and the tail has several dark bars above and is pure white on +the under side of the tip. +</p> +<p> +There are several species of bob cats; they cover the timbered states +and enter Canada in Ontario, going north to Lake Simcoe. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Fox</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Vulpes fulvus) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The fox is about four feet from snout to tail tip; of this the tail is +sixteen inches or more; it stands about fifteen inches at the +shoulder. It rarely weighs over fifteen pounds and sometimes barely +ten. The fox is known by its bright, sandy-red coat, black ears and +paws, its white throat, and the white tip at the end of the tail. At a +distance the fox's ears and tail look very large. The silver or black +fox is a mere color freak with black coat and white tail tip. Red +foxes are found throughout the heavily timbered parts of North America +north of latitude thirty-five degrees. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Gray Wolf</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Canis occidentalis) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The wolf is simply a big wild dog with exceptionally strong jaws and +general gray color, becoming dirty white on the under part. The wolf +is found in all parts of North America, except where settlement has +driven it out, and varies in color with locality. The Florida wolves +are black, Texan wolves are reddish, and Arctic wolves are white. +Wolves weigh from {139} seventy-five to one hundred and twenty pounds and +are distinguishable from coyotes by the heavy muzzle and jaws, greater +size, and comparatively small tail, which is often held aloft. Wolves +nowadays rarely molest man. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Coyote</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Canis latrans) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The common coyote is like a small and delicate edition of the gray +wolf. It is much smaller, weighing only twenty to thirty pounds, and +is distinguished by its sharp, fox-like muzzle and large bushy tail, +which is rarely raised to the level. In color it is much like the +ordinary gray wolf but usually more tinged with yellow. It is found in +all the interior country from Wisconsin to Oregon and from Mexico to +Great Slave Lake. There are several different varieties. It never +attacks man. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 388px; height: 145px;" alt="" +src="images/p0139pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Otter +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Otter</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Lutra canadensis) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The otter is a large water weasel with close, dense, shiny fur and +webbed feet. It is known by its color--dark brown above shaded into +dark gray below and white on the cheeks without any markings--and by +its size. It is about forty inches long and weighs about twenty +pounds. It is found throughout North America within the limit of +trees. Its fur is very valuable. It feeds on fish. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 384px; height: 166px;" alt="" +src="images/p0139pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Weasel +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Weasel</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Putorius noveboracensis) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The common weasel of New England is about the size of a big rat; that +is, it is sixteen inches long and all brown with the exception of +white chin, throat, breast, and paws, and black tip to the tail. In +winter it turns white except the tail tip; that does not change. +</p> +<p> +The whole continent is inhabited by weasels of one kind or another. To +the north there is a smaller kind with shorter tail; on the prairies a +large kind with a very long tail; but all are of the same general +style and habits. A very small one, {140} the least weasel, is only six +inches long. It is found chiefly in Canada. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 295px; height: 133px;" alt="" +src="images/p0140pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Mink +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Mink</span><br> +<span style="font-style: italic;">(Putorius vison) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The mink is simply a water weasel. It is known by its size, larger +than that of a common weasel, as it is twenty-four inches long of +which the tail is seven inches; also by its deep brown color all over +except the throat and chin which are pure white. Its fur is brown, +harder and glossier than that of the marten, and worth about a quarter +as much. It does not turn white in the winter. One form or another of +mink is found over all the unarid parts of North America from the +north limit of trees to the Gulf of Mexico. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 294px; height: 231px;" alt="" +src="images/p0140pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Skunk +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Skunk</span> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Mephitis mephitica) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The skunk is known at once by its black coat with white stripes, its +immense bushy tail tipped with white, and its size, nearly that of a +cat. It weighs three to seven pounds. It ranges from Virginia to +Hudson Bay. In the Northwest is a larger kind weighing twice as much +and with black tip to tail. Various kinds range over the continent +south of latitude 55 degrees. It is harmless and beautiful. The smell +gun for which it is famous is a liquid musk; this is never used except +in the extreme of self-defence. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 296px; height: 117px;" alt="" +src="images/p0140pic3.jpg"> +<br> +Badger +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Badger</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Taxidea taxus) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The common badger is known by its general whitish-gray color, the +black and white markings on the head, the black paws, and the strong +claws for digging. It weighs from twelve to twenty-two pounds. That +is, it is about the size of a 'coon. {141} It is found in all the prairie +and plains country from the Saskatchewan Valley to Mexico and from +Wisconsin to the Pacific. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 278px; height: 233px;" alt="" +src="images/p0141pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Racoon +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Raccoon</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Procyon lotor) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The 'coon looks like a small gray bear with a bushy ringed tail and a +large black patch on each eye. Its paws look like hands, and it has +the full number of five fingers or toes on each extremity. It is found +in all wooded regions from Manitoba south to Mexico and from Atlantic +to Pacific, except the desert and Rocky Mountain region. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 278px; height: 129px;" alt="" +src="images/p0141pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Opossum +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Opossum</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Didelphis marsupialis) +</span> +</p> +<p> +The opossum is famous for carrying its young in a pouch in front of +the body. It may be known by its dirty-white woolly fur, its long, +naked, prehensile tail, its hand-like paws, its white face and sharp +muzzle, and the naked pink and blue ears. In size it resembles a cat. +The 'possum is found from Connecticut to Florida and westerly to +California. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 325px; height: 287px;" alt="" +src="images/p0141pic3.jpg"> +<br> +Gray Squirrel +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Gray-squirrel</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Sciurus carolinensis) +</span> +</p> +<p> +America is particularly rich in squirrels. Not counting +ground-squirrels or chipmunks, we have over seventy-five different +forms on this continent. The widest spread is probably the +red-squirrel; but the best known in the United States is the common +gray-squirrel. Its gray coat white breast, and immense {142} bushy tail are +familiar to all eastern children. It is found in most of the hardwood +timber east of the Mississippi and south of the Ottawa River and the +State of Maine. Most of the nut trees in the woods of this region were +planted by the gray-squirrel. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Black Bear</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(Ursus americanus) +</span> +</p> +<p> +This is the common bear of America. It is known at once by its jet +black color and brown nose. Its claws are short, rarely over an inch +long, and curved, serving better as climbers than do the long claws of +the grizzly. Two hundred pounds would be a good sized female, three +hundred a male; but Florida black bears have been taken weighing five +hundred pounds. Sometimes freaks with cinnamon-brown coats are found. +</p> +<p> +This bear is found throughout North America wherever there is timber. +</p> +<br> +<br> +NOTES +<br> +<br> +<br> +{143} +<br> +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +<br> +{144} +<br> +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +<br> +{145} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">CHAPTER III</span> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">CAMPCRAFT</span> +</p> +<p> +(In treating of camping there has been an intentional omission of the +long-term camp. This is treated extensively in the books of reference +given at the close of this chapter.) +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Hiking and Over-night Camp</span> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +By H. W. Gibson, Boys' Work Secretary, +</span> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +Young Men's Christian Association +</span> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +Massachusetts and Rhode Island</span> +</p> +<p> +Several things should be remembered when going on a hike: First, avoid +long distances. A foot-weary, muscle-tired and temper-tried, hungry +group of boys is surely not desirable. There are a lot of false +notions about courage and bravery and grit that read well in print, +but fail miserably in practice, and long hikes for boys is one of the +most glaring of these notions. Second, have a leader who will set a +good easy pace, say two or three miles an hour, prevent the boys from +excessive water drinking, and assign the duties of pitching camp, etc. +Third, observe these two rules given by an old woodsman: (1) Never +walk over anything you can walk around; (2) never step on anything +that you can step over. Every time you step on anything you lift the +weight of your body. Why lift extra weight when tramping? Fourth, +carry with you only the things absolutely needed, rolled in blankets, +poncho army style. +</p> +<p> +Before starting on a hike, study carefully the road maps, and take +them with you on the walk for frequent reference. The best maps are +those of the United States Geological Survey, costing five cents each. +The map is published in atlas sheets, each sheet representing a small, +quadrangular district. Send to the superintendent of documents at +Washington, D. C., for a list. +</p> +<p> +For tramping the boy needs the right kind of a shoe, or the trip will +be a miserable failure. A light-soled or a light-built shoe is not +suited for mountain work or even for an ordinary hike. The feet will +blister and become "road weary." The shoe must be neither too big, too +small, nor too heavy, and be amply broad to give the toes plenty of +room. The shoe should be water-tight. A medium weight, high-topped +lace shoe is about right. Bathing the feet at the springs and streams +along the road will be refreshing, if not indulged in too frequently. +{146} See Chapter on "Health and Endurance" for care of the feet and proper +way of walking. +</p> +<p> +It is well to carry a spare shirt hanging down the back with the +sleeves tied around the neck. Change when the shirt you are wearing +becomes too wet with perspiration. +</p> +<p> +The most practical and inexpensive pack is the one made for the Boy +Scouts of America. (Price 60 cents.) It is about 14 x 20 inches +square, and 6 inches thick, made of water-proof canvas with +shoulder-straps, and will easily hold everything needed for a tramping +trip. +</p> +<p> +A few simple remedies for bruises, cuts, etc., should be taken along +by the leader. You may not need them and some may poke fun at them, +but, as the old lady said, "You can't always sometimes tell." The +amount and kind of provisions must be determined by the locality and +habitation. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Lean-to</span> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 457px; height: 387px;" alt="" +src="images/p0146pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 1. Frame of lean-to +</p> +<p> +Reach the place where you are going to spend the night in plenty of +time to build your lean-to, and make your bed for {147} the night. Select +your camping spot with reference to water, wood, drainage, and +material for your lean-to. Choose a dry, level place, the ground just +sloping enough to insure the water running away from your lean-to in +case of rain. In building your lean-to look for a couple of good trees +standing from eight to ten feet apart with branches from six to eight +feet above the ground. By studying the illustration (No. 1) you will +be able to build a very serviceable shack, affording protection from +the dews and rain. While two or more boys are building the shack, +another should be gathering firewood and preparing the meal, while +another should be cutting and bringing in as many soft, thick tips of +trees as possible, for the roof of the shack and the beds. +</p> +<p> +How to thatch the lean-to is shown in illustration No. 2. If the camp +site is to be used for several days, two lean-tos may be built facing +each other, about six feet apart. This will make a very comfortable +camp, as a small fire can be built between the two thus giving warmth +and light. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 441px; height: 258px;" alt="" +src="images/p0147pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 2. Method of thatching +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Bed</span> +</p> +<p> +On the floor of your lean-to lay a thick layer of the fans or branches +of a balsam or hemlock, with the convex side up, and the butts of the +stems toward the foot of the bed. Now thatch this over with more fans +by thrusting the butt ends through the first layer at a slight angle +toward the head of the bed, so that the soft tips will curve toward +the foot of the bed, and be sure to make the head of your bed away +from the opening of the lean-to and the foot toward the opening. Over +this bed spread your rubber blankets or ponchos with rubber side down, +your sleeping blanket on top, and you will be surprised how soft, +springy, and fragrant a bed you have, upon which to rest your "weary +frame" and sing with the poet: +</p> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +"Then the pine boughs croon me a lullaby, +<br> +And trickle the white moonbeams +<br> +To my face on the balsam where I lie +<br> +While the owl hoots at my dreams." +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +--J. George Frederick. +</span><br> +</div> +<br> +{148} +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Hot-Stone Wrinkle</span> +</p> +<p> +If the night bids fair to be cold, place a number of stones about six +or eight inches in diameter near the fire, so that they will get hot. +These can then be placed at the feet, back, etc., as needed, and will +be found good "bed warmers." When a stone loses its heat, it is +replaced near the fire and a hot one taken. If too hot, wrap the stone +in a shirt or sweater or wait for it to cool off. +</p> +<p> +Boys desire adventure. This desire may be gratified by the +establishment of night watchers in relays of two boys each, every two +hours. Their imaginations will be stirred by the resistless attraction +of the camp-fire and the sound of the creatures that creep at night. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Observation Practice</span> +</p> +<p> +Many boys have excellent eyes, but see not, and good ears but hear +not, all because they have not been trained to observe or to hear +quickly. A good method of teaching observation while on a hike or +tramp is to have each boy jot down in a small note-book or diary of +the trip, the different kinds of trees, birds, animals, tracks, nature +of roads, fences, peculiar rock formation, smells of plants, etc., and +thus be able to tell what he saw or heard to the boys upon his return +to the permanent camp or to his home. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Camera Snap Shots</span> +</p> +<p> +One of the party should take a small folding camera. Photographs of +the trip are always of great pleasure and memory revivers. A practical +and convenient method of carrying small folding cameras represents an +ordinary belt to which a strap with a buckle has been attached, which +is run through the loops at the back of the camera case. The camera +may be pushed around the belt to the point where it will be least in +the way. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Camp Lamp</span> +</p> +<p> +A very convenient lamp to use on a hike is the Baldwin Camp Lamp made +by John Simmons Co., 13 Franklin Street, New York City. It weighs only +five ounces when full; is charged with carbide and is but 4-3/4 inches +high. It projects a strong light 150 feet through the woods. A stiff +wind will not blow it out. It can be worn comfortably in your hat or +belt. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Handy Articles</span> +</p> +<p> +A boy of ingenuity can make a number of convenient things. A good +drinking cup may be made from a piece of bark cut {149} in parallelogram +shape twisted into pyramid form and fastened with a split stick. A +flat piece of bark may serve as a plate. A pot lifter may be made from +a green stick about 18 inches long, allowing a few inches of a stout +branch to remain. By reversing the same kind of stick and driving a +small nail near the other end or cutting a notch in it, it may be used +to suspend a kettle over a fire. A novel candlestick is made by +opening the blade of a knife and jabbing it into a tree; upon the +other upturned blade put a candle. A green stick having a split which +will hold a piece of bread or meat makes an excellent broiler. Don't +pierce the bread or meat. Driving a good-sized stake into the ground +at an angle of 45 degrees and cutting a notch on which may be +suspended a kettle over a fire will provide a way of boiling water +quickly. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Building the Fireplace</span> +</p> +<p> +Take two or three stones and build a fireplace, a stick first shaved +and then whittled for shavings, a lighted match, a little blaze, some +bark and dry twigs added, a few small sticks, place the griddle over +the fire and you are ready to cook the most appetizing griddle-cakes. +After the cakes are cooked, fry slices of bacon upon the griddle; in +the surplus fat fry slices of bread, then some thinly sliced raw +potatoes done to a delicious brown. Here is a breakfast capable of +making the mouth of a camper water. +</p> +<p> +Another way: Place the green logs side by side, closer together at one +end than the other. Build the fire between. On the logs over the fire +you can rest a frying-pan, kettle, etc. To start the fire have some +light, dry wood split up fine. When sticks begin to blaze, add a few +more of larger size and continue until you have a good fire. To +prevent the re-kindling of the fire after it is apparently out, pour +water over it and soak the earth for the space of two or three feet +around it. This is very important, for many forest fires have started +through failure to observe this caution. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">COOKING RECEIPTS<br> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +</span> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Cooking for Hikes and Over-night +Camps</span> +</p> +<p> +The following tested receipts are given for those who go on hikes and +over-night camps: +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Griddle-cakes</span> +</p> +<p> +Beat one egg, tablespoonful of sugar, one cup diluted condensed milk +or new milk. Mix enough self-raising flour to {150} make a thick cream +batter. Grease the griddle with rind or slices of bacon for each batch +of cakes. Be sure to have the griddle hot. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Bacon</span> +</p> +<p> +Slice bacon quite thin; remove the rind, which makes slices curl up. +Fry on griddle or put on a sharp end of a stick and hold over the hot +coals, or better yet remove the griddle, and put on a clean, flat rock +in its place. When hot lay the slices of bacon on the rock and broil. +Keep turning so as to brown on both sides. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Canned Salmon on Toast</span> +</p> +<p> +Dip slices of stale bread into smoking hot lard. They will brown at +once. Drain them. Heat a pint of salmon, picked into flakes, season +with salt and pepper and turn in a tablespoonful of melted butter. +Heat in a pan. Stir in one egg, beaten light, with three +tablespoonfuls evaporated milk not thinned. Pour the mixture on the +fried bread. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Roast Potatoes</span> +</p> +<p> +Wash and dry potatoes thoroughly, bury them deep in a good bed of +coals, cover them with hot coals until well done. It will take about +forty minutes for them to bake. Then pass a sharpened hard-wood sliver +through them from end to end, and let the steam escape and use +immediately as a roast potato soon becomes soggy and bitter. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Baked Fresh Fish</span> +</p> +<p> +Clean well. Small fish should be fried whole with the back bone +severed to prevent curling up; large fish should be cut into pieces, +and ribs loosened from back bone so as to lie flat in pan. Rub the +pieces in corn meal or powdered crumbs, thinly and evenly (that browns +them), fry in plenty of hot fat to a golden brown, sprinkling lightly +with salt just as the color turns. If fish has not been wiped dry it +will absorb too much grease. If the frying fat is not very hot when +fish are put in, they will be soggy with it. +</p> +<br> + <p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Frogs' Legs</span> +</p> +<p> +First, after skinning, soak them an hour in cold water to which +vinegar has been added, or put them for two minutes into scalding +water that has vinegar in it. Drain, wipe dry, and cook. {151} To fry: roll +in flour, season with salt and pepper, and fry not too rapidly, +preferably in butter or oil. Water-cress is a good relish with them. +To griddle: Prepare three tablespoonsful melted butter, one half +tablespoonful salt, and a pinch or two of pepper, into which dip the +frogs' legs, then roll in fresh bread crumbs and broil for three +minutes on each side. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Eggs</span> +</p> +<p> +Boiled: Have water to boiling point. Place eggs in carefully. Boil +steadily for three minutes if you wish them soft. If wanted hard +boiled, put them in cold water, bring to a boil, and keep it up for +twenty minutes. The yolk will then be mealy and wholesome. +</p> +<p> +Fried: Melt some butter or fat in frying-pan; when it hisses drop in +eggs carefully. Fry them three minutes. +</p> +<p> +Scrambled: First stir the eggs up and after putting some butter in the +frying-pan, stir the eggs in it after adding a little condensed milk. +</p> +<p> +Poached: First put in the frying-pan sufficient diluted condensed milk +which has been thinned with enough water to float the eggs in, and let +them simmer three or four minutes. Serve the eggs on slices of +buttered toast, pouring on enough of the milk to moisten the toast. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Coffee</span> +</p> +<p> +For every cup of water allow a tablespoonful of ground coffee, then +add one extra. Have water come to boiling point first, add coffee, +hold it just below boiling point for five minutes, and settle with one +fourth of a cup of cold water. Serve. Some prefer to put the coffee in +a small muslin bag loosely tied. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Cocoa</span> +</p> +<p> +Allow a teaspoonful of cocoa for every cup of boiling water. Mix the +powdered cocoa with water or boiled milk, with sugar to taste. Boil +two or three minutes. +</p> +<p> +These receipts have been tried out. Biscuit and bread making have been +purposely omitted. Take bread and crackers with you from camp. +"Amateur" biscuits are not conducive to good digestion or happiness. +Pack butter in small jar: cocoa, sugar, and coffee in small cans or +heavy paper; also salt and pepper. Wrap bread in a moist cloth to +prevent drying up; {152} bacon and dried or chipped beef in wax paper. +Pickles can be purchased put up in small bottles. Use the empty bottle +as candle-stick. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<p> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +Sample Menu for an Over-night Camp and a Day Hike or Tramp</span> +</p> +<br> +Breakfast +<br> +Griddle-Cakes, Fried Bacon and Potatoes, Bread, Coffee, Preserves +<br> +<br> +Dinner +<br> +Creamed Salmon on Toast, Baked Potatoes, Bread, Pickles, Fruit +<br> +<br> +Supper +<br> +Fried Eggs, Creamed or Chipped Beef, Cheese, Bread, Cocoa +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Ration List for Six Boys, Three +Meals</span> +<br> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +2 pounds bacon (sliced thin) +<br> +1 pound butter +<br> +1 dozen eggs +<br> +1/2 pound cocoa +<br> +1/2 pound coffee +<br> +1 pound sugar +<br> +3 cans salmon +<br> +24 potatoes +<br> +2 cans condensed milk +<br> +1 small package of self-raising flour +<br> +Salt and pepper +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +Utensils +</span><br> +<br> +Small griddle +<br> +Small stew pan +<br> +Small coffee-pot +<br> +Large spoon +<br> +Plate and cup +<br> +Matches and candle. +<br> +</div> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Dish Washing</span> +</p> +<p> +First fill the frying-pan with water, place over the fire, and let it +boil. Pour out water and you will find the pan has practically cleaned +itself. Clean the griddle with sand and water. Greasy knives and forks +may be cleaned by jabbing {153} them into the ground. After all grease is +gotten rid of, wash in hot water and dry with cloth. Don't use the +cloth first and get it greasy. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Leadership</span> +</p> +<p> +The most important thing about a camping party is that it should +always have the best of leadership. No group of boys should go camping +by themselves. The first thing a patrol of scouts should do when it +has determined to camp is to insist upon the scout master accompanying +the members of the patrol. The reason for this is that there is less +likely to be accidents of the kind that will break up your camp and +drive you home to the town or city. When the scout master is one of +the party, all of the boys can go in swimming when the proper time +comes for such exercise, and the scout master can stay upon the bank +or sit in the boat for the purpose of preventing accidents by +drowning. There are also a hundred and one things which will occur in +camp when the need of a man's help will show itself. A scout ought to +insist on his scout master going to camp. The scout master and patrol +leader should be present, in order to settle the many questions which +must of necessity arise, so that there may be no need of differences +or quarrels over disputed points, which would be sure to spoil the +outing. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Scout Camp Program</span> +</p> +<p> +In a scout camp there will be a regular daily program, something +similar to the following: +</p> +<table style="width: 558px; height: 284px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody><tr><td>6:30 A.M.</td><td>Turn out, bathe, etc.</td></tr> +<tr><td>7:00 A.M.</td><td>Breakfast</td></tr> +<tr><td>8:00 A.M.</td><td>Air bedding in sun, if possible, and clean +camp ground</td></tr> +<tr><td>9:00 A.M.</td><td>Scouting games and practice</td></tr> +<tr><td>11:00 A.M.</td><td>Swimming</td></tr> +<tr><td>12:00 P.M.</td><td>Dinner</td></tr> +<tr><td>1:00 P.M.</td><td>Talk by leader</td></tr> +<tr><td>2:00 P.M.</td><td>Water games, etc.</td></tr> +<tr><td>6:00 P.M.</td><td>Supper</td></tr> +<tr><td>7:30 P.M.</td><td>Evening council around camp fire.</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +Order of Business +</span> +</p> +<table style="width: 554px; height: 340px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody><tr><td style="text-align: right;">1. </td><td>Opening +Council</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">2. </td><td>Roll-call</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">3. </td><td>Record of last +council</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">4. </td><td>Reports of scouts</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">5. </td><td>Left over business</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">6. </td><td>Complaints</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">7. </td><td>Honors</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">8. </td><td>New scouts</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">9. </td><td>New business</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">10. </td><td>Challenges</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">11. </td><td>Social doings, songs, +dances, stories</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">12. </td><td>Closing Council (devotional +services when desired) 8:45 lights out</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +{154} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Water Supply</span> +</p> +<p> +Dr. Charles E. A. Winslow, the noted biologist, is authority for the +following statement: "The source of danger in water is always human or +animal pollution. Occasionally we find water which is bad to drink on +account of passage through the ground or on account of passage through +lead pipes, but the danger is never from ordinary decomposing +vegetable matter. If you have to choose between a bright clear stream +which may be polluted at some point above and a pond full of dead +leaves and peaty matter, but which you can inspect all around and find +free from contamination, choose the pond. Even in the woods it is not +easy to find surface waters that are surely protected and streams +particularly are dangerous sources of water supply. We have not got +rid of the idea that running water purifies itself. It is standing +water which purifies itself, if anything does, for in stagnation there +is much more chance for the disease germs to die out. Better than +either a pond or stream, unless you can carry out a rather careful +exploration of their surroundings, is ground water from a well or +spring; though that again is not necessarily safe. If the well is in +good, sandy soil, with no cracks or fissures, even water that has been +polluted may be well purified and safe to drink. In a clayey or rocky +region, on the other hand, contaminating material may travel for a +considerable distance under the ground. Even if the well is protected +below, a very important point to look after is the pollution from the +surface. I believe more cases of typhoid fever from wells are due to +surface pollution than to the character of the water itself. There is +danger which can, of course, be done away with by protection of the +well from surface drainage, by seeing that the surface wash is not +allowed to drain toward it, and that it is protected by a tight +covering from the entrance of its own waste water. If good water +cannot be secured in any of these ways, it must in some way be +purified. ... Boiling will surely destroy all disease germs." +</p> +<p> +The Indians had a way of purifying water from a pond or swamp by +digging a hole about one foot across and down about six inches below +the water level, a few feet from the pond. After it was filled with +water, they bailed it out quickly, repeating the bailing process about +three times. After the third bailing the hole would fill with filtered +water. Try it. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Sanitation</span> +</p> +<p> +A most important matter when in camp, and away from modern +conveniences is that of sanitation. This includes not only {155} care as to +personal cleanliness, but also as to the water supply and the proper +disposal of all refuse through burial or burning. Carelessness in +these matters has been the cause of serious illness to entire camps +and brought about many deaths. In many instances the loss of life in +the armies has been greater through disease in the camp than on the +battlefields. +</p> +<p> +Typhoid fever is one of the greatest dangers in camping and is caused +by unclean habits, polluted water, and contaminated milk, and food. +The armies of the world have given this disease the most careful study +with the result that flies have been found to be its greatest +spreaders. Not only should all sources of water supply be carefully +examined, an analysis obtained if possible before use, but great care +should also be taken when in the vicinity of such a supply, not to +pollute it in any way. In districts where typhoid is at all prevalent +it is advisable for each scout to be immunized before going to camp. +</p> +<p> +A scout's honor will not permit him to disobey in the slightest +particular the sanitary rules of his camp. He will do his part well. +He will do everything in his power to make his camp clean, sanitary, +and healthful from every standpoint. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">General Hints</span> +</p> +Two flannel shirts are better than two overcoats. +<br> +<br> +Don't wring out flannels or woolens. +<br> +<br> +Wash in cold water, very soapy, hang them up dripping wet, and they +will not shrink. +<br> +<br> +If you keep your head from getting hot and your feet dry there will be +little danger of sickness. +<br> +<br> +If your head gets too hot put green leaves inside of your hat. +<br> +<br> +If your throat is parched, and you cannot get water, put a pebble in +your mouth. This will start the saliva and quench the thirst. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Water Hints</span> +</p> +<p> +If you work your hands like paddles and kick your feet, you can stay +above water for some time even with your clothes on. It requires a +little courage and enough strength not to lose your head. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 208px; height: 445px;" alt="" +src="images/p0155pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Ready for the hike +</p> +<br> +{156} +<br> +<p> +Many boy swimmers make the mistake of going into the water too soon +after eating. The stomach and digestive organs are busy preparing the +food for the blood and body. Suddenly they are called upon to care for +the work of the swimmer. The change is too quick for the organs, the +process of digestion stops, congestion is apt to follow, and then +paralyzing cramps. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Indian Bathing Precaution</span> +</p> +<p> +The Indians have a method of protecting themselves from cramps. Coming +to a bathing pool, an Indian swimmer, after stripping off, and before +entering the water, vigorously rubs the pit of the stomach with the +dry palm of his hands. This rubbing probably takes a minute, then he +dashes cold water all over his stomach and continues the rubbing for +another minute, and after that he is ready for his plunge. If the +water in which you are going to swim is cold, try this method before +plunging into the water. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Good Bathing Rule</span> +</p> +<p> +The rule in most camps regarding entering the water is as follows: "No +one of the party shall enter the water for swimming or bathing except +at the time and place designated, and in the presence of a leader." +Laxity in the observance of this rule will result disastrously. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Clouds</span> +<br> +<br> +Every cloud is a weather sign: Low clouds, swiftly moving, indicate +coolness and rain; hard-edged clouds, wind; rolled or jagged clouds, +strong wind; "mackerel" sky, twelve hours day. +</p> +Look out for rain when +<br> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +A slack rope tightens. +<br> +<br> +Smoke beats downward. +<br> +<br> +Sun is red in the morning. +<br> +<br> +There is a pale yellow or greenish sunset. +<br> +</div> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Rains</span> +</p> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +Rain with east wind is lengthy. +<br> +<br> +A sudden shower is soon over. +<br> +<br> +A slow rain lasts long. +<br> +<br> +Rain before seven, clear before eleven. +<br> +<br> +A circle round the moon means "storm." +<br> +</div> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +"The evening red, the morning gray +<br> +Sets the traveler on his way; +<br> +The evening gray, the morning red +<br> +Brings down showers upon his head." +<br> +<br> +</div> +{157} +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +"When the grass is dry at night +<br> +Look for rain before the light." +<br> +</div> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +<br> +"When the grass is dry at morning light +<br> +Look for rain before the night." +<br> +</div> +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Clear</span> +</p> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +"When the dew is on the grass +<br> +Rain will never come to pass." +<br> +</div> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +A heavy morning fog generally indicates a clear day. +<br> +</div> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +East wind brings rain. +<br> +<br> +West wind brings clear, bright, and cool weather. +<br> +<br> +North wind brings cold. +<br> +<br> +South wind brings heat. +<br> +</div> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Direction of the Wind</span> +</p> +<p> +The way to find which way the wind is blowing is to throw up little +bits of dry grass, or to hold up a handful of light dust and let it +fall, or to suck your thumb, wet it all around and let the wind blow +over it, and the cold side of it will then tell you which way the wind +is blowing. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Weather Flags</span> +</p> +<p> +The United States Weather Bureau publishes a "Classification of +Clouds" in colors, which may be had for the asking. If you are near +one of the weather signal stations, daily bulletins will be sent to +camp upon request; also the weather map. +</p> +<p> +A set of flag signals run up each day will create interest. The flags +are easily made or may be purchased. +</p> +<p> +Keep a daily record of temperature. A boy in charge of the "weather +bureau" will find it to be full of interest as well as offering an +opportunity to render the camp a real service. He will make a weather +vane, post a daily bulletin, keep a record of temperature, measure +velocity of wind, and rainfall. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">How to Get Your Bearings</span> +</p> +<p> +If you have lost your bearings, and it is a cloudy day, put the point +of your knife blade on your thumb nail, and turn the blade around +until the full shadow of the blade is on the nail. This will tell you +where the sun is, and decide in which direction the camp is. +</p> +<p> +Face the sun in the morning, spread out your arms straight {158} from body. +Before you is the east; behind you is the west; to your right is the +south; the left hand is the north. Grass turns with the sun. Remember +this when finding your way at night. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Building a Camp Fire</span> +</p> +<p> +There are ways and ways of building a camp fire. An old Indian saying +runs, "White man heap fool, make um big fire--can't git near! Injun +make um little fire--git close! Ugh! good!" +</p> +<p> +Make it a service privilege for a tent of boys to gather wood and +build the fire. This should be done during the afternoon. Two things +are essential in the building of a fire--kindling and air. A fire +must be built systematically. First, get dry, small, dead branches, +twigs, fir branches, and other inflammable material. Place these on +the ground. Be sure that air can draw under it and upward through it. +Next place some heavier sticks and so on until you have built the camp +fire the required size. An interesting account of "How to Build a Fire +by Rubbing Sticks," by Ernest Thompson Seton, will be found in Chapter +11. In many camps it is considered an honor to light the fire. +</p> +<p> +Never build a large camp fire too near the tent or inflammable pine +trees. Better build it in the open. +</p> +<p> +Be sure and use every precaution to prevent the spreading of fire. +This may be done by building a circle of stones around the fire, or by +digging up the earth, or by wetting a space around the fire. Always +have the buckets of water near at hand. To prevent the re-kindling of +the fire after it is apparently out, pour water over it and soak the +earth for a space of two or three feet around it. This is very +important, for many forest fires have started through failure to +observe this caution. +</p> +<p> +Things to remember: First, it is criminal to leave a burning fire; +second, always put out the fire with water or earth. +</p> +<p> +"A fire is never out," says Chief Forester H. S. Graves, "until the +last spark is extinguished. Often a log or snag will smolder unnoticed +after the flames have apparently been conquered only to break out +afresh with a rising wind." +</p> +<p> +Be sure to get a copy of the laws of your state regarding forest +fires, and if a permit is necessary to build a fire, secure it, before +building the fire. +</p> +<p> +Kephart, in his book on "Camping and Woodcraft" (p. 28), says: "When +there is nothing dry to strike it on, jerk the head {160} of the match +forward through the teeth. Or, face the wind. Cup your hands back +toward the wind, remove the right hand just long enough to strike the +match on something very close by, then instantly resume former +position. Flame of match will run up stick instead of blowing away +from it." +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +{159} +<br> +<br> +<table style="text-align: left; width: 493px; height: 944px;" border="3" +cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;"> +<div style="text-align: center;"><font style="font-weight: bold;" + size="+2">FOREST FIRES!</font><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +</span><br> +</div> +<br> +The great annual destruction of forests by fire is an injury to all +persons and industries. The welfare of every community is dependent +upon a cheap and plentiful supply of timber, and a forest cover is the +most effective means of preventing floods and maintaining a regular +flow of streams used for irrigation and other useful purposes. +<br> +<br> +To prevent forest fires Congress passed the law approved May 5, 1900, +which-- +<br> +<br><span style="text-decoration: underline; font-weight: bold;"> +Forbids setting fire to the woods, and +</span> +<br> +<br> +<span style="text-decoration: underline; font-weight: bold;"> +Forbids leaving any fires unextinguished</span><span style="font-weight: +bold;">. +</span><br> +<br> +This law, for offenses against which officers of the FOREST SERVICE +can arrest without warrant, provides as maximum punishment-- +<br> +<br><span style="text-decoration: underline; font-weight: bold;"> +A fine of $5000, or imprisonment for two years, or both, if a +fire is set maliciously, and +</span> +<br> +<br> +<span style="text-decoration: underline; font-weight: bold;"> +A fine of $1000, or imprisonment for one years, or both, if a +fire is set carelessly, +</span> +<br> +<br> +It also provides that the money from such fines shall be paid to the +school fund of the county in which the offense is committed. +<br> +<br> +THE EXERCISE OF CARE WITH SMALL FIRES IS THE BEST PREVENTIVE OF LARGE +ONES. Therefore all persons are requested-- +<br> +<br> +1. Not to drop matches or burning tobacco where there is inflammable +material. +<br> +<br> +2. Not to build larger camp fires than are necessary. +<br> +<br> +3. Not to build fires in leaves, rotten wood, or other places where +they are likely to spread. +<br> +<br> +4. In windy weather and in dangerous places, to dig holes or clear the +ground to confine camp fires. +<br> +<br> +5. To extinguish all fires completely before leaving them, even for a +short absence. +<br> +<br> +6. Not to build fires against large or hollow logs, where it is +difficult to extinguish them. +<br> +<br> +7. Not to build fires to clear land without informing the nearest +officer of the FOREST SERVICE, so that he may assist in controlling +them. +<br> +<br> +This notice is posted for your benefit and the good of every resident +of the region. You are requested to cooperate in preventing the +removal or defacement, which acts are punishable by law. +<br> +<br><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +JAMES WILSON, +</span> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +Secretary of Agriculture</span></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +The above is a copy of one of a series of notices posted in forests by +the U. S. Department of Agriculture, directing attention to U. S. +laws on this important subject.</span> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{160 continued} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 446px; height: 322px;" alt="" +src="images/p0160pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Around the camp fire +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Camp Fire</span> +</p> +<p> +"I cannot conceive of a camp that does not have a big fire. Our city +houses do not have it, not even a fireplace. The fireplace is one of +the greatest schools the imagination has ever had or can ever have. It +is moral, and it always has a tremendous stimulus to the imagination, +and that is why stories and fire go together. You cannot tell a good +story unless you tell it before a fire. You cannot have a complete +fire unless you have a good story-teller along! +</p> +<p> +"There is an impalpable, invisible, softly stepping delight in the +camp fire which escapes analysis. Enumerate all its charms and still +there is something missing in your catalogue. +</p> +<p> +"Anyone who has witnessed a real camp fire and participated in its fun +as well as seriousness will never forget it. The huge fire shooting up +its tongue of flame into the darkness of the night, the perfect shower +of golden rain, the company of happy {161} boys, and the great dark +background of piny woods, the weird light over all, the singing, the +yells, the stories, the fun, and then the serious word at the close, +is a happy experience long to be remembered." +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Camp-fire Stunts</span> +</p> +<p> +The camp fire is a golden opportunity for the telling of stories--good +stories told well. Indian legends, war stories, ghost stories, +detective stories, stories of heroism, the history of life, a talk +about the stars. Don't draw out the telling of a story. Make the story +life-like. +</p> +<p> +College songs always appeal to boys. Let some leader start up a song +in a natural way, and soon you will have a chorus of unexpected melody +and harmony. As the fire dies down, let the songs be of a more quiet +type like "My Old Kentucky Home," and ballads of similar nature. +</p> +<p> +When the embers are glowing is the time for toasting marshmallows. Get +a long stick sharpened to a point, fasten a marshmallow on the end, +hold it over the embers, not in the blaze, until the marsh-mallow +expands. Oh, the deliciousness of it! Ever tasted one? Before roasting +corn on the cob, tie the end of the husk firmly with string or cord; +soak in water for about an hour; then put into the hot embers. The +water prevents the corn from burning and the firmly tied husks enable +the corn to be steamed and the real corn flavor is thus retained. In +about twenty minutes the corn may be taken from the fire and eaten. +Have a bowl of melted butter and salt at hand. Also a pastry brush to +spread the melted butter upon the corn. Try it. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Story Telling</span> +</p> +<p> +For an example of a good story to be told around the camp fire this +excellent tale by Prof. F. M. Burr is printed by permission: +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">How Men Found the Great Spirit</span> +</p> +<p> +In the olden time, when the woods covered all the earth except the +deserts and the river bottoms, and men lived on the fruits and berries +they found and the wild animals which they could shoot or snare, when +they dressed in skins and lived in caves, there was little time for +thought. But as men grew stronger and more cunning and learned how to +live together, they had more time to think and more mind to think +with. +</p> +<p> +Men had learned many things. They had learned that cold weather +followed hot; and spring, winter; and that the sun got up in the +morning and went to bed at night. They said that the great water was +kindly when the sun shone, but when the sun hid its face and the wind +blew upon it, it grew black and angry and upset their canoes. They +found that knocking flints together or rubbing dry sticks would light +the dry moss and that the {162} flames which would bring back summer in the +midst of winter and day in the midst of night were hungry and must be +fed, and when they escaped devoured the woods and only the water could +stop them. +</p> +<p> +These and many other things men learned, but no one knew why it all +was or how it came to be. Man began to wonder, and that was the +beginning of the path which led to the Great Spirit. +</p> +<p> +In the ages when men began to wonder there was born a boy whose name +was Wo, which meant in the language of his time, "Whence." As he lay +in his mother's arms she loved him and wondered: "His body is of my +body, but from whence comes the life--the spirit which is like mine +and yet not like it?" And his father seeing the wonder in the mother's +eyes, said, "Whence came he from?" And there was no one to answer, and +so they called him Wo to remind them that they knew not from whence he +came. +</p> +<p> +As Wo grew up, he was stronger and swifter of foot than any of his +tribe. He became a mighty hunter. He knew the ways of all the wild +things and could read the signs of the seasons. As he grew older they +made him a chief and listened while he spoke at the council board, but +Wo was not satisfied. His name was a question and questioning filled +his mind. +</p> +<p> +"Whence did he come? Whither was he going? Why did the sun rise and +set? Why did life burst into leaf and flower with the coming of +spring? Why did the child become a man and the man grow old and die?" +</p> +<p> +The mystery grew upon him as he pondered. In the morning he stood on a +mountain top and stretching out his hands cried, "Whence?" At night he +cried to the moon "Whither?" He listened to the soughing of the trees +and the song of the brook and tried to learn their language. He peered +eagerly into the eyes of little children and tried to read the mystery +of life. He listened at the still lips of the dead, waiting for them +to tell him whither they had gone. +</p> +<p> +He went out among his fellows silent and absorbed, always looking for +the unseen and listening for the unspoken. He sat so long silent at +the council board that the elders questioned him. To their questioning +he replied like one awakening from a dream: +</p> +<p> +"Our fathers since the beginning have trailed the beasts of the woods. +There is none so cunning as the fox, but we can trail him to his lair. +Though we are weaker than the great bear and buffalo, yet by our +wisdom we overcome them. The deer is more swift of foot, but by craft +we overtake him. We cannot fly like a bird, but we snare the winged +one with a hair. We have made ourselves many cunning inventions by +which the beasts, the trees, the wind, the water and the fire become +our servants. +</p> +<p> +"Then we speak great swelling words: 'How great and wise we are! There +is none like us in the air, in the wood, or in the water!' +</p> +<p> +"But the words are false. Our pride is like that of a partridge +drumming on his log in the wood before the fox leaps upon him. Our +sight is like that of the mole burrowing under the ground. Our wisdom +is like a drop of dew upon the grass. Our ignorance is like the great +water which no eye can measure. +</p> +<p> +"Our life is like a bird coming out of the dark, fluttering for a +heart-beat in the tepee and then going forth into the dark again. No +one can tell whence it comes or whither it goes. I have asked the wise +men and they cannot answer. I have listened to the voice of the trees +and wind and water, but I do not know their tongue; I have questioned +the sun and the moon and the stars, but they are silent. +</p> +<p> +"But to-day in the silence before the darkness gives place to light, I +seemed to hear a still small voice within my breast, saying to me, +'Wo, the {163} questioner, rise up like the stag from his lair; away, alone, +to the mountain of the sun. There thou shalt find that which thou +seekest.' I go, but if I fail by the trail another will take it up. If +I find the answer I will return." +</p> +<p> +Waiting for none, Wo left the council of his tribe and went his way +toward the mountain of the sun. For six days he made his way through +the trackless woods, guided by the sun by day and the stars by night. +On the seventh day he came to the great mountain--the mountain of the +sun, on whose top, according to the tradition of his tribe, the sun +rested each night. All day long he climbed saying to himself, "I will +sleep tonight in the teepee of the sun, and he will tell me whence I +come and whither I go." +</p> +<p> +But as he climbed the sun seemed to climb higher and higher; and, as +he neared the top, a cold cloud settled like a night bird on the +mountain. Chilled and faint with hunger and fatigue, Wo struggled on. +Just at sunset he reached the top of the mountain, but it was not the +mountain of the sun, for many days' journey to the west the sun was +sinking in the Great Water. +</p> +<p> +A bitter cry broke from Wo's parched lips. His long trail was useless. +There was no answer to his questions. The sun journeyed farther and +faster than men dreamed, and of wood and waste and water there was no +end. Overcome with misery and weakness he fell upon a bed of moss with +his back toward the sunset and the unknown. +</p> +<p> +And Wo slept, although it was unlike any sleep he had ever known +before, and as he slept he dreamed. He was alone upon the mountain +waiting for the answer. A cloud covered the mountain but all was +silent. A mighty wind rent the cloud and rushed roaring through the +crags, but there was no voice in the wind. Thunder pealed, lightning +flashed, but he whom Wo sought was not there. +</p> +<p> +In the hush that followed up the storm Wo heard a voice, low and +quiet, but in it all the sounds of earth and sky seemed to mingle--the +song of the bird, the whispering of the trees, and the murmuring of +the brook. +</p> +<p> +"Wo, I am he whom thou seekest, I am the Great Spirit. I am the All +Father. Ever since I made man of the dust of the earth, and so child +of the earth and brother to all living, and breathed into his nostrils +the breath of life, thus making him my son, I have waited for a seeker +who should find me. In the fullness of time thou hast come, Wo the +questioner, to the answerer. +</p> +<p> +"Thy body is of the earth and to earth returns; thy spirit is mine; it +is given thee for a space to make according to thy will; then it +returns to me better or worse for thy making. +</p> +<p> +"Thou hast found me because thy heart was pure, and thy search for me +tireless. Go back to thy tribe and be to them the voice of the Great +Spirit. From henceforth I will speak to thee, and the seekers that +come after thee in a thousand voices and appear in a thousand shapes. +I will speak in the voices of the woods and streams and of those you +love. I will appear to you in the sun by day and the stars by night. +When thy people and mine are in need and wish for the will of the +Great Spirit, then shall my spirit brood over thine and the words that +thou shalt speak shall be my words." +</p> +<p> +And Wo awoke, facing the east and the rising sun. His body was warmed +by its rays. A great gladness filled his soul. He had sought and found +and prayer came to him like the song to the bird. +</p> +<p> +"O Great Spirit, father of my spirit, the sun is thy messenger, but +thou art brighter than the sun. Drive thou the darkness before me. Be +thou the light of my spirit." As Wo went down the mountain and took +the journey back to the home of his people, his face shone, and the +light never seemed to leave it, so that men called him "He of the +shining face." +</p> +{164} +<p> +When Wo came back to his tribe, all who saw his face knew that he had +found the answer, and they gathered again about the council fire to +hear. As Wo stood up and looked into the eager faces in the circle of +the fire, he remembered that the Great Spirit had given him no message +and for a moment he was dumb. Then the words of the Great Spirit came +to him again. "When thy people and mine shall need to know my will, my +spirit shall brood over thine and the words that thou shalt speak +shall be my words." Looking into the eager faces of longing and +questioning, his Spirit moved within him and he spoke: +</p> +<p> +"I went, I sought, I found the Great Spirit who dwells in the earth as +your spirits dwell in your bodies. It is from Him the spirit comes. We +are His children. He cares for us more than a mother for the child on +her breast, or the father for the son that is his pride. His love is +like the air we breathe: it is about us; it is within us. +</p> +<p> +"The sun is the sign of His brightness, the sky of His greatness and +mother-love and father-love, and the love of man and woman are the +signs of His love. We are but His children; we cannot enter into the +council of the Great Chief until we have been proved, but this is His +will, that we love one another as He loves us; that we bury forever +the hatchet of hate, that no man shall take what is not his own and +the strong shall help the weak." +</p> +<p> +The chiefs did not wholly understand the words of Wo, but they took a +hatchet and buried it by the fire saying, "Thus bury we hate between +man and his brother," and they took an acorn and put it in the earth +saying, "Thus plant we the love of the strong for the weak." And it +became the custom of the tribe that the great council in the spring +should bury the hatchet and plant the acorn. Every morning the tribe +gathered to greet the rising sun, and with right hand raised and left +upon their hearts prayed: "Great Spirit hear us; guide us to-day; make +our wills Thy will, our ways Thy way." +</p> +<p> +And the tribe grew stronger and greater and wiser than all the other +tribes--but that is another story. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Tent Making Made Easy</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +By H. J. Holden +</span><br> +(Reprinted from Recreation. Apr. 1, 1911. by permission of the Editor.) +</p> +<p> +The accompanying sketches show a few of the many different tents which +may be made from any available piece of cloth or canvas. The material +need not be cut, nor its usefulness for other purposes impaired, +except that rings or tapes are attached at various points as +indicated. For each tent the sketches show a front elevation, with a +ground plan, or a side view; also a view of the material laid flat, +with dotted lines to indicate where creases or folds will occur. +Models may be made from stiff paper and will prove as interesting to +the kindergartner in geometry as to the old campaigner in camping. In +most of the tents a ring for suspension is fastened at the centre of +one side. This may be supported by a pole or hung by means {165} of a rope +from any convenient fastening; both methods are shown in the sketches. +Guy ropes are required for a few of the different models, but most of +them are pegged down to the ground. +</p> +<p> +After making paper models, find a stack cover, a tarpaulin, a tent +fly, an awning, or buy some wide cotton cloth, say 90-inch. All the +shapes may be repeatedly made from the same piece of material, if the +rings for changes are left attached. In Nos. 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, a +portion of the canvas is not used and may be turned under to serve as +sod-cloth, or rolled up out of the way. If your material is a large +piece, more pegs and guy lines will be required than is indicated in +the sketches. The suspension ring, 1-1/2 inches or 2 inches in +diameter, should be well fastened, with sufficient reinforcement to +prevent tearing out; 1-inch rings fastened with liberal lengths of +tape are large enough for the pegs and guy lines. Also reinforce along +the lines of the strain from peg to pole. +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 60%; height: 2px;"> +<p> +Fig. 1.--A square of material hung by one corner, from any convenient +support, in a manner to make a comfortable shelter; it will shed rain +and reflect heat. This square makes a good fly or a good ground cloth +for any of the tents. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 320px; height: 390px;" alt="" +src="images/p0165pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 1. Tent from a square of canvas. +<br> + 7 x 7 sheet is ample for a one-man shelter; 9 x 9 will house two. +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 60%; height: 2px;"> +<p> +Fig. 2.--A rectangle equal to two squares. A shelter roomy and warm, +with part of one side open toward the fire. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 281px; height: 451px;" alt="" +src="images/p0165pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 2. Rectangle tent +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 60%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{166} +<br> +<p> +Fig. 3.--Here the rectangle is folded to make a "lean-to" shelter, +with the roof front suspended from a rope or from a horizontal pole by +means of cords. The two corners not in use are folded under, making a +partial ground cloth. A square open front is presented toward the camp +fire. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 370px; height: 418px;" alt="" +src="images/p0166pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 3. Baker, or lean-to +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 60%; height: 2px;"> +<p> +Fig. 4.--Same in plan as No.3, but has a triangular front +and only one point of suspension. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 308px; height: 344px;" alt="" +src="images/p0166pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 4. Same plan as No.3 +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 60%; height: 2px;"> +{167} +<br> +<p> +Fig 5.--Uses all the cloth, has a triangular ground plan, a +square front opening, plenty of head room at the back and requires two or +more guy lines. This shelter resembles a "toque." +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 280px; height: 386px;" alt="" +src="images/p0166pic3.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 5. The toque tent +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 60%; height: 2px;"> +<p > +Fig. 6.--Square or "miner's" tent. Two corners are turned +under. This +tent is enclosed on all sides, with a door in front. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 282px; height: 355px;" alt="" +src="images/p0166pic4.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 6. Miner's tent +</p> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 60%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +<p> +Fig. 7.--Conical tent or "wigwam," entirely enclosed, with door in +front. Two corners of the canvas are turned under. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 318px; height: 361px;" alt="" +src="images/p0167pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 7. Conical tent, or wigwam +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 60%; height: 2px;"> +<p> +Fig. 8.--Has a wall on one side and is called a "canoe tent" in some +catalogues. It requires two or more guy lines and is shown with a pole +support. The front has a triangular opening. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 294px; height: 338px;" alt="" +src="images/p0167pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 8. So-called canoe tent. Requires three guy lines, +<br>and can be supported by a rope instead of a pole +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 60%; height: 2px;"> +<p> +Fig. 9.--A combination of No. 8, with No. 1 in use as an +awning or +fly. This sketch shows both tent and fly suspended by means of a rope. +The "awning" may be swung around to any angle. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 505px; height: 194px;" alt="" +src="images/p0167pic3.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 9. Canoe tent with fly +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 60%; height: 2px;"> +{168} +<br> +<p> +Fig. 10.--Combination of Nos. 1 and 2; they may be fastened together +by a coarse seam or tied with tapes. The ground plan is an equal-sided +triangle, with a door opening on one side, as shown. There is no waste +cloth. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 294px; height: 495px;" alt="" +src="images/p0168pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 10. Combination of Nos. 1 and 2 +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 60%; height: 2px;"> +<p> +Fig. 11.--No. 10 changed to a conical shape and suspended as +a canopy. The circular shape is secured by the use of small-size gas pipe +or limber poles bent into a large hoop. Of course guy lines may be used, +but would probably be in the way. Notice that a little more material +for making a wall would transform the canopy into a "Sibley" tent. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 284px; height: 532px;" alt="" +src="images/p0168pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 11. Sibley awning +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 60%; height: 2px;"> +<p> +There are other shapes and combinations, but perhaps these sketches +are enough in the line of suggestion. +</p> +<p> +The diagram Fig. 12 shows a method for laying out, on your cloth, the +location of all the rings to make the tents and shelters. No +dimensions are given and none is required. The diagram is good for any +size. Most of the fastenings are found on radial lines, which are +spaced to divide a semi-circle into eight equal {169} angles, 22-1/2 degrees +each; these intersect other construction lines and locate the +necessary loops and rings. Figures are given at each ring which refer +back to the sketch numbers. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 584px; height: 327px;" alt="" +src="images/p0169pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Fig. 12. Showing how ten different tents can be made with but one +piece of canvas +</p> +<br> +<p> +Suppose the material at hand is the widest unbleached cotton cloth, 90 +inches wide, 5 yards long, or 7-1/2 feet by 15 feet. The accompanying +table will give the dimensions for the various shapes from Fig. 1 to +Fig. 11. +</p> +<p> +If in doubt about the location of rings on your canvas, suspend the +tent by the centre ring and fasten the loops temporarily by means of +safety pins, draw the tent into shape and shift the fastenings as +required. The guy lines should have hooks or snaps at one end for +ready attachment and removal; the other end should be provided with +the usual slides for "take up." The edge of the cloth where the large +ring for suspension is fastened should be bound with tape or have a +double hem, for it is the edge of the door in most of the tents shown. +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">TABLE OF DIMENSIONS, 90 IN. +MATERIAL</span> +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 382px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">Size +<br> +</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;"> +<br> +</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">Area, +Sq. Ft. +<br> +</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">Height, Ft.</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">Remarks</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1</td> +<td>7-1/2 ft. triangle</td> +<td>25 </td> +<td>6-1/4 </td> +<td>One side +open</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2 </td> +<td>6-1/2 X 15 ft.</td> +<td>65</td> +<td>6-1/4 </td> +<td>One side open</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3</td> +<td>6 x 7-1/2 ft.</td> +<td>45</td> +<td> 4-1/2 </td> +<td>One side open</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>4</td> +<td>7-1/2 x 8 ft.</td> +<td>60 </td> +<td>5-1/2 </td> +<td>One side open</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>5</td> +<td>7-1/2 ft. triangle</td> +<td>25 </td> +<td>7-1/2 </td> +<td>One side open</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>6</td> +<td>6-1/4 x 6-1/4 ft.</td> +<td>39</td> +<td>7</td> +<td>Enclosed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>7</td> +<td>7-1/2 ft. diam.</td> +<td>44</td> +<td>6-1/2</td> +<td>Enclosed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>8</td> +<td>5 x 7-1/2 ft.</td> +<td>37-1/2</td> +<td>6-1/2</td> +<td>2-1/2 ft. wall</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>9</td> +<td>7-1/2 x 8 ft.</td> +<td>60 </td> +<td>6-1/2</td> +<td>No.8, with fly</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>10</td> +<td>15 ft. triangle</td> +<td>97</td> +<td>6-1/4</td> +<td>Enclosed</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>11</td> +<td>11-1/4 ft. circle</td> +<td>108</td> +<td>5</td> +<td>Canopy, no sides</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +{170} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Waterproofing a Tent</span> +</p> +<p> +Dissolve half a pound of alum in two quarts of boiling water; then add +two gallons of pure cold water. In this solution place the material +and let it remain for a day. Dissolve a quarter of a pound of sugar of +lead in two quarts boiling water, then add two gallons of cold water. +Take the material from the alum solution, wring it lightly, place in +the second solution and leave for five or six hours; then wring out +again lightly and allow it to dry. +</p> +<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> +[Transcriber's note: Sugar of Lead (Lead Acetate) is toxic.]</span> +<br> +<p> +If you want to avoid trouble with a leaky tent, the following solution +is a "sure cure;" Take a gallon or two gallons of turpentine and one +or two cakes of paraffin, drug store size. Chip the paraffin fairly +fine; dump it into the turpentine. Place the turpentine in a pail and +set same in a larger pail or a tub of hot water. The hot water will +heat the turpentine, and the turpentine will melt the paraffin. Stir +thoroughly, and renew your supply of hot water if necessary. Then pile +your tent into a tub and pour in the turpentine and paraffin mixture. +Work the tent all over thoroughly with your hands, so that every fiber +gets well saturated. You must work fast, however, as the paraffin +begins to thicken as it cools; and work out of doors, in a breeze if +possible, as the fumes of the turpentine will surely make you sick if +you try it indoors. When you have the tent thoroughly saturated, hang +it up to dry. It is not necessary to wring the tent out when you hang +it up. Just let it drip. If you use too much paraffin the tent may +look a little dirty after it dries, but it will be all right after you +have used it once or twice. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">An Open Outing Tent</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +By Warren H. Miller, Editor "Field and Stream." +</span> +</p> +<p> +To make an open outing tent, get thirteen yards of 8 oz. duck canvas, +which can be bought at any department store or dry goods store for +seventeen or eighteen cents a yard. This makes your total expense +$2.21 for your tent. Layout the strip of canvas on the floor and cut +one end square; measure up 8 inches along the edge and draw a line to +the other corner. {171} From this corner layoff 7 ft. 8 in. along the edge +and on the opposite side, layoff 5 ft. 9 in. beginning at the end of +your 8-in. measurement. Now take a ruler and draw another diagonal +across the canvas at the ends of these measurements and you have the +first gore of your tent. Cut it across, turn the gore over, lay it +down on the strip so as to measure off another one exactly like it. +This is the corresponding gore for the other side of the tent. To make +the second pair of gores, layoff 5 ft. 9 in. along one side of the +remaining strip of canvas beginning at the pointed end, and 3 ft. 10 +in. on the other side. Join these points with a diagonal and you have +a second gore, a duplicate of which is then cut by using it as a +pattern, reversing and laying it down on the strip of canvas. To make +the third gore, layoff 3 ft. 10 in, on one edge of your strip +beginning at the point, and 1 ft. 11 in. on the other side. Draw a +diagonal across and you have the third gore. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 583px; height: 102px;" alt="" +src="images/p0171pic1.jpg"> +<br> +How to cut up your strip of canvas +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 229px; height: 179px;" alt="" +src="images/p0171pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Forester tent pattern +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 335px; height: 213px;" alt="" +src="images/p0171pic3.jpg"> +<br> +Forester tent with hood +</p> +<br> +<p> +You have now used up all but two yards of your canvas, plus a little +left-over piece of about two feet long. Out of this little left-over +piece make a triangle 1 ft. 11 in. on the side, which will form the +back triangle of your tent. Now pin your three gores together to make +the side of your tent, just as in the illustrations, and pin the two +sides together along the ridge. Then sew this tent up. Sew in the +little back triangle and hem all around the edges. Leave a hole at the +peak of the little triangle through which the ridge pole must go. +</p> +{172} +<p> +To set it up, cut three small saplings, one of which should be twelve +feet long and the other two, ten feet long. Tie these two together at +the ends making what the sailors call a "shears." Take the twelve-foot +pole and run it down the ridge inside the tent, and out through the +hole in the back. Now raise the ridge pole with one end stuck in the +ground and the front end resting on the two shear poles and tie all +three of them together. At the end of each seam along the hem you must +work in a little eyelet hole for a short piece of twine to tie to the +tent pegs. Stretch out the back triangle, pegging it down at the two +corners on the ground, and then peg out each hole along the foot until +the entire tent stretches out taut as in our illustrations. Three feet +from the peak along the front edge you must have another eyelet hole +with a little piece of twine and you tie this out to the shear pole on +each side which gives the tent the peculiar gambrel roof which it has, +and which has the advantage of giving you lots more room inside than +the straight tent would. You now have what is known as the "open" +forester tent. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 453px; height: 305px;" alt="" +src="images/p0172pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Forester tent with hood +</p> +<p> +If a thunder storm comes up with a driving rain it will surely rain in +at the front unless you turn the tent around by moving the poles one +at a time. If you don't want to do this you can make a hood for the +front out of the two yards of canvas you have left. Simply draw a +diagonal from one corner to the other of this {173} two-yard piece of duck +and cut it down the diagonal, making two thin triangles which are +sewed to the front edges of the open forester tent, making a hood of +the shape shown in our picture. This prevents the rain beating in the +opening of your tent but still lets the heat of your fire strike in +and at the same time it keeps the heat in the tent as it will not flow +out along the ridge pole as it does in the open type. +</p> +<p> +This tent weighs six pounds and packs into a little package fourteen +inches long by seven inches wide by six: inches thick, and can be +carried as a shoulder strap or put in a back pack or any way you wish +to take it. It will sleep three boys, or two men and a boy, very +comfortably indeed. While it really does not need to be water-proofed, +as it immediately shrinks tight after the first rain, you can +water-proof it if you wish by making a solution of ten ounces of quick +lime with four ounces of alum in ten quarts of water. Stir +occasionally until the lime has slackened. Put the tent in another +pail and pour the solution over it, letting it stand twelve hours. +Take out and hang it on the clothes-line to dry. It will then be +entirely waterproof. +</p> +<p> +To make a good night fire in front of the tent, drive two stout stakes +three feet long in the ground about three feet from the mouth of the +tent; pile four logs one on top of the other against these stakes or +take a large flat stone and rest it against it. Make two log andirons +for each side of the fire and build your fire in the space between +them. It will give you a fine cheerful fire and all the heat will be +reflected by the back logs into the tent, making it warm and cheerful. +Inside you can put your browse bags stuffed with balsam browse; or +pile up a mountain of dry leaves over which you can stretch your +blankets. Pile all the duffle way back in the peak against the little +back triangle where it will surely keep dry and will form a sort of +back for your pillows. You will find the forester tent lighter and +warmer than the ordinary lean-to, as it reflects the heat better. +After a couple of weeks in it you will come home with your lungs so +full of ozone that it will be impossible to sleep in an ordinary room +without feeling smothered. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Canoeing, Rowing and Sailing</span> +</p> +<p> +(Prepared with the cooperation of Mr. Arthur A. Carey, Scout Master, +Boy Scout ship Pioneer; Mr. Carleton E. Sholl, Captain Lakanoo Boat +Club Crew; Mr. Frederick K. Vreeland, Camp-Fire Club of America. and +Mr. R. F. Tims, Vice-Commodore, American Canoe Association.) +</p> +<p> +The birch-bark canoe is the boat of the North American Indians, and +our modern canvas canoes are made, with some {174} variations, on the Indian +model. With the possible exception of the Venetian gondola, the motion +of a canoe is more graceful than that of any other boat propelled by +hand; it should be continuous and gliding, and so silent that it may +be brought up in the night to an animal or enemy, Indian fashion, +without making any sound, and so take them by surprise. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 340px; height: 297px;" alt="" +src="images/p0174pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Canoeing stroke (a) +</p> +<p> +Many accidents happen in canoes--not because they are unsafe when +properly handled, but because they are unsafe when improperly +handled--and many people do not take the trouble even to find out the +proper way of managing a canoe. Many canoes have seats almost on a +level with the gunwale, whereas, properly speaking, the only place to +sit in a canoe is on the bottom; for a seat raises the body too high +above the centre of gravity and makes the canoe unsteady and likely to +upset. It is, however, difficult to paddle while sitting in the bottom +of a canoe, and the best position for paddling is that of kneeling and +at the same time resting back against one of the thwarts. The size of +the single-blade paddle should be in proportion to the size of the boy +who uses it--long enough to reach from the ground to the tip of his +nose. The bow paddle may be a little shorter. The canoeman should +learn to paddle equally well on either side of a canoe. When paddling +on the {175} left side the top of the paddle should be held by the right +hand, and the left hand should be placed a few inches above the +beginning of the blade. The old Indian stroke, which is the most +approved modern method for all-round canoeing, whether racing or +cruising, is made with the arms almost straight--but not stiff--the +arm at the top of the paddle bending only slightly at the elbow. This +stroke is really a swing from the shoulder, in which there is little +or no push or pull with the arm. When paddling on the left side of the +canoe the right shoulder swings forward and the whole force of the +body is used to push the blade of the paddle through the water, the +left hand acting as a fulcrum. While the right shoulder is swung +forward, the right hand is at the same time twisted at the wrist so +that the thumb goes down; this motion of the wrist has the effect of +turning the paddle around in the left hand--the left wrist being +allowed to bend freely--so that, at the end of the stroke, the blade +slides out of the water almost horizontally. If you should twist the +paddle in the opposite direction it would force the head of the canoe +around so that it would travel in a circle. At the recovery of the +stroke the right shoulder swings back and the paddle is brought +forward in a horizontal position, with the blade almost parallel to +the water. It is swung forward until the paddle is at right angles +across the canoe, then the blade is dipped edgewise with a slicing +motion and a new stroke begins. In paddling on the right side of the +canoe the position of the two hands and the motion of the two +shoulders are reversed. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 335px; height: 442px;" alt="" +src="images/p0175pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Canoeing stroke (b) +</p> +<p> +Something should also be said about double paddles--that is, paddles +with two blades--one at each end--as their use is becoming more +general every year. With the double paddle a novice can handle a +canoe, head on to a stiff wind, a feat which {176} requires skill and +experience with a single blade. The doubles give greater safety and +more speed and they develop chest, arm and shoulder muscles not +brought into play with a single blade. The double paddle is not to be +recommended to the exclusion of the single blade, but there are many +times when there is an advantage in its use. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 431px; height: 396px;" alt="" +src="images/p0176pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Canoeing stroke (c) +</p> +<p> +In getting in or out of a canoe it is especially necessary to step in +the very centre of the boat; and be careful never to lean on any +object--such as the edge of a wharf--outside of the boat, for this +disturbs your balance and may capsize the canoe. Especially in getting +out, put down your paddle first, and then, grasping the gunwale firmly +in each hand, rise by putting your weight equally on both sides of the +canoe. If your canoe should drift away sideways from the +landing-place, when you are trying to land, place the blade of your +paddle flat upon the water in the direction of the wharf and gently +draw the canoe up to the landing-place with a slight sculling motion. +</p> +<p> +When it is necessary to cross the waves in rough water, always try to +cross them "quartering," i. e. at an oblique angle, but not at right +angles. Crossing big waves at right angles {177} is difficult and apt to +strain a canoe, and getting lengthwise between the waves is dangerous. +Always have more weight aft than in the bow; but, when there is only +one person in the canoe, it may be convenient to place a weight +forward as a balance; but it should always be lighter than the weight +aft. A skillful canoeman will paddle a light canoe even in a strong +wind by kneeling at a point about one third of the length from the +stern. +</p> +<p> +For the purpose of sailing in a canoe the Lateen rig is the safest, +most easily handled, and the best all-round sailing outfit. For a +seventeen-foot canoe a sail having forty square feet of surface is to +be recommended, and, in all except very high winds, this can be +handled by one man. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 448px; height: 282px;" alt="" +src="images/p0177pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Canoe with sail +</p> +<p> +The Lateen sail is made in the form of an equilateral triangle, and +two sides are fastened to spars which are connected at one end by a +hinge or jaw. The mast--which should be set well forward--should be so +long that, when the sail is spread and the slanting upper spar is +swung from the top of the mast, the lower spar will swing level about +six to eight inches above the gunwale and hang clear above all parts +of the boat in going about. The sail is hoisted by a halyard attached +at, or a little above, the centre of the upper spar, then drawn +through a block attached to the brace which holds the mast in +position, {178} and thus to the cleats--within easy reach of the sailor. The +sheet line is fastened to the lower spar, about two feet from the +outer end; and, when not held in the hand, may be fastened to another +cleat. Both halyard and sheet should at all times be kept clear, so as +to run easily, and with knots about the cleats that can be instantly +slipped. +</p> +<p> +The leeboard is a necessary attachment to the sailing outfit. It is +made with two blades--about three feet long and ten inches wide would +furnish a good-sized surface in the water--one dropping on each side +of the canoe and firmly supported by a bar fastened to the gunwale. +The blades should be so rigged that, when striking an object in the +water, they will quickly release, causing no strain on the canoe. The +leeboard, like a centre board, is of course intended to keep the canoe +from sliding off when trying to beat up into the wind. When running +free before the wind the board should be raised. The general rules for +sailing larger craft apply to the canoe. +</p> +<p> +The paddle is used as a rudder and may be held by the sailor, but a +better plan is to have two paddles, one over each side, made fast to +the gunwale or the brace. The sailor can then grasp either one as he +goes about and there is no danger of losing the paddles overboard. In +sailing, the sailor sits on the bottom, on the opposite side from the +sail, except in a high wind, when he sits on the gunwale where he can +the better balance the sail with his weight. The combination of sail, +leeboards, and the balancing weight of the sailor, will render the +canoe stiff and safe, with proper care, in any wind less than a gale. +A crew may consist of two or three in a seventeen foot canoe. +</p> +<p> +The spars and mast of a sailing outfit should be of spruce or some +other light but strong wood, while cedar or some non-splitting wood is +best for the leeboards. Young canoeists will enjoy making their own +sailing outfits; or a complete Lateen rig as made by various canoe +manufacturers can be purchased either directly from them or through +almost any dealer. +</p> +<p> +In case of an upset the greatest mistake is to leave the boat. A +capsized canoe will support at least four persons as long as they have +strength to cling to it. A single man or boy, in case of upsetting +beyond swimming distance to land, should stretch himself flat upon the +bottom of the canoe, with arms and legs spread down over the +tumblehome toward the submerged gunwales. He can thus lie in safety +for hours till help arrives. When two persons are upset, they should +range themselves one {179} on each side of the overturned boat; and, with +one hand grasping each other's wrists across the boat, use the other +hand to cling to the keel or the gunwale. If the canoe should swamp, +{180} fill with water, and begin to sink, it should be turned over in the +water. It is the air remaining under the inverted hull that gives the +craft sufficient buoyancy to support weight. +</p> +<p> +Never overload a canoe. In one of the ordinary size--about seventeen +feet in length--three persons should be the maximum number at +anytime, and remember never to change seats in a canoe when out of +your depth. +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +{179} +<br> +<p> +This diagram illustrates some of the angles formed by the boom and the +keel line of the boat in different positions: +</p> +<p style="margin-left: 40px;"> +Running free, or before the wind +<br> +Wind abeam Port tack +<br> +Wind abeam Starboard tack +<br> +Pointing into the wind Port tack +<br> +Pointing into the wind Starboard tack. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 420px; height: 677px;" alt="" +src="images/p0179pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +<br> +{180 continued} +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Row-boats</span> +</p> +<p> +There is a certain caution in the use of boats which you will always +find among sailors and fishermen and all persons who are using them +constantly. Such a person instinctively steps into the middle of the +boat when getting in, and always sits in the middle of the thwart or +seat. This is a matter of instinct with seafaring people, and so is +the habit of never fooling in a boat. Only landlubbers will try to +stand up in a small boat while in motion; and, as for the man who +rocks a boat "for fun," he is like the man "who didn't know the gun +was loaded." +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Rowing</span> +</p> +<p> +Row-boats are propelled either by rowing or by sculling; and rowing is +either "pulling" or "backing water." The usual way of rowing is to +"pull" and to do so, you sit with your back to the bow and propel the +boat by pulling the handles toward your body and so pressing the +blades of the oars against the water toward the stern, while pushing +with your feet against a brace. In backing water you reverse the +action of the oars, pushing the handles away from your body and +pressing the blades of the oars against the water toward the bow. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Turning</span> +</p> +<p> +To turn your boat to the right, when pulling, you row only with the +left oar; or, if you wish to make a sharp turn "pull" with the left +oar and "back water" with the right. To turn your boat to the left the +action of the oars is reversed. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Feathering</span> +</p> +<p> +To prevent the momentum of the boat from being checked by the wind +blowing on the blades of the oars, the blades must be turned into a +horizontal position as they leave the water. In "pulling" this is done +by turning the hands backward at {181} the wrist, and in backing water it is +done by turning the hands forward at the wrist. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Sculling</span> +</p> +<p> +To scull is to propel a boat by a single oar at the stern. The boat +must be provided with rowlock or a semicircular scoop in the stern, +and the boat is propelled by working the oar at the stem, obliquely +from side to side. This is a convenient way of doing when you are +working among boats in the water, and have to go short distances +without the necessity of speed. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Steering</span> +</p> +<p> +When rowing a boat without the use of a rudder, instead of constantly +turning the head around to see where you are going, it is convenient +to fix upon some object in the landscape on an imaginary line with the +middle of the stern and the middle of the bow; you can then keep your +boat approximately in the right position, without the trouble of +turning your head, by keeping the object selected on a line with the +middle of the stern board. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Coming Alongside</span> +</p> +<p> +When coming alongside of a boat or wharf always approach on the +leeward side or that opposite from which the wind is blowing, and come +up so that the boat will be headed into the wind and waves. Stop +rowing at a convenient distance from the landing-place and come up +with gentle headway; then take in the oar nearest the landing, and, if +necessary, back water with the other oar. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Keeping Stroke</span> +</p> +<p> +When two or more are rowing together the length and speed of the +stroke are set by the man sitting nearest the stern. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Rough Weather</span> +</p> +<p> +Always try to row as nearly as possible into the waves at right +angles. In this way you are likely to ship less water and to avoid +capsizing. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Going Ashore</span> +</p> +<p> +When going ashore always leave your oars lying flat on the thwarts on +either side of your boat. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Salute</span> +</p> +<p> +To salute a passing vessel or boat, hold the oars up at right angles +with the water. +</p> +<br> +{182} +<p> +Every row-boat should be provided with a rough sponge and a tin dipper +to be used in bailing out the water. Always bail out the water after a +rain and keep your boat clean and tidy. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Sailing in Small Boats</span> +</p> +<p> +The most convenient kind of a boat to learn to sail in is a cat-boat, +which is a boat with a single fore and aft sail held in place by a +boom at the bottom and a gaff at the top. +</p> +<p> +To understand the principle of sailing we must realize that a +sail-boat, without the use of a rudder, acts in the water and wind +very much the way a weather vane acts in the air. The bow of the boat +naturally turns toward the wind, thus relieving the sail of all +pressure and keeping it shaking. But if by keeping the main sheet in +your hand you hold the sail in a fixed position, and, at the same +time, draw the tiller away from the sail, it will gradually fill with +air beginning at the hoist or mast end of the sail and impel the boat +in the direction in which you are steering. Given a certain direction +in which you want to travel, the problem is, by letting out or hauling +in your main-sheet, to keep the sail as nearly as possible at right +angles with the direction of the wind. We must remember, also, that, +while the sail must be kept full, it should not be kept more than +full; that is, its position must be such that, by the least push of +the tiller toward the sail, the sail will begin to shake at the hoist. +It is even desirable in a strong wind, and especially for beginners, +to always let the sail, close to the mast, shake a little without +losing too much pressure. When you are sailing with the wind coming +over the boat from its port side you are sailing on the port tack, and +when you are sailing with the wind coming across the boat on its +starboard side you are sailing on the starboard tack. The port side of +the boat is the left hand side as you face the bow while standing on +board, and the starboard side is the right hand side. An easy way of +remembering this is by recalling the sentence, "Jack left port." +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Direction of Wind</span> +</p> +<p> +Of course, you will see that, if you should forget which way the wind +is blowing, you could not possibly know the right position for your +sail; and this is one of the first requirements for a beginner. It is +quite easy to become confused with regard to the direction of the +wind, and therefore every boat should be provided with a small flag or +fly at its mast-head and you should keep watching it at every turn of +the boat until the habit {183} has become instinctive. It is convenient to +remember that the fly should always point as nearly as possible to the +end of the gaff, except when you are sailing free or before the wind. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Close to Wind</span> +</p> +<p> +Sailing with the boat pointing as nearly as possible against the wind +is called sailing close to the wind; when you have turned your bow to +the right or left so that the wind strikes both boat and sail at right +angles you are sailing with the wind abeam; as you let out your sheet +so that the boom makes a larger angle with an imaginary line running +from the mast to the middle of the stern you are sailing off the wind; +and, when your sail stands at right angles to this same line, you are +sailing free or before the wind. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Before the Wind</span> +</p> +<p> +Sailing free, or before the wind, is the extreme opposite of sailing +close hauled or on the wind, and the wind is blowing behind your back +instead of approaching the sail from the direction of the mast. If you +are sailing free on the port tack, with the boom at right angles to +the mast on the starboard side, and you should steer your boat +sufficiently to starboard, the wind would strike the sail at its outer +edge or leech and throw the sail and boom violently over to the port +side of the mast. This is called jibing and is a very dangerous thing; +it should be carefully guarded against whenever sailing before the +wind. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Reefing</span> +</p> +<p> +If you find that the wind is too strong for your boat, and that you +are carrying too much sail, you can let her come up into the wind and +take in one or two reefs. This is done by letting out both the throat +and peak halliards enough to give sufficient slack of sail, then by +hauling the sail out toward the end of the boom, and afterward by +rolling the sail up and tying the points under and around it, but not +around the boom. Always use a square or reef knot in tying your reef +points. In case of a squall or a strong puff of wind, remember that +you can always ease the pressure on your sail by turning the bow into +the wind, and if for any reason you wish to shorten suddenly you can +drop your peak by loosening the peak halliards. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Ready About</span> +</p> +<p> +Before "going about," or turning your bow so that the wind will strike +the other side of the sail at its mast end, the man {184} at the helm should +always give warning by singing out the words, "ready about." "Going +about" is just the opposite of jibbing. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Right of Way</span> +</p> +<p> +When two boats approach each other in opposite directions, close +hauled, the boat on the starboard tack has the right of way and should +continue her course. The responsibility of avoiding a collision rests +with the boat sailing on the port tack. But a boat running before the +wind must always give way to a boat close hauled. +</p> +<p> +When sailing through high waves, always try as far as possible to +head into them directly at right angles. Always steer as steadily as +possible. If you are careful to keep the boat on her course and do not +let your mind wander, only a slight motion of the tiller from side to +side will be necessary. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Flying the Flag</span> +</p> +<p> +While the "fly" or "pennant" is carried at the top of the mast, the +flag is carried at the peak or upper corner of the sail at the end of +the gaff. The salute consists of tipping or slightly lowering the flag +and raising it again into position. +</p> +<br> +{185} +<br> +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +<br> +{186} +<br> +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +{187} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">CHAPTER IV</span><br style="font-weight: +bold;"> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">TRACKS, TRAILING AND SIGNALING</span> +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +By Ernest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout +</span> +</p> +<br> +<p> +"I wish I could go West and join the Indians so that I should have no +lessons to learn," said an unhappy small boy who could discover no +atom of sense or purpose in any one of the three R's. +</p> +<p> +"You never made a greater mistake," said the scribe. "For the young +Indians have many hard lessons from their earliest day--hard lessons +and hard punishments. With them the dread penalty of failure is 'go +hungry till you win,' and no harder task have they than their reading +lesson. Not twenty-six characters are to be learned in this exercise, +but one thousand; not clear straight print are they, but dim, +washed-out, crooked traces; not in-doors on comfortable chairs, with a +patient teacher always near, but out in the forest, often alone and in +every kind of weather, they slowly decipher their letters and read +sentences of the oldest writing on earth--a style so old that the +hieroglyphs of Egypt, the cylinders of Nippur, and the drawings of the +cave men are as things of to-day in comparison--the one universal +script--the tracks in the dust, mud, or snow. +</p> +<p> +"These are the inscriptions that every hunter must learn to read +infallibly, and be they strong or faint, straight or crooked, simple +or overwritten with many a puzzling, diverse phrase, he must decipher +and follow them swiftly, unerringly if there is to be a successful +ending to the hunt which provides his daily food. +</p> +<p> +"This is the reading lesson of the young Indians, and it is a style +that will never become out of date. The naturalist also must acquire +some measure of proficiency in the ancient art. Its usefulness is +unending to the student of wild life; without it he would know little +of the people of the wood." +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">There Are Still Many Wild Animals</span> +</p> +<p> +It is a remarkable fact that there are always more wild animals about +than any but the expert has an idea of. For {188} example, there are, within +twenty miles of New York City, fully fifty different kinds--not +counting birds, reptiles, or fishes--one quarter of which at least are +abundant. Or more particularly within the limits of Greater New York +there are at least a dozen species of wild beasts, half of which are +quite common. +</p> +<p> +"Then how is it that we never see any?" is the first question of the +incredulous. The answer is: Long ago the beasts learned the dire +lesson--man is our worst enemy; shun him at any price. And the +simplest way to do this is to come out only at night. Man is a daytime +creature; he is blind in the soft half-light that most beasts prefer. +</p> +<p> +While many animals have always limited their activity to the hours of +twilight and gloom, there are not a few that moved about in daytime, +but have given up that portion of their working day in order to avoid +the arch enemy. +</p> +<p> +Thus they can flourish under our noses and eat at our tables, without +our knowledge or consent. They come and go at will, and the world +knows nothing of them; their presence might long go unsuspected but +for one thing, well known to the hunter, the trapper, and the +naturalist: wherever the wild four-foot goes, it leaves behind a +record of its visit, its name, the direction whence it came, the time, +the thing it did or tried to do, with the time and direction of +departure. These it puts down in the ancient script. Each of these +dotted lines, called the trail, is a wonderful, unfinished record of +the creature's life during the time it made the same, and it needs +only the patient work of the naturalist to decipher that record and +from it learn much about the animal that made it, without that animal +ever having been seen. +</p> +<p> +Savages are more skilful at it than civilized folk, because tracking +is their serious life-long pursuit and they do not injure their eyes +with books. Intelligence is important here as elsewhere, yet it is a +remarkable fact that the lowest race of mankind, the Australian +blacks, are reputed to be by far the best trackers; not only are their +eyes and attention developed and disciplined, but they have retained +much of the scent power that civilized man has lost, and can follow a +fresh track, partly at least by smell. +</p> +<p> +It is hard to over-value the powers of the clever tracker. To him the +trail of each animal is not a mere series of similar footprints; it is +an accurate account of the creature's life, habit, changing whims, and +emotions during the portion of life whose record is in view. These are +indeed autobiographical chapters, {190} and differ from other +autobiographies in this--they cannot tell a lie. We may get wrong +information from them, but it is our fault if we do; we misread the +document that cannot falsify. +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{189} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 465px; height: 715px;" alt="" +src="images/p0189pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Deer, Sheep, Mink, Cottontail, Hawk, Owl, Meadow Mouse +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{190 continued} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">When to Learn Tracking</span> +</p> +<p> +The ideal time for tracking, and almost the only time for most folk, +is when the ground is white. After the first snow the student walks +forth and begins at once to realize the wonders of the trail. A score +of creatures of whose existence, maybe, he did not know, are now +revealed about him, and the reading of their autographs becomes easy. +</p> +<p> +It is when the snow is on the ground, indeed, that we take our +four-foot census of the woods. How often we learn with surprise from +the telltale white that a fox was around our hen house last night, a +mink is living even now under the wood pile, and a deer--yes! there is +no mistaking its sharp-pointed un-sheep-like footprint--has wandered +into our woods from the farther wilds. +</p> +<p> +Never lose the chance of the first snow if you wish to become a +trailer. Nevertheless, remember that the first morning after a night's +snow fall is not so good as the second. Most creatures "lie up" during +the storm; the snow hides the tracks of those that do go forth; and +some actually go into a "cold sleep" for a day or two after a heavy +downfall. But a calm, mild night following a storm is sure to offer +abundant and ideal opportunity for beginning the study of the trail. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">How to Learn</span> +</p> +<p> +Here are some of the important facts to keep in view, when you set +forth to master the rudiments: +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +First.</span>--No two animals leave the same trail; not only each kind but +each individual, and each individual at each stage of its life, leaves +a trail as distinctive as the creature's appearance, and it is obvious +that in that they differ among themselves just as we do, because the +young know their mothers, the mothers know their young, and the old +ones know their mates, when scent is clearly out of the question. +</p> +<p> +Another simple evidence of this is the well known fact that no two +human beings have the same thumb mark; all living creatures have +corresponding peculiarities, and all use these parts in making the +trail +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Second.</span>--The trail was begun at the birthplace of that creature and +ends only at its death place; it may be recorded in visible track or +perceptible odor. It may last but a few {191} hours, and may be too faint +even for an expert with present equipment to follow, but evidently the +trail is made, wherever the creature journeys afoot. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Third.</span>--It varies with every important change of impulse, action, or +emotion. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Fourth</span>--When we find a trail we may rest assured that, if living, +the +creature that made it is at the other end. And if one can follow, it +is only a question of time before coming up with that animal. And be +sure of its direction before setting out; many a novice has lost much +time by going backward on the trail. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Fifth</span>.--In studying trails one must always keep probabilities in +mind. +Sometimes one kind of track looks much like another; then the question +is, "Which is the likeliest in this place." +</p> +<p> +If I saw a jaguar track in India, I should know it was made by a +leopard. If I found a leopard in Colorado, I should be sure I had +found the mark of a cougar or mountain lion. A wolf track on Broadway +would doubtless be the doing of a very large dog, and a St. Bernard's +footmark in the Rockies, twenty miles from anywhere, would most likely +turn out to be the happen-so imprint of a gray wolf's foot. To be sure +of the marks, then, one should know all the animals that belong to the +neighborhood. +</p> +<p> +These facts are well known to every hunter. Most savages are hunters, +and one of the early lessons of the Indian boy is to know the tracks +of the different beasts about him. These are the letters of the old, +old writing. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">A First Try</span> +</p> +<p> +Let us go forth into the woods in one of the North-eastern states when +there is a good tracking snow, and learn a few of these letters of the +wood alphabet. +</p> +<p> +Two at least are sure to be seen--the track of the blarina and of the +deer mouse. They are shown on the same scale in Figs. 1 and 2, page +198. +</p> +<p> +In Fig. 3 is the track of the meadow mouse. This is not unlike that of +the blarina, because it walks, being a ground animal, while the deer +mouse more often bounds. The delicate lace traceries of the masked +shrew, shown in Fig. 4, are almost invisible unless the sun be low; +they are difficult to draw, and impossible to photograph or cast +satisfactorily but the sketch gives enough to recognize them by. +</p> +<p> +The meadow mouse belongs to the rank grass in the lowland {192} near the +brook, and passing it toward the open, running, water we may see the +curious track of the muskrat; its five-toed hind foot, its four-toed +front foot, and its long keeled tail, are plainly on record. When he +goes slowly the tail mark is nearly straight; when he goes fast it is +wavy in proportion to his pace. Page 193. +</p> +<p> +The muskrat is a valiant beast; he never dies without fighting to the +last, but he is in dread of another brookland creature whose trail is +here--the mink. Individual tracks of this animal are shown in No. 1, +page 161. Here he was bounding; the forefeet are together, the +hindfeet track ahead, and tail mark shows, and but four toes in each +track, though the creature has five on each foot. He is a dreaded +enemy of poor Molly Cottontail, and more than once I have seen the +records of his relentless pursuit. One of these fits in admirably as +an illustration of our present study. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">A Story of the Trail</span> +</p> +<p> +It was in the winter of 1900, I was standing with my brother, a +business man, on Goat Island, Niagara, when he remarked, "How is it? +You and I have been in the same parts of America for twenty years, yet +I never see any of the curious sides of animal life that you are +continually coming across." +</p> +<p> +"Largely because you do not study tracks," was the reply. "Look at +your feet now. There is a whole history to be read." +</p> +<p> +"I see some marks," he replied, "that might have been made by some +animal." "That is the track of a cottontail," was the answer. "Now, +let us read the chapter of his life. See, he went in a general +straight course as though making some well-known haunt, his easy pace, +with eight or ten inches between each set of tracks, shows unalarm. +But see here, joining on, is something else." +</p> +<p> +"So there is. Another cottontail." +</p> +<p> +"Not at all, this new track is smaller, the forefeet are more or less +paired, showing that the creature can climb a tree; there is a +suggestion of toe pads and there is a mark telling evidently of a long +tail; these things combined with the size and the place identify it +clearly. This is the trail of a mink. See! he has also found the +rabbit track, and finding it fresh, he followed it. His bounds are +lengthened now, but the rabbit's are not, showing that the latter was +unconscious of the pursuit." +</p> +<p> +After one hundred yards the double trail led us to a great pile of +wood, and into this both went. Having followed his {193} game into dense +cover, the trailer's first business was to make sure that it did not +go out the other side. We went carefully around the pile; there were +no tracks leading out. +</p> +<p> +"Now," I said, "if you will take the trouble to move that wood pile +you will find in it the remains of the rabbit half devoured and the +mink himself. At this moment he is no doubt curled up asleep." +</p> +<p> +As the pile was large and the conclusion more or less self-evident, my +brother was content to accept my reading of the episode. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">What About Winter Sleepers</span> +</p> +<p> +Although so much is to be read in the wintry white, we cannot now make +a full account of all the woodland four-foots, for there are some +kinds that do not come out on the snow; they sleep more or less all +winter. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 441px; height: 536px;" alt="" +src="images/p0193pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Dog tracks, front and back (1/2 life-size) +<br> +<br> +Cat tracks, front and bad (1/2 life-size) +<br> +<br> +Uppermost, well-developed human foot +<br> +<br> +Middle, a foot always cramped by boots +<br> +<br> +Bottom, a bare foot, never in boots +<br> +<br> +Muskrat tracks, (1/3 life-size) +</p> +<br> +{194} +<p> +Thus, one rarely sees the track of a chipmunk or woodchuck in truly +wintry weather; and never, so far as I know, have the trails of +jumping mouse or mud turtle been seen in the snow. These we can track +only in the mud or dust. Such trails cannot be followed as far as +those in the snow, simply because the mud and dust do not cover the +whole country, but they are usually as clear and in some respects more +easy of record. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">How to Make Pictures of Tracks</span> +</p> +<p> +It is a most fascinating amusement to learn some creature's way of +life by following its fresh track for hours in good snow. I never miss +such a chance. If I cannot find a fresh track, I take a stale one, +knowing that, theoretically, it is fresher at every step, and from +practical experience that it always brings one to some track that is +fresh. +</p> +<p> +How often I have wished for a perfect means of transferring these wild +life tales to paper or otherwise making a permanent collection. My +earliest attempts were in free-hand drawing, which answers, but has +this great disadvantage--it is a translation, a record discolored by +an intervening personality, and the value of the result is likely to +be limited by one's own knowledge at the time. +</p> +<p> +Casting in plaster was another means attempted; but not one track in +ten thousand is fit to cast. Nearly all are blemished and imperfect in +some way, and the most abundant--those in snow--cannot be cast at +all. +</p> +<p> +Then I tried spreading plastic wax where the beasts would walk on it, +in pathways or before dens. How they did scoff! The simplest ground +squirrel knew too much to venture on my waxen snare; around 'it, or if +hemmed in, over it, with a mighty bound they went; but never a track +did I so secure. +</p> +<p> +Photography naturally suggested itself, but the difficulties proved as +great as unexpected, almost as great as in casting. Not one track in +one thousand is fit to photograph; the essential details are almost +always left out. You must have open sunlight, and even when the +weather is perfect there are practically but two times each day when +it is possible--in mid-morning and mid-afternoon, when the sun is high +enough for clear photographs and low enough to cast a shadow in the +faint track. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Coon that Showed Me How</span> +</p> +<p> +Then a new method was suggested in an unexpected way. A friend of mine +had a pet coon which he kept in a cage in his bachelor quarters up +town. One day, during my friend's {195} absence the coon got loose and set +about a series of long-deferred exploring expeditions, beginning with +the bachelor's bedroom. The first promising object was a writing desk. +Mounting by a chair the coon examined several uninteresting books and +papers, and then noticed higher up a large stone bottle. He had +several times found pleasurable stuff in bottles, so he went for it. +The cork was lightly in and easily disposed of, but the smell was far +from inviting, for it was merely a quart of ink. Determined to leave +no stone unturned, however, the coon upset the ink to taste and try. +Alas! it tasted even worse than it smelt; it was an utter failure as a +beverage. +</p> +<p> +And the coon, pushing it contemptuously away, turned to a pile of fine +hand-made, deckle-edge, heraldry note-paper--the pride of my friend's +heart--and when he raised his inky little paws there were left on the +paper some beautiful black prints. This was a new idea: the coon tried +it again and again. But the ink held out longer than the paper, so +that the fur-clad painter worked over sundry books, and the adjoining +walls, while the ink, dribbling over everything, formed a great pool +below the desk. Something attracted the artist's attention, causing +him to jump down. He landed in the pool of ink, making it splash in +all directions; some of the black splotches reached the white +counterpane of the bachelor's bed. Another happy idea: the coon now +leaped on the bed, racing around as long as the ink on his feet gave +results. As he paused to rest, or perhaps to see if any places had +been neglected, the door opened, and in came the landlady. The scene +which followed was too painful for description; no one present enjoyed +it. My friend was sent for to come and take his coon out of there +forever. He came and took him away, I suppose "forever." He had only +one other place for him--his office and there it was I made the +animal's acquaintance and heard of his exploit--an ink and paper, if +not a literary affair. +</p> +<p> +This gave me the hint at the Zoo I needed, a plan to make an authentic +record of animal tracks. Armed with printer's ink and paper rolls I +set about gathering a dictionary collection of imprints. +</p> +<p> +After many failures and much experiment, better methods were devised. +A number of improvements were made by my wife; one was the +substitution of black paint for printer's ink, as the latter dries too +quickly; another was the padding of the paper, which should be light +and soft for very light animals, and stronger and harder for the +heavy. Printing from a mouse, for example, is much like printing a +delicate {196} etching; ink, paper, dampness, etc., must be exactly right, +and furthermore, you have this handicap--you cannot regulate the +pressure. This is, of course, strictly a Zoo method. All attempts to +secure black prints from wild animals have been total failures. The +paper, the smell of paint, etc., are enough to keep the wild things +away. +</p> +<p> +In the Zoo we spread the black pad and the white paper in a narrow, +temporary lane, and one by one drove, or tried to drive, the captives +over them, securing a series of tracks that are life-size, properly +spaced, absolutely authentic, and capable of yielding more facts as +the observer learns more about the subject. +</p> +<p> +As related here, all this sounds quite easy. But no one has any idea +how cross, crooked, and contrary a creature can be, until he wishes it +to repeat for him some ordinary things that it has hitherto done +hourly. Some of them balked at the paint, some at the paper, some made +a leap to clear all, and thereby wrecked the entire apparatus. Some +would begin very well, but rush back when half-way over, so as to +destroy the print already made, and in most cases the calmest, +steadiest, tamest of beasts became utterly wild, erratic, and +unmanageable when approached with tracklogical intent. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Trying It on the Cat</span> +</p> +<p> +Even domestic animals are difficult. A tame cat that was highly +trained to do anything a cat could do, was selected as promising for a +black track study, and her owner's two boys volunteered to get all the +cat tracks I needed. They put down a long roll of paper in a hall, +painted pussy's feet black, and proceeded to chase her up and down. +Her docility banished under the strain. She raced madly about, leaving +long, useless splashes of black; then, leaping to a fanlight, she +escaped up stairs to take refuge among the snowy draperies. After +which the boys' troubles began. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Drawing is Mostly Used</span> +</p> +<p> +These, however, are mere by-accidents and illustrate the many +practical difficulties. After these had been conquered with patience +and ingenuity, there could be no doubt of the value of the prints. +They are the best of records for size, spacing, and detail, but fail +in giving incidents of wild life, or the landscape surroundings. The +drawings, as already seen, are best for a long series and for faint +features; in fact, the {197} drawings alone can give everything you can +perceive; but they fail in authentic size and detail. +</p> +<p> +Photography has this great advantage--it gives the surroundings, the +essential landscape and setting, and, therefore, the local reason for +any changes of action on the part of the animal; also the aesthetic +beauties of its records are unique, and will help to keep the method +in a high place. +</p> +<p> +Thus each of the three means may be successful in a different way, and +the best, most nearly perfect alphabet of the woods, would include all +three, and consist of a drawing, a pedoscript and a photograph of each +track, and a trail; i.e., a single footprint, and the long series of +each animal. +</p> +<p> +My practice has been to use all whenever I could, but still I find +free-hand drawing is the one of the most practical application. When I +get a photograph I treasure it as an adjunct to the sketch. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">A Story of the Trail</span> +</p> +<p> +To illustrate the relative value as records, of sketch and photograph, +I give a track that I drew from nature, but which could not at any +place have been photographed. This was made in February 15, 1885, near +Toronto. It is really a condensation of the facts, as the trail is +shortened where uninteresting. Page 189, No. 2. +</p> +<p> +At A, I found a round place about 5 x 8 inches, where a cottontail had +crouched during the light snowfall. At B he had leaped out and sat +looking around; the small prints in front were made by his forefeet, +the two long ones by his hind feet, and farther back is a little +dimple made by the tail, showing that he was sitting on it. Something +alarmed him, causing him to dart out at full speed toward C and D, and +now a remarkable change is to be seen: the marks made by the front +feet are behind the large marks made by the hind feet, because the +rabbit overreaches each time; the hind feet track ahead of the front +feet; the faster he goes, the farther ahead those hind feet get; and +what would happen if he multiplied his speed by ten I really cannot +imagine. This overreach of the hind feet takes place in most bounding +animals. +</p> +<p> +Now the cottontail began a series of the most extraordinary leaps and +dodgings (D,E,F.) as though trying to escape from some enemy. But what +enemy? There were no other tracks. I began to think the rabbit was +crazy--was flying from an imaginary foe--that possibly I was on the +trail of a March hare. But at G I found for the first time some spots +of blood. {198} This told me that the rabbit was in real danger but gave no +due to its source. I wondered if a weasel were clinging to its neck. A +few yards farther, at H, I found more blood. Twenty yards more, at I, +for the first time on each side of the rabbit trail, were the obvious +marks of a pair of broad, strong wings. Oho! now I knew the mystery of +the cottontail running from a foe that left no track. He was pursued +by an eagle, a hawk, or an owl. A few yards farther and I found the +remains (J) of the cottontail partly devoured. This put the eagle out +of the question; an eagle would have carried the rabbit off boldly. A +hawk or an owl then was the assassin. I looked for something to decide +which, and close by the remains found the peculiar two-paired track of +an owl. A hawk's track would have been as K, while the owl nearly +always sets its feet in the ground {199} with two toes forward and two toes +back. But which owl? There were at least three in the valley that +might be blamed. I looked for more proof and got it on the near-by +sapling--one small feather, downy, as are all owl feathers, and +bearing three broad bars, telling me plainly that a barred owl had +been there lately, and that, therefore, he was almost certainly the +slayer of the cottontail. As I busied myself making notes, what should +come flying up the valley but the owl himself--back to the very place +of the crime, intent on completing his meal no doubt. He alighted on a +branch ten feet above my head and just over the rabbit remains, and +sat there muttering in his throat. +</p> +<p> +The proof in this case was purely circumstantial, but I think that we +can come to only one conclusion; that the evidence of the track in the +snow was complete and convincing. +</p> +<br> +{198} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 473px; height: 466px;" alt="" +src="images/p0198pic1.jpg"> +</p> +<p style="margin-left: 60px;"> +TRACKS +<br> +1. Blarina in snow +<br> +2. Deermouse +<br> +3. Meadow mouse +<br> +4. Masked shrew +</p> +<br> +<br> +{199 continued} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Meadow Mouse</span> +</p> +<p> +The meadow mouse autograph (page 189) illustrates the black-track +method. At first these dots look inconsequent and fortuitous, but a +careful examination shows that the creature had four toes with claws +on the forefeet, and five on the hind, which is evidence, though not +conclusive, that it was a rodent; the absence of tail marks shows that +the tail was short or wanting; the tubercules on each palm show to +what group of mice the creature belongs. The alternation of the track +shows that it was a ground-animal, not a tree-climber; the spacing +shows the shortness of the legs; their size determines the size of the +creature. Thus we come near to reconstructing the animal from its +tracks, and see how by the help of these studies, we can get much +light on the by-gone animals whose only monuments are tracks in the +sedimentary rocks about us--rocks that, when they received these +imprints, were the muddy margin of these long-gone creatures' haunts. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">What the Trail Gives--The Secrets of +the Woods</span> +</p> +<p> +There is yet another feature of trail study that gives it exceptional +value--it is an account of the creature pursuing its ordinary life. If +you succeeded in getting a glimpse of a fox or a hare in the woods, +the chances are a hundred to one that it was aware of your presence +first. They are much cleverer than we are at this sort of thing, and +if they do not actually sight or sense you, they observe, and are +warned by the action of some other creature that did sense us, and so +cease their occupations to steal away or hide. But the snow story will +{201} tell of the life that the animal ordinarily leads--its method of +searching for food, its kind of food, the help it gets from its +friends, or sometimes from its rivals--and thus offers an insight into +its home ways that is scarcely to be attained in any other way. +The trailer has the key to a new storehouse of Nature's secrets, +another of the Sybilline books is opened to his view; his fairy +godmother has, indeed, conferred on him a wonderful {202} gift in opening +his eyes to the foot-writing of the trail. It is like giving sight to +the blind man, like the rolling away of fogs from a mountain view, and +the trailer comes closer than others to the heart of the woods. +</p> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +Dowered with a precious power is he, +<br> +He drinks where others sipped, +<br> +And wild things write their lives for him +<br> +In endless manuscript. +<br> +</div> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{200} +<br> +<img style="width: 510px; height: 895px;" alt="" +src="images/p0200pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Wild Turkey +<br> +Toad +<br> +Crow +<br> +1. Jackrabbit +<br> +2. Cottontail +<br> +3. Gray squirrel +<br> +4. Coon +<br> +5. Ground bird, such as quail +<br> +6. Tree-bird +<br> +7. A bird living partly in tree, partly on ground +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{201} +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +Horses' Track +</span> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +N.B.--The large tracks represent the hind feet. +</span> +</p> +<br> +<img style="width: 511px; height: 584px;" alt="" +src="images/p0201pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +Walking, Trotting, Canter, Galloping +<br> +Lame Horse Walking: Which leg is he lame in? +<br> +<br> +These are the tracks of two birds on the ground. One lives generally +on the ground, the other in bushes and trees. Which track belongs to +which bird? +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(From Sir Robert Baden Powell's book) +</span> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{202 continued} +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The American Morse Telegraph +Alphabet</span> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 533px; height: 602px;" alt="" +src="images/p0202pic1.jpg"> +</p> +<br> +<br> +Signals +<br> +<table style="width: 80%; height: 228px;" border="0" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody><tr><td style="text-align: right;">4.</td><td>Start me.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">5.</td><td>Have you anything for +me?</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">9.</td><td>Train order (or important +military message)--give away.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">13.</td><td>Do you +understand? {203}</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">25.</td><td> Busy.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">30.</td><td>Circuit closed (or closed +station).</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">73.</td> + <td>Accept compliments.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: right;">92.</td><td>Deliver (ed). +</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +Abbreviations +<br> +Ahr--Another. +<br> +Ans--Answer. +<br> +Ck--Check. +<br> +Col--Collect. +<br> +D H--Dead head. +<br> +G A--Go ahead. +<br> +G E--Good evening. +<br> +G M--Good morning. +<br> +G N--Good night. +<br> +G R--Government rate. +<br> +N M--No more. +<br> +Min--Wait a moment +<br> +O B--Official business. +<br> +O K--All right +<br> +Opr--Operator. +<br> +Pd--Paid. +<br> +Qk--Quick. +<br> +Sig--Signature. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +Rememberable Morse or Re-Morse Alphabet +</span> +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 458px; height: 486px;" alt="" +src="images/p0203pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +By this method it is possible to learn the Morse alphabet in less than +an hour. +<br> +<br> +{204} +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 585px; height: 272px;" alt="" +src="images/p0204pic1.jpg"> +<br> +From A to B in both figures, illustrates method of making a dot. +</p> +<p> +A complete swing from A to C in both figures indicates method of +making a dash. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Wig-Wag or Myer Code</span> +<br> +<br style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Instructions for Using the System +</span> +</p> +<br> +The whole number opposite each letter or numeral stands for that +letter or numeral. +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 40%; height: 763px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>A</td><td>22</td></tr> +<tr><td>B</td><td>2112</td></tr> +<tr><td>C</td><td>121</td></tr> +<tr><td>D</td><td>222</td></tr> +<tr><td>E</td><td>12</td></tr> +<tr><td>F</td><td>2221</td></tr> +<tr><td>G</td><td>2211</td></tr> +<tr><td>H</td><td>122</td></tr> +<tr><td>I</td><td>1</td></tr> +<tr><td>J</td><td>1122</td></tr> +<tr><td>K</td><td>2121</td></tr> +<tr><td>L</td><td>221</td></tr> +<tr><td>M</td><td>1221</td></tr> +<tr><td>N</td><td>11</td></tr> +<tr><td>O</td><td>21</td></tr> +<tr><td>P</td><td>1212</td></tr> +<tr><td>Q</td><td>1211</td></tr> +<tr><td>R</td><td>211</td></tr> +<tr><td>S</td><td>212</td></tr> +<tr><td>T</td><td>2</td></tr> +<tr><td>U</td><td>112</td></tr> +<tr><td>V</td><td>1222</td></tr> +<tr><td>W</td><td>1121</td></tr> +<tr><td>X</td><td>2122</td></tr> +<tr><td>Y</td><td>111</td></tr> +<tr><td>Z</td><td> 2222</td></tr> +<tr><td>tion</td><td>1112</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Numerals</span> +<br> +<table style="width: 179px; height: 285px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>1</td><td>1111</td></tr> +<tr><td>2</td><td>2222</td></tr> +<tr><td>3</td><td>1112</td></tr> +<tr><td>4</td><td>2221</td></tr> +<tr><td>5</td><td>1122</td></tr> +<tr><td>6</td><td>2211</td></tr> +<tr><td>7</td><td>1222</td></tr> +<tr><td>8</td><td>2111</td></tr> +<tr><td>9</td><td>1221</td></tr> +<tr><td>0</td><td>2112</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Conventional Signals</span> +</p> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 460px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>End of word</td><td>3</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wait a moment</td><td>1111 3</td></tr> +<tr><td>End of sentence</td><td>33</td></tr> +<tr><td>Repeat after (word)</td><td>121 121 3 22 3 (word)</td></tr> +<tr><td>End of message </td><td>333</td></tr> +<tr><td>x x 3 </td><td>numerals follow (or) numerals end.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Repeat last word</td><td>121 121 33</td></tr> +<tr><td>Repeat last message</td><td>121 121 121 333</td></tr> +<tr><td>sig 3</td><td>signature follows.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Error</td><td>12 12 3</td></tr> +<tr><td>Move a little to right</td><td> 211 211 3</td></tr> +<tr><td>Acknowledgment, or "I understand"</td><td>22 22 3</td></tr> +<tr><td>Move a little to left</td><td>221 221 3</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cease signaling</td><td>22 22 22 333</td></tr> +<tr><td>Signal faster</td><td>2212 3</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<br> +{205} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Abbreviations</span> +</p> +<table style="width: 40%; height: 347px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>a</td><td>after</td></tr> +<tr><td>b</td><td>before</td></tr> +<tr><td>c</td><td>can</td></tr> +<tr><td>h</td><td>have</td></tr> +<tr><td>n</td><td>not</td></tr> +<tr><td>r</td><td>are</td></tr> +<tr><td>t</td><td>the</td></tr> +<tr><td>u</td><td>you</td></tr> +<tr><td>ur</td><td>your</td></tr> +<tr><td>w</td><td>word</td></tr> +<tr><td>wi</td><td>with</td></tr> +<tr><td>y</td><td>yes</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Rememberable Myer Code</span> +</p> +<br> +The elements--a thick and a thin, i. e. 2 and 1 +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 583px; height: 663px;" alt="" +src="images/p0205pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">To Signal with Flag or Torch +Wig-Wag</span> +</p> +There is but one position and three motions. +<br> +<p> +The first position is with the flag or other appliance held +vertically, the signalman facing squarely toward the station with +which it is desired to communicate. +</p> +{206} +<p> +The first motion ("one" or "1") is to the right of the sender and will +embrace an arc of 90 degrees, starting with the vertical and returning +to it, and will be made in a plane at right angle to the line +connecting the two stations. +</p> +<p> +The second motion ("two" or "2") is a similar motion to the left of +the sender. +</p> +<p> +The third motion ("front," "three" or "3") is downward, directly in +front of the sender, and instantly returned upward to the first +position. +</p> +<p> +Numbers which occur in the body of a message must be spelled out in +full. Numerals may be used in signaling between stations having naval +books, using the code calls. To break or stop the signals from the +sending station, make with the flag or other signal 12 12 12 +continuously. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">To Send a Message</span> +</p> +<p> +To call a station signal its letter until acknowledged; if the call +letter be not known, signal "E" until acknowledged. To acknowledge a +call, signal "1 understand," followed by the call letter of the +acknowledging station. +</p> +<p> +Make a slight pause after each letter and also after "front." If the +sender discovers that he has made an error he should make 3 followed +by 12 123, after which he begins the word in which the error occurred. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Semaphore Signal Code</span> +</p> +<p> +The scout may learn the correct angles at which to hold the flags from +the diagram. The easiest method of learning the alphabet is by +grouping the various letters together as follows: +</p> +<p> +For all letters from A to G, one arm only is used, making a quarter of +a circle for each letter in succession. +</p> +<p> +The letters from H to N (except J)--the right arm stands at A while +the left moves round the circle for the other letters. +</p> +<p> +For O to S, the right arm stands at B--the left arm moves round as +before. +</p> +<p> +For T, U, Y and the "annul," the right arm stands at C, the left +moving to the next point of the circle successively. +</p> +<p> +The numerical sign J (or alphabetical sign) and V--the right arm +stands at position for letter D the left arm only being moved. +</p> +{207} +<p> +W and X--the left arm stands at position for letter E, the right in +this case moving down 45 degrees to show letter X. +</p> +<p> +For the letter Z, the left arm stands at the position G--the right arm +crosses the breast taking the position F. +</p> +<br> +<img style="width: 553px; height: 862px;" alt="" +src="images/p0207pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +{208} +<p> +The letters A to I also stand for the figures 1 to 9 (K standing for +0), if you make the numerical sign to show that you are going to send +numbers followed by the alphabetical sign (J) when the figures are +finished. They will be checked by being repeated back by the receiving +station. Should figures be wrongly repeated by the receiving station +the sending station will send the "annul" sign (which is answered by +the same sign) and then send the group of figures again. +</p> +<p> +The sender must always face the station to which he is sending. On a +word failing to make sense, the writer down will say, "no," when the +reader will at once stop the sending station by raising both arms +horizontally to their full extent (letter R). This demand for +repetition the sending station will acknowledge by making J. The +signaller receiving the message will then send the last word he has +read correctly, upon which the sender will continue the message from +that word. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Whistle Signs</span> +</p> +<p> +1. One long blast means "Silence," "Alert," "Look out for my next +signal." Also approaching a station. +</p> +<p> +2. Two short blasts means "All right." +</p> +<p> +3. A succession of long, slow blasts means "Go out," "Get farther +away," or "Advance," "Extend," "Scatter." +</p> +<p> +4. A succession of short, sharp blasts means "Rally," "Close in," +"Come together," "Fall in," "Danger," "Alarm." +<br> +<br> +5. Three short blasts followed by one long one from scout master calls +up the patrol leaders--i.e., "Leaders, come here." +</p> +<p> +Any whistle signal must be instantly obeyed at the double--as fast as +you can run--no matter what other job you may be doing at the time. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Hand or Flag Signals</span> +</p> +<p> +Hand signals, which can also be made by patrol leaders with their +patrol flags when necessary: +</p> +<p> +Hand waved several times across the face from side to side or flag +waved horizontally, from side to side opposite the face, means "No," +"Never mind," "As you were." +</p> +<p> +Hand or flag held high, and waved as though pushing forward, at full +extent of arm, or whistle a succession of slow blasts means "Extend," +"Go farther out," "Scatter." +</p> +<p> +Hand or flag held high, and waved rapidly from side to side, at full +extent of arm, or a succession of short, quick blasts on the whistle, +means "Close in," "Rally," "Come here," "Danger," "Cattle on track." +</p> +{209} +<p> +Hand or flag pointing in any direction means "Go in that direction." +</p> +<p> +Clenched hand or flag jumped rapidly up and down several times means, +"Hurry," "Run." +</p> +<p> +The movement, pushing or beckoning, indicates whether "Hurry here" or +"Hurry there." +</p> +<p> +Hand (or flag) held straight up over head, palm forward, means "Stop," +"Halt." +</p> +<p> +When a leader is shouting an order or message to a scout who is some +way off, the scout, if he hears what is being said, should hold up his +hand level with his head all the time. If he cannot hear, he should +stand still, making no sign. The leader will then repeat louder, or +beckon to the scout to come in nearer. +</p> +<p> +The following signals are made by a scout with his staff when he is +sent out to reconnoitre within sight of his patrol, and they have the +following meaning: +</p> +<p> +Staff held up horizontally, that is, level, with both hands above the +head, means, "I have found." +</p> +<p> +The same, out with staff moved up and down slowly, means, "I have +found, but a long way off." +</p> +<p> +The same, staff moved up and down rapidly, means, "I have found, and +close by." +</p> +<p> +The staff held straight up over the head means, "Nothing in sight." +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Indian Signs and Blazes</span> +</p> +Shaking a blanket: I want to talk to you. +<br> +<br> +Hold up a tree-branch: I want to make peace. +<br> +<br> +Hold up a weapon, means war: I am ready to fight. +<br> +<br> +Hold up a pole horizontally, with hands on it: I have found something. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 522px; height: 234px;" alt="" +src="images/p0209pic1.jpg"> +<br> +This is good water. +<br> +Good water not far in this direction. +<br> +A long way to good water, go in direction of arrow. +<br> +We camped here because one of us was sick. +<br> +<br> +{210} +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 478px; height: 250px;" alt="" +src="images/p0210pic1.jpg"> +<br> +War or trouble about. +<br> +Peace. +<br> +Road to be followed. +<br> +Letter hidden three paces from here in the direction of arrow. +<br> +This path not to be followed. +<br> +"I have gone home." +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY</span> +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +The Boy Scout Wireless Club +</span><br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +Y. M. C. A., Newark, N.J. +</span> +</p> +<p> +The following directions are given for an up-to-date wireless +apparatus for stationary use in the home or at the meeting place of +each patrol. +</p> +<br> +We will consider the receiving apparatus first: +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 579px; height: 335px;" alt="" +src="images/p0210pic2.jpg"> +</p> +<br> +<p> +The first thing to do is to build an aerial. First find out how long +your location will allow you to build it, and how high. It ought to be +at least 50 to 60 feet high and about 70 to 100 feet long. The main +point in building an aerial is to have it {211} well insulated from the +ground, and all connections in wire perfectly solid. It is advisable +to solder every connection and to make your aerial strong as it has a +great deal to do with the working qualities of the station. +</p> +<br> +After this is completed, the inside work on instruments should begin. +<br> +<br> +1. A pair of watch-case receivers having a resistance of 1,000 ohms +each, manufactured by a reliable firm. +<br> +<br> +2. A loose coupler tuning coil of about 800 meters. +<br> +<br> +3. One of Mordock's metal detectors or one of similar design. +<br> +<br> +4. A variable condenser of about 5-10 plates. +<br> +<br> +5. A fixed condenser so arranged that its capacity can be changed if +desired. +<br> +<br> +With these instruments the receiving set is complete, so we next take +up the sending apparatus. +<br> +<br> +1. A two-inch induction coil. +<br> +<br> +2. A heavy spark gap (zinc preferable). +<br> +<br> +3. One wireless key with heavy contacts. +<br> +<br> +4. A plate condenser which can be easily made by any scout. Good glass +is the main point. +<br> +<br> +5. A triple pole, double throw aerial switch. (Can be made by scouts.) +<br> +<br> +Now you have everything necessary to go ahead and assemble your +station. The next thing is to connect them up. +<br> +<br> +Above is a diagram which will make a good station for a scout. This +station, if the aero is of the proper height, is capable of sending +messages from 8 to 10 miles. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Receiving Set</span> +</p> +<p> +Perhaps the most fundamentally important part of a wireless telegraph +station is the aerial. Its construction varies with each station, but +a few general suggestions may be of use. +</p> +<p> +The builder should aim to get as high and as long an aerial as +possible, height being the more important factor. In a stationary set +the aerial may be fastened to a tree or pole or high building while in +a field set a tree or an easily portable pole must be used. +</p> +<p> +The aerial itself should be made of copper wire and should be hung +between spreaders as long as convenient and insulated from them by two +cleat insulators in series at each end. +</p> +<p> +The experimenter should see that his leading-in wire is placed +conveniently and comes in contact with the walls, etc., {212} as little as +possible. All points of contact must be well insulated with glass, +porcelain, or hard rubber. +</p> +<p> +The tuning coil is very simple in construction. A cardboard tube, +about three inches in diameter, is mounted between two square heads. +This tube is wound with No. 24 insulated copper wire and very well +shellaced to avoid loosening of the wire. +</p> +<p> +Two pieces of one quarter inch square brass rod, to be fastened +between the heads, are secured, and a slider, as shown in drawing, is +made. The rods are fastened on the heads and the insulation in the +path of the slides is then well scraped off. Binding posts are then +fastened to rods and coil ends. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 523px; height: 594px;" alt="" +src="images/p0212pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Details of instruments for field use. +</p> +<br> +{213} +<p> +The detector, although the most important of the instruments, is +perhaps the simplest. It is constructed of a hardwood base with a +small brass plate fastened on by means of a binding post. On the other +end of the base is fastened a double binding post which holds a brass +spring, as in the drawing. On the end of this spring is fastened a +copper point made by winding a few inches of No. 36 or 40 wire on it +and allowing about three sixteenths of an inch to project. This +completes the detector but, for use in this instrument, lead sulphide +or Galena crystals must be secured. +</p> +<p> +The condenser is made of two pieces of tin-foil, four by ten, and +three pieces of waxed paper a little larger than the foil. A piece of +wire is twisted into the end of each piece of foil, and then one sheet +of foil is laid on a sheet of paper. This is then covered by another +sheet of paper upon which is laid the second sheet of foil. On top of +this is laid the third sheet of paper and the whole is folded into a +convenient bundle. The sheets of foil must be well insulated from each +other and the wires must project from the condenser. +</p> +<p> +The ground connection is made by soldering a wire to a cold water +pipe. In the case of a portable set the ground may be made by driving +a metal rod into the ground or sinking metal netting into a body of +water. +</p> +<p> +The telephone receivers cannot well be made and must therefore be +bought. The type of phones used will therefore depend entirely on the +builder's purse. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Sending Set</span> +</p> +<p> +The same aerial and ground are used for sending as were used for +receiving, and for the experimenter, it will be far cheaper to buy a +spark coil for his sending set than to attempt to make one. +</p> +<p> +For a field set there will be very little need of a sending helix, as +close tuning will be hardly possible; but for the stationary set this +is very useful. +</p> +<p> +The helix is made by building a drum with square heads fastened +together by six or eight uprights, arranged on the circumference of a +circle. On this then are wound ten or twelve turns of No. 10 or 12, +brass or copper wire. Binding posts are fastened to the ends of the +wire and variable contact made on the turns by means of metal spring +clips. +</p> +<p> +The spark gap is made of a hard-wood base with two uprights to which +are fastened strips of brass. Under these strips are {214} placed two pieces +of battery zincs so as to make the gap between their ends variable. +Binding posts are fastened to the strips for contact. +</p> +<p> +The sending condenser is the same as the receiving in construction, +but different in material. The dielectric is glass while the +conducting surfaces are tin-foil, arranged in a pile of alternate +sheets of glass and foil. The foil is shaped as in drawing and +alternate sheets have their lugs projecting on opposite sides, all +lugs on same side being connected together. For a one-inch coil but a +few of these plates are needed, but for higher power a greater number +are necessary. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 570px; height: 693px;" alt="" +src="images/p0214pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Wireless Telegraph Set +<br> +Designed for Boy Scouts of America +<br> +by L. Horle. +</p> +<br> +<p> +All that now remains is the setting up of the instruments. They are +arranged as in the drawing, a double-point, {215} double-throw switch being +used to switch from sending to receiving. +</p> +<p> +After having connected up the receiving instruments, the receiver is +placed at the ear and the point of the detector placed on the various +parts of the mineral until the signals are heard clearly. Then the +tuning coil is adjusted until the signals are loudest. +</p> +<p> +The sending apparatus is set up, the key and batteries having been +bought or made, and used to call some other station. The clip is put +on various twins of the helix until the other station signals that the +signals are loudest. The station is then ready for actual operation. +</p> +<br> +<br> +NOTES +<br> +<br> +<br> +{216} +<br> +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +<br> +{217} +<br> +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +<br> +{218} +<br> +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +{219} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">CHAPTER V</span><br style="font-weight: +bold;"> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">HEALTH AND ENDURANCE</span> +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +George J. Fisher, M. D. +</span><br style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Secretary, Physical Department International Committee +</span><br style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Young Men's Christian Association +</span> +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Fitness</span> +</p> +<p> +Two things greatly affect the conditions under which a boy lives in +these days. One is that he lives in-doors for the greater part of the +time, and the other is that he must attend school, which is pretty +largely a matter of sitting still. Two things therefore are needs of +every boy: out-door experience and physical activity. +</p> +<p> +To secure endurance, physical power, physical courage, and skill, the +first thing needful is to take stock of one's physical make-up, put +the body in the best possible condition for doing its work and then +keep it in good order. +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Proper Carriage</span> +<br> +<p> +Head up, chin in, chest out, and shoulders back is a good slogan for a +boy scout who desires an erect figure. One can scarcely think of a +round-shouldered scout. Yet there are such among the boys who desire +to be scouts. +</p> +<p> +There is no particular exercise that a boy can take to cure round +shoulders. The thing to remember is that all exercise that is taken +should be done in the erect position, then the muscles will hold the +body there. +</p> +<p> +An erect body means a deeper chest, room for the important organs to +work and thus affords them the best chance to act. +</p> +<p> +A few setting-up exercises each day in the erect position will help +greatly to get this result. +</p> +<br> +{220} +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 208px; height: 330px;" alt="" +src="images/p0220pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Exercise 1 +<br> +Position: Heels together, arms down and at sides, palms in. +<br> +Movement: Swing arms, sideways, upward to vertical, and return. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 177px; height: 378px;" alt="" +src="images/p0220pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Exercise 2 +<br> +Same as Exercise I, except that arms +are swung forward, upward to vertical. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 244px; height: 228px;" alt="" +src="images/p0220pic3.jpg"> +<br> +Exercise 3 +<br> +Position: Arms extended to side horizontal. +<br> +Movement: Swing forward and return. +<br> +(Emphasis upon backward movement.) +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 355px; height: 246px;" alt="" +src="images/p0220pic4.jpg"> +<br> +Exercise 4 +<br> +Position: Arms at side, horizontal, back slightly arched. +<br> +Movement: Circle arms backward. +<br> +<br> +Setting-up Exercises +</p> +<br> +<br> +{221} +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 176px; height: 223px;" alt="" +src="images/p0221pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Exercise 5 +<br> +Position: Forearms flexed at side of chest. +<br> +Movement: Thrust arms forward and return. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 268px; height: 225px;" alt="" +src="images/p0221pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Exercise 6 +<br> +Position: Arms at front, horizontal, +<br> +forearms flexed, fingers on shoulders. +<br> +Movement: Swing backward to side, horizontal in position. +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 165px; height: 270px;" alt="" +src="images/p0221pic3.jpg"> +<br> +Exercise 7 +<br> +Position: Same as Exercise 6. +<br> +Movement: Swing downward, forward, bringing arms beyond sides +<br> +of body. Rise on toes with end of backward swing. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 94px; height: 409px;" alt="" +src="images/p0221pic4.jpg"> +<br> +Exercise 8a +<br> +Position: Arms at vertical, thumbs locked, head fixed between arms. +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 123px; height: 300px;" alt="" +src="images/p0221pic5.jpg"> +<br> +Exercise 8b +<br> +Movement: Bend forward as far as possible, +<br> +without bending knees, and return. +<br> +<br> +<br> +Setting-up Exercises +</p> +<br> +<br> +{222} +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 98px; height: 387px;" alt="" +src="images/p0222pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Exercise 9. +<br> +Position: Arms at vertical. Repeat exercise 8b +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 267px; height: 371px;" alt="" +src="images/p0222pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Exercise 9b +<br> +Movement: Arm circles, downward, inward, +across chest. Reverse the movement. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 170px; height: 321px;" alt="" +src="images/p0222pic3.jpg"> +<br> +Exercise 10 +<br> +Position: Arms on hips. +<br> +Movement: Forward bend. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 127px; height: 322px;" alt="" +src="images/p0222pic4.jpg"> +<br> +Exercise 11 +<br> +Position: Same as Exercise 10. +<br> +Movement: Backward bend. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 186px; height: 328px;" alt="" +src="images/p0222pic5.jpg"> +<br> +Exercise 12 +<br> +Position: Same as Exercise 10. +<br> +Movement: Sideward bend, right and left. +<br> +<br> +<br> +Setting-up Exercises +</p> +<br> +<br> +{223} +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 211px; height: 293px;" alt="" +src="images/p0223pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Exercise 13 +<br> +Position: Same as Exercise 10. +<br> +Movement: Rotate body of waist. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 104px; height: 185px;" alt="" +src="images/p0223pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Exercise 14 +<br> +Position: Same as Exercise 10. +<br> +Movement: Raise high on toes. (Hold shoulders back firmly) +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 149px; height: 267px;" alt="" +src="images/p0223pic3.jpg"> +<br> +Exercise 15 +<br> +Position: Same as Exercise 10. +<br> +Movement: Full knee bend. +<br> +<br> +Setting-up Exercises +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Growth</span> +</p> +<p> +The chief business of a boy is to grow. He may have other affairs, but +this is his chief concern. He should, therefore, have a few simple +rules for living and make them a part of his daily life. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Out-door Exercises</span> +</p> +<p> +Each day should have its out-door exercises. Walking is a splendid +form of exercise. Walk to school or business; don't ride unless +absolutely necessary because of unusual distance. Walk with a good, +swinging stride with chest well up and spine fairly straight. Slow +running across country is great; it lacks strain and yet affords +splendid stimulation to heart and lungs. Cross-country running and +hiking should be favorite sport for scout patrols and troops. A boy +ought to have at least two hours of sport daily in some good, vigorous +game, such as baseball or tennis, and, if he can possibly afford it, +at least two periods a week, of an hour each, in a gymnasium, where he +can receive guidance in body building. Boys under sixteen should avoid +exercise of strain, such as weight lifting, or sprint running over one +hundred yards, or long distance racing. They should have careful +guidance in all gymnastic work. Work on apparatus may prove harmful +unless of the right sort. The horse {224} and parallel bars should be used +largely to jump over rather than perform upon. Exercises demanding a +sustained support of the body with the arms are not helpful, but may +be harmful. The chief activity should be of the legs, to strengthen +heart and lungs. A boy should be careful not to overdo. In his +excitement to win in a contest he is likely to do this unless +cautioned. A boy should never try to reduce his weight. Now that there +are weight classes in sports for boys there is a temptation to do this +and it may prove very serious. Severe training for athletics should be +avoided. All training should be in moderation. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Medical Examinations</span> +</p> +<p> +Every boy ought to have, as he takes up his boy-scout work, a thorough +medical examination. Some physician who is interested in boys will be +willing to act as examiner for a patrol or troop. A boy should know +the condition of his heart and lungs before entering any contest. If +he has any defects in his breathing apparatus--nose, throat, or lungs, +these should be attended to or they will seriously interfere with his +endurance tests. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Baths</span> +</p> +<p> +Beside exercises a boy should have simple, workable rules for living. +A boy ought to take a good soap bath at least twice a week and always +after he has played a hard game or performed work of a nature that has +caused him to perspire freely. +</p> +<p> +Each morning a quick sponge bath should be the first order of the day, +in water as cool as he can stand it, followed by a good rub with a +coarse towel. If there is a feeling of warmth after the bath, it is +helpful, if not, the water should be slightly warm or only a portion +of the body should be bathed at a time. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Pain</span> +</p> +<p> +One thing that should be regarded seriously is pain in any form in any +part of the body. If there is a dull headache frequently, find out +what causes it. Pain in the knee, the arch of the foot, or at any +point, should be taken seriously. Pain means something wrong. It may +be brave to bear it, but it {225} is not wise. It may mean something +serious. Remember that pain felt in one part of the body may be the +result of something wrong in another part. See a wise doctor about it. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Eating</span> +</p> +<p> +And now in reference to what one shall eat. The average boy ought to +have and usually does have an appetite like an ostrich. Three points +to remember are; don't eat too much, most healthy boys do; don't eat +meat more than once a day; and, third, don't eat anything that you +always taste for several hours after you have eaten it, even though +you like it. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Digestion</span> +</p> +<p> +The fact that you taste it is an indication that your stomach is +having a wresting match with the food. Some people can't digest +onions, others thrive upon them. Some can't eat cucumbers, others can +do so readily. The one must give them up; the other can continue to +eat them. Each person has some peculiarity of diet and must observe it +to be happy. Many a race has been lost through failure to obey this +rule. A simple diet is best. Most boys eat too much of a mixed nature. +They mix pickles, soda water, frankfurters, and chocolate without fear +or favor. No wonder there is so much stomach ache. In boys' camps the +chief trouble is indigestion caused by this riot of eating. Such boys +are laying up for themselves for the future some beautiful headaches +and bilious attacks, which, when they become chronic later, will cry +out against them and seriously impair their value. Don't eat when very +tired; lie down a while and get rested. Don't eat heavily before +exercising, or, better, put it the other way around, don't exercise +immediately after eating. Never eat when excited or angry and very +lightly when worried or when expecting to study hard. We should learn +to eat slowly and chew the food thoroughly remembering that all food +before it can be taken up in the blood must be as thin as pea soup. +Chewing well will help the digestive organs greatly. Always wash the +hands before eating. Be careful about eating food that has been +exposed to the dust unless it has been washed. Drink freely of clean +water between meals. Never use a public drinking cup without +thoroughly rinsing it. Don't touch your lips to the rim of the cup. +</p> +<p> +Boys who cook their own meals when in camp should be {226} careful to have +their food well done. Half-baked and soggy food proves indigestible. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Coffee and Tea</span> +</p> +<p> +Should a boy drink coffee or tea? This is a question often asked by +boys. Coffee and tea are the greatest stimulants known. But does a +strong boy need a stimulant? What is a stimulant and what does it do? +A stimulant is a whip, making the body do more at a given time than it +ordinarily would. It doesn't add any fibre to the tissues, doesn't add +any strength, isn't a food, but merely gets more out of the tissues or +nervous system than they would ordinarily yield. Of course there is a +reaction, because the tissues have had nothing to feed on. Herbert +Fisher says that Peary's men, who drank lots of tea on their voyage +north, during the most trying time of their trip showed it in their +haggard faces and loss of tissue. Their own tissues had turned +cannibal and fed on their own material. Stimulants are not foods. They +add no strength to the body. They exact of the body what ought not to +be exacted of it. There is always a reaction and one is always worse +off as a result. Growing boys especially should have nothing to do +with tea, coffee, or any stimulant. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Alcohol and Tobacco</span> +</p> +<p> +Alcohol is not a stimulant, but is really a narcotic that is very +depressing. It dulls rather than stimulates. The same is true of +nicotine in tobacco. No growing boy should use either. The first +athletes to drop out of a race are usually drinkers and all trainers +know that smoking is bad for the wind. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Constipation</span> +</p> +<p> +Those boys who find their digestion sluggish and are troubled with +constipation may find the following plan helpful in overcoming the +condition: +</p> +<p> +Drink a cool, copious draught of water upon arising. Then take some +body-bending exercises. Follow this with the sponge bath. Then, if +possible, take a walk around the block before breakfast. After school, +play some favorite game for at least an hour. In the absence of this, +take a good hike of three or four miles or a longer bicycle ride. At +least twice a week, if possible, enter a gymnasium class and make +special emphasis of body-bending exercises. +</p> +{227} +<p> +Have a regular time for going to stool. A good plan is to go just +before retiring and immediately upon arising. Go even though you feel +no desire to do so. A regular habit may be established by this method. +Always respond quickly to any call of nature. Toasted bread and graham +bread and the coarser foods and fruit will be found helpful. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Teeth</span> +</p> +<p> +Closely related to the matter of eating is the proper care of the +teeth. +</p> +<p> +Perhaps--without care--the mouth is the filthiest cavity of the body. +We spend a great deal of energy trying to keep food clean and water +pure, but what is the use if we place them in a dirty cavity as they +enter the body. Full 90 per cent. of the children examined in our +schools have decayed and dirty teeth. These decayed teeth provide +cavities in which food particles decay and germs grow, and through +which poisons are absorbed. These conditions need not exist. Now just +a few suggestions about the care of the teeth. Every boy should own +his own tooth brush. The teeth should be scrubbed at least twice a +day. At night they should receive most careful cleansing, using a good +tooth paste or powder. Then again in the morning they should be rinsed +at which time simply clean water is sufficient. Time should be taken +in the cleansing of the teeth. The gums should be included in the +scrubbing, as this acts as a good stimulant to the circulation of the +blood to the teeth. Not only should the teeth be brushed with a +backward and forward stroke, as we ordinarily do, but also upward and +downward the length of the teeth. In addition to the scrubbing, +particles of food which are lodged between the teeth should be removed +after meals, or at least after the last meal of the day. This is most +safely done by the use of a thread of a fair degree of thickness. +Dentists and druggists furnish this thread in spools. Hard toothpicks +often cause bleeding and detach fillings. A dentist should be visited +once every six months so as to detect decay immediately. Never have a +tooth pulled unless absolutely necessary. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Care of the Eyes</span> +</p> +<p> +Most troubles with the eyes come from eye strain. Styes and red lids +are usually due to this cause. See how foolish, therefore, it is to +treat these conditions as causes, when really {228} they are only the result +of something else. Of course there are exceptions. Sometimes wild +hairs and skin disease affect the eyes. Eye strain should be removed +by wearing well-fitting glasses and then these other conditions will +disappear. If constant headache is experienced or the eyes itch or +become tired easily, there is possibly eye strain. +</p> +<p> +One way to test the eye is for vision. Place the following letters +fifteen feet from you. If you cannot read them clearly with both eyes +and with each eye separately, consult a first-class oculist. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<font size="+3"> +C L V F O T +</font> +<br> +<br><font size="+2"> +E A C F D L O T +</font> +<br> +<font size="+1"> +<br> +D V C L A E O T F +<br> +<br> +</font> +</p> +<p> +Never buy eye-glasses unless fitted by an expert. Such glasses should +be worn in proper relation to the eyes. They should not be permitted +to slide forward on the nose or tilt. They may need to be changed +often as the eyes grow better. +</p> +<p> +For reading, a good, steady light is needed. Never sit in front of a +window facing it to read. Always have the light come from the rear and +over the left shoulder preferably. The book should be held on a level +with the face and not too close. Sit {229} erect. Reading when lying down or +from the light of a fireplace is unwise. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Care of the Ears</span> +</p> +<p> +Affections of the ears are exceedingly serious and may lead to grave +results. Any trouble with them should be given very prompt attention +and a good specialist consulted. Pain in the ear, or ringing or +hissing sounds, and particularly any discharge from the ear, should +not be neglected. Any sign of deafness must be heeded. Sometimes +deafness occurs in reference to some particular sounds while hearing +is normal to others. No matter what the degree of deafness may be do +not neglect to see a physician about it. Ordinarily the tick of a +watch can be heard at a distance of thirty inches. If you cannot hear +it at that distance and can hear it say at fifteen inches then you are +just one half from the normal in your hearing. The test should be made +with one ear closed. +</p> +<p> +Ear troubles are often caused by sticking foreign objects in the ear, +such as hair pins, pins, matches, toothpicks and lead pencils. Never +pick the ear with anything. Often the ear drum is pierced in this way. +The normal ear does not require anything more than the usual cleansing +with the wash rag over the end of the finger. +</p> +<p> +If wax to any extent accumulates in the ear it should be removed by +syringing, but ought to be done by a physician. +</p> +<p> +In camp an insect might crawl into the ear and if alive cause pain. +Putting oil or other fluids in the ear to drown it is unwise. If a +foreign body should get in the ear it should not cause great alarm +unless attended with severe pain. If a physician is not available at +once such objects may remain for a day or two without serious results. +Syringing usually removes them, but it should be remembered that some +objects like peas or beans swell if made wet. In swimming water is apt +to get into the ear and cause annoyance. A rubber ear stop can be +secured and placed in the ear at the time of swimming, thus keeping +the water out. Cotton should not be stuffed into the ear to keep water +out, as it may get inside. +</p> +<p> +One thing to keep in mind is that catarrh of the nose and throat often +extends into the ear passages through a tube which reaches from the +throat to the ear and that syringing of the nose and throat frequently +causes trouble in the ear. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Care of Nose and Throat</span> +</p> +<p> +Always breathe through the nose. Air passing through the nose is +warmed and moistened and cleansed; thus it gets to {230} the lungs in a +better condition. If you cannot breathe clearly through the nose, have +it examined. There may be a growth present which needs to be removed. +To become a good runner this is important. Adenoids, which are growths +far back in the mouth, often interfere with nose breathing and are +serious in other ways. Don't stick anything in the nose; and nose +picking is not cleanly. If crusts form in the nose, use a little +vaseline to soften them. Don't blow the nose too vigorously. It may +cause trouble. +</p> +<p> +Frequent sore throat may be due to enlarged tonsils which either need +treatment or removal. To one who has frequent colds in the head, the +out-of-door life and morning sponge bath and moderate eating will be +of help. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Care of the Feet</span> +</p> +<p> +This is an important matter with scouts, as they will make frequent +hikes and tramps. The first thing to do is to walk right. The straight +foot is the normal foot. The normal foot is broad at the ball with +space between the toes. How different from the awful feet we see with +toes twisted upon each other and crowded together. Walk with feet +pointing straight forward. The feet that turn outward are weak feet. +Shoes therefore should be straight on the inner border, broad across +the ball, and have a low, broad heel. The shoe adopted by the scout +movement is a good design. +</p> +<p> +When a foot is normal, the inner border does not touch the floor. By +wetting the foot one can see readily whether he is flat-footed by the +imprint made. The following exercises are good to strengthen the +arches of the foot if there is a tendency to flat feet: (1) Turn toes +in, raise the heels, and come down slowly on the outer borders of the +feet; (2) Walk with heels raised and toes pointing inward, or walk on +the outer borders of the foot, inner borders turned up. +</p> +<p> +Shoes should fit the feet comfortably. Tight shoes, or shoes that fit +loosely, will cause callouses or corns. The way to get rid of these is +to remove the cause--namely, the badly-fitting shoes. Soft corns are +due to pressure between the toes. The toes in such cases should be +kept apart with cotton. Pointed shoes should be avoided. +Patent-leather shoes are non-porous and hot. Ingrown toe nails are +exceedingly painful. The pain comes from the nail piercing the soft +parts. Allowing the nail to grow long and beyond the point of the +tender spot will help; {231} and on the side of the nail and under it cotton +should be inserted to protect the soft parts. +</p> +<p> +Hot foot baths will generally relieve tired feet. Boys should be very +careful in trimming corns for fear of blood poisoning. Never buy +plates at a store for flat feet. They may not be adapted to your +needs. Always consult a foot specialist for treatment and buy plates +if needed on his order. Only severe cases need plates. +</p> +<p> +Many boys are troubled with perspiring feet and are frequently annoyed +by the odor resulting. Those who are thus troubled should wash the +feet often and carefully, especially, between the toes. By dusting the +feet with boric acid the odor will disappear. At first it may be +necessary to change the stockings daily. In severe cases two pairs of +shoes should be used, changing alternately. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Care of the Finger Nails</span> +</p> +<p> +The chief thing in the care of the finger nails is to keep them clean. +Each boy should possess and use a nail brush. Always wash the hands +thoroughly before eating, and use the end of a nail file to remove the +accumulation still remaining under the nails. Keep the nails properly +trimmed. They should not be too long nor too short. If long they are +liable to break and if short to be sensitive. Biting the nails is a +filthy practice and mutilates the fingers dreadfully and makes them +unsightly. It is a very hard habit to overcome ofttimes and will +require persistent effort in order to succeed. By keeping the nails +smooth the tendency to bite them will to some extent be overcome. A +bitter application to the nails will often remind one of the habit, as +often the biting is done unconsciously. The nails should never be +pared with a knife; a curved pair of scissors is better as the cutting +should be done in a curved direction; but the best method is to use a +file. The skin overhanging the nails should be pressed back once a +week to keep them shapely. Rubbing the nails with a nail buffer or +cloth will keep them polished. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Sleep</span> +</p> +<p> +One thing a growing boy wants to be long on is sleep, and yet he is +most apt to be careless about it. It is during sleep that a boy grows +most and catches up. During his waking hours he tears down and burns +up more tissue than he builds. Good, sound and sufficient sleep is +essential to growth, strength, {232} and endurance. A boy scout should have +at least nine or ten hours sleep out of every twenty-four. If you lose +out on this amount on one day, make it up the next. Whenever unusually +tired, or when you feel out of trim, stay in bed a few hours more if +it is possible. A boy should wake up each morning feeling like a +fighting cock. When he doesn't he ought to get to bed earlier that +night. Sleep is a wonderful restorative and tonic. It helps to store +up energy and conserve strength. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Sleeping Out of Doors</span> +</p> +<p> +The conditions under which one sleeps are as important as the length +of time one sleeps. Many people are finding it wonderfully helpful and +invigorating to sleep out of doors. Often a back porch can be +arranged, or, in summer, a tent can be pitched in the yard. But, by +all means, the sleeping room should be well ventilated. Windows should +be thrown wide open. Avoid drafts. If the bed is in such relation to +the windows as to cause the wind to blow directly on it, a screen can +be used to divert it or a sheet hung up as protection. Good, fresh, +cool air is a splendid tonic. In winter open windows are a splendid +preparation for camping out in summer. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Conservation</span> +</p> +<p> +In this chapter much has been said of the active measures which a boy +should take in order to become strong and well. We should be equally +concerned in saving and storing up natural forces we already have. In +the body of every boy, who has reached his teens, the Creator of the +universe has sown a very important fluid. This fluid is the most +wonderful material in all the physical world. Some parts of it find +their way into the blood, and through the blood give tone to the +muscles, power to the brain, and strength to the nerves. This fluid is +the sex fluid. When this fluid appears in a boy's body, it works a +wonderful change in him. His chest deepens, his shoulders broaden, his +voice changes, his ideals are changed and enlarged. It gives him the +capacity for deep feeling, for rich emotion. Pity the boy, therefore, +who has wrong ideas of this important function, because they will +lower his ideals of life. These organs actually secrete into the blood +material that makes a boy manly, strong, and noble. Any habit which a +boy has that causes this fluid to be discharged from the body tends to +weaken his strength, to make him less able to resist disease, and +often unfortunately fastens upon him habits which later in life he +{233} cannot break. Even several years before this fluid appears in the body +such habits are harmful to a growing boy. +</p> +<p> +To become strong, therefore, one must be pure in thought and clean in +habit. This power which I have spoken of must be conserved, because +this sex function is so deep and strong that there will come times +when temptation to wrong habits will be very powerful. But remember +that to yield means to sacrifice strength and power and manliness. +</p> +<p> +For boys who desire to know more of this subject we would suggest a +splendid book by Dr. Winfield S. Hall, entitled, "From Youth into +Manhood." Every boy in his teens who wants to know the secret of +strength, power, and endurance should read this book. +</p> +<br> +NOTES +<br> +<br> +<br> +{234} +<br> +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +<br> +{235} +<br> +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +<br> +{236} +<br> +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +{237} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">CHAPTER VI</span><br style="font-weight: +bold;"> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">CHIVALRY</span> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +By John L. Alexander, Boy Scouts of America +</span> +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Ancient Knighthood</span> +</p> +<p> +A little over fifteen hundred years ago the great order of knighthood +and chivalry was founded. The reason for this was the feeling on the +part of the best men of that day that it was the duty of the stronger +to help the weak. These were the days when might was right, and the +man with the strongest arm did as he pleased, often oppressing the +poor and riding rough shod without any regard over the feelings and +affections of others. In revolt against this, there sprang up all over +Europe a noble and useful order of men who called themselves knights. +Among these great-hearted men were Arthur, Gareth, Lancelot, Bedivere, +and Alfred the Great. The desire of these men was "To live pure, speak +true, right wrong, follow the king." Of course in these days there +also lived men who called themselves knights, but who had none of the +desire for service that inspired Arthur and the others. These false +knights, who cared for no one but themselves and their own pleasure, +often brought great sorrow to the common people. Chivalry then was a +revolt against their brutal acts and ignorance and a protest against +the continuation of the idea that might was right. +</p> +<p> +Nowhere in all the stories that have come down to us have the acts of +chivalry been so well told as in the tales of the Round Table. Here it +was that King Arthur gathered about him men like Sir Bors, Sir +Gawaine, Sir Pellias, Sir Geraint, Sir Tristram, Sir Lancelot, and Sir +Galahad. These men moved by the desire of giving themselves in +service, cleared the forests of wild animals, suppressed the robber +barons, {238} punished the outlaws, bullies, and thieves of their day, and +enforced wherever they went a proper respect for women. It was for +this great service that they trained themselves, passing through the +degrees of page, esquire, and knight with all the hard work that each +of these meant in order that they might the better do their duty to +their God and country. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 152px; height: 390px;" alt="" +src="images/p0237pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Ancient knight +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Struggle for Freedom</span> +</p> +<p> +Of course this struggle of right against wrong was not confined to the +days in which chivalry was born. The founding of the order of +knighthood was merely the beginning of the age-long struggle to make +right the ruling thought of life. Long after knighthood had passed +away, the struggle continued. In the birth of the modern nations, +England, Germany, France, and others, there was the distinct feeling +on the part of the best men of these nations that might should and +must give way to right, and that tyranny must yield to the spirit of +freedom. The great struggle of the English barons under King John and +the wresting from the king of the Magna Charta, which became the basis +of English liberty, was merely another development of the idea for +which chivalry stood. The protest of the French Revolution, and the +terrible doings of the common people in these days, although wicked +and brutal in method, were symptoms of the same revolt against +oppression. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 198px; height: 410px;" alt="" +src="images/p0238pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Pilgrim father +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Pilgrim Fathers</span> +</p> +<p> +When the Pilgrim Fathers founded the American colonies, the work of +Arthur and Alfred and the other great men of ancient days was renewed +and extended and fitted to the new conditions and times. With the +English settlements of Raleigh and Captain John Smith we might almost +say that a new race of men was born and a new kind of knight was +developed. All over America an idea made itself felt that in the eyes +of the law every man should be considered just as good as every other +man, and that every man ought to have a fair and square chance {239}at all +the good things that were to be had in a land of plenty. It was this +spirit that compelled the colonists to seek their independence and +that found its way into our Declaration of Independence as follows: +</p> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are +created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with +certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, +liberty and the pursuit of happiness. +<br> +</div> +<p> +The fight of the colonists was the old-time fight of the knights +against the oppression and injustice and the might that dared to call +itself right. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 180px; height: 401px;" alt="" +src="images/p0239pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Pioneer +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">American Pioneers</span> +</p> +<p> +No set of men, however, showed this spirit of chivalry more than our +pioneers beyond the Alleghanies. In their work and service they +paralleled very closely the knights of the Round Table, but whereas +Arthur's knights were dressed in suits of armor, the American pioneers +were dressed in buckskin. They did, however, the very same things +which ancient chivalry had done, clearing the forests of wild animals, +suppressing the outlaws and bullies and thieves of their day and +enforcing a proper respect for women. Like the old knights they often +were compelled to do their work amid scenes of great bloodshed, +although they loved to live in peace. These American knights and +pioneers were generally termed backwoods men and scouts, and were men +of distinguished appearance, of athletic build, of high moral +character and frequently of firm religious convictions. Such men as +"Apple-seed Johnny," Daniel Boone, George Rogers Clark, Simon Kenton +and John James Audubon, are the types of men these pioneers were. They +were noted for their staunch qualities of character. They hated +dishonesty and were truthful and brave. They were polite to women and +old people, ever ready to rescue a companion when in danger, and +equally ready to risk their lives for a stranger. They were very +hospitable, dividing their last crust with one another, or with the +stranger whom they happened to meet. They were ever ready to do an act +of kindness. {240} +They were exceedingly simple in their dress and habits. They fought +the Indians, not because they wished to, but because it was necessary +to protect their wives and children from the raids of the savages. +They knew all the things that scouts ought to know. They were +acquainted with the woods and the fields; knew where the best fish +were to be caught; understood the trees, the signs and blazes, the +haunts of animals and how to track them; how to find their way by the +stars; how to make themselves comfortable in the heart of the primeval +forest; and such other things as are classed under the general term of +woodcraft. And, with all this, they inherited the splendid ideas of +chivalry that had been developed in the thousand years preceding them, +and fitted these ideas to the conditions of their own day, standing +solidly against evil and falsehood whenever they lifted their head +among them. They were not perfect, but they did their best to be of +service to those who came within their reach and worked +conscientiously for their country. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 141px; height: 409px;" alt="" +src="images/p0240pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Modern knight +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Modern Knighthood</span> +</p> +<p> +A hundred years have passed since then, and the conditions of life +which existed west of the Alleghanies are no more. Just as the life of +the pioneers was different from that of the knights of the Round +Table, and as they each practised chivalry in keeping with their own +sur-roundings, so the life of to-day is different from both, but the +need of chivalry is very much the same. Might still tries to make +right, and while there are now no robber barons or outlaws with swords +and spears, their spirit is not unknown in business and commercial +life. Vice and dishonesty lift their heads just as strongly to-day as +in the past and there is just as much need of respect for women and +girls as there ever was. So to-day there is a demand for a modern type +of chivalry. It is for this reason that the Boy Scouts of America +have come into being; for there is need of service in these days, and +that is represented by the good turn done to somebody every day. Doing +the good turn daily will help to form the habit of useful service. A +boy scout, then, while living in modern times, must consider himself +the heir of ancient chivalry {241} and of the pioneers, and he must for this +reason give himself to ever renewed efforts to be true to the +traditions which have been handed down to him by these great and good +leaders of men. The boy-scout movement is a call to American boys +to-day to become in spirit members of the order of chivalry, and a +challenge to them to make their lives count in the communities in +which they live--for clean lives, clean speech, clean sport, clean +habits, and clean relationships with others. It is also a challenge +for them to stand for the right against the wrong, for truth against +falsehood, to help the weak and oppressed, and to love and seek the +best things of life. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Abraham Lincoln</span> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 337px; height: 452px;" alt="" +src="images/p0241pic1.jpg"> +</p> +<p> +Perhaps there is no better example of chivalry than the life and +experience of Abraham Lincoln, the greatest of all our American men. +Every boy ought to read the story of his life and come to understand +and appreciate what it means. Lincoln was born in the backwoods of +Kentucky. He was a tall, spare man of awkward build, and knew very +little of the school room as a boy. He fought for his education. He +borrowed books wherever he could. Many long nights were spent by him +before the flickering lights of the log cabin, gleaning from his +borrowed treasures the knowledge he longed to possess. He passed +through all the experiences of life that other scouts and pioneers +have experienced. He split rails for a livelihood, and fought his way +upward by hard work, finally achieving for himself an education in the +law, becoming an advocate in the courts of Illinois. Wherever he +went, he made a profound impression on the lives and minds of the +people and won over his political opponents by his strength, sympathy, +{242} and breadth of mind. +At the period when storms threatened to engulf our Ship of State, he +became President of our country. Although Lincoln was an untried +pilot, he stood by the helm like a veteran master. A man of earnest +and intense conviction, he strove to maintain the glory of our flag +and to keep the Union un-broken. Hundreds of stories are told of his +great heart and almost boundless sympathy for others. The generals +of the Civil War were deeply attached to him, and the rank and file of +the sold-iers who fought under these generals loved and revered him. +He was familiarly known as "Honest Abe." He could always be relied +upon to give help and encouragement. His smile cheered the defenders +of the Union, and his wise counsel gave heart to the men who were +helping him to shape the destinies of the nation. At the close of the +war which saw the Union more firmly established than ever, he fell by +the hand of the assassin, mourned deeply both by his own country and +by the world at large. +</p> +<p> +The further we get from the scene of his life and work the more firmly +are we, his countrymen, convinced of his sincerity, strength, wisdom, +and bigness of heart. The two men who stand out preeminently in +history among great Americans are Washington and Lincoln, the former +as the founder of the Union and the latter as the man who gave it +unbreakable continuity and preserved it, as we hope and believe, for +all time. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 374px; height: 399px;" alt="" +src="images/p0242pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Using every opportunity +</p> +<p> +Lincoln's life and career should be the study and inspiration of every +boy scout. He became familiar with all of the things for which the Boy +Scouts of America stand. He was a lover of the wild things in the +woods, and loved and lived the life of the out-of-doors. He had a high +sense of honor and was intensely chivalrous, as the many hundred +stories told about {243} him testify. +He did many times more than one good turn a day; he sincerely loved +his country; he lived, fought, and worked for it; and finally he +sealed his loyalty by giving his life. The path that he travelled from +the log cabin to the White House clearly shows that an American boy +who has well defined ideas of truth and right, and then dares to stand +by them, can become great in the councils of the nation. The life, +then, of Abraham Lincoln should be a steady inspiration to every boy +who wishes to call himself a scout. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Challenge of the Present</span> +</p> +<p> +Thus we see that chivalry is not a virtue that had its beginning long +ago and merely lived a short time, becoming a mere story. Chivalry +began in the far-distant past out of the desire to help others, and +the knights of the olden days did this as best they could. Later the +new race of men in America took up the burden of chivalry, and did the +best they could. Now the privilege and responsibility comes to the +boys of to-day, and the voices of the knight of the olden time and of +the hardy pioneers of our own country are urging the boys of to-day to +do the right thing, in a gentlemanly way, for the sake of those about +them. All of those men, whether knights or pioneers, had an unwritten +code, somewhat like our scout law, and their motto was very much like +the motto of the boy scouts, "Be Prepared." +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 266px; height: 412px;" alt="" +src="images/p0243pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Politeness +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +Good Manners</span> +</p> +<p> +The same thing that entered into the training of these men, knights, +pioneers, and Lincoln, then, must enter into the training of the boy +scouts of to-day. Just as they respected women and served them, so the +tenderfoot and the scout must be polite and kind to women, not merely +to well-dressed women, but to poorly-dressed women; not merely to +young women, but to old women: to women wherever they may be found-- +{244} wherever they may be. To these a scout must always be courteous and +helpful. +</p> +<p> +When a scout is walking with a lady or a child, he should always walk +on the outside of the sidewalk, so that he can better protect them +against the jostling crowds. This rule is only altered when crossing +the street, when the scout should get between the lady and the +traffic, so as to shield her from accident or mud. Also in meeting a +woman or child, a scout, as a matter of course, should always make way +for them even if he himself has to step off the sidewalk into the mud. +When riding in a street car or train a scout should never allow a +woman, an elderly person, or a child to stand, but will offer his +seat; and when he does it he should do it cheerfully and with a smile. +</p> +<p> +When on the street, be continually on a quest, on the lookout to help +others, and always refuse any reward for the effort. This kind of +courtesy and good manners is essential to success. It was this +unselfish desire to protect and help that made these men of olden time +such splendid fellows. +</p> +<p> +Good manners attract and please, and should be cultivated by every boy +who expects to win success and make his life interesting to others. In +the home, on the street, in the school, in the workshop or the office, +or wherever one may be, his relationship to others should be +characterized as gentle, courteous, polite, considerate and +thoughtful. These are virtues and graces that make life easier and +pleasanter for all. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Cheerfulness</span> +</p> +<p> +As has been said, whatever a scout does should be done with +cheerfulness, and the duty of always being cheerful cannot be +emphasized too much. +</p> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> + Why don't you laugh, and make us all laugh too, +<br> + And keep us mortals all from getting blue? +<br> + A laugh will always win. +<br> + If you can't laugh--just grin. +<br> + Go on! Let's all join in! +<br> + Why don't you laugh? +<br> +</div> +<p> +Benjamin Franklin said: "Money never yet made a man happy, and there +is nothing in its nature to produce happiness, One's personal +enjoyment is a very small thing, but one's personal usefulness is a +very important thing." Those only are happy who have their minds fixed +upon some object other and higher than their own happiness. Doctor +Raffles once said, {245} "I have made it a rule never to be with a person +ten minutes without trying to make him happier." A boy once said to +his mother, "I couldn't make little sister happy, nohow I could fix +it, but I made myself happy trying to make her happy." +</p> +<p> +There was once a king who had a tall, handsome son whom he loved with +his whole heart, so he gave him everything that his heart desired--a +pony to ride, beautiful rooms to live in, picture books, stories, and +everything that money could buy. And yet, in spite of this, the young +prince was unhappy and wore a wry face and a frown wherever he went, +and was always wishing for something he did not have. By and by, a +magician came to the court, and seeing a frown on the prince's face, +said to the king, "I can make your boy happy and turn his frown into a +smile, but you must pay me a very large price for the secret." "All +right," said the king, "whatever you ask, I will do." So the magician +took the boy into a private room, and with white liquid wrote +something on a piece of paper; then he gave the boy a candle and told +him to warm the paper and read what was written. The prince did as he +was told. The white letters turned into letters of blue, and he read +these words; "Do a kindness to some one every day." So the prince +followed the magician's advice and became the happiest boy in all the +king's realm. +</p> +<p> +To be a good scout one must remain cheerful under every circumstance, +bearing both fortune and misfortune with a smile. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 284px; height: 368px;" alt="" +src="images/p0245pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Cheer up +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Character</span> +</p> +<p> +If a scout is cheerful, follows the advice of the magician to the +king's son, and does a good turn to some one every day, he will come +into possession of a strong character such as the knights of the Round +Table had; for, after all, character is the thing that distinguishes a +good scout from a bad one. Character is not what men say about you. A +great writer {246} once said, "I can't hear what you say for what you are," +and another one said, "Your life speaks louder than your words." It +was not the words of the knights of old that told what they were. It +was their strong life and fine character that gave power to their +words and the thrust to their spears. +</p> +<p> +It is necessary that a boy should live right and possess such a +character as will help him to do the hardest things of life. Every boy +should remember that he is in reality just what he is when alone in +the dark. The great quests of the knights were most often done singly +and alone. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Will</span> +</p> +<p> +Another thing that entered into the make-up of a knight was an iron +will. He had staying powers because he willed to stick; and the way he +trained his will to do the hard things was to keep himself doing the +small things. Not long ago, there was a lad whom the boys nicknamed +"Blockey" and "Wooden Man." When they played ball in the school play +ground, Blockey never caught the ball. When they worked together in +the gymnasium, Blockey was always left out of the game because he +couldn't do things, and was slow and unwieldy in his motions. But one +day, a great change came over Blockey and he began to train his will. +He worked hard in the gymnasium: he learned to catch the ball, and, by +sticking to it, was not only able to catch the ball but became +proficient. Then there came a time when the first one chosen upon the +team was Blockey; and it all came about because he had trained his +will so that when he made up his mind to do a thing, he did it. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Thrift</span> +</p> +<p> +Another thing which entered into the training of a knight was his +readiness to seize his opportunities. The motto of the scout is "Be +Prepared." He should be prepared for whatever opportunity presents +itself. An interesting story is told by Orison Swett Marden. He says +that a lad, who later became one of the millionaires of one of our +great Western cities, began his earning career by taking advantage of +an opportunity that came to him as he was passing an auction shop. He +saw several boxes of a kind of soap which his mother was accustomed to +buy from the family grocer. Hastening to the grocery store he asked +the price of the soap. "Twelve cents a pound" was the reply. On being +pressed for a lower figure the shopkeeper remarked in a bantering tone +that he would buy all that the boy could bring to his store at {247}nine +cents a pound. The boy hurried back to the auction and bought the soap +at six cents a pound. It was in this way that he made his first money +in trade and laid the foundation of his fortune. +</p> +<p> +The knight never waited for opportunity to come to him. He went out +looking for it, and wore his armor in order that he might be ready for +it when it came. There is a story of a Greek god who had only one lock +of hair upon his forehead. The remainder of his head was shining bald. +In order to get this ancient god's attention, it was necessary to grip +him by his forelock, for when he had passed, nothing could check his +speed. So it is with opportunity, and the hour of opportunity. A good +scout is ready for both and always grips "time by the forelock." +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Individuality</span> +</p> +<p> +If the foregoing qualities enter into a scout's training, an +individuality will be developed in him, which will make itself known +and felt. +</p> +<p> +Every scout should read over the following list of scout virtues, and +should strive at all times to keep them before him in his training, +thus making them a part of his life: +</p> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%;" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody><tr><td>Unselfishness:</td><td> The art of thinking of others first +and one's self afterward.</td></tr> +<tr><td> +<br> +</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr><td>Self Sacrifice:</td><td> The giving up of one's comfort, desires, +and pleasures for the benefit of some one else.</td></tr> +<tr><td> +<br> +</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr><td>Kindness:</td><td> The habit of thinking well of others and doing +good to them.</td></tr> +<tr><td> +<br> +</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr><td>Friendliness:</td><td> The disposition to make everyone you meet +feel at ease, and to be of service to him if possible.</td></tr> +<tr><td> +<br> +</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr><td>Honesty:</td><td> +The desire to give to every one a square deal and the same fair chance +that you yourself wish to enjoy. It means also respect for the +property and rights of others, the ability to face the truth, and to +call your own faults by their right name. +</td></tr> +<tr><td> +<br> +</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr><td>Fair Play:</td><td> Scorning to take unfair advantage of a rival +and readiness even to give up an advantage to him.</td></tr> +<tr><td> +<br> +</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr><td>Loyalty:</td><td> The quality of remaining true and faithful not +only to your principles but also to your parents and friends.</td></tr> +<tr><td> +<br> +</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr><td>Obedience:</td><td> Compliance with the wishes of parents or those +in places of authority.</td></tr> +<tr><td> +<br> +</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr><td>Discipline:</td><td> That self-restraint and self-control that keep +a boy steady, and help him in team work.</td></tr> +<tr><td> +<br> +</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr><td>Endurance:</td><td> A manly moderation which keeps a boy fit and +strong and in good condition. {248}</td></tr><tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br> +</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;"> +Self Improvement:</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">The ambition to get on in life by +all fair means. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;"> +Humility:</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;"> +That fine quality which keeps a scout from boasting, and which +generally reveals a boy of courage and achievement. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br> +</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;"> +Honor:</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;"> +That great thing which is more sacred than anything else to scouts and +gentlemen; the disdain of telling or implying an untruth; absolute +trustworthiness and faithfulness. +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br> +</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top;"> +Duty to God:</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;"> +That greatest of all things, which keeps a boy faithful to his +principles and true to his friends and comrades; that gives him a +belief in things that are high and noble, and which makes him prove +his belief by doing his good turn to some one every day. +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +This list of virtues a scout must have, and if there are any that +standout more prominently than the others, they are the following: +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 489px; height: 405px;" alt="" +src="images/p0248pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Scout protecting child from mad dog +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Courage</span> +</p> +<p> +It is horrible to be a coward. It is weak to yield to fear and heroic +to face danger without flinching. The old Indian who had been mortally +wounded faced death with a grim smile on his lips and sang his own +death song. The soldier of the {249} Roman legions laughed in the face of +death, and died often with a "Hail, Imperator!" for the Roman Caesar +upon his lips. +</p> +<p> +One of the stories connected with the battle of Agincourt tells us +that four fair ladies had sent their knightly lovers into battle. One +of these was killed. Another was made prisoner. The third was lost in +the battle and never heard of afterward. The fourth was safe, but owed +his safety to shameful flight. "Ah! woe is me," said the lady of this +base knight, "for having placed my affections on a coward. He would +have been dear to me dead. But alive he is my reproach." +</p> +<p> +A scout must be as courageous as any knight of old or any Roman +soldier or any dying Indian. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Loyalty</span> +</p> +<p> +Loyalty is another scout virtue which must stand out prominently, +because it is that which makes him true to his home, his parents, and +his country. Charles VIII, at the Battle of Foronovo, picked out nine +of his bravest officers and gave to each of them a complete suit of +armor, which was a counterpart of his own. By this device he outwitted +a group of his enemies who had leagued themselves to kill him during +the fight. They sought him through all the ranks, and every time they +met one of these officers they thought they had come face to face with +the king. The fact that these officers hailed such a dangerous honor +with delight and devotion is a striking illustration of their loyalty. +</p> +<p> +The scout should be no less loyal to his parents, home, and country. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Duty to God</span> +</p> +<p> +No scout can ever hope to amount to much until he has learned a +reverence for religion. The scout should believe in God and God's +word. In the olden days, knighthood, when it was bestowed, was a +religious ceremony, and a knight not only considered himself a servant +of the king, but also a servant of God. The entire night preceding the +day upon which the young esquire was made knight was spent by him on +his knees in prayer, in a fast and vigil. +</p> +<p> +There are many kinds of religion in the world. One important point, +however, about them is that they all involve the worship of the same +God. There is but one leader, although many ways of following Him. If +a scout meets one of another religion, he should remember that he, +too, is striving for the best. {250} A scout should respect the convictions +of others in matters of custom and religion. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 295px; height: 386px;" alt="" +src="images/p0250pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Scout helping old lady across street +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">A Boy Scout's Religion</span> +</p> +<p> +The Boy Scouts of America maintain that no boy can grow into the best +kind of citizenship without recognizing his obligation to God. The +first part of the boy scout's oath or pledge is therefore: "I promise +on my honor to do my best to honor my God and my country." The +recognition of God as the ruling and leading power in the universe, +and the grateful acknowledgement of His favors and blessings is +necessary to the best type of citizenship and is a wholesome thing in +the education of the growing boy. No matter what the boy may +be--Catholic, or Protestant, or Jew--this fundamental need of good +citizenship should be kept before him. The Boy Scouts of America +therefore recognize the religious element in the training of a boy, +but it is absolutely non-sectarian in its attitude toward that +religious training. Its policy is that the organization or institution +with which the boy scout is connected shall give definite attention to +his religious life. If he be a Catholic boy scout, the Catholic Church +of which he is a member is the best channel for his training. If he be +a Hebrew boy, then the Synagogue will train him in the faith of his +fathers. If he be a Protestant, no matter to what denomination of +Protestantism he may belong, the church of which he is an adherent or +a member should be the proper organization to give him an education in +the things that pertain to his allegiance to God. The Boy Scouts of +America, then, while recognizing the fact that the boy should be +taught the things that pertain to religion, insists upon the boy's +religious life being stimulated and fostered by the institution with +which he is connected. Of course, it is a fundamental principle of the +Boy Scouts of America to insist on {251} clean, capable leadership in its +scout masters, and the influence of the leader on the boy scout should +be of a distinctly helpful character. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Work, Not Luck</span> +</p> +<p> +Life, after all, is just this: Some go through life trusting to luck. +They are not worthy to be scouts. Others go through life trusting to +hard work and clear thinking. These are they who have cleared the +wilderness and planted wheat where forests once grew, who have driven +back the savage, and have fostered civilization in the uncultivated +places of the earth. The good scout is always at work--working to +improve himself and to improve the daily lot of others. +</p> +<p> +The thing that is to be noticed in all of these men, those of the +Round Table, and those of American pioneer days, is the fact that they +were ever ready to do a good turn to some one. The knights of the +Round Table did theirs by clash of arms, by the jousts and the +tourney, and by the fierce hand-to-hand fights that were their delight +in open battle. The old scouts, our own pioneers, very often had to +use the rifle and the hatchet and the implements of war. However, +those days have passed, and we are living in a non-military and +peace-loving age; and the glory of it is that, whereas these men took +their lives in their hands and by dint of rifle and sword did their +part in helping others, our modern civilization gives the Boy Scouts +of America an opportunity to go out and do their good turn daily for +others in the thousand ways that will benefit our American life the +most. Sometimes they will have to risk their lives, but it will be in +case of fire or accident or catastrophe. At other times they will be +given the privilege of showing simple deeds of chivalry by their +courteous treatment of their elders, cripples, and children, by giving +up their seats in street cars, or by carrying the bundles of those who +are not as physically strong as themselves. And in it all will come +the satisfying feeling that they are doing just as much and perhaps a +great deal more than the iron-clad men or the buckskin clothed scouts +in making their country a little safer and a little better place to +live in. Chivalry and courtesy and being a gentleman mean just as much +now as they ever did, and there is a greater demand in these days to +live pure, to speak true, and to help others by a good turn daily than +ever before in the world's history. +</p> +<br> +{252} +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +{253} +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +<br> +{254} +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +<br> +{255} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">CHAPTER VII</span><br style="font-weight: +bold;"> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">FIRST AID AND LIFE SAVING</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Major Charles Lynch, Medical Corps, U. S. A. +</span><br style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Acting for the American Red Cross +</span> +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS</span><br +style="font-weight: bold;"> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">General</span> +</p> +<p> +Considerably over a million persons are seriously injured in the +United States each year. The enormous loss of life and the great +suffering involved certainly demand that every boy scout do what he +can to improve conditions in this respect. Some accidents happen under +all circumstances, but, on the other hand a great many accidents are +avoidable and probably quite one half of the injuries which occur in +the United States yearly could be prevented if common care were +exercised. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Panics and Their Prevention</span> +</p> +<p> +In case of a panic, at an in-door assembly, scouts, if they live up to +their motto, "Be Prepared," will be able to save hundreds of lives. +There is usually plenty of time for people to get out of a building if +the exits are not blocked by too many crowding them at once. One +should, if possible, try to arrange to have the performance go on, and +the others could reassure the people and get them to go out quietly +through the exits provided. Almost all scouts know how quickly and +safely our school buildings are cleared by means of the fire drill. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Fires</span> +</p> +<p> +Fires constitute a danger as great as panics, and scouts should be +equally well informed what to do in case of fire. It is the duty of a +scout to know how to prevent fires. Many fires are caused by +carelessness. Never throw away a lighted match, for it may fall on +inflammable material and start a fire. Reading in bed by the light of +a lamp or candle is dangerous, for if the reader goes to sleep the bed +clothing is likely to catch fire. {256} +A scout may often have to dry his clothes before a fire and if so, +they should be carefully watched. Hot ashes in wooden boxes, or in +barrels, are responsible for many fires. In camp, dry grass should be +cut away from the locality of the camp fire; and not to put out a camp +fire on leaving a camp is criminal. Many of the great fires in our +forests have been due to carelessness in this respect. Fires also +result frequently from explosions of gas or gunpowder. A room in which +the odor of gas is apparent should never be entered with a light, and +in handling gunpowder a scout should have no matches loose in his +pockets. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">How To Put Out Burning Clothing</span> +</p> +<p> +If your own clothing should catch fire do not run for help as this +will fan the flames. Lie down and roll up as tightly as possible in an +overcoat, blanket, or rug. If nothing can be obtained in which to wrap +up, lie down and roll over slowly at the same time beating out the +fire with the hands. If another person's clothing catches fire, throw +him to the ground and smother the fire with a coat, blanket, or rug. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">What To Do in Case of Fire</span> +</p> +<p> +A fire can usually be put out very easily when it starts, and here is +an occasion when a scout can show his presence of mind and coolness. +At first a few buckets of water or blankets or woollen clothing thrown +upon a fire will smother it. Sand, ashes, or dirt, or even flour, will +have the same effect. +</p> +<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> +[Transcriber's note: Flour dust suspended in air is explosive.]</span> +<br> +<p> +If a scout discovers a building to be on fire, he should sound the +alarm for the fire department at once. If possible he should send some +one else, as the scout will probably know better what to do before the +fire-engine arrives. All doors should be kept closed so as to prevent +draughts. If you enter the burning building, close the window or door +after you, if possible, and leave some responsible person to guard it +so it will not be opened and cause a draught. In searching for people, +go to the top floor and walk down, examining each room as carefully as +possible. If necessary to get air while making the search, close the +door of the room, open a window, and stick the head out until a few +breaths can be obtained. Afterward close the window to prevent a +draught. If doors are found locked and you suspect people are asleep +inside, knock and pound on doors to arouse them. If this produces no +results, you will have to try to break down the door. While searching +through a burning building it will be best to tie a wet handkerchief +or cloth {257} over the nose and mouth. You will get a little air from the +water. +</p> +<p> +Remember the air within six inches of the floor is free from smoke, so +when you have difficulty in breathing, crawl along the floor, with the +head low, dragging anyone you have rescued behind you. +</p> +<p> +If you tie the hands of an insensible person together with a +handkerchief and put them over your head, you will find it fairly easy +to crawl along the floor dragging him with you. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 572px; height: 460px;" alt="" +src="images/p0257pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Learning by doing +</p> +<br> +<p> +Never jump from a window unless the flames are so close to you that +this is the only means of escape. +</p> +<p> +If you are outside a building, put bedding in a pile to break the +jumper's fall, or get a strong carpet or rug to catch him, and have it +firmly held by as many men and boys as can secure hand holds. +</p> +<p> +In country districts, scouts should organize a bucket brigade which +consists of two lines from the nearest water supply to the fire. +Scouts in one line pass buckets, pitchers, or anything else that will +hold water from one to another till the last scout {258} throws the water on +the fire. The buckets are returned by the other line. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Drowning</span> +</p> +<p> +Drowning accidents are very common. Every scout should know how to +swim and to swim well, but this is not all that is necessary. He +should also know how to prevent accidents that may result in drowning. +In summer, boating and bathing accidents are common. Remember a light +boat is not intended for heavy seas; do not change seats except in a +wide and steady boat; and above all things do not put yourself in the +class of idiots who rock a boat. +</p> +<p> +At the sea-shore, unless you are a strong swimmer, do not go outside +the life line, and if the undertow is strong be careful not to walk +out where the water is so deep it will carry you off your feet. Very +cold water and very long swims are likely to exhaust even a strong +swimmer and are therefore hazardous unless a boat accompanies the +swimmer. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Rescue of the Drowning</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(See pages 279 to 285) +</span> +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Ice Rescue</span> +</p> +<p> +To rescue a person who has broken through the ice you should first tie +a rope around your body and have the other end tied, or held, on +shore. Then secure a long board or a ladder or limb of a tree, crawl +out on this, or push it out, so that the person in the water may reach +it. If nothing can be found on which you can support your weight do +not attempt to walk out toward the person to be rescued, but lie down +flat on your face and crawl out, as by doing this much less weight +bears at anyone point on the ice than in walking. If you yourself +break through the ice remember that if you try to crawl up on the +broken edge it will very likely break again with you. If rescuers are +near, it would be much better to support yourself on the edge of the +ice and wait for them to come to you. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Restoring the Drowning and Artificial +Respiration</span> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +(See pages 286 to 288) +</span><br> +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Electric Accidents</span> +</p> +<p> +For his own benefit and that of his comrades, the scout should know +how to avoid accidents from electricity. The third rail is always +dangerous, so do not touch {259} it. Swinging wires of any kind may +somewhere in their course be in contact with live wires, so they +should not be touched. +</p> +<p> +A person in contact with a wire or rail carrying an electric current +will transfer the current to the rescuer. Therefore he must not touch +the unfortunate victim unless his own body is thoroughly insulated. +The rescuer must act very promptly, for the danger to the person in +contact is much increased the longer the electric current is allowed +to pass through his body. If possible, the rescuer should insulate +himself by covering his hands with a mackintosh, rubber sheeting, +several thicknesses of silk, or even dry cloth. In addition he should, +if possible, complete his insulation by standing on a dry board, a +thick piece of paper, or even on a dry coat. Rubber gloves and rubber +shoes or boots are still safer, but they cannot usually be procured +quickly. +</p> +<p> +If a live wire is under a person and the ground is dry, it will be +perfectly safe to stand on the ground and pull him off the wire with +the bare hands, care being taken to touch only his clothing, and this +must not be wet. +</p> +<p> +A live wire lying on a patient may be flipped off with safety with a +dry board or stick. In removing the live wire from the person, or the +person from the wire, do this, with one motion, as rocking him to and +fro on the wire will increase shock and burn. +</p> +<p> +A live wire may be safely cut by an axe or hatchet with dry, wooden +handle. The electric current may be short circuited by dropping a +crow-bar or poker on the wire. These must be dropped on the side from +which the current is coming and not on the farther side, as the latter +will not short circuit the current before it is passed through the +body of the person in contact. Drop the metal bar; do not place it on +the wire or you will then be made a part of the short circuit and +receive the current of electricity through your body. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">What To Do for Electric Shocks</span> +</p> +<p> +Always send for a doctor, but do not wait for him. Treatment should be +given even if the man appears to be dead. Loosen the clothing around +neck and body. Proceed to restore breathing by artificial respiration +as in drowning. (See pages 286, 287.) +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Gas Accidents</span> +</p> +<p> +The commonest gas encountered is the ordinary illuminating gas. To +prevent such gas from escaping in dangerous {260} quantities, leaks in gas +pipes should be promptly repaired. Be careful in turning off gas to +make sure that gas is actually shut off. It is dangerous to leave a +gas jet burning faintly when you go to sleep: as it may go out if +pressure in the gas pipe becomes less, and if pressure is afterward +increased gas may escape into the room. +</p> +<p> +Coal gas will escape through red-hot cast-iron, and very big fires in +such stoves are dangerous, especially in sleeping rooms. Charcoal +burned in open vessels in tight rooms is especially dangerous. In +underground sewers and wells other dangerous gases are found. If a +lighted candle or torch will not burn in such a place, it is very +certain the air will be deadly for any person who enters. +</p> +<p> +To rescue an unconscious person in a place filled with gas, move +quickly and carry him out without breathing yourself. Take a few deep +breaths before entering and if possible hold breath while in the +place. Frequently less gas will be found near the floor of a building, +so one may be able to crawl where it would be dangerous to walk. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">What To Do for Gas Poisoning</span> +</p> +<br> +Proceed to restore breathing by artificial respiration as in drowning. +<br> +(See pages 286, 287.) +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Runaway Horses</span> +</p> +<p> +The method for checking a horse running away is not to run out and +wave your arm in front of him, as this will only cause him to dodge to +one side and to run faster, but to try to run alongside the vehicle +with one hand on the shaft to prevent yourself from falling, seizing +the reins with the other hand and dragging the horse's head toward +you. If when he has somewhat slowed down by this method, you can turn +him toward a wall or a house he will probably stop. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Mad Dog</span> +</p> +<p> +The first thing to do is to kill the mad dog at once. Wrap a +handkerchief around the hand to prevent the dog's teeth from entering +the flesh and grasp a club of some kind. If you can stop the dog with +a stick you should hit him hard over the head with it, or kick him +under the jaw. A handkerchief held in front of you in your +outstretched hands will generally cause the dog to stop to paw it +before he attempts to bite you. This will give you an opportunity to +kick him under the lower jaw. +</p> +<p> +Another way suggested is to wrap a coat around the left arm and let +the dog bite it; then with the other hand seize the dog's throat and +choke him. +</p> +<br> +{261} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">FIRST AID FOR INJURIES</span><br +style="font-weight: bold;"> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">General Directions</span> +</p> +<p> +Keep cool. There is no cause for excitement or hurry. In not one case +in a thousand are the few moments necessary to find out what is the +matter with an injured man going to result in any harm to him, and of +course in order to treat him intelligently you must first know what is +the matter. Commonsense will tell the scout that he must waste no +time, however, when there is severe bleeding, or in case of poisoning. +</p> +<p> +If possible, always send for a doctor, unless the injury is a trivial +one. Don't wait until he arrives, however, to do something for the +injured person. A crowd should always be kept back and tight clothing +should be loosened. If the patient's face is pale, place him on his +back with his head low. If his face is flushed, fold your coat and put +it under his head so as to raise it slightly. +</p> +<p> +In case of vomiting, place the patient on his side. Do not give an +unconscious person a stimulant, as he cannot swallow, and it will run +down his windpipe and choke him. +</p> +<p> +If the injury is covered by clothing, remove it by cutting or tearing, +but never remove more clothing than necessary, as one of the results +of injury is for a person to feel cold. Shoes and boots should be cut +in severe injuries about the feet. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Shock</span> +</p> +<p> +For example, a scout is riding on a trolley-car. The car runs into a +loaded wagon. The wagon is overturned and the driver thrown to the +pavement. Part of the load falls upon his body and when you reach him +he is unconscious. So far as you can find out, nothing else is the +matter with him. This is called shock. It accompanies all serious +injuries and is itself serious, as a person may die without ever +recovering from shock. Of course, there are different degrees of +shock. In severe shock the person is completely unconscious or he may +be only slightly confused and feel weak and uncertain of what has +happened. +</p> +<p> +In shock always send for a doctor when you can. Before he comes, warm +and stimulate the patient in every possible way. Place him on his back +with his head low and cover him with {262} your coat or a blanket. Rub his +arms and legs toward his body but do not uncover him to do this. If +you have ammonia or smelling salts, place them before the patient's +nose so he may breathe them. +</p> +<p> +This is all you can do when unconsciousness is complete. When the +patient begins to recover a little, however, and as soon as he can +swallow, give him hot tea or coffee, or a half teaspoonful of aromatic +spirits of ammonia in a quarter glass of water. +</p> +<p> +Warning: Remember always that a person with shock may have some other +serious injuries. These you should always look for and treat if +necessary. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Injuries in Which the Skin is Not +Broken--Fractures</span> +</p> +<p> +A fracture is the same thing as a broken bone. When the bone pierces +or breaks through the skin, it is called a compound fracture, and when +it does not, a simple fracture. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 600px; height: 237px;" alt="" +src="images/p0262pic1.jpg"> +Splints for broken thigh +</p> +<p> +A scout is in the country with a comrade. The latter mounts a stone +wall to cross it. The wall falls with him and he calls out for help. +When the other scout reaches him, he finds the injured scout lying +flat on the ground with both legs stretched out. One of these does not +look quite natural, and the scout complains of a great deal of pain at +the middle of the thigh and thinks he felt something break when he +fell. He cannot raise the injured leg. Carefully rip the trousers and +the underclothing at the seam to above the painful point. When you +have done this the deformity will indicate the location of the +fracture. You must be very gentle now or you will do harm, but if one +hand is put above where you think the {263} break occurred and the other +below it and it is lifted gently you will find that there is movement +at the broken point. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 599px; height: 238px;" alt="" +src="images/p0263pic1.jpg"> +Splints for broken leg +</p> +<br> +<p> +Send for a doctor first, if you can, and, if you expect him to arrive +very soon, let your comrade lie where he is, putting his injured leg +in the same position as the sound one and holding it there by coats or +other articles piled around the leg. But if the doctor cannot be +expected for some time, draw the injured limb into position like the +sound one and hold it there by splints. Splints can be made of +anything that is stiff and rigid. Something flat like a board is +better than a pole or staff; limbs broken off a tree will do if +nothing else can be found. Shingles make excellent splints. In +applying splints remember that they should extend beyond the next +joint above and the next joint below; otherwise, movements of the +joint will cause movement at the broken point. With a fracture of the +thigh, such as that described, the outer splint should be a very long +one, extending below the feet from the arm pit. A short one extending +just below the knee will do for the inner splint. Splints may be tied +on with handkerchiefs, pieces of cloth torn from the clothing, or the +like. Tie firmly but not tight enough to cause severe pain. In a +fracture of the thigh it will also be well to bind the injured leg to +the sound one by two or three pieces of cloth around both. The +clothing put back in place will serve as padding under the splint, but +with thin summer clothing it is better to use straw, hay, or leaves in +addition. Fractures of the lower leg and of the upper and lower arm +are treated in the same way with a splint on the inner and outer sides +of the broken bone. A sling will be required for a fracture of the +arm. This may be made of the triangular bandage, or of a triangular +piece of cloth, torn from your shirt. +</p> +{264} +<p> +The Red Cross First Aid Outfit is very convenient to use in fractures +as well as in other injuries. The gauze bandage may be used for the +strips to tie on the splints and the triangular bandage for an arm +sling; or, if a sling is not needed, for strips to fix the splints +firmly in place. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Compound Fractures</span> +</p> +<p> +The edges of a broken bone are very sharp and may cut through the skin +at the time of an injury, but more often afterward, if the injured +person moves about or if the splints are not well applied so as to +prevent movement at the point where the bone is broken. If a compound +fracture has occurred, the wound produced by the sharp bone must +always be treated first. The treatment is the same for any other +wound. +</p> +<p> +Warning: You will not always be able to tell whether or not a fracture +has occurred. In this case do not pull and haul the limb about to make +sure, but treat as a fracture. There will always be a considerable +amount of shock with fracture and this must also be treated. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 354px; height: 490px;" alt="" +src="images/p0264pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Splints and sling for fracture of upper arm +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Bruises</span> +</p> +<p> +Everybody has suffered from a bruise at some time in his life and +knows just what it is. A slight bruise needs no treatment. For a +severe one, apply very hot or very cold water to prevent pain and +swelling. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Sprains</span> +</p> +<p> +A scout slips and twists his ankle and immediately suffers severe +pain, and in a little while the ankle begins to swell. {265} The sprained +joint should be put in an elevated position and cloths wrung out in +very hot or very cold water should be wrapped around it and changed +very frequently. Movement of any sprained joint is likely to increase +the injury, so this ought not to be permitted. Walking with a sprained +ankle is not only exceedingly painful but it generally increases the +hurt. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 189px; height: 477px;" alt="" +src="images/p0265pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Triangular sling for arm +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Dislocation</span> +</p> +<p> +A dislocation is an injury where the head of a bone has slipped out of +its socket at a joint. A scout is playing foot-ball. He suddenly feels +as though his shoulder has been twisted out of place. Comparison with +the other side will show that the injured shoulder does not look like +the other one, being longer, or shorter, and contrary to the case with +fracture there will not be increased movement at the point of injury +but a lessened movement. Do not attempt to get a dislocated joint back +in place. Cover the joint with cloths wrung out in very hot or very +cold water, and get the patient into the hands of a doctor as soon as +possible. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Injuries in Which the Skin is +Broken</span> +</p> +<p> +Such injuries are called wounds. There is one very important fact +which must be remembered in connection with such injuries. Any injury +in which the skin is unbroken is much less dangerous, as the skin +prevents germs from reaching the injured part. The principle to be +followed in treating a wound is to apply something to prevent germs +from reaching the injury. +</p> +{266} +<p> +All wounds unless protected from germs are very liable to become +infected with matter, or pus. Blood poisoning and even death may +result from infection. To prevent infection of wounds, the scout +should cover them promptly with what is called a sterilized dressing. +This is a surgical dressing which has been so treated that it is free +from germs. A number of dressings are on the market and can be +procured in drug stores. In using them, be very careful not to touch +the surface of the dressing which is to be placed in contact with the +wound. The Red Cross First Aid Dressing is so made that this accident +is almost impossible. In taking care of a wound, do not handle it or +do anything else to it. Every one's hands, though they may appear to +be perfectly clean, are not so in the sense of being free from germs; +nor is water, so a wound should never be washed. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 356px; height: 490px;" alt="" +src="images/p0266pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Head bandage +</p> +<p> +It will be a good thing for a scout always to carry a Red Cross First +Aid Outfit, or some similar outfit, for with this he is ready to take +care of almost any injury; without it he will find it very difficult +to improvise anything to cover a wound with safety to the injured +person. If no prepared dressing is procurable, boil a towel if +possible for fifteen minutes, squeeze the water out of it without +touching the inner surface, and apply that to the wound. The next best +dressing, if you cannot prepare this, will be a towel or handkerchief +which has been recently washed and has not been used. These should be +held in place on the wound with a bandage. Do not be afraid to leave a +wound exposed to the air; germs do not float around in the air and +such exposure is much safer than water or any dressing which is not +free from germs. Of course you can bind up a {267} wound with a towel not +boiled or piece of cotton torn from your shirt, but you cannot do so +without the liability of a great deal of harm to the injured person. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Snake Bites</span> +</p> +<p> +While snake bites are wounds, the wounds caused by venomous snakes are +not important as such but because the venom is quickly absorbed and by +its action on the brain may cause speedy death. The rattlesnake and +the moccasin are the most dangerous snakes in the United States. +</p> +<p> +In order to prevent absorption of the poison, immediately tie a +string, handkerchief, or bandage above the bite. This can only be done +in the extremities, but nearly all bites are received on the arms or +legs. Then soak the wound in hot water and squeeze or suck it to +extract the poison. Sucking a wound is not dangerous unless one has +cuts or scrapes in the mouth. Then burn the wound with strong ammonia. +This is not aromatic spirits of ammonia, but what is commonly known as +strong ammonia in any drug store. Aromatic spirits of ammonia should +also be given as a stimulant. +</p> +<p> +If you have nothing but a string to tie off the wound, be sure to do +that and to get out as much poison as you can by squeezing or sucking +the wound. A doctor should of course always be sent for when +practicable in any injury as severe as a snake bite. Leave your string +or bandage in place for an hour. A longer period is unsafe, as cutting +off the circulation may cause mortification. Loosen the string or +bandage after an hour's time, so that a little poison escapes into the +body. If the bitten person does not seem to be much affected, repeat +at the end of a few moments, and keep this up until the band has been +entirely removed. If, however, the bitten person seems to be seriously +affected by the poison you have allowed to escape into his body, you +must not loosen the bandage again, but leave it in place and take the +chance of mortification. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Wounds Without Severe Bleeding</span> +</p> +<p> +These constitute the majority of all wounds. Use the Red Cross Outfit +as described in the slip contained in the outfit. The pressure of a +bandage will stop ordinary bleeding if firmly bound into place. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Wounds With Severe Bleeding</span> +</p> +<p> +A scout must be prepared to check severe bleeding at once, and he +should then dress the wound. Bleeding from an {268} artery is by far the +most dangerous. Blood coming from a cut artery is bright red in color +and flows rapidly in spurts or jets. As the course of the blood in an +artery is away from the heart, pressure must be applied on the heart +side just as a rubber pipe which is cut must be compressed on the side +from which the water is coming in order to prevent leakage at a cut +beyond. The scout must also know the course of the larger arteries in +order that he may know where to press on them. In the arm the course +of the large artery is down the inner side of the big muscle in the +upper arm about in line with the seam of the coat. The artery in the +leg runs down from the centre of a line from the point of the hip to +the middle of the crotch, and is about in line with the inseam of the +trousers. Pressure should be applied about three inches below the +crotch. In making pressure on either of these arteries, use the +fingers and press back against the bone. You can often feel the artery +beat under your fingers, and the bleeding below will stop when you +have your pressure properly made. Of course you cannot keep up the +pressure with your fingers indefinitely in this way as they will soon +become tired and cramped. Therefore, while you are doing this have +some other scout prepare a tourniquet. The simplest form of tourniquet +is a handkerchief tied loosely about the limb. In this handkerchief a +smooth stone or a cork should be placed just above your fingers on the +artery. When this is in place put a stick about a foot long under the +handkerchief at the outer side of the limb and twist around till the +stone makes pressure on the artery in the same way that your {269} fingers +have. Tie the stick in position so it will not untwist. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 351px; height: 488px;" alt="" +src="images/p0268pic1.jpg"> +<br> +How to apply first aid dressing +</p> +<br> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Warning: </span>When using a tourniquet remember that cutting off the +circulation for a long time is dangerous. It is much safer not to keep +on a tourniquet more than an hour. Loosen it, but be ready to tighten +it again quickly if bleeding re-commences. +</p> +<p> +Another method to stop bleeding from an artery when the wound is below +the knee or elbow is to place a pad in the bend of the joint and +double the limb back over it holding the pad in tightly. Tie the arm +or leg in this position. If these means do not check the bleeding put +a pad into the wound and press on it there. If you have no dressing +and blood is being lost very rapidly, make pressure in the wound with +your fingers. Remember, however, that this should only be resorted to +in the case of absolute necessity as it will infect the wound. +</p> +<p> +Blood from veins flows in a steady stream back toward the heart and is +dark in color. From most veins a pad firmly bandaged on the bleeding +point will stop the bleeding. If a vein in the neck is wounded, blood +will be lost so rapidly that the injured person is in danger of +immediate death, so you must disregard the danger of infection and jam +your hand tightly against the bleeding point. +</p> +<p> +Keep the patent quiet in all cases of severe bleeding, for even if it +is checked it may start up again. Do not give any stimulants until the +bleeding has been checked unless the patient is very weak. The best +stimulant is aromatic spirits of ammonia, one teaspoonful in half a +glass of water. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 329px; height: 461px;" alt="" +src="images/p0269pic1.jpg"> +<br> +How to apply tourniquet to upper arm +</p> +<br> +{270} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Unconsciousness and Poisoning</span> +</p> +<p> +Unconsciousness, of course, means lack of consciousness, or, in other +words; one who is unconscious knows nothing of his surroundings or of +what is happening. A person may, however, be partially, as well as +wholly, unconscious. +</p> +<p> +Unconsciousness may be due to so many causes that, in order to give +the best treatment, the scout should first know the cause. Always try +to find this out if you can. If you cannot do this, however, you +should at least determine whether unconsciousness is due to poison, to +bleeding, to sunstroke, or to freezing; for each of these demand +immediate, special treatment. If it is not due to one of these causes, +and the patient is pale and weak, have him placed with his head low, +and warm and stimulate him in every possible way. If the face is red +and the pulse is bounding and strong, that patient should have his +head raised on a folded coat. No stimulants should be given him and +cold water should be sprinkled on his face and chest. +</p> +<p> +The common causes of unconsciousness are shock, electric shock, +fainting, apoplexy and injury to the brain, sunstroke and heat +exhaustion, freezing, suffocation, and poisoning. The first two have +already been described and the treatment of any form of suffocation in +artificial respiration. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Fainting</span> +</p> +<p> +Fainting usually occurs in overheated, crowded places. The patient is +very pale and partially or completely unconscious. The pupils of the +eye are natural, the pulse is weak and rapid. The patient should be +placed in a lying-down position with the head lower than the rest of +the body so that the brain will receive more blood. Loosen the +clothing, especially about the neck. Keep the crowd back and open the +windows if in-doors so that the patient may get plenty of fresh air. +Sprinkle the face and chest with cold water. Apply smelling salts or +ammonia to the nose, rub the limbs toward the body. A stimulant may be +given when the patient is so far recovered that he is able to swallow. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Apoplexy and Injury to the Brain</span> +</p> +<p> +Apoplexy and unconsciousness from injury to the brain are due to the +pressure of blood on the brain so that they {271} may be described together. +Apoplexy is of course much harder to distinguish than injury to the +brain as in the latter the scout can always see that the head has been +hurt. With both, unconsciousness will usually be complete. Pupils are +large and frequently unequal in size, breathing is snoring, and the +pulse is usually full and slow. One side of the body will be +paralyzed. Test this by raising arm or leg; if paralyzed, it will drop +absolutely helpless. Send for a doctor at once. Keep patient quiet and +in a dark room if possible. Put in lying-down position with head +raised by pillows. Apply ice or cold cloths to head. No stimulants. +Drunkenness is sometimes mistaken for apoplexy. If there is any doubt +on this point always treat for apoplexy. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Sunstroke and Heat Exhaustion</span> +</p> +<p> +Anyone is liable to sunstroke or heat exhaustion if exposed to +excessive heat. A scout should remember not to expose himself too much +to the sun nor should he wear too heavy clothing in the summer. Leaves +in the hat will do much to prevent sunstroke. If the scout becomes +dizzy and exhausted through exposure to the sun he should find a cool +place, lie down, and bathe the face, hands, and chest in cold water +and drink freely of cold water. +</p> +<p> +Sunstroke and heat exhaustion, though due to the same cause, are quite +different and require different treatment. In sunstroke +unconsciousness is complete. The face is red, pupils large, the skin +is very hot and dry with no perspiration. The patient sighs and the +pulse is full and slow. The treatment for sunstroke consists in +reducing the temperature of the body. A doctor should be summoned +whenever possible. The patient should be removed to a cool place and +his clothing loosened, or better the greater part of it removed. Cold +water, or ice, should be rubbed over the face, neck, chest, and in arm +pits. When consciousness returns give cold water freely. +</p> +<p> +Heat exhaustion is simply exhaustion or collapse due to heat. The +patient is greatly depressed and weak but not usually unconscious. +Face is pale and covered with clammy sweat, breathing and pulse are +weak and rigid. While this condition is not nearly as dangerous as +sunstroke, a doctor should be summoned if possible. Remove the patient +to a cool place and have him lie down with his clothing loosened. +Don't use anything cold {272} externally, but permit him to take small sips +of cold water. Stimulants should be given just as in fainting. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Freezing</span> +</p> +<p> +The patient should be taken into a cold room and the body should be +rubbed with rough cloths wet in cold water. The temperature of the +room should be increased if possible. This should be done gradually +and the cloths should be wet in warmer and warmer water. As soon as +the patient can swallow give him stimulants. It will be dangerous to +place him before an open fire or in a hot bath until he begins to +recover. You will know this by his skin becoming warmer, by his better +color, and by his generally improved appearance. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Frost-Bite</span> +</p> +<p> +Remember that you are in danger of frost-bite if you do not wear +sufficient clothing in cold weather, and that rubbing any part of the +body which becomes very cold helps to prevent frostbite, because it +brings more warm blood to the surface. The danger is when, after being +cold, the part suddenly has no feeling. +</p> +<p> +The object of the treatment is gradually to restore warmth to the +frozen part. To do this the part should be rubbed first with snow or +cold water; the water should be warmed gradually. The use of hot water +at once would be likely to cause mortification of the frozen part. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Poisoning</span> +</p> +<p> +For all poisons give an emetic. Send for a doctor at once and if +possible have the messenger tell what poison has been taken so that +the doctor may bring the proper antidote. Do not wait for him to +arrive, but give an emetic to rid the stomach of the poison. Good +emetics are mustard and water, salt water, or lukewarm water alone in +large quantities. Never mind the exact dose and if vomiting is not +profuse repeat the dose. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Fits</span> +</p> +<p> +A person in a fit first has convulsive movements of the body, then he +usually becomes unconscious. A scout should have no difficulty in +making out what is the matter with a person in a fit. +</p> +<p> +Put the sufferer on the floor or the ground where he can not hurt +himself by striking anything. Loosen tight clothing and do not try to +restrain the convulsive movements. A wad of {273} cloth thrust in the mouth +will prevent biting the tongue. When he becomes quiet do not disturb +him. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">INJURIES DUE TO HEAT AND COLD</span><br +style="font-weight: bold;"> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Burns and Scalds</span> +</p> +<p> +For slight burns in order to relieve the pain some dressing to exclude +the air is needed. Very good substances of this character are pastes +made with water and baking soda, starch, or flour. Carbolized +vaseline, olive or castor oil, and fresh lard or cream are all good. +One of these substances should be smeared over a thin piece of cloth +and placed on the burned part. A bandage should be put on over this to +hold the dressing in place and for additional protection. +</p> +<p> +Severe burns and scalds are very serious injuries which require +treatment from a physician. Pending his arrival the scout should +remember to treat the sufferer for shock as well as to dress the +wound. +</p> +<p> +Burns from electricity should be treated exactly like other burns. Do +not attempt to remove clothing which sticks to a burn; cut the cloth +around the part which sticks and leave it on the burn. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">FIRST AID FOR EMERGENCIES</span> +</p> +<br> +Besides the accidents which have been mentioned, certain emergencies +may demand treatment by a scout. +<br> +<p> +The commonest of these are described here. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Something in the Eye</span> +</p> +<p> +No little thing causes more pain and discomfort than something in the +eye. Do not rub to remove a foreign body from the eye, as this is +likely to injure the delicate covering of the eyeball. First, close +the eye so the tears will accumulate, these may wash the foreign body +into plain view so that it may be easily removed. If this fails, pull +the upper lid over the lower two or three times, close the nostril on +the opposite side and have the patient blow his nose hard. If the +foreign body still remains in the eye, examine first under the lower +and then the upper lid. For the former have the patient look up, press +lower lid down, and if the foreign body is seen lift it out gently +with the corner of a clean handkerchief. It is not so easy {274} to see the +upper lid. Seat the patient in a chair with his head bent backward. +Stand behind him and place a match or thin pencil across the upper lid +one half an inch from its edge, turn the upper lid back over the +match, and lift the foreign body off as before. A drop of castor oil +in the eye after removing the foreign body will soothe it. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 324px; height: 466px;" alt="" +src="images/p0274pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Eye bandage +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Sunburn</span> +</p> +<p> +This is simply an inflammation of the skin due to action of the sun. +It may be prevented by hardening the skin gradually. Any toilet powder +or boracic acid will protect the skin to a considerable extent. The +treatment consists of soothing applications such as ordinary or +carbolized vaseline. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Ivy Poisoning</span> +</p> +<p> +Poison ivy causes a very intense inflammation of the skin. Better +avoid, even though it has not harmed you before. Baking soda made in a +thick paste with water or carbolized vaseline are good remedies. In +severe cases a doctor should be consulted. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Bites and Stings</span> +</p> +<p> +Ammonia should be immediately applied. Wet salt and wet earth are also +good applications. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Nosebleed</span> +</p> +<p> +Slight nosebleed does not require treatment as no harm will result +from it. When more severe the collar should be {275} loosened. Do not blow +the nose. Apply cold to the back of the neck by means of a key or +cloth wrung out in cold water. +</p> +<p> +A roll of paper under the upper lip, between it and the gum, will also +help. When the bleeding still continues shove a cotton or gauze plug +into the nostrils, leaving it there until the bleeding stops. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 570px; height: 468px;" alt="" +src="images/p0275pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Position of hands---Chair carry +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Earache</span> +</p> +<p> +This is likely to result seriously and a doctor should be consulted in +order to prevent bad results with possible loss of hearing. Hot +cloths, a bag of heated salt, or a hot bottle applied to the ear will +often cure earache. A few drops of alcohol on a hot cloth so placed +that the alcohol fumes enter the ear will often succeed. If neither is +effective, heat a few drops of sweet oil as hot as you can stand, put +a few drops in the ear and plug with cotton. Be careful that it is not +too hot. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Toothache</span> +</p> +<p> +Remember that toothache indicates something seriously wrong with the +teeth which can only be permanently corrected {276} by a dentist. In +toothache if you can find a cavity, clean it out with a small piece of +cotton or a toothpick. Then plug it with cotton, on which a drop of +oil of cloves has been put if you have it. If no cavity is found, soak +a piece of cotton in camphor and apply it to the outside of the gum. +Hot cloths and hot bottles or bags will help in toothache, just as +they do in earache. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Inflammation of the Eye</span> +</p> +<p> +Cover with a cloth wrung out in cold water and change cloths from time +to time when they get warm. See a doctor in order to safeguard your +sight. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Cramp or Stomachache</span> +</p> +<p> +This is usually due to the irritation produced by undigested food. A +hot bottle applied to the stomach or rubbing will often give relief. A +little peppermint in hot water and ginger tea are both excellent +remedies. The undigested matter should be gotten rid of by vomiting or +a cathartic. +</p> +<p> +Remember this kind of pain is sometimes due to something serious and +if it is very severe or continues for some time, it is much safer to +send for a doctor. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Hiccough</span> +</p> +<p> +This is due to indigestion. Holding the breath will often cure, as +will also drinking a full glass of water in small sips without taking +a breath. If these fail vomiting is an almost certain remedy. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 325px; height: 458px;" alt="" +src="images/p0276pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Arm carry +</p> +<br> +<br> +{277} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Chills</span> +</p> +<p> +In order to stop a chill drink hot milk or hot lemonade and get into +bed. Plenty of covers should be used, and hot water bottles or hot +milk or lemonade help to warm one quickly. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 440px; height: 336px;" alt="" +src="images/p0277pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Improvised stretcher +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Carrying Injured</span> +</p> +<p> +A severely injured person is always best carried on a stretcher. The +easiest stretcher for a scout to improvise is the coat stretcher. For +this two coats and a pair of poles are needed. The sleeves of the coat +are first turned inside out. The coats are then placed on the ground +with their lower sides touching each other. The poles are passed +through the sleeves on each side, the coats are buttoned up with the +button side down. A piece of carpet, a blanket, or sacking can be used +in much the same way as the coat, rolling in a portion at each side. +Shutters and doors make fair stretchers. In order not to jounce the +patient in carrying him the bearers should break step. The bearer in +front steps off with the left foot and the one in the rear with the +right. A number of different methods for carrying a patient by two +bearers are practiced. The four-handed {278} seat is a very good one. To +make this each bearer grasps his left wrist in his right hand, and the +other bearer's right wrist in his left hand with the backs of the +hands uppermost. The {279} bearers then stoop and place the chair under the +sitting patient who steadies himself by placing his arms around their +necks. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 440px; height: 321px;" alt="" +src="images/p0278pic1.jpg"> +<br> +First position +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 440px; height: 374px;" alt="" +src="images/p0278pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Fireman's lift +</p> +<br> +<p> +It will sometimes be necessary for one scout to carry an injured +comrade. The scout should first turn the patient on his face; he then +steps astride his body, facing toward the patient's head, and, with +hands under his arm-pits, lifts him to his knees; then, clasping hands +over the abdomen, lifts him to his feet; he then, with his left hand, +seizes the patient by the left wrist and draws his left arm around his +(the bearer's) neck and holds it against his left chest, the patient's +left side resting against his body, and supports him with his right +arm about the waist. The scout, with his left hand, seizes the right +wrist of the patient and draws the arm over his head and down upon his +shoulder, then, shifting himself in front, stoops and clasps the right +thigh with his right arm passed between the legs, his right hand +seizing the patient's right wrist; lastly, the scout, with his left +hand, grasps the patient's left hand, and steadies it against his side +when he arises. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">WATER ACCIDENTS</span> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +Wilbert E. Longfellow, +<br> +United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps +</span> +</p> +<p> +The scout's motto, "Be Prepared," is more than usually applicable to +the work of caring for accidents which happen in the water. +</p> +<p> +To save lives, the scout must know first how to swim, to care for +himself, and then to learn to carry another and to break the clutch, +the "death grip," which we read so much about in the newspaper +accounts of drowning accidents. By constant training, a boy, even +though not a good swimmer, can be perfectly at home in the water, +fully dressed, undressed, or carrying a boy of his own size or larger. +In fact two boys of twelve or fourteen years can save a man. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Swimming</span> +</p> +<p> +For physical development the breast stroke is useful, for it is one +that is used in carrying a tired swimmer and is used to go to the +bottom for lost articles and to search for a person who has sunk +before help has reached him. It is possible, you know, to go to the +bottom and bring a body to the surface and swim with it to shore +before life is extinct and to restore consciousness by well-directed +efforts. The body of an unconscious person weighs little when wholly +or partially submerged {280} and in salt water weighs less than in fresh +water, and is consequently more readily carried. Training makes a +small boy the equal or superior of an untrained boy much larger and of +greater strength, and the way to learn to carry a drowning person is +to carry a boy who is not drowning to get used to handling the +weights. A little struggle now and then lends realism to the work and +increases the skill of the scout candidate for a life saver's rating. +Speed swimming for itself alone is a very selfish sport so that the +scout should develop his ability to make it generally useful to +others. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 538px; height: 185px;" alt="" +src="images/p0280pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Breast stroke for tired swimmer +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 536px; height: 179px;" alt="" +src="images/p0280pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Under-arm carry +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Floating</span> +</p> +<p> +After the breast stroke is learned, floating on the back for rest and +swimming on the back, using feet only for propulsion, leaving the +hands free to hold a drowning person, should be learned. This can be +readily acquired with a little practice, carrying the hands on the +surface of the water, arms half bent, with the elbows close to the +sides at the waist line. To carry a man this way the hands are placed +at either side of the {281} drowning man's head and he is towed floating on +his back, the rescuer swimming on his back, keeping the other away. It +is well to remember to go with the tide or current, and do not wear +your strength away opposing it. +Other ways of carrying are to place the hands beneath the arms of the +drowning man, or to grasp him firmly by the biceps from beneath, at +the same time using the knee in the middle of his back to get him into +a floating position, the feet acting as propellers. +Methods which enable the rescuer's use of one arm in addition to the +feet are known as the "German army" and the "cross shoulder." In the +first, the swimmer approaches the drowning person from the back, +passes the left arm under the other's left arm, across in front of the +chest, and firmly grasps the right arm, either by the biceps or below +the elbow, giving him control. This leaves the right arm to swim with. +The other {282} one-arm hold mentioned is one in which the rescuer passes an +arm over the shoulder of the one to be carried, approaching from the +back as before, and getting a hold under the other's arm, which makes +the drowning man helpless. +The breast stroke carry previously mentioned is used only for helping +a tired swimmer, and one in possession of his faculties who will not +try to grasp the rescuer. The tired swimmer lies on the back and, +extending his arms fully in front, rests a hand on either shoulder of +the swimmer who rests facing him in the regular breast position +allowing the feet of the other to drop between his own. Quite good +speed can be made in this way, and all of these methods are practical +as a trial will show. A little practice will enable the beginner to +see which he can do most readily and then he can perfect himself in it +for instant use. +</p> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{281} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 503px; height: 180px;" alt="" +src="images/p0281pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Swimming on back without hands +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 502px; height: 235px;" alt="" +src="images/p0281pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Head carry-swim on back +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{282 continue} +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Breaking "Death Grips"</span> +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 563px; height: 376px;" alt="" +src="images/p0282pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Break for wrist hold --- Breaking back strangle hold +</p> +<p> +If one uses care in approaching a frightened or drowning person in the +water, there will be no use for the release methods; but the best of +swimmers get careless at times and all swimmers need to know how to +get clear when gripped. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Wrist Grip</span> +</p> +<p> +Of these the simplest is the one where the wrists of the swimmer have +been grasped by the drowning man in his {283} struggles. The swimmer throws +both hands above his head which forces both low in the water and then +turns the leverage of his arms against the other's thumbs, breaking +the hold easily. It should be borne in mind that a drowning man grasps +what he can see above the surface of the water, so he will not attempt +to grasp his rescuer below the points of the shoulders. Remember also +that a tall man and a short man would have about the same amount of +their body projecting above the surface of the water. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 538px; height: 396px;" alt="" +src="images/p0283pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Break for front strangle hold +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Neck Grip</span> +</p> +<p> +For the grip around the swimmer's neck from the front, for both arms +around the shoulders, and for a grip in which the drowning man had the +other over one shoulder and under the other arm, the break is much the +same. As soon as the rescuer feels the hold, he covers the other's +mouth with the palm of his hand, clasping the nostrils tightly between +his first two fingers, at the same time pulling the drowning man to +him with the left hand in the small of the back, treading water in the +meantime. Then, taking a full breath, he applies his knee {284} in the +other's stomach, forcing him to expel the air in his lungs and at the +same time preventing him from getting more by pressure on the nostrils +and mouth. Should the pressure of the grip around the body be too +great to allow freedom of the arms, the preliminary move in that case +would be to bring both arms to the level of the shoulder, thus sliding +the other's arms to the neck, leaving the rescuer's arms to cover the +nose. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Back Strangle</span> +</p> +<p> +The back strangle hold is an awkward one to break and one which must +be broken without an instant's delay, or the would-be rescuer himself +will be in great need of help. In practice it will be found that, by +grasping the encircling arms at the wrists and pushing back with the +buttocks against the other's abdomen, room to slip out can be +obtained. In a life and death struggle, sharper measures are needed, +and if the rescuer throws his head suddenly back against the nose of +the drowning man, he will secure his freedom very readily and have him +under control by the time he has recovered from his dazed condition. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Rescue From Shore or Boat</span> +</p> +<p> +It is not always necessary to go into the water to attempt a rescue, +and in many cases, when some one has fallen off a bridge or dock, a +line or buoy or boat can be used to advantage without placing more +lives in danger than the one in the water. Discretion in such matters +is worthy of recognition rather than too much recklessness in swimming +out. Use a boat when possible. Practice in throwing a life buoy should +be indulged in where possible, and a good scout should always leave +the line coiled over pegs and the buoy hanging on top to bind it in +place for instant use in an emergency. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Diving From the Surface</span> +</p> +<p> +When a bather or victim from a boating accident sinks to the bottom of +a river or pond of from seven to twenty feet in depth, prompt rescue +methods may bring him to the surface, and resuscitation methods, +promptly applied, will restore breath. If there is no current in the +pond or lake, bubbles from the body will indicate its whereabouts +directly beneath the place where it sank. Should there be tide or +currents, the bubbles are carried at an angle with the streams and the +searcher must go from the spot where the person disappeared and look +along {285} the bottom going with the current. +When a drowning man gives up his struggle and goes down, his body +sinks a little way and is brought up again by the buoyancy within it +and the air is expelled. It sinks again and next rises less high and +air is again expelled. This happens several times until enough water +is taken into the stomach and air passages to offset the floating +capacity. The floating capacity is barely overcome, so the body weighs +but little. It is very simple, as almost any youthful swimmer knows, +to go to the bottom if one can dive from a float, pier, or boat, but +to be able to dive down ten feet from the surface requires practice. +In most cases to go deeper would require a weight after the manner of +the Southern sponge and pearl fishers. Grasp a ten or fifteen pound +stone and dive in; to come up the swimmer lets go and rises to the +top. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 478px; height: 303px;" alt="" +src="images/p0285pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Throwing feet for dive from surface +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Diving For Lost Objects</span> +</p> +<p> +In covering a considerable area in search for bodies or lost objects, +several ropes can be anchored with grapnels or rocks in squares and a +systematic search thus maintained by divers. Going down from the +surface is not so simple and the knack is attained by practice, +especially by athletic lads. The secret is to swim to a point where a +sounding is to be made, and to plunge the head and shoulders under, +elevating the hips above the surface to drive the shoulders deep and +give chance for a few strokes--breast stroke preferred--until the +whole body in a vertical position is headed for the bottom. The +elevation of the feet and lower legs in the air gives the body +additional {286} impetus downward, and when the object is attained a +push-off from the bottom with both feet sends the swimmer to the +surface in quick order. To carry any weight ashore, it is necessary to +carry it low on the body, hugged close to the waist line, allowing one +hand and both feet for swimming, or if on the back, hold by both hands +using the feet as propellers. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 493px; height: 243px;" alt="" +src="images/p0286pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Artificial respiration (a) +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 491px; height: 267px;" alt="" +src="images/p0286pic2.jpg"> +<br> +Artificial respiration (b) +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Restoring Breathing</span> +</p> +<p> +Knowledge of resuscitation of the apparently drowned is an important +part of the equipment of a first-class scout, and a great many lives +could have been saved had it been more general. To be effective no +time must be lost in getting the apparently drowned person out of the +water and getting the {287} water out of him. The Schaefer or prone method +requires but one operator at a time and no waste of time in +preliminaries. +</p> +<p> +When taken from the water the patient is laid on the ground face +downward, arms extended above the head, face a little to one side, so +as not to prevent the free passage of air. The operator kneels astride +or beside the prone figure and lets his hands fall into the spaces +between the short ribs. By letting the weight of the upper body fall +upon his hands resting on the prone man, the air is forced out of the +lungs; by relaxing the pressure, the chest cavity enlarges and air is +drawn in to take the place of that forced out. By effecting this +change of air--pressing and relaxing, twelve to fifteen times a minute +(time it by watch at first, and then count) artificial breathing is +performed. Sometimes it is necessary to work an hour or two before the +flicker of an eyelid or a gasp from the patient rewards the life +saver's efforts, and then he must carefully "piece in" the breathing +until natural breathing is resumed. When breathing starts, then +promote circulation by rubbing the legs and body toward the heart. Do +not attempt to stimulate by the throat until the patient can swallow. +Give a teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia, in half a glass of +water. +</p> +<p style="font-style: italic;"> +Remember that by laying the patient face downward fluids in the air +passages will run or be forced out and the tongue will drop forward, +and require no holding, always an awkward task. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Treatment After Respiration Begins</span> +</p> +<p> +The after treatment is important. Put the patient to bed, keep quiet +and warm. Always get the services of a physician as soon as possible, +but do not wait for him to come. Start work instantly. The patient +needs oxygen, so keep spectators away. They are robbing the man of the +life-giving properties of the air. For this reason, in all but the +most severe weather, it is well to work on the patient in the open. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Life Buoys</span> +</p> +<p> +If one is to place a life buoy for instant use in emergencies it +should be hung upon four pegs driven into holes in two pieces of wood +nailed together in the form of the diameter of a two-foot square or +three pegs in strips of wood arranged in the form of a T, about +eighteen or twenty inches high, the two pegs at either side of the top +bar of the T and the other one on the upright near the bottom. Most +life buoys used on shore have fifty or seventy-five feet of light line +attached to draw the {288} rescued person ashore or to recover the buoy +after a faulty throw. +Commencing at the free end of the line, where a small wooden float is +often attached, the rope should first be coiled on the pegs, hanging +the buoy outside the coil to bind it in place so wind or jars will not +loosen it. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 465px; height: 401px;" alt="" +src="images/p0288pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Life buoy and ice ball +</p> +<p> +Then, when the buoy is needed, the ring is grasped by the throwing +hand which clasps the buoy itself, and the coil is clasped in the free +hand, the end of the rope being secured ashore by standing upon it +with one foot. After each use or practice the buoy line should be +restored to its pegs for instant use. +</p> +<br> +{289} +<br> +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +<br> +{290} +<br> +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +{291} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">CHAPTER VIII</span> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">GAMES AND ATHLETIC STANDARDS THE +GAMES</span> +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +By Ernest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout +</span> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Deer Hunting</span> +</p> +The deer hunt has proved one of our most successful games. +<br> +<br> +The deer is a dummy, best made with a wire frame, on which soft hay is +wrapped till it is of proper size and shape, then all is covered with +open burlap. A few touches of white and black make it very realistic. +<br> +<br> +If time does not admit of a well-finished deer, one can be made of a +sack stuffed with hay, decorated at one end with a smaller sack for +head and neck, and set on four thin sticks. +<br> +<br> +The side of the deer is marked with a large oval, and over the heart +is a smaller one. +<br> +<br> +Bows and arrows only are used to shoot this deer. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 239px; height: 272px;" alt="" +src="images/p0291pic1.jpg"> +</p> +<br> +<p> +A pocketful of corn, peas, or other large grain is now needed for +scent. The boy who is the deer for the first hunt takes the dummy +under his arm and runs off, getting ten minutes' start, or until he +comes back and shouts "ready!" He leaves a trail of corn, dropping two +or three grains for every yard and making the trail as crooked as he +likes, playing such tricks as a deer would do to baffle his pursuers. +Then he hides the deer in any place he fancies, but not among rocks or +on the top of a ridge, because in one case many arrows would be +broken, and in the other, lost. +</p> +<p> +The hunters now hunt for this deer just as for a real deer, either +following the trail or watching the woods ahead; the {292} best hunters +combine the two. If at any time the trail is quite lost the one in +charge shouts: "Lost Trail!" After that the one who finds the trail +scores two. Anyone giving a false alarm by shouting "Deer" is fined +five. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 465px; height: 259px;" alt="" +src="images/p0292pic1.jpg"> +</p> +<br> +<p> +Thus they go till some one finds the deer. He shouts: "<span +style="font-style: italic;">Deer!</span>" and +scores ten for finding it. The others shout: "<span style="font-style: +italic;">Second</span>," "<span style="font-style: italic;">Third</span>," +etc., in order of seeing it, but they do not score. +</p> +<p> +The finder must shoot at the deer with his bow and arrow from the very +spot whence he saw it. If he misses, the second hunter may step up +five paces, and have his shot. If he misses, the third one goes five, +and so on till some one hits the deer, or until the ten-yard limit is +reached. If the finder is within ten yards on sighting the deer, and +misses his shot, the other hunters go back to the ten-yard limit. Once +the deer is hit, all the shooting must be from the exact spot whence +the successful shot was fired. +</p> +<p> +A shot in the big oval is a body wound; that scores five. A shot +outside that is a scratch; that scores two. A shot in the small oval +or heart is a heart wound; it scores ten, and ends the hunt. Arrows +which do not stick do not count, unless it can be proved that they +passed right through, in which case they take the highest score that +they pierced. +</p> +<p> +If all the arrows are used, and none in the heart, the deer escapes, +and the boy who was deer scores twenty-five. +</p> +<p> +The one who found the dummy is deer for the next hunt. +A clever deer can add greatly to the excitement of the game. +</p> +<p> +Originally we used paper for scent, but found it bad. It littered the +woods; yesterday's trail was confused with that of {293} to-day, etc. +Corn proved better, because the birds and the squirrels kept it +cleaned up from day to day, and thus the ground was always ready for a +fresh start. But the best of all is the hoof mark for the shoe. These +iron hoof marks are fast to a pair of shoes, and leave a trail much +like a real deer. This has several advantages. It gives the hunter a +chance to tell where the trail doubled, and which way the deer was +going, It is more realistic, and the boy who can follow this +skillfully can follow a living deer. In actual practice it is found +well to use a little corn with this on the hard places, a plan quite +consistent with realism, as every hunter will recall. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 402px; height: 384px;" alt="" +src="images/p0293pic1.jpg"> +</p> +<br> +<p> +It is strictly forbidden to any hunter to stand in front of the firing +line; all must be back of the line on which the shooter stands. +</p> +<p> +There is no limit to the situations and curious combinations in this +hunt. The deer may be left standing or lying. There is no law why it +should not be hidden behind a solid tree trunk. The game develops as +one follows it. After it has been played for some time with the iron +hoof mark as above, the boys grow so skilful on the trail that we can +dispense with even the corn. The iron mark like a deer hoof leaves a +very realistic "slot" or track, which the more skilful boys readily +follow through the woods. A hunt is usually for three, five, or more +deer, according to agreement and the result is reckoned by points on +the whole chase. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Bear Hunt</span> +</p> +<p> +This is played by half a dozen or more boys. Each has a club about the +size and shape of a baseball club, but made of straw {294} tied around two +or three switches and tightly sewn up in burlap.--One big fellow is +selected for the bear. He has a school bag tightly strapped on his +back, and in that a toy balloon fully blown up. This is his heart. On +his neck is a bear-claw necklace of wooden beads and claws. (See cut.) +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 584px; height: 262px;" alt="" +src="images/p0294pic1.jpg"> +</p> +<br> +<p> +He has three dens about one hundred yards apart in a triangle. While +in his den the bear is safe. If the den is a tree or rock, he is safe +while touching it. He is obliged to come out when the chief hunter +counts one hundred, and must go the rounds of the three till the hunt +is settled. +</p> +<p> +The object of the hunters is to break the balloon or heart; that is, +to kill the bear. He must drop dead when the heart bursts. The hunter +who kills him claims the necklace. +</p> +<p> +But the bear also has a club for defence. Each hunter must wear a hat, +and once the bear knocks a hunter's hat off, that one is dead and out +of this hunt. He must drop where his hat falls. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 513px; height: 107px;" alt="" +src="images/p0294pic2.jpg"> +</p> +<br> +<p> +Tackling of any kind is forbidden. +</p> +<p> +The bear wins by killing or putting to flight all the hunters. In this +case he keeps the necklace. +</p> +<p> +The savageness of these big bears is indescribable. Many lives are +lost in each hunt, and it has several times happened that the whole +party of hunters has been exterminated by some monster of unusual +ferocity. +</p> +<p> +This game has also been developed into a play. +</p> +{295} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Spearing the Great Sturgeon</span> +</p> +<p> +This water game is exceedingly popular and is especially good for +public exhibition, being spectacular and full of amusement and +excitement. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 523px; height: 145px;" alt="" +src="images/p0295pic1.jpg"> +</p> +<br> +<br> +The outfit needed is: +<br> +<p> +(1) A sturgeon roughly formed of soft wood; it should be about three +feet long and nearly a foot thick at the head. It may be made +realistic, or a small log pointed at both ends will serve. +</p> +<p> +(2) Two spears with six-inch steel heads and wooden handles (about +three feet long). The points should be sharp, but not the barbs. +Sometimes the barbs are omitted altogether. Each head should have an +eye to which is attached twenty feet of one-quarter inch rope. On each +rope, six feet from the spearhead, is a fathom mark made by tying on a +rag or cord. +</p> +<p> +(3) Two boats with crews. Each crew consists of a spearman, who is +captain, and one or two oarsmen or paddlers, of whom the after one is +the pilot. All should be expert swimmers or else wear life-belts +during the game. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 470px; height: 116px;" alt="" +src="images/p0295pic2.jpg"> +</p> +<br> +<p> +The Game.--Each boat has a base or harbor; this is usually part of the +shore opposite that of the enemy; or it obviates all danger of +collision if the boats start from the same side. The sturgeon is left +by the referee's canoe at a point midway between the bases. At the +word "Go!" each boat leaves its base and, making for the sturgeon, +tries to spear it, then drag it by the line to his base. When both get +their spears into it the contest becomes a tug of war until one of the +spears pulls out. +</p> +{296} +<p> +The sturgeon is landed when the prow of the boat that has it in tow +touches its proper base, even though the spear of the enemy is then in +the fish: or it is landed when the fish itself touches base. The boats +change bases after each heat. +</p> +<p> +Matches are usually for one, three, or five sturgeon. Points are +counted only for the landing of the fish, but the referee may give the +decision on a foul or a succession of fouls, or the delinquent may be +set back one or more boat lengths. +</p> +<p> +Sometimes the game is played in canoes or boats, with one man as +spearman and crew. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Rules.</span>--It is <span style="font-style: italic;">not allowable</span> +to push the sturgeon into a new position +with the spear or paddle before striking. +</p> +<p> +It is <span style="font-style: italic;">allowable</span> to pull the +sturgeon under the boat or pass it around +by using the line after spearing. +</p> +<p> +It is <span style="font-style: italic;">allowable</span> to lay hands on +the other boat to prevent a collision, +but otherwise it is forbidden to touch the other boat or crew or +paddle or spear or line, or to lay hands on the fish, or to touch it +with the paddle or oar, or touch your own spear while it is in the +fish, or to tie the line around the fish except so far as this may be +accidentally done in spearing. +</p> +<p> +It is <span style="font-style: italic;">allowable</span> to dislodge the +enemy's spear by throwing your own +over it. The purpose of the barbs is to assist in this. +</p> +<p> +It is <span style="font-style: italic;">allowable</span> to run on to the +sturgeon with the boat +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +It is absolutely forbidden to throw the spear over the other boat or +over the heads of your crew.</span> +</p> +<p> +In towing the sturgeon the fathom mark must be over the gunwale--at +least six feet of line should be out when the fish is in tow. It is +not a foul to have less, but the spearman must at once let it out if +the umpire or the other crew cries "fathom!" +</p> +<p> +The spearman is allowed to drop the spear and use the paddle or oar at +will, but not to resign his spear to another of the crew. The spearman +must be in his boat when the spear is thrown. +</p> +<p> +If the boat is upset the referee's canoe helps them to right. Each +crew must accept the backset of its accidents. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Tilting In The Water</span> +</p> +<p> +For this we usually have two boats or war canoes manned by four men +each. These are a spearman, who is also a captain, a pilot, and two +oarsmen. +</p> +<p> +The spearman is armed with a light pole or bamboo eight or ten feet +long, with a soft pad on the end. Sometimes this is {297} further provided +with a hook. This is a forked branch with limbs a foot long; one is +lashed to the bamboo, the other projecting out a foot, and slightly +backward. The end of the spear and the fork are now thoroughly padded +with burlap to the shape of a duck's head and bill. And it must be +cased in waterproof, to keep it from getting wet and heavy. The object +of the hook is to change suddenly from pushing, and to pull the enemy +by hooking round his neck. Each boat should have a quarter-deck or +raised platform at one end, on which the spearman stands. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 602px; height: 333px;" alt="" +src="images/p0297pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Tilting spear +</p> +<br> +<p> +The battle is fought in rounds and by points. +</p> +<p> +To put your opponent back into the canoe with one foot counts you +five; two feet, ten. If he loses his spear you count five (excepting +when he is put overboard). If you put him down on one knee on the +fighting deck, you count five; two knees, ten. If you put him +overboard it counts twenty-five. One hundred points is a round. +</p> +<p> +A battle is for one or more rounds, as agreed on. It is forbidden to +hook or strike below the belt. The umpire may dock for fouls. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Canoe Tag</span> +</p> +<p> +Any number of canoes or boats may engage in this. A rubber cushion, a +hot-water bag full of air, any rubber football, {298} or a cotton bag with a +lot of corks in it is needed. The game is to tag the other canoe by +throwing this into it. +</p> +<p> +The rules are as in ordinary cross-tag. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Scouting</span> +</p> +<p> +Scouts are sent out in pairs or singly. A number of points are marked +on the map at equal distances from camp, and the scouts draw straws to +see where each goes. If one place is obviously hard, the scout is +allowed a fair number of points as handicap. All set out at same time, +go direct, and return as soon as possible. +</p> +<br> +Points are thus allowed: +<br> +<br> +Last back, zero for travelling. +<br> +<br> +The others count one for each minute they are ahead of the last. +<br> +<br> +Points up to one hundred are allowed for their story on return. +<br> +<p> +Sometimes we allow ten points for each turtle they have seen; ten for +each owl seen and properly named; five for each hawk, and one each for +other wild birds; also two for a cat one for a dog. +</p> +<p> +No information is given the scout; he is told to go to such a point +and do so and so, but is fined points if he hesitates or asks how or +why, etc. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 537px; height: 290px;" alt="" +src="images/p0298pic1.jpg"> +<br> +Quicksight Game +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Game of Quicksight</span> +</p> +<p> +Make two boards about a foot square, divide each into twenty-five +squares; get ten nuts and ten pebbles. Give to one player one board, +five nuts, and five pebbles. He places {299} these on the squares in any +pattern he fancies, and when ready the other player is allowed to see +it for five seconds. Then it is covered up, and from the memory of +what he saw the second player must reproduce the pattern on his own +board. He counts one for each that was right, and takes off one for +each that was wrong. They take turn and turn about. +</p> +<p> +This game is a wonderful developer of the power to see and memorize +quickly. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 585px; height: 303px;" alt="" +src="images/p0299pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Farsight, or Spot the Rabbit</span> +</p> +<p> +Take two six-inch squares of stiff white pasteboard or whitened wood. +On each of these draw an outline rabbit, one an exact duplicate of the +other. Make twenty round black wafers or spots, each half an inch +across. Let one player stick a few of these on one rabbit-board and +set it up in full light. The other, beginning at one hundred yards, +draws near till he can see the spots well enough to reproduce the +pattern on the other which he carries. If he can do it at seventy-five +yards he has wonderful eyes. Down even to seventy (done three times +out of five), he counts high honor; from seventy to sixty counts +honor. Below that does not count at all. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Pole-star</span> +</p> +<p> +Each competitor is given a long straight stick in daytime, and told to +lay it due north and south. In doing this he may guide himself by sun, +moss, or anything he can find in nature--anything, indeed, except a +compass. +</p> +{300} +<p> +The direction is checked by a good compass corrected for the locality. +The one who comes nearest wins. +</p> +<p> +It is optional with the judges whether the use of a timepiece is to be +allowed. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Rabbit Hunt</span> +</p> +<p> +The game of rabbit hunting is suited for two hunters in limited +grounds. +</p> +<p> +Three little sacks of brown burlap, each about eight inches by twelve, +are stuffed with hay. +</p> +<p> +At any given place in the woods the two hunters stand in a ten-foot +circle with their bows and arrows. One boy is blindfolded; the other, +without leaving the circle, throws the rabbits into good hiding places +on the ground. Then the second hunter has to find the rabbits and +shoot them without leaving the circle. The lowest number of points +wins, as in golf. If the hunter has to leave the circle he gets one +point for every step he takes outside. After he sees the rabbit he +must keep to that spot and shoot till it is hit once. One shot kills +it, no matter where struck. For every shot he misses he gets five +points. +</p> +<p> +After his first shot at each rabbit the hider takes alternate shots +with him. +</p> +<p> +If it is the hider who kills the rabbit, the hunter adds ten points to +his score. If the hunter hits it, he takes ten off his score. +</p> +<p> +If the hunter fails to find all the rabbits, he scores twenty-five for +each one he gives up. +</p> +<p> +The hider cannot score at all. He can only help his friend into +trouble. Next time the two change places. +</p> +<p> +A match is usually for two brace of rabbits. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Hostile Spy</span> +</p> +<p> +Hanging from the totem pole is a red or yellow horse-tail. This is the +grand medicine scalp of the band. The hostile spy has to steal it. The +leader goes around on the morning of the day and whispers to the +various braves, "Look out--there's a spy in camp." At length he gets +secretly near the one he has selected for spy and whispers, "Look out, +there's a spy in camp, and you are it." He gives him at the same time +some bright-coloured badge, that he must wear as soon as he has +secured the medicine scalp. He must not hide the scalp on his person, +but keep it in view. He has all day till sunset {301} to get away with it. +If he gets across the river or other limit, with warriors in close +pursuit, they give him ten arrow heads (two and one half cents each), +or other ransom agreed on. If he gets away safely and hides it, he can +come back and claim fifteen arrow heads from the council as ransom for +the scalp. If he is caught, he pays his captor ten arrow heads ransom +for his life. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Man-Hunt</span> +</p> +<p> +This is played with a scout and ten or more hostiles, or hounds, +according to the country, more when it is rough or wooded. +</p> +<p> +The scout is given a letter addressed to the "Military Commandant" +(usually the lady of the house that he gets to) of any given place a +mile or two away. He is told to take the letter to anyone of three +given houses, and get it endorsed, with the hour when he arrived, then +return to the starting-point within a certain time. +</p> +<p> +The hostiles are sent to a point half-way, and let go by a starter at +the same time as the scout leaves the camp. They are to intercept him. +</p> +<p> +If they catch him before he delivers the letter he must ransom his +life by paying each two arrow heads (or other forfeit) and his captor +keeps the letter as a trophy. If he gets through, but is caught on the +road back, he pays half as much for his life. If he gets through, but +is over time, it is a draw. If he gets through successfully on time he +claims three arrow heads from each hostile and keeps the letter as a +trophy. +</p> +<p> +They may not follow him into the house (that is, the fort), but may +surround it at one hundred yards distance. They do not know which +three houses he is free to enter, but they do know that these are +within certain limits. +</p> +<p> +The scout should wear a conspicuous badge (hat, shirt, coat, or +feather), and may ride a wheel or go in a wagon, etc., as long as his +badge is clearly visible. +</p> +<p> +To "tag" the scout is not to capture. "The blockade to be binding must +be effectual." +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Hunt the Coon</span> +</p> +<p> +This is an in-door game, founded on the familiar "Hunt the Thimble." +</p> +<p> +We use a little dummy coon; either make it or turn a ready-made toy +rabbit into one by adding tail and black mask, and cropping the ears. +</p> +{302} +<p> +All the players but one go out of the room. That one places the coon +anywhere in sight, high or low, but in plain view; all come in and +seek. The first to find it, sits down silently, and scores one. Each +sits down, on seeing it, giving no clue to the others. +</p> +<p> +The first to score three coons is winner, usually. Sometimes we play +till everyone but one has a coon; that one is the booby. The others +are first, second, etc. +</p> +<p> +Sometimes each is given his number in order of finding it. +</p> +<p> +Then, after seven or eight coons, these numbers are added up, and the +lowest is winner. If no coon is available use a thimble. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Spear Fights</span> +</p> +<p> +This is an in-door game with out-door weapons. The soft-headed, eight +foot spears of the tilting-match are used. The contestants stand on +barrels eight feet apart. Each tries to put the other off his barrel. +It is well to have a catcher behind each player to save him if he +falls. +</p> +<p> +Games are for seven, eleven, or thirteen points. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Navajo Feather Dance</span> +</p> +<p> +An eagle feather hung on a horse-hair, so as to stand upright, is +worked by a hidden operator, so as to dance and caper. The dancer has +to imitate all its motions. A marionette may be used. It is a great +fun-maker. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Feather Football or Feather Blow</span> +</p> +<br> +This is an in-door, wet-weather game. +<br> +<p> +The players hold a blanket on the knees or on the table. A soft +feather is put in the middle. As many may play as can get near. They +may be in sides, two or four or each for himself. At the signal, "Go!" +each tries to blow the feather off the blanket at the enemy's side, +and so count one for himself. +</p> +<p> +A game is usually best out of seven, eleven, or thirteen. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Cock-Fighting</span> +</p> +<p> +Get two stout sticks, each two feet long (broomsticks will do). Pad +each of these on the end with a ball of rag. These are the spurs. Make +an eight-foot ring. The two rivals are on their hunkers, each with a +stick through behind his knees, his hands clasped in front of the +knees, and the arms under the ends of the spurs. +</p> +{303} +<p> +Now they close; each aiming to upset the other, to make him lose his +spurs, or to put him out of the ring, any of which ends that round and +scores one for the victor. If both fall, or lose a spur, or go out +together, it is a draw. Battle is for seven, eleven, or thirteen +rounds. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Hand-Wrestling</span> +</p> +<p> +This is a jiujitsu game, introduced by Dr. L. H. Gulick. The two +contestants stand right toe to right toe, each right hand clasped, +left feet braced, left hand free. At the word, "Go!" each tries to +unbalance the other: that is, make him lift or move one of his feet. A +lift or a shift ends the round. +</p> +<p> +Battles are for best out of five, seven, eleven, or thirteen rounds. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Badger-Pulling</span> +</p> +<p> +The two contestants, on hands and knees, face each other. +<p> +A strong belt or strap is buckled into one great loop that passes +round the head of each: that is, crosses his nape. Half-way between +them is a dead line. The one who pulls the other over this line is +winner. +</p> +<p> +The contestant can at any time end the bout by lowering his head so +the strap slips off; but this counts one against him. +</p> +<p> +Game is best out of five, seven, eleven, or thirteen points. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Poison</span> +</p> +<p> +This is an ancient game. A circle about three feet across is drawn on +the ground. The players, holding hands, make a ring around this, and +try to make one of the number step into the poison circle. He can +evade it by side-stepping, by jumping over, or by dragging another +fellow into it. +</p> +<p> +First to make the misstep is "it" for the time or for next game. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Hat-Ball</span> +</p> +<p> +When I was among the Chepewyan Indians of Great Slave Lake, in 1907, I +made myself popular with the young men, as well as boys, by teaching +them the old game of hat-ball. +</p> +<p> +The players (about a dozen) put their hats in a row near a house, +fence, or log (hollows up). A dead line is drawn ten feet from the +hats; all must stand outside of that. The one who is "it" begins by +throwing a soft ball into one of the hats. If he misses the hat, a +chip is put into his own, and he tries over. As soon as he drops the +ball into a hat, the owner runs {304} to get the ball; all the rest run +away. The owner must not follow beyond the dead line, but must throw +the ball at some one. If he hits him, a chip goes into that person's +hat; if not, a chip goes into his own. +</p> +<p> +As soon as some one has five chips, he wins the booby prize: that is, +he must hold his hand out steady against the wall, and each player has +five shots at it with the ball, as he stands on the dead line. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Duck-on-a-Rock</span> +</p> +<p> +This is a good old grandfather game. +</p> +<p> +Each player has a large, smooth, roundish stone, about five or six +inches through. This is his duck. He keeps it permanently. +</p> +<p> +Toe rock is any low bowlder, block, stump, bump, or hillock on level +ground. A dead line is drawn through the rock, and another parallel, +fifteen feet away, for a firing line. +</p> +<p> +The fellow who is "it," or "keeper," perches his duck on the rock. The +others stand at the firing line and throw their ducks at his. They +must not pick them up or touch them with their hands when they are +beyond the dead line. If one does, then the keeper can tag him (unless +he reaches the firing line), and send him to do duty as keeper at the +rock. +</p> +<p> +But they can coax their ducks with their feet, up to the dead line, +not beyond, then watch for a chance to dodge back to the firing line, +where they are safe at all times. +</p> +<p> +If the duck is knocked off by anyone in fair firing, the keeper is +powerless till he has replaced it. Meantime, most of the players have +secured their ducks and got back safely to the firing line. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Road-side Cribbage</span> +</p> +<p> +This is a game we often play in the train, to pass the time +pleasantly. +</p> +<p> +Sometimes one party takes the right side of the road, with the windows +there, and the other the left. Sometimes all players sit on the same +side. +</p> +<p> +The game is, whoever is first to see certain things agreed on scores +so many points. +</p> +<br> +Thus: +<br> +<table style="width: 193px; height: 206px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>A crow or a cow counts</td><td>1</td></tr> +<tr><td>A cat</td><td>2</td></tr> +<tr><td>A hawk</td><td>3</td></tr> +<tr><td>An owl</td><td>4</td></tr> +<tr><td>A sheep</td><td>5</td></tr> +<tr><td>A goat</td><td>6</td></tr> +<tr><td>A horse</td><td>7</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +{305} +<p> +The winner is the one who first gets twenty-five or fifty points, as +agreed. +</p> +<p> +When afoot, one naturally takes other things for points, as certain +trees, flowers, etc. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Lion Hunting</span> +</p> +(The games from Lion Hunting to Hare and Hounds are from General +Baden-Powell.) +<br> +<p> +A lion is represented by one scout, who goes out with tracking irons +on his feet, and a pocketful of corn or peas, and six lawn-tennis +balls or rag balls. He is allowed half an hour's start, and then the +patrol go after him, following his spoor, each armed with one tennis +ball with which to shoot him when they find him. The lion may hide or +creep about or run, just as he feels inclined, but whenever the ground +is hard or very greasy he must drop a few grains of corn every few +yards to show the trail. +</p> +<p> +If the hunters fail to come up to him neither wins the game. +</p> +<p> +When they come near to his lair the lion fires at them with his tennis +balls, and the moment a hunter is hit he must fall out dead and cannot +throw his tennis ball. If the lion gets hit by a hunter's tennis ball +he is wounded, and if he gets wounded three times he is killed. +</p> +<p> +Tennis balls may only be fired once; they cannot be picked up and +fired again in the same fight. +</p> +<p> +Each scout must collect and hand in his tennis balls after the game. +In winter, if there is snow, this game can be played without tracking +irons, and using snowballs instead of tennis balls. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Plant Race</span> +</p> +<p> +Start off your scouts, either cycling or on foot, to go in any +direction they like, to get a specimen of any ordered plant, say a +sprig of yew, a shoot of ilex, a horseshoe mark from a chestnut tree, +a briar rose, or something of that kind, whichever you may order, such +as will tax their knowledge of plants and will test their memory as to +where they noticed one of the kind required and will also make them +quick in getting there and back. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Throwing the Assegai</span> +</p> +<p> +Target, a thin sack, lightly stuffed with straw, or a sheet of +card-board, or canvas stretched on a frame. +</p> +<p> +Assegais to be made of wands, with weighted ends sharpened or with +iron arrow heads on them. +</p> +{306} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Flag Raiding</span> +</p> +Two or more patrols on each side. +<br> +<p> +Each side will form an outpost within a given tract of country to +protect three flags (or at night three lanterns two feet above +ground), planted not less than two hundred yards (one hundred yards at +night) from it. The protecting outpost will be posted in concealment +either all together or spread out in pairs. It will then send out +scouts to discover the enemy's position. When these have found out +where the outpost is, they try to creep round out of sight till they +can get to the flags and bring them away to their own line. One scout +may not take away more than one flag. +</p> +<br> +This is the general position of a patrol on such an outpost: +<br> +<br> +<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%; height: 20%;" border="0" +cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> +Pair of Scouts</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> +Pair of Scouts</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> +Pair of Scouts</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> +<br> +</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> +<br> +</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> +<br> +</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> +Patrol Leader</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> +<br> +</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> +<br> +</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> +<br> +</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">P. P. P.</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> +<br> +</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">Flags</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"> +<br> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<p> +Any scout coming within fifty yards of a stronger party will be put +out of action if seen by the enemy; if he can creep by without being +seen it is all right. +</p> +<p> +Scouts posted to watch as outposts cannot move from their ground, but +their strength counts as double, and they may send single messages to +their neighbors or to their own scouting party. +</p> +<p> +An umpire should be with each outpost and with each scouting patrol. +</p> +<p> +At a given hour operations will cease, and all will assemble at the +given spot to hand in their reports. The following points might be +awarded: +</p> +<p> +For each flag or lamp captured and brought in--5 +</p> +<p> +For each report or sketch of the position of the enemy's outposts up +to five--5 +</p> +<p> +For each report of movement of enemy's scouting patrols--2 +</p> +<p> +The side which makes the biggest total wins. +</p> +<p> +The same game may be played to test the scouts in stepping +lightly--the umpire being blindfolded. The practice should preferably +be carried out where there are dry twigs lying about, and gravel, etc. +The scout may start to stalk the blind enemy at one hundred yards' +distance, and he must do it fairly fast--say, in one minute and a +half--to touch the blind man before he hears him. +</p> +{307} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Stalking and Reporting</span> +</p> +<p> +The umpire places himself out in the open and sends each scout or pair +of scouts away in different directions about half a mile off. When he +waves a flag, which is the signal to begin, they all hide, and then +proceed to stalk him, creeping up and watching all he does. When he +waves the flag again, they rise, come in, and report each in turn all +that he did, either by handing in a written report or verbally, as may +be ordered. The umpire meantime has kept a lookout in each direction, +and, every time he sees a scout he takes two points off that scout's +score. He, on his part, performs small actions, such as sitting down, +kneeling, looking through glasses, using handkerchief, taking hat off +for a bit, walking round in a circle a few times, to give scouts +something to note and report about him. Scouts are given three points +for each act reported correctly. It saves time if the umpire makes out +a scoring card beforehand, giving the name of each scout, and a number +of columns showing each act of his, and what mark that scout wins, +also a column of deducted marks for exposing themselves. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Spider and Fly</span> +</p> +<p> +A bit of country or section of the town about a mile square is +selected as the web, and its boundaries described, and an hour fixed +at which operations are to cease. +</p> +<p> +One patrol (or half-patrol) is the "spider," which goes out and +selects a place to hide itself. +</p> +<p> +The other patrol (or half-patrol) go a quarter of an hour later as the +"fly" to look for the "spider." They can spread themselves about as +they like, but must tell their leader anything that they discover. +</p> +<p> +An umpire goes with each party. +</p> +<p> +If within the given time (say, about two hours) the fly has not +discovered the spider, the spider wins. The spiders write down the +names of any of the fly patrol that they may see. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Stalking</span> +</p> +<p> +Instructor acts as a deer--not hiding, but standing, moving a little +now and then if he likes. +</p> +<p> +Scouts go out to find, and each in his own way tries to get up to him +unseen. +</p> +<p> +Directly the instructor sees a scout, he directs him to stand up as +having failed. After a certain time the instructor calls {308} "time," all +stand up at the spot which they have reached, and the nearest wins. +</p> +<p> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +Demonstrate the value of adapting color of clothes to background by +sending out one boy about five hundred yards to stand against +different backgrounds in turn, till he gets one similar in color to +his own clothes. +<br> +<br> +The rest of the patrol to watch and to notice how invisible he becomes +when he gets a suitable background. E. g., a boy in a gray suit +standing in front of dark bushes, etc., is quite visible but becomes +less so if he stands in front of a gray rock or house; a boy in a dark +suit is very visible in a green field, but not when lie stands in an +open door-way against dark interior shadow. +</span> +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Scout Hunting</span> +</p> +<p> +One scout is given time to go out and hide himself, the remainder then +start to find him; he wins if he is not found, or if he can get back +to the starting point within a given time without being touched. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Relay Race</span> +</p> +<p> +One patrol pitted against another to see who can get a message sent a +long distance in shortest time by means of relays of runners (or +cyclists). The patrol is ordered out to send in three successive notes +or tokens (such as sprigs of certain plants), from a point, say, two +miles distant or more. The leader in taking his patrol out to the spot +drops scouts at convenient distances, who will then act as runners +from one post to the next and back. If relays are posted in pairs, +messages can be passed both ways. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Track Memory</span> +</p> +<p> +Make a patrol sit with their feet up, so that other scouts can study +them. Give the scouts, say, three minutes to study the boots. Then +leaving the scouts in a room or out of sight, let one of the patrol +make some footmarks in a good bit of ground. Call up the scouts one by +one and let them see the track and say who made it. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Spot the Thief</span> +</p> +<p> +Get a stranger to make a track unseen by the scouts. The scouts study +his track so as to know it again. +</p> +<p> +Then put the stranger among eight or ten others and let them all make +their tracks for the boys to see, going by in rotation. Each scout +then in turn whispers to the umpire which man, {309} made the original +track--describing him by his number in filing past. The scout who +answers correctly wins; if more than one answers correctly, the one +who then draws the best diagram, from memory, of the footprint wins. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Smugglers Over the Border</span> +</p> +<p> +The "border" is a certain line of country about four hundred yards +long, preferably a road or wide path or bit of sand, on which foot +tracks can easily be seen. One patrol watches the border with sentries +posted along this road, with a reserve posted farther inland. This +latter about half-way between the "border" and the "town"; the "town" +would be a base marked by a tree, building, or flags, etc., about half +a mile distant from the border. A hostile patrol of smugglers assemble +about half a mile on the other side of the border. They will all cross +the border, in any formation they please, either singly or together or +scattered, and make for the town, either walking or running, or at +scouts' pace. Only one among them is supposed to be smuggling, and he +wears tracking irons, so that the sentries walk up and down their beat +(they may not run till after the "alarm"), waiting for the tracks of +the smuggler. Directly a sentry sees the track, he gives the alarm +signal to the reserve and starts himself to follow up the track as +fast as he can. The reserves thereupon cooperate with him and try to +catch the smuggler before he can reach the town. Once within the +boundary of the town he is safe and wins the game. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Shop Window Out-doors in Town</span> +</p> +<p> +Umpire takes a patrol down a street past six shops, gives them half a +minute at each shop, then, after moving them off to some distance, he +gives each boy a pencil and card, and tells him to write from memory, +or himself takes down, what they noticed in, say, the third and fifth +shops. The one who sets down most articles correctly wins. It is +useful practice to match one boy against another in heats--the loser +competing again, till you arrive at the worst. This gives the worst +scouts the most practice. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Similar Game In-doors</span> +</p> +<p> +Send each scout in turn into a room for half a minute; when he comes +out take down a list of furniture and articles which he notices. The +boy who notices most wins. +</p> +{310} +<p> +The simplest way of scoring is to make a list of the articles in the +room on your scoring paper with a column for marks for each scout +against them, which can then easily be totalled up at foot. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Follow the Trail</span> +</p> +<p> +Send out a "hare," either walking or cycling, with a pocketful of +corn, nutshells, confetti paper, or buttons, etc., and drop a few here +and there to give a trail for the patrol to follow. +</p> +<p> +Or go out with a piece of chalk and draw the patrol sign on walls, +gate posts, pavements, lamp posts, trees, etc., every here and there, +and let the patrol hunt you by these marks. Patrols should wipe out +all these marks as they pass them for tidiness, and so as not to +mislead them for another day's practice. +</p> +<p> +The other road signs should also be used, such as closing up certain +roads as not used, and hiding a letter at some point, giving +directions as to the next turn. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Scout's Nose In-doors</span> +</p> +<p> +Prepare a number of paper bags, all alike, and put in each a different +smelling article, such as chopped onion in one, tan in another, rose +leaves, leather, anise-seed, violet powder, orange peel, etc. Put +these packets in a row a couple of feet apart, and let each competitor +walk down the line and have five seconds sniff at each. At the end he +has one minute in which to write down or to state to the umpire the +names of the different objects smelled, from memory, in their correct +order. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Scout Meets Scout in Town or +Country</span> +</p> +<p> +Single scouts, or complete patrols or pairs of scouts, to be taken out +about two miles apart, and made to work toward each other, either +alongside a road, or by giving each side a landmark to work to, such +as a steep hill or big tree, which is directly behind the other party, +and will thus insure their coming together. The patrol which first +sees the other wins. This is signified by the patrol leader holding up +his patrol flag for the umpire to see, and sounding his whistle. A +patrol need not keep together, but that patrol wins which first holds +out its flag, so it is well for the scouts to be in touch with their +patrol leaders by signal, voice, or message. +</p> +<p> +Scouts may employ any ruse they like, such as climbing into trees, +hiding in carts, etc., but they must not dress up in disguise. +</p> +<p> +This may also be practised at night. +</p> +{311} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Shoot Out</span> +</p> +<p> +Two patrols compete. Targets: bottles or bricks set up on end to +represent the opposing patrol. Both patrols are drawn up in line at +about twenty to twenty-five yards from the targets. At the word +"fire," they throw stones at the targets. Directly a target falls, the +umpire directs the corresponding man of the other patrol to sit +down--killed. The game goes on, if there are plenty of stones, till +the whole of one patrol is killed. Or a certain number of stones can +be given to each patrol, or a certain time limit, say one minute. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Kim's Game</span> +</p> +<p> +Place about twenty or thirty small articles on a tray, or on the table +or floor, such as two or three different kinds of buttons, pencils, +corks, rags, nuts, stones, knives, string, photos--anything you can +find--and cover them over with a cloth or coat. +</p> +<p> +Make a list of these, and make a column opposite the list for each +boy's replies. +</p> +<p> +Then uncover the articles for one minute by your watch, or while you +count sixty at the rate of "quick march." Then cover them over again. +</p> +<p> +Take each boy separately and let him whisper to you each of the +articles that he can remember, and mark it off on your scoring sheet. +</p> +<p> +The boy who remembers the greatest number wins the game. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Morgan's Game</span> +</p> +<p> +Scouts are ordered to run to a certain boarding, where an umpire is +already posted to time them. They are each allowed to look at this for +one minute, and then to run back to headquarters and report to the +instructor all that was on the boarding in the way of advertisements. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Snow Fort</span> +</p> +<p> +The snow fort may be built by one patrol according to their own ideas +of fortification, with loopholes, etc., for looking out. When +finished, it will be attacked by hostile patrols, using snowballs as +ammunition. Every scout struck by a snowball is counted dead. The +attackers should, as a rule, number at least twice the strength of the +defenders. +</p> +<br> +{312} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Siberian Man Hunt</span> +</p> +<p> +One scout as fugitive runs away across the snow in any direction he +may please until he finds a good hiding place, and there conceals +himself. The remainder, after giving him twenty minutes' start or +more, proceed to follow him by his tracks. As they approach his hiding +place, he shoots at them with snowballs, and every one that is struck +must fall out dead. The fugitive must be struck three times before he +is counted dead. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Hare and Hounds</span> +</p> +<p> +Two or more persons representing the hares, and provided with a large +quantity of corn, are given a start of several minutes and run a +certain length of time, then return by another route to the starting +point, all the time scattering corn in their path. After the lapse of +the number of minutes' handicap given the hares, those representing +the hounds start in pursuit, following by the corn and trying to catch +the hares before they reach the starting-point in returning. +</p> +<p> +The handicap given the hares should be small, depending on the running +abilities of the hares and hounds. The fastest runners are usually +picked for the hounds. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Chalk the Arrow</span> +</p> +<p> +This is usually played in the city streets, one player running and +trying to keep out of sight of the others who follow. The runner is +given time to disappear around the first corner before the others +start after him, and at every corner he turns he marks (with chalk) an +arrow pointing in the direction he takes. Those pursuing follow by the +arrow, the first one seeing him being the runner for the next time. +</p> +<p> +This may also be played by having any number run and only one follow, +the first becoming "it" for the next time. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Dodge Ball</span> +</p> +<p> +Of any number of players, half of that number form a circle, while the +other half stand inside of the ring (centre) facing outward. Now, the +game for those in the centre is to dodge the ball which is thrown by +any of those forming the circle with the intention of striking the +centre ones {313} out. +Every time a member is struck he is dead, and takes his place among +those of the circle. Now he has a chance to throw at those remaining +in the centre. This arrangement keeps all taking part busy. Only one +is out at a time. This being kept up until finally only one is left. +He is hailed the king. For next round, players exchange places, i. e., +those who were in the centre now form the circle. +</p> +<p> +Note: If the touch is preceded by a bound of the ball it does not +count. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Prisoner's Base</span> +</p> +<p> +Goals are marked off at both ends of the playground, the players +divided into two equal divisions, occupying the two goals. About ten +paces to the right of each goal is a prison. A player advances toward +the opposite goal, when one from that goal starts out to catch him. He +retreats, and one from his side runs to his rescue by trying to catch +the pursuer--who in turn is succored by one from his side, and so on. +Every player may catch anyone from the opposite side who has been out +of goal longer than he has. Any player caught is conducted to the +prison by his captor and must remain there until rescued by some one +from his side, who touches him with the hand. The one who does this is +subject to being caught like any other player. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Throwing the Spear</span> +</p> +<p> +The game is an old Greek and Persian pastime. "Throw the spear and +speak the truth," was a national maxim of the Persians that we may +copy with advantage. +</p> +<p> +The apparatus required is some light spears and an archery target. The +spears should vary from five to six feet in length; the point should +be shod with a steel tip, having a socket into which the wooden handle +is fitted, and made fast by small screws passing through holes in the +sides of the metal, and then into the wood itself. The wood, for about +a foot above the barb, should be about three quarters of an inch in +diameter, and from thence gradually taper to about a quarter of an +inch in thickness until the end of the spear is reached. +</p> +<p> +Some spears are fitted with feathers, like an arrow, but these are not +necessary to obtain a good throw, and soon get dismantled in +continually falling upon the ground. Any ordinary target will serve. +It may be an archery target, a sack full of straw, or a sod bank. +</p> +{314} +<p> +The object of the contest is to hit the target from a given mark, the +firing line. Whoever throws nearest to the centre of the target the +greatest number of times out of six shots is hailed the winner. +</p> +<p> +The best form for throwing is with the left foot forward, the leg +perfectly straight, body well back, its weight resting on the right +leg. Now extend the left arm forward, in a line with the shoulder, and +over the left leg; poise the spear horizontally in the right hand, +holding at the centre of gravity by the forefinger and thumb. Bring +the right arm backward until the hand is behind the right shoulder. +</p> +<p> +Now, inclining the point of the spear slightly upward, make your cast, +bringing the right arm forward, followed by the right side of the +body, the right leg forward and the left arm backward. Count yourself +fortunate if you even hit the target in the first few attempts, but +practice will make a wonderful difference. The distance should be +mutually agreed upon, but fifty feet for a boy of fifteen and one +hundred feet for an adult will be found about right. +</p> +<p> +To "throw the javelin" is another phase of this pastime. The javelin +is four to five feet in length, three quarters of an inch in +thickness, and fitted with a barbed end, slightly heavier than the +spear end. The "object of the game" is to throw the javelin as far as +possible but not at a target; instead, the javelin must stick into the +ground. +</p> +<p> +In throwing the javelin, hold it in the right hand, the left leg and +hand being advanced; the barb and arm at this point should be at the +rear. Then, describing a semicircle with the arm over the right +shoulder, and leaning well to the rear, hurl the weapon as far as +possible forward. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Arctic Expedition</span> + +<br> +<p> +Each patrol make a bob sleigh with ropes, harness, for two of their +number to pull or for dogs if they have them and can train them to do +the work. Two scouts or so go a mile or two ahead, the remainder with +the sleigh follow, finding the way by means of the spoor, and by such +signs as the leading scouts may draw in the snow. All other drawings +seen on the way are to be examined, noted, and their meaning read. The +sleigh carries rations and cooking pots, etc. +</p> +<p> +Build snow huts. These must be made narrow, according to the length of +the sticks available for forming the roof, which can be made with +brushwood and covered with snow. +</p> +{315} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Dragging Race</span> +</p> +<p> +A line of patients from one patrol is laid out fifty feet distant from +the start. Another patrol, each carrying a rope, run out, tie ropes to +the patients, and drag them in. Time taken of last in. Patrols change +places. The one which completes in the shortest time wins. Knots must +be carefully tied, and patients' coats laid out under their heads. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Far and Near</span> +</p> +<p> +Umpire goes along a given road or line of country with a patrol in +patrol formation. He carries a scoring card with the name of each +scout on it. +</p> +<p> +Each scout looks out for the details required, and directly he notices +one he runs to the umpire and informs him or hands in the article, if +it is an article he finds. The umpire enters a mark accordingly +against his name. The scout who gains the most marks in the walk wins. +</p> +<p> +Details like the following should be chosen to develop the scout's +observation and to encourage him to look far and near, up and down, +etc. +</p> +<p> +The details should be varied every time the game is played; and about +eight or ten should be given at a time. +</p> +<br> +<table style="width: 374px; height: 312px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>Every match found</td><td>1 point</td></tr> +<tr><td>Every button found</td><td>1 point</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bird tracks</td><td>2 points</td></tr> +<tr><td>Patch noticed on stranger's clothing or boots</td> +<td>2 points</td></tr> +<tr><td>Gray horse seen</td><td>2 points</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pigeon flying</td><td>2 points</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sparrow sitting</td><td>2 points</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ash tree</td><td>2 points</td></tr> +<tr><td>Broken chimney-pot</td><td>2 points</td></tr> +<tr><td>Broken window</td><td>1 point</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Fire-lighting Race</span> +</p> +<p> +To collect material, build, and light a fire till the log given by +umpire is alight. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Follow My Leader</span> +</p> +<p> +With a large number of boys this can be made a very effective display, +and is easy to do at a jog trot, and occasional "knee-up" with musical +accompaniment. It also can be done at night, {316} each boy carrying a +Chinese lantern on top of his staff. If in a building all lights, of +course, would be turned down. A usual fault is that the exercise is +kept on too long, till it wearies both audience and performers. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Games in Path-finding</span> +</p> +<p> +Instructor takes a patrol in patrolling formation into a strange town +or into an intricate piece of strange country, with a cycling map. He +then gives instructions as to where he wants to go, makes each scout +in turn lead the patrol, say, for seven minutes if cycling, fifteen +minutes if walking. This scout is to find the way entirely by the map, +and points are given for ability in reading. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Mountain Scouting</span> +</p> +<p> +This has been played by tourists' clubs in the lake district, and is +very similar to the "Spider and Fly" game. Three hares are sent out at +daybreak to hide themselves about in the mountains: after breakfast a +party of hounds go out to find them before a certain hour, say 4 +o'clock P.M. If they find them even with field-glasses, it counts, +provided that the finder can say definitely who it was he spotted. +Certain limits of ground must be given, beyond which anyone would be +out of bounds, and therefore disqualified. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Knight Errantry</span> +</p> +<p> +Scouts go out singly, or in pairs, or as a patrol. If in a town, to +find women or children in want of help, and to return and report, on +their honor, what they have done. If in the country, call at any farms +or cottages and ask to do odd jobs--for nothing. The same can be made +into a race called a "Good Turn" race. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Unprepared Plays</span> +</p> +<p> +Give the plot of a short, simple, play and assign to each player his +part, with an outline of what he has to do and say, and then let them +act it, making up the required conversation as they go along. +</p> +<p> +This develops the power of imagination and expression on points kept +in the mind, and is a valuable means of education. +</p> +<p> +It is well before starting to act a play in this way to be a little +less ambitious, and to make two or three players merely {317} carry out a +conversation on given topics leading up to a given point, using their +own words and imaginations in doing so. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Treasure Hunt</span> +</p> +<p> +The treasure hunt needs observation and skill in tracking, and +practically any number can take part in it. +</p> +<p> +Several ways of playing the game are given below. +</p> +<p> +1. The treasure is hidden and the scouts know what the treasure is; +they are given the first clew, and from this all the others can be +traced. Such clews might be (a) written on a gate post: "Go west and +examine third gate on north side of stream"; (b) on that gate, scout's +sign pointing to notice board on which is written, "Strike south by +south-east telegraph post, No. 28," and so on. The clews should be so +worded as to need some skill to understand, and the various points +should be difficult of access from one another. This method might be +used as a patrol competition, starting off patrols at ten-minute +intervals, and at one particular clew there might be different orders +for each patrol, to prevent the patrols behind from following the +first. +</p> +<p> +2. The clews may be bits of colored wood tied to gates, hedges, etc., +at about three-yard intervals, leading in a certain direction, and +when these clews come to the end it should be known that the treasure +is hidden within so many feet. To prevent this degenerating into a +mere game of follow my leader, several tracks might be laid working up +to the same point, and false tracks could be laid, which only lead +back again to the original. +</p> +<p> +3. Each competitor or patrol might be given a description of the +way--each perhaps of a slightly different way; the description should +make it necessary to go to each spot in turn; and prevent any +"cutting" in the following way: "Go to the tallest tree in a certain +field, from there go one hundred yards north, and then walk straight +toward a church tower which will be on your left," etc. All the +descriptions should lead by an equal journey to a certain spot where +the treasure is hidden. The first to arrive at that spot should not +let the others know it is the spot, but should search for the treasure +in as casual a manner as possible. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Will-o'-the-Wisp</span> +</p> +<p> +This game should take place across country at night. Two scouts set +off in a given direction with a lighted bull's-eye {318} lantern. After two +minutes have passed the patrol or troop starts in pursuit. +</p> +<p> +The lantern bearer must show his light at least every minute +concealing it for the rest of the time. The two scouts take turns in +carrying the light, and so may relieve each other in difficulties, but +either may be captured. The scout without the light can often mingle +with the pursuers without being recognized and relieve his friend when +he is being hard pressed. They should arrange certain calls or signals +between themselves. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Treasure Island</span> +</p> +<p> +A treasure is known to be hidden upon a certain island or bit of shore +marked off, and the man who hid it leaves a map with clews for finding +it (compass, directions, tide marks, etc.). This map is hidden +somewhere near the landing-place; the patrols come in turn to look for +it--they have to row from a certain distance, land, find the map, and +finally discover the treasure. They should be careful to leave no foot +tracks, etc., near the treasure, because then the patrols that follow +them will easily find it. The map and treasure are to be hidden afresh +for the next patrol when they have been found. The patrol wins which +returns to the starting place with the treasure in the shortest time. +(This can be played on the river, the patrols having to row across the +river to find the treasure.) +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Horse and Rider Tourney</span> +</p> +<p> +In playing this game it is necessary to have a soft, velvety piece of +grass, or if in doors, in the gymnasium, cover the floor with regular +gymnasium mats. It requires four boys to play the game, two being +horses and the other two riders. The riders mount their horses and +dash at each other with great caution, striving to get a good hold of +each other in such a way as to compel the opponent to dismount. This +can be done either by dragging him from his mount or by making the +horse and rider lose their balance so as to throw them off their feet. +A great deal of sport can be gotten out of this game, and boys become +very skilful after a little practice. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Mumbly Peg</span> +<br> +(From Daniel Carter Beard, National Scout Commissioner) +</p> +<p> +First: Hold the right fist with the back to the ground and with the +jack-knife, with blade pointing to the right, resting {319} on top of the +closed fingers. The hand is swung to the right, up and over, +describing a semicircle, so that the knife falls point downward and +sticks, or should stick, upright in the ground. If there is room to +slip two fingers, one above the other, beneath the handle of the +knife, and if the point of the knife is hidden in the ground, it +counts as a fair stick or throw. +</p> +<p> +Second: The next motion is the same as the one just described, but is +performed with the left. +</p> +<p> +Third: Take the point of the blade between the first and second +fingers of the right hand, and fillip it with a jerk so that the knife +turns once around in the air and strikes the point into the ground. +</p> +<p> +Fourth: Do the same with the left hand. +</p> +<p> +Fifth: Hold the knife as in the third and fourth positions, and bring +the arm across the chest so that the knife handle touches the left +ear. Take hold of the right ear with the left hand and fillip the +knife so that it turns once or twice in the air and strikes on its +point in the earth. +</p> +<p> +Sixth: Do the same with the left hand. +</p> +<p> +Seventh: Still holding the knife in the same manner, bring the handle +up to the nose and fillip it over through the air, so that it will +stick in the ground. +</p> +<p> +Eighth: Do the same with the handle at the right eye. +</p> +<p> +Ninth: Repeat with the handle at the left eye. +</p> +<p> +Tenth: Place the point of the blade on the top of the head. Hold it in +place with the forefinger, and with a downward push send it whirling +down to earth, where it must stick with the point of blade in the +earth. +</p> +<p> +Eleventh to Fifteenth: Hold the left hand with the fingers pointing +upward and, beginning with the thumb, place the point of the knife on +each finger as described above, and the forefinger of the right hand +on the end of the knife handle. By a downward motion, throw the knife +revolving through the air, so that it will alight with the point of +the blade in the sod. +</p> +<p> +Sixteenth to Twentieth: Repeat, with the right hand up and the +forefinger of the left hand on the knife handle. +</p> +<p> +Twenty-first, twenty-second: Do the same from each knee. +</p> +<p> +Twenty-third: Hold the point of the blade between the first and second +fingers, and, placing the hand on the forehead, fillip the knife back +over the head, so that it will stick in the ground behind the person +ready for the next motion. +</p> +<p> +Twenty-fourth: After twenty-three the knife is left in the ground. +Then with the palm of the hand strike the knife handle a smart blow +that will send it revolving over the ground {320} for a yard, more or less, +and cause it to stick in the ground where it stops. This is called +"ploughing the field." +</p> +<p> +When a miss is made the next player takes his turn, and when the first +player's turn comes again he must try the feat over that he failed to +perform last. A good player will sometimes go through almost all the +twenty-four motions without failing to make a "two finger," that is, a +fair stick, each time; but it is very unusual for anyone to run the +game out in one inning. This is the game in twenty-four motions; many +boys play it double that number. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Outdoor Athletic Standards</span> +</p> +<p> +The athletic standards given below are those which most boys ought to +be able to attain. They are the result of the experience of several +physical directors who have made a special study of athletics and +physical work among boys. +</p> +<p> +The rules governing the events are found in the official handbook of +the Athletic League of North America. These rules must be strictly +adhered to. +</p> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 558px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>EVENTS</td> +<td><small>UNDER</small> +<br> +90 LBS.</td> +<td><small>UNDER</small> +<br> +110 LBS.</td> +<td><small>UNDER +<br> +125 LBS.</small> +<br> +</td> +<td><small>UNDER</small> +<br> +140 LBS.</td> +<td>OVER +<br> +140 LBS.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>(1) Running Broad Jump</td> +<td>12'</td><td>13'</td><td>14'</td><td>15'</td><td>16'</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>(2) Running High Jump</td> +<td>3' 11"</td><td>4' 1"</td><td>4' 4"</td><td>4' 7"</td><td>4' 10"</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>(3) Standing Broad Jump</td> +<td>6' 6"</td><td>7'</td><td>7' 6"</td><td>8'</td><td>8' 6"</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>(4) Standing High Jump</td> +<td>3' 2"</td><td>3' 4"</td><td>3' 6 </td><td>3' 8"</td><td>3' 10"</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>(5) Pull-Up (times)</td> +<td>5</td><td>7</td><td>9</td><td>11</td><td>13</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>(6) 20-Yard Swim</td> +<td>20 sec.</td><td>18 sec.</td><td>16 sec.</td> +<td>14 sec.</td><td>12 sec.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>(7) 40-Yard Swim</td> +<td>40 sec.</td><td>39 sec.</td><td>38 sec.</td> +<td>37 sec.</td><td>36 sec.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>(8) 50-Yard Dash</td> +<td>7.8 sec.</td><td>7.4 sec.</td><td>7 sec.</td> +<td>6.6 sec.</td><td>6.2 sec.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>(9) Eight-Potato Race</td> +<td>45 sec.</td><td>43 sec.</td><td>41 sec.</td> +<td>39 sec.</td><td>37 sec.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>(10) 8 lb.-Shot Put</td> +<td>*</td><td>25'</td><td>30'</td><td>35'</td><td>40'</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>(11) Push-Up from Floor </td> +<td>*</td><td>11</td><td>13</td><td>15</td><td>17</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>(12) Rope Climb</td> +<td>*</td><td>14 sec.</td><td>12 sec.</td><td>10 sec.</td><td>8 sec.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>(13) 100-Yard Dash </td> +<td>*</td><td>*</td><td>13 sec.</td><td>12.6 sec.</td><td>12.2 sec.</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +* Should not attempt this event +<br> +<br> +<p> +For merit badge a boy under ninety pounds must qualify in seven of the +first nine events; a boy under one hundred and ten pounds must qualify +in ten of the first twelve events; all others must qualify in their +proper class in eleven of the thirteen events. +</p> +<br> +{321} +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +<br> +{322} +<br> +<br> +<br> +Notes +<br> +<br> +{323} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">CHAPTER IX</span><br style="font-weight: +bold;"> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">PATRIOTISM AND CITIZENSHIP</span> +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +By Waldo H. Sherman, +</span><br style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Author of "Civics--Studies in American Citizenship" +</span> +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">OUR COUNTRY</span> +</p> +<p> +America is the home of social, religious, and political liberty--"the +land of the free and the home of the brave." +</p> +<p> +As a nation, we have always been rich in land, and for this reason +millions of people have sought our shores. We have come into +possession of our territory through treaty, purchase, and annexation. +In speaking of our territorial area we usually speak of the "original +territory" and "additions" to same. When we speak of "original +territory" we mean that part of the United States which was ceded to +us by Great Britain in the peace treaty of 1783, at the close of the +War of the Revolution. This territory, in brief, is described as +follows: East to the Atlantic Ocean, west to the Mississippi River, +north to the Great Lakes and Canada, and as far south as the northern +line of Florida. We sometimes hear it spoken of as the territory of +the "Thirteen Original States," meaning the states that formed the +Government of the Constitution in 1789. However if we look at the map +we shall see that the original territory includes not only the +territory of the thirteen original states, but comprises also land out +of which twelve other states have been formed. Looking at this area +to-day, however, it seems a small part of our country compared with +our present limits. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Additions</span> +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Louisiana Purchase</span>: What is known as the Louisiana Purchase we +bought +from France in 1803. It consisted of 875,025 square miles, for which +we paid $15,000,000. It is described as follows: west of the +Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, north to Canada, and south +to the Gulf of Mexico, exclusive of Texas. This is a territory greater +than the present combined areas of Spain, Portugal, Italy, Hungary, +and the Balkan states. +</p> +{324} +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Florida Purchase: </span>In 1819, we purchased Florida from Spain at a cost +of over $5,000,000, and this single state is larger in territorial +area than the combined territory of Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, and +Switzerland. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Texas:</span> In 1845, Texas came to us by annexation, but the outcome of +this annexation later on was our war with Mexico. In territorial area +this is an empire in itself--larger than the whole German Empire. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Oregon Territory:</span> In 1846, by treaty with Great Britain, we acquired +what is known as the Oregon Territory. This includes the states of +Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Mexican Cession and Purchase from Texas:</span> As an outcome of the +Mexican +War, we obtained from Mexico, in 1848, the territory of California, +Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and a part of New Mexico at a cost of +$15,000,000; and in 1850, we purchased from Texas the remaining part +of New Mexico and that part of Colorado not included in the Louisiana +Purchase, at a cost of $10,000,000. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Gadsden Purchase:</span> In 1853, we made what is known as the Gadsden +Purchase, acquiring thus from Mexico a needed tract of land on the +boundary between Mexico, Arizona, and New Mexico, paying for this +tract $10,000,000. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Alaska:</span> In 1867, we paid Russia $7,000,000, and added Alaska to our +possessions. This purchase is spoken of in history as "Seward's +Folly," because the transaction, made while he was secretary of state, +was not generally considered a good bargain. Nevertheless it has +proved one of our most valuable possessions. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Hawaii:</span> In 1898, we reached out into the Pacific waters and annexed +the beautiful Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Porto Rico, Pine Islands, Guam, Philippine Islands:</span> In 1898, the +island of Porto Rico with an area of 3600 square miles came into our +possession as an outcome of the Spanish-American War; likewise the +Pine Islands with their 882 square miles; Guam with 175 square miles; +and the Philippine Islands with a territorial area of 143,000 square +miles. But for these latter in settlement of a number of private +claims, and to gain peaceable possession of various public lands, we +paid Spain $20,000,000. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Samoan Islands:</span> In 1899, we acquired the Samoan Islands, with an +area +of 73 square miles; and, in 1901, some additional islands in the +Philippines. +</p> +{325} +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Land Settlements</span> +</p> +<p> +The first permanent English settlements in America were made at +Jamestown, Va., in 1607, and at Plymouth, Mass., in 1620; and from +these two settlements we may trace in large part the growth, +character, and development of our national life. The story of the +"Pilgrim Fathers" in Massachusetts has been told for generations in +literature and in song, and can never cease to be of romantic and +thrilling interest. +</p> +<p> +The story of the settlement and dispersal of other nationalities in +America--the Swedes in Delaware, the Dutch in New York, the Spanish +and French in Florida and along the banks of the Mississippi and Ohio +Rivers--all this is summed up in what is known as "colonial history." +</p> +<p> +In 1763, at the close of the French and Indian wars, England had come +into possession of practically all the territory east of the +Mississippi--that territory which was ceded in 1783 as the original +territory of the United States. +</p> +<p> +You will sometimes hear it said that thirteen is an unlucky number. +Indeed you may have known people so superstitious that they refuse to +sit down at a table when the number is thirteen. Again you may know it +to be a fact that some hotels do not have a room numbered thirteen, +and that many steamboats likewise follow the same custom in state-room +arrangement. Strange superstition for Americans! It took thirteen +states to make our Union; we have made thirteen additions to our +territory; when George Washington was inaugurated as president, a +salute of thirteen guns was fired; and, finally, the foundation of the +flag of our country bears thirteen stripes. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The American Revolution</span> +</p> +<p> +The story of the American Revolution (1775-1783)--Declaration of +Independence (1776), the adoption of the Articles of Confederation +(1781), and, finally, the making and adoption of the Constitution of +the United States in 1789--all is summed up in a period of fourteen +years, and may be told and written in the life of George Washington, +who was indeed the "Father of His Country." +</p> +<p> +The cause of the American Revolution was England's oppression of her +American colonists; and the injustice of taxation without +representation, with other injustices, finally brought about +rebellion. The war began in Massachusetts with the battles of +Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775, and ended at Yorktown, Va., +October 19, 1781. The treaty of peace was {326} signed at Paris, France, +September 3, 1783, and November 25 of that year, known in history as +"Evacuation Day," the British took their departure down the bay of New +York harbor and America was free. +</p> +<p> +Now do we find ourselves at the fireside of American patriotism. Here +is Washington. He is a Virginian, and the American people know him at +this time as Colonel Washington. It is the 13th day of June, 1775, and +the second Continental Congress is in session at Philadelphia. John +Adams of Massachusetts has the floor. He is to show himself at this +time the master statesman. Justly has he been called the "Colossus of +the Revolution." On his way to Independence Hall this morning he meets +his cousin, Samuel Adams, and tells him what he is going to do. "We +must," he says; "act on this matter at once. We must make Congress +declare for or against something. I'll tell you what I am going to do. +I am determined this very morning to make a direct motion that +Congress shall adopt the army before Boston, and appoint the +Virginian, Colonel Washington, commander of it." +</p> +<p> +Adams is now stating to the Congress the gravity of the situation; he +points out the necessity of immediate action the colonies must be +united, the army must be brought together, disciplined, and trained +for service, and, under Congress, a fitting commander appointed. "Such +a gentleman," he said, "I have in mind. I mention no names, but every +gentleman here knows him at once as a brave soldier and a man of +affairs. He is a gentleman from Virginia, one of this body, and well +known to all of us. He is a gentleman of skill and excellent universal +character and would command the approbation of all the colonies better +than any other person in the Union." +</p> +<p> +George Washington is in the hall. The eyes of all Congress have turned +toward him. He is surprised, confused, and embarrassed, leaves his +seat and hurries into the library. +</p> +<p> +Congress spent two days considering Adams's motion, for there were +other men who had hoped for the appointment; but finally, on the 15th +of June, 1775, a ballot was taken, and Washington was unanimously +elected commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. +</p> +<p> +On July 2, 1775, he took command of the army at Cambridge, Mass., and +March 17, 1776, the British were expelled from Boston. +</p> +{327} +<p> +We now come to the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. It was +written by Thomas Jefferson, at that time a young man of thirty-three. +The committee of the General Congress appointed to draft it, consisted +of the following: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, +Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. +</p> +<p> +The strong feeling of Thomas Jefferson as he wrote the Declaration is +indicated by his statement that, "Rather than submit to the right of +legislating for us assumed by the British Parliament, I would lend my +hand to sink the whole island in the ocean." Here also we get a +glimpse of one of the most interesting and delightful characters in +the history of this period--Benjamin Franklin. History records that +while Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, a few +verbal suggestions were made by Doctor Franklin, as the following +conversation reported to have taken place between them would indicate: +"Well, Brother Jefferson," said Franklin, "is the fair copy made?" +"All ready, doctor," replied Jefferson. "Will you hear it through once +more?" "As many times as you wish," responded the smiling doctor, with +a merry twinkle in his eyes. "One can't get too much of a good thing, +you know." Jefferson then read to Franklin the Declaration of +Independence, which has been pronounced one of the world's greatest +papers. "That's good, Thomas! That's right to the point! That will +make King George wince. I wish I had done it myself." It is said +Franklin would "have put a joke into the Declaration of Independence, +if it had fallen to his lot to write that immortal document." +</p> +<p> +The Declaration of Independence went forth to the world signed by one +man, John Hancock--which explains the expression you sometimes hear, +"Put your John Hancock there." It was, however, signed later by all +the members of that Congress--fifty-four in number. This immortal +document has been carefully preserved and the original may be seen at +Washington. +</p> +<p> +The Declaration was a notice to Great Britain and to all the world +that the American colonists would no longer be subject to Great +Britain; that henceforth they were to be a free and independent +people, holding Great Britain as they held the rest of mankind, +"enemies in war--in peace friends." This Declaration marks the birth +of our nation. +</p> +<p> +Our government fathers fully realized the step they were taking. They +knew it meant a final breaking with the home government of England, +but--"with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence," in +support of this {328} Declaration, they pledged to each other "their lives, +their fortunes and their sacred honor." +</p> +<p> +Following the expulsion of the British from Boston, the battle field +of the Revolution changes to New York, moving to Harlem Heights and +White Plains; then to New Jersey; Trenton, and Princeton; then to +Pennsylvania; Brandywine, Westchester, Germantown, Valley Forge, and +on to Monmouth. +</p> +<p> +But here let us pause. It has been a terrible winter at Valley Forge. +While the British at Philadelphia, twenty miles away, have been living +in luxury, our Washington and his men have suffered bitterly with +hunger and cold; and out of a list of eleven thousand men, three +thousand at Valley Forge lay sick at one time. But at last the spring +has come and Washington has now been nearly three years in service. +Listen! The order has gone forth! At 10:30 o'clock comes the signal, +and the firing of a cannon sees all men under arms! At 11:30 o'clock +the second signal is given and the march begins. It is May 7, 1778, +and Washington is assembling his men. Great news has come and it is +fitting to return thanks to Divine Providence--so reads his +proclamation. +</p> +<p> +Now comes the third signal, the firing of thirteen cannon! Another +signal! and the whole army breaks into a loud huzza "Long live the +King of France!" followed by a running fire of guns. +</p> +<p> +On this same day in the afternoon, Washington gives a banquet to his +officers, aides, and guests, to which they march arm-in-arm, thirteen +abreast. What does it mean? It means that Benjamin Franklin has been +heard from, and that an alliance with France, England's bitterest +enemy, has been made. Some day when you are in Washington, you may see +directly in front of the White House, Lafayette Park, and, knowing the +story of the Revolution, you understand why it is there. You also +understand why Washington's army on that May morning shouted, "Long +live the King of France." +</p> +<p> +But it is not our purpose here to tell the whole story: we can only +touch the high points. Again the army moves to White Plains and on to +Middlebrook and New Windsor; and Washington spends the winter (1781) +at Morristown, N. J. The end is approaching. He joins Lafayette at +Yorktown, Va., and on October 19th, Cornwallis, the British general, +surrenders to George Washington, commander-in-chief of the American +Army. Thus the conflict begun in one English settlement is ended in +the other. Massachusetts marks the beginning and Virginia the ending +of the War of the Revolution. +</p> +{329} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The War of 1812-1815</span> +</p> +<p> +The War of 1812 was a naval war. It was a battle for rights--the +rights of our sailors, the rights of our commerce. American ships and +cargoes were being confiscated. France and England and the Barbary +pirates were engaged in a profitable war on our commerce, and last but +not least twenty thousand American seamen had been pressed into +service and were slaves on ships that were foreign, England especially +claiming the right to search American ships and press into service all +men found on board who were English by birth, though American by +choice and adoption. +</p> +<p> +"Once a subject always a subject," said Great Britain, but our answer +in 1812 was as it is now: any foreigner after five years' residence +within our territory, who has complied with our naturalization laws +and taken the oath of allegiance to our flag, becomes one of our +citizens as completely as if he were native born. +</p> +<p> +This war is sometimes spoken of as a "leaderless war," but great +leaders came out of it. The names of Hull, Perry, and Lawrence are +memorable in its history; it was the war which made Andrew Jackson, +known as "Old Hickory," President of the United States in 1828. You +will read the story of his great victory in the Battle of New Orleans. +</p> +<p> +Some day you will read the life story of David Glasgow Farragut of +whom it is said that, with the exception of Nelson, the great English +admiral, "he was as great an admiral as ever sailed the broad or +narrow seas." Although the great work of Farragut was in the Civil +War, the story of his life began in the War of 1812 when he was but +ten years old. Admiral Farragut is reported as giving this +explanation, in the late years of his life, of his success in the +service of his country +</p> +<p> +"It was all owing to a resolution that I formed when I was ten years +old. My father was sent to New Orleans with the little navy we had, to +look after the treason of Burr. I accompanied him as cabin-boy. I had +some qualities that I thought made a man of me. I could swear like an +old salt, could drink as stiff a glass of grog as if I had doubled +Cape Horn, and could smoke like a locomotive. I was great at cards, +and was fond of gambling in every shape. At the close of dinner one +day, my father turned everybody out of the cabin, locked the door, and +said to me: +</p> +<p> +"David, what do you mean to be?" +</p> +<p> +"'I mean to follow the sea,' I said." +</p> +{330} +<p> +"'Follow the sea!' exclaimed my father; 'yes, be a poor, miserable, +drunken sailor before the mast, kicked and cuffed about the world, and +die in some fever hospital in a foreign clime?' +</p> +<p> +"'No, father,' I replied, 'I will tread the quarter-deck, and command as +you do!' +</p> +<p> +"'No, David; no boy ever trod the quarter-deck with such principles +as you have, and such habits as you exhibit. You will have to change +your whole course of life if you ever become a man.' +</p> +<p> +"My father left me and went on deck. I was stunned by the rebuke, and +overwhelmed with mortification. 'A poor, miserable, drunken sailor +before the mast, kicked and cuffed about the world, and die in some +fever hospital!' That's my fate is it? I'll change my life, and I will +change it at once. I will never utter another oath, never drink +another drop of intoxicating liquor, never gamble, and as God is my +witness I have kept these three vows to this hour." +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Star Spangled Banner</span> +</p> +<p> +The sun is slowly sinking in the west. The men of the army and navy +are drawn up at attention. At every fort, army post, and navy yard, +and on every American battle-ship at home or abroad, the flag of our +country is flying at full mast. The sunset gun will soon be fired, and +night will follow the day as darkness follows the light. All is ready, +the signal is given, the men salute, and the flag to the band's +accompaniment of "The Star Spangled Banner" slowly descends for the +night to be folded and kept for the morning's hoisting. +</p> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +"And the Star Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave +<br> +While the land of the free is the home of the brave." +<br> +</div> +<p> +In the cemetery of Mt. Olivet, near Frederick, Md., there is a spot +where the flag of our country is never lowered. It is keeping watch by +night as by day over the grave of Francis Scott Key, author of "The +Star Spangled Banner." He was born in Frederick County, Md., August 1, +1779, and died in Baltimore, January 11, 1843. +</p> +<p> +The Congress of the United States has never formally adopted "The Star +Spangled Banner" as a national anthem, but it has become such through +the recognition {331} given to it by the army and navy. +It is played on all state occasions at home or abroad and is the +response of our bands at all international gatherings. In the theatre, +at a public meeting, or at a banquet--whenever it is played, the +people rise and remain standing to the end as a tribute to the flag of +our country. +</p> +<p> +The poem itself is descriptive of what the author saw and felt on the +night of September 13, 1814, as he watched the bombardment of Fort +McHenry by the British during the War of 1812. The city of Washington +had been sacked, bombarded, and burned by the British, and now in +their march of destruction, they were bombarding the fort to gain +entrance to Baltimore's harbor, in which city they had purposed to +spend the winter. We can well imagine the joy of Key's heart, the son +of a Revolutionary patriot, held in custody on a British battle-ship, +to see in the morning "that our flag was still there," and to know, +therefore, that there was still hope for our country. +</p> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +"Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, +<br> +And this be our motto, 'In God is our Trust'." +<br> +</div> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Birth of New States</span> +<br> +</p> +<p> +The history of the fifty-six years between 1789 and 1845 is marked by +the development of new states formed out of the territorial settlement +of the wilderness. The people of our country have always been +pioneering, going ahead of civilization, so to speak, but always +taking it with them. Scouts they have been in every sense of the word. +Following the rivers, clearing the forests, fording the streams, +braving the dangers, living the wild life--brave men and women! +</p> +<p> +The first state to come into the Union of the thirteen original states +was Vermont, the "Green Mountain" state (1791); next came Kentucky +(1792), the "Blue Grass" state, the home of Daniel Boone, the great +hunter and pioneer. Four years later, (1796) came Tennessee, the +"Volunteer" state, receiving this name because of its large number of +volunteer soldiers for the Seminole war and the War of 1812; next +comes Ohio (1803), the "Buckeye," so called because of the large +number of buckeye trees, the nut of which bears some resemblance to a +buck's eye. This is the first state to be formed out of the public +domain, known at this time as the "Northwest Territory." The land +ordinance bill of 1785 and the homestead act of 1862 {332} relate to the +development and settlement of the public domain, the first being a +plan of survey applied to all public lands owned by the United States +government; the other being a law by which the possession of these +lands was made possible to settlers. +</p> +<p> +Following Ohio into the Union came Louisiana (1812), the "Creole" +state whose people were descendants of the original French and Spanish +settlers. This was the first state to be formed west of the +Mississippi, and New Orleans, its chief city, known as the "Crescent +City," is one of the oldest in our country and full of historic +interest. +</p> +<p> +After the War of 1812 the new states began to come in rapidly. The +admission of Indiana (1816), "The Hoosier"; Mississippi (1817), the +"Bayou"; Illinois, the "Prairie" (1818); Alabama (1819), the "Cotton," +show that the pioneer settlements of our people had been closing in +along the banks of the Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers. +</p> +<p> +We now go back to the far East, for the state of Maine, our "Pine +Tree" state, has now been developed, and its admission (1820) +completes the coast line of states as far south as Georgia. The next +state admitted is Missouri (1821), the "Iron," followed by Arkansas, +the "Bear" (1836), to be followed in turn by Michigan (1836), the +"Lake" or "Wolverine" state, the thirteenth state to be admitted; and +the stars in our flag are now doubled. +</p> +<p> +The first census of the United States was taken in 1790, and the +Constitution provided that it must be taken every ten years +thereafter. In that year, the order of states in rank of population +was as follows: Virginia first, Pennsylvania second, North Carolina +third, Massachusetts fourth, and New York fifth. +</p> +<p> +The census of 1820 makes a decided change, we find, in the order of +population, and New York comes first, Virginia second, Pennsylvania +third, North Carolina fourth, Ohio fifth, Kentucky sixth, and +Massachusetts seventh. +</p> +<p> +The states of Florida and Texas came into the Union in the same +year--the one March 3 and the other December 29, 1845; and thereby +hangs a tale. It had been claimed by our government that Texas was +included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803; but the Mexicans claimed +it also, and, in 1819, in order to close the deal for the purchase of +Florida, our government was obliged to relinquish its claim to Texas. +At this time the possession of Florida was more desirable and +necessary to the peace of our country than the {333} possession of Texas; it +was under Spanish rule, overrun with outlaws and a most undesirable +neighbor, besides being very necessary to the rounding out of our +coast territory. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Mexican War</span> +</p> +<p> +The annexation and admission of Texas into the Union in 1845 came +about through the pioneering and settlement of our people in her +territory; where at first welcomed and encouraged by the Mexicans, +they were later deluged in blood. The spirit of Americanism grew +rampant under the barbaric and military despotism of the Mexican +government, and in 1835 there was an uprising of the settlers led by a +pioneer, an ex-governor of Tennessee, Gen. Samuel Houston, the man +for whom the city of Houston, Texas, was named. At this time there +were about ten thousand Americans in Texas, and on March 2, 1836, +through their representatives in convention assembled, these Americans +in true Revolutionary spirit declared Texas an independent republic. +The Mexican government tried to put down this rebellion, but met with +a crushing defeat, and Texas, the "Lone Star" state, remained an +independent republic up to the time of her annexation and admission as +a state of the Union. +</p> +<p> +The cause of the war with Mexico, then, was her resentment because +Texas began to move for annexation to the United States. The fact that +Texas had been for many years an independent republic and been so +recognized by the United States, Great Britain, France, and some +smaller countries, gave Texas the right on her part to ask for +annexation, and the United States the right to annex her. But in order +to bring Texas into the Union and save her people from the Mexicans, +the United States was obliged to declare war against Mexico. This she +did May 13, 1845, although Texas was not admitted as a state until +December 29th of that year. The war lasted nearly three years, peace +being declared February 2, 1848. As an outcome of the war the peaceful +possession of Texas was secured, and also possession of the territory +of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and a part of Colorado and New +Mexico, for which territory, however, our government in final +settlement paid Mexico, $15,000,000. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">New States--1845-1861</span> +</p> +<p> +During the Mexican War, Iowa (1846), the "Hawkeye" state, came into +the Union, followed by the state of Wisconsin (1848), {334}the "Badger." +Next comes the story of the "Forty-niners," and California (1850), the +"Golden State," enters the Union; and then comes Minnesota (1858), the +"North Star" State, and the Great Lakes are walled in, this state +completing the circuit. Oregon, (1859), the "Beaver" follows, then the +"Garden of the West," Kansas (1861), and the Civil War is upon us. Of +course, we do not mean to say that Kansas was the cause of the Civil +War, although it had much to do with it. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Civil War--1861-1865</span> +</p> +<p> +The Civil War was a war between states, in the government of the +United States between states that were slave and states that were +free. +</p> +<p> +The rights of property ownership are involved in state rights, and +slaves held as property in slave-holding states were not recognized as +such in states that were free. Therefore, the principle of slavery +became involved not alone in the individual ownership of slaves, but +also in the rights of a state, and the relationship of states to each +other in the government of the United States. +</p> +<p> +At the close of the Revolutionary War, one of the first things to be +settled was the boundaries as between states of the land comprising +the thirteen original states; and as an outcome of this settlement, +there came into possession of the United States all of that territory +ceded by Great Britain in 1783, which was not included in the +boundaries of those states. This territory, in brief, may be described +as the territory east of the Mississippi, and north and south of the +Ohio River; and out of this territory and that west of the Mississippi +added later (1803) through the Louisiana Purchase, most of the new +states were formed that came into the Union before the Civil War. And +this was the beginning of what is known as the "public domain"--that +is, land owned by the Federal Government. +</p> +<p> +In 1785, Congress passed a law which has become general in its +application to all public lands of the United States. It is a law for +the uniform survey of public lands into townships six miles square, +subdivided into sections containing 640 acres, and quarter sections +containing 160 acres. The purpose of the government in making this +survey was to make public lands in the territories of the government +easy of settlement, and as the townships became settled, to develop in +them the local township form of government. +</p> +{335} +<p> +The territory north of the Ohio River was designated the "Northwest +Territory." As soon as the public lands in this territory were thrown +open to settlers, they began to pour in. Indeed, in many instances, +they went ahead of the survey. +</p> +<p> +The next step taken by Congress was to pass a law, in 1787, for the +government and protection of those settlers in this Northwest +Territory, and in this law Congress made provision that slavery should +be prohibited. Therefore, states formed in this territory had to come +into the Union as free states. This was a restriction of slavery, +however, which did not apply to the territory south of the Ohio, nor +west of the Mississippi; so that when a new state came into the Union, +formed out of either one of these territories, it became a great +political factor in our government either for or against slavery. +</p> +<p> +In the passing of the years, many changes were taking place in our +government, but there came a time when the people began to realize +that slavery was spreading and that our government was politically +divided between states that were slave and states that were free--or, +in other words, that in the principle of slavery the peace and +preservation of the Union were involved. +</p> +<p> +And thus it happened that the slave-holding states, not being able to +live at peace in the Union, decided to go out of it, and live by +themselves. The right of a state to leave the Union was called "the +right of secession"--a right which the North held did not exist under +the Constitution. +</p> +<p> +Nevertheless, one by one, under the leadership of South Carolina, +December 20, 1860, the slave-holding states announced their secession, +either by act of state legislature or in convention assembled; and on +February 4, 1861, there had been formed in our government a Southern +confederacy. At this time the whole number of states in the Union was +thirty-two, and of this number eleven entered the Southern +confederacy. +</p> +<p> +The first shot was fired by the Southern confederacy on April 12, +1861, against Fort Sumter, a fortification of the Federal Government +over which floated the stars and stripes. The war lasted four years, +ending on April 9, 1865, when Robert E. Lee, commander-in-chief of the +army of the Southern confederacy, surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant, +commander-in-chief of the Federal army. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Abraham Lincoln</span> +</p> +<p> +The central figure in the Civil War is Abraham Lincoln--in heart, +brain, and character, not only one of our greatest Americans, but one +of the world's greatest men. +</p> +{336} +<p> +Lincoln was born February 12, 1809, in Hardin County, Kentucky. His +parents had come to this then pioneer state from Virginia, and his +grandfather, whose Christian name he bore, moved there as early as +1781, where, a few years later, he was killed by the Indians while +trying to make a home in the forest. When Lincoln was eight years old, +his people moved to the new state of Indiana about the time it came +into the Union, and there he lived until he was twenty-one, when he +went to Illinois, from which state, eventually, he was elected +President. +</p> +<p> +In 1859, when he was beginning to gain some recognition as a national +figure, he was asked to write a little sketch of his life, and in the +letter enclosing it he said: "There is not much of it, for the reason, +I suppose, there is not much of me." In this sketch, which is indeed +brief, he tells us he was raised to farm work until he was twenty-two; +that up to that time he had had little education; and when he became +of age he did not know much beyond reading, writing, and ciphering to +the "rule of three." He clerked for one year in a store and was +elected and served as captain of the volunteers in the Black Hawk War; +later on he ran for the state legislature (1832) and was defeated, +though successful in the three succeeding elections. While in the +state legislature, he studied law and later went to Springfield to +practise it. The only other public office he makes note of is his +election to the lower house of Congress for one term (1846). He +returned to Springfield and took up more earnestly the study and +practice of law; he entered with spirit into the political campaigns, +and constantly was growing in public esteem. His public debates with +Douglas (1858) made him a familiar figure throughout the state of +Illinois, and his profound knowledge and masterful handling of +questions debated, his convincing and unanswerable arguments, his +clear grasp of the political situation, began to gain the attention of +Eastern politicians, convincing them and the country at large that +they had a mighty force to reckon with in the prairie state of +Illinois. +</p> +<p> +Although he lost the election to the United States Senate, and Douglas +won, the campaign had pushed him to the front as a national figure, +and paved the way for his presidential nomination. +</p> +<p> +In 1860, at the Republican convention assembled in Chicago, Abraham +Lincoln was nominated for President. In November he was elected and +March 4, 1861, he was inaugurated. His address at this time was an +earnest plea for peace and friendship {337} between the North and the South: +"We are not enemies but friends. We must not be enemies. Though +passion may have strained, it must not break our bond of affection." +</p> +<p> +But the war tide was rising and could not be stemmed; four years of +bitter conflict ensued. Lincoln's emancipation of the slaves was made +only after he had convinced himself it could not be longer deferred +and preserve the Union. "My paramount duty," he said, "is to save the +Union, and not either to destroy or save slavery. What I do about +slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save +the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it +would save the Union." His Emancipation Proclamation, officially +freeing the slaves, was finally issued in September, 1862, to take +effect Jan, 1st of the following year. +</p> +<p> +Lincoln was elected to the Presidency for the second term and +inaugurated March 4, 1865, while the war was still on. His second +inaugural address closes with these words with which every boy should +be familiar, voicing as they do the exalted spirit of a great and good +man: +</p> +<p style="margin-left: 40px;"> +With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the +right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish +the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him +who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and for his orphan; +to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among +ourselves, and with all nations. +</p> +<p> +The war ended on April 9th of this same year, and on April 14th, the +President, weary with the cares of state, but with the burden of the +war clouds lifted, had gone to Ford's Theatre in Washington for an +evening's entertainment and pleasure, accompanied by Mrs. Lincoln. The +box which the President occupied had been most elaborately decorated +with the flag of the country. His coming had been heralded abroad and +the audience that had assembled in his honor was large, brilliant, and +joyously happy over the assured preservation of the Union. In the +midst of the play, the assassin, J. Wilkes Booth, entered the box and +fired the fatal shot. The body of the bleeding President was taken to +a house across the street where the next morning at 7:20 o'clock he +died. Thus the emancipator of the slave, the friend of the whole +people and the savior of our country died, a martyr to the cause of +freedom. +</p> +<p> +Washington has been called "the aristocrat," and Lincoln "the man of +the people." The one had culture, wealth, and social position; the +other lacked all of these in his early years. Lincoln's early life was +cradled in the woods, and all of life out of doors had been his in the +new and pioneer states of the {338} wilderness. +He grew up not knowing many people, but somehow in his up-coming there +was developed in his life a great heart full of tenderness and kindly +feeling. Doubtless it was the very hardships of life that made him +what he was. At any rate, he was one of the greatest and noblest +figures in all history. He was called "Honest Abe" by those who knew +him because always, even in little things, he wanted to see perfect +justice done; and thus it was, when he came to things of large +importance, that the man was only a boy grown tall, not only in +stature but in the things that make for righteousness in a nation. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Spanish-American War--1889</span> +</p> +<p> +The war with Spain was not of this country's seeking. The island of +Cuba, whose distress had aroused the sympathy of the whole world, was +our near neighbor, and to sit idly by and witness the inhuman +treatment practised by the Spanish soldiery upon the helpless +islanders would hardly be a part creditable to any people. It was not +our intention at first to do other than to relieve the suffering and +distress of Cuba, near at hand, and this we tried to do peaceably in +the supplying of food and other necessities of life. +</p> +<p> +As the next step, the United States sent a remonstrance to Spain +telling her she should send a more humane governor to the island. But +as matters grew worse instead of better, even under a change of +governors, the sympathy of the United States became daily more deeply +enlisted in the freedom of the Cubans. +</p> +<p> +The battleship Maine was sent to Havana Harbor to protect, if need be, +the Americans and American interests in Cuba. On the night of February +15th, 1898, an explosion occurred, sinking the ship almost +immediately. +</p> +<p> +With the destruction of the Maine--whether by accident or intent--with +the appalling loss of two hundred and fifty-six men, including two +officers, relations with Spain became more and more strained, until +war seemed inevitable. On April 11, 1898, President McKinley in a +special message to Congress, said: "In the name of humanity and +civilization, the war in Cuba must stop." +</p> +<p> +War indeed was formally declared April 25th, and in the brief space of +one hundred and fourteen days history had added to its annals: the +blockading of Cuban ports whereby the Spanish fleet was trapped; the +invasion and siege of the island by United States regulars, +volunteers, and rough riders; the {339} destruction of the Pacific Spanish +fleet in Manila Bay by Admiral Dewey; and, finally, the destruction of +the remainder of the Spanish fleet under command of Admiral Cervera, +Sunday morning, July 3d. The final outcome of this war was the freedom +of Cuba and the possession by the United States of Porto Rico, Guam, +and the Philippine Islands. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Peace</span> +</p> +<p> +There is no country in the world less warlike than ours, and no +country in the world that more potently argues for universal peace. We +have never departed from the spirit of our Declaration of +Independence, "that all men are created equal; that they are endowed +by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are +life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." We put it into our +Constitution when we said, "in order to form a more perfect union, +establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the +common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings +of liberty to ourselves and our posterity" we "do ordain and establish +this Constitution for the United States of America." Such has been, +then, and always must be, our programme--the chart and compass of all +our ways. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The American Flag</span> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +"A star for every state and a state for every star."</span> +</p> +<p> +The flag of one's country is its dearest possession--emblem of home, +and country, and native land. This is what one thinks and feels when +he sees the flag, and this is what it means. Our flag is the emblem of +liberty--the emblem of hope--the emblem of peace and good-will toward +men. +</p> +<p> +There is a story, quite generally believed, that the first flag was +planned and made in 1776 by Betsy Ross, who kept an upholstery shop on +Arch Street, Philadelphia, and that this, a year later, was adopted by +Congress. The special committee appointed to design a national flag +consisted of George Washington, Robert Morris, and Col. George Ross, +uncle of the late husband of Betsy Ross. The star that the committee +decided upon had six points, but Mrs. Ross advised the five-pointed +star, which has ever since been used in the United States flag. The +flag thus designed was colored by a local artist, and from this +colored copy Betsy Ross made the first American flag. +</p> +<p> +When Washington was in command at Cambridge, in January, 1776, the +flag used by him consisted of a banner of {340} thirteen red and white +stripes with the British Union Jack in the upper left-hand comer. +</p> +<p> +The Betsy Ross house has been purchased by the American Flag House and +Betsy Ross Memorial Association, and is pointed out as one of the +interesting historical places in Philadelphia. +</p> +<p> +The official history of our flag begins on June 14, 1777, when the +American Congress adopted the following resolution proposed by John +Adams: +</p> +<br> +<div style="margin-left: 40px;"> +Resolved: That the flag of the thirteen United States be +thirteen +<br> +stripes, alternate red and white: that the Union be +thirteen stars, +<br> +white on a blue field, representing a new constellation. +<br> +</div> +<p> +"We take," said Washington, "the star from Heaven, the red from our +mother country, separating it by white stripes, thus showing that we +have separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to +posterity representing liberty." +</p> +<p> +In designing the flag there was much discussion as to the arrangement +of the stars in the field of blue. It was thought at one time that a +new stripe as well as a new star should be added for each new state +admitted to the Union. Indeed, in 1794, Congress passed an act to the +effect that on and after May 1, 1795, "the flag of the United States be +fifteen stripes, alternate red and white; and that the union be +fifteen stars, white in a field of blue." These additional stars and +stripes were for the states of Vermont and Kentucky. +</p> +<p> +The impracticability of adding a stripe for each state was apparent as +other states began to be admitted. Moreover, the flag of fifteen +stripes, it was thought, did not properly represent the Union; +therefore, on April 14, 1818, after a period of twenty-one years in +which the flag of fifteen stripes had been used, Congress passed an +act which finally fixed the general flag of our country, which reads +as follows: +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> + An Act to Establish the Flag of the United States. +</span><br> +<p> +Sec. 1. Be it enacted, etc.. That from and after the fourth day +of July next, the flag of the United States be thirteen horizontal stripes, +alternate red and white; that the union have twenty +stars, white in a blue field. +</p> +<p> +Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, that, on the admission of every +new state into the union, one star be added to the union of +the flag; and that such addition shall take effect on the fourth day of +July succeeding such admission. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Flag Day</span> +</p> +<p> +June 14th, the anniversary of the adoption of the flag, is celebrated +as flag day in many of our states. +</p> +{341} +<p> +In order to show proper respect for the flag, the following rules +should be observed: +</p> +<p> +It should not be hoisted before sunrise nor allowed to remain up +after sunset. +</p> +<p> +At "retreat," sunset, civilian spectators should stand at +attention and give the military salute. +</p> +<p> +When the national colors are passing on parade or review, the +spectators should, if walking, halt, and if sitting, rise and +stand at attention and uncover. +</p> +<p> +When the flag is flown at half staff as a sign of mourning it +should be hoisted to full staff at the conclusion of the funeral. In +placing the flag at half mast, it should first be hoisted to the +top of the staff and then lowered to position, and preliminary to +lowering from half staff it should first be raised to top. +</p> +<p> +On Memorial Day, May 30th, the flag should fly at half mast from +sunrise until noon, and full staff from noon to sunset. +</p> +<p> +(Taken from the "Sons of the Revolution," state of New York.) +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Scout's Pledge to the Flag</span> +</p> +<br> +"I pledge allegiance to my flag +<br> +and to the republic for which it stands; +<br> +one nation indivisible, +<br> +with liberty and justice for all." +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Congress</span> +</p> +<p> +The Congress of the United States is its law-making body, and is +composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. Senators are +elected for six years, two from each state; representatives for two +years, each state being represented in proportion to its population. +The Vice-president of the United States is the president of the +Senate, and the presiding officer of the House of Representatives is +chosen by the members from their number; he is called the speaker. The +salary of the senators and representatives is $7,500 a year and 20 +cents per mile is allowed for traveling to and from Washington. The +speaker's salary is $12,000 a year. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The President</span> +</p> +<p> +The President is elected for a term of four years. He lives during his +term of office at the White House, where presidential receptions and +social affairs of state are held. The President's offices are +connected with the White House. Here he receives his callers and here +the meetings of his Cabinet are held. The salary of the President is +$75,000, a year. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Cabinet</span> +</p> +<p> +The members of the Cabinet are the officers and heads of the several +departments of the administrative government. {342} They are appointed by +the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The members +of the Cabinet are as follows: secretary of state, secretary of the +treasury, secretary of war, attorney general, postmaster general, +secretary of the navy, secretary of the interior, secretary of +agriculture, secretary of commerce and labor. The members of the +Cabinet are such men as the President believes are qualified to serve +during his administration of office, and are usually members of the +same political party as the President. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">United States Courts</span> +</p> +<p> +The Supreme Court of the United States is at Washington, D. C., but +there are other courts of the United States held in the several +states, called district courts. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Washington, D. C.</span> +</p> +<p> +The capitol at Washington is the home of Congress, and the Supreme +Court. The Library of Congress, the Treasury, Army and Navy, Pension, +Post-office, and many other buildings of public character are located +in Washington. These during certain hours are open to visitors. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Army</span> +</p> +<p> +The President, in accordance with the Constitution, is +commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States and of +the militia of the several states when called to the actual service of +the United States. The law provides that the total strength of the +army shall not exceed at any one time 100,000. As now organized (1910) +the total strength of the staff and line is 76,911 not including the +provisional force and the hospital corps. These figures include the +Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry, the Service School Detachments, the +Military Academy (officers, soldiers and cadets), the Indian Scouts, +52,000 native scouts in the Philippine Islands, 193 First Lieutenants +of the Medical Reserve Corps on active duty, and 11,777 recruits, etc. +They do not include the veterinary surgeons, the officers of the +Medical Reserve Corps not on active duty, nor the retired officers and +enlisted men of the army. The appropriation for the maintenance of the +army for the year 1909-10 was $100,330,181. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Militia</span> +</p> +<p> +The law of our country states that in time of war every able-bodied +male citizen, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five, {343} shall be +counted a member of the state militia. The state militia is divided +into two classes: one, the organized, known as the national guard; and +the other the unorganized, known as the reserve militia. +</p> +<p> +The membership of the national guard is voluntary. One may join or +not, as he chooses, except that in some states the law requires that +students at the state university shall receive military training for +at least a part of their university course, and during that time they +are accounted a part of the national guard of the State. The governor +of each state holds the same relationship to the state militia as the +President to the army and navy: he is commander-in-chief. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Military Academy</span> +</p> +<p> +The United States Military Academy is at West Point, N. Y., on the +Hudson River. The number of students is limited to 533, and +appointments to the academy are made in accordance with the rule which +permits each United States senator and each congressman to have one +representative, and also gives the President the right to make forty +appointments at large. Candidates for appointment must be between the +ages of seventeen and twenty-two; must pass the required physical +examination; also an examination in English grammar, composition and +literature, algebra and geometry, geography and history. The course of +instruction is four years; the discipline very strict. Only one leave +of absence is granted during the entire four years, and this comes at +the close of the second year. The pay is $709.50 per year, and on +graduation a cadet is commissioned a second lieutenant. To receive an +appointment to West Point, one must apply to his United States senator +or to a congressman in the state in which he lives, or to the +President. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Navy</span> +</p> +<p> +The enlisted strength of the navy, as in the army, is limited. +</p> +<p> +The law allows 47,500 men and apprenticed seamen. The number of +officers and enlisted men at the present time is 46,898, and the +annual expenditure for the support of the navy at this date (1911) is +about $130,000,000. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Naval Enlistment</span> +</p> +<p> +The enlistment of men in the United States navy, as in the army, is +voluntary. The term is four years. To be eligible for enlistment one +must be between the ages of eighteen and {344} twenty-two. He must be of +good moral character, must pass the physical examination, must be able +to write English, and take the oath of allegiance. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Naval Militia</span> +</p> +<p> +In the District of Columbia and in twenty of the states we have what +is known as the naval militia. The assistant secretary of the navy +stands in a special relation to the naval militia through the governor +and the adjutant-general of the several states. The naval militia +holds the same relationship to the navy that the national guard does +to the United States army. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Naval Academy</span> +</p> +<p> +The United States Naval Academy is at Annapolis, Md. The students are +called midshipmen, and candidates for appointment must be between the +ages of sixteen and twenty. The appointment of candidates is made as +at West Point--through senators and congressmen and the President, the +only difference being in the number of appointments that may be made: +each senator and representative may be represented by two midshipmen +at Annapolis, while at West Point he is represented by but one cadet. +The President has the appointment of seven men to the Naval +Academy--two from the District of Columbia and five from the United +States at large. He may also appoint one from Porto Rico, who must be +a native. The midshipmen's course is six years--four at Annapolis, and +two at sea. The pay is $600 per year. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Civil Service</span> +</p> +<p> +In the administration of the government of the United States, +thousands of men and women are employed in the various offices at +Washington, and are sometimes termed the great "peace army." +</p> +<p> +In one period of our country's history, it was believed that each +President, when he came into office, had the right to turn out of +office every person employed by the government in any of its civil +departments, should it please him to do so, and to put into office his +own friends or the friends of his party. This right was claimed on the +ground that "to the victor belong the spoils"--a theory of government +administration that has been severely dealt with and reformed through +what is known as the "Civil Service Act." The Civil Service Act was +passed {345} by Congress January 16, 1883, and by this act a civil service +commission was brought into existence. The three members of this +commission are appointed by the President with consent of the Senate, +not more than two of whom may be members of the same party. Thus, by +this civil service act, positions in the government service are now +obtained for the most part through competitive examinations, and such +positions are not affected in any way by the incoming of a new +President or the appointment of a new head of a department. +</p> +<p> +In some states and in most of the large cities civil service +appointments are now made through competitive examinations. Anyone +interested in learning what positions may be secured in the service of +the government, may apply to the Civil Service Commission at +Washington, D. C., or make inquiry at the local post-office. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Foreign Service</span> +</p> +<p> +The foreign service of our government is carried on through the +diplomatic corps and the consular service. In the diplomatic corps, we +have ambassadors, envoys, ministers, diplomatic agents, and +secretaries; in the consular service, consuls general, consuls, and +consular agents. +</p> +<p> +Our diplomatic representatives abroad look after our interests as a +nation in the family of nations. They represent us socially as well as +politically in the great foreign capitals of the world. They are +received as our representatives of state, and it is their duty to +sustain and promote good-will and friendly feeling between us and +other nations. The consular service is more directly responsible for +our trade relationships in the great centres of the world. Through our +foreign service, also, Americans abroad, whether as tourists, or +residents, are protected in person and in property interests. +Appointments to the foreign service are made by the President with the +advice of the Senate. +</p> +<p> +As we send our representatives abroad, so the countries to which our +representatives go in turn send their representatives to us. In the +city of Washington, one may see representatives of all the principal +nations of the earth living there as ambassadors, for the purpose of +promoting friendly commercial and political relationships. The +secretary of state is the representative of our government through +whose office the great work of the foreign service is directly carried +on, and upon him devolves therefore the great affairs of state +relationships with other countries. When our independence as a nation +was declared in 1776, it {346} was important to gain as quickly as possible +from other nations a recognition of our independence and of our +entrance into the family of nations. +France was the first to give us recognition, and the first to enter +into a treaty relationship. Some of the most thrilling and interesting +stories of our national life are to be found in the adventurous +determination of our representatives to gain the recognition of our +independence as a nation from the great powers of the earth. The name +of Benjamin Franklin, sent to the court of France, stands at the head +of our diplomatic service; and we may read with interest of the first +appearance of our diplomatic representative, John Adams, at the court +of Great Britain. When we speak of court in this sense, we mean, of +course, the king's court--the place of meeting--usually the throne +room. In our country, foreign representatives are received by the +President at the White House, or by the secretary of state in his +office apartments. Some foreign countries have built for their +representatives in Washington palatial and beautiful residences, over +which floats the flag of the country to which the palace or residence +belongs. Our own country has already begun to make this residential +provision for her representatives abroad, and in time will undoubtedly +own residences in all of the principal foreign capitals. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">State Government</span> +</p> +<p> +The states of the United States are not all alike either in +constitution or government, although there is a likeness at many +points. For instance, each state has about the same officers, a +governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, +adjutant general, superintendent of schools, etc. +</p> +<p> +Each state has its own state legislature: a senate to which state +senators are elected, and a house of representatives sometimes called +the assembly, to which state representatives or assemblymen are +elected. Each state legislature makes laws only for its own state; +therefore not all state laws are alike. Indeed, there is a great deal +of individuality to each state, and rightly so. As each person has his +own individuality, and as each family has its own characteristics, so +each state has an individuality and characteristics peculiar to +itself. The history of each state reveals its character, so also the +climate, the hills, the valleys, the mountains, the plains, the lakes, +the rivers, the harbors, the schools, the colleges, the towns, the +villages, and the cities within its borders, all help in forming the +character of a state. +</p> +{347} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Towns, Villages, and Cities</span> +</p> +<p> +The government of the town, or the village, or the city is called +local government. It is government close at hand--home government. And +out of the home government of each town, village, and city in a state +must come, by the votes of the people at the ballot-box, the men whom +they choose as their representatives, in the government of the state +and the nation--for the people rule through representatives of their +own choosing. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Politics</span> +</p> +<p> +In every presidential election, the people, through the rule of the +majority, as determined by the Constitution, elect their chief +magistrate, the President, who becomes the "first citizen" of the +nation and is entitled "Mr. President." The people of a state by the +same rule elect their chief magistrate and entitle him "His +Excellency, the Governor"; he is the state's chief or leading citizen. +The people of the city by the same rule elect their chief magistrate +and entitle him "His Honor, the Mayor," the city's leading citizen. +The people of the town, in the New England States, elect their chief +officers three to five men--and entitle them the "Selectmen"; although +in towns of the middle and western states, they are called +"Supervisors." +</p> +<p> +So, likewise, the people in town, village, and city by the same "rule +of the majority" elect aldermen, councilmen, state senators, +representatives or assemblymen, and congressmen. +</p> +<p> +And the state legislatures in turn elect, according to the +Constitution of the United States, the state's United States senators, +two in number. Thus, by the rule of the majority, are all officers of +town, village, and city, county and state elected, except such few as +are appointed by law to offices by superior officers, heads of +departments, bureaus, or districts of supervision or administration. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Property</span> +</p> +<p> +The ownership of property, both real and personal, and the protection +of that ownership, is made possible in the organization of +society--termed the government--and in the power of that government to +make and enforce its laws. Real property is the kind of property which +pertains to land, the ownership of which is transferred from one +person to another, either by a deed recorded in the office of the +register of deeds in the county court house, or else transferred by +descent, or by will through the {348} administration of the county court, +usually called the probate court. This latter proceeding is in the +case of the owner's death when his property is divided by the court +and distributed to the heirs--the family or other relatives according +to his will; or in case no will is left the law provides for the +manner of its distribution. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Register of Deeds: County Court +House</span> +</p> +<p> +The record title, therefore, of all real property is to be found in +the office of the register of deeds in the county court house. It +makes no difference what kind of real property it is, acre property or +city property, here the title of ownership is always to be found, the +books of record being always open to the public. Thus when one buys a +piece of real property, a home for instance, he should receive from +the owner a deed and an abstract of title, which is a paper showing +the title as it appears on the records, and this title when not +vouched for as perfect by an abstract title company, should be passed +upon by a lawyer in order that any flaw or defect therein may be made +right before the deed is passed from one owner to another. In some +states, however, the law does not require the owner to furnish an +abstract. When the title is proved or pronounced good, the deed should +at once be placed on record. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Personal Property</span> +</p> +<p> +Personal property is that form of property which in general terms is +stated as movable, such as animals, furniture, clothing, tools, +implements, money, stocks, bonds, mortgages, etc., the transfer of +which from one owner to another is not as a rule a matter of public +record, although in the case of a bill of sale--sometimes made of some +forms of personal property--the county record may give evidence +thereof. Therefore it is, that in the matter of taxation, the tax +record or assessment comes under two general heads--a tax on real +property and a tax on personal property. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Property and Government</span> +</p> +<p> +It is desirable to be a property owner so long as the government under +which one lives protects one in his property ownership. The government +must do two things: it must protect the person and his personal rights +as a citizen, and it must also protect property and the rights of +property ownership from enemies within, as from without. In order that +this may {349} be done and done in all fairness and justice, we elect some +citizens to make laws and term them legislators. We elect others to +enforce or administer the laws, and term them executives--the +President, the governor, and the mayor coming under this head. We +elect other citizens to enforce and interpret the laws, and we term +them judges and officers of the court. In fact, it is a principle in +our government that no man or set of men shall have authority in all +departments of government, legislative, executive, and judicial. You +will see that the Constitution of the United States is divided into +these three departments of government, and the state constitutions and +city charters are, as a rule, likewise divided. +</p> +<p> +You will understand that any property you may obtain will be valuable +to you only in proportion as you are protected in your rights of +ownership by the government, and that the government not only protects +your property, it also protects your life and its interest as well as +the life and interests of all other citizens. +</p> +<p> +The building and maintenance of schools and colleges, libraries, art +and natural history museums, parks, playgrounds, hospitals, etc., are +carried on at the expense of the government by means of taxation, +inasmuch as these things are in the interests of mankind and for its +upbuilding. In the city the protection of life and property is found +in one or the other of these different departments: police, fire, +health, street cleaning, parks, water supply, etc.; and every good +citizen should lend his hand to help in every way possible the +enforcement of law in each department. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Citizenship</span> +</p> +<p> +In any form of government, problems are continually arising as to the +rights of property and the rights of persons, and it is well for us to +remember this distinction: that the end of society (and by that term +we mean government) is not the protection of property, but rather the +upbuilding of mankind. If we bear this in mind and act upon it as a +principle in life, we shall find ourselves standing and voting on the +right side of public questions. We shall also be able to mark the man +in private or public life who shows by his talk or his actions that he +thinks more of property rights than he does of the rights of +individuals. Any business that does not benefit society, but on the +other hand degrades it, whether run by an individual or individuals in +a firm, company, or corporation, is a business that ought by the law +to be put out of existence. This is why {350} the business of gambling, for +instance, is made unlawful; also why the government had the right to +make lotteries unlawful; also why some states (for instance New York) +have passed laws making book-making at race tracks unlawful. +For all of these things degrade and do not upbuild mankind. It is for +every one then, to apply this principle to the town, village or city +in which he lives, and determine just what stand he will take as to +endorsing and protecting such business interests in his community. One +is likely to find in any community men who seem to care nothing for +any interests other than their own. They stand for property rights +because it is for their interest to do so; but for the rights of +mankind, the rights of society, apparently they care nothing. Here is +the distinction then between the good citizen, and the bad citizen, +the desirable and "the undesirable" citizen. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Practical Citizenship</span> +</p> +<p> +In nearly every town, village, and city of any size or importance, +there is at least one individual, and usually groups of individuals, +working for the "betterment of society." They are people who take an +interest in the people about them and do what they can to improve the +conditions of life in the community. If one were to take a survey of +the whole country and make a study of the social workers--the men and +the women who give freely of their time and of their money to make the +world a better and happier place to live in--he would come to see that +such service is a kind of service that grows out of the heart, and is +the fruit of the kindly spirit which prompts the "good turn daily." +</p> +<p> +In doing the "good turn daily," then, one has abundant opportunity to +do his part toward the social betterment of the community in which he +lives. There are so many ways that one hardly knows what to write down +as the most important, because all are important. It is not alone in +big things, but in the little things as well, that the really great +work is done. +</p> +<p> +The community--the town, the village, or the city in which one +lives--has many problems to solve. The streets in the community are +always interesting and one can do much in the streets to help keep +them clean, attractive, and pleasing, as well as safe for the people +and horses passing through. In a city where there is a large +population the lives of the people are in greater danger at all times +than in the country, and that is the reason why the city has to be so +organized in its government that it can make special laws, or +ordinances as they are {351} called, for its own special protection against +the dangers of city life. The policemen of a city, wherever stationed +in the daytime or in the night time, are there to protect the lives +and property of individuals, at street crossings, at public buildings, +at theatres, in the parks, and on playgrounds; and it is the privilege +as well as the duty of all citizens to help them in every way possible +to do their work well. In the "good turn daily," one may be able to +help in more ways than one if he is on the lookout. +</p> +<p> +"A scout's honor is to be trusted" to obey the laws and to see that +they are not disobeyed by others. "A scout's duty is to be useful and +to help others. He must be prepared at any time to save life or to +help injured persons." There are often accidents in the streets--many +avoidable ones--due simply to carelessness. For instance, some boys +were careless and threw broken glass bottles into the street, and a +passing automobile came to a standstill because of a punctured tire. +The man who owned the automobile and was driving it got out and called +one of the boys on the street to come over to him. He did not call +this particular boy because he thought he had thrown the glass, but +because he thought he was a boy who would appreciate what he wanted to +say to him. He told the boy that he had just had a new tire put on his +machine and appealed to him as to whether or not he thought he had +been treated right through the carelessness of the one who threw that +glass into the street. The boy said no, he didn't think he had been, +and, after a little more talk, added that he would do all in his power +in that neighborhood to see that such things were kept out of the +street in the future. That boy was in line for the making of a +first-class scout, and the man to whom he had been talking, being a +good scout commissioner, had won the boy, because instead of being +angry, he had been kind, courteous, and friendly--all qualifications +of a good scout. +</p> +<p> +"A scout is a friend to animals." "Yes," said a stable keeper, "I have +two good horses laid up, each injured by stepping on a nail in a board +in the street. You know people are awfully careless about such +things." There are some people who never go out of their way to do +helpful things, just as some people never go out of their way to know +people, and for that reason are often alone and lonesome. It is the +little things that count, just such little things as picking up from +the street a board with a nail in it, and putting it aside--even that +is a good turn. +</p> +<p> +Lincoln once said in speaking of a man whom he thought lacking in +sympathy: "He is so put up by nature that a {352} lash upon his back would +hurt him, but a lash upon anybody's else back does not hurt him." +There are many people in the world who seem to be like that man--not +so many who feel that way towards mankind, possibly, but many who +thoughtlessly feel and act that way toward animals. The lash on the +back of an animal--the horse, the cow, the dog--hurts, and the good +scout always takes the animal's part. He is kind to animals. +</p> +<p> +In the city, people often become careless as to the necessary +precautions against fire and for this reason many lives are lost. In +all well-regulated school systems, each school building is properly +provided with fire escapes and the children regularly disciplined in +fire drills. Proper fire precautions are not yet generally required by +law as they should be in great buildings, factories, or workshops +where men and women are employed in large numbers. If a scout should +be employed in such a place, he might make himself very serviceable in +case of a fire, because having thought of it beforehand, he would know +what to do--his motto being, "Be Prepared." +</p> +<p> +One very important thing in city life is the protection of one's +health: it is essential to have good food, pure water, plenty of good, +fresh air--things not always easily obtainable, but always most +necessary. The scout learns through the many activities of scouting +something of the market places and sources of supply for food; he has +some idea as to the cost of living in his own home, and should become +a good marketer himself, making himself competent to judge of the +quality and prices of food. If he is wide-awake and intelligent, he +knows the products of his own county as well as those of the state. He +knows what food products are shipped in and sometimes finds that it +would be cheaper, and more profitable as well, to produce them in his +own community. An industrious scout may often make his own pocket +money in this way or provide funds towards his own education. +</p> +<p> +In the Constitution of the United States is written this law: "No +title of nobility shall be granted by the United States." The purpose +of this law is to defeat any attempt to elevate one citizen above +another in rank of social or political preferment. Ours is a country +free from the entanglements of social distinction such as mark one man +or family from another by way of title or patent of nobility; and yet, +in our country of uncrowned kings and unknighted men, we would not +forget the real deeds of valor, the services rendered, or the +victories won. For it was the purpose {353} in the mind and in the heart of +our fathers who framed the Constitution that each succeeding +generation should rise to the duties and responsibilities of the +State; that the virtues of the State should not descend or be lodged +in one family, or any selected number of families, but rather should +be in the keeping of all the families, in the care and keeping of all +the people. +</p> +<p> +Thus do we remember our Washington and our Lincoln. They served the +generation to which they belonged; they lived and passed out of their +generation having served the State: and all the virtues, cares, and +responsibilities of the State--the government that is--they left to +the generations that should come after them. And, therefore, each +generation as it comes and goes must rise or fall in proportion as it +raises or lowers the citizenship standard, for each generation must +prove its own worth as must each individual his own virtues. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Practical Citizenship</span> +</p> +<br> +As set forth in a letter from Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Honorary +Vice-president, Boy Scouts of America: +<br> +<br> +THE OUTLOOK +<br> +287 Fourth Avenue, +<br> +New York +<br> +<br> +Office of +<br> +Theodore Roosevelt +<br> +July 20th, 1911. +<br> +<br> +MY DEAR SIR: +<br> +<p> +I quite agree with Judge Lindsey that the Boy Scout Movement is of +peculiar importance to the whole country. It has already done much +good, and it will do far more, for it is in its essence a practical +scheme through which to impart a proper standard of ethical conduct, +proper standards of fair play and consideration for others, and +courage and decency, to boys who have never been reached and never +will be reached by the ordinary type of preaching, lay or clerical. I +have been particularly interested in that extract of a letter from a +scout master in the Philippines, which runs as follows: +</p> +<p> +"It might interest you to know that at a recent fire in Manila which +devastated acres of ground and rendered 3,000 people homeless, that +two patrols of the Manila scouts reached the fire almost with the fire +companies, reported to the proper authorities and worked for hours +under very trying conditions {354} helping frightened natives into places of +safety, removing valuables and other articles from houses that +apparently were in the path of the flames, and performing cheerfully +and efficiently all the tasks given to them by the firemen and scout +master. They were complimented in the public press, and in a kind +editorial about their work." +</p> +<p> +"During the recent Carnival the services of the boys were requested by +the Carnival officers, and for a period of ten days they were on duty +performing all manner of service in the Carnival grounds, directing +strangers to hotels, and acting as guides and helpers in a hundred +ways." +</p> +<p> +What these boy scouts of the Philippines have just done, I think our +boy scouts in every town and country district should train themselves +to be able to do. The movement is one for efficiency and patriotism. +It does not try to make soldiers of boy scouts, but to make boys who +will turn out as men to be fine citizens, and who will, if their +country needs them, make better soldiers for having been scouts. No +one can be a good American unless he is a good citizen, and every boy +ought to train himself so that as a man he will be able to do his full +duty to the community. I want to see the boy scouts not merely utter +fine sentiments, but act on them; not merely sing, "My Country 'Tis of +Thee," but act in a way that will give them a country to be proud of. +No man is a good citizen unless he so acts as to show that he actually +uses the Ten Commandments, and translates the Golden Rule into his +life conduct--and I don't mean by this in exceptional cases under +spectacular circumstances, but I mean applying the Ten Commandments +and the Golden Rule in the ordinary affairs of every-day life. I hope +the boy scouts will practise truth and square dealing, and courage and +honesty, so that when as young men they begin to take a part not only +in earning their own livelihood, but in governing the community, they +may be able to show in practical fashion their insistence upon the +great truth that the eighth and ninth commandments are directly +related to every-day life, not only between men as such in their +private relations, but between men and the government of which they +are part. Indeed the boys even while only boys can have a very real +effect upon the conduct of the grown up members of the community, for +decency and square dealing are just as contagious as vice and +corruption. +</p> +<p> +Every healthy boy ought to feel and will feel that in order to amount +to anything, it is necessary to have a constructive, {355} and not merely a +destructive, nature; and if he can keep this feeling as he grows up he +has taken his first step toward good citizenship. The man who tears +down and criticises and scolds may be a good citizen, but only in a +negative sense; and if he never does anything else he is apt not to be +a good citizen at all. The man who counts, and the boy who counts, are +the man and boy who steadily endeavor to build up, to improve, to +better living conditions everywhere and all about them. +</p> +<p> +But the boy can do an immense amount right in the present, entirely +aside from training himself to be a good citizen in the future; and he +can only do this if he associates himself with other boys. Let the boy +scouts see to it that the best use is made of the parks and +playgrounds in their villages and home towns. A gang of toughs may +make a playground impossible; and if the boy scouts in the +neighborhood of that particular playground are fit for their work, +they will show that they won't permit any such gang of toughs to have +its way. Moreover, let the boy scouts take the lead in seeing that the +parks and playgrounds are turned to a really good account. I hope, by +the way, that one of the prime teachings among the boy scouts will be +the teaching against vandalism. Let it be a point of honor to protect +birds, trees and flowers, and so to make our country more beautiful +and not more ugly, because we have lived in it. +</p> +<p> +The same qualities that mean success or failure to the nation as a +whole, mean success or failure in men and boys individually. The boy +scouts must war against the same foes and vices that most hurt the +nation; and they must try to develop the same virtues that the nation +most needs. To be helpless, self-indulgent, or wasteful, will turn the +boy into a mighty poor kind of a man, just as the indulgence in such +vices by the men of a nation means the ruin of the nation. Let the boy +stand stoutly against his enemies both from without and from within, +let him show courage in confronting fearlessly one set of enemies, and +in controlling and mastering the others. Any boy is worth nothing if +he has not got courage, courage to stand up against the forces of +evil, and courage to stand up in the right path. Let him be unselfish +and gentle, as well as strong and brave. It should be a matter of +pride to him that he is not afraid of anyone, and that he scorns not +to be gentle and considerate to everyone, and especially to those who +are weaker than he is. If he doesn't treat his mother and sisters +well, then he is a poor creature no matter what else he does; just as +a man who {356} doesn't treat his wife well is a poor kind of citizen no +matter what his other qualities may be. +And, by the way, don't ever forget to let the boy know that courtesy, +politeness, and good manners must not be neglected. They are not +little things, because they are used at every turn in daily life. Let +the boy remember also that in addition to courage, unselfishness, and +fair dealing, he must have efficiency, he must have knowledge, he must +cultivate a sound body and a good mind, and train himself so that he +can act with quick decision in any crisis that may arise. Mind, eye, +muscle, all must be trained so that the boy can master himself, and +thereby learn to master his fate. I heartily wish all good luck to the +movement. +</p> +<br> +Very sincerely yours, +<br> +THEODORE ROOSEVELT. +<br> +<br> +Mr. James E. West, +<br> +Executive Secretary +<br> +Boy Scouts of America, +<br> +New York City. +<br> +<br> +{357} +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">America</span> +<br> +<br> +MY country, 'tis of thee, +<br> +Sweet land of liberty, +<br> +Of thee I sing; +<br> +Land where my fathers died, +<br> +Land of the Pilgrims' pride, +<br> +From every mountain side +<br> +Let freedom ring. +<br> +<br> +My native country, thee +<br> +Land of the noble free, +<br> +Thy name I love; +<br> +I love thy rocks and rills, +<br> +Thy woods and templed hills; +<br> +My heart with rapture thrills +<br> +Like that above. +<br> +<br> +Let music swell the breeze, +<br> +And ring from all the trees +<br> +Sweet freedom's song; +<br> +Let mortal tongues awake, +<br> +Let all that breathe partake, +<br> +Let rocks their silence break, +<br> +The sound prolong! +<br> +<br> +Our father's God, to Thee, +<br> +Author of liberty, +<br> +To thee we sing: +<br> +Long may our land be bright +<br> +With freedom's holy light; +<br> +Protect us by Thy might, +<br> +Great God, our King. +<br> +<br> +--Samuel F. Smith, 1832. +<br> +<br> +<br> +{358} +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Star-Spangled Banner</span> +<br> +<br> +O Say, can you see, by the dawn's early light, +<br> +What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming? +<br> +Whose broad stripes and bright stars, thro' the perilous fight, +<br> +O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming; +<br> +And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, +<br> +Gave proof thro' the night that our flag was still there! +<br> +O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave +<br> +O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? +<br> +<br> +On the shore, dimly seen thro' the mists of the deep, +<br> +Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes. +<br> +What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, +<br> + As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? +<br> +Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, +<br> +In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream-- +<br> +'Tis the star-spangled banner. O long may it wave +<br> +O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. +<br> +<br> +And where is that band who so vauntingly swore, +<br> +'Mid the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, +<br> +A home and a country they'd leave us no more? +<br> +Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. +<br> +No refuge could save the hireling and slave +<br> +From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave-- +<br> +And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave, +<br> +O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. +<br> +<br> +O thus be it ever when freemen shall stand +<br> + Between their loved homes and foul war's desolation, +<br> +Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the heav'n-rescued land +<br> +Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation. +<br> +Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, +<br> +And this be our motto, "In God is our trust" +<br> +And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave, +<br> +While the land of the free is the home of the brave. +<br> +<br> +--Francis Scott Key, 1814. +<br> +<br> +<br> +{359} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">APPENDIX</span> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">BOY SCOUT EQUIPMENT</span> +</p> +<p> +As stated in the chapter on "Scoutcraft," for the convenience of boys +who wish to secure uniforms or other equipment, the National Council +has made arrangements with certain manufacturers to furnish such parts +of the equipment as are most needed by boys. A number of these +manufacturers have taken advertising space in this book and it is +desired that in case goods are ordered as a result of their +advertisement they be informed of the fact. Some of them have made +arrangements for the distribution of material through Mr. Sigmund +Eisner, of Red Bank, New Jersey, who has the contract for making the +official uniforms. +</p> +<p> +It should be remembered at all times that the sole purpose of the +National Council in entering into any arrangement whatever with +manufacturers is to secure a low price on the very best material +possible. The manufacturers have agreed to sell all the material +listed in this book at a uniform price in all parts of the country. In +case local dealers or agents for the National Outfitter ask a price +different from that given in the price list herewith, National +Headquarters should be notified. +</p> +<p> +Every effort is made to have all parts of the uniform and equipment +available to scouts through local dealers. If such arrangements have +not been made in your community, the National Headquarters will be +glad to help in making such an arrangement. Many scout masters prefer +to order uniforms and other supplies direct from National +Headquarters. In order to cover the expense involved in handling these +supplies, the manufacturers in some cases have agreed to allow +National Headquarters the same trade discount allowed to local +dealers. Trade through National Headquarters, if sufficiently large, +will help to meet a part of the current expenses of the National +Organization. +</p> +<p> +In this suggested list of equipment all articles marked with a star +(*) may be secured either through a local dealer or by {360} ordering direct +through National Headquarters in New York City. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Directions for Ordering</span> +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Important:</span> When ordering supplies care should be taken to see that +the +exact amount of remittance is included with the order. If check is +used add New York Exchange. Make checks and money orders payable to +Boy Scouts of America. All orders received without the proper +remittance will be shipped C. O. D., or held until remittance arrives. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 267px; height: 188px;" alt="" +src="images/p0360pic1.jpg"> +</p> +<p> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +* Axe: </span>Any local hardware dealer can suggest quite a variety of good +axes which may be used by the scout, but because of quality and price, +the Boy Scout axe is suggested. Weight without handle, 12 oz. Made +of one piece of solid steel--special temper, axe pattern hickory handle, +missionized hand forged--non-rusting finish. Price 35 cents. Axe +scabbard or shield, 25 cents extra. +</p> +<br> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Bandanna or Neckerchief:</span> These are so common that every boy will +recognize at once what is mean by a bandanna. The members of each +patrol wear bandanas made in the colors of their patrol. These can be +purchased at any local dry goods store at ten or fifteen cents each. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 177px; height: 106px;" + alt="" src="images/p0360pic3.jpg"> +</p> +<p> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +* Belts</span>: Any good belt will meet the scout's needs. But for his +convenience the belt illustrated herewith is suggested. Price 40 +cents. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 137px; height: 211px;" alt="" +src="images/p0360pic2.jpg"> +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +* Breeches: </span>Standard material--belt guides--pockets--full +pattern-legs +laced below the knee, the lacing to be covered by stockings or +leggings. Order by age according to following table: Boys' sizes: +<br> +Price $1.00. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 453px; height: 228px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Age-size</td><td>Waist</td><td>Seat</td> +<td>Inseam</td><td>Calf</td><td>Ankle</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>18</td><td>32</td><td>37</td><td>26</td><td>13-1/2</td><td>9-1/2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>17</td><td>31</td><td>36-1/2</td> +<td>25-1/2</td><td>13-1/2</td><td>9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>16</td><td>30</td><td>35</td><td>25</td><td>13</td><td>9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>15</td><td>29</td><td>34</td><td>24-1/2</td> +<td>12-3/4</td><td>8-3/4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>14</td><td>28</td><td>32-1/2</td><td>24</td> +<td>12-1/2</td><td>8-1/2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>13</td><td>27</td><td>31</td><td>23</td> +<td>12-1/2</td><td>8-1/4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>12</td><td>26-1/2</td><td>30-1/2</td> +<td>22</td><td>12</td><td>8-1/4</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<br> +{361} +<br> +<br> +Extra Sizes: Breeches above eighteen-year size will be made to order +and will cost twenty-five cents more per garment. +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 437px; height: 236px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +<br> +</td> +<td>Waist</td><td>Seat</td><td>Inseam</td> +<td>Calf</td><td>Ankle</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1</td><td>32</td><td>38</td><td>27</td> +<td>13-1/2</td><td>9-1/2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2</td><td>33</td><td>39</td><td>27</td><td>13-3/4</td><td>9-3/4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3</td><td>34</td><td>40</td><td>28</td><td>14</td><td>9-3/4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>4</td><td>35</td><td>41</td><td>27</td><td>14-1/2</td><td>9-3/4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>5</td><td>36</td><td>42</td><td>28</td><td>15</td><td>10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>6</td><td>37</td><td>43</td><td>27</td><td>15-1/4</td><td>10-1/4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>7</td><td>38</td><td>44</td><td>28</td><td>15-1/2</td><td>10-1/2</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 172px; height: 141px;" alt="" +src="images/p0361pic1.jpg"> +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Bugle:</span> +It is recommended that the standard bugle used in an army or +drum corps be used. Each patrol should purchase these from a local +music store. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 175px; height: 230px;" alt="" +src="images/p0361pic2.jpg"> +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Camp Knives, Forks and Spoons:</span> +Ordinary table-knives, forks and spoons may be used. An inexpensive +knife, fork and spoon for use in camps, like set illustrated herewith, +may be secured for about eight cents per dozen through almost any +local hardware store. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 182px; height: 187px;" alt="" +src="images/p0361pic3.jpg"> +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Canteen:</span> A canteen of this design may be carried by each scout on +hikes and long tramps. Many army supply houses carry these in stock, +where they may be secured if desired. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 149px; height: 181px;" alt="" +src="images/p0361pic4.jpg"> +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +* Coats: </span>Standard material--four bellows pockets--standing collar-- +dull metal buttons with Boy Scout emblem. Order by age according/to +following table: +</p> +<br> +Boys' sizes: Price $1.35. +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 473px; height: 228px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Age</td><td>Breast</td><td>Waist</td> +<td>Length</td><td>Sleeve</td><td>Collar</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>18</td><td>34</td><td>32</td><td>26</td><td>31</td><td>16</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>17</td><td>33</td><td>31</td> +<td>25</td><td>30-1/2</td><td>15-1/2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>16</td><td>32</td><td>30-1/2</td> +<td>24-1/2</td><td>29-1/2</td><td>15</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>15</td><td>31</td><td>30</td> +<td>24</td><td>28-1/2</td><td>14-1/2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>14</td><td>30</td><td>29</td> +<td>23-1/2</td><td>27-1/2</td><td>14</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>13</td><td>29</td><td>28-1/2 </td> +<td>23</td><td>26</td><td>13-1/2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>12</td><td>28</td><td>27-1/2</td> +<td>22</td><td>25</td><td>13</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +{362} +<br> +<br> +Extra Sizes: Coats above eighteen-year size will be made as extra size +and will cost twenty-five cents more per garment than boys' sizes. +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 471px; height: 236px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td> +<br> +</td> +<td>Breast</td><td>Waist</td><td>Length</td> +<td>Sleeve Length</td><td>Collar Finish</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1</td><td>35</td><td>32</td> +<td>27</td><td>32</td><td>16-1/4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2</td><td>36</td><td>33</td> +<td>27-1/2</td><td>32</td><td>16-1/2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3</td><td>37</td><td>34</td> +<td>28</td><td>32-1/2</td><td>16-3/4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>4</td><td>38</td><td>35</td> +<td>28-1/2</td><td>32-1/2</td><td>17-1/4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>5</td><td>39</td><td>36</td> +<td>29</td><td>33</td><td>17-1/4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>6</td><td>40</td><td>37</td> +<td>29-1/2</td><td>33</td><td>18</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>7</td><td>42</td><td>38</td> +<td>30</td><td>33-1/2</td><td>18-1/2</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 147px; height: 194px;" alt="" +src="images/p0362pic1.jpg"> +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +* Norfolk Coat for Scout Masters: </span>Made of standard olive drab cotton +cloth, two pleats, back and front, with belt. Price, $3.00. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Compass: </span>Every scout should learn how to use his watch as a compass. +However, should he desire to own a compass, he will find no difficulty +in securing one at any local jeweler's. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 181px; height: 127px;" alt="" +src="images/p0362pic2.jpg"> +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +*Drinking Cup:</span> A drinking cup for individual use is recommended. The +folding cup shown in the illustration is made of brass and is nickel +plated. Price 10 cents. +</p> +<br> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Drum:</span> The selection of this is left to each local troop desiring +this piece of equipment. Place your order with local music dealer. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 228px; height: 193px;" alt="" +src="images/p0362pic3.jpg"> +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +First Aid Kit: </span>This kit for the use of the individual scout can be +secured through this office or the Red Cross Society in Washington, +New York and San Francisco. Price 25 cents. +</p> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +* Hats</span>: Four hats are suggested as follows: +<br> +<br> +1. <span style="font-style: italic;">Boy Scout Hat. </span>Olive drab +felt--standard quality--detachable ties. +<br> +Price $1.15. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 581px; height: 142px;" alt="" +src="images/p0362pic4.jpg"> +<table style="width: 600px; text-align: center;" + border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;">No. 1</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">No. 2</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">Nos. 3 and 4</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +{363} +<br> +<br> +2. <span style="font-style: italic;">Boy Scout Summer Hat.</span> Olive +drab drill, inside seams reinforced +with leather, eyelets in crown for ventilation, detachable ties. Price +50 cents. +<br> +<br> +3. <span style="font-style: italic;">Boy Scout Hat.</span> Extra fine, fur +felt, made for hard service. Price +$2.00. +<br> +<br> +4. <span style="font-style: italic;">Scout Master's Hat.</span> Quality +same as above, but larger dimensions. +Price $2.50. Be sure to indicate size desired when ordering. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 186px; height: 278px;" alt="" +src="images/p0363pic1.jpg"> +</p> +* <span style="font-style: italic;">Haversack:</span> Waterproof canvas, +leather straps--buckles and separate +pockets--scout emblem on flap. Price 60 cents. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 211px; height: 248px;" alt="" +src="images/p0363pic2.jpg"> +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Hospital Corps Pouch:</span> This pouch has been made up specially by the +American Red Cross Society and contains the following: +</p> +1 Shears +<br> +1 Tweezers +<br> +1 Carbolized Vaseline +<br> +1 Pkg. Safety Pins +<br> +2 Wire Gauze Splints +<br> +1 2-oz. Bottle Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia +<br> +1 A.R.C. First Aid Outfit (cardboard) +<br> +2 1-yd. packages Sterilized Gauze. +<br> +3 1-inch Bandages. +<br> +3 2-1/2 inch Bandages +<br> +2 Triangular Bandages (cartons) +<br> +1 U. S. A. Tourniquet +<br> +Arrange with the American Red Cross Society for purchase of these. +<br> +Price $.1.00. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 156px; height: 211px;" alt="" +src="images/p0363pic3.jpg"> +</p> +<br> +* <span style="font-style: italic;">Knickerbockers: </span>Boy Scout olive +drab drill, belt guides, pockets, +knee buckles, full pattern. Price 75 cents. +<br> +<table style="width: 171px; height: 228px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Age-Size</td><td>Waist</td> +</tr> +<tr><td>19</td><td>32</td></tr> +<tr><td>17</td><td>31</td></tr> +<tr><td>16</td><td>30</td></tr> +<tr><td>15</td><td>29</td></tr> +<tr><td>14</td><td>28</td></tr> +<tr><td>13</td><td>27</td></tr> +<tr><td>12</td><td>26-1/2</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 344px; height: 306px;" alt="" +src="images/p0363pic4.jpg"> +</p> +<br> +* <span style="font-style: italic;">Knives:</span> +<br> +No. 1, Price $1.00. +<br> +A Stag handle, brass lining, german silver bolsters and shield. Large +polished cutting blade, screw driver, can-opener and leather boring +tool (U. S. Pat. 6-10-02.) +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 356px; height: 321px;" alt="" +src="images/p0363pic5.jpg"> +</p> +<br> +Number 2, Price 50 cents. +<br> +Genuine ebony handle, brass lining, german silver bolsters and shield. +Large cutting blade can be opened without using the fingernail. +<br> +Shackle for hanging to belt. +<br> +<br> +<br> +{364} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 271px; height: 143px;" alt="" +src="images/p0364pic1.jpg"> +</p> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Lanyard:</span> This piece of equipment is so simple in construction that +every scout ought to make his own lanyard. These are used for carrying +the scout whistle or knife. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 118px; height: 254px;" alt="" +src="images/p0364pic2.jpg"> +</p> +<br> +*<span style="font-style: italic;">Leggings</span>: (Puttees). The style +of leggings is the same as United +States Army puttee legging. Made of best waterproof army duck. Price +55 cents. +<br> +<br> +<br> +* <span style="font-style: italic;">Mess Kits:</span> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 231px; height: 229px;" alt="" +src="images/p0364pic3.jpg"> +</p> +<br> +Number 1. Price 75 cents. +<br> +Coffee or tea can, cup, stew or fry pan, with cover, one broiler, +two handles. +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 230px; height: 262px;" alt="" +src="images/p0364pic4.jpg"> +</p> +<br> +Number 2. Price 50 cents. +<br> +Coffee or tea can, cup, stew or fry pan, one handle. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 225px; height: 139px;" alt="" +src="images/p0364pic5.jpg"> +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +Patrol Flags: </span>The patrol flags are made from a good quality muslin +or +wool bunting in the colors of the local patrol. Scouts make their own +patrol flags. Material may be purchased at a local dry goods store. +The size of the flag is 11 in. by 27 in. Emblems can be secured from +National Headquarters. +<br> +<br> +<br> +* <span style="font-style: italic;">Ponchos: </span>A good poncho is almost +an absolute necessity for the scout +when on a march or in camp. Ponchos suitable for scout purposes can be +secured from local dealers at prices from $2.50 upward. +<br> +<br> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Shelter Tents:</span> Scouts should make their own tents. Directions for +making tents are given in the text of this book. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 204px; height: 241px;" alt="" +src="images/p0364pic6.jpg"> +</p> +* <span style="font-style: italic;">Shirts:</span> Boy Scout shirt, +standard material--two bellows pockets-- +<br> +open front, coat style--standard button same as coat. Order by size. +Price $1.00 +<br> +<p> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +Summer Shirts</span>:Same as above, light weight. Price 75 cents. +</p> +{365} +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 204px; height: 265px; font-style: +italic;" alt="" src="images/p0364pic7.jpg"> +</p> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +* Shorts:</span> Standard material--belt guides. Full running pant +pattern-- +<br> +especially desirable for summer use. Order according to age and waist +measurement. Price 50 cents. +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 186px; height: 146px;" alt="" +src="images/p0365pic1.jpg"> +</p> +*<span style="font-style: italic;"> Shoes</span>: Any good shoe that is +made up for the purpose of ease, and +comfort in tramping will serve the boy scout's needs. The Boy Scout +shoe is convenient, inexpensive and especially designed for scouting. +<br> +Price $2.50. +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 322px; height: 371px;" alt="" +src="images/p0365pic2.jpg"> +<br><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Signal Flags:</span> These can be made from muslin or bunting which may be +secured at local stores. It is recommended that each scout make his +own flags. Regulation sizes of the semaphore 18 in. by 18 in. and the +Morse or Myer flag 24 in. by 24 in. as shown in illustration. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 488px; height: 32px;" alt="" +src="images/p0365pic3.jpg"> +</p> +<p> +<span style="font-style: italic;"> +Staff: </span>Ash or bamboo, two metres, (6 ft. 6-1/2 in.), in length and +about one and one-half inches in diameter; marked off on one side in +centimetres up to one-half metre, and the balance in metres. On the +other side it should be marked off in inches up to one foot and the +balance in feet. The staff should have a blunt end. Scouts should make +their own staffs whenever it is possible for them to secure the +lumber. Hoe or rake handles make excellent staffs. These can be +procured through any local dealer at a nominal sum. +</p> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Scout Staff and Its Uses</span> +</p> +<p> +Many boys, upon taking up the Scout Movement, are dubious about the +value of the scout staff and many friends of the movement ask "Why +does a boy scout carry a staff?" +</p> +<p> +Experience has proven it to be one of the most helpful articles of +equipment. In order to show this we are reproducing, through the +courtesy of Lieut-Gen. Sir Robert S. S. {366} Baden-Powell, illustrations +from printed matter used by the English boy scouts. These +illustrations show a number of different ways in which the staff will +prove a handy and valuable article; in fact, essential to the Scout +outfit. +</p> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 1200px; height: 1335px;" alt="" +src="images/p0366pic1.jpg"> +</p> +<p> +The staff is very useful for beating out brush fires and outbreaks +which occur on open heaths. +</p> +<p> +Wading a stream. Two or three Scouts grasp the Staff like this. +</p> +<p> +Both patrol tents and tepees can be made with the aid of the Staff. +</p> +<p> +An improvised stretcher of coats and staves. +</p> +<p> +A line of Scouts linked together on a night march. +<br> +<br> +When anyone falls through some ice, throw him your Staff so that he +can grasp it like this until you can get a rope and pull him out. +</p> +<p> +When climbing gates you can give yourself a push up with your Staff. +</p> +<p> +For erecting a flagstaff and forming a fence, the Staff is very +useful. +</p> +<p> +A clear view can be had by looking through a small hole drilled in the +Staff. +</p> +<p> +Measuring Distances. +</p> +<p> +Self-defence. +</p> +<p> +Making Splints. +</p> +<p> +Jumping Ditches. +</p> +<p> +Making Rafts. +</p> +<p> +Bridge Building. +</p> +<p> +Climbing a Mountain.--Carry the Staff cross-wise, and if you slip, +lean inwards upon it, against the side of the mountain. The weight of +your body will then drive the end of the staff into the earth, and so +anchor you. +</p> +<p> +Levering up Logs and Stones. +</p> +<p> +Rope ladders, +</p> +<p> +Feeling the way over marshy ground. +</p> +<p> +Recovering Objects Floating in the Water-- +</p> +<p> +First tie a line to the centre of the staff. Then tie a piece of +string to each end of the staff, and the other ends of these strings +being tied to the centre. That will keep the staff at right angles to +the line that is in your hand. +</p> +<p> +By swinging the staff out over the water, beyond the floating +article, you will be able to draw the latter in close to shore. +</p> +<p> +<p> +*<span style="font-style: italic;">Stockings:</span> To match uniforms, +made of heavy material and suitable +for scouting. Price 30 cents in cotton, $1.25 in wool. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Sweaters: </span>Any local clothing store will be able to secure for the +scout the kind and quality of sweater needed. +</p> +<p> +*<span style="font-style: italic;"> Telegraph Instruments:</span> +Beginners' telegraph {367} instruments, to be used +in learning the Morse code, may be secured through any electrical +supply house. The instrument illustrated, five ohms, price, $1.30. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Tracking Irons:</span> Excellent tracking irons can be made of 7/8-inch +heavy +band iron, using the design presented here. Any local blacksmith will +gladly assist the boys in making their irons. +</p> +<p> +* <span style="font-style: italic;">Troop Colors: </span>Made of superior +wool bunting upper half, red; lower +half, white. Reproduction of the official badge super-imposed in green +and gold. Sufficient space left for troop number and name of city. +Size of flag, 22 in. by 36 in. Letters to be attached by the local +troop. Price without letters $1.00. +</p> +<p> +* <span style="font-style: italic;">Trousers: </span>Full length for scout +masters: Made of Standard olive drab +cotton cloth, belt loop. Price $2.00. If breeches are preferred, they +may be had at same price. Better quality of boy scout suits--made of +U. S. Army standard olive drab cloth. Coat $2.50, breeches $2.00. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Watch:</span> Every scout should possess a good watch. No particular make +of +watch is recommended. The choice of this article is left entirely with +the boy and may be bought through a local jeweler. +</p> +<p><span style="font-style: italic;"> +Water Bottle:</span> In some cases where the individual scout is not +furnished with a canteen, the patrol may desire to carry a supply of +water on the march. For this purpose water bottles capable of carrying +a large quantity of water may be secured. These should be purchased +through some army supply house. +</p> +<p> +*<span style="font-style: italic;">Whistles:</span> Scout standard +whistle, for use in signaling by whistle. +Made of brass, gun metal finish, ring at end to attach to lanyard. +Price 10 cents. +</p> +{368} +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Suggestions for Measuring</span> +</p> +<br> +Name +<br> +Street +<br> +City +<br> +<br> +Coat Measure +<br> +L - All around at breast under coat +<br> +M - All around at waist under coat +<br> +<br> +Sleeve +<br> +C to D - From centre of collar seam to shoulder seam +<br> +Then +<br> +E - To elbow. +<br> +F - To full length +<br> +<br> +Breeches +<br> +M - All around at waist under coat +<br> +<br> +Leggings +<br> +G - Size of calf +<br> +H - Size of instep +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<img style="width: 337px; height: 448px;" alt="" +src="images/p0368pic1.jpg"> +</p> +{369} +<br> +<br> +Hat +<br> +Size of hat +<br> +Size of linen collar worn +<br> +<br> +Answer following questions plainly: +<br> +Age? +<br> +Height? +<br> +Weight? +<br> +<br> +<p style="text-align: center;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">BOOKS FOR REFERENCE</span> +</p> +<p> +This list of reference books has been prepared for the use of scouts, +to supplement information given in the handbook prepared for their +use. It has been the aim to give as wide a selection as possible, in +order that the boy scout might not fail to find in the local public +library, some book on any subject in which he may have particular +interest. The list includes literature directly or indirectly related +to scouting, as well as some appropriate books of fiction. +</p> +<p> +For convenience the books have been listed in accordance with the +subject headings of the various chapters of the Handbook. Some of the +most experienced librarians of the country have submitted material +which has aided in the preparation of this list. For this kindly +cooperation, sincere thanks is given. +</p> +<p> +Many of the books have been carefully reviewed by someone connected +with the boy scouts, and in many cases through the courtesy of the +publishers copies of these books are available for reference purposes +at the office of the National Headquarters. Suggestions for additions +or improvements upon this list will be gladly received at any time. +Communications should be addressed to the Executive Secretary, 200 +Fifth Avenue, New York City. +</p> +<br> +<br> +[Transcriber's note: In the following list of books the first line +is the title, the second the author, the third the publisher. The +author and/or publisher may be omitted.] +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Scoutcraft</span> +<br> +<br> +Notes on Scouting and Reconnaissance +<br> +Jas. F. M. Livingston +<br> +London, Clowes +<br> +<br> +Pioneering and Mapmaking for Boy Scouts +<br> +C. R. Enock +<br> +London, Pearson +<br> +<br> +Scouting for Boys +<br> +Lieut.-Gen. Robert Baden-Powell +<br> +C. Arthur Pearson, Ltd. Henrietta St., London +<br> +<br> +Three Amateur Scouts +<br> +Jadberns +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +The Boy Scouts +<br> +Chipman +<br> +Burt Co. +<br> +<br> +Yarns for Boy Scouts +<br> +Lieut.-Gen. Robert Baden-Powell +<br> +C. Arthur Pearson, Ltd. +<br> +Henrietta St., London +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Woodcraft</span> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">ANIMALS</span> +<br> +<br> +<br> +American Natural History +<br> +Hornaday +<br> +<br> +Animal Artisans +<br> +C. J. Cornish +<br> +Longmans, Green & Co. +<br> +<br> +Animals at Home +<br> +Lillian Bartlett +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +{370} +<br> +Animal Heroes +<br> +Seton +<br> +Century Co. +<br> +<br> +A Wilderness Dog +<br> +<br> +Biography of a Grizzly +<br> +Seton +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Biography of a Silver Fox +<br> +Seton +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Claws and Hoofs +<br> +James Johonnot +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Dan Beard's Animal Book and Campfire Stories +<br> +D. C. Beard +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Familiar Animals and Their Wild Kindred +<br> +John Monteith +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Four-footed Americans and their Kin +<br> +M. C. Wright +<br> +<br> +Good Hunting +<br> +Theodore Roosevelt +<br> +Harper Bros. +<br> +<br> +Habits of Animals +<br> +E. Ingersoll +<br> +<br> +Half-hours with the Lower Animals +<br> +C. G. Holder +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Haunter of Pine Gloom +<br> +C. G. D. Roberts +<br> +<br> +Haunters of the Silences +<br> +C. G. D. Roberts +<br> +Grosset & Dunlap +<br> +<br> +Homes, Haunts and Habits of Wild Animals +<br> +I. T. Johnson +<br> +<br> +House in the Water +<br> +C. G. D. Roberts +<br> +<br> +Jock of the Bushvold +<br> +Sir. P. Fitzpatrick +<br> +Longmans, Green & Co. +<br> +<br> +Jungle Book +<br> +Kipling +<br> +<br> +Second Jungle Book +<br> +Kipling +<br> +<br> +Kindred of the Wild +<br> +C. G. D. Roberts +<br> +<br> +King of the Mamozekel +<br> +C. G. D. Roberts +<br> +<br> +Krag and Johny Bear +<br> +Seton +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Life Histories of North America +<br> +Seton +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Little Beasts of Field and Wood +<br> +Cram +<br> +<br> +Little Brother to the Bear +<br> +W. J. Long +<br> +Ginn & Co. +<br> +<br> +Lives of the Fur Folk +<br> +M.D.Haviland +<br> +Longmans Green & Co. +<br> +<br> +Living Animals of the World, Vol. I, +<br> +II, III +<br> +The University Society +<br> +<br> +Lobo, Rag and Vixen +<br> +Seton +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Lives of the Hunted +<br> +Seton +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Mooswa +<br> +W. A. Fraser +<br> +<br> +My Dogs in the Northland +<br> +E. R. Young +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +Monarch, the Big Bear of Tallac +<br> +Seton +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Red Fox +<br> +C. G. D. Roberts +<br> +<br> +Shaggycoat +<br> +C. Hawkes +<br> +<br> +Shovelhorns, Biography of a Moose +<br> +C. Hawkes +<br> +<br> +Some Curious Flyers, Creepers and Swimmers +<br> +J. Johonnot +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Some Useful Animals and What They Do for Us +<br> +J. C. Monteith +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +{371} +<br> +<br> +Squirrel and Other Fur Bearers +<br> +John Burroughs +<br> +<br> +Stories of Animal Life +<br> +C. F. Holder +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Stories of Humble Friends +<br> +Katharine Pyle +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Story of the Trapper +<br> +A. C. Laut +<br> +<br> +The Romance of Animal Arts and Crafts +<br> +H. Coupin and John Lea +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +The Romance of the Animal World +<br> +Edmund Selous +<br> +Seeley & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Wolf Patrol +<br> +John Finnemore +<br> +<br> +Trapper Jim +<br> +Edwin Sandys +<br> +<br> +Ways of Wood Folk +<br> +W. J. Long +<br> +<br> +Wild Animals at Play +<br> +Seton +<br> +Doubleday Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +Wild Animals I Have Known +<br> +Seton +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Wilderness Ways +<br> +W. J. Long +<br> +<br> +Wild Life in the Rockies +<br> +Enos A. Mills +<br> +Houghton Mifflin Co. +<br> +<br> +Wild Life of Orchard and Field +<br> +Ingersoll +<br> +<br> +Wolf, the Storm Leader +<br> +Frank Caldwell +<br> +Dodd, Mead & Co. +<br> +<br> +Wood Folk at School +<br> +W. J. Long +<br> +Ginn & Co. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">ASTRONOMY</span> +<br> +<br> +<br> +A Field Book of the Stars +<br> +W. F. Olcutt +<br> +Putnam +<br> +<br> +Astronomy +<br> +Julia McNair Wright +<br> +Penn Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Astronomy by Observation +<br> +Eliza A. Bowen +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Astronomy for Everybody +<br> +Simon Newcomb +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +Astronomy with an Opera Glass +<br> +G. P. Serviss +<br> +<br> +A Study of the Sky +<br> +H. A. Howe +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Astronomy with the Naked Eye +<br> +P. Serviss +<br> +G Harper Bros. +<br> +<br> +Children's Book of the Stars +<br> +Milton +<br> +Macmillan Co. +<br> +<br> +Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know +<br> +J. E. Rogers +<br> +<br> +How to Identify the Stars +<br> +W. J. Milham +<br> +<br> +How to Locate the Stars +<br> +Hinds, Noble & Co. +<br> +<br> +Popular Astronomy +<br> +G. Flammarion +<br> +<br> +Round the Year with the Stars +<br> +G. P. Serviss +<br> +<br> +Starland +<br> +Ball +<br> +Ginn & Co. +<br> +<br> +Steele's Popular Astronomy +<br> +J. D. Steele +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +The Friendly Stars +<br> +M. E. Martin +<br> +<br> +The Romance of Modern Astronomy +<br> +McPherson +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +{372} +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">BIRDS</span> +<br> +<br> +Bird Guide--Part 1 Water Birds +<br> +Chester A. Reed +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +Bird Guide--Part 2 Land Birds +<br> +Neltje Blanchan +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +Bird Homes +<br> +A. E. Dugmore +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +Birds in their Relation to Men +<br> +Weed & Beerborn +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +Bird Life +<br> +Frank Chapman +<br> +Appleton +<br> +<br> +Bird Neighbours +<br> +Neltje Blanchan +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +Bird Neighbors +<br> +John Burroughs +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +Birds of Eastern North America +<br> +Chapman +<br> +Appleton +<br> +<br> +Birds that Every Child Should Know +<br> +Neltje Blanchan +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +Birds that Hunt and Are Hunted +<br> +Neltje Blanchan +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +Birds Through the Year +<br> +A. F. Gilmore +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Citizen Bird +<br> +M. O. Wright +<br> +<br> +Elo the Eagle and Other Stories +<br> +Floyd Brallian +<br> +Pacific Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Everyday Birds +<br> +Bradford Torrey +<br> +<br> +Field Book of Wild Birds and Their Music +<br> +F. S. Mathews +<br> +Putnam's Sons +<br> +<br> +First Book of Birds +<br> +H. M. Miller +<br> +<br> +Second Book of Birds +<br> +H. M. Miller +<br> +<br> +Flamingo Feather +<br> +Munroe +<br> +<br> +How to Attract the Birds +<br> +Neltje Blanchan +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +How to Attract the Birds +<br> +Trafton +<br> +<br> +How to Know the Birds +<br> +H. & E. Parkhurst +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +How to Know the Wild Birds of Ohio +<br> +Dietrich Lange +<br> +<br> +How to Study Birds In Birdland +<br> +Leander S. Kyser +<br> +McClurg Co. +<br> +<br> +Land Birds East of the Rockies +<br> +C. A. Reed +<br> +<br> +Lord of the Air +<br> +C. G. D. Roberts +<br> +<br> +Nestlings of Forest and Marsh +<br> +Irene G. Wheelock +<br> +McClurg Co. +<br> +<br> +Our Birds and Hew to Know Them +<br> +J. B. Grant +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Our Own Birds +<br> +Wm. L. Baily +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +Tenants of the Trees +<br> +C. Hawkes +<br> +<br> +The Blue Goose Chase +<br> +H. K. Job +<br> +<br> +The Romance of Bird Life +<br> +John Lea +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +Short Stories of our Shy Neighbors +<br> +Mrs. M. A. B. Keely +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +The Sport of Bird Study +<br> +Job +<br> +Outing Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Wild Birds of City Parks +<br> +<br> +{373} +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">FISH AND FISHING</span> +<br> +<br> +Book of Aquaria +<br> +Bateman & Bennett +<br> +L. Upcott Gill +<br> +<br> +Boy's Own Guide to Fishing +<br> +J. H. Keene +<br> +<br> +Denizens of the Deep +<br> +Frank T. Bullen +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +Familiar Fish +<br> +Eugene McCarthy +<br> +<br> +Favorite Fish and Fishing +<br> +J. A. Henshall +<br> +Outing Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Fine Art of Fishing +<br> +S. G. Camp +<br> +Outing Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Fishing and Shooting Sketches +<br> +Grover Cleveland +<br> +Outing Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Fishing Kits and Equipment +<br> +G. S. Camp +<br> +N. Y. Outing Co. +<br> +<br> +Fish Stories +<br> +Holder and Jordan +<br> +<br> +Half Hours with Fishes Reptiles, and Birds +<br> +Holder +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Home Aquarium and How to Care for It +<br> +Eugene Smith +<br> +Dutton +<br> +<br> +The Angler's Guide +<br> +Wainwright Randall +<br> +<br> +The Book of Fish and Fishing +<br> +Louis Rhead +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +The Little Water Folks +<br> +Hawkes +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Tricks and Knacks of Fishing +<br> +(Horton Mfg. Co.) +<br> +<br> +Water Wonders Every Child Should Know +<br> +J. M. Thompson +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">FLOWERS, FERNS AND GRASSES</span> +<br> +<br> +<br> +Botany +<br> +Julia McNair Wright +<br> +Penn Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Botany for Children +<br> +Harriet C. Cooper +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Common Plants +<br> +George O. Goodall +<br> +D. C. Heath & Co. +<br> +<br> +Elementary Botany with Spring Flora +<br> +W. A. Kellerman +<br> +Hinds, Noble & Co. +<br> +<br> +Field Book of American Wild Flowers +<br> +P. Schuyler Mathews +<br> +<br> +Flora of the Southern United States +<br> +A. W. Chapman +<br> +<br> +Flower Guide +<br> +C. A. & C. K. Reed +<br> +<br> +Gardening for Profit. +<br> +P. Henderson +<br> +<br> +Grasses, Sedges and Rushes of the North United States +<br> +Edward Knoble +<br> +<br> +How to Collect and Preserve Plants and Sea-weeds +<br> +Hinds, Noble & Co. +<br> +<br> +How to Know the Ferns +<br> +Frances Theodora Parsons +<br> +<br> +How to know the Wild Flowers +<br> +Parsons +<br> +<br> +Illustrated Flora of the United States and Canada +<br> +N. L. Britton and Addison Brown +<br> +<br> +{374} +<br> +<br> +Lessons with Plants +<br> +Bailey +<br> +<br> +Manual of Gardening +<br> +L. H. Bailey +<br> +<br> +Nature's Garden +<br> +Neltje Blanchan +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +New England Ferns and Their Common Allies +<br> +Helen Eastman +<br> +<br> +New Manual of Botany +<br> +Asa Gray +<br> +<br> +New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains +<br> +John M. Coulter, revised by Aven Nelson +<br> +<br> +Our Garden Flowers +<br> +Harriet Louise Keeler +<br> +<br> +Plants and Their Children +<br> +Wm. Starr Dana +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Rocky Mountain Wild Flower Studies +<br> +Burton O. Longyear +<br> +<br> +Southern Wild Flowers and Trees +<br> +Alice Lounsbery +<br> +<br> +The Fern Collector's Guide +<br> +Willard Nelson Clute +<br> +<br> +The Garden Yard +<br> +B. Hall +<br> +<br> +Young Folk's Nature Field Book +<br> +J. Alden Loring +<br> +Dana Estes Co. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">FUNGI</span> +<br> +<br> +<br> +Edible Fungi of New York +<br> +Charles H. Peck +<br> +N. Y. State Museum +<br> +<br> +Flowerless Plants: Ferns, Mushrooms, Mosses, Lichens and Sea weeds. +<br> +E. H. Hale +<br> +<br> +Mushrooms +<br> +Atkinson +<br> +Holt & Co. +<br> +<br> +One Thousand American Fungi +<br> +McIllvain & Macadam +<br> +Bobbs, Merrill & Co. +<br> +<br> +Studies of American Fungi +<br> +Atkinson +<br> +<br> +The Mushroom +<br> +M. E. Hard +<br> +Ohio Library Co. +<br> +<br> +The Mushroom Book +<br> +Nina L. Marshall +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">HANDICRAFT</span> +<br> +<br> +<br> +Clay Modelling +<br> +Paul N. Hasluck +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Dynamos and Electric Motors +<br> +Paul N. Hasluck +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Electric Bells +<br> +Paul N. Hasluck +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Electro-Plating +<br> +Paul N. Hasluck +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Glass Writing, Embossing and Facia Work +<br> +Paul N. Hasluck +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +How to Make Baskets. +<br> +Mary White +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +Leather Working +<br> +Paul N. Hasluck +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Photography +<br> +Paul N. Hasluck +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Photographic Cameras +<br> +Paul N. Hasluck +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Photographic Chemistry +<br> +Paul N. Hasluck +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Photographic Studies +<br> +Paul N. Hasluck +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Upholstery +<br> +Paul N. Hasluck +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +{375} +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">INSECTS AND BUTTERFLIES</span> +<br> +<br> +Ants, their Structure, Development and Behavior +<br> +W. M. Wheeler +<br> +Columbia Univ. Press +<br> +<br> +Beehives and Appliances +<br> +Paul Hasluck +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Directions for Collecting and Preserving Insects +<br> +Nathan Banks +<br> +U. S. National Museum Bulletin +<br> +<br> +Everyday Butterflies +<br> +<br> +How to Keep Bees +<br> +Anna B. Comstock +<br> +Doubleday, Page Co. +<br> +<br> +How to Know the Butterflies +<br> +J. H. and Mrs. Comstock +<br> +D. Appleton & Co. +<br> +<br> +Insect Life +<br> +Comstock +<br> +<br> +Little Busy Bodies +<br> +Marks Moody +<br> +Harper Bros. +<br> +<br> +Manual for the Study of Insects +<br> +J. H. and A. B. Comstock +<br> +<br> +Moths and Butterflies +<br> +Julia P. Ballard +<br> +Putnam's Sons +<br> +<br> +Our Insect Friends and Enemies +<br> +J. B. Smith +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +Our Insect Friends and Foes +<br> +B. S. Cragin +<br> +Putnam's Sons +<br> +<br> +The Butterfly Book +<br> +W. J. Holland +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +The House-Fly--Disease Carrier +<br> +L. O. Howard +<br> +Stokes Co. +<br> +<br> +The Moth Book +<br> +W. J. Holland +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Romance of Insect Life +<br> +Edmund Selous +<br> +Seeley & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Way of the Six-Footed +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">ROCKS AND PEBBLES</span> +<br> +<br> +<br> +About Pebbles +<br> +Alpheus Hyatt +<br> +D. C. Heath & Co. +<br> +<br> +Boy Mineral Collectors +<br> +J. G. Kelley +<br> +<br> +Common Minerals and Rocks +<br> +Wm. O. Crosby +<br> +D. C. Heath & Co. +<br> +<br> +Stories of Rocks and Minerals +<br> +H. W. Fairbanks +<br> +<br> +The Boy Geologist at School and in Camp +<br> +E. G. Houston +<br> +<br> +The Earth and Its Story +<br> +A. Heilprin +<br> +<br>rn +The Romance of Modern Geology +<br> +Grew +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">REPTILES</span> +<br> +<br> +<br> +Poisonous Snakes of North America +<br> +Leonard Stejneger +<br> +Gov. Printing Office +<br> +<br> +The Reptile Book +<br> +Ditmar +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +{376} +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">SHELLS AND SHELLFISH</span> +<br> +<br> +American Marine Shells. Bulletin No. 37 +<br> +U. S. National Museum, Washington +<br> +<br> +Mollusks of the Chicago Area +<br> +F. C. Baker +<br> +Chicago Academy +<br> +<br> +The Little Water Folk +<br> +C. Hawkes +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +The Lymnaedae of North America +<br> +F. C. Baker +<br> +Chicago Academy of Sciences +<br> +<br> +The Shell Book +<br> +Julia E. Rogers +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +West Coast Shells +<br> +Josiah Keep +<br> +<br> +Worms and Crustacea +<br> +Hyatt +<br> +D. C. Heath & Co. +<br> +<br> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">TREES AND SHRUBS</span> +<br> +<br> +A Guide to the Trees +<br> +Alice Lounsbery +<br> +<br> +Familiar Trees and Their Leaves +<br> +Mathews +<br> +<br> +Field and Forest Handy Book +<br> +Dan C. Beard +<br> +<br> +First Book of Forestry +<br> +Roth +<br> +<br> +Forest Trees and Forest Scenery +<br> +Schwartz +<br> +Grafton Press +<br> +<br> +Handbook of Trees of New England +<br> +Dame and Brooks +<br> +Ginn & Co. +<br> +<br> +Handbook of the Trees of the Northern United States and Canada +<br> +Hough +<br> +<br> +How to Tell the Trees +<br> +Hinds, Noble & Co. +<br> +<br> +How to Know Wild Fruits +<br> +Maude C. Peterson +<br> +<br> +Manual of the Trees of North America +<br> +Charles Sprague Sargent +<br> +<br> +North American Trees +<br> +Britton +<br> +<br> +North American Forests and Forestry +<br> +Bruncken +<br> +Putnam +<br> +<br> +Our Native Trees +<br> +Keeler +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Our Northern Shrubs +<br> +Harriet L. Keeler +<br> +<br> +Our Shrubs of the United States +<br> +Apgar +<br> +<br> +Practical Forestry for Beginners in Forestry +<br> +J. C. Gifford +<br> +<br> +School of the Woods +<br> +W. J. Long +<br> +<br> +Studies of Trees in Winter +<br> +Huntington +<br> +Sargent +<br> +<br> +Ten Common Trees +<br> +Susan Stokes +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +The Forest +<br> +S. E. White +<br> +<br> +The Forester's Manual or Forest Trees that Every Scout Should Know +<br> +Seton +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Magic Forest +<br> +White +<br> +Grosset & Dunlap +<br> +<br> +The Tree Book +<br> +Julia E. Rogers +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Way of the Woods. +<br> +Breck +<br> +Putnam's Sons +<br> +<br> +Trees of the Northern United States +<br> +Austin C. Apgar +<br> +<br> +{377} +<br> +<br> +The Trees of California +<br> +Jepson +<br> +<br> +The Woodsman's Handbook +<br> +United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 36 +<br> +<br> +Trees That Every Child Should Know +<br> +J. E. Rogers +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">MISCELLANEOUS--WOODCRAFT</span> +<br> +<br> +Adventures in the Great Forests +<br> +H. W. Hyrst +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +Adventures of Buffalo Bill +<br> +Cody +<br> +<br> +Adventures of Four-footed Folk +<br> +Belle M. Brain +<br> +Fleming H. Revell +<br> +<br> +A Journey to Nature +<br> +J. P. Mowbray +<br> +Grosset & Dunlap +<br> +<br> +American Boys' Handy Book +<br> +Beard +<br> +<br> +Amateur Taxidermist +<br> +Scorso +<br> +<br> +A Watcher in the Woods +<br> +D. L. Sharp +<br> +Century Co. +<br> +<br> +Bent Iron Work +<br> +Hasluck +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Birch Bark Roll +<br> +Seton +<br> +<br> +Boots and Saddles +<br> +Custer +<br> +<br> +Boy Craftsman +<br> +A. W. Hall +<br> +<br> +Boy Pioneers +<br> +Dan Beard +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Boy's Book of Airships +<br> +H. Delacomb +<br> +<br> +Boy's Workshop +<br> +Craigin +<br> +<br> +Boy with the United States +<br> +Foresters +<br> +Robert Wheeler +<br> +<br> +Box Furniture +<br> +Louise Brigham +<br> +Century Co. +<br> +<br> +Diomed +<br> +Sargent +<br> +Grosset & Dunlap +<br> +<br> +Chats on Photography +<br> +Wallington +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +Electricity +<br> +Fowler +<br> +Penn Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Electric Instrument Making for Amateurs +<br> +Bottome +<br> +<br> +Electricity for Boys +<br> +Adams +<br> +<br> +Electricity for Everybody +<br> +Atkinson +<br> +<br> +Electricity for Young People +<br> +Jencks +<br> +<br> +Electricity Made Easy +<br> +E. J. Houston and A. E. Kennelly +<br> +<br> +Excursions +<br> +Thoreau +<br> +Houghton Mifflin Co. +<br> +<br> +Famous Indian Chiefs +<br> +Johnston +<br> +<br> +Field and Forest Handy Book +<br> +Beard +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Four Afoot +<br> +Barbour +<br> +<br> +Frank, the Young Naturalist +<br> +Castleman +<br> +Hurst Co. +<br> +<br> +Frontiersman's Pocketbook +<br> +Pocock +<br> +<br> +Harper's How to Understand Electricity +<br> +Onken and Baker +<br> +<br> +{378} +<br> +<br> +Harper's Indoor Book for Boys +<br> +Adams +<br> +Harper Bros. +<br> +<br> +Harper's Outdoor Book for Boys +<br> +Adams +<br> +<br> +Home Mechanics for Amateurs +<br> +G. M. Hopkins +<br> +<br> +How Two Boys Made Their Own Electrical Apparatus +<br> +T. M. St. John +<br> +<br> +In American Fields and Forests +<br> +H. D. Thoreau, et al. +<br> +<br> +Indoor and Outdoor Handicraft +<br> +Beard +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Jack of All Trades +<br> +Dan Beard +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Lakerim Athletic Club +<br> +Hughes +<br> +<br> +Last of the Mohicans +<br> +Cooper +<br> +Houghton Mifflin Co. +<br> +<br> +Log Cabins and Cottages +<br> +Wicks +<br> +Forest & Stream +<br> +<br> +Long Trail +<br> +Garland +<br> +<br> +Making Wireless Outfits +<br> +Harrison +<br> +<br> +Nature Study +<br> +F. L. Holtz +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +On Horseback in Virginia +<br> +C. D. Warner +<br> +Houghton Mifflin Co. +<br> +<br> +Our National Parks +<br> +John Muir +<br> +Houghton Mifflin Co. +<br> +<br> +Outdoor Handy Book +<br> +Dan Beard +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Outdoors, Indoors and up the Chimney +<br> +C. McIllvain +<br> +Sunday School Times +<br> +<br> +Out-of-Doors +<br> +M. Ellsworth Olson +<br> +Pacific Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Romance of Modern Photography +<br> +Gibson +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +Scholar's ABC of Electricity +<br> +Meadowcraft +<br> +Hinds, Noble & Co. +<br> +<br> +Scientific American Boy (www.gutenberg.org/etext/15831) +<br> +Bond +<br> +Munn & Co. +<br> +<br> +Scientific American Boy at School +<br> +Bond +<br> +<br> +Scientific American Reference Book +<br> +Bond +<br> +Munn & Co. +<br> +<br> +Secret of the Woods +<br> +Wm. J. Long +<br> +Ginn & Co +<br> +<br> +Sportsman Joe +<br> +Sandys +<br> +<br> +Taxidermy +<br> +Hasluck +<br> +McKay +<br> +<br> +The Boy Electrician +<br> +Huston +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +The Boy's Book of Conservation +<br> +Small +<br> +Maynard & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Boy's Book of Inventions +<br> +Bacon +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Boy's Second Book of Inventions +<br> +Baker +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Boy's Book of Model Aeroplanes +<br> +Collins +<br> +Century Co. +<br> +<br> +The Boy's Book of Steamships +<br> +Howden +<br> +<br> +The Camp at Willow [Clump] Island (www.gutenberg.org/etext/15831) +<br> +Bond +<br> +<br> +The Frog Book +<br> +Dickerman +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +{379} +<br> +<br> +The Complete Photographer +<br> +Bailey +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Mountains +<br> +S. E. White +<br> +<br> +The Open Window +<br> +Grosset & Dunlap +<br> +<br> +The Young Electrician +<br> +H. Hall +<br> +Macmillan Co. +<br> +<br> +The Young Mechanic +<br> +Putnam's Sons +<br> +<br> +Things a Boy Should Know about Electricity +<br> +T. M. St. John +<br> +<br> +Things a Boy Should Know about Wireless +<br> +St. John +<br> +<br> +Trapper Jim +<br> +Sandys +<br> +<br> +Two Little Savages +<br> +Seton +<br> +<br> +Vehicles of the Air +<br> +Longheed +<br> +Reilly & Britton Co. +<br> +<br> +Walden, or Life in the Woods +<br> +Thoreau +<br> +Houghton Mifflin Co. +<br> +<br> +Ways of Nature +<br> +Burroughs +<br> +Houghton Mifflin Co. +<br> +<br> +Wilderness Homes +<br> +Kemp +<br> +Outing Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Wild Neighbors +<br> +Ingersoll +<br> +<br> +Wireless Telegraphy +<br> +A. F. Collins +<br> +<br> +Woodcraft +<br> +Sears +<br> +Century Co. +<br> +<br> +Woodmyth and Fable +<br> +Seton +<br> +Century Co. +<br> +<br> +Wonders of Man and Nature +<br> +R. Whiting +<br> +<br> +Woodcraft +<br> +Nessmuk +<br> +Forest & Strean +<br> +<br> +Woodworking for Beginners +<br> +Wheeler +<br> +<br> +Young Folk's Nature Field Book +<br> +J. A. Loring +<br> +Dana Estes Co. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">CAMPCRAFT</span> +<br> +<br> +Around the Campfire +<br> +C. G. D. Roberts +<br> +<br> +An Old Fashioned Sugar Camp +<br> +P. G. Huston +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +At Home in the Water +<br> +Corson +<br> +Association Press +<br> +<br> +Billy in Camp +<br> +Carr +<br> +McClurg Co. +<br> +<br> +Boat Building and Boating for Beginners. +<br> +Dan Beard +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Boat Sailing +<br> +Kensaly +<br> +Outing Co. +<br> +<br> +Building Model Boats +<br> +Hasluck +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Camp and Trail. +<br> +Isabel Hornabrook +<br> +<br> +Camp and Trail +<br> +S. E. White +<br> +Outing Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Camp and Trail Methods +<br> +Kephart +<br> +<br> +Camp Cookery +<br> +Horace Kephart +<br> +Outing Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Camp Fire and Wigwam +<br> +Ellis +<br> +Winston Co. +<br> +<br> +Camp Fire Musings +<br> +W. C. Gray +<br> +Revell +<br> +<br> +Camping and Camp Cooking +<br> +Bates +<br> +<br> +Camping and Camp Outfits +<br> +G. O. Shields +<br> +<br> +Camping for Boys +<br> +Gibson +<br> +Association Press +<br> +<br> +Camping Out +<br> +Stephens +<br> +Hurst & Co. +<br> +<br> +Camp Kits and Camp Life +<br> +Hanks +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +{380} +<br> +<br> +Camp Life in the Woods +<br> +Gibson +<br> +<br> +Campmates +<br> +C. K. Munroe +<br> +<br> +Canoemates +<br> +Kirk Munroe +<br> +<br> +Canoe and Boat Building +<br> +Stephens +<br> +Forest and Stream +<br> +<br> +Canoe and Camp Cookery +<br> +Seneca +<br> +Forest and Stream +<br> +<br> +Canoe Boys and Camp Fires +<br> +Graydon +<br> +Grosset and Dunlap +<br> +<br> +Captain Thomas A. Scott, Master Diver +<br> +F. H. Smith +<br> +<br> +Comrades in Camp +<br> +Victor +<br> +Chatterton Co. +<br> +<br> +Economical Cook Book +<br> +Mrs. Sarah Paul +<br> +John C. Winston & Co. +<br> +<br> +Every Boy His Own Cook +<br> +Atkinson Rice +<br> +<br> +Guns, Ammunition and Tackle +<br> +Money, et al. +<br> +<br> +Harper's Camping and Scouting +<br> +Grinnell & Swan +<br> +<br> +How to Swim +<br> +Dalton +<br> +<br> +Knotting and Splicing Ropes and Cordage +<br> +Hasluck +<br> +<br> +Plates Accompanying Canoe and Boat Building for Amateurs +<br> +Forest & Stream Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Practical Rowing, with Scull and Sweep +<br> +Stevens +<br> +<br> +Ropes: Their Knots and Splices +<br> +Kunardt +<br> +<br> +Swimming +<br> +Brewster +<br> +Houghton Mifflin Co. +<br> +<br> +Swimming +<br> +Sinclair +<br> +<br> +The Art of Swimming +<br> +Nelligan +<br> +<br> +The Boat Sailor's Manual +<br> +Qualtrough +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +The Book of Camping and Woodcraft +<br> +Kephart +<br> +Outing Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +The Kidnapped Campers +<br> +Canfield +<br> +<br> +Watchers of the Camp Fires +<br> +C. G. D. Roberts +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">TRACKS, TRAILING, AND SIGNALING</span> +<br> +<br> +Along Four Footed Trails +<br> +Ruth A. Cook +<br> +James Pott & Co. +<br> +<br> +Black Bear +<br> +Wright +<br> +<br> +Comrades of the Trails +<br> +Roberts +<br> +<br> +First to Cross the Continent +<br> +Brooks +<br> +<br> +Footprints in the Forest +<br> +Ellis +<br> +Winston Co. +<br> +<br> +Graphology +<br> +Howard +<br> +Penn Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Grizzly Bear +<br> +Wright +<br> +<br> +International Code of Signals +<br> +U. S. Government Printing Office +<br> +<br> +{381} +<br> +<br> +Northern Trails (Books 1 and 2) +<br> +Wm. J. Long +<br> +Ginn & Co. +<br> +<br> +Our Country's Flag . +<br> +E. S. Holden +<br> +<br> +Phrenology +<br> +Olin +<br> +Penn. Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Physiognomy +<br> +Lomlax +<br> +Penn. Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Return to the Trails +<br> +C. G. D. Roberts +<br> +<br> +Sign Language +<br> +Seton +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Trail of the Badger +<br> +Hamp +<br> +<br> +The Trail to the Woods. +<br> +Hawkes +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Tracks and Tracking +<br> +Brunner +<br> +Outing Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Trail of the Sand Hill Stag +<br> +Seton +<br> +<br> +Watchers of the Trails +<br> +C. G. D. Roberts +<br> +<br> +Young Trailers +<br> +Altsheler +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">HEALTH AND ENDURANCE</span> +<br> +<br> +Body and its Defences +<br> +Jewett +<br> +<br> +Confidential Talks with Young Men +<br> +Sperry +<br> +Revell +<br> +<br> +Control of Body and Mind +<br> +Jewett +<br> +Ginn & Co. +<br> +<br> +Daily Training +<br> +Benson & Miles +<br> +<br> +From Youth into Manhood +<br> +Hall +<br> +<br> +Good Health +<br> +Jewett +<br> +Ginn & Co. +<br> +<br> +Health +<br> +Walter C. Wood +<br> +Penn Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Health, Strength and Power +<br> +Sargent +<br> +<br> +Home Treatment and Care of the Sick +<br> +Lovering +<br> +Otis Clapp & Son +<br> +<br> +How to Keep Well +<br> +Wilson +<br> +Crowell +<br> +<br> +Japanese Physical Training +<br> +Hancock +<br> +<br> +My System +<br> +Muller +<br> +<br> +Rural Hygiene +<br> +Brewer +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">CHIVALRY</span> +<br> +<br> +Adaptability +<br> +Ellen E. Kenyon Warner +<br> +Hinds, Noble & Co. +<br> +<br> +Adventure Among Red Indians +<br> +Hyrst +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +Age of Chivalry +<br> +Bullfinch +<br> +<br> +An Iron Will +<br> +Orison Swett Marden +<br> +Crowell +<br> +<br> +A Skilled Workman +<br> +W. A. Bodell +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +Aspiration and Achievement +<br> +Frederick A. Atkins +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +Aspirations and Influence +<br> +H. Clay Trumbull +<br> +Sunday School Times +<br> +<br> +Book of Famous Verse +<br> +Agnes Repplier +<br> +<br> +Boy's King Arthur +<br> +Lanier +<br> +<br> +Boy's Life of Captain John Smith +<br> +Johnson +<br> +<br> +Careers of Danger and Daring +<br> +Cleveland Mofett +<br> +<br> +{382} +<br> +<br> +Character Shaping and Character Working +<br> +H. Clay Trumbull +<br> +Sunday School Times +<br> +<br> +Character the Grandest Thing +<br> +Orison Swett Marden +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Cheerfulness as a Life Power +<br> +Orison Swett Marden +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Daniel Boone, Backwoodsman +<br> +Forbes Lindsay +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +Duty +<br> +Ellen E. Kenyon Warner +<br> +Hinds, Noble & Co. +<br> +<br> +Duty Knowing and Duty Doing +<br> +H. Clay Trumbull +<br> +Sunday School Times +<br> +<br> +Economy +<br> +Orison Swett Marden +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Every Man a King +<br> +Orison Swett Marden +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Famous Scouts +<br> +Johnston +<br> +<br> +Fidelity +<br> +Ellen E. Kenyon Warner +<br> +Hinds Noble & Co. +<br> +<br> +First Battles +<br> +Frederick A. Atkins +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +Four American Pioneers +<br> +Perry and Beebe +<br> +<br> +Getting One's Bearings +<br> +Alexander McKenzie +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +Good Manners and Success +<br> +Orison Swett Marden +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +He Can Who Thinks He Can +<br> +Orison Swett Marden +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Heroes Every Child Should Know +<br> +H. W. Mabie +<br> +Houghton Mifflin Co. +<br> +<br> +Heroes of Chivalry +<br> +Louise Maitland +<br> +<br> +Heroes of Pioneering +<br> +Sanderson +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +Heroes of the Storm +<br> +O'Connor +<br> +Houghton +<br> +<br> +Hero Myths and Legends of the British Race +<br> +M. O. Erbutt +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +John James Audubon +<br> +Audubon +<br> +Putnam +<br> +<br> +John Smith, Gentleman and Adventurer. +<br> +Lindsay +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +Knight Errant +<br> +Davidson +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +Knighthood in Germ and Flower +<br> +Cox +<br> +<br> +Last of the Great Scouts +<br> +Wetmore +<br> +<br> +Lessons on Manners +<br> +Julia M. Dewey +<br> +Hinds, Noble & Co. +<br> +<br> +Levels of Living +<br> +Henry F. Cope +<br> +Revell +<br> +<br> +Life of Kit Carson +<br> +Ellis +<br> +Grosset & Dunlap +<br> +<br> +Little Jarvis +<br> +Seawell +<br> +<br> +Loyalty +<br> +McClure +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +Making the Most of Ourselves +<br> +Calvin Dill Wilson +<br> +McClurg Co. +<br> +<br> +Men of Iron +<br> +Pyle +<br> +<br> +Moral Muscle +<br> +Frederick A. Atkins +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +My Young Man +<br> +Louis Albert Banks +<br> +Funk & Wagnalls Co. +<br> +<br> +Ourselves and Others +<br> +H. Clay Trumbull +<br> +Sunday School Times +<br> +<br> +Page, Esquire and Knight. +<br> +Lansing +<br> +<br> +Peace, Power and Plenty +<br> +Orison Swett Marden +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Possibilities +<br> +McClure +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +Rising in the World or Architects +<br> +H. Clay Trumbull +<br> +Sunday School Times +<br> +<br> +Practical Paradoxes +<br> +Orison Swett Marden +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Royal Manhood +<br> +James I. Vance +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +{383} +<br> +<br> +Rushing to the Front +<br> +Orison Swett Marden +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Seeing and Being +<br> +H. Clay Trumbull +<br> +Sunday School Times +<br> +<br> +Self Control and Its Kingship and Majesty +<br> +Wm. Coe Jordan +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +Self Reliance +<br> +Ellen E. Kenyon Warner +<br> +Hinds, Noble & Co. +<br> +<br> +Stories of Charlemagne +<br> +Church +<br> +<br> +Stories of King Arthur +<br> +Waldo Cutler +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Stories of King Arthur and His Knights +<br> +Pyle +<br> +<br> +Stories of King Arthur and the Round Table +<br> +Beatrice Clay +<br> +<br> +Stories of the Great West +<br> +Roosevelt +<br> +<br> +Story of the Cowboy +<br> +Hough +<br> +<br> +Successful Men of To-day +<br> +Wilbur F. Crafts +<br> +Funk & Wagnalls +<br> +<br> +Success in Life +<br> +Emil Reich +<br> +Duffield Co. +<br> +<br> +Successward +<br> +Edward Bok +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +Talks with Great Workers +<br> +Orison Swett Marden +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Tendency +<br> +James I. Vance +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +The Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights +<br> +Mary MacLeod +<br> +Fred'k A. Stokes +<br> +<br> +The Boys Gughulain +<br> +Eleanor Hull +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +The Christian Gentleman +<br> +Louis Albert Banks +<br> +Funk & Wagnalls +<br> +<br> +The Crown of Individuality +<br> +Wm. George Jordan +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +The Hour of Opportunity +<br> +Orison Swett Marden +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +The Kingship of Self Control +<br> +Wm. George Jordan +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +The Majesty of Calmness +<br> +Wm. George Jordan +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +The Making of a Man +<br> +Robert Elliot Speer +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +The Marks of a Man +<br> +Robert Elliot Speer +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +The Optimistic Life +<br> +Orison Swett Marden +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +The Oregon Trail +<br> +Parkman +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +The Power of Personality +<br> +Orison Swett Marden +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +The Romance of Early Exploration +<br> +Williams +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +The Secret of Achievement +<br> +Orison Swett Marden +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +The Story of Hereward +<br> +Douglas C. Stedman +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +The Vision of Sir Launfal +<br> +James Russell Lowell +<br> +Barse & Hopkins +<br> +<br> +The Young Man Entering Business +<br> +Orison Swett Marden +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Thoroughness +<br> +Davidson +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +True Manhood +<br> +James, Cardinal Gibbons +<br> +McClurg Co. +<br> +<br> +Twentieth Century Knighthood +<br> +Banks +<br> +Funk & Wagnalls +<br> +<br> +What Shall our Boys Do For a Living +<br> +Charles F. Wingate +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +<br> +{384} +<br> +<br> +Winning Their Way +<br> +Faris +<br> +<br> +With Spurs of Gold +<br> +F. W. Green and D. V. Kirk +<br> +<br> +Young Men Who Overcame +<br> +Robert E. Speer +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">FIRST AID TO THE INJURED</span> +<br> +<br> +American Red Cross Abridged Text-book and First Aid +<br> +Major Chas. Lynch +<br> +<br> +Backwoods Surgery and Medicine +<br> +Moody +<br> +<br> +Boys Coastwise +<br> +Rideing +<br> +<br> +Emergencies +<br> +C. V. Gulick +<br> +<br> +Exercise in Education and Medicine +<br> +R. T. McKenzie +<br> +<br> +Fighting a Fire +<br> +C. T. Hill +<br> +<br> +First Aid in Illness and Injury +<br> +Pilcher +<br> +<br> +First Aid to the Injured +<br> +F. J. Warwick +<br> +Penn Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Health, Strength and Power +<br> +D. A. Sargent +<br> +<br> +Heroes of the Life-boat and Rocket +<br> +Ballantyne +<br> +<br> +Heroes of the Storm +<br> +Douglas +<br> +<br> +Life Boat and Its Work +<br> +Lewis +<br> +<br> +Nursing +<br> +S. Virginia Leves +<br> +Penn Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Our Seacoast Heroes +<br> +Daunt +<br> +<br> +Stories of the Life-boat. +<br> +Mundell +<br> +<br> +The Beach Patrol +<br> +Drysdale +<br> +<br> +The Life-boat +<br> +Ballantyne +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">GAMES</span> +<br> +<br> +<br> +Book of Athletic and Out-door Sports +<br> +Bingham +<br> +<br> +Book of College Sports +<br> +Walter Camp +<br> +<br> +Boy's Book of Sports +<br> +Fannie Thompson +<br> +Century Co. +<br> +<br> +Boys' Drill Regulations +<br> +<br> +Games for Everybody +<br> +May C. Hofman +<br> +Dodge Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Games for All Occasions +<br> +Mary E. Blain +<br> +Barse & Hopkins +<br> +<br> +Games and Songs of American Children +<br> +Newell +<br> +Harper Bros. +<br> +<br> +Education by Play and Games +<br> +G. E. Johnson +<br> +Ginn & Co. +<br> +<br> +Money Making Entertainments +<br> +Rook & Goodfellow +<br> +Penn Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Play +<br> +Emmett D. Angell +<br> +Little, Brown & Co. +<br> +<br> +Practical Track and Field Athletics +<br> +Graham and Clark +<br> +Duffield Co. +<br> +<br> +Social Activities for Men and Boys +<br> +A. M. Chesley +<br> +Association Press +<br> +<br> +Outdoor Games for All Seasons +<br> +Beard +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +{385} +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">PATRIOTISM AND CITIZENSHIP</span> +<br> +<br> +Abraham Lincoln +<br> +Baldwin +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Abraham Lincoln--Boy and Man +<br> +Morgan +<br> +<br> +American Hero Stories +<br> +Eva M. Tappan +<br> +Houghton +<br> +<br> +American Leaders and Heroes +<br> +W. F. Gordy +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +A Message to Garcia +<br> +Hubbard +<br> +<br> +An American Book of Golden Deeds +<br> +James Baldwin +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Battles for the Union +<br> +Prescott Holmes +<br> +Henry Altemus Co. +<br> +<br> +Battle of the War for Independence +<br> +Prescott Holmes +<br> +Henry Altemus Co. +<br> +<br> +Boy's Life of Abraham Lincoln +<br> +Nicolay +<br> +Century Co. +<br> +<br> +Boy's Life of Ulysses S. Grant. +<br> +Nicolay +<br> +Century Co. +<br> +<br> +Civics--Studies in American Citizenship. +<br> +Sherman +<br> +Macmillan Co. +<br> +<br> +Discovery of the Old Northwest +<br> +J. Baldwin +<br> +<br> +Essentials in Civil Government +<br> +S. E. Formyn +<br> +American Book Co +<br> +<br> +Famous American Statesmen +<br> +Sarah K. Bolton +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Famous Voyages and Explorers +<br> +Sarah K. Bolton +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Four American Explorers +<br> +Kingsley +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Four American Indians +<br> +Edson L. Whitney and Frances M. Perry +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Four Great Americans +<br> +James Baldwin +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Good Citizenship +<br> +Julia Richman +<br> +<br> +Good Citizenship +<br> +Grover Cleveland +<br> +Henry Altemus Co. +<br> +<br> +Great Words from Great Americans +<br> +G. P. Putnam's Son +<br> +<br> +Guide to United States History +<br> +Henry W. Elson +<br> +Baker, Taylor Co. +<br> +<br> +Heroes of the Army in America +<br> +Charles Morris +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +Heroes of Discovery in America +<br> +Charles Morris +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +Heroes of the Navy in America +<br> +Charles Morris +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +Heroes of Progress in America +<br> +Charles Morris +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +Heroes of the United States Navy +<br> +Hartwell Jones +<br> +Henry Altemus Co. +<br> +<br> +Hero Tales from American History +<br> +Lodge and Roosevelt +<br> +<br> +History of New York City +<br> +Chas. E. Todd +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Historic Americans +<br> +E. S. Brooks +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +{386} +<br> +<br> +Home Life in Colonial Days +<br> +Alice Morse Earle +<br> +Grosset & Dunlap +<br> +<br> +How the People Rule +<br> +Hoxie +<br> +<br> +Lessons for Junior Citizens +<br> +Mabel Hill +<br> +<br> +Lewis and Clark +<br> +Lighton +<br> +Houghton Mifflin Co. +<br> +<br> +Life at West Point +<br> +Hancock +<br> +Putnam +<br> +<br> +Life of Lincoln for Boys +<br> +Sparhawk +<br> +Crowell & Co. +<br> +<br> +Lyra Heroica +<br> +Wm. Ernest Henley +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Makers and Defenders of America +<br> +Anna E. Foote & A. W. Skinner +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Man Without a Country +<br> +E. E. Hale +<br> +Crowell & Co. +<br> +<br> +New Century History of the United States. +<br> +Edward Eggleston +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +North America +<br> +Frank G. Carpenter +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Our Country's Flag and the Flags of Foreign Countries +<br> +Holden +<br> +<br> +Our Country's Story +<br> +Eva M. Tappan +<br> +Houghton Mifflin Co. +<br> +<br> +Pathfinders of the West +<br> +Laut +<br> +Grosset & Dunlap +<br> +<br> +Patriotic Citizenship +<br> +<br> +Poor Boys Who Became Famous +<br> +Sarah K. Bolton +<br> +Crowell +<br> +<br> +Poems of American Citizenship +<br> +Brander Matthews +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Politics for Young Americans +<br> +Charles Nordhoff +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Poor Richard's Almanac. +<br> +Benjamin Franklin +<br> +Duffield Co. +<br> +<br> +Popular Patriotic Poems Explained +<br> +Murphy +<br> +Hinds, Noble & Co. +<br> +<br> +Potter's Advanced Geography +<br> +Eliza H. Horton +<br> +Hinds, Noble & Co. +<br> +<br> +Stories of Heroic Deeds +<br> +James Johonnot +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Stories of Our Country +<br> +James Johonnot +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Story of the American Merchant Marine +<br> +J. R. Spears +<br> +Macmillan Co. +<br> +<br> +Story of the Great Republic +<br> +H. A. Guerber +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Ten Boys From History +<br> +Sweetser, Duffield Co. +<br> +<br> +Ten Great Events in History +<br> +James Johonnot +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +The True Citizen and How to Become One +<br> +W. F. Marwick & W. A. Smith +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +The Century Book for Young Americans +<br> +Brooks +<br> +<br> +The Citizen +<br> +Shaler +<br> +<br> +The Community and the Citizen +<br> +Arthur Dunn +<br> +D. C. Heath & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Good Neighbor in the Modern City +<br> +Mary Richmond +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +The Ship of State +<br> +Youth's Companion +<br> +Ginn & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Pilgrims +<br> +F. S. Noble +<br> +Pilgrim Press +<br> +<br> +{387} +<br> +<br> +The Story of our Navy for Young Americans +<br> +Abbott +<br> +Dodd, Mead & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Story of our Great Lakes +<br> +E. Channing & M. F. Lansing +<br> +Macmillan Co. +<br> +<br> +The Story of the Thirteen Colonies +<br> +Guerber +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +The Young Alaskans +<br> +Hough +<br> +<br> +The Young Citizen +<br> +Dole +<br> +Heath +<br> +<br> +Training for Citizenship +<br> +Smith +<br> +Longmans, Green Co. +<br> +<br> +Uncle Sam's Business +<br> +Marriott +<br> +<br> +U. S +<br> +Townsend +<br> +Lothrop +<br> +<br> +Washington and His Generals +<br> +Headley +<br> +Hurst & Co. +<br> +<br> +Washington's Farewell Address +<br> +Duffield Co. +<br> +<br> +When America Became a Nation +<br> +Jenks +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +When America was New +<br> +Tudor Jenks +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +When America Won Liberty +<br> +Tudor Jenks +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Young Americans +<br> +Judson +<br> +<br> +Young Continentals at Bunker Hill +<br> +McIntyre +<br> +Penn Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Young Continentals at Lexington +<br> +McIntyre +<br> +Penn Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Young People's History of the War with Spain +<br> +Prescott Holmes +<br> +Henry Altemus Co. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">MISCELLANEOUS</span> +<br> +<br> +A Guide to Biography +<br> +Burton E. Stevenson +<br> +Baker, Taylor Co. +<br> +<br> +American Indians +<br> +Yonge +<br> +<br> +A Vagabond Journey Around the World +<br> +Franck +<br> +Century Co. +<br> +<br> +Book of Golden Deeds +<br> +Catlin +<br> +<br> +Boy's Life of Captain John Smith +<br> +Eleanor Johnson +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +"Boy Wanted" +<br> +W. Waterman +<br> +<br> +Childhood of Jishib, the Ojibwa +<br> +Jenks +<br> +<br> +Choosing a Life Work +<br> +L. R. Fiske +<br> +Eaton & Mains Co. +<br> +<br> +Choosing a Vocation +<br> +Parsons +<br> +<br> +Christopher Carson, known as Kit Carson +<br> +J. S. C. Abbott +<br> +<br> +Courage +<br> +Charles Wagner +<br> +<br> +David Crockett: His Life and Adventures +<br> +J. S. C. Abbott +<br> +<br> +Dashing Paul Jones +<br> +Frank Sheridan +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +David Crockett, Scout +<br> +Allen +<br> +<br> +Famous Indian Chiefs +<br> +O. W. Howard +<br> +Century Co. +<br> +<br> +First Across the Continent +<br> +N. Brooks +<br> +<br> +Handy Parliamentary Rules +<br> +Craig +<br> +Hinds, Noble & Co. +<br> +<br> +{388} +<br> +<br> +Heroes of the Polar Seas +<br> +J. K. Maclean +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +How George Rogers Clark won the Northwest +<br> +R. G. Thwaites +<br> +<br> +Incentives for Life +<br> +J. W. Ludlow +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +Indian Boyhood +<br> +Eastman +<br> +<br> +Indian Fights and Fighters +<br> +Brady +<br> +<br> +Indian Story and Song +<br> +Fletcher +<br> +<br> +Letters to American Boys +<br> +Carruth +<br> +<br> +Life of David Crockett +<br> +E. S. Ellis +<br> +<br> +Life of John Gutenberg +<br> +Emily C. Pearson +<br> +Hurst & Co. +<br> +<br> +Life Questions of High School Boys +<br> +Jenks +<br> +Association Press +<br> +<br> +Living Races of Mankind, Vol IV and V +<br> +The University Society. +<br> +<br> +Loyalty +<br> +J. G. R. McCleeve +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +Lure of the Labrador Wild +<br> +Wallace +<br> +<br> +Northland Heroes +<br> +Florence Holbrook +<br> +Houghton Mifflin Co. +<br> +<br> +Old Santa Fe Trail +<br> +H. Inman +<br> +<br> +Pony Tracks +<br> +F. Remington +<br> +<br> +Punishment of the Stingy +<br> +Grinnell +<br> +<br> +Pushing to the Front +<br> +Marden +<br> +<br> +Romance of Early Exploration +<br> +Williams +<br> +Seeley Co. +<br> +<br> +Self-Help +<br> +Smiles +<br> +<br> +Some Merry Adventures of Robin Hood. +<br> +Pyle +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +Story of a Scout +<br> +Finnemore +<br> +<br> +Starting in Life +<br> +Fowler +<br> +<br> +Story of the Indian +<br> +Grinnell +<br> +<br> +Success +<br> +O. S. Marden +<br> +<br> +Successful Careers +<br> +Thaye +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +The American Shotgun +<br> +Askins +<br> +Outing Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +The Children's Life of Lincoln +<br> +M. Louise Putnam +<br> +McClurg Co. +<br> +<br> +The Blazed Trail +<br> +White +<br> +<br> +The Boy General +<br> +Mrs. E. B. Custer +<br> +<br> +The Boy on a Farm at Work and at Play +<br> +Jacob Abbott +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +The Heart of the Ancient Wood +<br> +C. G. D. Roberts +<br> +Wessels Co. +<br> +<br> +The Romance of Polar Exploration +<br> +G. F. Scott +<br> +Seeley & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Seven Ages of Washington +<br> +Owen Wister +<br> +Grosset & Dunlap +<br> +<br> +The Way of an Indian +<br> +F. Remington +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">STORIES FOR SCOUTS</span> +<br> +<br> +Adrift on an Icepan +<br> +W. T. Grenfell +<br> +<br> +American Life and Adventure +<br> +Eggleston +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +{389} +<br> +<br> +Arizona Nights +<br> +S. E. White +<br> +<br> +Around the World with the Battleships +<br> +Miller +<br> +McClurg Co. +<br> +<br> +Backwoodsmen +<br> +D. Roberts +<br> +<br> +Black Rock +<br> +Gordon (Ralph Connor, pseud) +<br> +<br> +Bob Burton +<br> +Horatio Alger, Jr +<br> +Winston Co. +<br> +<br> +Bar B. Boys or the Young Cow Punchers. +<br> +Edwin S. Sabin +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Battling for Atlanta +<br> +Byron A. Dunn +<br> +McClurg Co. +<br> +<br> +Boys of Other Countries +<br> +Taylor +<br> +Putnam's Sons +<br> +<br> +Boy Trappers +<br> +Harry Castleman +<br> +Hurst & Co. +<br> +<br> +Camping on the St. Lawrence +<br> +E. T. Tomlinson +<br> +<br> +Cattle Brands +<br> +A. Adams +<br> +<br> +Cattle Ranch to College +<br> +Russell +<br> +Doubleday +<br> +<br> +Chilhowee Boys +<br> +Morrison +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Chilhowee Boys in Harness +<br> +Sarah E. Morrison +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Chilhowee Boys in War Times +<br> +Sarah E. Morrison +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Cast up by the Sea +<br> +Sir Samuel W. Baker +<br> +Hurst & Co. +<br> +<br> +Cruise of the Canoe Club +<br> +W. L. Alden +<br> +<br> +Cruise of the Ghost +<br> +W. L. Alden +<br> +<br> +Dale and Fraser, Sheep-men +<br> +S. F. Hamp +<br> +<br> +Dashing Paul Jones +<br> +Sheridan +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Dare Boys of 1776 +<br> +Stephen Angus Co +<br> +A. L. Chatterton Co. +<br> +<br> +Dorymates +<br> +C. R. Monroe +<br> +<br> +Forest Runners +<br> +Altsheler +<br> +<br> +For Freedom's Cause +<br> +T. C. Harbauch +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Fox Hunting +<br> +C. A. Stephens +<br> +Hurst & Co. +<br> +<br> +Frank in the Woods +<br> +Castleman +<br> +Hurst & Co. +<br> +<br> +Freckles +<br> +Porter +<br> +Grosset & Dunlap +<br> +<br> +From Atlanta to the Sea +<br> +Byron A. Dunn +<br> +A. C. McClurg Co. +<br> +<br> +Frontier Boys on the Overland Trail. +<br> +Wyn. Roosevelt +<br> +Chatterton Co. +<br> +<br> +General Nelson's Scout +<br> +Byron A. Dunn +<br> +A. C. McClurg +<br> +<br> +Huckleberry Finn +<br> +Twain +<br> +<br> +Hans Brinker of the Silver Skates +<br> +Mary Mapes Dodge +<br> +Grosset & Dunlap +<br> +<br> +In the Clouds for Uncle Sam +<br> +Ashton Lamar +<br> +Reilly & Britton +<br> +<br> +Ivanhoe +<br> +Scott +<br> +<br> +Jack Among the Indians. +<br> +G: B. Grinnell +<br> +<br> +Kim +<br> +Kipling +<br> +<br> +Kidnapped +<br> +Stevenson +<br> +<br> +Knights Who Fought the Dragon +<br> +Edwin Leslie +<br> +Sunday School Times Co. +<br> +<br> +Larry Deeter's Great Search +<br> +Howard R. Garis +<br> +Grosset & Dunlap +<br> +<br> +Little Metacomet +<br> +Hezekiah Butterworth +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +{390} +<br> +<br> +Little Smoke +<br> +W. O. Stoddard +<br> +<br> +Log of a Cowboy +<br> +A. Adams +<br> +<br> +Luke Walton +<br> +Horatio Alger, Jr +<br> +Winston Co. +<br> +<br> +Marching Against the Iroquois +<br> +Everett T. Tomlinson +<br> +<br> +Marion and His Men +<br> +John De Morgan +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Master of the Strong Hearts +<br> +E. S. Brooks +<br> +<br> +Off the Rocks +<br> +Grenfell +<br> +S. S. Tirnes +<br> +<br> +On the Indian Trail +<br> +Egerton R. Young +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +On the Old Kearsarge +<br> +Cyrus Townsend Brady +<br> +Scribners +<br> +<br> +On General Thomas's Staff +<br> +Byron A. Dunn +<br> +McClurg +<br> +<br> +Paul Revere +<br> +John De Morgan +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Peggy Owen +<br> +Lucy Foster Madison +<br> +Penn Pub. Co. +<br> +<br> +Raiding with Morgan +<br> +Byron A. Dunn +<br> +McClurg +<br> +<br> +Range and Trail or the Bar B's Great Drive +<br> +Edwin L. Sabin +<br> +T. Y. Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Rip Van Winkle +<br> +Washington Irving +<br> +Burse & Hopkins +<br> +<br> +Robinson Crusoe +<br> +Defoe +<br> +Houghton Mifflin Co. +<br> +<br> +Silent Places +<br> +S. E. White +<br> +<br> +Stories of the Good Green Wood +<br> +C. Hawkes +<br> +Crowell Co. +<br> +<br> +Story of Sonny Sahib +<br> +S. J. Duncan +<br> +<br> +Sheridan's Troopers on the Borders +<br> +De B. Randolph Keirn +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Sir Raul +<br> +James M. Ludlow +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +Stories from Life +<br> +Orison Swett Marden +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +Struggling Upward +<br> +Alger, Jr +<br> +Winsted Co. +<br> +<br> +Swiss Family Robinson +<br> +J. D. Wyss +<br> +<br> +Talking Leaves +<br> +W. O. Stoddard +<br> +<br> +Tan and Freckles +<br> +C. L. Bryson +<br> +Revell Co. +<br> +<br> +Ten Years Before the Mast. +<br> +Dana, Jr +<br> +Houghton Mifflin Co +<br> +<br> +The Air Ship Boys +<br> +Sayler +<br> +Reilly & Britton +<br> +<br> +The Boy Aviators in Nicaragua +<br> +Wilbur Lawton +<br> +Hurst & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Boy Aviators in Africa +<br> +Wilbur Lawton +<br> +Hurst & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Boy Aviators' Polar Dash +<br> +Wilbur Lawton +<br> +Hurst & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Boy Aviators in Record Flight +<br> +Wilbur Lawton +<br> +Hurst & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Boy Aviators in Secret Service +<br> +Wilbur Lawton +<br> +Hurst & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Boy Aviators' Treasure Quest +<br> +Wilbur Lawton +<br> +Hurst & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Boy Fortune Hunters in Alaska +<br> +F. Akes +<br> +Reilly & Britton +<br> +<br> +The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama +<br> +F. Akes +<br> +Reilly & Britton +<br> +<br> +The Hill +<br> +Horace A. Vachell +<br> +Dodd, Mead & Co. +<br> +<br> +The Pilot +<br> +Cooper +<br> +<br> +The Pioneers +<br> +Cooper +<br> +<br> +The Spy +<br> +Cooper +<br> +<br> +{391} +<br> +<br> +Washington's Young Spy +<br> +T. C. Harbauch +<br> +David McKay +<br> +<br> +Waste Not Want Not Stories +<br> +Clifton Johnson +<br> +American Book Co. +<br> +<br> +With Fighting Jack Berry +<br> +John T. McIntyre +<br> +Lippincott +<br> +<br> +With Flintlock and Fife +<br> +Everett T. Tomlinson +<br> +Grosset & Dunlap +<br> +<br> +With Sully Into the Sioux Land +<br> +Joseph Mills Hansen +<br> +McClurg +<br> +<br> +Wolf Hunters +<br> +Joseph Oliver Curwood +<br> +Bobbs, Merrill Co. +<br> +<br> +Work and Win +<br> +Edward S. Ellis +<br> +A. L. Burt Co. +<br> +<br> +<br> +{392} +<br> +<br> +<br> +{393} +<br> +<br> +<br> +{394} +<br> +<br> +INDEX +<br> +<br> +{395} +<br> +<br> +INDEX +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 1602px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>A</td><td>PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td>Accidents, prevention of</td><td>255</td></tr> +<tr><td>Additions to Territory of the United States</td><td>323</td></tr> +<tr><td>A First Try in Tracking</td><td>191</td></tr> +<tr><td>Aim of the Scout Movement</td><td>3</td></tr> +<tr><td>Alaska Purchase (1867)</td><td>324</td></tr> +<tr><td>Alcohol</td><td>226</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ambassadors</td><td>345</td></tr> +<tr><td>America (Hymn)</td><td>357</td></tr> +<tr><td>American Morse Telegraph Alphabet</td><td>202</td></tr> +<tr><td>American Morse Telegraph Abbreviations</td><td>203</td></tr> +<tr><td>American Morse Telegraph Numerals</td><td>202</td></tr> +<tr><td>American Morse Telegraph Punctuations</td><td>202</td></tr> +<tr><td>American Morse Telegraph Signal</td><td>202</td></tr> +<tr><td>American Revolution. The (1775-1783)</td><td>325-328</td></tr> +<tr><td>Angling</td><td>109</td></tr> +<tr><td>Animals, Native, Wild</td><td>133</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Antelope</div></td><td>135</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Badger</div></td><td>140</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Bear, Black</div></td><td>142</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Beaver</div></td><td>136</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Cottontail</div></td><td>125</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Cougar or Panther</div></td><td>137</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Coyote</div></td><td>139</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Deer, Mule</div></td><td>134</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Deer, White Tailed</div></td><td>134</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Elk or Wapiti</div></td><td>133</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Fox</div></td><td>138</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Goat, Mountain</div></td><td>135</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Mink</div></td><td>140</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Moose</div></td><td>135</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Muskrat</div></td><td>136</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Opossum</div></td><td>141</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Otter</div></td><td>139</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Panther or Cougar</div></td><td>137</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Rabbit, Cottontail</div></td><td>137</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Rabbit, Jack or Black Tailed</div></td><td>137</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Raccoon</div></td><td>141</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Squirrel, Gray</div></td><td>141</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Skunk</div></td><td>140</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Weasel</div></td><td>139</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Wild Cat or Bob Cat</div></td><td>138</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Wolf. Gray</div></td><td>138</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Woodchuck</div></td><td>136</td></tr> +<tr><td>Annapolis, Md., Naval Academy</td><td>344</td></tr> +<tr><td>Apoplexy and Injury to Brain</td><td>270</td></tr> +<tr><td>Aquarium, Home</td><td>109</td></tr> +<tr><td>Aquarium Fish Food</td><td>111</td></tr> +<tr><td>Aquarium Fish Nets</td><td>110</td></tr> +<tr><td>Aquarium, Starting the</td><td>110</td></tr> +<tr><td>Archery</td><td>255</td></tr> +<tr><td>Arm Carry</td><td>240, 276</td></tr> +<tr><td>Army of the United States</td><td>342</td></tr> +<tr><td>Articles of Confederation (1781)</td><td>325</td></tr> +<tr><td>A Story of the Trail</td><td>192-197</td></tr> +<tr><td>Athletic Standards, Outdoor</td><td>320</td></tr> +<tr><td>Axes</td><td>360</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 1255px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>B +<br> +</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Badges of Rank</td><td>44</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Chief Scout</div></td><td>45</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Chief Scout Camp Master</div></td><td>46</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Chief Scout Citizen</div></td><td>46</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Chief Scout Director of Athletics</div></td><td>46</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Chief Scout Director of Chivalry</div></td><td>46</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Chief Scout Director of Health</div></td><td>45</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Chief Scout Stalker</div></td><td>45</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Chief Scout Surgeon</div></td><td>45</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Chief Scout Surveyor</div></td><td>45</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Chief Scout Woodsman</div></td><td>45</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Scout Master</div></td><td>45</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Service Stripes</div></td><td>45</td></tr> +<tr><td>Back Strangle</td><td>284</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bandanna</td><td>360</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bathing Rules</td><td>156</td></tr> +<tr><td>Baths</td><td>224</td></tr> +<tr><td>Battleship Maine (1898)</td><td>338</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bed. The Camp</td><td>147</td></tr> +<tr><td>Beetles and Wasps</td><td>105</td></tr> +<tr><td>Belts</td><td>360</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bird Box</td><td>92</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bird Craft</td><td>85-94</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bird Blind</td><td>89</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bird Lists</td><td>87</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bird Lunch Counter</td><td>92</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bird Patrol Man</td><td>94</td></tr> +<tr><td>Birds, Caring For</td><td>91</td></tr> +<tr><td>Birds, How to Photograph</td><td>89</td></tr> +<tr><td>Birds, Knowing the</td><td>85-90</td></tr> +<tr><td>Birds, Nesting Season</td><td>88</td></tr> +<tr><td>Birds, Protecting the</td><td>92</td></tr> +<tr><td>Birth of New States. The</td><td>331</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bites and Stings</td><td>274</td></tr> +<tr><td>Books for Reference</td><td>369-391</td></tr> +<tr><td>Boy Scout Equipment</td><td>359-369</td></tr> +<tr><td>Boy Scout Organization, The</td><td>10</td></tr> +<tr><td>Breeches</td><td>360</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bruises</td><td>264</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bugle</td><td>361</td></tr> +<tr><td>Building a Lot Cabin</td><td>59</td></tr> +<tr><td>Burns and Scalds</td><td>273</td></tr> +<tr><td>Butterflies</td><td>101</td></tr> +<tr><td>Butterfly Weed</td><td>119</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 1494px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>C +<br> +</td><td>PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cabinet, President's</td><td>341</td></tr> +<tr><td>Campcraft</td><td>145-186</td></tr> +<tr><td>Camera Snap Shots</td><td>148</td></tr> +<tr><td>Camp Fire, The</td><td>160</td></tr> +<tr><td>Camp Fire Building</td><td>158</td></tr> +<tr><td>Camp Fire Fireplace</td><td>149</td></tr> +<tr><td>Camp Fire Story Telling</td><td>161</td></tr> +<tr><td>Camp Fire Stunts</td><td>161</td></tr> +<tr><td>Camp Lamp</td><td>148</td></tr> +<tr><td>Camp Site</td><td>147</td></tr> +<tr><td>{396}</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>Canoeing, Rowing and Sailing</td><td>173-184</td></tr> +<tr><td>Clear Weather Signs</td><td>157</td></tr> +<tr><td>Clouds as Weather Signs</td><td>156</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cooking Receipts</td><td>149-152</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Bacon</div></td><td>150</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Cocoa</div></td><td>151</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Coffee</div></td><td>151</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Eggs - Boiled, fried, scrambled, poached</div></td><td>151</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Fish, baked</div></td><td>150</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Frog Legs</div></td><td>150</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Griddle Cakes</div></td><td>149</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Potatoes, Roast</div></td><td>150</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Salmon on Toast</div></td><td>150</td></tr> +<tr><td>Camp Knives</td><td>361</td></tr> +<tr><td>Carrying Injured</td><td>277</td></tr> +<tr><td>Canteen</td><td>361</td></tr> +<tr><td>Census of United States (1790-1820) +<br> +taken every ten years</td><td>332</td></tr> +<tr><td>Chair Carry</td><td>275</td></tr> +<tr><td>Challenge of the Present</td><td>243</td></tr> +<tr><td>Character</td><td>245</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cheerfulness</td><td>244</td></tr> +<tr><td>Chief Scout and Staff</td><td>11</td></tr> +<tr><td>Chills</td><td>277</td></tr> +<tr><td>Chivalry</td><td>237-254</td></tr> +<tr><td>Citizenship</td><td>349</td></tr> +<tr><td>Civil Service, United Stales. State and City</td><td>344</td></tr> +<tr><td>Civil War, The (1861-1865)</td><td>334</td></tr> +<tr><td>Clothing on Fire - How to Put Out</td><td>256</td></tr> +<tr><td>Coats</td><td>361</td></tr> +<tr><td>Coffee</td><td>226</td></tr> +<tr><td>Compass</td><td>362</td></tr> +<tr><td>Confederacy, Southern (1861)</td><td>335</td></tr> +<tr><td>Congress</td><td>341</td></tr> +<tr><td>Conservation</td><td>232</td></tr> +<tr><td>Constipation</td><td>226</td></tr> +<tr><td>Constitution of the United States (1789)</td><td>325</td></tr> +<tr><td>Consuls</td><td>345</td></tr> +<tr><td>County Court House</td><td>348</td></tr> +<tr><td>Courage</td><td>248</td></tr> +<tr><td>Courts of the United States</td><td>342</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cramps or Stomach Ache</td><td>276</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cuba (1898)</td><td>338</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> + +<table style="width: 100%; height: 417px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>D</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>"Death Grips"--How to Break</td><td>282</td></tr> +<tr><td>Declaration of Independence (1776)</td><td>327</td></tr> +<tr><td>Digestion</td><td>225</td></tr> +<tr><td>Directions for Ordering</td><td>360</td></tr> +<tr><td>Dish Washing</td><td>152</td></tr> +<tr><td>Dislocation</td><td>265</td></tr> +<tr><td>Diving for Lost Objects</td><td>285</td></tr> +<tr><td>Diving from the Surface</td><td>284</td></tr> +<tr><td>Drawing Tracks</td><td>196</td></tr> +<tr><td>Drinking Cup</td><td>362</td></tr> +<tr><td>Drowning</td><td>258</td></tr> +<tr><td>Drum</td><td>362</td></tr> +<tr><td>Dutch in New York</td><td>325</td></tr> +<tr><td>Duty to God</td><td>249</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 483px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>E</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ear Ache</td><td>275</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ears, Care of</td><td>229</td></tr> +<tr><td>Eating</td><td>225</td></tr> +<tr><td>Electric Accidents</td><td>258</td></tr> +<tr><td>Electric Shocks, What to do</td><td>259</td></tr> +<tr><td>Emancipation Proclamation (1862)</td><td>337</td></tr> +<tr><td>Emergencies, First Aid For</td><td>273</td></tr> +<tr><td>English Settlements (1607) (1620)</td><td>325</td></tr> +<tr><td>Equipment</td><td>359-369</td></tr> +<tr><td>Evacuation Day (1783)</td><td>326</td></tr> +<tr><td>Exercise, Setting-Up</td><td>188-191</td></tr> +<tr><td>Exercises. Outdoor</td><td>223</td></tr> +<tr><td>Eye Bandage</td><td>274</td></tr> +<tr><td>Eyes--Care of</td><td>226</td></tr> +<tr><td>Eye--Inflammation of</td><td>276</td></tr> +<tr><td>Eye--Something in the</td><td>273</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 1403px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>F</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fainting</td><td>270</td></tr> +<tr><td>Farragut, Admiral--Life Story</td><td>329</td></tr> +<tr><td>Feet, Care of</td><td>230</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ferns</td><td>117</td></tr> +<tr><td>Finding your latitude by the Stars</td><td>57</td></tr> +<tr><td>Finger Nails, Care of</td><td>230</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fire by Rubbing Sticks. How to Make</td><td>70</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fire, Building the</td><td>158</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fireman's Lift</td><td>278</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fires</td><td>255</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fires. How to Put Out--What to Do</td><td>255</td></tr> +<tr><td>First Aid and Life Saving</td><td>255-290</td></tr> +<tr><td>First Aid</td><td>251</td></tr> +<tr><td>First Aid Kit</td><td>362</td></tr> +<tr><td>First Class Scout</td><td>17</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fitness</td><td>219</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fits</td><td>272</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fishes</td><td>105-109</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 20px;">Classes of</div></td><td>106</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Identification of Specimens</div></td><td>108</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Bass, Black--large mouth</div></td><td>107</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Catfish, Speckled</div></td><td>106</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Herring, River or Alewife</div></td><td>107</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Killifish. Tip minnow</div></td><td>108</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Perch, Yellow</div></td><td>107</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Pickerel, Common Pike</div></td><td>106</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Salmon, Chinook</div></td><td>106</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Sturgeon, The Atlantic</div></td><td>107</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Sucker, Common White</div></td><td>108</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Trout, Brook or Speckled</div></td><td>106</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Whitefish, Common</div></td><td>106</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Marine</div></td><td>107</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Migratory</div></td><td>106</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Studying</div></td><td>107</td></tr> +<tr><td>Flag Day--June 14th</td><td>340</td></tr> +<tr><td>Flag. The History of American (1777)</td><td>337</td></tr> +<tr><td>Flag Rules Observed</td><td>341</td></tr> +<tr><td>Floating</td><td>280</td></tr> +<tr><td>Florida and Texas</td><td>333</td></tr> +<tr><td>Florida Purchase (1819)</td><td>324</td></tr> +<tr><td>Foreign Service</td><td>345</td></tr> +<tr><td>Forest Fires</td><td>159</td></tr> +<tr><td>Forks</td><td>361</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fort Sumter (1861)</td><td>335</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fractures, Compound</td><td>264</td></tr> +<tr><td>Franklin. Benjamin</td><td>327</td></tr> +<tr><td>Freezing</td><td>272</td></tr> +<tr><td>French and Indian Wars, (1763)</td><td>335</td></tr> +<tr><td>Frost Bite</td><td>272</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 59px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>G</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Gadsend Purchase (1853)</td><td>324</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 1851px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>Games</td><td>291</td></tr> +<tr><td>Arctic Expedition</td><td>314</td></tr> +<tr><td>Badger Pulling</td><td>303</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bear Hunt</td><td>293</td></tr> +<tr><td>Canoe Tag</td><td>297</td></tr> +<tr><td>Chalk the Arrow</td><td>312</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cock Fighting</td><td>302</td></tr> +<tr><td>Deer Hunting</td><td>291</td></tr> +<tr><td>Dodge Ball</td><td>312</td></tr> +<tr><td>Dragging Race</td><td>351</td></tr> +<tr><td>{397}</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>Duck-on-a-rock</td><td>304</td></tr> +<tr><td>Far and Near</td><td>315</td></tr> +<tr><td>Far Sight</td><td>299</td></tr> +<tr><td>Feather Football or Feather Blow</td><td>302</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fire Lighting Race</td><td>315</td></tr> +<tr><td>Flag Raiding</td><td>305</td></tr> +<tr><td>Follow My Leader</td><td>315</td></tr> +<tr><td>Follow the Trail</td><td>310</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hand Wrestling</td><td>303</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hare and Hound</td><td>312</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hat Ball</td><td>303</td></tr> +<tr><td>Horse and Rider Tourney</td><td>318</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hostile Spy</td><td>300</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hunt the Coon</td><td>301</td></tr> +<tr><td>Kim's Game</td><td>311</td></tr> +<tr><td>Knight Errantry</td><td>316</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lion Hunting</td><td>305</td></tr> +<tr><td>Man-Hunt, The</td><td>301</td></tr> +<tr><td>Morgan's Game</td><td>311</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mountain Scouting</td><td>316</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mumbly Peg</td><td>318</td></tr> +<tr><td>Navajo Feather Dance</td><td>302</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pathfinding, Games in</td><td>316</td></tr> +<tr><td>Plant Race</td><td>305</td></tr> +<tr><td>Poison</td><td>303</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pole-star</td><td>299</td></tr> +<tr><td>Prisoner's Base</td><td>313</td></tr> +<tr><td>Quick Sight, The Game of</td><td>298</td></tr> +<tr><td>Rabbit Hunt</td><td>300</td></tr> +<tr><td>Relay Race</td><td>308</td></tr> +<tr><td>Roadside Cribbage</td><td>304</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scouting</td><td>298</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scout Hunting</td><td>308</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scout Meets Scout</td><td>310</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scout's Nose (Indoors)</td><td>310</td></tr> +<tr><td>Shop Window (Indoors in Town)</td><td>309</td></tr> +<tr><td>Shop Window (Outdoors in Town)</td><td>309</td></tr> +<tr><td>Shoot Out</td><td>311</td></tr> +<tr><td>Siberian Man Hunt</td><td>312</td></tr> +<tr><td>Smugglers on the Border</td><td>309</td></tr> +<tr><td>Snow Fort</td><td>311</td></tr> +<tr><td>Spear Fights</td><td>302</td></tr> +<tr><td>Spearing the Great Sturgeon</td><td>295</td></tr> +<tr><td>Spider and Fly</td><td>307</td></tr> +<tr><td>Spot the Rabbit or Far Sight</td><td>299</td></tr> +<tr><td>Spot the Thief</td><td>308</td></tr> +<tr><td>Stalking</td><td>307</td></tr> +<tr><td>Stalking and Reporting</td><td>307</td></tr> +<tr><td>Throwing the Assegai</td><td>305</td></tr> +<tr><td>Throwing the Spear</td><td>313</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tilting in the Water</td><td>296</td></tr> +<tr><td>Track Memory</td><td>308</td></tr> +<tr><td>Treasure Hunt, The</td><td>317</td></tr> +<tr><td>Treasure Island</td><td>318</td></tr> +<tr><td>Unprepared Plays</td><td>316</td></tr> +<tr><td>Will-o-the-Wisp</td><td>317</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 236px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td> +<br> +</td> +<td style="vertical-align: top;">Page +<br> +</td></tr> +<tr><td>Gas Accidents</td><td>259</td></tr> +<tr><td>Gas Poisoning, What to Do</td><td>260</td></tr> +<tr><td>General Hints</td><td>155</td></tr> +<tr><td>Grant, Ulysses S.</td><td>335</td></tr> +<tr><td>Grasses</td><td>117</td></tr> +<tr><td>Growth</td><td>223</td></tr> +<tr><td>Guam Acquired (1808)</td><td>324</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 508px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>H</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hancock, John</td><td>327</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hand or Flag Signals</td><td>209</td></tr> +<tr><td>Handy Articles in Camp</td><td>148</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hats</td><td>362</td></tr> +<tr><td>Haversack</td><td>363</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hawaii Annexed (1898)</td><td>324</td></tr> +<tr><td>Head Bandage</td><td>266</td></tr> +<tr><td>Health and Endurance</td><td>219-236</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hiccough</td><td>276</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hiking and Over Night Camps</td><td>145</td></tr> +<tr><td>Honor Medals</td><td>44</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hospital Corps Pouch</td><td>363</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hot Stone Wrinkle</td><td>148</td></tr> +<tr><td>How the Great Spirit was Found</td><td>161</td></tr> +<tr><td>How to Become a Boy Scout</td><td>11</td></tr> +<tr><td>How to Get Your Bearings</td><td>157</td></tr> +<tr><td>How to Make Pictures of Tracks</td><td>194</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> + +<table style="width: 100%; height: 311px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>I +</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ice Rescue</td><td>258</td></tr> +<tr><td>Indian Bathing Precaution</td><td>156</td></tr> +<tr><td>Indian Signs and Blazes</td><td>209</td></tr> +<tr><td>Individuality</td><td>247</td></tr> +<tr><td>Injuries Due to Heat or Cold</td><td>273</td></tr> +<tr><td>Injuries When Skin is Broken</td><td>265</td></tr> +<tr><td>Injuries When Skin is Not Broken</td><td>262</td></tr> +<tr><td>Insects and Butterflies</td><td>101-105</td></tr> +<tr><td>Insects, Other</td><td>104</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ivy Poisoning</td><td>247</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 701px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>K</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Key. Francis Scott, Author</td><td>330</td></tr> +<tr><td>Knickerbockers</td><td>363</td></tr> +<tr><td>Knighthood, Ancient</td><td>237</td></tr> +<tr><td>Knighthood, Modern</td><td>240</td></tr> +<tr><td>Knives</td><td>363</td></tr> +<tr><td>Knots Every Scout Should Know</td><td>48-52</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Becket Hitch</div></td><td>51</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Blackwall Hitch</div></td><td>51</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Bowline</div></td><td>50</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Carrick Bend</div></td><td>52</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Clove Hitch</div></td><td>51</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Fisherman's Bend</div></td><td>51</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Fisherman's Knot</div></td><td>52</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">False Reef or Granny</div></td><td>50</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Figure of Eight Knot</div></td><td>49</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Halter, Slip or Running Knot</div></td><td>50</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Overhand Knot. The</div></td><td>49</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Sheet Bend or Weaver's Knot</div></td><td>50</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Square or Reef Knot</div></td><td>50</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Sheepshank</div></td><td>50</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Timber Hitch</div></td><td>51</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Two Half Hitches</div></td><td>51</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Whipping a Rope</div></td><td>49</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 381px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>L</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Land Ordinances (1785) (1787)</td><td>334</td></tr> +<tr><td>Land Settlements</td><td>325</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lanyard</td><td>364</td></tr> +<tr><td>Leadership</td><td>152</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lean-to, The</td><td>146</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lee, Robert E</td><td>335</td></tr> +<tr><td>Leggings</td><td>364</td></tr> +<tr><td>Letter from Col. Theodore Roosevelt</td><td>353</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lexington and Concord (1775)</td><td>325</td></tr> +<tr><td>Life Buoys</td><td>287</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lincoln, Abraham</td><td>241, 335</td></tr> +<tr><td>Louisiana Purchase (1803)</td><td>323</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 676px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>M +<br> +</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mad Dog</td><td>260</td></tr> +<tr><td>Manners, Good</td><td>243</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mariner's Compass, The</td><td>52</td></tr> +<tr><td>Meadow Mouse</td><td>199</td></tr> +<tr><td>Measurement, Hand</td><td>368</td></tr> +<tr><td>Measuring Distances</td><td>64</td></tr> +<tr><td>Medical Examinations</td><td>224</td></tr> +<tr><td>Memorial Day--May 30th</td><td>341</td></tr> +<tr><td>Menu for Camp and Hike</td><td>152</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mess-Kits</td><td>364</td></tr> +<tr><td>{398}</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>Mexican Cession and Purchase from Texas (1848)</td><td>324</td></tr> +<tr><td>Military Academy West Point</td><td>343</td></tr> +<tr><td>Militia, Naval</td><td>344</td></tr> +<tr><td>Militia, State</td><td>308</td></tr> +<tr><td>Molusca--Shells and Shellfish</td><td>94-97</td></tr> +<tr><td>Moon, The</td><td>85</td></tr> +<tr><td>Moths</td><td>103</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mushrooms, Fungi or Toadstools</td><td>122</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mushrooms, Common</td><td>125</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mushrooms, Coprinus</td><td>125</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mushrooms, Delicious Morel</td><td>126</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mushrooms, Inky Coprinus</td><td>125</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mushrooms, Puff Balls</td><td>126</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 1772px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>Merit Badges</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Agriculture</td><td>24</td></tr> +<tr><td>Angling</td><td>24</td></tr> +<tr><td>Archery</td><td>24</td></tr> +<tr><td>Architecture</td><td>25</td></tr> +<tr><td>Art</td><td>25</td></tr> +<tr><td>Astronomy</td><td>25</td></tr> +<tr><td>Athletics</td><td>26</td></tr> +<tr><td>Automobiling</td><td>26</td></tr> +<tr><td>Aviation</td><td>26</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bee Farming</td><td>27</td></tr> +<tr><td>Blacksmithing</td><td>27</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bugling</td><td>27</td></tr> +<tr><td>Business</td><td>27</td></tr> +<tr><td>Camping</td><td>28</td></tr> +<tr><td>Carpentry</td><td>28</td></tr> +<tr><td>Chemistry</td><td>28</td></tr> +<tr><td>Civics</td><td>29</td></tr> +<tr><td>Conservation</td><td>30</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cooking</td><td>30</td></tr> +<tr><td>Craftsmanship</td><td>31</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cycling</td><td>31</td></tr> +<tr><td>Dairying</td><td>31</td></tr> +<tr><td>Eagle Scout</td><td>43</td></tr> +<tr><td>Electricity</td><td>32</td></tr> +<tr><td>Firemanship</td><td>32</td></tr> +<tr><td>First Aid</td><td>32</td></tr> +<tr><td>First Aid to Animals</td><td>33</td></tr> +<tr><td>Forestry</td><td>33</td></tr> +<tr><td>Gardening</td><td>34</td></tr> +<tr><td>Handicraft</td><td>34</td></tr> +<tr><td>Horsemanship</td><td>34</td></tr> +<tr><td>Interpreting</td><td>35</td></tr> +<tr><td>Invention</td><td>35</td></tr> +<tr><td>Leather Working</td><td>35</td></tr> +<tr><td>Life Saving</td><td>36</td></tr> +<tr><td>Life Scout</td><td>43</td></tr> +<tr><td>Machinery</td><td>36</td></tr> +<tr><td>Marksmanship</td><td>36</td></tr> +<tr><td>Masonry</td><td>36</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mining</td><td>37</td></tr> +<tr><td>Music</td><td>37</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ornithology</td><td>37</td></tr> +<tr><td>Painting</td><td>38</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pathfinding</td><td>38</td></tr> +<tr><td>Personal Health</td><td>39</td></tr> +<tr><td>Photography</td><td>39</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pioneering</td><td>39</td></tr> +<tr><td>Plumbing</td><td>40</td></tr> +<tr><td>Poultry Farming</td><td>40</td></tr> +<tr><td>Printing</td><td>40</td></tr> +<tr><td>Public Health</td><td>40</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scholarship</td><td>41</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sculpture</td><td>41</td></tr> +<tr><td>Seamanship</td><td>41</td></tr> +<tr><td>Signalling</td><td>42</td></tr> +<tr><td>Stalking</td><td>42</td></tr> +<tr><td>Star Scout</td><td>43</td></tr> +<tr><td>Surveying</td><td>42</td></tr> +<tr><td>Swimming</td><td>42</td></tr> +<tr><td>Taxidermy</td><td>43</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 312px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>N</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Naval Enlistment</td><td>343</td></tr> +<tr><td>Naval Academy</td><td>344</td></tr> +<tr><td>Navy of United States</td><td>343</td></tr> +<tr><td>Neckerchief</td><td>360</td></tr> +<tr><td>Neck Grip</td><td>283</td></tr> +<tr><td>New States (1845-1861)</td><td>333</td></tr> +<tr><td>Norfolk Coat</td><td>362</td></tr> +<tr><td>"Northwest Territory"</td><td>335</td></tr> +<tr><td>Nose Bleed</td><td>274</td></tr> +<tr><td>Nose, Care of</td><td>229</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 202px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>O</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Observation, Practice</td><td>148</td></tr> +<tr><td>Open Outing Tent</td><td>170-173</td></tr> +<tr><td>Order of Business--Camp</td><td>153</td></tr> +<tr><td>Oregon Territory Acquired (1846)</td><td>324</td></tr> +<tr><td>Original Territory (1783)</td><td>323</td></tr> +<tr><td>Orion</td><td>83</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 816px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>P</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pain</td><td>224</td></tr> +<tr><td>Panics, Prevention of</td><td>255</td></tr> +<tr><td>Patriotism and Citizenship</td><td>323-356</td></tr> +<tr><td>Patrol Flags</td><td>364</td></tr> +<tr><td>Patrol Signs</td><td>19</td></tr> +<tr><td>Patrol Work</td><td>83</td></tr> +<tr><td>Peace</td><td>339</td></tr> +<tr><td>Peace Treaty (1783)</td><td>291-292</td></tr> +<tr><td>Philippine Islands Acquired (1898)</td><td>324</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pilgrim Fathers</td><td>238, 325</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pine Island Acquired (1898)</td><td>324</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pioneers. American</td><td>239</td></tr> +<tr><td>Plants, Ferns and Grasses</td><td>117-122</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pleiades</td><td>84</td></tr> +<tr><td>Poisoning</td><td>272</td></tr> +<tr><td>Poison Ivy</td><td>119</td></tr> +<tr><td>Politics</td><td>347</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ponchos</td><td>364</td></tr> +<tr><td>Porto Rico Acquired (1898)</td><td>324</td></tr> +<tr><td>Practical Citizenship</td><td>353</td></tr> +<tr><td>President--Term of Office, Salary, etc.</td><td>341</td></tr> +<tr><td>Program, Scout Camp</td><td>153</td></tr> +<tr><td>Proper Carriage</td><td>219</td></tr> +<tr><td>Property-- Real. Personal-- +<br> + Relationship to Government</td><td>348</td></tr> +<tr><td>Public Domain</td><td>322</td></tr> +<tr><td>Purchase from Texas (1850)</td><td>324</td></tr> +<tr><td>Puttees</td><td>364</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 701px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>R</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Rains, Signs of</td><td>156</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ration List</td><td>152</td></tr> +<tr><td>Register of Deeds</td><td>347</td></tr> +<tr><td>Religion, Boy Scouts</td><td>250</td></tr> +<tr><td>Rememberable Morse or Re-Morse Alphabet</td><td>203</td></tr> +<tr><td>Reptiles</td><td>97-101</td></tr> +<tr><td>Rescue from Shore or Boat</td><td>284</td></tr> +<tr><td>Restoring Breathing</td><td>286</td></tr> +<tr><td>Rocks and Pebbles</td><td>111-117</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Rocks, Stratified</div></td><td>112</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Rocks, Quartz vein</div></td><td>113</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Fossill, Shells</div></td><td>116</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Pudding-Stone</div></td><td>116</td></tr> +<tr><td>Row Boats</td><td>180</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Coming Alongside</div></td><td>181</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Feathering</div></td><td>180</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Going Ashore</div></td><td>181</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Keeping Ashore</div></td><td>181</td></tr> +<tr><td>{399}</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Rowing</div></td><td>181</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Sculling</div></td><td>181</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Steering</div></td><td>181</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Salute, The</div></td><td>181</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Turning. The</div></td><td>180</td></tr> +<tr><td>Runaway Horse</td><td>260</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 1711px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>S</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sailing Small Boats</td><td>182</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sailing Before Wind</td><td>183</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sailing Close to Wind</td><td>183</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sailing, Direction of Wind</td><td>182</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sailing--Flying the Flag</td><td>184</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sailing--Reefing</td><td>183</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sailing--Right of Way</td><td>184</td></tr> +<tr><td>Samoan Islands Acquired (1899)</td><td>324</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sanitation</td><td>154</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scout Badge, The</td><td>12</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scout Law, The</td><td>14</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scout Motto, The</td><td>12</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scout Oath, The</td><td>14</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scout Salute, The</td><td>14</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scout Sign, The</td><td>14</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scout Virtues</td><td>8</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scout Master, The</td><td>153</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scouts Pledged to the Flag</td><td>341</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scout Staff and its Uses</td><td>365</td></tr> +<tr><td>Secession of States</td><td>335</td></tr> +<tr><td>Second Class Scout</td><td>17</td></tr> +<tr><td>Secrets of the Woods</td><td>199</td></tr> +<tr><td>Semaphore Signal Code</td><td>206</td></tr> +<tr><td>Shells and Shell Fish</td><td>94-97</td></tr> +<tr><td>Shelter Tents</td><td>364</td></tr> +<tr><td>Shirts</td><td>364</td></tr> +<tr><td>Shock--What to do in Case of</td><td>261</td></tr> +<tr><td>Shoes</td><td>365</td></tr> +<tr><td>Signal Flags</td><td>365</td></tr> +<tr><td>Signalling by Flag or Torch</td><td>305</td></tr> +<tr><td>Slavery</td><td>335</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sleep</td><td>231</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sleeping out of doors</td><td>232</td></tr> +<tr><td>Snake Bites</td><td>237</td></tr> +<tr><td>Snakes, Water Moccasin</td><td>101</td></tr> +<tr><td>Southern Confederacy formed (1861)</td><td>335</td></tr> +<tr><td>Spanish American War, The (1898)</td><td>338</td></tr> +<tr><td>Spanish and French</td><td>325</td></tr> +<tr><td>Speaker, House of Representatives</td><td>341</td></tr> +<tr><td>Special Service by Boy Scouts</td><td>109</td></tr> +<tr><td>Splints and Sling for Arm</td><td>264</td></tr> +<tr><td>Splints for Broken Leg</td><td>263</td></tr> +<tr><td>Splints for Broken Thigh</td><td>262</td></tr> +<tr><td>Spoons</td><td>361</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sports</td><td>364</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sprains</td><td>264</td></tr> +<tr><td>Staff</td><td>365</td></tr> +<tr><td>Star Spangled Banner, The (1815)</td><td>330</td></tr> +<tr><td>Star Spangled Banner, Hymn</td><td>358</td></tr> +<tr><td>Stars, The</td><td>81</td></tr> +<tr><td>State Government</td><td>346</td></tr> +<tr><td>Stockings</td><td>66</td></tr> +<tr><td>Stomach Ache</td><td>276</td></tr> +<tr><td>Stretcher Improvised</td><td>277</td></tr> +<tr><td>Struggle for Freedom</td><td>238</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sunburn</td><td>274</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sun Dial or Hunter's Clock</td><td>53</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sun Stroke and Heat Exhaustion</td><td>274</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sweaters</td><td>361</td></tr> +<tr><td>Swedes in Delaware</td><td>325</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 1571px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>T</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Taxes</td><td>349</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tea</td><td>226</td></tr> +<tr><td>Teeth</td><td>227</td></tr> +<tr><td>Telegraph Instruments</td><td>366</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tenderfoot</td><td>16</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tent Making Made Easy</td><td>164-170</td></tr> +<tr><td>Texas Annexed</td><td>324</td></tr> +<tr><td>Three Classes of Scouts, The</td><td>16</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thrift</td><td>246</td></tr> +<tr><td>Throat</td><td>229</td></tr> +<tr><td>Toadstools</td><td>122</td></tr> +<tr><td>Toadstools, Deadly Cup</td><td>123</td></tr> +<tr><td>Toadstools, Deadly Amanita</td><td>123</td></tr> +<tr><td>Toadstools, Destroying Angel</td><td>123</td></tr> +<tr><td>Toadstools, Fly Amanita</td><td>124</td></tr> +<tr><td>Toadstools, Hated Amanita</td><td>124</td></tr> +<tr><td>Toadstools, Poisonous</td><td>123</td></tr> +<tr><td>Toadstools, Sure Death</td><td>123</td></tr> +<tr><td>Toadstools, Wholesome</td><td>125</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tobacco</td><td>226</td></tr> +<tr><td>Toothache</td><td>275</td></tr> +<tr><td>Torniquet to Upper Arm</td><td>269</td></tr> +<tr><td>Towns, Villages and Cities</td><td>347</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tracking Irons</td><td>367</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tracks, Tracking and Signaling</td><td>187-218</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">The Coon that Showed How</div></td><td>194</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Tracking</div></td><td>188</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Tracking, How to Learn</div></td><td>190</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Tracking, When to Learn</div></td><td>190</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Trying It on the Cat</div></td><td>196</td></tr> +<tr><td>Treatment After Respiration Begins</td><td>287</td></tr> +<tr><td>Trees, Common North American</td><td>127-133</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Ash, White</div></td><td>132</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Beech</div></td><td>130</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Birch, Black. Sweet or Mahogany</div></td><td>129</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Birch, Common or Aspen Leaved</div></td><td>129</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Butternut or White Walnut</div></td><td>129</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Cedar, Red</div></td><td>128</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Chestnut</div></td><td>130</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Cottonwood</div></td><td>128</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Elm, White or Swamp</div></td><td>131</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Hemlock</div></td><td>128</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Hickory, White</div></td><td>128</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Locust, Black or Yellow</div></td><td>132</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Maple, Red, Scarlet. Water or Swamp</div></td><td>132</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Oak, Red</div></td><td>130</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Oak, White</div></td><td>131</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Pine, White</div></td><td>127</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Shagbark, or White Hickory</div></td><td>128</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Sycamore, Plane Tree, Buttonball or Buttonwood</div></td><td>131</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Walnut, Black</div></td><td>129</td></tr> +<tr><td><div style="margin-left: 40px;">Walnut, White or Butternut</div></td><td>129</td></tr> +<tr><td>Troop Colors</td><td>367</td></tr> +<tr><td>Trousers</td><td>367</td></tr> +<tr><td>Twelve Points of the Scout Law, The</td><td>10</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 66px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>U</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Unconsciousness</td><td>270</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 92px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>V</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Valley Forge</td><td>328</td></tr> +<tr><td>Vice-President--President of Senate</td><td>341</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 1035px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>W</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>War of 1812</td><td>329</td></tr> +<tr><td>Washington, D. C</td><td>342</td></tr> +<tr><td>Washington, George</td><td>325</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wasps</td><td>105</td></tr> +<tr><td>Watch</td><td>367</td></tr> +<tr><td>Watch for a Compass</td><td>57</td></tr> +<tr><td>Water Accidents</td><td>279-288</td></tr> +<tr><td>Water Bottle</td><td>367</td></tr> +<tr><td>Water Hints</td><td>155</td></tr> +<tr><td>{400}</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>Waterproofing a Tent</td><td>170</td></tr> +<tr><td>Water Supply</td><td>154</td></tr> +<tr><td>Waves</td><td>179</td></tr> +<tr><td>Weather Flags</td><td>157</td></tr> +<tr><td>West Point Military Academy</td><td>343</td></tr> +<tr><td>What One Boy Did</td><td>90</td></tr> +<tr><td>What Scouting Means</td><td>3</td></tr> +<tr><td>What to do When Lost in the Woods</td><td>67</td></tr> +<tr><td>Whistles</td><td>367</td></tr> +<tr><td>Whistle Signs</td><td>208</td></tr> +<tr><td>White House</td><td>341</td></tr> +<tr><td>White Pine</td><td>119</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wig-Wag or Myer Code</td><td>204</td></tr> +<tr><td>Will</td><td>246</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wind, How to Tell Direction of</td><td>157</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wireless Telegraphy</td><td>210</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wireless Abbreviations</td><td>205</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wireless Signs</td><td>204</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wireless Numbers</td><td>204</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wireless Receiving Set</td><td>211</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wireless Sending Set</td><td>213</td></tr> +<tr><td>Woodcraft</td><td>57-145</td></tr> +<tr><td>Woodlore</td><td>57-85</td></tr> +<tr><td>Work not Luck</td><td>251</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wounds Without Severe Bleeding</td><td>267</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wounds With Severe Bleeding</td><td>267</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wrist Grip</td><td>282</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<table style="width: 100%; height: 61px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody> +<tr><td>Y</td><td>Page</td></tr> +<tr><td>Yorktown, Va. (1781)</td><td>328</td></tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS. GARDEN CITY. +N. Y.</span> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +[Transcriber's Note: The following pages are advertisements.] +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{401} +<br> +<br> +Do You Know This Manual From Cover To Cover? +<br> +<br> +Well, here is another rule for you to memorize: +<br> +<br> +"Whenever Hungry Eat Peter's Chocolate" +<br> +<p> +Alpine climbers, hunters, campers, and woodsmen of all descriptions +consider Peter's Chocolate the regulation food for camp or trail. +</p> +<p> +It is absolutely the most sustaining; has the most delicious taste +that always makes you want more, and does not create thirst. +</p> +<p> +Don't you go camping this summer without a liberal supply. You can get +the nut chocolate or the plain chocolate as you prefer, but be sure to +ask for Peter's, the Original Milk Chocolate. +</p> +<br> +Peter's comes in several varieties: +<br> +<br> +Peter's Milk Chocolate +<br> +<br> +Peter's Milk Chocolate Croquettes +<br> +<br> +Peter's Almond Milk Chocolate +<br> +<br> +Peter's Milk Chocolate with Roasted Hazelnuts +<br> +<br> +Peter's Bon-Bons +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{402} +<br> +World Famous "SCOUTS" +<br> +<br> +Now on Sale! +<br> +<p> +Now's your chance to get the "Boy +Scout" Shoe, boys--that world famous shoe +about which you have read so much in the +magazines. It's making just as big a hit in +this town as it has made in the big cities. +Boys are "wild" about them--say they +never saw anything like them for baseball, +running, jumping, and all outdoor sports. +</p> +<br> +The "Boy Scout" Shoe +<br> +<p> +Toughest, lightest, most sensible, +everyday shoe made. Uppers are soft as +gloves. Soles wear two to three times as +long as ordinary soles. No linings. Coolest +and most healthful boy's shoe ever +invented. +</p> +<br> +COLORS +<br> +Olive, Tan and Black +<br> +<p> +Tell your pa that "Boy Scouts" outwear +two to three pairs of ordinary shoes. +</p> +<br> +Good-Luck Charm FREE +<br> +with each pair of genuine BOY SCOUT SHOES +<br> +<br> +Write us direct if your dealer does not +<br> +handle them and we will forward booklet +<br> +immediately. +<br> +<br> +The Excelsior Shoe Co., Portsmouth, Ohio +<br> +<br> +Little Boys', size 10 to 13-1/2; $2.00 +<br> +Boys', size 1 to 5-1/2, $2.50 +<br> +Big Boys' and Men's, size 6-10, $3.00 +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 620px; height: 1015px;" alt="" +src="images/p0402pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{403} +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 620px; height: 1015px;" alt="" +src="images/p0403pic.jpg"> +<br> +<p> +In conjunction with the Boy SCOUTS OF AMERICA we have published a book +called "Boy Scouts." The text of the book is written by Mr. J. L. +Alexander and the illustrations are by Gordon Grant. It is the only +illustrated book of the Boy Scouts. We have made arrangements with the +National Headquarters of the Boy Scouts of America to allow a +commission of two cents to any patrol on each book sold for ten cents +by the members of that patrol. We will send express collect, to the +Scoutmaster any number of these books which he thinks can be disposed +of within thirty days by the boys under him. At the end of that time +he is to send us eight cents for each book sold and return the +remaining books. +</p> +<p> +If a local organization is in need of funds to purchase pictures, +furniture, uniforms or anything else needful for its rooms or +activities, this affords an excellent opportunity for the boys to earn +part or all of the necessary amount. +</p> +<p> +This book, "BOY Scouts," will be sent anywhere for ten cents in stamps +or coin by +</p> +<br> +Minute Tapioca Co., Orange, Mass. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{404} +<br> +<br> +<p> +The Soft, Sure Silent Step of the Indian, the trapper and the guide is +yours in the city as well as on the trail, if you will simply attach +O'Sullivan's Heels of New Live Rubber to your ordinary shoes. +</p> +<p> +As you carry home with you the high, wholesome ideas of the woods, so +also retain the noiseless tread of the true scout by always wearing +O'Sullivan Heels. +</p> +<p> +The best known men today are wearing these heels. They give that +quiet, springy tread which shows the strong, self-reliant man. +</p> +<p> +Put O'Sullivan's on all your shoes. 50 cents per pair attached. +</p> +<p> +We have a free booklet especially for you on the subject. +</p> +<br> +O'Sullivan Rubber Company +<br> +131 Hudson Street +<br> +New York +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{405} +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 533px; height: 253px;" alt="" +src="images/p0405pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +SCOUT'S AXE +<br> +<br> +<p> +The Official Axe of the Boy Scout +</p> +<p> +Furnished with a Sheath of Chrome Tanned Leather to carryon the belt. +</p> +<p> +Manufactured by the makers of the famous Plumb "Anchor Brand" tools. +</p> +<p> +Solid steel of special analysis, from head to cutting edge. Double +tempered, making a good keen edge, hard--yet tough. +</p> +<p> +Highest grade Hickory handles, with special Forest finish, which +blends with the colors of the woods. +</p> +<p> +The best axe that money can buy or skill produce. +</p> +<p> +For use in forest or camp it is the handiest tool in a woodsman's kit. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<br> +FAYETTE R. PLUMB, INC. +<br> +Philadelphia U. S. A. +St. Louis. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{406} +<br> +<br> +Scout Masters' Manual +<br> +<p> +A handbook especially prepared to aid the scout master in his work +with boys. +</p> +<p> +It is full of suggestions! +</p> +<p> +Programs for Scout Meetings; indoors and out, summer and winter; long +term camp, Scout games, etc. +</p> +<br> +Price 60 cent. postpaid +<br> +National Headquarters +<br> +200 Fifth Avenue +<br> +New York, N. Y. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +Give a Flood of Light +<br> +<p> +This 14-candle-power lamp projects a bright, white light 150 feet and +fulfils every lighting requirement for the camper, Hunter and Angler. +</p> +<p> +The Baldwin Camp Light is only 3-1/2 inches high and weighs but 5 +ounces. 25 cents worth of carbide gives fifty hours' light. Can be +hung up in the tent, fastened to bow of boat or worn on cap or belt, +leaving both hands free. +</p> +<p> +Sold by leading Hardware and Sporting Goods Dealers, or sent prepaid +upon receipt of regular price, $1.00 +</p> +<br> +John Simmons Company +<br> +22 Franklin Street +<br> +New York +<br> +<p> +Write for this interesting booklet, sent free if you mention your +dealer's name and address +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 300px; height: 494px;" alt="" +src="images/p0404pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +<br> +The Official Boys Scout Whistle +<br> +<br> +LOUD TONE Heavy Metal Gun Metal Finish +<br> +<p> +Secure from your dealer, or mailed on receipt of price and 2c extra +for postage. +</p> +<br> +BEHREND & ROTHSCHILD +<br> +Price 10 cents +<br> +355 Broadway +<br> +New York City +<br> +Strauss Bros. & Co., Sole Selling Agents +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 298px; height: 500px;" alt="" +src="images/p0404pic3.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{407} +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 557px; height: 302px;" alt="" +src="images/p0407pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<br> +Boy Scouts and ScoutMasters +<br> +<p> +The Hill & Loper Co., Danbury, Conn., are making a special hat for +you--a hat that's built for scouting--one that will hold its shape and +color and all the snap and dash that are put into it, in spite of +"wind and weather." It's made to supply the increasing demand for a +better Boy Scout Hat. It's made from Fine Fur Felt--from the same +stock and by the same skilled workmen that produce the Hill & Loper +Co.'s famous "HI-LO" Felt Hats which are sold to the most particular +trade all over the country. It's "Scout" style, through and through, +and built on the thorough, thoroughly honest principles that your +great organization stands for. It is approved by your National +Council, and you'll approve it as soon as you see it and try it on. +You can get one of these Boy Scout or Scout Master Hats from your +local dealer or from National Headquarters, Boy Scouts of America. Be +sure to look for the Scout Seal, stamped on the Sweat Leather. None +genuine without this seal. If there is no dealer in your locality send +your size and the regular price--$2.00 for "Boy Scout" or $2.50 for +"Scout Master" Hat, direct to +</p> +<br> +National Outfitter +<br> +SIGMUND EISNER +<br> +Red Bank, New Jersey +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{408} +<br> +<br> +BOY SCOUT SHOES +<br> +<p> +Joseph M. Herman & Co., of Boston, the world famous manufacturers of +Herman's U. S. Army Shoes, the kind the soldiers, sailors, marines and +militia wear, have created the moat comfortable and best wearing shoe +for boys that ever was known. It is made on the sensible orthopedic +last designed by army surgeons. The regular army stamp is on these +shoes and so is the official Boy Scout seal. Look for these marks when +buying. The genuine +</p> +<br> +U. S. Army--Boy Scout Shoe +<br> +<p> +is made of Shrewsbury leather with double sole of solid oak leather +reinforced so that it cannot break away. The upper has a cool lining +and is soft and pliable. This is not only the best shoe for wear that +a boy can put on but is handsome and snappy--one that any boy will be +proud to show to his friends. Be sure to mention your size when +ordering. +</p> +<br> +Price $2.50 +<br> +<br> +<br> +Official Seal +<br> +<br> +Bottom Stamp +<br> +Herman's US Army Shoe +<br> +For Boy Scouts of America +<br> +T. E. O'Donnell +<br> +Inspector +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 379px; height: 399px;" alt="" +src="images/p0408pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{409} +<br> +<br> +Bailey's +<br> +Boy Scout Underwear +<br> +Consisting of Knit Shirts +<br> +Drawers and Union Suits +<br> +<p> +Made in plain and open mesh effect cloth, in olive drab regulation +color, also in Egyptian and white. +</p> +<p> +Shirts made athletic style as shown in cut. +</p> +<p> +Drawers finished with strong ribbed cuffs that reach just below the +knee which insures comfort to wearer. +</p> +<br> +Union suits also made in athletic finish. +<br> +<br> +Sizes from 24 to 34. +<br> +<br> +PRICES +<br> +Athletic Shirts $.25 +<br> +Athletic Drawers .25 +<br> +Union Suits .50 +<br> +<p> +If you cannot get these goods from your dealer, advise us and we will +mail or express them to you prepaid on receipt of price. +</p> +<br> +THE BAILEY KNITTING MILLS +<br> +FORT PLAIN. N. Y. +<br> +<p> +N. B. Boy Scout Underwear suggested by Master Charles S. Bailey of +Troop 2, Boy Scouts of America, Fort Plain, N. Y. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 208px; height: 436px;" alt="" +src="images/p0409pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +Showing Use of Shirt as a Jersey +<br> +Ideal for Use in Camp. Color, Olive +<br> +Drab, Matching Uniform +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{410} +<br> +<br> +Official Equipments +<br> +'Tabloid' First-Aid +<br> +No. 709, for Patrol Leaders and Scout Masters $2.00 +<br> +No. 710, for Scouts $1.00 +<br> +<p> +Special discount on orders for 1/2 doz. or more when ordered through +the local organization. +</p> +<p> +Burroughs, Wellcome & Co. 35 West 33d Street New York City +</p> +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 292px; height: 244px;" alt="" +src="images/p0410pic1.jpg"> +<br> +No. 709. 'Tabloid' First-Aid +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<p> +Outfitters for Explorers, Campers, Prospectors, Hunters and Boy Scouts +Light Weight Water and Rot Proof Tents. Ask About Our Green Tents +</p> +<br> +ABERCROMBIE'S CAMP +<br> +TRADE MARK +<br> +<br> +Outing Clothes, Camp Outfits, Footwear +<br> +Canoes, Fishing Tackle, Guns and Ammunition +<br> +DAVID T. ABERCROMBIE CO., 311 Broadway, New York +<br> +American Agents. +<br> +NEWLAND, TARLTON & CO., Safari Outfitters. +<br> +Nairobi, B.E. Africa +<br> +<br> +Send for Illustrated Catalogue. Please Note Name and Address +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{411} +<br> +<br> +Knives Recommended by Committee on Equipment of Boy Scouts of America +<br> +Ask your hardware dealer for these knives +<br> +Made to cut and stay sharp +<br> +Two Blades, Ebony Handle, "Easy Opener," +<br> +Brass Lined, and German Silver Bolsters +<br> +Price 50 cents +<br> +<br> +Made to cut and stay sharp. +<br> +Stag Handle, Large Blade, Screwdriver, +<br> +Leather Punch, Can Opener, Brass Lining, +<br> +German Silver Bolsters +<br> +Price $1.00 +<br> +New York Knife Co. +<br> +226 Fifth Ave., New York Works +<br> +Walden, N. Y. +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 628px; height: 1013px;" alt="" +src="images/p0411pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{412} +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 513px; height: 509px;" alt="" +src="images/p0412pic1.jpg"> +<br> +"It's time you owned a Waltham" +<br> +<p> +The Watch for the Boy Scout as well as for the veteran. The boy of +today doesn't want a clock watch bought in a notion store at the price +of a toy. He wants an accurate watch bought from a jeweler--one he can +take pride in and one that teaches him to respect time. An accurate +time-piece, like scouting, cultivates habits of precision and +punctuality. +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">WALTHAM</span> +<br> +<p> +Watches are noted time-keepers in every grade. There are moderate +priced Waltham watches that keep perfect time. Even low priced +Walthams maintain wonderful records for accuracy. The pride of owning +a watch of the world-wide reputation of Waltham, adds immensely to any +boy's happiness. +</p> +<br> +Send for Descriptive Booklet of Waltham Movements or Ask Your Jeweler. +<br> +<br> +WALTHAM WATCH CO. - - Waltham, Mass. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{413} +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Boy Scout Knit Union Suits</span><br +style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">A New Kind of Underwear</span> +<br> +<p> +Slip into the Suit, fasten it on the shoulders--and there you are! +That is the whole idea in a nutshell. A simple, sensible undergarment, +easy to get into, comfortable to wear, and very serviceable. +</p> +<p> +There is no "pull" or strain on any part, the suit fits smoothly and +comfortably and allows free action of the whole body. +</p> +<p> +Only four buttons on the whole garment, and they are so well sewn that +not even the most strenuous boy is apt to pull them off. +</p> +<br> +Boy Scout Union Suit +<br> +This label on every garment--None other genuine. +<br> +Made in sizes to fit every boy and youth +<br> +<br> +PATENT APPLIED FOR +<br> +Price. 50c per Suit +<br> +Ask your store-keeper for them, +<br> +if he hasn't, them, we'll supply you direct. +<br> +H. L Nelke & CO. +<br> +Manufactures +<br> +Nelke Building +<br> +Philadelphia +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 425px; height: 712px;" alt="" +src="images/p0413pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{414} +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 543px; height: 375px;" alt="" +src="images/p0414pic1.jpg"> +<br> +MADE WITH A BROWNIE CAMERA. +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Camera for Field Service:</span><br +style="font-weight: bold;"> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">BROWNIE</span> +<br> +<p> +Easy to carry on the march; simple to operate. Loads in daylight with +Kodak Film Cartridges. Ideal for the equipment of every detachment of +Boy Scouts. Negatives can be easily developed in the field--No +dark-room required. +</p> +<br> +Write for the Book of Brownies. +<br> +<br> +EASTMAN KODAK CO., Rochester, N. Y. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{415} +<br> +<br> +ATTENTION SCOUTS! +<br> +DAN BEARD +<br> +One of the National Scout Commissioner. +<br> +<p> +Has written a Library of Scout Books--books you must have for they +tell all about the life in fields and forests and on rivers and +streams--the things you want to know in your business. +</p> +<br> +READ THIS LIST +<br> +<br> +The Boy Pioneer Sons of Daniel Boone. Illustrated by the author. +<br> +$2.00 net +<br> +<br> +"The reader is told how to take part in all the old Pioneer games." +<br> +--Phila. Press. +<br> +<br> +<br> +The Field and Forest Handy Book. Illustrated by the author. $2.00 +<br> +<br> +"A book to be coveted by every active-minded boy capable of +handling tools." --Chicago News, +<br> +<br> +<br> +The Jack of All Trades. Illustrated by the author. $2.00 +<br> +<br> +"Any boy who is handy with tools of any sort will enjoy this +book." +<br> + --Youths' Companion, +<br> +<br> +<br> +The Out Door Handy Book. Illustrated by the author. $2.00 +<br> +<br> +"It makes a man of a boy and a boy of a man." --Charles Dana +Gibson, +<br> +<br> +<br> +The American Boy's Handy Book. Illustrated by the author. $2.00 +<br> +<p> +"It tells how to make all kinds of things--boats, traps, toys, +fishing tackle, balloons, rear wild birds, train dogs, +etc."--Indianapolis Journal. +</p> +<br> +Charles Scribner's Sons +<br> +New York City +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +<br> +THE NATIONAL CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION +<br> +<p> +Offers to Boy Scouts an immediate opportunity to earn good returns +from useful work in a great cause by acting as Subscription Agents for +</p> +<br> +American Conservation +<br> +<p> +The new illustrated monthly magazine published by the Association. +</p> +<p> +Handsomely printed, magnificently illustrated; every article written +by a recognized authority; full of interest, each month, for every +thoughtful man and boy in America. +</p> +<p> +Write for full details of our plan for enabling boys to earn money by +helping to put into more American homes a magazine in which every +thinking American is interested at sight. +</p> +<br> +American Conservation +<br> +Colorado Building +<br> +Washington, D. C. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{416} +<br> +<br> +"Be Prepared" +<br> +When you get your camp supplies don't forget to buy a box of +<br> +"STEERO" Bouillon Cubes +<br> +Reg. U. S. Pat. Off +<br> +Made by American Kitchen Products Co., New York +<br> +<p> +Add them to the list of supplies on page 152 of your Handbook. A box +of 100 Steero Cubes is the right size for six boys for a week. +</p> +<p> +Steero Cubes will save a lot of cooking in camp. All you have to do is +to put a Steero Cube in a cup and pour boiling water on it. You can +make dandy soup for dinner, supper, or any time you're hungry. You +can't help getting it just right every time, and there isn't any waste +because +</p> +<br> +"A Cube Makes a Cup" +<br> +<p> +Send for Free Samples and try them at home, so you'll know just what +they are. +</p> +<p> +If the grocer, druggist, or sporting goods dealer doesn't have Steero +Cubes, send 35c for a box of 12 Cubes, prepaid, enough to make 12 +cups. We also put them up in boxes of 50 and 100 Cubes--they are +cheaper this way. +</p> +<br> +Distributed and Guaranteed by +<br> +Schleffelin & Co. +<br> +215 William St., +<br> +New York +<br> +Under Pure Food Law, Serial No. 1 +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 670px; height: 993px;" alt="" +src="images/p0416pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{417} +<br> +<br> +SCOUTS! +<p> +Chief Scout Ernest Thompson Seton has written Books without which no +Scout Library is first-rate. +</p> +<br> +Here is a List of Them: +<br> +<br> +Animal Heroes--Illustrated by the author--$2.00 +<br> +<p> +"The Histories of a dog, a cat, a lynx, a rabbit, two wolves and +a reindeer * * * Written in a vein of fiction. Yet the general +habits and mode of living of the animals are accurately +described."--Philia. Press +</p> +<br> +Monarch, the Big Bear of Tallac.<br> +Illustrated by the author.<br> +$1.25$ net +<br> +<br> +"A fascinating account of a Bear Family."--Providence Journal. +<br> +<br> +Lives of the Hunted.<br> +Illustrated by the author.<br> +$2.00 +<br> +<p> +"There is nothing in Kipling's "Jungle Books" more intensely +dramatic and absorbing than The Story of Krag, the Kookney Ram, +Scotty's long hunt and its ending." --Brooklyn Eagle. +</p> +<br> +Wild Animals I Have Known.<p> +Illustrated by the author. +<br> +<p> +Tells the histories of such wild creatures as a wolf, a fox, a +molly ottontail and others. +</p> +<br> +The Trail of the Sand Hill Stag.<br> +Illustrated by the author.<br> +$1.50 +<br> +<p> +"Ought to make any boy happy and will furnish him some delightful +hours."--Detroit Free Press. +</p> +<br> +Krag and Johnny Bear.<br> +Illustrated by the author.<br> +50 cents net +<br> +<br> +Tobo Rag and Vixen.<br> +Illustrated by the author.<br> +50 cents net +<br> +<br> +Charles Scribner's Sons<br> +New York City +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +American Red Cross Abridged Text-Book on FIRST AID +<br> +GENERAL EDITION +<br> +By MAJOR CHARLES LYNCH +<br> +Medical Corps, United States Army +<br> +<p> +The attention of all Boy Scouts is invited to this small TEXTBOOK on +FIRST AID. It is now in use by a great number of Boy Scout +organizations throughout the country. In no respect can the Boy Scout +better fit himself for helping others than by learning First Aid and +this text-book will enable him to do so in a thoroughly satisfactory +manner and in the shortest space of time. The book contains everything +on the subject of First Aid which the Boy Scout ought to know and is +free from technical details which serve no useful purpose and only +result in confusing the student. +</p> +<p> +With 55 Illustrations. xii + 183 Pages. Paper Cover. 30c Postpaid +</p> +<p> +Can be purchased through any bookseller, American Red Cross Society. +or National Headquarters, Boy Scouts of America +</p> +<br> +P. BLAKISTON'S SON &: CO., PUBLISHERS +<br> +1012 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{418} +<br> +<br> +Camping for Boys +<br> +H. W. Gibson +<br> +<br> +Illustrated, Cloth, $1 +<br> +<br> +A Knapsack Full of Outdoor Wisdom +<br> +<p> +The author has put into this book his experience of twenty-two summers +of actual camping with boys. The twenty-three chapters are filled with +information such as this: where to go; what to take; how to layout a +camp, pitch tent, build a camp fire; what to cook and how to cook it, +how to get well if you eat too much of it; directions for long trips, +short trips, any trip at all; something to do every hour of the day, +from reveille to taps; first aid, games, nature study and that's not +half. 294 pages. 100 pictures. +</p> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 465px; height: 291px;" alt="" +src="images/p0418pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +At Home in the Water +<br> +<br> +Swimming, Diving. Water Sports, Life-Saving. +<br> +GEORGE H. CORSAN, Swimming Instructor, University of Toronto. +<br> +Cloth, 75 cents; paper, 50 cents. +<br> +<p> +The author has started thousands of men and boys on the way to mastery +of the various strokes--under arm, over arm, crawl, etc. Over one +hundred practical illustrations are shown. More value for less money +than can be found in any other book of the kind. "The methods of +illustrating are the best that can be devised, and the pictures convey +an extremely clear idea of what is meant. Mr Corsan's book stands with +the best, of which there are few, as a most complete work."--CHARLES +M. DANIELS, Champion swimmer of the United States, in the Playground. +</p> +<br> +<img style="width: 257px; height: 189px;" alt="" +src="images/p0418pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">From Youth Into Manhood.</span> +<p> +WINFIELD S. HALL. M. D., Professor of Physiology. Northwestern +University +</p> +<p> +Medical School. Cloth. 50 cents, postpaid. The standard book on Sexual +Hygiene. "It is the only book of this order which I should care to +recommend. It compactly puts the physical facts of male life; adds a +very valuable chapter of practical advice on personal hygiene; then +stops, and lets the boy do his own thinking." +</p> +--Professor G. WALTER FISKE, Oberlin. +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Life Questions of High School Boys</span> +<br> +<p> +J. W. JENKS. Cloth, 40 cents; paper, 25 cent. The distinguished +Cornell Professor has given here brief discussions of Habit, Cheating, +Societies, etc., in a way that starts the boy thinking in the right +direction. +</p> +<p> +The boy has the brain and the will, he doesn't need anybody to think +for him or to decide for him. He needs to be guided into right ways of +thinking and deciding for himself. This book is such a guide. It +simply says, Here are two ways--which do you think is right. Very +well, do that. +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Social Activities for Men and Boys</span> +<br> +<p> +A. M. CHESLEY, Editor. Illustrated, cloth, $1. A book of nearly 300 +plans and programs for cheerful occasions, gathered from all available +sources. All the material has been successfully used. +</p> +<p> +The book tells how to carry on receptions of different sorts; how to +play interesting and original games, indoors and outdoors, in the +water, as well as on land; how to promote an amateur circus or a +dramatic entertainment as well as a summer campaign or outing. +Considerable attention is given to the organization of clubs of all +kinds, civic, educational, and athletic. +</p> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +Complete Catalog Sent on Request +<br> +ASSOCIATION PRESS +<br> +124 East 28th Street, New York +<br> +The five books bound in cloth, postpaid $3.00 +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{419} +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">More Ponies for Boys</span> +<br> +<p> +Two Blooded Shetlands, each with Cart and Harness made especially to +fit the pony, will be given each month to boys who sell +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;"> +The Saturday Evening Post</span> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 456px; height: 367px;" alt="" +src="images/p0419pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">COUNTRY AND CITY BOYS</span> +<br> +<p> +No matter whether your town is a large one or a small one, you have as +good a chance to earn a Pony Outfit as has a boy in any other town or +city. The ways of scoring equalize the opportunities of country and +city boys. Thus, Harry Royster, Yazoo City, Mississippi, earned our +last Pony Outfit by selling only 555 copies within two months. +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Start Now To Earn Your Pony.</span> +<br> +<p> +Your pony, guaranteed to be well-broken and safe for you to drive, +will yet be full of life and a good traveler. The complete outfit is +worth $150.00. (You can have cash if you prefer.) If you want a +pony, write at once for details and for copies of the weekly. These you can +sell at five cents each. Full information will be sent you with the +weekly. Write today. Gold watches and other premiums for boys who do +good work. +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Curtis Publishing Company,</span><br +style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">405 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa.</span> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{420} +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The New Boy's Leather-Stocking</span><br +style="font-weight: bold;"> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">By Ernest Thompson Seton</span><br +style="font-weight: bold;"> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Rolf in The Woods</span> +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 182px; height: 251px;" alt="" +src="images/p0420pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +Chief Scout Ernest Thompson Seton +<br> +<p> +Being the Adventure of a Boy Scout with Indian Quonab and Little Dog +Skookum in the War of 1812. +</p> +<p> +When Rolf Kittering crawled out of the window of his little attic room +that night to escape his infuriated and brutal uncle, there was no +refuge for him to seek except the camp of his chance friend, old +Quonab the Indian. The story of his life outdoors, of the fight with +the monster snapping turtle, of the journey to the great North Woods, +and how the boy came to know the intimate life of the wild creatures, +will make any boy's, or man's, heart beat faster with admiring envy. +</p> +<p> +The most exciting portion of all is where Rolf comes to put his new +knowledge into practice as a daring scout during the War of 1812. +</p> +<br> +Profusely illustrated and with marginal decorations by the author. +<br> +Fixed price, $1.50 +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">By the Same Author</span> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Two Little Savages.</span> +<br> +Net $1.75 (postage 17c.) +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Foresters Manual.</span> +<br> +Cloth. Net, $1.00 (postage 10c.) Paper, net, 50c. (postage 5c.) +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Manual of Signs and Sign Language</span> +(In Preparation.) +<br> +Cloth, Net, $1.00 (postage 10c.) Paper. Net. 50c. (postage 5c.) +<br> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">By STEWART EDWARD WHITE</span> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Rule of the Game.</span> +<br> +Fixed price, $1.40 (postage 15c.) +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Cabin</span> +<br> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Forest.</span> +<br> +Illustrated. Net, $1.50 (postage 15c.) +<br> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Mountains.</span> +<br> +Illustrated. Net, $1.50 (upstage 15c.) +<br> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Pass.</span> +<br> +Illustrated. Net, $1.25 (postage 12c.) +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Camp and Trail.</span> +<br> +Illustrated. Net, $1.25 (postage 12c.) +<br> +<br> +<br> +Garden City +<br> +Doubleday, Page & Co. +<br> +New York +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{421} +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">You Can't Be a Scout</span> +<br> +unless you learn how to use your hands in useful work: Carpentry, +electrical work and so on. +<br> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">You Need a Guide</span> +<br> + to show you the way, for all these mechanical matters are easy +when + you know how, but terribly difficult to puzzle out by yourself. +<br> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">There's Only One Set of Books</span> +ever published which really does this, so simply and clearly that +anybody can understand it. It's called +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">"The Library of Work and Play"</span> +<br> +and its ten volumes tell you all most people ever need to learn about +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Carpentry</span><br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Mechanics</span><br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Electricity</span><br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Outdoor Work</span><br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Metal Work</span><br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Gardening and Farming</span><br > +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Home Decoration</span><br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Games and Sports</span><br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Housekeeping</span><br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Needlecraft</span> +<br> +<p> +Cut off this coupon to-day and mail it to us and we'll send you full +information of this most useful and interesting set of books. +</p> +<br> +Doubleday, Page & CO. +<br> +Garden City, N. Y. +<br> +<br> +<table style="width: 60%; height: 61px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" +cellspacing="2"> +<tbody><tr><td> +Doubleday, Page & CO. +<br> +Garden City, N. Y. +<br> +Sent me the booklet descriptive of the +<br> +Library of Work and Play, and +<br> +containing colored plates, illustrations, etc. +<br> +<br> +Name _____________________________ +<br> +Address _____________________________ +<br> +</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{422} +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 544px; height: 268px;" alt="" +src="images/p0422pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Boys' Magazine</span> +<br> +<p> +is unquestionably the finest magazine in the world for boys. Each +issue is filled with fascinating stories and absorbing articles all of +intense interest to every live boy. Also each issue contains +departments devoted to Electricity, Mechanics, Photography, Carpentry, +Stamps and Coins. A big Athletic department, edited by Walter Camp is +a regular feature. Every one knows that Mr. Camp is the highest +authority on this subject in the country. This department is of great +value to every boy who wishes to excel in Athletic sports. +</p> +<p> +It will be of interest to our Boy Scout friends to know that we have +recently inaugurated a special department devoted entirely to the BOY +SCOUTS OF AMERICA. The manuscript and illustrations for this +department are specially prepared for us and forwarded each month +direct from National Headquarters. +</p> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">A New Handsome Cover in Colors Each +Month. Beautifully Illustrated</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Throughout</span> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">A BIG BARGAIN</span> +<br> +<p> +FOR ONLY FIFTY CENTS we will send you THE BOYS' MAGAZINE for six +months AND a copy of the cleverest little book you ever read, +entitled, "Fifty Ways for Boys to Make Money" AND a "Reach" Base Ball +Fielder's Glove, (This glove is made of fine brown tan leather, felt +padded and leather lined, patent wide hump, web thumb and deep +pocket.) +</p> +<br> +<img style="width: 227px; height: 245px;" alt="" +src="images/p0422pic2.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">Think of it! All the Above for Only +Fifty Cents</span> +<br> +<p> +Don't put this off but send in your subscription to-day. We will +refund your money promptly if you are not more than pleased with your +investment. (References as to our Responsibility, Hamlin Bank & +Trust +</p> +Co., Smethport. Pa., or Dun or Bradstreet's Mercantile Agencies.) +<br> +<br> +Address +<br> +The Scott F. Redfield Co. 595 Main Street Smethport, Pa. +<br> +<p> +(THE BOYS' MAGAZINE is on sale for 10c a copy at practically every +news stand in America. Should you prefer to purchase copies each month +rather than subscribe, then your newsdealer will be glad to get our +magazine for you in case, of course, he does not already handle +it.) +</p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{423} +<br> +<br> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">All Boy Scouts Should Subscribe for +this Best Boys' Magazine in the World!</span><br style="font-weight: +bold;"> +<br style="font-weight: bold;"> +<span style="font-weight: bold;">The American Boy</span> +<br> +<p> +PAGES are given to the Boy Scout movement. Its Editor is a member of +the National Council. Ernest Thompson Seton, the Chief Scout, +contributes a page for each issue. +</p> +<p> +And listen to this! You're a bright, up-to-date fellow, you know +what's good, and you like the best of everything. But so far, you've +missed the best reading--the liveliest, truest, most fascinating +reading you ever set eyes on. 500,000 boys now read it. +</p> +<p> +You're probably used to reading the ordinary magazines that come to +the house, or newspapers or books. They are all good, but why not have +a magazine all your own, that comes every month to you, addressed in +your own name, and that is filled from cover to cover with stories and +anecdotes, and illustrated talks and latest news on sports, and--oh, +hundreds of things you want to know about--all written by the biggest +boys' authors in the country. And pictures! Say there are hundreds of +them! Beats sensational trash all hollow! +</p> +<br> +SUBSCRIBE TODAY! +<br> +Subscription Price $1.00 a Year. +<br> +Address: +<br> +THE SPRAGUE PUBLISHING CO. +<br> +No.128 Majestic Building, DETROIT, MICH. +<br> +<br> +<img style="border: 2px solid ; width: 601px; height: 948px;" alt="" +src="images/p0423pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> +<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"> +<br> +{424} +<br> +<br> +For the Boy Scouts of America +<br> +Remington UMC .22 Rifles +<br> +Repeater, Single Shot +<br> +<p> +Quickness Of Eye, Steady Judgment, Self Confidence--these Are The +Characteristics Of Men And Boys Who Shoot. +</p> +<p> +Buy A Remington-UMC .22 Single Shot Or Repeater. It Is As Keen A Rifle +For Its Size As The Most Highly Developed Military Arm. +</p> +<p> +Remington-UMC--Single Shot Rifles List At $4.00 And Up, And The Boys' +Scout Special At $5.00--as Shown In The Illustration. It Is Especially +Built For Drill Use. +</p> +<p> +Remington-UMC--repeating Rifles List At $12.65 And Up. +</p> +<p> +These Rifles Are Built In The Same Factory By The Same Experts As The +Famous Remington-U.M.C. Big Game Rifles. +</p> +<p> +Send 10c in stamps for a beautifully bound and illustrated history of +the development of fire arms and ammunition from sling shot to present +day high power repeating rifles. This book contains many intensely +interesting stories of adventure. +</p> +<br> +Address Boy Scout Department +<br> +REMINGTON ARMS--UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE CO. +<br> +299 Broadway, New York +<br> +<br> +<img style="width: 601px; height: 920px;" alt="" +src="images/p0424pic1.jpg"> +<br> +<br> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Boy Scouts Handbook, by Boy Scouts of America + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BOY SCOUTS HANDBOOK *** + +***** This file should be named 29558-h.htm or 29558-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/5/5/29558/ + +Produced by Don Kostuch + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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