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diff --git a/29414.txt b/29414.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fcae05b --- /dev/null +++ b/29414.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1744 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the +Variolae Vaccinae, by Edward Jenner + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae + A Disease Discovered in Some of the Western Counties of England, Particularly Gloucestershire, and Known by the Name of the Cow Pox + + +Author: Edward Jenner + + + +Release Date: July 15, 2009 [eBook #29414] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN INQUIRY INTO THE CAUSES AND +EFFECTS OF THE VARIOLAE VACCINAE*** + + +E-text prepared by K. Nordquist, Michael Roe, Carl Hudkins, and the +Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team +(http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by the +Posner Memorial Collection, Carnegie Mellon University Libraries +(http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/) + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustrations. + See 29414-h.htm or 29414-h.zip: + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29414/29414-h/29414-h.htm) + or + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29414/29414-h.zip) + + + Images of the original pages are available through + the Posner Memorial Collection, Carnegie Mellon + University Libraries. See + http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=614.4_J54I_1798 + + + + + +AN +_INQUIRY_ +INTO +THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS +OF +THE VARIOLAE VACCINAE. + + +PRICE 7s. 6d. + + + + +AN +_INQUIRY_ +INTO +THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS +OF +THE VARIOLAE VACCINAE, +A DISEASE +DISCOVERED IN SOME OF THE WESTERN COUNTIES OF ENGLAND, +PARTICULARLY +_GLOUCESTERSHIRE_, +AND KNOWN BY THE NAME OF +THE COW POX. + + +BY EDWARD JENNER, M.D. F.R.S. &c. + + ----QUID NOBIS CERTIUS IPSIS + SENSIBUS ESSE POTEST, QUO VERA AC FALSA NOTEMUS. + + LUCRETIUS. + +London: +PRINTED, FOR THE AUTHOR, +BY SAMPSON LOW, No. 7, BERWICK STREET, SOHO: +AND SOLD BY LAW, AVE-MARIA LANE; AND MURRAY AND HIGHLEY, FLEET STREET. + +1798. + + + + + TO + _C. H. PARRY, M.D._ + AT BATH. + + + _My dear friend_, + +In the present age of scientific investigation, it is remarkable that +a disease of so peculiar a nature as the Cow Pox, which has appeared +in this and some of the neighbouring counties for such a series of +years, should so long have escaped particular attention. Finding the +prevailing notions on the subject, both among men of our profession +and others, extremely vague and indeterminate, and conceiving that +facts might appear at once both curious and useful, I have instituted +as strict an inquiry into the causes and effects of this singular +malady as local circumstances would admit. + +The following pages are the result, which, from motives of the most +affectionate regard, are dedicated to you, by + + Your sincere Friend, + EDWARD JENNER. + + Berkeley, Gloucestershire, + June 21st, 1798. + + + + +AN INQUIRY, _&c. &c._ + + +The deviation of Man from the state in which he was originally placed +by Nature seems to have proved to him a prolific source of Diseases. +From the love of splendour, from the indulgences of luxury, and from +his fondness for amusement, he has familiarised himself with a great +number of animals, which may not originally have been intended for +his associates. + +The Wolf, disarmed of ferocity, is now pillowed in the lady's lap[1]. +The Cat, the little Tyger of our island, whose natural home is the +forest, is equally domesticated and caressed. The Cow, the Hog, the +Sheep, and the Horse, are all, for a variety of purposes, brought +under his care and dominion. + +There is a disease to which the Horse, from his state of +domestication, is frequently subject. The Farriers have termed it +_the Grease_. It is an inflammation and swelling in the heel, from +which issues matter possessing properties of a very peculiar kind, +which seems capable of generating a disease in the Human Body (after +it has undergone the modification which I shall presently speak of), +which bears so strong a resemblance to the Small Pox, that I think it +highly probable it may be the source of that disease. + +In this Dairy Country a great number of Cows are kept, and the office +of milking is performed indiscriminately by Men and Maid Servants. +One of the former having been appointed to apply dressings to the +heels of a Horse affected with _the Grease_, and not paying due +attention to cleanliness, incautiously bears his part in milking the +Cows, with some particles of the infectious matter adhering to his +fingers. When this is the case, it commonly happens that a disease is +communicated to the Cows, and from the Cows to the Dairy-maids, which +spreads through the farm until most of the cattle and domestics feel +its unpleasant consequences. This disease has obtained the name of +the Cow Pox. It appears on the nipples of the Cows in the form of +irregular pustules. At their first appearance they are commonly of a +palish blue, or rather of a colour somewhat approaching to livid, and +are surrounded by an erysipelatous inflammation. These pustules, +unless a timely remedy be applied, frequently degenerate into +phagedenic ulcers, which prove extremely troublesome[2]. The animals +become indisposed, and the secretion of milk is much lessened. +Inflamed spots now begin to appear on different parts of the hands of +the domestics employed in milking, and sometimes on the wrists, which +quickly run on to suppuration, first assuming the appearance of the +small vesications produced by a burn. Most commonly they appear about +the joints of the fingers, and at their extremities; but whatever +parts are affected, if the situation will admit, these superficial +suppurations put on a circular form, with their edges more elevated +than their centre, and of a colour distantly approaching to blue. +Absorption takes place, and tumours appear in each axilla. The system +becomes affected--the pulse is quickened; and shiverings succeeded by +heat, with general lassitude and pains about the loins and limbs, +with vomiting, come on. The head is painful, and the patient is now +and then even affected with delirium. These symptoms, varying in +their degrees of violence, generally continue from one day to three +or four, leaving ulcerated sores about the hands, which, from the +sensibility of the parts, are very troublesome, and commonly heal +slowly, frequently becoming phagedenic, like those from whence they +sprung. The lips, nostrils, eyelids, and other parts of the body, are +sometimes affected with sores; but these evidently arise from their +being heedlessly rubbed or scratched with the patient's infected +fingers. No eruptions on the skin have followed the decline of the +feverish symptoms in any instance that has come under my inspection, +one only excepted, and in this case a very few appeared on the arms: +they were very minute, of a vivid red colour, and soon died away +without advancing to maturation; so that I cannot determine whether +they had any connection with the preceding symptoms. + +Thus the disease makes its progress from the Horse to the nipple of +the Cow, and from the Cow to the Human Subject. + +Morbid matter of various kinds, when absorbed into the system, may +produce effects in some degree similar; but what renders the Cow-pox +virus so extremely singular, is, that the person who has been thus +affected is for ever after secure from the infection of the Small +Pox; neither exposure to the variolous effluvia, nor the insertion of +the matter into the skin, producing this distemper. + +In support of so extraordinary a fact, I shall lay before my Reader a +great number of instances[3]. + +[Footnote 1: The late Mr. John Hunter proved, by experiments, that +the Dog is the Wolf in a degenerated state.] + +[Footnote 2: They who attend sick cattle in this country find a +speedy remedy for stopping the progress of this complaint in those +applications which act chemically upon the morbid matter, such as the +solutions of the Vitriolum Zinci, the Vitriolum Cupri, &c.] + +[Footnote 3: It is necessary to observe, that pustulous sores +frequently appear spontaneously on the nipples of Cows, and instances +have occurred, though very rarely, of the hands of the servants +employed in milking being affected with sores in consequence, and +even of their feeling an indisposition from absorption. These +pustules are of a much milder nature than those which arise from that +contagion which constitutes the true Cow Pox. They are always free +from the bluish or livid tint so conspicuous in the pustules in that +disease. No erysipelas attends them, nor do they shew any phagedenic +disposition as in the other case, but quickly terminate in a scab +without creating any apparent disorder in the Cow. This complaint +appears at various seasons of the year, but most commonly in the +Spring, when the Cows are first taken from their winter food and fed +with grass. It is very apt to appear also when they are suckling +their young. But this disease is not to be considered as similar in +any respect to that of which I am treating, as it is incapable of +producing any specific effects on the human Constitution. However, it +is of the greatest consequence to point it out here, lest the want of +discrimination should occasion an idea of security from the infection +of the Small Pox, which might prove delusive.] + + + + +_CASE I._ + + +JOSEPH MERRET, now an Under Gardener to the Earl of Berkeley, lived +as a Servant with a Farmer near this place in the year 1770, and +occasionally assisted in milking his master's cows. Several horses +belonging to the farm began to have sore heels, which Merret +frequently attended. The cows soon became affected with the Cow Pox, +and soon after several sores appeared on his hands. Swellings and +stiffness in each axilla followed, and he was so much indisposed for +several days as to be incapable of pursuing his ordinary employment. +Previously to the appearance of the distemper among the cows there +was no fresh cow brought into the farm, nor any servant employed who +was affected with the Cow Pox. + +In April, 1795, a general inoculation taking place here, Merret was +inoculated with his family; so that a period of twenty-five years had +elapsed from his having the Cow Pox to this time. However, though the +variolous matter was repeatedly inserted into his arm, I found it +impracticable to infect him with it; an efflorescence only, taking on +an erysipelatous look about the centre, appearing on the skin near +the punctured parts. During the whole time that his family had the +Small Pox, one of whom had it very full, he remained in the house +with them, but received no injury from exposure to the contagion. + +It is necessary to observe, that the utmost care was taken to +ascertain, with the most scrupulous precision, that no one whose case +is here adduced had gone through the Small Pox previous to these +attempts to produce that disease. + +Had these experiments been conducted in a large city, or in a +populous neighbourhood, some doubts might have been entertained; but +here, where population is thin, and where such an event as a person's +having had the Small Pox is always faithfully recorded, no risk of +inaccuracy in this particular can arise. + + + + +_CASE II._ + + +SARAH PORTLOCK, of this place, was infected with the Cow Pox, when a +Servant at a Farmer's in the neighbourhood, twenty-seven years +ago[1]. + +In the year 1792, conceiving herself, from this circumstance, secure +from the infection of the Small Pox, she nursed one of her own +children who had accidentally caught the disease, but no +indisposition ensued.--During the time she remained in the infected +room, variolous matter was inserted into both her arms, but without +any further effect than in the preceding case. + +[Footnote 1: I have purposely selected several cases in which the +disease had appeared at a very distant period previous to the +experiments made with variolous matter, to shew that the change +produced in the constitution is not affected by time.] + + + + +_CASE III._ + + +JOHN PHILLIPS, a Tradesman of this town, had the Cow Pox at so early +a period as nine years of age. At the age of sixty-two I inoculated +him, and was very careful in selecting matter in its most active +state. It was taken from the arm of a boy just before the +commencement of the eruptive fever, and instantly inserted. It very +speedily produced a sting-like feel in the part. An efflorescence +appeared, which on the fourth day was rather extensive, and some +degree of pain and stiffness were felt about the shoulder; but on the +fifth day these symptoms began to disappear, and in a day or two +after went entirely off, without producing any effect on the system. + + + + +_CASE IV._ + + +MARY BARGE, of Woodford, in this parish, was inoculated with +variolous matter in the year 1791. An efflorescence of a palish red +colour soon appeared about the parts where the matter was inserted, +and spread itself rather extensively, but died away in a few days +without producing any variolous symptoms[1]. She has since been +repeatedly employed as a nurse to Small-pox patients, without +experiencing any ill consequences. This woman had the Cow Pox when +she lived in the service of a Farmer in this parish thirty-one years +before. + +[Footnote 1: It is remarkable that variolous matter, when the system +is disposed to reject it, should excite inflammation on the part to +which it is applied more speedily than when it produces the Small +Pox. Indeed it becomes almost a criterion by which we can determine +whether the infection will be received or not. It seems as if a +change, which endures through life, had been produced in the action, +or disposition to action, in the vessels of the skin; and it is +remarkable too, that whether this change has been effected by the +Small Pox, or the Cow Pox, that the disposition to sudden cuticular +inflammation is the same on the application of variolous matter.] + + + + +_CASE V._ + + +MRS. H----, a respectable Gentlewoman of this town, had the Cow Pox +when very young. She received the infection in rather an uncommon +manner: it was given by means of her handling some of the same +utensils[1] which were in use among the servants of the family, who +had the disease from milking infected cows. Her hands had many of the +Cow-pox sores upon them, and they were communicated to her nose, +which became inflamed and very much swoln. Soon after this event Mrs. +H---- was exposed to the contagion of the Small Pox, where it was +scarcely possible for her to have escaped, had she been susceptible +of it, as she regularly attended a relative who had the disease in so +violent a degree that it proved fatal to him. + +In the year 1778 the Small Pox prevailed very much at Berkeley, and +Mrs. H---- not feeling perfectly satisfied respecting her safety (no +indisposition having followed her exposure to the Small Pox) I +inoculated her with active variolous matter. The same appearance +followed as in the preceding cases--an efflorescence on the arm +without any effect on the constitution. + +[Footnote 1: When the Cow Pox has prevailed in the dairy, it has +often been communicated to those who have not milked the cows, by the +handle of the milk pail.] + + + + +_CASE VI._ + + +It is a fact so well known among our Dairy Farmers, that those who +have had the Small Pox either escape the Cow Pox or are disposed to +have it slightly; that as soon as the complaint shews itself among +the cattle, assistants are procured, if possible, who are thus +rendered less susceptible of it, otherwise the business of the farm +could scarcely go forward. + +In the month of May, 1796, the Cow Pox broke out at Mr. Baker's, a +Farmer who lives near this place. The disease was communicated by +means of a cow which was purchased in an infected state at a +neighbouring fair, and not one of the Farmer's cows (consisting of +thirty) which were at that time milked escaped the contagion. The +family consisted of a man servant, two dairymaids, and a servant boy, +who, with the Farmer himself, were twice a day employed in milking +the cattle. The whole of this family, except Sarah Wynne, one of the +dairymaids, had gone through the Small Pox. The consequence was, that +the Farmer and the servant boy escaped the infection of the Cow Pox +entirely, and the servant man and one of the maid servants had each +of them nothing more than a sore on one of their fingers, which +produced no disorder in the system. But the other dairymaid, Sarah +Wynne, who never had the Small Pox, did not escape in so easy a +manner. She caught the complaint from the cows, and was affected with +the symptoms described in the 5th page in so violent a degree, that +she was confined to her bed, and rendered incapable for several days +of pursuing her ordinary vocations in the farm. + +March 28th, 1797, I inoculated this girl, and carefully rubbed the +variolous matter into two slight incisions made upon the left arm. A +little inflammation appeared in the usual manner around the parts +where the matter was inserted, but so early as the fifth day it +vanished entirely without producing any effect on the system. + + + + +_CASE VII._ + + +Although the preceding history pretty clearly evinces that the +constitution is far less susceptible of the contagion of the Cow Pox +after it has felt that of the Small Pox, and although in general, as +I have observed, they who have had the Small Pox, and are employed in +milking cows which are infected with the Cow Pox, either escape the +disorder, or have sores on the hands without feeling any general +indisposition, yet the animal economy is subject to some variation in +this respect, which the following relation will point out: + +In the summer of the year 1796 the Cow Pox appeared at the Farm of +Mr. Andrews, a considerable dairy adjoining to the town of Berkeley. +It was communicated, as in the preceding instance, by an infected cow +purchased at a fair in the neighbourhood. The family consisted of the +Farmer, his wife, two sons, a man and a maid servant; all of whom, +except the Farmer (who was fearful of the consequences), bore a part +in milking the cows. The whole of them, exclusive of the man servant, +had regularly gone through the Small Pox; but in this case no one who +milked the cows escaped the contagion. All of them had sores upon +their hands, and some degree of general indisposition, preceded by +pains and tumours in the axillae: but there was no comparison in the +severity of the disease as it was felt by the servant man, who had +escaped the Small Pox, and by those of the family who had not, for, +while he was confined to his bed, they were able, without much +inconvenience, to follow their ordinary business. + +February the 13th, 1797, I availed myself of an opportunity of +inoculating William Rodway, the servant man above alluded to. +Variolous matter was inserted into both his arms; in the right by +means of superficial incisions, and into the left by slight punctures +into the cutis. Both were perceptibly inflamed on the third day. +After this the inflammation about the punctures soon died away, but a +small appearance of erysipelas was manifest about the edges of the +incisions till the eighth day, when a little uneasiness was felt for +the space of half an hour in the right axilla. The inflammation then +hastily disappeared without producing the most distant mark of +affection of the system. + + + + +_CASE VIII._ + + +ELIZABETH WYNNE, aged fifty-seven, lived as a servant with a +neighbouring Farmer thirty-eight years ago. She was then a dairymaid, +and the Cow Pox broke out among the cows. She caught the disease with +the rest of the family, but, compared with them, had it in a very +slight degree, one very small sore only breaking out on the little +finger of her left hand, and scarcely any perceptible indisposition +following it. + +As the malady had shewn itself in so slight a manner, and as it had +taken place at so distant a period of her life, I was happy with the +opportunity of trying the effects of variolous matter upon her +constitution, and on the 28th of March, 1797, I inoculated her by +making two superficial incisions on the left arm, on which the matter +was cautiously rubbed. A little efflorescence soon appeared, and a +tingling sensation was felt about the parts where the matter was +inserted until the third day, when both began to subside, and so +early as the fifth day it was evident that no indisposition would +follow. + + + + +_CASE IX._ + + +Although the Cow Pox shields the constitution from the Small Pox, and +the Small Pox proves a protection against its own future poison, yet +it appears that the human body is again and again susceptible of the +infectious matter of the Cow Pox, as the following history will +demonstrate: + +William Smith, of Pyrton in this parish, contracted this disease when +he lived with a neighbouring Farmer in the year 1780. One of the +horses belonging to the farm had sore heels, and it fell to his lot +to attend him. By these means the infection was carried to the cows, +and from the cows it was communicated to Smith. On one of his hands +were several ulcerated sores, and he was affected with such symptoms +as have been before described. + +In the year 1791 the Cow Pox broke out at another farm where he then +lived as a servant, and he became affected with it a second time; and +in the year 1794 he was so unfortunate as to catch it again. The +disease was equally as severe the second and third time as it was on +the first[1]. + +In the spring of the year 1795 he was twice inoculated, but no +affection of the system could be produced from the variolous matter; +and he has since associated with those who had the Small Pox in its +most contagious state without feeling any effect from it. + +[Footnote 1: This is not the case in general--a second attack is +commonly very slight, and so, I am informed, it is among the cows.] + + + + +_CASE X._ + + +SIMON NICHOLS lived as a servant with Mr. Bromedge, a gentleman who +resides on his own farm in this parish, in the year 1782. He was +employed in applying dressings to the sore heels of one of his +master's horses, and at the same time assisted in milking the cows. +The cows became affected in consequence, but the disease did not shew +itself on their nipples till several weeks after he had begun to +dress the horse. He quitted Mr. Bromedge's service, and went to +another farm without any sores upon him; but here his hands soon +began to be affected in the common way, and he was much indisposed +with the usual symptoms. Concealing the nature of the malady from Mr. +Cole, his new master, and being there also employed in milking, the +Cow Pox was communicated to the cows. + +Some years afterwards Nichols was employed in a farm where the Small +Pox broke out, when I inoculated him with several other patients, +with whom he continued during the whole time of their confinement. +His arm inflamed, but neither the inflammation nor his associating +with the inoculated family produced the least effect upon his +constitution. + + + + +_CASE XI._ + + +WILLIAM STINCHCOMB was a fellow servant with Nichols at Mr. +Bromedge's Farm at the time the cattle had the Cow Pox, and he was +unfortunately infected by them. His left hand was very severely +affected with several corroding ulcers, and a tumour of considerable +size appeared in the axilla of that side. His right hand had only one +small sore upon it, and no tumour discovered itself in the +corresponding axilla. + +In the year 1792 Stinchcomb was inoculated with variolous matter, but +no consequences ensued beyond a little inflammation in the arm for a +few days. A large party were inoculated at the same time, some of +whom had the disease in a more violent degree than is commonly seen +from inoculation. He purposely associated with them, but could not +receive the Small Pox. + +During the sickening of some of his companions, their symptoms so +strongly recalled to his mind his own state when sickening with the +Cow Pox, that he very pertinently remarked their striking similarity. + + + + +_CASE XII._ + + +The Paupers of the village of Tortworth, in this county, were +inoculated by Mr. Henry Jenner, Surgeon, of Berkeley, in the year +1795. Among them, eight patients presented themselves who had at +different periods of their lives had the Cow Pox. One of them, Hester +Walkley, I attended with that disease when she lived in the service +of a Farmer in the same village in the year 1782; but neither this +woman, nor any other of the patients who had gone through the Cow +Pox, received the variolous infection either from the arm or from +mixing in the society of the other patients who were inoculated at +the same time. This state of security proved a fortunate +circumstance, as many of the poor women were at the same time in a +state of pregnancy. + + + + +_CASE XIII._ + + +One instance has occurred to me of the system being affected from the +matter issuing from the heels of horses, and of its remaining +afterwards unsusceptible of the variolous contagion; another, where +the Small Pox appeared obscurely; and a third, in which its complete +existence was positively ascertained. + +First, THOMAS PEARCE, is the son of a Smith and Farrier near to this +place. He never had the Cow Pox; but, in consequence of dressing +horses with sore heels at his father's, when a lad, he had sores on +his fingers which suppurated, and which occasioned a pretty severe +indisposition. Six years afterwards I inserted variolous matter into +his arm repeatedly, without being able to produce any thing more than +slight inflammation, which appeared very soon after the matter was +applied, and afterwards I exposed him to the contagion of the Small +Pox with as little effect[1]. + +[Footnote 1: It is a remarkable fact, and well known to many, that we +are frequently foiled in our endeavours to communicate the Small Pox +by inoculation to blacksmiths, who in the country are farriers. They +often, as in the above instance, either resist the contagion +entirely, or have the disease anomalously. Shall we not be able now +to account for this on a rational principle?] + + + + +_CASE XIV._ + + +Secondly, Mr. JAMES COLE, a Farmer in this parish, had a disease from +the same source as related in the preceding case, and some years +after was inoculated with variolous matter. He had a little pain in +the axilla, and felt a slight indisposition for three or four hours. +A few eruptions shewed themselves on the forehead, but they very soon +disappeared without advancing to maturation. + + + + +_CASE XV._ + + +Although in the two former instances the system seemed to be secured, +or nearly so, from variolous infection, by the absorption of matter +from sores produced by the diseased heels of horses, yet the +following case decisively proves that this cannot be entirely relied +upon, until a disease has been generated by the morbid matter from +the horse on the nipple of the cow, and passed through that medium to +the human subject. + +Mr. ABRAHAM RIDDIFORD, a Farmer at Stone in this parish, in +consequence of dressing a mare that had sore heels, was affected with +very painful sores in both his hands, tumours in each axilla, and +severe and general indisposition. A Surgeon in the neighbourhood +attended him, who, knowing the similarity between the appearance of +the sores upon his hands and those produced by the Cow Pox, and being +acquainted also with the effects of that disease on the human +constitution, assured him that he never need to fear the infection of +the Small Pox; but this assertion proved fallacious, for, on being +exposed to the infection upwards of twenty years afterwards, he +caught the disease, which took its regular course in a very mild way. +There certainly was a difference perceptible, although it is not easy +to describe it, in the general appearance of the pustules from that +which we commonly see. Other practitioners, who visited the patient +at my request, agreed with me in this point, though there was no room +left for suspicion as to the reality of the disease, as I inoculated +some of his family from the pustules, who had the Small Pox, with its +usual appearances, in consequence. + + + + +_CASE XVI._ + + +SARAH NELMES, a dairymaid at a Farmer's near this place, was infected +with the Cow Pox from her master's cows in May, 1796. She received +the infection on a part of the hand which had been previously in a +slight degree injured by a scratch from a thorn. A large pustulous +sore and the usual symptoms accompanying the disease were produced in +consequence. The pustule was so expressive of the true character of +the Cow Pox, as it commonly appears upon the hand, that I have given +a representation of it in the annexed plate. The two small pustules +on the wrists arose also from the application of the virus to some +minute abrasions of the cuticle, but the livid tint, if they ever had +any, was not conspicuous at the time I saw the patient. The pustule +on the fore finger shews the disease in an earlier stage. It did not +actually appear on the hand of this young woman, but was taken from +that of another, and is annexed for the purpose of representing the +malady after it has newly appeared. + + + + +_CASE XVII._ + + +The more accurately to observe the progress of the infection, I +selected a healthy boy, about eight years old, for the purpose of +inoculation for the Cow Pox. The matter was taken from a sore on the +hand of a dairymaid[1], who was infected by her master's cows, and it +was inserted, on the 14th of May, 1796, into the arm of the boy by +means of two superficial incisions, barely penetrating the cutis, +each about half an inch long. + +[Illustration] + +On the seventh day he complained of uneasiness in the axilla, and on +the ninth he became a little chilly, lost his appetite, and had a +slight head-ach. During the whole of this day he was perceptibly +indisposed, and spent the night with some degree of restlessness, but +on the day following he was perfectly well. + +The appearance of the incisions in their progress to a state of +maturation were much the same as when produced in a similar manner by +variolous matter. The only difference which I perceived was, in the +state of the limpid fluid arising from the action of the virus, which +assumed rather a darker hue, and in that of the efflorescence +spreading round the incisions, which had more of an erysipelatous +look than we commonly perceive when variolous matter has been made +use of in the same manner; but the whole died away (leaving on the +inoculated parts scabs and subsequent eschars) without giving me or +my patient the least trouble. + +In order to ascertain whether the boy, after feeling so slight an +affection of the system from the Cow-pox virus, was secure from the +contagion of the Small-pox, he was inoculated the 1st of July +following with variolous matter, immediately taken from a pustule. +Several slight punctures and incisions were made on both his arms, +and the matter was carefully inserted, but no disease followed. The +same appearances were observable on the arms as we commonly see when +a patient has had variolous matter applied, after having either the +Cow-pox or the Small-pox. Several months afterwards, he was again +inoculated with variolous matter, but no sensible effect was produced +on the constitution. + +Here my researches were interrupted till the spring of the year 1798, +when from the wetness of the early part of the season, many of the +farmers' horses in this neighbourhood were affected with sore heels, +in consequence of which the Cow-pox broke out among several of our +dairies, which afforded me an opportunity of making further +observations upon this curious disease. + +A mare, the property of a person who keeps a dairy in a neighbouring +parish, began to have sore heels the latter end of the month of +February 1798, which were occasionally washed by the servant men of +the farm, Thomas Virgoe, William Wherret, and William Haynes, who in +consequence became affected with sores in their hands, followed by +inflamed lymphatic glands in the arms and axillae, shiverings +succeeded by heat, lassitude and general pains in the limbs. A single +paroxysm terminated the disease; for within twenty-four hours they +were free from general indisposition, nothing remaining but the sores +on their hands. Haynes and Virgoe, who had gone through the Small-pox +from inoculation, described their feelings as very similar to those +which affected them on sickening with that malady. Wherret never had +had the Small-pox. Haynes was daily employed as one of the milkers at +the farm, and the disease began to shew itself among the cows about +ten days after he first assisted in washing the mare's heels. Their +nipples became sore in the usual way, with blueish pustules; but as +remedies were early applied they did not ulcerate to any extent. + +[Footnote 1: From the sore on the hand of Sarah Nelmes.--See the +preceding case and the plate.] + + + + +_CASE XVIII._ + + +JOHN BAKER, a child of five years old, was inoculated March 16, 1798, +with matter taken from a pustule on the hand of Thomas Virgoe, one of +the servants who had been infected from the mare's heels. He became +ill on the 6th day with symptoms similar to those excited by Cow-pox +matter. On the 8th day he was free from indisposition. + +There was some variation in the appearance of the pustule on the arm. +Although it somewhat resembled a Small-pox pustule, yet its +similitude was not so conspicuous as when excited by matter from the +nipple of the cow, or when the matter has passed from thence through +the medium of the human subject.--(See Plate, No. 2.) + +[Illustration] + +This experiment was made to ascertain the progress and subsequent +effects of the disease when thus propagated. We have seen that the +virus from the horse, when it proves infectious to the human subject +is not to be relied upon as rendering the system secure from +variolous infection, but that the matter produced by it upon the +nipple of the cow is perfectly so. Whether its passing from the horse +through the human constitution, as in the present instance, will +produce a similar effect, remains to be decided. This would now have +been effected, but the boy was rendered unfit for inoculation from +having felt the effects of a contagious fever in a work-house, soon +after this experiment was made. + + + + +_CASE XIX._ + + +WILLIAM SUMMERS, a child of five years and a half old was inoculated +the same day with Baker, with matter taken from the nipples of one of +the infected cows, at the farm alluded to in page 35. He became +indisposed on the 6th day, vomited once, and felt the usual slight +symptoms till the 8th day, when he appeared perfectly well. The +progress of the pustule, formed by the infection of the virus was +similar to that noticed in Case XVII., with this exception, its being +free from the livid tint observed in that instance. + + + + +_CASE XX._ + + +From William Summers the disease was transfered to William Pead a boy +of eight years old, who was inoculated March 28th. On the 6th day he +complained of pain in the axilla, and on the 7th was affected with +the common symptoms of a patient sickening with the Small-pox from +inoculation, which did not terminate 'till the 3d day after the +seizure. So perfect was the similarity to the variolous fever that I +was induced to examine the skin, conceiving there might have been +some eruptions, but none appeared. The efflorescent blush around the +part punctured in the boy's arm was so truly characteristic of that +which appears on variolous inoculation, that I have given a +representation of it. The drawing was made when the pustule was +beginning to die away, and the areola retiring from the centre. (See +Plate, No. 3.) + +[Illustration] + + + + +_CASE XXI._ + + +April 5th. Several children and adults were inoculated from the arm +of William Pead. The greater part of them sickened on the 6th day, +and were well on the 7th, but in three of the number a secondary +indisposition arose in consequence of an extensive erysipelatous +inflammation which appeared on the inoculated arms. It seemed to +arise from the state of the pustule, which spread out, accompanied +with some degree of pain, to about half the diameter of a six-pence. +One of these patients was an infant of half a year old. By the +application of mercurial ointment to the inflamed parts (a treatment +recommended under similar circumstances in the inoculated Small-pox) +the complaint subsided without giving much trouble. + +HANNAH EXCELL an healthy girl of seven years old, and one of the +patients above mentioned, received the infection from the insertion +of the virus under the cuticle of the arm in three distinct points. +The pustules which arose in consequence, so much resembled, on the +12th day, those appearing from the insertion of variolous matter, +that an experienced Inoculator would scarcely have discovered a shade +of difference at that period. Experience now tells me that almost the +only variation which follows consists in the pustulous fluids +remaining limpid nearly to the time of its total disappearance; and +not, as in the direct Small-pox, becoming purulent.--(See Plate, No. +4.) + + + + +_CASE XXII._ + + +From the arm of this girl matter was taken and inserted April 12th +into the arms of John Marklove one year and a half old, + + Robert F. Jenner, eleven months old, + Mary Pead, 5 years old, and + Mary James, 6 years old. + +[Illustration] + +Among these Robert F. Jenner did not receive the infection. The arms +of the other three inflamed properly and began to affect the system +in the usual manner; but being under some apprehensions from the +preceding Cases that a troublesome erysipelas might arise, I +determined on making an experiment with the view of cutting off its +source. Accordingly after the patients had felt an indisposition of +about twelve hours, I applied in two of these Cases out of the three, +on the vesicle formed by the virus, a little mild caustic, composed +of equal parts of quick-lime and soap, and suffered it to remain on +the part six hours[1]. It seemed to give the children but little +uneasiness, and effectually answered my intention in preventing the +appearance of erysipelas. Indeed it seemed to do more, for in half an +hour after its application, the indisposition of the children +ceased[2]. These precautions were perhaps unnecessary as the arm of +the third child, Mary Pead, which was suffered to take its common +course, scabbed quickly, without any erysipelas. + +[Footnote 1: Perhaps a few touches with the lapis septicus would have +proved equally efficacious.] + +[Footnote 2: What effect would a similar treatment produce in +inoculation for the Small-pox?] + + + + +_CASE XXIII._ + + +From this child's arm matter was taken and transferred to that of J. +Barge, a boy of seven years old. He sickened on the 8th day, went +through the disease with the usual slight symptoms, and without any +inflammation on the arm beyond the common efflorescence surrounding +the pustule, an appearance so often seen in inoculated Small-pox. + +After the many fruitless attempts to give the Small-pox to those who +had had the Cow-pox, it did not appear necessary, nor was it +convenient to me, to inoculate the whole of those who had been the +subjects of these late trials; yet I thought it right to see the +effects of variolous matter on some of them, particularly William +Summers, the first of these patients who had been infected with +matter taken from the cow. He was therefore inoculated with variolous +matter from a fresh pustule; but, as in the preceding Cases, the +system did not feel the effects of it in the smallest degree. I had +an opportunity also of having this boy and William Pead inoculated by +my Nephew, Mr. Henry Jenner, whose report to me is as follows: "I +have inoculated Pead and Barge, two of the boys whom you lately +infected with the Cow-pox. On the 2d day the incisions were inflamed +and there was a pale inflammatory stain around them. On the 3d day +these appearances were still increasing and their arms itched +considerably. On the 4th day, the inflammation was evidently +subsiding, and on the 6th it was scarcely perceptible. No symptom of +indisposition followed. + +To convince myself that the variolous matter made use of was in a +perfect state, I at the same time inoculated a patient with some of +it who never had gone through the Cow-pox, and it produced the +Small-pox in the usual regular manner." + +These experiments afforded me much satisfaction, they proved that the +matter in passing from one human subject to another, through five +gradations, lost none of its original properties, J. Barge being the +fifth who received the infection successively from William Summers, +the boy to whom it was communicated from the cow. + + * * * * * + +I shall now conclude this Inquiry with some general observations on +the subject and on some others which are interwoven with it. + +Although I presume it may be unnecessary to produce further testimony +in support of my assertion "that the Cow-pox protects the human +constitution from the infection of the Small-pox," yet it affords me +considerable satisfaction to say, that Lord Somerville, the President +of the Board of Agriculture, to whom this paper was shewn by Sir +Joseph Banks, has found upon inquiry that the statements were +confirmed by the concuring testimony of Mr. Dolland, a surgeon, who +resides in a dairy country remote from this, in which these +observations were made. With respect to the opinion adduced "that the +source of the infection is a peculiar morbid matter arising in the +horse," although I have not been able to prove it from actual +experiments conducted immediately under my own eye, yet the evidence +I have adduced appears sufficient to establish it. + +They who are not in the habit of conducting experiments may not be +aware of the coincidence of circumstances necessary for their being +managed so as to prove perfectly decisive; nor how often men engaged +in professional pursuits are liable to interruptions which disappoint +them almost at the instant of their being accomplished: however, I +feel no room for hesitation respecting the common origin of the +disease, being well convinced that it never appears among the cows +(except it can be traced to a cow introduced among the general herd +which has been previously infected, or to an infected servant), +unless they have been milked by some one who, at the same time, has +the care of a horse affected with diseased heels. + +The spring of the year 1797, which I intended particularly to have +devoted to the completion of this investigation, proved, from its +dryness, remarkably adverse to my wishes; for it frequently happens, +while the farmers' horses are exposed to the cold rains which fall at +that season that their heels become diseased, and no Cow-pox then +appeared in the neighbourhood. + +The active quality of the virus from the horses' heels is greatly +increased after it has acted on the nipples of the cow, as it rarely +happens that the horse affects his dresser with sores, and as rarely +that a milk-maid escapes the infection when she milks infected cows. +It is most active at the commencement of the disease, even before it +has acquired a pus-like appearance; indeed I am not confident whether +this property in the matter does not entirely cease as soon as it is +secreted in the form of pus. I am induced to think it does cease[1], +and that it is the thin darkish-looking fluid only, oozing from the +newly-formed cracks in the heels, similar to what sometimes appears +from erysipelatous blisters, which gives the disease. Nor am I +certain that the nipples of the cows are at all times in a state to +receive the infection. The appearance of the disease in the spring +and the early part of the summer, when they are disposed to be +affected with spontaneous eruptions so much more frequently than at +other seasons, induces me to think, that the virus from the horse +must be received upon them when they are in this state, in order to +produce effects: experiments, however, must determine these points. +But it is clear that when the Cow-pox virus is once generated, that +the cows cannot resist the contagion, in whatever state their nipples +may chance to be, if they are milked with an infected hand. + +Whether the matter, either from the cow or the horse will affect the +sound skin of the human body, I cannot positively determine; probably +it will not, unless on those parts where the cuticle is extremely +thin, as on the lips for example. I have known an instance of a poor +girl who produced an ulceration on her lip by frequently holding her +finger to her mouth to cool the raging of a Cow-pox sore by blowing +upon it. The hands of the farmers' servants here, from the nature of +their employments, are constantly exposed to those injuries which +occasion abrasions of the cuticle, to punctures from thorns and such +like accidents; so that they are always in a state to feel the +consequences of exposure to infectious matter. + +It is singular to observe that the Cow-pox virus, although it renders +the constitution unsusceptible of the variolous, should, +nevertheless, leave it unchanged with respect to its own action. I +have already produced an instance[2] to point out this, and shall now +corroborate it with another. + +Elizabeth Wynne, who had the Cow-pox in the year 1759, was inoculated +with variolous matter, without effect, in the year 1797, and again +caught the Cow-pox in the year 1798. When I saw her, which was on the +8th day after she received the infection, I found her affected with +general lassitude, shiverings, alternating with heat, coldness of the +extremities, and a quick and irregular pulse. These symptoms were +preceded by a pain in the axilla. On her hand was one large pustulous +sore, which resembled that delinated in Plate No. 1. + +It is curious also to observe, that the virus, which with respect to +its effects is undetermined and uncertain previously to its passing +from the horse through the medium of the cow, should then not only +become more active, but should invariably and completely possess +those specific properties which induce in the human constitution +symptoms similar to those of the variolous fever, and effect in it +that peculiar change which for ever renders it unsusceptible of the +variolous contagion. + +May it not, then, be reasonably conjectured, that the source of the +Small-pox is morbid matter of a peculiar kind, generated by a disease +in the horse, and that accidental circumstances may have again and +again arisen, still working new changes upon it, until it has +acquired the contagious and malignant form under which we now +commonly see it making its devastations amongst us? And, from a +consideration of the change which the infectious matter undergoes +from producing a disease on the cow, may we not conceive that many +contagious diseases, now prevalent among us, may owe their present +appearance not to a simple, but to a compound origin? For example, is +it difficult to imagine that the measles, the scarlet fever, and the +ulcerous sore throat with a spotted skin, have all sprung from the +same source, assuming some variety in their forms according to the +nature of their new combinations? The same question will apply +respecting the origin of many other contagious diseases, which bear a +strong analogy to each other. + +There are certainly more forms than one, without considering the +common variation between the confluent and distinct, in which the +Small-pox appears in what is called the natural way.--About seven +years ago a species of Small-pox spread through many of the towns and +villages of this part of Gloucestershire: it was of so mild a nature, +that a fatal instance was scarcely ever heard of, and consequently so +little dreaded by the lower orders of the community, that they +scrupled not to hold the same intercourse with each other as if no +infectious disease had been present among them. I never saw nor heard +of an instance of its being confluent. The most accurate manner, +perhaps, in which I can convey an idea of it is, by saying, that had +fifty individuals been taken promiscuously and infected by exposure +to this contagion, they would have had as mild and light a disease as +if they had been inoculated with variolous matter in the usual way. +The harmless manner in which it shewed itself could not arise from +any peculiarity either in the season or the weather, for I watched +its progress upwards of a year without perceiving any variation in +its general appearance. I consider it then as a _variety_ of the +Small-pox[3]. + +In some of the preceding cases I have noticed the attention that was +paid to the state of the variolous matter previous to the experiment +of inserting it into the arms of those who had gone through the +Cow-pox. This I conceived to be of great importance in conducting +these experiments, and were it always properly attended to by those +who inoculate for the Small-pox, it might prevent much subsequent +mischief and confusion. With the view of enforcing so necessary a +precaution, I shall take the liberty of digressing so far as to point +out some unpleasant facts, relative to mismanagement in this +particular, which have fallen under my own observation. + +A Medical Gentleman (now no more), who for many years inoculated in +this neighbourhood, frequently preserved the variolous matter +intended for his use, on a piece of lint or cotton, which, in its +fluid state was put into a vial, corked, and conveyed into a warm +pocket; a situation certainly favourable for speedily producing +putrefaction in it. In this state (not unfrequently after it had been +taken several days from the pustules) it was inserted into the arms +of his patients, and brought on inflammation of the incised parts, +swellings of the axillary glands, fever, and sometimes eruptions. But +what was this disease? Certainly not the Small-pox; for the matter +having from putrefaction lost, or suffered a derangement in its +specific properties, was no longer capable of producing that malady, +those who had been inoculated in this manner being as much subject to +the contagion of the Small-pox, as if they had never been under the +influence of this artificial disease; and many, unfortunately, fell +victims to it, who thought themselves in perfect security. The same +unfortunate circumstance of giving a disease, supposed to be the +Small-pox, with inefficaceous variolous matter, having occurred under +the direction of some other practitioners within my knowledge, and +probably from the same incautious method of securing the variolous +matter, I avail myself of this opportunity of mentioning what I +conceive to be of great importance; and, as a further cautionary +hint, I shall again digress so far as to add another observation on +the subject of Inoculation. + +Whether it be yet ascertained by experiment, that the quantity of +variolous matter inserted into the skin makes any difference with +respect to the subsequent mildness or violence of the disease, I know +not; but I have the strongest reason for supposing that is either the +punctures or incisions be made so deep as to go _through_ it, and +wound the adipose membrane, that the risk of bringing on a violent +disease is greatly increased. I have known an inoculator, whose +practice was "to cut deep enough (to use his own expression) to see a +bit of fat," and there to lodge the matter. The great number of bad +Cases, independent of inflammations and abscesses on the arms, and +the fatality which attended this practice was almost inconceivable; +and I cannot account for it on any other principle than that of the +matter being placed in this situation instead of the skin. + +It was the practice of another, whom I well remember, to pinch up a +small portion of the skin on the arms of his patients and to pass +through it a needle, with a thread attached to it previously dipped +in variolous matter. The thread was lodged in the perforated part, +and consequently left in contact with the cellular membrane. This +practice was attended with the same ill success as the former. +Although it is very improbable that any one would now inoculate in +this rude way by design, yet these observations may tend to place a +double guard over the lancet, when infants, whose skins are +comparatively so very thin, fall under the care of the inoculator. + +A very respectable friend of mine, Dr. Hardwicke, of Sodbury in this +county, inoculated great numbers of patients previous to the +introduction of the more modern method by Sutton, and with such +success, that a fatal instance occurred as rarely as since that +method has been adopted. It was the doctor's practice to make as +slight an incision as possible _upon_ the skin, and there to lodge a +thread saturated with the variolous matter. When his patients became +indisposed, agreeably to the custom then prevailing, they were +directed to go to bed and were kept moderately warm. Is it not +probable then, that the success of the modern practice may depend +more upon the method of invariably depositing the virus in or upon +the skin, than on the subsequent treatment of the disease? + +I do not mean to insinuate that exposure to cool air, and suffering +the patient to drink cold water when hot and thirsty, may not +moderate the eruptive symptoms and lessen the number of pustules; +yet, to repeat my former observation, I cannot account for the +uninterrupted success, or nearly so, of one practitioner, and the +wretched state of the patients under the care of another, where, in +both instances, the general treatment did not differ essentially, +without conceiving it to arise from the different modes of inserting +the matter for the purpose of producing the disease. As it is not the +identical matter inserted which is absorbed into the constitution, +but that which is, by some peculiar process in the animal economy, +generated by it, is it not probable that different parts of the human +body may prepare or modify the virus differently? Although the skin, +for example, adipose membrane, or mucous membranes are all capable of +producing the variolous virus by the stimulus given by the particles +originally deposited upon them, yet I am induced to conceive that +each of these parts is capable of producing some variation in the +qualities of the matter previous to its affecting the constitution. +What else can constitute the difference between the Small-pox when +communicated casually or in what has been termed the natural way, or +when brought on artificially through the medium of the skin? After +all, are the variolous particles, possessing their true specific and +contagious principles, ever taken up and conveyed by the lymphatics +unchanged into the blood vessels? I imagine not. Were this the case, +should we not find the blood sufficiently loaded with them in some +stages of the Small-pox to communicate the disease by inserting it +under the cuticle, or by spreading it on the surface of an ulcer? Yet +experiments have determined the impracticability of its being given +in this way; although it has been proved that variolous matter when +much diluted with water, and applied to the skin in the usual manner, +will produce the disease. But it would be digressing beyond a proper +boundary, to go minutely into this subject here. + +At what period the Cow-pox was first noticed here is not upon record. +Our oldest farmers were not unacquainted with it in their earliest +days, when it appeared among their farms without any deviation from +the phaenomena which it now exhibits. Its connection with the +Small-pox seems to have been unknown to them. Probably the general +introduction of inoculation first occasioned the discovery. + +Its rise in this country may not have been of very remote date, as +the practice of milking cows might formerly have been in the hands of +women only; which I believe is the case now in some other dairy +countries, and, consequently that the cows might not in former times +have been exposed to the contagious matter brought by the men +servants from the heels of horses[4]. Indeed a knowledge of the +source of the infection is new in the minds of most of the farmers in +this neighbourhood, but it has at length produced good consequences; +and it seems probable from the precautions they are now disposed to +adopt, that the appearance of the Cow-pox here may either be entirely +extinguished or become extremely rare. + +Should it be asked whether this investigation is a matter of mere +curiosity, or whether it tends to any beneficial purpose? I should +answer, that notwithstanding the happy effects of Inoculation, with +all the improvements which the practice has received since its first +introduction into this country, it not very unfrequently produces +deformity of the skin, and sometimes, under the best management, +proves fatal. + +These circumstances must naturally create in every instance some +degree of painful solicitude for its consequences. But as I have +never known fatal effects arise from the Cow-pox, even when impressed +in the most unfavourable manner, producing extensive inflammations +and suppurations on the hands; and as it clearly appears that this +disease leaves the constitution in a state of perfect security from +the infection of the Small-pox, may we not infer that a mode of +Inoculation may be introduced preferable to that at present adopted, +especially among those families, which, from previous circumstances +we may judge to be predisposed to have the disease unfavourably? It +is an excess in the number of pustules which we chiefly dread in the +Small-pox; but, in the Cow-pox, no pustules appear, nor does it seem +possible for the contagious matter to produce the disease from +effluvia, or by any other means than contact, and that probably not +simply between the virus and the cuticle; so that a single individual +in a family might at any time receive it without the risk of +infecting the rest, or of spreading a distemper that fills a country +with terror. Several instances have come under my observation which +justify the assertion that the disease cannot be propagated by +effluvia. The first boy whom I inoculated with the matter of Cow-pox, +slept in a bed, while the experiment was going forward, with two +children who never had gone through either that disease or the +Small-pox, without infecting either of them. + +A young woman who had the Cow-pox to a great extent, several sores +which maturated having appeared on the hands and wrists, slept in the +same bed with a fellow-dairy maid who never had been infected with +either the Cow-pox or the Small-pox, but no indisposition followed. + +Another instance has occurred of a young woman on whose hands were +several large suppurations from the Cow-pox, who was at the same time +a daily nurse to an infant, but the complaint was not communicated to +the child. + +In some other points of view, the inoculation of this disease appears +preferable to the variolous inoculation. + +In constitutions predisposed to scrophula, how frequently we see the +inoculated Small-pox, rouse into activity that distressful malady. +This circumstance does not seem to depend on the manner in which the +distemper has shewn itself, for it has as frequently happened among +those who have had it mildly, as when it has appeared in the contrary +way. + +There are many, who from some peculiarity in the habit resist the +common effects of variolous matter inserted into the skin, and who +are in consequence haunted through life with the distressing idea of +being insecure from subsequent infection. A ready mode of dissipating +anxiety originating from such a cause must now appear obvious. And, +as we have seen that the constitution may at any time be made to feel +the febrile attack of Cow-pox, might it not, in many chronic diseases +be introduced into the system, with the probability of affording +relief, upon well-known physiological principles? + +Although I say the system may at any time be made to feel the febrile +attack of Cow-pox, yet I have a single instance before me where the +virus acted locally only, but it is not in the least probable that +the same person would resist the action both of the Cow-pox virus and +the variolous. + +Elizabeth Sarsenet lived as a dairy maid at Newpark farm, in this +parish. All the cows and the servants employed in milking had the +Cow-pox; but this woman, though she had several sores upon her +fingers, felt no tumors in the axillae, nor any general indisposition. + On being afterwards casually exposed to variolous infection, she had +the Small-pox in a mild way.--Hannah Pick, another of the dairy maids +who was a fellow-servant with Elizabeth Sarsenet when the distemper +broke out at the farm was, at the same time infected; but this young +woman had not only sores upon her hands, but felt herself also much +indisposed for a day or two. After this, I made several attempts to +give her the Small-pox by inoculation, but they all proved fruitless. +From the former Case then we see that the animal economy is subject +to the same laws in one disease as the other. + +The following Case which has very lately occurred renders it highly +probable that not only the heels of the horse, but other parts of the +body of that animal, are capable of generating the virus which +produces the Cow-pox. + +An extensive inflammation of the erysipelatous kind, appeared without +any apparent cause upon the upper part of the thigh of a sucking +colt, the property of Mr. Millet, a farmer at Rockhampton, a village +near Berkeley. The inflammation continued several weeks, and at +length terminated in the formation of three or four small abscesses. +The inflamed parts were fomented, and dressings were applied by some +of the same persons who were employed in milking the cows. The number +of cows milked was twenty-four, and the whole of them had the +Cow-pox. The milkers, consisting of the farmer's wife, a man and a +maid servant, were infected by the cows. The man servant had +previously gone through the Small-pox, and felt but little of the +Cow-pox. The servant maid had some years before been infected with +the Cow-pox, and she also felt it now in a slight degree: But the +farmer's wife who never had gone through either of these diseases, +felt its effects very severely. + +That the disease produced upon the cows by the colt and from thence +conveyed to those who milked them was the _true_ and not the +_spurious_ Cow-pox[5], there can be scarcely any room for suspicion; +yet it would have been more completely satisfactory, had the effects +of variolous matter been ascertained on the farmer's wife, but there +was a peculiarity in her situation which prevented my making the +experiment. + +Thus far have I proceeded in an inquiry, founded, as it must appear, +on the basis of experiment; in which, however, conjecture has been +occasionally admitted in order to present to persons well situated +for such discussions, objects for a more minute investigation. In the +mean time I shall myself continue to prosecute this inquiry, +encouraged by the hope of its becoming essentially beneficial to +mankind. + + FINIS. + +[Footnote 1: It is very easy to procure pus from old sores on the +heels of horses. This I have often inserted into scratches made with +a lancet, on the sound nipples of cows, and have seen no other +effects from it than simple inflammation.] + +[Footnote 2: See Case IX.] + +[Footnote 3: My friend Dr. Hicks, of Bristol, who during the +prevalence of this distemper was resident at Gloucester, and +Physician to the Hospital there, (where it was seen soon after its +first appearance in this country) had opportunities of making +numerous observations upon it, which it is his intention to +communicate to the Public.] + +[Footnote 4: I have been informed from respectable authority that in +Ireland, although dairies abound in many parts of the Island, the +disease is entirely unknown. The reason seems obvious. The business +of the dairy is conducted by women only. Were the meanest vassal +among the men, employed there as a milker at a dairy, he would feel +his situation unpleasant beyond all endurance.] + +[Footnote 5: See Note in Page 7.] + + + + +_ERRATA._ + + + Page 5, Line 4, after the word _shiverings_ insert _succeeded by + heat_. + Line 16, for _needlessly_ read _heedlessly_. + + ---- 24, Last line but one, for _sore_ read _tumour_. + + ---- 40, Line 12, for _Macklove_ read _Marklove_. + + ---- 41, Note--for _scepticus_ read _septicus_. + + ---- 60, Last line, for _moderate_ read _modern_. + + + + + + * * * * * + + + + +Transcriber's note + + +For this e-text, all the errors in the original book's "Errata" +section have been corrected, as well as the following: + +Introductory letter: "C. H PARRY" corrected to "C. H. PARRY". + +Introduction: Inserted "to" after "But this disease is not". + +Case XX: "begining" corrected to "beginning". + +Conclusions: Added full-stop after "on the subject of Inoculation". + +The following archaic spellings of words were used in the original +book and have been retained: head-ach; concuring; delinated. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN INQUIRY INTO THE CAUSES AND +EFFECTS OF THE VARIOLAE VACCINAE*** + + +******* This file should be named 29414.txt or 29414.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/9/4/1/29414 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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