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diff --git a/29411-8.txt b/29411-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e203e6d --- /dev/null +++ b/29411-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3056 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American magazine Vol 2. No. 3 +Oct 10 1846, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Scientific American magazine Vol 2. No. 3 Oct 10 1846 + The Advocate of Industry and Journal of Scientific, + Mechanical and Other Improvements + +Author: Various + +Editor: Rufus Porter + +Release Date: July 14, 2009 [EBook #29411] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, OCT 10, 1846 *** + + + + +Produced by David T. Jones and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Canada Team at http://www.pgdpcanada.net +Images generously provided by "Making of America" Cornell +University. + + + + + + + +THE NEW YORK +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: + +_Published Weekly at 128 Fulton Street, +(Sun Building,) New York._ + +BY MUNN & COMPANY. + + * * * * * + +RUFUS PORTER, EDITOR. + + * * * * * + +TERMS.--$2 a year--$1 in advance, and the remainder in 6 months. + +[Illustration: hand pointing right] _See Advertisement on last page._ + + +=The New Roman Road.= + +[The present Pope has given his consent to build railroads in his +dominions, which the former Pope was averse to. The following lines +are predicated on his consent.] + + Ancient Romans, ancient Romans-- + Cato, Scipio Africanus, + Ye whose fame's eclips'd by no man's, + Publius Æmilianus, + Sylla, Marius, Pompey, Cæsar, + Fabius, dilatory teaser, + Coriolanus, and ye Gracchi + Who gave so many a foe a black eye, + Antony, Lepidus, and Crassus; + And you, ye votaries of Parnassus, + Virgil, and Horace, and Tibullus, + Terence and Juvenal, Catullus, + Martial, and all ye wits beside, + On Pegasus expert to ride; + Numa, good king, surnamed Pampilius, + And Tullus, eke 'yclept Hostilius-- + Kings, Consuls, Imperators, Lictors, + Prætors, the whole world's former victors, + Who sleep by yellow Tiber's brink; + Ye mighty names--what d'ye think? + The Pope has sanctioned Railway Bills! + And so the lofty Aventine, + And your six other famous hills + Will soon look down upon a 'Line.' + Oh! if so be that hills could turn + Their noses up, with gesture antic, + Thus would the seven deride and spurn + A Roman work so unromantic: + 'Was this the ancient Roman Way. + + With tickets taken, fares to pay, + Stockers and Engineers, perhaps-- + Nothing more likely--English chaps + Brawling away, 'Go on!' for Ito, + And 'Cut along!' instead of Cito; + The engine letting off its steam, + With puff and whistle, snort and scream; + A smell meanwhile, like burning clothes, + Flouting the angry Roman nose? + Is it not Conscript Fathers shocking? + Does it not seem your mem'ry mocking? + The Roman and the Railway station-- + What an incongruous combination! + How odd, with no one to adore him, + Terminus--and in the Forum!'--[Punch. + + +=Good Advice.= + +Somebody lays down the following rules to young men in business. They +will apply equally well to young and old. 'Let the business of every +one alone, and attend to your own.--Don't buy what you don't want. Use +every hour to advantage, and study even to make leisure hours useful. +Think twice before you spend a shilling; remember you have another to +make for it. Find recreation in looking after your business, and so +your business will not be neglected in looking after recreation.--Buy +fair, sell fair, take care of the profits; look over the books +regularly, and if you find an error, trace it out. Should a stroke of +misfortune come upon you in trade, retrench--work harder, but never +fly the track; confront difficulties with unflinching perseverance, +and they will disappear at last, and you will be honored; but shrink +from the task, and you will be despised.' + + * * * * * + +In Russia, coffins are generally brown, but children have pink, grown +up unmarried girls sky blue, while other females are indulged with a +violet color. + +[Illustration: Barnum's Safety Apparatus] + +INTRODUCTION.--Much has been said of late in and about New York on the +subject of the adoption by steamboat proprietors of some apparatus +that will in some measure secure the passengers against such +casualties as have occurred on board the Excelsior and several other +boats. There have been a great variety of inventions introduced for +the purpose of preventing explosions; but from the best information we +can obtain on the subject, we are of the opinion that Mr. Barnum's +apparatus takes a general preference over all others. It consists of +an arrangement of machinery, partly within the boiler, and which is +constructed on such a self-regulating principle as to keep up a supply +of water within the boiler, without any attention from the engineer; +and in case that the apparatus itself should become impaired or cease +to operate regular, the engineer becomes instantly notified thereof. + +EXPLANATION.--It is inexpedient for us to give a full and minute +description of the several points and peculiarities of the mechanism +of this apparatus; but we may so far explain as to say that a +horizontal lever inside of the boiler, being mounted on a pivot near +its centre, and connected to a buoy or float at one end, as +represented in the engraving, (a part of the surface of the boiler +being omitted for that purpose, and not, as some might infer, to +represent the apparatus attached to a boiler already burst by an +explosion.) One of these floats is placed within a small enclosed box +within the boiler, that it may be secure from the effect of foam which +sometimes pervades the surface of the water in a steam boiler.--This +lever, near its bearing, is connected to a short valve-rod, which +governs the valves in a small valve-chamber, whereby the steam is +occasionally admitted to operate a small steam engine, placed directly +over the boiler; and this engine puts in motion a pump, by which the +water in the boiler is replenished. This engine, it will be +understood, is never put in operation except when the water in the +boiler becomes too low: and when the water rises, the elevation of the +encased float closes the valve and stops the engine. The ball on the +end of the lever acts as a counterpoise to the float, (which is of +stone) that it may be freely influenced by the rising or falling of +the surface of the water. + +The small engine constructed by Mr. Barnum for this purpose, is well +adapted to its place, and has several peculiarities whereby the +valves, and consequent reciprocal motion of the engine are regulated +without the use of a crank or fly-wheel: but of these we cannot at +present give a minute description. The whole of this apparatus evinces +much scientific ability of the inventor, Daniel Barnum, Esq., resident +at present in this city, and who has received many certificates from +the first scientific men in the Union, in commendation of his +invention. + + +=A Piggish Parvenue.= + +A proud porker, fancying that it was degrading to his dignity to root +in the gutter, came upon the sidewalk, and full of his consequence, +promenaded from morning till night, leaving his humbler companions to +munch corn, husks and potatoe parings. He fared as people usually do, +who from vanity assume a station they are not qualified to fill. In +the gutter he would have lived in unnoticed enjoyment. On the walk he +got kicked by every passenger and bitten by every cur, till hungry and +bruised he was glad to return to his proper station.--[Ex, paper. + + +=Wanting Workmen back Again.= + +The proprietors of the cotton mill in Schuylerville, N. Y., who +reduced the wages of their hands, a week or two since, says the +Schuylerville Herald, twenty-five per cent., are now, and have been +for several days, endeavoring to induce them to return to their work, +at the old wages; but they are too late, as most of them are engaged +to work in other mills. + + +=Hard Climbing.= + +A man in Orange county was found one night climbing an over-shot wheel +in a fulling mill. He was asked what he was doing. He said he was +'trying to go up to bed, but some how or other these stairs won't hold +still.' There are many unlucky wights who are laboriously endeavoring +to climb fortune's ladder on the same principle. + + +=Power of Imagination.= + +An amusing incident recently occurred at Williams College, which is +thus related by a correspondent of the Springfield Gazette: + +The professor of chemistry, while administering, in the course of his +lectures, the protoxide of nitrogen, or, as it is commonly called, +laughing gas, in order to ascertain how great an influence the +imagination had in producing the effects consequent on respiring it, +secretly filled the India rubber gas-bag with common air instead of +gas. It was taken without suspicion, and the effects, if anything, +were more powerful than upon those who had really breathed the pure +gas. One complained that it produced nausea and dizziness, another +immediately manifested pugilistic propensities, and before he could be +restrained, tore in pieces the coat of one of the bystanders, while +the third exclaimed, 'this is life. I never enjoyed it before.' The +laughter that followed the exposure of this gaseous trick may be +imagined. + + +=True Policy.= + +Under all circumstances there is but one honest course; and that is, +to do right and trust the consequences to Divine Providence. 'Duties +are ours: events are God's.' Policy, with all her cunning, can devise +no rule so safe, salutary and effective, as this simple maxim. + + * * * * * + +Six thousand pounds of Saxony wool have been purchased in Pennsylvania, +at sixty-two and a half cents per pound. + + +A LIST OF PATENTS + +_Issued from the 20th of July to the 28th of July, 1846, inclusive._ + + +To M. W. Obenchain, of Springfield, Ohio, for improvement in Carding +Machines. Patented 20th July, 1846. + +To Russell Wildman, of Hartford, Ct., for improvement in Machinery for +forming Hat Bodies. Patented 20th July, 1846. + +To William Sherwood, of Ridgefield, Ct., for improvement in Carpet +Looms. Patented 20th July, 1846. + +To Richard Garsed, of Frankford, Pa., for improvement in Operating +Treadle Cams in Looms for Tweeling. Patented 20th July, 1846. + +To James Ives, of Hamden, Ct., for improvement in Locks for Carriage +Doors. Patented 20th July, 1846. + +To Jacob Peebles, of Concordia, La., for improvement in Brick +Cisterns. Patented 20th July, 1846. + +To Jacob Shermer, of New Valley, Md., for improvement in Winnowing +Machines. Patented, 20th July, 1846. + +To George Levan, of Gap, Pa., for improvement in Doubling and Twisting +and Reeling. Patented 20th July, 1846. + +To Joseph Stevens, of Northumberland, N. Y., for improvement in +Fences. Patented 20th July, 1846. + +To James Boss, of Philadelphia, Pa., for improvement in Ever Pointed +Pencils. Patented 20th July, 1846. + +To Richard C. Holmes and Jonathan J. Springer, of Cape May C. H., N. +J., for improvement in Machinery for Steering Vessels. Patented 20th +July, 1846. + +To Daniel Hoats, of Mifflingburgh, Pa., for improvement in Threshing +Machines. Patented 20th July, 1846. + +To Tappan Townsend, of Albany, N. Y., for improvement in Warming +Railroad Cars.--Patented 24th July, 1846. + +To Elizur L. Booth, of Canandaigua, N. Y., for improvement in +Threshing Machines. Patented 24th July, 1846. + +To Allen Eldred, of Oppenheim, N. Y., for improvement in Potatoe +Ploughs. Patented 24th July, 1846. + +To Amos L. Reed, of Pittsburgh, Pa., for improvement in Feeding Nail +Plates. Patented 24th July, 1846. + +To Joseph Greenleaf, of North Yarmouth, Me., for improvement in +Washing Machines. Patented 24th July, 1846. + +To James Atwater, of New Haven, Ct., for improvement in Door Locks. +Patented 24th July, 1846. + +To Richard Flint, of Meriden, Ct., for improvement in Rat-Tail Files. +Patented 24th July, 1846. + +To Addison Smith, of Perrysburgh, Ohio, for improvement in Magnetic +Fire Alarms.--Patented 24th July, 1846. + +To Charles F. Johnson, of Oswego, N. Y., for improvement in Turret +Clocks. Patented 28th July, 1846. + +To H, D. Reynolds, of Mill-Hall, Pa., for improvement in Smut +Machines. Patented 28th July, 1846. + +To Charles Edward Jacot, of New York City, for improvement in Lever +Escapements. Patented 28th July, 1846. + +To Ross Winans, of Baltimore, Md., for improvement in Locomotive +Carriages. Patented 28th July, 1846. + +To Jonathan Knowles, of Lowell, Mass., for improvement in Children's +Chairs and Wagons. Patented 28th July, 1846. + +To Moses Miller, of Fort Ann, N. Y., for improvement in Sleighs. +Patented 28th July, 1846. + +To William Hatch, of Medford, Mass., for improvement in Spike and Nail +Machines.--Patented 28th July, 1846. + + + + +[Illustration: Variety] + +=Old Bachelors.= + + They are wanderers and ramblers--never at home, + Making sure of a welcome wherever they roam. + And ev'ry one knows that the bachelor's den + Is a room set apart for these singular men-- + A nook in the clouds, of some five feet by four, + Though sometimes, perchance, it may be rather more, + With skylight, or no light, ghosts, goblins and gloom, + And ev'ry where termed, 'The Bachelor's Room.' + + These creatures, they say, are not valued at all, + Except when the herd give a Bachelor's ball. + Then drest in their best, + In their gold broidered vest, + It is known as a fact, + That they act with much tact, + And they lisp out 'How do?' + And they coo and they woo, + And they smile, for a while, + Their fair guests to beguile; + Condescending and bending, + For fear of offending, + Though inert, And they spy, + They exert, With their eye, + To be pert, And they sigh + And to flirt, As they fly. + + And they whisk, and they whiz, + And are brisk, when they quiz. + + For they meet, Advancing, + To be sweet, And glancing, + And are fleet, And dancing, + On their feet, And prancing. + + Sliding and gliding with minuet pace, + Piroueting and setting with infinite grace. + + And jumping, And racing, + And bumping, And chasing, + And stumping, And pacing, + And thumping, And lacing. + + They are flittering and glittering, gallant and gay, + Yawning all the morning, and lounging all day, + But when he grows old, + And his sunshine is past, + Three score years being told, + Brings repentance at last. + + He then becomes an odd old man: + His warmest friend's the frying pan; + He's fidgety, fretful and weary; in fine, + Loves nothing but self, and his dinner and wine. + + He rates and he prates, + And reads the debates: + + Despised by the men, and the women he hates. + + Then prosing, And pouring, + And dozing, And snoring, + And cozing, And boring, + And nosing, And roaring, + + Whene'er befalls in with a rabble, + His delight is to vapor and gabble. + + He's gruffy, And musty, + And puffy, And tusty, + And stuffy, And rusty, + And huffy, And crusty, + + He sits in his slippers, with back to the door, + + Near freezing, And grumbling, + And wheezing, And mumbling, + And teazing, And stumbling, + And sneezing, And tumbling, + + And curses the carpet, or nails in the floor. + + Oft falling, Oft waking, + And bawling, And aching, + And sprawling, And quaking, + And crawling, And shaking, + + His hand is unsteady: his stomach is sore, + + He's railing, Uncheery, + And failing, And dreary, + And ailing, And teary, + Bewailing, And weary, + + Groaning and moaning, + His selfishness owning. + Grieving and heaving, + Though nought is he leaving. + But pelf and ill health, + Himself and his wealth. + + He sends for a doctor, to cure or to kill, + Who gives him advice, and offence, and a pill, + And drops him a hint about making his will, + As fretful antiquity cannot be mended, + The mis'rable life of a bachelor's ended. + Nobody misses him, nobody sighs, + Nobody grieves when the bachelor dies. + + +=Wellman's Illustrated Botany.= + +We have received the October number of this incomparable work, and +find it equal in all respects to its "illustrious predecessors." Among +the flowers presented in full colors, by way of illustration, we +notice the Scarlet Pimpernel, China Aster, Blue Hepatia, Cerus +Speciosus, Agrimonia Eupatoria, besides several other sketches of +buds, sections, &c. We esteem this work worth at least double the +publishers' price,--$3 per annum. Published at 116 Nassau street. + + +=Literary Emporium.= + +We have hitherto neglected to notice the September and October numbers +of this serious, rational and elegant periodical. Each number is +embellished with beautiful portraits, landscapes and flowers, and +contains the most useful and interesting reading matter, as well as +choice poetry and occasional music. Terms $1 per annum. By J. K. +Wellman, 116 Nassau street. + + +=A Delicate Compliment.= + +Washington was sometimes given to pleasantry. Journeying east on one +occasion, attended by two of his aids, he asked some young ladies at a +hotel where he breakfasted, how they liked the appearance of his young +men! One of them promptly replied, 'We cannot judge of the STARS in +the presence of the SUN!' + + +=Fatal Deer Fight.= + +The skeleton heads of two deers, their antlers so closely interlocked +that they cannot be disengaged without violence, were found about a +month ago by a gentleman while hunting in Nassau county, East Florida. +The ground for a quarter of an acre was completely cut up by their +hoofs. + + +=A Provoking Blunder.= + +The letter bags for the steamer Cambria, despatched from this city, +and containing upwards of ten thousand letters for Europe, was taken +from the Boston Post Office by a country stage driver, through +mistake, and the Cambria was compelled to sail without them. They were +returned to this city. + + +=Curious Needlework.= + +A complete map of the State of Pennsylvania, wrought in lace--in which +the town, counties, rivers, &c., are all distinctly shown, each county +being worked in a style of lace different from those adjoining--is +being exhibited in Baltimore, and commands much admiration. + + +=The Credit System.= + +We infer, from certain polite hints and intimation, in the +'Massachusetts Farmers' and Mechanics' Leger,' that that paper is +circulated on trust. If so, the publishers are in no danger of wanting +business for some years to come. + + +=Charcoal Road.= + +The citizens of Yazoo, Miss., have determined to make a charcoal road +over the valley swamp of that place. Sixty hands cutting timber will +burn and spread the coal over two miles in thirty days--the +embankments being already thrown up. + + +=Quick Work.= + +The Baltimore Sun says--'A communication was made from _Buffalo to +Baltimore_ last week, and an answer was received at the telegraph +office in the former city in about _two hours_!' + + +=Oregon Currency.= + +By an act of the Oregon Legislature, wheat is made a lawful tender, in +payment of debts or taxes, at the market prices, when delivered at +such places as it is customary for the merchants to receive it. + + +=Suffering by Success.= + +It is reported that a gentleman congratulated Mr. Polk on having +carried all his measures through Congress. Mr. Polk replied, 'Yes, I +have carried all of them through, and am the weaker for the passage of +each one of them.' + + +=A Rich Ore.= + +The Detroit Advertiser, in an article upon the nature of the ores in +the Lake Superior region, remarks that Messrs. Robbins and Hubbard, of +that city, have recently assayed a specimen of native copper from Lake +Superior, and found in 12 ounces of copper, not only 1-3/4 ounces of +pure silver, but several grains of gold! + + +=Musical.= + +The gross receipts of a late musical festival at Birmingham, amounted +to $56,000. The excitement was caused by performing Mendleson's +Messiah, which we learn is to be brought out in this city. + + +=Singular Accident.= + +The steamboat Highland having got aground near Turkey Island, on the +Mississippi, a large tree, three feet in diameter, fell directly +across the boat, smashing the cabin, breaking the connecting pipe, and +seriously injuring the pilot. + + +=Combined Accomplishments.= + +Mr. S. Lover, who recently arrived in this city, is said to be a good +poet, a good painter, a good musician, full of wit, anecdotes and +pleasantry--it is impossible to pass a dull evening in his company. + + +=Marriage of Rossini.= + +This celebrated composer was married at Bologna, on the 16th of +August, after a courtship of 16 years, to Mademoiselle Olympe Bearrien +of Paris. It may change the turn of his muse. + + +=Great Luck.= + +A poor Englishman, with a wife and family living in St. Louis, has +had a fortune of $265,000 in money, and a family estate worth +$115,000, recently left him by a deceased relative. + + +=Zinc Mines.= + +There are several mines of zinc in New Jersey, one of which is said to +consist of a deposit 600 feet in length, and is thought to contain ore +worth $2,000,000. + + +=A Monstrous Woman.= + +The Ohio State Journal says that there is a woman in Pickaway county, +in that State, who weighs 46 pounds! + + +=Old Boy.= + +A southern paper advertises a runaway boy, _thirty-six years of age_! + + * * * * * + +By a recent telegraphic arrangement, the papers in Albany, Troy, +Utica, Syracuse, Auburn, Rochester and Buffalo, are furnished with +reports from New York twice a day,--at 2 and 8 P. M. + + * * * * * + +The Connecticut river is reported to be lower than it has been known +within the remembrance of the oldest inhabitants. It is reduced to a +mere brook. + + * * * * * + +A company formed in Boston has commenced operation on a copper mine in +Cumberland, R. I. About 4000 lbs. of ore were taken out a few days +since, and yields about 20 per cent. + + * * * * * + +The Hon. Louis McLane gets a salary of $5000 a year--nearly $100 per +week--for holding the office of President of the Baltimore and Ohio +Railway Company. + + * * * * * + +An imperial _quarter_ of Indian corn, in 480 pounds, which is equal +to eight bushels of sixty pounds each. We suppose some of our readers +would like to know about that. + + * * * * * + +A solution of copper is an excellent wash for purifying sinks, and +removing all unpleasant effluvia. Two or three applications will be +effectual. + + * * * * * + +We are informed that the steamer Buffalo is making arrangements for +the adoption of Barnum's Safety Apparatus. + + * * * * * + +Two iron steamboats, of 70 tons each, are to run between Philadelphia +and Reading, Pa., carrying freight and passengers. + + * * * * * + +The editor of the Cincinnati Commercial says that he has a project for +connecting the old and new worlds by telegraph. + + * * * * * + +Twelve hundred and thirty-four miles of magnetic telegraph are +reported to be in actual operation in the United States. + + * * * * * + +An association of capitalists at Worcester county, Mass., are +exploring a vein of copper in Greenfield. + + +=The True Ornament.= + + 'The ornament of a meek and quiet spirit.' + + BY MISS E. J. ANDREWS. + + + I ask not for the glittering wreath, + Of India's sparkling diamonds rare, + To deck my brow, while oft beneath, + There throbs a heart with heaviest care. + + I ask not for the gilded chain, + Of perishing and worthless gold, + To clasp my neck, while oft in vain + The heart's best sympathies unfold. + + Oh! give me not the worthless dust, + For which vain, anxious mortals toil, + To treasure up where moth and rust, + Doth soon corrupt the hoarded pile. + + I covet not the gay attire, + In which vain beauty oft appears, + Oft that which wondering crowds admire, + Needeth far more their heartfelt tears. + + But there's an ornament I crave;-- + To grant, vain world, it is not thine, + It floateth not o'er yon proud wave, + Nor yields it me earth's richest mine. + + Oh, may it be a guileless heart! + In heaven's own sight of priceless worth! + Where nought corrupting e'er hath part, + Pure, as the source which gave it birth. + + _A spirit meek and pure within;_ + May this, alone, my life adorn, + Unsullied by the touch of sin, + Though subject to the proud world's scorn. + + This ornament, O God of Love! + 'Tis Thine, and Thine alone, to give; + Oh, may I its rich beauties prove, + And in its full possession, _live_! + + _Bethel, Conn._, 1846. + + +=Female Piety.= + +The gem of all others which enriches the coronet of woman's character, +is unaffected piety. Nature may lavish much on her person; the +enchantment of her countenance, the grace of her mind, the strength of +her intellect; yet her loveliness is uncrowned till piety throws +around the whole the sweetness and power of its charms. She then +becomes unearthly in her desires and associations. The spell which +bound her affections to the things below is broken, and she mounts on +the silent wings of her fancy and hope to the habitation of God, where +it is her delight to hold communion with the spirits that have been +ransomed from the thraldom of Earth and wreathed with a garland of +glory. Her beauty may throw a magical charm over many; princes and +conquerors may bow with admiration at the shrine of her beauty and +love; the sons of science may embalm her memory in the page of +history; yet her piety must be her ornament, her pearl. Her name must +be written in 'The Book of Life,' that when the mountains fade away, +and every memento of earthly greatness is lost in the general wreck of +nature, it may remain and swell the list of that mighty throng who +have been clothed in the mantle of righteousness, and their voices +attuned to the melody of Heaven. With such a treasure, every lofty +gratification on earth may be purchased; friendship will be doubly +sweet; and sorrow will lose their sting; and the character will +possess a price far above rubies: life will be but a pleasant visit to +earth, and entrance upon a joyful and perpetual home. And when the +notes of the last trump shall be heard, and sleeping millions awake to +judgment, its possessor shall be presented faultless before the throne +of God with exceeding joy, and a crown of glory that shall never wear +away. Such is piety. Like a tender flower, planted in the fertile soil +of woman's heart, it grows, expanding in its foliage, and imparting +its fragrance to all around, till transplanted, and set to bloom in +perpetual vigor and unfading beauty, in the Paradise of God. + + +=Iron Ore.= + +One of the most valuable beds of iron ore ever discovered has been +found in the northeast corner of Dodge county, Wisconsin, and is said +to yield ninety per cent. The deposit is 30 feet thick. + + * * * * * + +'Pursue your calling with diligence, and your creditor shall not +interrupt you.' + + + + +NEW INVENTIONS. + + +=Lewis's Reversible Faucet Filters.= + +Highly favorable as our opinion may be of the several excellent +filters which have been introduced, we cannot avoid giving a +preference to the one recently invented by Mr. S. H. Lewis. It +consists of a very neat faucet, calculated to be attached to a common +Croton or other hydrant, and in connection with the faucet key, is a +circular chamber, three inches in diameter, within which is a circular +filter consisting of a quantity of cotton cloth, flannel sponge or +porous porcelain (which is preferred) compressed between two +perforated metallic disks: and the faucet key is so constructed that +by turning it to the right, the water is permitted to flow through the +filter in one direction; but its course is reversed and it is made to +flow in the opposite direction through the filter by turning the key +to the left. The filter is thus cleansed at pleasure without any +trouble, on examination of the filter or chamber. They may be seen at +28 1-2 Broadway. + + +=West's Cheap and Convenient Filter.= + +For the thousands of families in this city whose houses are not +furnished with the Croton water-pipes, a neat portable filter, +recently invented by Mr. N. West, of this city, is as near perfection, +in convenience and utility, as could be furnished for the low price of +_one dollar_, and should find a place in every house or shop where the +Croton water is used. It consists of two conical pails, one within the +other; the first is furnished with an efficient filter at the bottom +thereof; and the other has a faucet, by which the water is drawn off +as occasion requires. They may be found at 156 Delancy street. + + +=Improved Yoke for Oxen.= + +This yoke is constructed with sliding blocks attached to the under +side of the beam of the yoke, near each end, and each sliding block is +attached to the beam by bolts which pass through mortises so that the +blocks may be made to slide occasionally to the right or left. To +these blocks are attached the bows, the position of which are adjusted +by gauge screws; and by the sliding of the blocks, the distance of the +oxen from each other may be regulated. The middle of the yoke is +furnished with a draught staple or eye-bolt which is moveable and +regulated by a hand screw at the top, whereby the _pitch_ of the +draught it regulated. Invented by David Chappel, and entered at the +Patent Office, Sept. 3d. + + +=Another Improvement In Stoves.= + +Messrs. Hartshorn, Payson & Ring entered at the Patent Office, +September 3d, an improved stove, in which they claim the combination +of the common wood stove and cylinder coal stove, so that the coal may +be burned alone, and the draught so arranged as at the same time to +heat the wood stove with the same heat, and if wood alone should be +burned, then the draught should be so managed and arranged as at the +same time to heat the side radiators and coal cylinders. A minute +description of this improvement, is not, in this place, essential. + + +=Iron Shingles.= + +We have never been able to understand the reason why iron has so long +been neglected as a covering for roofs, but are gratified to learn +that Mr. Wm. Beach, of Troy, N. Y., has invented and patented a mode +of using cast iron plates for covering roofs. They are about one foot +square, and are made to fit one into another, so as to render the roof +water tight, by applying white lead to the joints. It can be afforded +at 16 cents the square foot, and probably may be so far improved as to +cost no more than slate, and will be much more permanent and safe. We +see no difficulty in dispensing with white lead, however, and making +the seams tight without it. + + +=Improvement in the Railroad Track.= + +This improvement was entered Sept. 5th, by John F. Rogers. What he +claims is the combination of the balance beam with the centre beam, by +means of the recesses in the centre beam, spring plates, having tubes +thereon on which the springs rest, and attached to the beam by bolts, +by which a compact and secure connection is formed, while all the +necessary flexibility is preserved. + + +=THE GREAT FAIR.= + +The American Institute appears emblematical of the genius of our +countrymen--unsubdued even by conflagration, and looking upon +obstacles as incentives to redoubled effort. Contrast the smoking +ruins of Niblo's with Castle Garden, having its whole amphitheatre +enriched with a tastefully arranged collection of the most varied +products of American arts and manufactures, and behold an evidence +that we even inherit perseverance, enterprize and skill. We here see +the embodiment of the excellence of greatness of our country--an +unerring index of our future advance--if it be not that the signs of +the times indicate that madness in our rulers which precedes and +forebodes heaven's wrath. But it cannot, it must not be, that the +blood of _labor_ shall cry from the ground of America. It must be +sheathed, it must be protected. Protection is nature's first law. +Expose the bleating flocks to the hungry beasts of the forest; cut the +wings and pluck the feathers of her whom nature teaches to protect her +brood from cold and rain; say to the mother to leave her babe +unprotected and in free competition with all the elements of +destruction, sooner than refuse the protection of our Government to +the hitherto flourishing American manufactures. + +Castle Garden, or more correctly Castle Clinton, is at the southern +extremity of our city. It was built for a fort--is of a circular form, +of solid mason work, surrounded by the waters of the bay--connected to +that ornament of the city, the Battery, by a long bridge. This bridge +the managers have covered with a roof, and thus secured a very +eligible and spacious apartment for the exhibition of carriages, +sleighs, carts, farming implements and machinery in great variety. +Thence the ingress suddenly opens into view the whole interior, +creating the most lively and pleasing emotions. + +In the columns of the Scientific American we shall endeavor to give +those details that will, we trust, interest our readers and promote +the cause of American improvements. + + +=BATHS.= + +After leaving the bridge, the passage way to the interior of the +Castle is ornamented on both sides with a pleasing display of +Baths--the immersion bath made of tin and of iron, and these combined +with the showering apparatus. The shower baths are variously +constructed, and some of them are of finished workmanship and costly +material. Stebbin's Patent Furniture shower Bath presents itself first +in the form of a very convenient washstand, with all its out fit; it +is next easily converted into a work stand; with equal dispatch it +assumes the form of a shower bath, furnished with every requisite. We +regard this as an ingenious piece of furniture, that will greatly +increase the use of the shower-bath, and thus add to the health of the +community. + + +=SOFA BEDSTEADS.= + +Much ingenuity has been expended in combining the Sofa and Bedstead. +The first that attracted our attention was that manufactured by Mr. +John A. Robson, 30th st. and 8th Avenue. It is on the double cone +spring, so constructed that using it as a bed does not affect the +cushion, and vice versa. The matrass or bed is 4 by 6 feet, without an +intervening bar. It is exceedingly simple, of admirable contrivance, +and of moderate price. + + +=CUTLERY.= + +The display of American Cutlery is rich, affording a most gratifying +evidence of the progress of the useful arts among us. Our neighbors, +J. C. Nixon & Sons, in the Sun Buildings, feel quite confident that +they will, as usual, carry off the premiums, particularly for their +much celebrated tailor's shears. In the manufacture of engravers' +tools; they challenge not only all America, but the world +itself.--They manufacture for customers, from whom their articles have +derived their just and solid reputation. + +(_To be Continued._) + + +=Improved Steam Printing Press.= + +We have recently seen a model of a new Steam Printing Press, the +invention of Mr. Wm. W. Marston, a young and ingenious mechanic of +this city. A mass of other matters prevents our giving a description +at present; we shall probably procure an engraving, however, and +publish a full description in a few days. + + +=Information to persons having business to transact at the Patent +Office.= + +OF MODELS. + +(_Continued from No. 2._) + + +SEC. 26. The law requires that the inventor shall deliver a model of +his invention or improvement when the same admits of a model. The +model should he neatly made, and as small as a distinct representation +of the machine or improvement, and its characteristic properties, will +admit; the name of the inventor should be printed or engraved upon, or +fixed to it, in a durable manner. Models forwarded without a name, +cannot be entered on record, and therefore liable to be lost or +mislaid. + +SEC. 27. When the invention is of 'a composition of matter,' the law +requires that the application be accompanied with specimens of +ingredients, and of the composition of matter, sufficient in quantity +for the purpose of experiment. + + +ON GRANTING ANEW LOST PATENTS. + +SEC. 28. The third sec. of the act of March 3, 1837, provides: + +'SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That whenever it shall appear to +the Commissioner that any patent was destroyed by the burning of the +Patent Office building on the aforesaid fifteenth day of December, or +was otherwise lost prior thereto, it shall be his duty, on application +therefor by the patentee, or other persons interested therein, to +issue a new patent for the same invention or discovery, bearing the +date of the original patent, with his certificate thereon, that it was +made and issued pursuant to the provisions of the third section of +this act; and shall enter the same of record; Provided, however, That +before such patent shall be issued, the applicant therefor shall +deposit in the Patent Office a duplicate, as near as may be, of the +original model, drawings, and description, with specification of the +invention or discovery, verified by oath, as it shall be required by +the Commissioner; and such patent and copies of such drawings and +descriptions, duly certified, shall be admissible as evidence in any +judicial court of the United States, and shall protect the rights of +the patentee, his administrators, heirs, and assigns, to the extent +only in which they would have been protected by the original patent +and specification.' + + +PROCEEDINGS ON APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS, AND ON APPEALS FROM DECISIONS +OF THE COMMISSIONER. + +(Act of 1836, Section, 7.) + +SEC. 29. 'That on the filing of any such application (consisting of +petition, specification, model, and drawings, or specimens,) and the +payment of the duty hereinafter provided, the Commissioner shall make, +or cause to be made, an examination, of the alleged new invention or +discovery; and if, on any such examination, it shall not appear to the +Commissioner that the same had been invented or discovered by any +other person in this country prior to the alleged invention or +discovery thereof by the applicant, or that it had been patented or +described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country, +or had been in public use or on sale, with the applicant's consent or +allowance, prior to the application, if the Commissioner shall deem it +to be sufficiently useful and important, it shall be his duty to +issue a patent therefor. But whenever on such examination it shall +appear to the Commissioner that the applicant was not the original and +first inventor or discoverer thereof, or that any part of that which +is claimed as new had before been invented or discovered or patented, +or described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country +as aforesaid, or that the description is defective and insufficient, +he shall notify the applicant thereof, giving him briefly such +information and references as may be useful in judging of the +propriety of renewing his application, or of altering his +specification to embrace only that part of the invention or discovery +which is new. In every such case, if the applicant shall elect to +withdraw his application, relinquishing his claim to the model, he +shall be entitled to receive back twenty dollars, part of the duty +required by this act, on filing a notice in writing of such election +in the Patent Office; a copy of which, certified by the Commissioner, +shall be a sufficient warrant to the Treasurer for paying back to the +said applicant the said sum of twenty dollars. But if the applicant, +in such case, shall persist in his claim for a patent, with or without +any alteration his specification, he shall be required to make oath or +affirmation anew, in manner as aforesaid; and if specification and +claim shall not have been so modified as, in the opinion of the +Commissioner, shall entitle the applicant to a patent, he may appeal +to the Chief Justice of the United States Court for the District of +Columbia, who may affirm or reverse the decision of the Commissioner +of Patents, in whole or in part, and may order a patent to issue; or +he may have remedy against the decision of the Commissioner of +Patents, or the decision of the Chief Justice of the United States +Court for the District of Columbia, by filing a bill in equity in any +of the United States Courts having jurisdiction, as hereinafter +explained. + +(_To be continued._) + + +=Consolation for the Christian.= + +'Eye hath not seen; nor ear heard; neither have entered into the heart +of man, the things which God hath prepared for those that love +Him.'--1 Cor. ii: 9. But it is said in the words following, that God +hath revealed them unto us by his Spirit. In this, we are not to +understand, that the excellent things spoken of, are _communicated_ to +men; but that by the aid of the divine Spirit they are enabled to +receive such sublime and brilliant ideas of the glorious things which +are prepared for them, that they are filled with sublime and +unspeakable joy, though they find it utterly impracticable to +describe these things to another, so as to be understood. It is like +the new name which no man can know, but him to whom it is given: and +although, in the solicitude of those who have been favored with a view +of these things, to represent them to others, the most full and +expressive forms of language have been put in requisition, it has in +every instance failed to convey the least correct idea on the subject: +because no man can see, or in anywise appreciate the excellence of +these things, without the aid of the Spirit of Truth. But to those who +obtain such enlightened views--and every man may, or might, obtain +them,--the glorious things prepared are as the 'pearl of great price,' +which, when a man hath found, he is ready to sacrifice all things +else,--riches, honors, friends, pleasures, reputation in the world, or +even life itself,--to obtain it. Neither Adam nor Eve, in their +sinless, paradisaical state, could have had any correct idea of such +delectable and glorious excellence of blessings as are prepared for +these who become 'joint heirs of the Son of God,' through the blood of +a crucified Saviour: for, had they been capable of seeing or imagining +such things, they would never have fallen. There can be no question +but that the glorious consolation of the faithful and obedient +believers, will incomparably, not to say infinitely, excel that of the +primitive state of man, or anything which could have been by man +attained, if the blessed SON had not suffered. Let the most brilliant +and soaring imagination exert its most strenuous and happy efforts in +conceiving, arranging and representing to itself the highest possible +state of bliss and glory, and it will fall as far short of the reality +of the immortal state of the glorified saints,--the salvation +purchased by the suffering of Christ,--as a mere shadow of the most +beautiful picture comes short of the rich coloring of the original. +And this fact is well known to those who have had the beauties of the +'world to come' revealed to them by the divine Spirit. These +statements may appear strange to those who are accustomed to look upon +the popular _reverend clergy_, fashionable church members and wealthy +deacons, as choice specimens of the saints of the Lord. The true, and +most favored saints, are generally found among those who are subject +to poverty and tribulation, in this world. But these blessings of the +gospel are free for all who will conform to the requisitions plainly +expressed by our Savior, and recorded by the evangelist, and +practicable by all who are willing to forsake all things else, for the +sake of this great and everlasting salvation. + + * * * * * + +A cotton manufacturer in New-Haven lost his operatives, last week, by +attempting to reduce their wages. + + +=THE COLOR PRINTING MACHINE.= + +[Illustration:] + +INTRODUCTION.--There have appeared, in modern times, but few machines, +to which more importance apparently attaches, than to the one here +presented. It is well known that the best paper hangings, or +room-papers command from $1 to $1,50 per piece, of eight yards, while +most of those of American manufacture are sold for 25 to 50 cents per +piece; and this difference is occasioned by the difficulty and extra +labor of applying a great variety of different colors. But by means of +this machine, seven, twelve, or even twenty different colors, may be +accurately applied by one operation, and with less labor than is +required to print with a single color, by the ordinary method; and +thus the manufacturer will be enabled to sell, for 50 cents, such +patterns as ordinarily cost a dollar or more, to either import or +manufacture them. + +EXPLANATION.--The first row of gear wheels, A B, are attached to the +ends of a row of cylinders, each cylinder being 30 inches long, and 3 +inches in diameter. These cylinders support a broad, endless apron or +belt, which passes over the whole series, and supports the strip of +paper as it passes through the machine to receive the colors. The +second series of wheels, C D, are attached to cylinders of the same +dimensions of those in the first row, and are connected to each other +by intervening pinions, whereby a uniform velocity is maintained +through the whole series. The peripheries of this row of cylinders are +cut in figures, according to the design of the pattern to be worked. +The figures are left prominent, so as to come in contact with the +paper upon the apron, as the cylinder revolves; the surface between +the figures, being cut away to the depth of one eighth of an inch. +Each of these printing cylinders contains sections of the figures to +be printed, and is calculated to work a different color from the +others; and the sections of figures on each cylinder are calculated to +match those of the others, so as to complete the entire figure in all +its colors on the paper. The entire machine is put in operation by a +band, passing over the band-wheel, H. The third row of cylinders, E F, +are distributing cylinders, which are put in motion by mere contact +with the series below, and receives the several colors from the small +cylinders in the upper rows, and distributes the same upon the +prominent figures of the printing cylinders. The fourth series, I J, +are called the receiving cylinders, because they receive the colors +from the hoppers or reservoirs, M N, and impart them to the series +below. The cylinders of the third and fourth rows, are covered with +cloth, and the bottom of each hopper is so nicely fitted to its +respective cylinder, that but a small quantity of each color (which +passes through an aperture at the bottom of the hopper) adheres to the +cloth periphery of the cylinder. The colors ordinarily used consist of +various pigments, ground and mixed in water, with a solution of glue. +The principles of this mode of color printing have been satisfactorily +tested, though the entire machine has not yet been constructed: and +any person who may be disposed to construct and enjoy the exclusive +use of this invention, may have the most favorable terms. + + +NEW INVENTIONS. + +=A New Brick Machine.= + +Messrs. Culbertson, McMillen & Co. of Cincinnati, have recently put in +successful operation, a new machine, a description of which is given +in a Cincinnati paper, as follows: + +'A frame of fourteen moulds, one brick to each is drawn by the power +of steam between two press rollers, the lower one of which enables the +frame to support the pressure of the upper roller, and being run +through backwards and forwards equalizes the pressure over the entire +face of the brick. These, after undergoing in this mode a pressure of +nearly one hundred tons to each brick, a pressure which covers clay, +apparently perfectly dry, with a coat of glossy moisture, are raised +above the surface of the mould by parallel levers, and are then +delivered over to a bench or table by self-acting machinery, whence +they are taken in barrows to the stacker at the kiln. + +The dry clay is shoveled into a hopper, and if more of the material is +pressed into a mould than serves to make a brick, a knife which ranges +with the surface of the mould, shaves off the surplus. + +Two hands shoveling, two more taking off, and one at the barrow, +constitute a gang of five persons who turn out from 30,000 to 35,000 +per day of ten hours. As brick makers' days are from sun to sun, say +twelve working hours per day, during the season, from 46 to 50,000 +bricks, per day, may be made by a single machine. This is, however, by +no means the most important feature in the invention. + +In the ordinary mode of making bricks, the manufacturer cannot begin +operations for the season, until the spring has so far advanced that +working in wet clay will no longer chill his moulders' hands. On the +same account, he loses also morning hours, until the advance of summer +enables his hands to put in the whole period of daylight. He loses, +also, sometimes days together--from the entire stoppage of his +operations in the rainy weather, which forbids the bricks being put +out to dry. In making press brick, all these difficulties are +obviated. As a theory, operations in this mode can go on throughout +the entire winter, frost never extending into solid clay; but as a +practical business, it can be conveniently carried on two months +earlier and one month later than in the ordinary mode. Pressed brick, +made by these machines, are also stronger than their competitive +article, the last of equal hardness in burning, always giving way +when struck by the pressed bricks, as I have witnessed. Indeed, it +cannot be otherwise, the one being porous and the other as compact as +the enormous pressure employed can make it. + +The machine, it must be apparent, offers peculiar advantages in +turning out brick without occupying the ordinary brick yard space +necessary for spreading wet brick out to dry. It affords great economy +in time, owing to its operations being independent of frost or rains. +To every new and thriving place commencing the making of bricks, it +dispenses with the necessity of bringing skilful workmen from other +places--in short, it enables every man to be his own brick-maker. +Under these considerations, I anticipate an extensive sale of these +machines, especially for places at a distance. + + +=Marble Saw Mills.= + +We are informed that a large mill for sawing marble is in course of +erection at Brandon, Vt. The marble in that vicinity is principally of +a beautiful white, and of a fine texture, though not very hard. + + +=Railroad Locks.= + +It is reported that locks for elevating railroad trains, from one +level to another, are coming into successful use in France. It appears +to us to be much behind the age, since, by certain American +inventions, an ordinary train may be elevated 100 feet in five +minutes, by the engine alone. + + +[Illustration: The Vertical Propeller.] + +We have alluded to this subject in a former number, and now present +one of the several plans which have been introduced within the present +year, although we are not fully authorised to give the name of the +inventor of this particular plan. We have preferred to represent the +paddles and crank unconnected with an apparent vessel or section +thereof, but must require the reader to suppose that the line A B is +the level of the railing of the boat, and that the crank-shaft E +projects from the side, while the crank-pivot governs the motion of +the walking bar D E, and with it the paddles, which are supposed to be +just now dipping in the surface of the water. It will be understood +that the motion of the walking bar being circular, and that of the +heads of the paddles being vertical and nearly rectilinear, the motion +of the blades of the paddles must be elliptical, inclining to the +horizontal; and that the position of the paddles is kept so nearly +vertical that they will meet with less resistance in entering or +leaving the water than those of a common paddle wheel, while the +atmospheric resistance to be encountered thereby is much less. There +appears no reasonable doubt that this plan might be made to succeed +well on a larger scale, though it is very doubtful whether any of the +steamboat proprietors can be persuaded to adopt it until it has been +more thoroughly tested by experiment. + + +=A Great Astronomical Discovery.= + +A late number of an astronomical journal published at Altona, near +Hamburg, contains a long article by Dr. Maedler, director of the +Dorpat Observatory, Russia, well known to the astronomical world, in +which he announces the extraordinary discovery of the _grand central +star or sun_, about which the universe of stars is revolving, our own +sun and system among the rest. + +This discovery, the result of many years of incessant toil and +research, has been deduced by a train of reasoning and an examination +of facts scarcely to be surpassed in the annals of science. + +He announces his discovery in the following language: 'I therefore +pronounce the Pleiades to be the central group of that mass of fixed +stars limited by the stratum composing the Milky Way and Alcyene as +the individual star of this group, which, among all others, combines +the greatest probability of being the true Central Sun.' + +By a train of reasoning, which I shall not attempt to explain, he +finds the probable parallax of this great central star to be six +thousandths of one second of arc, and its distance to be 34 millions +of times the distance of the sun, or so remote that light, with a +velocity of 12 millions of miles per minute, requires a period of 537 +years to pass from _the great centre_ to our sun. + +As a first rough approximation, he deduces the period of the +revolution of our sun, with all its train of planets, satellites and +comets, about the grand centre, to be _eighteen millions two hundred +thousand years_. + + +=Ocean Steam Navigation.= + +The 'Ocean Steam Company,' which has the patronage of the United +States Government to the amount of $400,000 per annum, are getting on +rapidly with the first steamship of their line. She is to be completed +and commence running on the first of March next. + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN + +NEW YORK, OCTOBER 10, 1846. + + +=Employment.= + +It is dangerous for a man of superior ability to find himself thrown +upon the world without some regular employment. The restlessness +inherent in genius, being thus undirected by any permanent influence, +frames for itself occupations out of accidents. Moral integrity +sometimes falls a prey to the want of a fixed pursuit, and the man who +receives his direction in active life from the fortuitous impulse of +circumstances, will be very apt to receive his principles likewise +from chance. Genius, under such guidance, attains no noble ends, but +resembles rather a copious spring conveyed in a falling aqueduct, +where the waters continually escape through the frequent crevices, and +waste themselves ineffectually on their passage. The law of nature is +here, as elsewhere, binding, and no powerful results ever ensue from +the trivial exercise of high endowments. The finest mind, when thus +destitute of a fixed purpose, passes away without leaving permanent +traces of its existence; losing its energy by turning aside from its +course, it becomes as harmless and inefficient as the lightning, +which, of itself irresistible, may yet be rendered powerless by a +slight conductor. + + +=The Editor.= + +Write--keep writing--is the motto of an editor. If he has no ideas, he +must dig for them; if he has but little time to arrange them, no +matter, the work must be done. Sickness may come upon him; want may +stare him in the face, but he must cogitate something for the dear +public. Perhaps in his darkest moments, he indites a paragraph that +cheers thousands. When almost desponding, his words may put courage +into the hearts of millions. Who would be an editor? Yet he has much +to encourage him. If he can call no time his own, he is not rusting +out, or in unprofitable society. A faithful contributor of the public +press, is a man of great influence. No person has more power than +himself. He instructs tens of thousands, and leads them to virtue, to +honor, to happiness. No man will have more to answer for than the +conductor of a corrupt and vacillating press. + + +=A Mountain in Labor.= + +The workmen, says a Paris paper, are still busily engaged in +excavating Montmarte in quest of holy vases and other riches said to +have been deposited there in the early days of the French revolution +by the orders of the Lady Superior of the Abbey of Montmarte.--Two +workmen, who were at the time charged with transporting the wealth to +the place designated, were never after seen, and it is supposed that +they were sacrificed to the necessity of the secret. The Superior, at +her death, bequeathed the secret to a lady friend, who, in turn, on +her death bed, divulged it to her daughter, then thirteen years of +age. The child, now a sexagenary, disclosed it to the municipality. +Her statements have thus far been found scrupulously correct. The +_cesarian_ operation is actively going on, an excavation of 50 feet +having been made, and the mountain's speedy deliverance of a mine of +wealth is anticipated. May it not prove a mouse! + + +=That Editorial Committee.= + +We are informed that the Editorial Committee of the National +Association of Inventors have by _their own request_ been discharged +from the supervision of the new periodical which has recently appeared +under the title of 'The Eureka.' + + +=News by Telegraph.= + +The news by the Great Western which arrived on Wednesday week, was +published within four hours in Boston, New Haven, Springfield, Albany, +Utica, Rochester, Buffalo, Philadelphia and Baltimore. + +The following beautiful extract we find in a recent number of the New +York Sun. It is from the pen of Mr. C. D. Stuart, the able +correspondent of that paper, now in London. + + "On remarking to an Englishman, that I did not see + here in London as at home, the artizan, the drayman, + the laborer of every kind, with a newspaper in his + pocket, which at intervals in his toil he could glance + at and be as learned in the condition of his country + and the world as the man of fortune, he replied--"No, + they have something better to do, they attend to their + work." Here lies the rub, and it may be a fear of the + sedition of thought that has put these close hampers + upon the English press. It would seem by such an + argument that the differences of condition are not + induced by unholy oppressions, by the trampling for + ages of one class upon another until servitude became + almost a birth-right--and the law of strength that + proved itself in barbarous times the "Supremacy" had + at last from concession so long made, become the law + of human justice and divine right. The steer may work + under his yoke an appointed time, the slave bow mutely + through his whole life, but the freeman--has he so + fallen, that while the lord revels in his "club-room" + and reads not only papers, but gilt edged and velvet + bound books, he forsooth being a common "poor devil" + not able to enjoy a tithe of his unearned luxury--has + something better than reading to do. Let him dig + then! There are those in the young republic whose + spirit begins to animate the world, who, though they + toil, remember, that it was said in the beginning to + all men, "thou shalt earn thy bread by the sweat of + thy brow," and will read freely as they drink in the + common air, and enjoy the common light. There are + classes in England intelligent no doubt beyond any + other people in the world--classes that enjoy the + means of making themselves so, but as a mass they will + in no-wise compare with their progeny, the + Anglo-Saxons. All that they have here in the main we + have got, and our wits have not been blunted by a + contact with the wilderness, and the difficulties of + founding an empire "in the Woods." I see now more + clearly than ever where our faults lie; contrast + exposes them; but they are all twigs upon the rising + trunk, which the keen knife of national experience, + age, and the calm that must succeed the rush and + tumult of our giant and boisterous infancy will cut + off.--With greater pride than ever, however much I may + like the Old World, and especially England, I look + over the Ocean to America for an exemplification of + what the world has not known, an _Earthly_ paradise + for humanity.--It is but three quarters of a century, + remember, since we were nationally born: give as the + fourteen hundred years that have nursed and cultivated + this Island, and where is the limit of our perfection + and strength? On either side of that Mississippi + back-bone of ours to the Oceans, and as far north and + south as freedom and knowledge can pierce, America + must be a garden and a goal, filled with every + excellence and beauty, beyond which there can be no + advance. We shall not live to see it, but it will + come, only let us pull careful and steady. We have + been Dickens'd and Trollop'd, and it should do us + good. Nothing but the grandeur that lies germinating + in our heart provokes this idle spleen from our + neighbors, and the moment we cool down and think and + curb ourselves the rest is secure." + + +=New Glass Factory.= + +Erastus Corning & Co. are about establishing a factory near the ferry +at Troy, for the manufacture of all kinds of glass ware. The work is +fast progressing, and in about four weeks they will commence blowing. +It will afford employment to a large number of men, and will, no +doubt, meet with that success which it certainly merits. + + +=Result of Observation.= + +The editor of the New Haven Herald sets it down as a fact in natural +history, proved by his experience for years, that when a traveller +rides up to a toll gate, the keeper--if a man, invariably brings out a +box, or a handful of change; but if a woman, she comes out and takes +the traveller's coin, and then goes back for the change. + + * * * * * + +Snags and other obstructions in the Western rivers, are now +denominated _Polk stalks_. + + +=The Science of Astronomy.= + +DESCRIPTIVE ASTRONOMY. + +Mercury, the nearest planet to the sun, is a globe of about 3140 miles +in diameter, rotating on its axis in 24 hours and 5 1-2 minutes, and +revolving round the central luminary, at a distance of 37,000,000 of +miles, in 88 days.--From the earth it can only be seen occasionally in +the morning or evening, as it never rises before, or sets after the +sun, at a greater distance of the time than 1 hour and 50 minutes. It +appears to the naked eye as a small and brilliant star, but when +observed through a telescope, is horned like the moon, because we only +see a part of the surface which the sun is illuminating. Mountains of +great height have been observed on the surface of this planet, +particularly in its lower or southern hemisphere. One has been +calculated at 10 3-4 miles in height, being about eight times higher, +in proportion to the bulk of the planet, than the loftiest mountains +upon earth. The matter of Mercury is of much greater density than that +of the earth, equalling lead in weight; so that a human being placed +upon its surface would be so strongly drawn towards the ground as +scarcely to be able to crawl. + +Venus is a globe of about 7800 miles in diameter, or nearly the size +of the earth, rotating on its axis in 23 hours, 21 minutes, and 19 +seconds, and revolving round the sun, at the distance of 68,000,000 of +miles in 225 days.--Like Mercury, it is visible to an observer on the +earth only in the morning and evening, but for a greater space of time +before sunrise and after sunset. It appears to us the most brilliant +and beautiful of all the planetary and stellar bodies, occasionally +giving so much light as to produce a sensible shadow. Observed through +a telescope, it appears horned, on account of our seeing only a part +of its luminous surface. The illuminating part of Venus occasionally +presents slight spots. It has been ascertained that its surface is +very unequal, the greatest mountains being in the southern hemisphere, +as in the case of both Mercury and the Earth. The higher mountains in +Venus range between 10 and 22 miles in altitude. The planet is also +enveloped in an atmosphere like that by which animal and vegetable +life is supported on earth; and it has consequently a twilight. Venus +performs its revolution round the sun in 225 days. Mercury and Venus +have been termed the Inferior Planets, as being placed within the +orbit of the Earth. + +The Earth, the third planet in order, and one of the smaller size, +though not the smallest, is important to us, as the theatre on which +our race have been placed to 'live, move, and have their being.' It is +7902 miles in mean diameter, rotating on its axis in 24 hours, at a +mean distance of 95,000,000 of miles from the sun, round which it +revolves in 365 days, 5 hours, 50 minutes, and 57 seconds. As a planet +viewed from another of the planets, suppose the moon, 'It would +present a pretty, variegated, and sometimes a mottled appearance. The +distinction between its seas, oceans, continents, and islands, would +be clearly marked; they would appear like brighter and darker spots +upon its disc. The continents would appear bright, and the ocean of a +darker hue, because water absorbs the greater part of the solar light +that falls upon it. The level plains, (excepting perhaps, such regions +as the Arabian deserts of sand) would appear of a somewhat darker +color than the more elevated and mountainous regions, as we find to be +the case on the surface of the moon. The islands would appear like +small bright specks on the darker surface of the ocean; and the lakes +and mediterranean seas like darker spots or broad streaks intersecting +the bright parts, or the land. By its revolution round its axis, +successive portions of the surface would be brought into view, and +present a different aspect from the parts which preceded,'--(Dick's +Celestial Scenery, 135.) + +The form of the earth, and probably that of every other planet, is not +strictly spheroidal; that is, flattened a little at the poles, or +extremities of the axis. The diameter of the earth at the axis is 56 +miles less than in the cross direction. This peculiarity of the form +is a consequence of the rotatory motion, as will be afterwards +explained. + + +[Illustration: LATEST NEWS] + + +=Late Foreign News.= + +The steamer Hibernia arrived at Boston on Saturday last, thirteen days +from Liverpool. + +The British Government and people have manifested so much violent +opposition to the marriage of the youngest son of Louis Phillipe to a +sister of the Queen of Spain, that the celebration of the nuptials has +been postponed for the present, if not forever; and there is apparent +danger of a rupture between England and France on this account. + +In Spain, Don Carlos having escaped from imprisonment, it is expected +that a serious insurrection will immediately take place. + +Property to the amount of $800,000 has been destroyed by incendiary +fires at Leipsic. A line of electric telegraph has been put in +operation between Brussels and Antwerp. + +Twenty thousand bales of cotton were sold at Liverpool on the 14th of +September. + + +=Latest from the Army.= + +According to recent intelligence by private letters, Gen. Kearney has +taken quiet possession of Santa Fe, notwithstanding the considerable +preparations which the Mexicans had made to defend it. Gen. Armijo had +assembled 5000 troops to defend the Canon Pass, but on account of the +disaffection and insubordination of his officers and men, he was +constrained to retreat on the approach of a few companies of +Americans. + +Gen. Taylor had advanced steadily, though slowly on Monterey, and has +probably ere this, taken possession, notwithstanding the strong force, +and full supply of well mounted cannon, concentrated to oppose him. +Should he prove successful in this, it would seem that Mexico is +destined to fall under the protection of the United States, whether +our Government desires it or not. What can we do? The Mexicans will +neither treat nor fight; and although our armies move as slow as +possible, they cannot well avoid progressing through the country in +time, and are bound to furnish protection as far as they go. We shall +see. + + +=The Sea and Wave Roaring.= + +The steamer Great Western, which arrived at this port last week, +reports having encountered one of the most terrific storms ever known +on the Atlantic Ocean. Capt. Mathews is said to have remarked that at +three different times the ship was approached by seas of such +magnitude and power that he thought destruction inevitable; but +unexpectedly each broke just before reaching the vessel. The +passengers assembled in the cabin where they joined in religious +service, and in the solemn administration of the Lord's supper. Their +lives were preserved, but some of them appeared to forget their +obligations to their preserver very quick after getting safe on shore. + + +=An American Slave in England.= + +Douglas, who escaped from slavery and found his way to England, has +received marked attention from the nobility and gentry of England. He +has attended their soirees, occupied the most honorable positions at +their dinner parties, rode in their carriages, flirted with their +daughters, walked arm in arm through their gardens with lords, +viscounts, counts and mayors of cities. + + * * * * * + +Many of the girls employed in the mills of the Nashua Corporation, +have refused to work by candlelight. They may be right. + + +THE =SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN=. + + Persons wishing to subscribe for this paper, have only + to enclose the amount in a letter directed (post paid) + to + + MUNN & COMPANY, + + Publishers of the Scientific American, New York City. + + TERMS.--$2 a year; ONE DOLLAR IN ADVANCE--the remainder + in 6 months. + + _Postmasters_ are respectfully requested to receive + subscriptions for this paper, to whom a discount of 25 + per cent will be allowed. + + Any person sending us 4 subscribers for 6 months, shall + receive a copy of the paper for the same length of + time. + +Observations on the more recent Researches concerning the operations +of the Blast Furnace in the Manufacture of Iron. + +BY DR. J. L. SMITH. + +The great difference existing between metallurgical operations of the +present day, and those of a former period, is owing chiefly to the +ameliorations produced by the application of the science of chemistry +to the _modus operandi_ of the various changes taking place during the +operations, from their commencement to their termination. + +Copper and some other metals are now made to assume forms in the +chemist's laboratory, that formerly required great artistical skill +for their production--the chemist simply making use of such agents and +forces as are at his command, and over which he has, by close +analytical study, acquired perfect control. Our object, at present, is +only to advert to the chemical investigations more recently made on +the manufacture of iron, treating of those changes that occur in the +ore, coal and flux, that are thrown in at the mouth of the furnace, +and in the air thrown in from below. For most that will be said on +this subject, we are principally indebted to the recent interesting +researches of M. Ebelman. + +The importance of a knowledge of the facts to be brought forward, in +this article, will be apparent to every one in any way acquainted with +the manufacture of iron. It will be seen that the time is not far +distant when the economy in the article of fuel will amount in value +to the present profit of many of the works. The consequences must be, +that many of those works that are abandoned will be resumed, and +others erected in localities formerly thought unfit. + +It is well known that the blast furnace is the first into which the +ore is introduced, for the purpose of converting it into malleable +iron, and much, therefore, depends upon the state in which the pig +metal passes from this furnace, whether subsequent operations will +furnish an iron of the first quality or not. + +In putting the blast furnace into operation, the first step is to heat +it for some time with coal only. After the furnace has arrived at a +proper temperature, ore, fuel and flux, are thrown in alternately, in +small quantities, so as to have the three ingredients properly mixed +in their descent. In from 25 to 48 hours from the time when the ore is +first thrown in, the entire capacity of the furnace, from the tuyer to +the mouth, is occupied with the ore, fuel and flux, in their various +stages of transformation. + +In order to explain clearly, and in as short space as possible, what +these transformations are, and how they are brought about, we may +consider:--1. The changes that take place in the descending mass, +composed of ore, fuel and flux. 2. The changes that take place in the +ascending mass, composed of air and its hygrometric moisture, thrown +in at the tuyer. 3. The chemical action going on between the ascending +and descending masses. 4. The composition of the gases in various +parts of the furnace during its operation. 5. The causes that render +necessary the great heat of the blast furnace. + +1. _Changes that take place in the descending mass, composed of ore, +coal and flux._--By coal is here meant charcoal; when any other +species of fuel is alluded to, it will be specified. In the upper half +of the fire-room the materials are subjected to a comparatively low +temperature, and they lose only the moisture, volatile matter, +hydrogen, and carbonic acid, that they may contain; this change taking +place principally in the lower part of the upper half of the +fire-room. + +In the lower half of the fire-room, the ore is the only material that +undergoes a change, it being converted wholly or in part into iron or +magnetic oxide of iron--the coal is not altered, no consumption of it +taking place from the mouth down to the commencement of the boshes. + +From the commencement of the boshes down to the tuyer, the reduction +of the ore is completed. Very little of the coal is consumed between +the boshes and in the upper part of the hearth; the principal +consumption of it taking place in the immediate neighborhood of the +tuyer. + +The fusion of the iron and slag occurs at a short distance above the +tuyer, and it is in the hearth of the furnace that the iron combines +with a portion of coal to form the fusible carburet or pig-iron. It is +also on the hearth that the flux combines with the siliceous and other +impurities of the ore. This concludes the changes which the ore, coal +and flux, undergo, from the mouth of the furnace to the tuyer. + +If the fuel used be wood, or partly wood, it is during its passage +through the upper half of the fire-room that its volatile parts are +lost, and it becomes converted into charcoal. M. Ebelman ascertained +that wood, at the depth of ten feet, in a fire-room twenty-six feet +high, preserved its appearance after an exposure for 1 3-4 of an hour, +and that the mineral mixed with it preserved its moisture at this +depth; but three and a half feet lower, an exposure of 3 1-4 hours +reduced the wood to perfect charcoal, and the ore to magnetic oxide. +The temperature of the upper half of the fire-room, when wood is used, +is lower than in the case of charcoal, from the great amount of heat +made latent by the vapor arising from the wood. In the case of +bituminous coal, Bunsen and Playfair find that it has to descend still +lower before it is perfectly coked. + +After the wood is completely charred, or the coal become coked, the +subsequent changes are the same that happen in the charcoal furnaces. + +_To be continued._ + + +=ANIMALCULAE IN WATER.= + +[Illustration:] + +The fact is generally known that nearly all liquids contain a variety +of minute living animals, though in some they are too small for +observation, even with a microscope. In others, especially in water +that has been long stagnant, these animals appear not only in hideous +forms, but with malignant and voracious propensities. The print at the +head of this article purports to be a microscopic representation of a +single drop of such water, with the various animals therein, and some +of the inventors and venders of the various improved filters for the +Croton water, would have no objection to the prevalence of the opinion +that this water contains all the variety of monsters represented in +this cut. But the fact is far otherwise; and it is doubtful whether +these animals could frequently be detected in the Croton water, with +the best solar microscope. Nevertheless, the fact is readily and +clearly established that the Croton water contains a quantity of +deleterious matter, which is arrested by the filters; and, on this +account, we cheerfully and heartily recommend the adoption of filters +by all who use this water, from either the public or private hydrants. +To this end we would call the special attention of our city readers to +the improved filters noticed under the head of "New Inventions." + + +=Length of Days.= + +At Berlin and London the longest day has sixteen and a half hours. At +Stockholm and Upsal, the longest has eighteen and a half hours, and +the shortest five and a half. At Hamburg, Dantzic, and Stettin, the +longest day has seventeen hours, and the shortest seven. At St. +Petersburg and Tobolsk, the longest has nineteen, and the shortest +five hours. At Toreno, in Finland, the longest day has twenty-one +hours and a half, and the shortest two and a half. At Wandorbus, in +Norway, the day lasts from the 21st of May to the 22d of July, without +interruption; and in Spitzbergen, the longest day lasts three months +and a half. + + +=Excitement of Curiosity.= + +The editor of the Cincinnati Enquirer, having been one of a recent +excursion party on the opening of a new section of railroad, remarks +on the occasion, 'It is really amusing to see the sensation a train of +railroad cars produces on all animate beings, human and brute, for the +first few times it passes over a section of road. We saw herds of +cattle, sheep, and horses, stand for a few seconds and gaze at the +passing train, then turn and run for a few rods with all possible +speed, stop and look again with eyes distended, and head and ears +erect, seemingly so frightened at the tramp of the iron horse as to +have lost the power of locomotion. Men women and children also seemed +dumbfounded at the strange and unusual spectacle. As the cars came +rumbling along early in the morning, they seemed to bring everybody +out of bed, all eager to catch a glance as we whirled past. Old men +and women, middle-aged and youth, without waiting to put on a rag in +addition to their night gear, were seen at the doors, windows and +round the corners of log huts and dwellings, gaping with wonder and +astonishment at the new, and to them grand and terrific sight.' + + +[COMMUNICATED.] + +At the last special meeting of the National Association of Inventors, +called to hear the report on the rights and duties of the Editors of +the Eureka, on a resolution offered by one of the Editorial Committee +who had been dissatisfied by the proceedings of the 'Acting Editors,' +and refused to attend their sittings, it was reported that the 'Acting +Editors,' had exceeded their authority, and a majority of the +Editorial Committee resigned and a resolution was passed that the +resignation should be published in the Eureka, but it has not +appeared. Mr. Kingsley, one of the 'Acting Editors,' spoke at the said +meeting of having consulted counsel who had declared that the +Association were under a legal obligation to furnish Messrs. Kingley & +Pirsson with matter for publication in the Eureka, and on the +understanding that they had advanced money they were allowed to have +the first use of the reports and advertisements of the Association. +But as they in effect refuse to publish a resolution of great +importance to the reputation of all the parties interested, it is +left for the public to decide whether the 'Acting Editors' are in any +respect entitled to the name they have assumed for their paper. + +ONE OF THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE. + + +HUMOROUS. + +=To my Sweetheart.= + + You're a broth of creature, + In form and in feature,-- + It's myself that now tells you that same, + And sure, by my troth, + I'll not be very wroth. + If you'll plaze me by changing your name + + What a swate little wife, + As a partner for life, + My darlint, 'tis you might be living; + And I'm just the boy, + To wish you much joy, + When your heart it's to me you'll be giving. + + I'm half dead--botheration! + With sad consternation-- + Of your flirting it is that I'm speaking; + So plaze to be thinking, + When you're winking and blinking. + It's my own honest heart that you're braking. + + The divil a haper, + Will I stand of a caper,-- + 'Twould kill me to find you deceiving; + By my sowl and I'd die, + And that same is no lie, + Before I'd be kilt by me grieving. + + Then spake but the word. + My nate little bird, + That you're niver a man's but mine; + And straight to the praist, + It's myself that'll haste, + To make you my _swate waluntine_! + + [_Teddy Magowan._ + + +=Boys and Men.= + +A youthful volunteer, the other day, out in Arkansas, was taunting a +married gentleman, who had a wife and three small children depending +upon him, for not rallying to the standard of his country, soon after +the requisition upon that State arrived. 'Tom,' said our friend, 'you +_boys_ can whip the Mexicans, but should old England take a hand in +the pie, _I'll_ join, for it will require _men_ to whip the English.' + + +=Trusting too Long.= + +We recollect that a weekly paper was started, some years ago, in one +of the Western States, the terms of which were $2,50 in advance, $3 at +the end of the year--to which the editor jocosely added in a +paragraph, 'and $5 if never paid.' We think that most of his +subscribers took the paper upon the latter terms, since it has been +non est. He played a joke upon himself. + + +=Business Stand.= + +A Frenchman, being about to remove his shop, his landlord inquired the +reason, stating, at the time, that it was considered a very good +stand for business. He replied, with a shrug of the shoulders, "Oh, +yes, he's very good stand for de businis; by gar, me stan' all day, +for nobody come to make me _move_!" + + +=Plain Directions.= + +Represent me in my portrait, said a gentleman to his painter, with a +book in my hand reading aloud. Paint my servant also in a corner where +he cannot be seen, but in such a manner that he may hear me when I +call him. + + +=Homogeneous.= + +Joe Snooks, seeing some farmer's boys employed, some at hoeing and +others at mowing, in the same field, remarked that they were a +_hoe-mow_-geneous set of fellows. + + * * * * * + +The Louisville Journal, philosophizing on the recent commencement of +several newspapers, gives the following poetic remark: + + 'Income and ink'em, + Although you may link'em, + Are not such first cousins as some folks may think'em.' + + * * * * * + +We did not expect to mention large peaches again; but the Louisville +Journal speaks of a lot which measured nearly _twelve inches_ each, in +circumference. + + +=Proposition of a New Patent Law.= + +The following remarks and proposition, which we copy from the 'Farmer +and Mechanic,' was written by a prominent member of the National +Association of Inventors, and expresses the sentiments of a large +majority of the members of that Association. No person who carefully +examines the subject, can fail of seeing that the cause of justice and +equity, as well as the advance of improvement, would be promoted by +the substitution of the principles therein expressed, in place of some +of those embraced in the existing patent laws of the United States. + +"We advance the principle, which may be novel to some, that if the +inventor apply genius, time, toil, and capital, to produce anything he +may consider valuable, he has the same right to the exclusive use and +enjoyment of it as the man who may apply time, and toil, and capital, +without genius. That the application of genius does not divest him of +any right enjoyed by all others in society. + +It is true, the creations of genius are sometimes intangible, but that +is no objection; all rights are abstractions, until embodied in +constitutions and laws, and rendered practical by penalties. + +If an inventor can define the limits of his claim, he is entitled to +protection in it just the same as when a deed is put on record, +limiting the boundaries of a lot of ground. All rights to real +property are traced back to original discovery and occupancy, and now +all the inventor desires, or nearly all, in any patent law, is a +simple registry, just as we find in our Halls of Record. The +Commissioner of Patents should be called the Register of Patents. +Indeed, grants of land, as they are termed, have frequently been +registered by the name of patents, in our Halls of Records, so strong +is the analogy, if not perfect similarity. + +Then what should be the Patent Law? We answer, by sections, at once. +The first should be declaratory of the rights of inventors, as +follows: + +SEC. 1. The application of capital, time, skill and ingenuity, to the +production of new and useful discoveries, shall be protected under the +5th article of the Amendments to the Constitution, which forbids +private use without the consent of the owner, and for public use +without just compensation. + +SEC. 2. Should any invention or discovery be deemed of great +importance to the general prosperity, its value shall he appraised on +the requisition of the Secretary of State, which value, which +ascertained, as hereinafter provided, shall be paid to the inventor +from the Treasury of the United States, and, until this payment shall +take place, the discovery of any inventor duly qualified to take out a +patent, shall remain his property, and inalienable without his consent +or the consent of his legal representatives. + +SEC. 3. Any inventor or discoverer who may desire a patent for any +discovery of his own, shall make oath or solemnly affirm thereto, and +any specification, drawing or model, he may see fit to deposit with +the Register of Patents, shall be received by him and recorded, as a +matter of evidence of original right. + +SEC. 4. There shall be no salaried Examiners of Patents, but each +patentee may contract on any terms he may see fit with any Patent +Agent or Examiner, to examine the Records of the Patent office, on the +payment of ten dollars fee for the use of the books and privilege of +the Patent Office, and no more fees than this first $10 shall be +charged on any single patent, excepting five dollars each for every +record of transfer of rights or parts of rights. Nor shall the fees be +raised until it may be discovered that they will not support the +expenses of the Patent Office. And it is provided, no expenses for the +improvement of agriculture, or any purpose foreign to the business of +the registry of Patents, and the necessary books and buildings, and +salaries of the register, librarian and two clerks and door-keeper, +shall be charged upon the Patent Fund. + +SEC. 5. The Commissioner of Patents shall give advice of a scientific +and legal character as he may be desired and qualified to do, to +inventors. He may guaranty the originality of any invention at his own +risk, at any price be may agree upon with any inventor to give +certificates thereof, and this shall not interfere with his regular +salary. But it is provided that the Commissioner shall not in any +manner prevent others from examining and guarantying the originality +of any invention for which a patent may be desired. And it is also +provided that any Commissioner, Register, Clerk, Attorney, Examiner or +Agent, who may give a guaranty or warrant of the novelty of any +invention shall be held responsible in costs on any information to be +filed by any party who may feel himself aggrieved, to rescind the +patent which may not be an original invention of the claimant so +guarantied. + +SEC. 6. To rescind a patent, any party feeling himself aggrieved may +file information in the District Court of the United States, of the +district in which the patentee resides, notifying the patentee of such +information filed, with what the former intends to prove, and where +the patentee may discover the evidence relied upon by the informer, on +which, the patentee may surrender his patent without costs should he +so elect. But should the patentee determine to stand trial, he shall +plead to such information within twenty days, denying the allegations +of the informer, on which the trial shall proceed in its regular order +on the calendar, and the patentee, if found wilfully and knowingly a +monopolizer of the public rights, shall suffer costs and the +reasonable expenses and counsel fee of the informer. And if such +inventor shall make oath he has not been enabled to examine the proofs +on which the informer relies to rescind his patent, he shall be +allowed such further time as the court having jurisdiction may +prescribe. And the court may make an order to the informer to exhibit +fully his evidence of priority of invention, and no other evidence +than has been exhibited to the inventor excepting rebutting, shall be +introduced on the trial to rescind the patent. + +SEC. 7. The Commissioner of Patents shall collect and keep in the +Patent Office all the scientific works published and useful for +references, and pay the expenses of the same from the patent fund. But +the Commissioner shall not subscribe for more than three copies of any +publication for the use of the office as aforesaid out of the Patent +Fund. + +SEC. 8. The application of any known machinery or matter of +combination of machinery, or matter to new purposes or old purposes +after a new method, or any means by which useful results are to be +more advantageously produced than formerly, shall be the subject of a +patent. + +SEC. 9. A method, plan, design, or any new and useful idea, which can +be defined, shall be the subject of a patent. + +SEC. 10. A simple change of form shall not entitle any one to evade +the patent of any inventor by a new patent. + +The above are the principal improvements desired by inventors. Some +think it not well to ask for all they want at once, but we think +differently, for it will be said hereafter, when new amendments are +desired, 'Gentlemen, you petitioned for the very provisions you now +seek to have annulled. Your own committee was here at Washington +assenting.' What answer will there be to this? None can be made +without confusion of face for having over assented to a wrong. + +We do not desire to censure the committee charged with the mission to +Washington.--They have thought to act prudently and for the greatest +good. We differ only on the real expediency of the case. We do not +believe that such men as Benton, Calhoun, and other kindred spirits, +ask or desire anything but what they think is right. + +They will not sacrifice their reputation against a body of men to whom +the Republic owe so much, and who have so long suffered in silence. +The law as it now stands, is an improvement on the former law, and +considering how low was the state of morals in former times respecting +inventors, such sentiments as have been advanced by Judge Woodbury, +and which are in spirit the same as the above, are destined ultimately +to prevail. And those who choose to record their names in opposition +are free to do so, as are also the tribe of persecutors who in all +ages have stoned the prophets. + +The principle endeavored to be followed throughout, is that of the +common and statutes laws respecting the rights to real property. It +may tend to create litigation, as to claims which are now refused +entirely, but if no litigation or less is the grand desideratum, why +not establish a dictatorship at once? The _ipse dixit_ of one man will +then prevent all argument. But the rights of property and jury trial +in all cases are ours by the constitution--and equally are we entitled +by the constitution to the pursuit of happiness and wealth in ærial +regions as on the common earth--and if we may not be divested of our +other property without certain laws and a fair jury trial, why should +we be of patent property? And if patent agents presume to beguile +honest inventors, why should they not be held responsible? They may +refuse to back their operation by a guaranty, but then the inventor +has a right to know it, and to know he has a remedy, should they do so +improperly. The Clerk of one of our Courts guarantied the searches of +one of his Clerks as to a piece of real property, and had to pay some +ten thousand dollars, and why should it not be so. + +When a tailor makes a coat he warrants it to fit, and when a surgeon +sets a leg unscientifically he is also responsible in damages to his +patient, and as is an attorney for negligent practice. Holding +examiners responsible will leave the patent office open to the filing +of new claims at the same time that it will prevent a world of +litigation, favoritism and corruption. + +We are not striking at our present worthy Commissioner, Mr. Burke. We +are friendly to him. But the more honest a man may be, the sooner will +he find himself displaced, if the office he holds may be used to grasp +a vast amount of patronage and property.' + + +ADVERTISEMENTS. + +[**hand pointing right]This paper circulates in every State in the +Union, and is seen principally by mechanics and manufacturers. Hence +it may be considered the best medium of advertising, for those who +import or manufacture machinery, mechanics tools, or such wares and +materials as are generally used by those classes. The few +advertisements in this paper are regarded with much more attention +than those in closely printed dailies. + +Advertisements are inserted in this paper at the following rates: + +One square, of eight lines one insertion, $ 0 50 + " " " " two do., 75 + " " " " three do., 1 00 + " " " " one month, 1 25 + " " " " three do., 3 75 + " " " " six do., 7 50 + " " " " twelve do., 15 00 + + +TERMS:--CASH IN ADVANCE. + + * * * * * + +GENERAL AGENTS + +FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. + +New York City, Geo. Dexter + " " Wm. Taylor & Co. +Boston, Messrs. Hotchkiss & Co. +Philadelphia, Messrs. Colon & Adriance. + + +LOCAL AGENTS. + +Albany, Peter Cook. +Baltimore, Md., S. Sands. +Cabotville, Mass., E. F. Brown. +Hartford, Ct., E. H. Bowers. +Lynn, Mass., J. E. F. Marsh. +Middletown, Ct., Wm. Woodward. +Norwich, Ct., Safford & Parks. +New Haven, Ct., E. Downes. +New Bedford, Mass., Wm. Robinson & Co. +Newark, N.J. J. L. Agens. +Patterson, N.J., L. Garside. +Providence, R.I., H. & J. S. Rowe. +Springfield, Mass., Wm. B. Brocket. +Salem, Mass., L. Chandler. +Troy, N.Y., A. Smith. +Taunton. Mass., W. P. Seaver. +Worcester, Mass., S. Thompson. +Boston, Jordon & Wiley. +Newark, N. J., Robert Rashaw. +Williamsburgh, J. C. Gander. + +TRAVELLING AGENTS. + +O. D. Davis, John Stoughton, John Murray, Sylvester Dierfenorf. + +CITY CARRIERS. + +Clark Selleck, Squire Selleck, Nathan Selleck. + +Persons residing in the city of Brooklyn, can have the paper left at +their residences regularly, by sending their address to the office, +128 Fulton st., 2d. floor. + + +=AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PATENT AGENCY.= + +No. 23 Chambers street, New York. + +JOSEPH H. BAILEY, Engineer and Agent for procuring Patents, will +prepare all the necessary Specifications, Drawings, &c. for applicants +for Patents, in the United States or Europe. Having the experience of +a number of years in the business, and being connected with a +gentleman of high character and ability in England, he has facilities +for enabling inventors to obtain their Patents at home or abroad, with +the least expense and trouble. + +The subscriber, being practically acquainted with all the various +kinds of Drawing used, is able to represent Machinery, Inventions, or +Designs of any kind, either by Authographic Drawing, or in +Isometrical, Parallel, or True Perspective, at any angle best +calculated to show the construction of the Machinery of Design +patented. + +To those desiring Drawings or Specifications, Mr. B. has the pleasure +of referring to Gen. Wm. Gibbs McNiel, Civil Engineer, Prof. Renwick, +Columbia College, Prof. Morse, Jno. Lee. + +Residence, No. 10 Carroll Place; office, No. +Chambers street. oct10 tf + + * * * * * + +BLACK LEAD POTS!--The subscriber offers for sales, in lots to suit +purchasers, a superior article of BLACK LEAD POTS, that can be used +without annealing. The price is low, and founders are requested to +make a trial. SAMUEL C. HILLS, + +45to2ndv6 Patent Agent, 12 Platt street. + + +STATE OF NEW YORK. + +Secretary's Office, Albany, July 24, 1846. + +To the Sheriff of the City and County of New York: Sir--Notice is +hereby given, that at the next General Election, to be held on the +Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November next, the following +officers are to be elected, to wit:--A Governor and Lieutenant +Governor of this State. 2 Canal Commissioners, to supply the place of +Jonas Earll, junior, and Stephen Clark, whose terms of office will +expire on the last day of December next. A Senator for the First +Senatorial District, to supply the vacancy which will accrue by the +expiration of the term of service of John A. Lott on the last day of +December next. A Representative in the 30th Congress of the United +States for the Third Congressional District, consisting of the 1st, +2d, 3d, 4th and 5th Wards of the City of New York. Also a +Representative in the said Congress for the Fourth Congressional +District, consisting of the 6th, 7th, 10th and 13th Wards of said +City. Also a Representative in the said Congress for the Fifth +Congressional District, consisting of the 8th, 9th and 14th Wards of +said city. And also a Representative in the said Congress for the +Sixth Congressional District, consisting of the 11th, 12th, 15th, +16th, 17th and 18th Wards of said City. + +Also the following officers for the said County, to wit: 16 Members of +Assembly, a Sheriff in the place of William Jones, whose term of +service will expire on the last day of December next. A County Clerk +in the place of James Connor, whose term of service will expire on the +last day of December next, and a Coroner in the place of Edmund G. +Rawson, whose term of service will expire on the last day of December +next. + + Yours, respectfully, + N. S. BENTON, Secretary of State. + + * * * * * + +Sheriff's Office, New York, August 3d, 1846. + +The above is published pursuant to the notice of the Secretary of +State and the requirements of the statute in such case made and +provided for. + + WM. JONES, Sheriff of the City and County of New York. + +[Illustration: hand pointing right]All the public newspapers in the +County will publish the above once in each week until election, and +then hand in their bills so that they may be laid before the Board of +Supervisors, and passed for payment. + +See Revised Statutes, vol. 1, chap. vi. title 3d, article +3d--part 1st, page 140. aug18 + + +=BRASS FOUNDRY.= + +JAMES KENNEARD & CO. respectfully inform their friends and the public +that they are prepared to furnish all orders for Brass and Composition +Castings, and finishing in general at the shortest possible notice. + +N.B. All orders for Rail Road, Factory and Steamboat work from any +distance, will be thankfully received and attended to with despatch +and on reasonable terms. + +[Illustration: hand pointing right]Patterns made to order. +JAMES KENNEARD & CO. +oct. 10 3m* 27 1-2 Chrystie st. New York. + +[Illustration: hand pointing right]NOTICE--R. C. WETMORE & CO. RETURN +their thanks to the Fire Department & Police, for the zealous exertions +used by them in saving the property in the store No. 85 Water street, +at the fire this evening. + +R. C. Wetmore & Co. desire especially to acknowledge the aid of his +honor the Mayor, in preserving their books and papers. + +Tuesday Night. + +PROSPER M. WETMORE, Navy Agent, begs to return his grateful +acknowledgment to his Honor the Mayor, the members of the Fire +Department, and Municipal Police, for the assistance rendered him in +saving all the books and papers of the Navy Agency from the fire this +evening, Tuesday night. + +NOTICE. + +The Office of the Navy Agent is removed for the present to the back +office of the store No. 11 Broad street. + +PROSPER M. WETMORE, Navy Agent. +[Illustration: hand pointing right]All city papers please copy, and +send bill. +o10 3t + + * * * * * + +NEW IMPROVEMENT.--M. H. Mansfield, of Mifflintown, Juniata Co., +Pennsylvania, has invented a new CLOVER HULLING MACHINE, which is one +of the best inventions of the kind now in use. This machine will hull +forty bushels of seed per day. Persons wishing to manufacture them can +procure the right on moderate terms from the inventor. For further +particulars, address. + +MARTIN H. MANSFIELD, +oct.3 3t* Mifflintown, Juniata Co. Pa. + + * * * * * + +COPPER SMITH!--The subscriber takes this method of informing the +public that he is manufacturing Copper Work of every description. +Particular attention is given to making and repairing LOCOMOTIVE +tubes. Those at a distance, can have any kind of work made to +drawings, and may ascertain costs, &c., by addressing L. R. BAILEY, +cor. of West and Franklin Sts., N. Y. + +N.B.--Work shipped to any part of the country. + +45to2dv18* + + * * * * * + + +=ELECTRICITY.= + +SMITH'S CELEBRATED TORPEDO, OR VIBRATING +ELECTRO MAGNETIC MACHINE + +--This instrument differs from those in ordinary use, by having a +third connection with the battery, rendering them much more powerful +and beneficial. As a curious Electrical Machine, they should be in the +possession of every one, while their wonderful efficacy as a medical +agent, renders them invaluable. They are used with extraordinary +success, for the following maladies. + +=Rheumatism=--Palsy, curvature of the Spine, Chronic Diseases, +Tic-doloureaux, Paralysis Tubercula of the brain, heart, liver, +spleen, kidneys, sick-headache. + +=Toothache=--St Vitus dance, Epilepsy, Fevers, diseases of the eye, +nose, antrum, throat, muscles, cholera, all diseases of the skin, +face, &c. + +=Deafness=--Loss of voice, Bronchitis, Hooping cough. + +These machines are perfectly simple and conveniently managed. The +whole apparatus is contained in a little box 8 inches long, by 4 wide +and deep. They may be easily sent to any part of the United States. To +be had at the office of the Scientific American, 128 Fulton st, 2nd +floor, (Sun building) where they may be seen IN OPERATION, at all +times of the day and evening. 2 + + * * * * * + +GOLD PENS!!--In consequence of the increased facility afforded by +machinery for the manufacture of my GOLD PENS, I am enabled to furnish +them to the Trade, at a much less price than they have heretofore +obtained them through my Agent. + +Those purchasing direct of the manufacturer will have the double +advantage of the lowest market price, and the privilege of returning +those that are imperfect. In connection with the above, I am +manufacturing the usual style of PENHOLDER, together with my PATENT +EXTENSION PENHOLDER with PENCIL. All orders thankfully received, and +punctually attended to. A. G. BAGLEY, + +sept. 25 tf 189 Broadway, N. Y. + + +=Engraving on Wood.= + +NEATLY AND PROMPTLY EXECUTED AT the Office of the Scientific American, +128 Fulton st, three doors from the Sun Office. Designs, DRAWINGS of +all kinds for PATENTS, &c., also made, as above, at very low +charges. 1 + + +[Illustration: CURIOUS ARTS] + + +=Labor to make a Watch.= + +Mr. Dent, in a lecture delivered before the London Royal Institute, +made an allusion to the formation of a watch, and stated that a watch +consists of 992 pieces; and that 40 trades, and probably 215 persons +are employed in making one of these little machines. The iron of which +the balance wheel is formed, is valued at something less than a +farthing; this produces an ounce of steel, worth 4 1-2 pence, which is +drawn into 2,250 yards of steel wire, and represents in the market, +13_l._ 3_s._; but still another process of hardening this originally a +farthing's worth of iron, renders it workable into 7,050 balance +springs, which will realize, at the common price, of 2_s._ 6_d_ each +746_l_. 5_s_, the effect of labor alone. Thus it may be seen that the +mere labor bestowed upon one farthing's worth of iron, gives it the +value of 950_l._ 5_s_, or $4,552, which is 75,680 times its original +value. + + +=Mule Boats.= + +This kind of conveyance is, we believe, peculiar to the Illinois +River, for we never remember to have seen one belonging to any other +stream. A year or two since, we were perfectly astonished at beholding +the first one that ever arrived in this port; but now they are as +common as the species usually termed _broad horns_, and their +appearance creates about as much surprise and curiosity among the more +aristocratic order of steam and sail. A genuine mule boat is not +unlike an ocean steamer, as they are susceptible of being propelled +both by steam and wind; with this difference, the mule-boat steam is +generated upon the tread-mill plan, and by the united exertions of +some half dozen quadrupeds, generally of the long-eared kind. To this +treading or pulling apparatus are attached cylinder, pitt-man, +boilers, &c., in the shape of some three or more cog-wheels, and +immediately connected with them is a couple of shafts, which give a +rotary motion to a couple of water-wheels, one on each side, and which +usually propel a keel about 100 feet in length, and of about 75 tons +burthen; over it is a roof and covering, usually called a cargo box, +to protect the inside from the weather, and the whole making an +appearance similar to an Ohio river keel boat, with the exception of a +space left her to operate in. The difficulty and danger attending the +management of a boat propelled by steam, is upon the mule boat +entirely dispensed with. + +There is no firing up, or blowing up; all that is necessary, when +wishing to commence a journey, is to start, and when tired of going, +all that is to be done is to stop the mules; in giving a lick ahead, +they are all made to bounce at once, and in giving a lick back, they +are turned around and made to pull the other way: and should the wind +prove favorable, by means of a mast, with which they are all +provided, sails can be hoisted, and the the double power of mules and +wind be put in requisition. This description of boat is getting to be +quite fashionable on the Illinois and tributaries, and some two or +three extend their trips to this city. They are a great benefit in low +water, as they are of exceeding light draught, and the running of them +is attended with but trifling expense. We learn that several new ones +are in a state of completion, on the line of the Illinois, intended as +regular traders up the Sangamon river, and from the head of navigation +on the Illinois to this city. There is nothing like enterprise, or a +mule boat on the Illinois, in a low stage of water, to get +along.--[St. Louis New Era. + + +=Discovery of Glass.= + +'As some merchants,' says Pliny, 'were carrying nitre, they stopped +near a river which issues from Mount Carmel. As they could not readily +find stones to rest their kettles on, they used for this purpose some +of these pieces of nitre. The fire, which gradually dissolved the +nitre, and mixed it with the sand, occasioned a transparent matter to +flow, which in fact was nothing less than glass.' + + +=Pumping the water out of Lake Michigan.= + +It is well known to our readers that, by an arrangement with the +English bond holders, the State of Illinois has given over to them the +unfinished canal, from the waters of Lake Michigan, at Chicago, to the +Illinois river.--They are about completing it, but the principal +difficulty now is, to supply it with water, owing to the level of the +lake being _eight_ feet below the bottom of the canal. To overcome +this, the present company, after various propositions, finally +bethought themselves of raising the water of the lake, so as to supply +the canal. They went to Messrs. Knapp & Totten, of this city, and +furnished them with a data to calculate whether it could be done, and +what force and what machinery would accomplish it. These gentlemen +soon furnished an answer to build some powerful machinery for that +purpose,--a steam engine and _eight_ pumps of four and a half bore and +six feet stroke. We are glad to hear that this eminently scientific +firm have been selected to execute this order. Their shop and +mechanical force are not excelled by any establishment in the United +States.--[Pittsburg Gaz. + +=The Self-Regulating Ventilator.= + +[Illustration:] + +Explanation:--This is a cheap and simple but scientific apparatus for +regulating the air-vent of a common, cheap stove, according to the +temperature of the atmosphere in the room in which it is located. The +draught door is a plain iron door, hung by a common hinge joint at the +upper end; and to the front of the hinge is attached a piece of brass +wire, which extends vertically nearly to the top of the room, and is +connected at B to a horizontal brass wire C D. This is the only +apparatus required, but must be so adjusted as to allow the door to be +closed, or nearly so, when the temperature is about right. If the +temperature rises above that point, the horizontal wire will +immediately expand so as to allow the door to close. But as soon as +the temperature begins to fail, the wire contracts and opens the vent. +On this principle the apparatus will readily find a medium, and there +remain, varying only occasionally to accommodate itself to the +variations of the quantity of fuel in the stove. The entire expense of +this apparatus, exclusive of the stove, will not exceed 50 cents. It +is generally conceded that a large portion of cases of colds, coughs, +&c. are occasioned by irregularities of the temperature of +sitting-rooms but with this plan of regulation this evil may be +avoided without any material expense. + + +=New Paper Mill.= + +Mr. C. C. P. Moses has erected a line brick building, 75 by 38 feet, +three stories high, on the site of the old foundry, at Dover, N. H., +$12,000 to $15,000. The rooms are constructed and furnished in a +complete manner for carrying on the paper making business in all its +departments. The works are nearly completed, and will be in operation +in five or six weeks. + + +=New Mill at Lowell.= + +The Merrimack Company have in progress of erection the largest mill in +Lowell, and which is calculated to employ from 300 to 400 operatives. +The building is nearly finished, and the machinery is to embrace the +latest improvements in this or any other country. + + +=Machine Shop.= + +A new machine shop is about commencing operation in Norwich: about +half a mile northeast from the railroad depot. The building is 100 by +40 feet, and is calculated to employ 60 hands in the manufacture of +steam engines and manufacturing machinery. The work at this shop will +be finished in the best style and at moderate prices. + + +=Ornamental Kites.= + +[Illustration:] + +This month being considered as one of the best for flying kites, we +may indulge our young friends with an article on that subject. The +principle on which kites are made to ascend by the action of the wind, +is too well understood, even by children, to require explanation. We +shall merely introduce and describe some fancy models of kites, which +are not often seen. The pattern, fig. 1, which is the figure called a +star, is very easily made. The frame consists simply of the strips, or +rods of light wood; spruce timber, willow twig's--and interlocked, as +shown in the cut; so that each rod shall pass alternately over and +under the other rods at each intersection. These rods being lashed +together at the points, the whole frame is covered with white or +yellow paper, and the twine is attached to three of the angles of the +star. + +The eagle, fig. 2, is but little more difficult; a rod extends from +the beak to the tail, and is crossed by another which extends from tip +to tip of the wings. The rods being lashed together, a small thread is +drawn from the place of the head of the eagle, to the two extremities +of the wings, and thence to the leeward end of the centre rod. This +thread should be white or light blue, and will not be visible when +aloft; but the form of the eagle should be made of black, dark or +brown paper. The paper eagle must be sewed to the several threads, and +two or more threads may extend from the wings to the centre rod to +support the feathers of the wings. The eagle kite appears curious, +but is not so elegant as + +The Rose, fig. 3. To construct this figure there must be four light +rods of wood, made to cross each other in the centre, being there +lashed together, and thus constituting eight arms. From the end of +each arm, a thin strip of light wood or reed, is bent in a curved form +to the next arm on either side: the bow being lashed to the arms. This +frame is covered with white paper, which is to be afterward colored +with rose color, with the yellow centre. The twine must be fastened to +four of the arms, and the tail of the kite should be covered with +green paper, which by the contrast, will have a pleasing effect. + + +=Rochester Edge Tools in England.= + +Some time since, a Mr. Ash, an extensive manufacturer of Mechanics' +Tools at Sheffield, England, sent to this country for patterns of the +latest improvements, and amongst the rest, ordered a variety from +Messrs. Barton & Belden of Rochester, which were promptly forwarded. +On their arrival there, it seems that their make gave such universal +satisfaction, that they were immediately copied, and the fact that +they came from this country made prominent, by stamping upon them +'Rochester Pattern.' + + +=An Animal Curiosity.= + +Travellers state that there is on the island of St. Luce a cavern, in +which is a large basin twelve or fifteen feet deep, at the bottom of +which are rocks. From these rocks proceed certain substances that +present at first, sight beautiful flowers, but on the approach of a +hand or instrument, retire like a snail, out of sight! On examination, +there appears in the middle of a disk, filaments resembling spiders' +legs, which moved briskly round a kind of petal. The filaments, or +legs, have pincers to seize their prey, when the petals close, so that +it cannot escape. Under this flower is the body of an animal, and it +is probable he lives on the marine insects thrown by the sea into his +basin. + + * * * * * + +The first clock that ever measured time was made for the Caliph of +Bagdad. This art was afterwards lost for several centuries. + + +=Skate Runners.= + +At Drontheim, in Norway, they have a regiment of soldiers, called +Skate Runners. They wear leg gaiters for travelling in deep snow, and +green uniform. They carry a short sword, a rifle fastened by a broad +strap passing over the shoulder, and a climbing staff seven feet long, +with a spike in the end. They move so fast in the snow that no cavalry +can overtake them, and it does little good to fire cannon balls at +them, as they go two or three hundred feet apart. They are very useful +soldiers in following an enemy on a march. They go over marshes, +rivers and lakes at a great rate. + + +=A Receipt to make Peach Wine.= + +Take four or five bushels of ripe juicy peaches, mash or bruise them +in a tub, and pour them into a barrel, large enough to contain them, +and place it in a cool place. At the bottom of the barrel, before +putting in the peaches, some clean straw must be placed to prevent the +pumice from filling up the spigot. The head of the barrel must be +covered. In about three days the Peach Wine is ready for use. Draw it +off, from the spigot, and if care and attention have been adopted, a +delicious beverage will be produced. + + +=A Novel Enterprise.= + +An expedition, which promises the most important results both to +science and commerce is at this moment fitting out in England, for the +purpose of navigating some of the more important unexplored rivers in +South America It is to be under the command of Lord Ranelagh. Several +noblemen and gentlemen have already volunteered to accompany his +lordship, and the enterprising and scientific band, it is said, will +sail as soon as the necessary arrangements shall be completed. + + +THE NEW YORK + +=SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN:= + +_Published Weekly at 128 Fulton Street., (Sun Building,) New York._ + +BY MUNN & COMPANY. + + +The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is the Advocate of Industry and Journal of +Mechanical and other Improvements: as such its contents are probably +more varied and interesting, than those of any other weekly newspaper +in the United States, and certainly more useful. It contains as much +interesting Intelligence as six ordinary daily papers, while for _real +benefit_, it is unequalled by any thing yet published. Each number +regularly contains from THREE to SIX ORIGINAL ENGRAVINGS, illustrated +by NEW INVENTIONS, American and Foreign,--SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES and +CURIOSITIES,--Notices of the progress of Mechanical and other +Scientific Improvements, Scientific Essays on the principles of the +Sciences of MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY and ARCHITECTURE,--Catalogues of +American Patents,--INSTRUCTION in various ARTS and TRADES, _with +engravings_,--Curious Philosophical Experiments,--the latest RAIL +ROAD INTELLIGENCE in EUROPE and AMERICA,--Valuable information on the +Art of GARDENING, &c. &c. + +This paper is especially entitled to the patronage of MECHANICS and +MANUFACTURERS, being devoted to the interests of those classes. It is +particularly useful to FARMERS, as it will not only apprise them of +IMPROVEMENTS in AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, but INSTRUCT them in various +MECHANICAL TRADES, and guard against impositions. As a FAMILY +NEWSPAPER, it will convey more USEFUL Intelligence to children and +young people, than five times its cost in school instruction. + +Being published in QUARTO FORM, it is conveniently adapted to +PRESERVATION and BINDING. + +TERMS.--The Scientific American is sent to subscribers in the country +at the rate of $2 a year, ONE DOLLAR IN ADVANCE, the remainder in 6 +months. Persons desiring to subscribe, have only to enclose the amount +in a letter, directed to + + MUNN & COMPANY, + +Publishers of the Scientific American, New York. + +[Illustration: hand pointing right]Specimen copies sent when desired. +All letters must be POST PAID.] + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American magazine Vol 2. +No. 3 Oct 10 1846, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, OCT 10, 1846 *** + +***** This file should be named 29411-8.txt or 29411-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/4/1/29411/ + +Produced by David T. 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