initial commit of ebook 29411HEADmain

21 files changed, 9538 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/29411-8.txt b/29411-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e203e6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3056 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American magazine Vol 2. No. 3
+Oct 10 1846, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Scientific American magazine Vol 2. No. 3 Oct 10 1846
+       The Advocate of Industry and Journal of Scientific,
+       Mechanical and Other Improvements
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Rufus Porter
+
+Release Date: July 14, 2009 [EBook #29411]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, OCT 10, 1846 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David T. Jones and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Canada Team at http://www.pgdpcanada.net
+Images generously provided by "Making of America" Cornell
+University.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE NEW YORK
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN:
+
+_Published Weekly at 128 Fulton Street,
+(Sun Building,) New York._
+
+BY MUNN & COMPANY.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+RUFUS PORTER, EDITOR.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+TERMS.--$2 a year--$1 in advance, and the remainder in 6 months.
+
+[Illustration: hand pointing right] _See Advertisement on last page._
+
+
+=The New Roman Road.=
+
+[The present Pope has given his consent to build railroads in his
+dominions, which the former Pope was averse to. The following lines
+are predicated on his consent.]
+
+    Ancient Romans, ancient Romans--
+    Cato, Scipio Africanus,
+    Ye whose fame's eclips'd by no man's,
+    Publius Æmilianus,
+    Sylla, Marius, Pompey, Cæsar,
+    Fabius, dilatory teaser,
+    Coriolanus, and ye Gracchi
+    Who gave so many a foe a black eye,
+    Antony, Lepidus, and Crassus;
+    And you, ye votaries of Parnassus,
+    Virgil, and Horace, and Tibullus,
+    Terence and Juvenal, Catullus,
+    Martial, and all ye wits beside,
+    On Pegasus expert to ride;
+    Numa, good king, surnamed Pampilius,
+    And Tullus, eke 'yclept Hostilius--
+    Kings, Consuls, Imperators, Lictors,
+    Prætors, the whole world's former victors,
+    Who sleep by yellow Tiber's brink;
+    Ye mighty names--what d'ye think?
+    The Pope has sanctioned Railway Bills!
+    And so the lofty Aventine,
+    And your six other famous hills
+    Will soon look down upon a 'Line.'
+    Oh! if so be that hills could turn
+    Their noses up, with gesture antic,
+    Thus would the seven deride and spurn
+    A Roman work so unromantic:
+    'Was this the ancient Roman Way.
+
+      With tickets taken, fares to pay,
+    Stockers and Engineers, perhaps--
+    Nothing more likely--English chaps
+    Brawling away, 'Go on!' for Ito,
+    And 'Cut along!' instead of Cito;
+    The engine letting off its steam,
+    With puff and whistle, snort and scream;
+    A smell meanwhile, like burning clothes,
+    Flouting the angry Roman nose?
+    Is it not Conscript Fathers shocking?
+    Does it not seem your mem'ry mocking?
+    The Roman and the Railway station--
+    What an incongruous combination!
+    How odd, with no one to adore him,
+      Terminus--and in the Forum!'--[Punch.
+
+
+=Good Advice.=
+
+Somebody lays down the following rules to young men in business. They
+will apply equally well to young and old. 'Let the business of every
+one alone, and attend to your own.--Don't buy what you don't want. Use
+every hour to advantage, and study even to make leisure hours useful.
+Think twice before you spend a shilling; remember you have another to
+make for it. Find recreation in looking after your business, and so
+your business will not be neglected in looking after recreation.--Buy
+fair, sell fair, take care of the profits; look over the books
+regularly, and if you find an error, trace it out. Should a stroke of
+misfortune come upon you in trade, retrench--work harder, but never
+fly the track; confront difficulties with unflinching perseverance,
+and they will disappear at last, and you will be honored; but shrink
+from the task, and you will be despised.'
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+In Russia, coffins are generally brown, but children have pink, grown
+up unmarried girls sky blue, while other females are indulged with a
+violet color.
+
+[Illustration: Barnum's Safety Apparatus]
+
+INTRODUCTION.--Much has been said of late in and about New York on the
+subject of the adoption by steamboat proprietors of some apparatus
+that will in some measure secure the passengers against such
+casualties as have occurred on board the Excelsior and several other
+boats. There have been a great variety of inventions introduced for
+the purpose of preventing explosions; but from the best information we
+can obtain on the subject, we are of the opinion that Mr. Barnum's
+apparatus takes a general preference over all others. It consists of
+an arrangement of machinery, partly within the boiler, and which is
+constructed on such a self-regulating principle as to keep up a supply
+of water within the boiler, without any attention from the engineer;
+and in case that the apparatus itself should become impaired or cease
+to operate regular, the engineer becomes instantly notified thereof.
+
+EXPLANATION.--It is inexpedient for us to give a full and minute
+description of the several points and peculiarities of the mechanism
+of this apparatus; but we may so far explain as to say that a
+horizontal lever inside of the boiler, being mounted on a pivot near
+its centre, and connected to a buoy or float at one end, as
+represented in the engraving, (a part of the surface of the boiler
+being omitted for that purpose, and not, as some might infer, to
+represent the apparatus attached to a boiler already burst by an
+explosion.) One of these floats is placed within a small enclosed box
+within the boiler, that it may be secure from the effect of foam which
+sometimes pervades the surface of the water in a steam boiler.--This
+lever, near its bearing, is connected to a short valve-rod, which
+governs the valves in a small valve-chamber, whereby the steam is
+occasionally admitted to operate a small steam engine, placed directly
+over the boiler; and this engine puts in motion a pump, by which the
+water in the boiler is replenished. This engine, it will be
+understood, is never put in operation except when the water in the
+boiler becomes too low: and when the water rises, the elevation of the
+encased float closes the valve and stops the engine. The ball on the
+end of the lever acts as a counterpoise to the float, (which is of
+stone) that it may be freely influenced by the rising or falling of
+the surface of the water.
+
+The small engine constructed by Mr. Barnum for this purpose, is well
+adapted to its place, and has several peculiarities whereby the
+valves, and consequent reciprocal motion of the engine are regulated
+without the use of a crank or fly-wheel: but of these we cannot at
+present give a minute description. The whole of this apparatus evinces
+much scientific ability of the inventor, Daniel Barnum, Esq., resident
+at present in this city, and who has received many certificates from
+the first scientific men in the Union, in commendation of his
+invention.
+
+
+=A Piggish Parvenue.=
+
+A proud porker, fancying that it was degrading to his dignity to root
+in the gutter, came upon the sidewalk, and full of his consequence,
+promenaded from morning till night, leaving his humbler companions to
+munch corn, husks and potatoe parings. He fared as people usually do,
+who from vanity assume a station they are not qualified to fill. In
+the gutter he would have lived in unnoticed enjoyment. On the walk he
+got kicked by every passenger and bitten by every cur, till hungry and
+bruised he was glad to return to his proper station.--[Ex, paper.
+
+
+=Wanting Workmen back Again.=
+
+The proprietors of the cotton mill in Schuylerville, N. Y., who
+reduced the wages of their hands, a week or two since, says the
+Schuylerville Herald, twenty-five per cent., are now, and have been
+for several days, endeavoring to induce them to return to their work,
+at the old wages; but they are too late, as most of them are engaged
+to work in other mills.
+
+
+=Hard Climbing.=
+
+A man in Orange county was found one night climbing an over-shot wheel
+in a fulling mill. He was asked what he was doing. He said he was
+'trying to go up to bed, but some how or other these stairs won't hold
+still.' There are many unlucky wights who are laboriously endeavoring
+to climb fortune's ladder on the same principle.
+
+
+=Power of Imagination.=
+
+An amusing incident recently occurred at Williams College, which is
+thus related by a correspondent of the Springfield Gazette:
+
+The professor of chemistry, while administering, in the course of his
+lectures, the protoxide of nitrogen, or, as it is commonly called,
+laughing gas, in order to ascertain how great an influence the
+imagination had in producing the effects consequent on respiring it,
+secretly filled the India rubber gas-bag with common air instead of
+gas. It was taken without suspicion, and the effects, if anything,
+were more powerful than upon those who had really breathed the pure
+gas. One complained that it produced nausea and dizziness, another
+immediately manifested pugilistic propensities, and before he could be
+restrained, tore in pieces the coat of one of the bystanders, while
+the third exclaimed, 'this is life. I never enjoyed it before.' The
+laughter that followed the exposure of this gaseous trick may be
+imagined.
+
+
+=True Policy.=
+
+Under all circumstances there is but one honest course; and that is,
+to do right and trust the consequences to Divine Providence. 'Duties
+are ours: events are God's.' Policy, with all her cunning, can devise
+no rule so safe, salutary and effective, as this simple maxim.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+Six thousand pounds of Saxony wool have been purchased in Pennsylvania,
+at sixty-two and a half cents per pound.
+
+
+A LIST OF PATENTS
+
+_Issued from the 20th of July to the 28th of July, 1846, inclusive._
+
+
+To M. W. Obenchain, of Springfield, Ohio, for improvement in Carding
+Machines. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To Russell Wildman, of Hartford, Ct., for improvement in Machinery for
+forming Hat Bodies. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To William Sherwood, of Ridgefield, Ct., for improvement in Carpet
+Looms. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To Richard Garsed, of Frankford, Pa., for improvement in Operating
+Treadle Cams in Looms for Tweeling. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To James Ives, of Hamden, Ct., for improvement in Locks for Carriage
+Doors. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To Jacob Peebles, of Concordia, La., for improvement in Brick
+Cisterns. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To Jacob Shermer, of New Valley, Md., for improvement in Winnowing
+Machines. Patented, 20th July, 1846.
+
+To George Levan, of Gap, Pa., for improvement in Doubling and Twisting
+and Reeling. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To Joseph Stevens, of Northumberland, N. Y., for improvement in
+Fences. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To James Boss, of Philadelphia, Pa., for improvement in Ever Pointed
+Pencils. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To Richard C. Holmes and Jonathan J. Springer, of Cape May C. H., N.
+J., for improvement in Machinery for Steering Vessels. Patented 20th
+July, 1846.
+
+To Daniel Hoats, of Mifflingburgh, Pa., for improvement in Threshing
+Machines. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To Tappan Townsend, of Albany, N. Y., for improvement in Warming
+Railroad Cars.--Patented 24th July, 1846.
+
+To Elizur L. Booth, of Canandaigua, N. Y., for improvement in
+Threshing Machines. Patented 24th July, 1846.
+
+To Allen Eldred, of Oppenheim, N. Y., for improvement in Potatoe
+Ploughs. Patented 24th July, 1846.
+
+To Amos L. Reed, of Pittsburgh, Pa., for improvement in Feeding Nail
+Plates. Patented 24th July, 1846.
+
+To Joseph Greenleaf, of North Yarmouth, Me., for improvement in
+Washing Machines. Patented 24th July, 1846.
+
+To James Atwater, of New Haven, Ct., for improvement in Door Locks.
+Patented 24th July, 1846.
+
+To Richard Flint, of Meriden, Ct., for improvement in Rat-Tail Files.
+Patented 24th July, 1846.
+
+To Addison Smith, of Perrysburgh, Ohio, for improvement in Magnetic
+Fire Alarms.--Patented 24th July, 1846.
+
+To Charles F. Johnson, of Oswego, N. Y., for improvement in Turret
+Clocks. Patented 28th July, 1846.
+
+To H, D. Reynolds, of Mill-Hall, Pa., for improvement in Smut
+Machines. Patented 28th July, 1846.
+
+To Charles Edward Jacot, of New York City, for improvement in Lever
+Escapements. Patented 28th July, 1846.
+
+To Ross Winans, of Baltimore, Md., for improvement in Locomotive
+Carriages. Patented 28th July, 1846.
+
+To Jonathan Knowles, of Lowell, Mass., for improvement in Children's
+Chairs and Wagons. Patented 28th July, 1846.
+
+To Moses Miller, of Fort Ann, N. Y., for improvement in Sleighs.
+Patented 28th July, 1846.
+
+To William Hatch, of Medford, Mass., for improvement in Spike and Nail
+Machines.--Patented 28th July, 1846.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Variety]
+
+=Old Bachelors.=
+
+    They are wanderers and ramblers--never at home,
+    Making sure of a welcome wherever they roam.
+    And ev'ry one knows that the bachelor's den
+    Is a room set apart for these singular men--
+    A nook in the clouds, of some five feet by four,
+    Though sometimes, perchance, it may be rather more,
+    With skylight, or no light, ghosts, goblins and gloom,
+    And ev'ry where termed, 'The Bachelor's Room.'
+
+    These creatures, they say, are not valued at all,
+    Except when the herd give a Bachelor's ball.
+      Then drest in their best,
+      In their gold broidered vest,
+      It is known as a fact,
+      That they act with much tact,
+      And they lisp out 'How do?'
+      And they coo and they woo,
+      And they smile, for a while,
+      Their fair guests to beguile;
+      Condescending and bending,
+      For fear of offending,
+    Though inert,                       And they spy,
+    They exert,                         With their eye,
+    To be pert,                         And they sigh
+    And to flirt,                       As they fly.
+
+      And they whisk, and they whiz,
+      And are brisk, when they quiz.
+
+    For they meet,                      Advancing,
+    To be sweet,                        And glancing,
+    And are fleet,                      And dancing,
+    On their feet,                      And prancing.
+
+      Sliding and gliding with minuet pace,
+      Piroueting and setting with infinite grace.
+
+    And jumping,                        And racing,
+    And bumping,                        And chasing,
+    And stumping,                       And pacing,
+    And thumping,                       And lacing.
+
+    They are flittering and glittering, gallant and gay,
+    Yawning all the morning, and lounging all day,
+      But when he grows old,
+      And his sunshine is past,
+      Three score years being told,
+      Brings repentance at last.
+
+    He then becomes an odd old man:
+    His warmest friend's the frying pan;
+    He's fidgety, fretful and weary; in fine,
+    Loves nothing but self, and his dinner and wine.
+
+      He rates and he prates,
+      And reads the debates:
+
+    Despised by the men, and the women he hates.
+
+    Then prosing,                       And pouring,
+    And dozing,                         And snoring,
+    And cozing,                         And boring,
+    And nosing,                         And roaring,
+
+    Whene'er befalls in with a rabble,
+    His delight is to vapor and gabble.
+
+    He's gruffy,                        And musty,
+    And puffy,                          And tusty,
+    And stuffy,                         And rusty,
+    And huffy,                          And crusty,
+
+    He sits in his slippers, with back to the door,
+
+    Near freezing,                      And grumbling,
+    And wheezing,                       And mumbling,
+    And teazing,                        And stumbling,
+    And sneezing,                       And tumbling,
+
+    And curses the carpet, or nails in the floor.
+
+    Oft falling,                        Oft waking,
+    And bawling,                        And aching,
+    And sprawling,                      And quaking,
+    And crawling,                       And shaking,
+
+    His hand is unsteady: his stomach is sore,
+
+    He's railing,                       Uncheery,
+    And failing,                        And dreary,
+    And ailing,                         And teary,
+    Bewailing,                          And weary,
+
+      Groaning and moaning,
+      His selfishness owning.
+      Grieving and heaving,
+      Though nought is he leaving.
+      But pelf and ill health,
+      Himself and his wealth.
+
+    He sends for a doctor, to cure or to kill,
+    Who gives him advice, and offence, and a pill,
+    And drops him a hint about making his will,
+    As fretful antiquity cannot be mended,
+    The mis'rable life of a bachelor's ended.
+    Nobody misses him, nobody sighs,
+    Nobody grieves when the bachelor dies.
+
+
+=Wellman's Illustrated Botany.=
+
+We have received the October number of this incomparable work, and
+find it equal in all respects to its "illustrious predecessors." Among
+the flowers presented in full colors, by way of illustration, we
+notice the Scarlet Pimpernel, China Aster, Blue Hepatia, Cerus
+Speciosus, Agrimonia Eupatoria, besides several other sketches of
+buds, sections, &c. We esteem this work worth at least double the
+publishers' price,--$3 per annum. Published at 116 Nassau street.
+
+
+=Literary Emporium.=
+
+We have hitherto neglected to notice the September and October numbers
+of this serious, rational and elegant periodical. Each number is
+embellished with beautiful portraits, landscapes and flowers, and
+contains the most useful and interesting reading matter, as well as
+choice poetry and occasional music. Terms $1 per annum. By J. K.
+Wellman, 116 Nassau street.
+
+
+=A Delicate Compliment.=
+
+Washington was sometimes given to pleasantry. Journeying east on one
+occasion, attended by two of his aids, he asked some young ladies at a
+hotel where he breakfasted, how they liked the appearance of his young
+men! One of them promptly replied, 'We cannot judge of the STARS in
+the presence of the SUN!'
+
+
+=Fatal Deer Fight.=
+
+The skeleton heads of two deers, their antlers so closely interlocked
+that they cannot be disengaged without violence, were found about a
+month ago by a gentleman while hunting in Nassau county, East Florida.
+The ground for a quarter of an acre was completely cut up by their
+hoofs.
+
+
+=A Provoking Blunder.=
+
+The letter bags for the steamer Cambria, despatched from this city,
+and containing upwards of ten thousand letters for Europe, was taken
+from the Boston Post Office by a country stage driver, through
+mistake, and the Cambria was compelled to sail without them. They were
+returned to this city.
+
+
+=Curious Needlework.=
+
+A complete map of the State of Pennsylvania, wrought in lace--in which
+the town, counties, rivers, &c., are all distinctly shown, each county
+being worked in a style of lace different from those adjoining--is
+being exhibited in Baltimore, and commands much admiration.
+
+
+=The Credit System.=
+
+We infer, from certain polite hints and intimation, in the
+'Massachusetts Farmers' and Mechanics' Leger,' that that paper is
+circulated on trust. If so, the publishers are in no danger of wanting
+business for some years to come.
+
+
+=Charcoal Road.=
+
+The citizens of Yazoo, Miss., have determined to make a charcoal road
+over the valley swamp of that place. Sixty hands cutting timber will
+burn and spread the coal over two miles in thirty days--the
+embankments being already thrown up.
+
+
+=Quick Work.=
+
+The Baltimore Sun says--'A communication was made from _Buffalo to
+Baltimore_ last week, and an answer was received at the telegraph
+office in the former city in about _two hours_!'
+
+
+=Oregon Currency.=
+
+By an act of the Oregon Legislature, wheat is made a lawful tender, in
+payment of debts or taxes, at the market prices, when delivered at
+such places as it is customary for the merchants to receive it.
+
+
+=Suffering by Success.=
+
+It is reported that a gentleman congratulated Mr. Polk on having
+carried all his measures through Congress. Mr. Polk replied, 'Yes, I
+have carried all of them through, and am the weaker for the passage of
+each one of them.'
+
+
+=A Rich Ore.=
+
+The Detroit Advertiser, in an article upon the nature of the ores in
+the Lake Superior region, remarks that Messrs. Robbins and Hubbard, of
+that city, have recently assayed a specimen of native copper from Lake
+Superior, and found in 12 ounces of copper, not only 1-3/4 ounces of
+pure silver, but several grains of gold!
+
+
+=Musical.=
+
+The gross receipts of a late musical festival at Birmingham, amounted
+to $56,000. The excitement was caused by performing Mendleson's
+Messiah, which we learn is to be brought out in this city.
+
+
+=Singular Accident.=
+
+The steamboat Highland having got aground near Turkey Island, on the
+Mississippi, a large tree, three feet in diameter, fell directly
+across the boat, smashing the cabin, breaking the connecting pipe, and
+seriously injuring the pilot.
+
+
+=Combined Accomplishments.=
+
+Mr. S. Lover, who recently arrived in this city, is said to be a good
+poet, a good painter, a good musician, full of wit, anecdotes and
+pleasantry--it is impossible to pass a dull evening in his company.
+
+
+=Marriage of Rossini.=
+
+This celebrated composer was married at Bologna, on the 16th of
+August, after a courtship of 16 years, to Mademoiselle Olympe Bearrien
+of Paris. It may change the turn of his muse.
+
+
+=Great Luck.=
+
+A poor Englishman, with a wife and family living in St. Louis, has
+had a fortune of $265,000 in money, and a family estate worth
+$115,000, recently left him by a deceased relative.
+
+
+=Zinc Mines.=
+
+There are several mines of zinc in New Jersey, one of which is said to
+consist of a deposit 600 feet in length, and is thought to contain ore
+worth $2,000,000.
+
+
+=A Monstrous Woman.=
+
+The Ohio State Journal says that there is a woman in Pickaway county,
+in that State, who weighs 46 pounds!
+
+
+=Old Boy.=
+
+A southern paper advertises a runaway boy, _thirty-six years of age_!
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+By a recent telegraphic arrangement, the papers in Albany, Troy,
+Utica, Syracuse, Auburn, Rochester and Buffalo, are furnished with
+reports from New York twice a day,--at 2 and 8 P. M.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+The Connecticut river is reported to be lower than it has been known
+within the remembrance of the oldest inhabitants. It is reduced to a
+mere brook.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+A company formed in Boston has commenced operation on a copper mine in
+Cumberland, R. I. About 4000 lbs. of ore were taken out a few days
+since, and yields about 20 per cent.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+The Hon. Louis McLane gets a salary of $5000 a year--nearly $100 per
+week--for holding the office of President of the Baltimore and Ohio
+Railway Company.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+An imperial _quarter_ of Indian corn, in 480 pounds, which is equal
+to eight bushels of sixty pounds each. We suppose some of our readers
+would like to know about that.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+A solution of copper is an excellent wash for purifying sinks, and
+removing all unpleasant effluvia. Two or three applications will be
+effectual.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+We are informed that the steamer Buffalo is making arrangements for
+the adoption of Barnum's Safety Apparatus.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+Two iron steamboats, of 70 tons each, are to run between Philadelphia
+and Reading, Pa., carrying freight and passengers.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+The editor of the Cincinnati Commercial says that he has a project for
+connecting the old and new worlds by telegraph.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+Twelve hundred and thirty-four miles of magnetic telegraph are
+reported to be in actual operation in the United States.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+An association of capitalists at Worcester county, Mass., are
+exploring a vein of copper in Greenfield.
+
+
+=The True Ornament.=
+
+     'The ornament of a meek and quiet spirit.'
+
+     BY MISS E. J. ANDREWS.
+
+
+    I ask not for the glittering wreath,
+      Of India's sparkling diamonds rare,
+    To deck my brow, while oft beneath,
+      There throbs a heart with heaviest care.
+
+    I ask not for the gilded chain,
+      Of perishing and worthless gold,
+    To clasp my neck, while oft in vain
+      The heart's best sympathies unfold.
+
+    Oh! give me not the worthless dust,
+      For which vain, anxious mortals toil,
+    To treasure up where moth and rust,
+      Doth soon corrupt the hoarded pile.
+
+    I covet not the gay attire,
+      In which vain beauty oft appears,
+    Oft that which wondering crowds admire,
+      Needeth far more their heartfelt tears.
+
+    But there's an ornament I crave;--
+      To grant, vain world, it is not thine,
+    It floateth not o'er yon proud wave,
+      Nor yields it me earth's richest mine.
+
+    Oh, may it be a guileless heart!
+      In heaven's own sight of priceless worth!
+    Where nought corrupting e'er hath part,
+      Pure, as the source which gave it birth.
+
+    _A spirit meek and pure within;_
+      May this, alone, my life adorn,
+    Unsullied by the touch of sin,
+     Though subject to the proud world's scorn.
+
+    This ornament, O God of Love!
+      'Tis Thine, and Thine alone, to give;
+    Oh, may I its rich beauties prove,
+      And in its full possession, _live_!
+
+    _Bethel, Conn._, 1846.
+
+
+=Female Piety.=
+
+The gem of all others which enriches the coronet of woman's character,
+is unaffected piety. Nature may lavish much on her person; the
+enchantment of her countenance, the grace of her mind, the strength of
+her intellect; yet her loveliness is uncrowned till piety throws
+around the whole the sweetness and power of its charms. She then
+becomes unearthly in her desires and associations. The spell which
+bound her affections to the things below is broken, and she mounts on
+the silent wings of her fancy and hope to the habitation of God, where
+it is her delight to hold communion with the spirits that have been
+ransomed from the thraldom of Earth and wreathed with a garland of
+glory. Her beauty may throw a magical charm over many; princes and
+conquerors may bow with admiration at the shrine of her beauty and
+love; the sons of science may embalm her memory in the page of
+history; yet her piety must be her ornament, her pearl. Her name must
+be written in 'The Book of Life,' that when the mountains fade away,
+and every memento of earthly greatness is lost in the general wreck of
+nature, it may remain and swell the list of that mighty throng who
+have been clothed in the mantle of righteousness, and their voices
+attuned to the melody of Heaven. With such a treasure, every lofty
+gratification on earth may be purchased; friendship will be doubly
+sweet; and sorrow will lose their sting; and the character will
+possess a price far above rubies: life will be but a pleasant visit to
+earth, and entrance upon a joyful and perpetual home. And when the
+notes of the last trump shall be heard, and sleeping millions awake to
+judgment, its possessor shall be presented faultless before the throne
+of God with exceeding joy, and a crown of glory that shall never wear
+away. Such is piety. Like a tender flower, planted in the fertile soil
+of woman's heart, it grows, expanding in its foliage, and imparting
+its fragrance to all around, till transplanted, and set to bloom in
+perpetual vigor and unfading beauty, in the Paradise of God.
+
+
+=Iron Ore.=
+
+One of the most valuable beds of iron ore ever discovered has been
+found in the northeast corner of Dodge county, Wisconsin, and is said
+to yield ninety per cent. The deposit is 30 feet thick.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+'Pursue your calling with diligence, and your creditor shall not
+interrupt you.'
+
+
+
+
+NEW INVENTIONS.
+
+
+=Lewis's Reversible Faucet Filters.=
+
+Highly favorable as our opinion may be of the several excellent
+filters which have been introduced, we cannot avoid giving a
+preference to the one recently invented by Mr. S. H. Lewis. It
+consists of a very neat faucet, calculated to be attached to a common
+Croton or other hydrant, and in connection with the faucet key, is a
+circular chamber, three inches in diameter, within which is a circular
+filter consisting of a quantity of cotton cloth, flannel sponge or
+porous porcelain (which is preferred) compressed between two
+perforated metallic disks: and the faucet key is so constructed that
+by turning it to the right, the water is permitted to flow through the
+filter in one direction; but its course is reversed and it is made to
+flow in the opposite direction through the filter by turning the key
+to the left. The filter is thus cleansed at pleasure without any
+trouble, on examination of the filter or chamber. They may be seen at
+28 1-2 Broadway.
+
+
+=West's Cheap and Convenient Filter.=
+
+For the thousands of families in this city whose houses are not
+furnished with the Croton water-pipes, a neat portable filter,
+recently invented by Mr. N. West, of this city, is as near perfection,
+in convenience and utility, as could be furnished for the low price of
+_one dollar_, and should find a place in every house or shop where the
+Croton water is used. It consists of two conical pails, one within the
+other; the first is furnished with an efficient filter at the bottom
+thereof; and the other has a faucet, by which the water is drawn off
+as occasion requires. They may be found at 156 Delancy street.
+
+
+=Improved Yoke for Oxen.=
+
+This yoke is constructed with sliding blocks attached to the under
+side of the beam of the yoke, near each end, and each sliding block is
+attached to the beam by bolts which pass through mortises so that the
+blocks may be made to slide occasionally to the right or left. To
+these blocks are attached the bows, the position of which are adjusted
+by gauge screws; and by the sliding of the blocks, the distance of the
+oxen from each other may be regulated. The middle of the yoke is
+furnished with a draught staple or eye-bolt which is moveable and
+regulated by a hand screw at the top, whereby the _pitch_ of the
+draught it regulated. Invented by David Chappel, and entered at the
+Patent Office, Sept. 3d.
+
+
+=Another Improvement In Stoves.=
+
+Messrs. Hartshorn, Payson & Ring entered at the Patent Office,
+September 3d, an improved stove, in which they claim the combination
+of the common wood stove and cylinder coal stove, so that the coal may
+be burned alone, and the draught so arranged as at the same time to
+heat the wood stove with the same heat, and if wood alone should be
+burned, then the draught should be so managed and arranged as at the
+same time to heat the side radiators and coal cylinders. A minute
+description of this improvement, is not, in this place, essential.
+
+
+=Iron Shingles.=
+
+We have never been able to understand the reason why iron has so long
+been neglected as a covering for roofs, but are gratified to learn
+that Mr. Wm. Beach, of Troy, N. Y., has invented and patented a mode
+of using cast iron plates for covering roofs. They are about one foot
+square, and are made to fit one into another, so as to render the roof
+water tight, by applying white lead to the joints. It can be afforded
+at 16 cents the square foot, and probably may be so far improved as to
+cost no more than slate, and will be much more permanent and safe. We
+see no difficulty in dispensing with white lead, however, and making
+the seams tight without it.
+
+
+=Improvement in the Railroad Track.=
+
+This improvement was entered Sept. 5th, by John F. Rogers. What he
+claims is the combination of the balance beam with the centre beam, by
+means of the recesses in the centre beam, spring plates, having tubes
+thereon on which the springs rest, and attached to the beam by bolts,
+by which a compact and secure connection is formed, while all the
+necessary flexibility is preserved.
+
+
+=THE GREAT FAIR.=
+
+The American Institute appears emblematical of the genius of our
+countrymen--unsubdued even by conflagration, and looking upon
+obstacles as incentives to redoubled effort. Contrast the smoking
+ruins of Niblo's with Castle Garden, having its whole amphitheatre
+enriched with a tastefully arranged collection of the most varied
+products of American arts and manufactures, and behold an evidence
+that we even inherit perseverance, enterprize and skill. We here see
+the embodiment of the excellence of greatness of our country--an
+unerring index of our future advance--if it be not that the signs of
+the times indicate that madness in our rulers which precedes and
+forebodes heaven's wrath. But it cannot, it must not be, that the
+blood of _labor_ shall cry from the ground of America. It must be
+sheathed, it must be protected. Protection is nature's first law.
+Expose the bleating flocks to the hungry beasts of the forest; cut the
+wings and pluck the feathers of her whom nature teaches to protect her
+brood from cold and rain; say to the mother to leave her babe
+unprotected and in free competition with all the elements of
+destruction, sooner than refuse the protection of our Government to
+the hitherto flourishing American manufactures.
+
+Castle Garden, or more correctly Castle Clinton, is at the southern
+extremity of our city. It was built for a fort--is of a circular form,
+of solid mason work, surrounded by the waters of the bay--connected to
+that ornament of the city, the Battery, by a long bridge. This bridge
+the managers have covered with a roof, and thus secured a very
+eligible and spacious apartment for the exhibition of carriages,
+sleighs, carts, farming implements and machinery in great variety.
+Thence the ingress suddenly opens into view the whole interior,
+creating the most lively and pleasing emotions.
+
+In the columns of the Scientific American we shall endeavor to give
+those details that will, we trust, interest our readers and promote
+the cause of American improvements.
+
+
+=BATHS.=
+
+After leaving the bridge, the passage way to the interior of the
+Castle is ornamented on both sides with a pleasing display of
+Baths--the immersion bath made of tin and of iron, and these combined
+with the showering apparatus. The shower baths are variously
+constructed, and some of them are of finished workmanship and costly
+material. Stebbin's Patent Furniture shower Bath presents itself first
+in the form of a very convenient washstand, with all its out fit; it
+is next easily converted into a work stand; with equal dispatch it
+assumes the form of a shower bath, furnished with every requisite. We
+regard this as an ingenious piece of furniture, that will greatly
+increase the use of the shower-bath, and thus add to the health of the
+community.
+
+
+=SOFA BEDSTEADS.=
+
+Much ingenuity has been expended in combining the Sofa and Bedstead.
+The first that attracted our attention was that manufactured by Mr.
+John A. Robson, 30th st. and 8th Avenue. It is on the double cone
+spring, so constructed that using it as a bed does not affect the
+cushion, and vice versa. The matrass or bed is 4 by 6 feet, without an
+intervening bar. It is exceedingly simple, of admirable contrivance,
+and of moderate price.
+
+
+=CUTLERY.=
+
+The display of American Cutlery is rich, affording a most gratifying
+evidence of the progress of the useful arts among us. Our neighbors,
+J. C. Nixon & Sons, in the Sun Buildings, feel quite confident that
+they will, as usual, carry off the premiums, particularly for their
+much celebrated tailor's shears. In the manufacture of engravers'
+tools; they challenge not only all America, but the world
+itself.--They manufacture for customers, from whom their articles have
+derived their just and solid reputation.
+
+(_To be Continued._)
+
+
+=Improved Steam Printing Press.=
+
+We have recently seen a model of a new Steam Printing Press, the
+invention of Mr. Wm. W. Marston, a young and ingenious mechanic of
+this city. A mass of other matters prevents our giving a description
+at present; we shall probably procure an engraving, however, and
+publish a full description in a few days.
+
+
+=Information to persons having business to transact at the Patent
+Office.=
+
+OF MODELS.
+
+(_Continued from No. 2._)
+
+
+SEC. 26. The law requires that the inventor shall deliver a model of
+his invention or improvement when the same admits of a model. The
+model should he neatly made, and as small as a distinct representation
+of the machine or improvement, and its characteristic properties, will
+admit; the name of the inventor should be printed or engraved upon, or
+fixed to it, in a durable manner. Models forwarded without a name,
+cannot be entered on record, and therefore liable to be lost or
+mislaid.
+
+SEC. 27. When the invention is of 'a composition of matter,' the law
+requires that the application be accompanied with specimens of
+ingredients, and of the composition of matter, sufficient in quantity
+for the purpose of experiment.
+
+
+ON GRANTING ANEW LOST PATENTS.
+
+SEC. 28. The third sec. of the act of March 3, 1837, provides:
+
+'SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That whenever it shall appear to
+the Commissioner that any patent was destroyed by the burning of the
+Patent Office building on the aforesaid fifteenth day of December, or
+was otherwise lost prior thereto, it shall be his duty, on application
+therefor by the patentee, or other persons interested therein, to
+issue a new patent for the same invention or discovery, bearing the
+date of the original patent, with his certificate thereon, that it was
+made and issued pursuant to the provisions of the third section of
+this act; and shall enter the same of record; Provided, however, That
+before such patent shall be issued, the applicant therefor shall
+deposit in the Patent Office a duplicate, as near as may be, of the
+original model, drawings, and description, with specification of the
+invention or discovery, verified by oath, as it shall be required by
+the Commissioner; and such patent and copies of such drawings and
+descriptions, duly certified, shall be admissible as evidence in any
+judicial court of the United States, and shall protect the rights of
+the patentee, his administrators, heirs, and assigns, to the extent
+only in which they would have been protected by the original patent
+and specification.'
+
+
+PROCEEDINGS ON APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS, AND ON APPEALS FROM DECISIONS
+OF THE COMMISSIONER.
+
+(Act of 1836, Section, 7.)
+
+SEC. 29. 'That on the filing of any such application (consisting of
+petition, specification, model, and drawings, or specimens,) and the
+payment of the duty hereinafter provided, the Commissioner shall make,
+or cause to be made, an examination, of the alleged new invention or
+discovery; and if, on any such examination, it shall not appear to the
+Commissioner that the same had been invented or discovered by any
+other person in this country prior to the alleged invention or
+discovery thereof by the applicant, or that it had been patented or
+described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country,
+or had been in public use or on sale, with the applicant's consent or
+allowance, prior to the application, if the Commissioner shall deem it
+to be sufficiently useful and important, it shall be his duty to
+issue a patent therefor. But whenever on such examination it shall
+appear to the Commissioner that the applicant was not the original and
+first inventor or discoverer thereof, or that any part of that which
+is claimed as new had before been invented or discovered or patented,
+or described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country
+as aforesaid, or that the description is defective and insufficient,
+he shall notify the applicant thereof, giving him briefly such
+information and references as may be useful in judging of the
+propriety of renewing his application, or of altering his
+specification to embrace only that part of the invention or discovery
+which is new. In every such case, if the applicant shall elect to
+withdraw his application, relinquishing his claim to the model, he
+shall be entitled to receive back twenty dollars, part of the duty
+required by this act, on filing a notice in writing of such election
+in the Patent Office; a copy of which, certified by the Commissioner,
+shall be a sufficient warrant to the Treasurer for paying back to the
+said applicant the said sum of twenty dollars. But if the applicant,
+in such case, shall persist in his claim for a patent, with or without
+any alteration his specification, he shall be required to make oath or
+affirmation anew, in manner as aforesaid; and if specification and
+claim shall not have been so modified as, in the opinion of the
+Commissioner, shall entitle the applicant to a patent, he may appeal
+to the Chief Justice of the United States Court for the District of
+Columbia, who may affirm or reverse the decision of the Commissioner
+of Patents, in whole or in part, and may order a patent to issue; or
+he may have remedy against the decision of the Commissioner of
+Patents, or the decision of the Chief Justice of the United States
+Court for the District of Columbia, by filing a bill in equity in any
+of the United States Courts having jurisdiction, as hereinafter
+explained.
+
+(_To be continued._)
+
+
+=Consolation for the Christian.=
+
+'Eye hath not seen; nor ear heard; neither have entered into the heart
+of man, the things which God hath prepared for those that love
+Him.'--1 Cor. ii: 9. But it is said in the words following, that God
+hath revealed them unto us by his Spirit. In this, we are not to
+understand, that the excellent things spoken of, are _communicated_ to
+men; but that by the aid of the divine Spirit they are enabled to
+receive such sublime and brilliant ideas of the glorious things which
+are prepared for them, that they are filled with sublime and
+unspeakable joy, though they find it utterly impracticable to
+describe these things to another, so as to be understood. It is like
+the new name which no man can know, but him to whom it is given: and
+although, in the solicitude of those who have been favored with a view
+of these things, to represent them to others, the most full and
+expressive forms of language have been put in requisition, it has in
+every instance failed to convey the least correct idea on the subject:
+because no man can see, or in anywise appreciate the excellence of
+these things, without the aid of the Spirit of Truth. But to those who
+obtain such enlightened views--and every man may, or might, obtain
+them,--the glorious things prepared are as the 'pearl of great price,'
+which, when a man hath found, he is ready to sacrifice all things
+else,--riches, honors, friends, pleasures, reputation in the world, or
+even life itself,--to obtain it. Neither Adam nor Eve, in their
+sinless, paradisaical state, could have had any correct idea of such
+delectable and glorious excellence of blessings as are prepared for
+these who become 'joint heirs of the Son of God,' through the blood of
+a crucified Saviour: for, had they been capable of seeing or imagining
+such things, they would never have fallen. There can be no question
+but that the glorious consolation of the faithful and obedient
+believers, will incomparably, not to say infinitely, excel that of the
+primitive state of man, or anything which could have been by man
+attained, if the blessed SON had not suffered. Let the most brilliant
+and soaring imagination exert its most strenuous and happy efforts in
+conceiving, arranging and representing to itself the highest possible
+state of bliss and glory, and it will fall as far short of the reality
+of the immortal state of the glorified saints,--the salvation
+purchased by the suffering of Christ,--as a mere shadow of the most
+beautiful picture comes short of the rich coloring of the original.
+And this fact is well known to those who have had the beauties of the
+'world to come' revealed to them by the divine Spirit. These
+statements may appear strange to those who are accustomed to look upon
+the popular _reverend clergy_, fashionable church members and wealthy
+deacons, as choice specimens of the saints of the Lord. The true, and
+most favored saints, are generally found among those who are subject
+to poverty and tribulation, in this world. But these blessings of the
+gospel are free for all who will conform to the requisitions plainly
+expressed by our Savior, and recorded by the evangelist, and
+practicable by all who are willing to forsake all things else, for the
+sake of this great and everlasting salvation.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+A cotton manufacturer in New-Haven lost his operatives, last week, by
+attempting to reduce their wages.
+
+
+=THE COLOR PRINTING MACHINE.=
+
+[Illustration:]
+
+INTRODUCTION.--There have appeared, in modern times, but few machines,
+to which more importance apparently attaches, than to the one here
+presented. It is well known that the best paper hangings, or
+room-papers command from $1 to $1,50 per piece, of eight yards, while
+most of those of American manufacture are sold for 25 to 50 cents per
+piece; and this difference is occasioned by the difficulty and extra
+labor of applying a great variety of different colors. But by means of
+this machine, seven, twelve, or even twenty different colors, may be
+accurately applied by one operation, and with less labor than is
+required to print with a single color, by the ordinary method; and
+thus the manufacturer will be enabled to sell, for 50 cents, such
+patterns as ordinarily cost a dollar or more, to either import or
+manufacture them.
+
+EXPLANATION.--The first row of gear wheels, A B, are attached to the
+ends of a row of cylinders, each cylinder being 30 inches long, and 3
+inches in diameter. These cylinders support a broad, endless apron or
+belt, which passes over the whole series, and supports the strip of
+paper as it passes through the machine to receive the colors. The
+second series of wheels, C D, are attached to cylinders of the same
+dimensions of those in the first row, and are connected to each other
+by intervening pinions, whereby a uniform velocity is maintained
+through the whole series. The peripheries of this row of cylinders are
+cut in figures, according to the design of the pattern to be worked.
+The figures are left prominent, so as to come in contact with the
+paper upon the apron, as the cylinder revolves; the surface between
+the figures, being cut away to the depth of one eighth of an inch.
+Each of these printing cylinders contains sections of the figures to
+be printed, and is calculated to work a different color from the
+others; and the sections of figures on each cylinder are calculated to
+match those of the others, so as to complete the entire figure in all
+its colors on the paper. The entire machine is put in operation by a
+band, passing over the band-wheel, H. The third row of cylinders, E F,
+are distributing cylinders, which are put in motion by mere contact
+with the series below, and receives the several colors from the small
+cylinders in the upper rows, and distributes the same upon the
+prominent figures of the printing cylinders. The fourth series, I J,
+are called the receiving cylinders, because they receive the colors
+from the hoppers or reservoirs, M N, and impart them to the series
+below. The cylinders of the third and fourth rows, are covered with
+cloth, and the bottom of each hopper is so nicely fitted to its
+respective cylinder, that but a small quantity of each color (which
+passes through an aperture at the bottom of the hopper) adheres to the
+cloth periphery of the cylinder. The colors ordinarily used consist of
+various pigments, ground and mixed in water, with a solution of glue.
+The principles of this mode of color printing have been satisfactorily
+tested, though the entire machine has not yet been constructed: and
+any person who may be disposed to construct and enjoy the exclusive
+use of this invention, may have the most favorable terms.
+
+
+NEW INVENTIONS.
+
+=A New Brick Machine.=
+
+Messrs. Culbertson, McMillen & Co. of Cincinnati, have recently put in
+successful operation, a new machine, a description of which is given
+in a Cincinnati paper, as follows:
+
+'A frame of fourteen moulds, one brick to each is drawn by the power
+of steam between two press rollers, the lower one of which enables the
+frame to support the pressure of the upper roller, and being run
+through backwards and forwards equalizes the pressure over the entire
+face of the brick. These, after undergoing in this mode a pressure of
+nearly one hundred tons to each brick, a pressure which covers clay,
+apparently perfectly dry, with a coat of glossy moisture, are raised
+above the surface of the mould by parallel levers, and are then
+delivered over to a bench or table by self-acting machinery, whence
+they are taken in barrows to the stacker at the kiln.
+
+The dry clay is shoveled into a hopper, and if more of the material is
+pressed into a mould than serves to make a brick, a knife which ranges
+with the surface of the mould, shaves off the surplus.
+
+Two hands shoveling, two more taking off, and one at the barrow,
+constitute a gang of five persons who turn out from 30,000 to 35,000
+per day of ten hours. As brick makers' days are from sun to sun, say
+twelve working hours per day, during the season, from 46 to 50,000
+bricks, per day, may be made by a single machine. This is, however, by
+no means the most important feature in the invention.
+
+In the ordinary mode of making bricks, the manufacturer cannot begin
+operations for the season, until the spring has so far advanced that
+working in wet clay will no longer chill his moulders' hands. On the
+same account, he loses also morning hours, until the advance of summer
+enables his hands to put in the whole period of daylight. He loses,
+also, sometimes days together--from the entire stoppage of his
+operations in the rainy weather, which forbids the bricks being put
+out to dry. In making press brick, all these difficulties are
+obviated. As a theory, operations in this mode can go on throughout
+the entire winter, frost never extending into solid clay; but as a
+practical business, it can be conveniently carried on two months
+earlier and one month later than in the ordinary mode. Pressed brick,
+made by these machines, are also stronger than their competitive
+article, the last of equal hardness in burning, always giving way
+when struck by the pressed bricks, as I have witnessed. Indeed, it
+cannot be otherwise, the one being porous and the other as compact as
+the enormous pressure employed can make it.
+
+The machine, it must be apparent, offers peculiar advantages in
+turning out brick without occupying the ordinary brick yard space
+necessary for spreading wet brick out to dry. It affords great economy
+in time, owing to its operations being independent of frost or rains.
+To every new and thriving place commencing the making of bricks, it
+dispenses with the necessity of bringing skilful workmen from other
+places--in short, it enables every man to be his own brick-maker.
+Under these considerations, I anticipate an extensive sale of these
+machines, especially for places at a distance.
+
+
+=Marble Saw Mills.=
+
+We are informed that a large mill for sawing marble is in course of
+erection at Brandon, Vt. The marble in that vicinity is principally of
+a beautiful white, and of a fine texture, though not very hard.
+
+
+=Railroad Locks.=
+
+It is reported that locks for elevating railroad trains, from one
+level to another, are coming into successful use in France. It appears
+to us to be much behind the age, since, by certain American
+inventions, an ordinary train may be elevated 100 feet in five
+minutes, by the engine alone.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Vertical Propeller.]
+
+We have alluded to this subject in a former number, and now present
+one of the several plans which have been introduced within the present
+year, although we are not fully authorised to give the name of the
+inventor of this particular plan. We have preferred to represent the
+paddles and crank unconnected with an apparent vessel or section
+thereof, but must require the reader to suppose that the line A B is
+the level of the railing of the boat, and that the crank-shaft E
+projects from the side, while the crank-pivot governs the motion of
+the walking bar D E, and with it the paddles, which are supposed to be
+just now dipping in the surface of the water. It will be understood
+that the motion of the walking bar being circular, and that of the
+heads of the paddles being vertical and nearly rectilinear, the motion
+of the blades of the paddles must be elliptical, inclining to the
+horizontal; and that the position of the paddles is kept so nearly
+vertical that they will meet with less resistance in entering or
+leaving the water than those of a common paddle wheel, while the
+atmospheric resistance to be encountered thereby is much less. There
+appears no reasonable doubt that this plan might be made to succeed
+well on a larger scale, though it is very doubtful whether any of the
+steamboat proprietors can be persuaded to adopt it until it has been
+more thoroughly tested by experiment.
+
+
+=A Great Astronomical Discovery.=
+
+A late number of an astronomical journal published at Altona, near
+Hamburg, contains a long article by Dr. Maedler, director of the
+Dorpat Observatory, Russia, well known to the astronomical world, in
+which he announces the extraordinary discovery of the _grand central
+star or sun_, about which the universe of stars is revolving, our own
+sun and system among the rest.
+
+This discovery, the result of many years of incessant toil and
+research, has been deduced by a train of reasoning and an examination
+of facts scarcely to be surpassed in the annals of science.
+
+He announces his discovery in the following language: 'I therefore
+pronounce the Pleiades to be the central group of that mass of fixed
+stars limited by the stratum composing the Milky Way and Alcyene as
+the individual star of this group, which, among all others, combines
+the greatest probability of being the true Central Sun.'
+
+By a train of reasoning, which I shall not attempt to explain, he
+finds the probable parallax of this great central star to be six
+thousandths of one second of arc, and its distance to be 34 millions
+of times the distance of the sun, or so remote that light, with a
+velocity of 12 millions of miles per minute, requires a period of 537
+years to pass from _the great centre_ to our sun.
+
+As a first rough approximation, he deduces the period of the
+revolution of our sun, with all its train of planets, satellites and
+comets, about the grand centre, to be _eighteen millions two hundred
+thousand years_.
+
+
+=Ocean Steam Navigation.=
+
+The 'Ocean Steam Company,' which has the patronage of the United
+States Government to the amount of $400,000 per annum, are getting on
+rapidly with the first steamship of their line. She is to be completed
+and commence running on the first of March next.
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+
+NEW YORK, OCTOBER 10, 1846.
+
+
+=Employment.=
+
+It is dangerous for a man of superior ability to find himself thrown
+upon the world without some regular employment. The restlessness
+inherent in genius, being thus undirected by any permanent influence,
+frames for itself occupations out of accidents. Moral integrity
+sometimes falls a prey to the want of a fixed pursuit, and the man who
+receives his direction in active life from the fortuitous impulse of
+circumstances, will be very apt to receive his principles likewise
+from chance. Genius, under such guidance, attains no noble ends, but
+resembles rather a copious spring conveyed in a falling aqueduct,
+where the waters continually escape through the frequent crevices, and
+waste themselves ineffectually on their passage. The law of nature is
+here, as elsewhere, binding, and no powerful results ever ensue from
+the trivial exercise of high endowments. The finest mind, when thus
+destitute of a fixed purpose, passes away without leaving permanent
+traces of its existence; losing its energy by turning aside from its
+course, it becomes as harmless and inefficient as the lightning,
+which, of itself irresistible, may yet be rendered powerless by a
+slight conductor.
+
+
+=The Editor.=
+
+Write--keep writing--is the motto of an editor. If he has no ideas, he
+must dig for them; if he has but little time to arrange them, no
+matter, the work must be done. Sickness may come upon him; want may
+stare him in the face, but he must cogitate something for the dear
+public. Perhaps in his darkest moments, he indites a paragraph that
+cheers thousands. When almost desponding, his words may put courage
+into the hearts of millions. Who would be an editor? Yet he has much
+to encourage him. If he can call no time his own, he is not rusting
+out, or in unprofitable society. A faithful contributor of the public
+press, is a man of great influence. No person has more power than
+himself. He instructs tens of thousands, and leads them to virtue, to
+honor, to happiness. No man will have more to answer for than the
+conductor of a corrupt and vacillating press.
+
+
+=A Mountain in Labor.=
+
+The workmen, says a Paris paper, are still busily engaged in
+excavating Montmarte in quest of holy vases and other riches said to
+have been deposited there in the early days of the French revolution
+by the orders of the Lady Superior of the Abbey of Montmarte.--Two
+workmen, who were at the time charged with transporting the wealth to
+the place designated, were never after seen, and it is supposed that
+they were sacrificed to the necessity of the secret. The Superior, at
+her death, bequeathed the secret to a lady friend, who, in turn, on
+her death bed, divulged it to her daughter, then thirteen years of
+age. The child, now a sexagenary, disclosed it to the municipality.
+Her statements have thus far been found scrupulously correct. The
+_cesarian_ operation is actively going on, an excavation of 50 feet
+having been made, and the mountain's speedy deliverance of a mine of
+wealth is anticipated. May it not prove a mouse!
+
+
+=That Editorial Committee.=
+
+We are informed that the Editorial Committee of the National
+Association of Inventors have by _their own request_ been discharged
+from the supervision of the new periodical which has recently appeared
+under the title of 'The Eureka.'
+
+
+=News by Telegraph.=
+
+The news by the Great Western which arrived on Wednesday week, was
+published within four hours in Boston, New Haven, Springfield, Albany,
+Utica, Rochester, Buffalo, Philadelphia and Baltimore.
+
+The following beautiful extract we find in a recent number of the New
+York Sun. It is from the pen of Mr. C. D. Stuart, the able
+correspondent of that paper, now in London.
+
+      "On remarking to an Englishman, that I did not see
+      here in London as at home, the artizan, the drayman,
+      the laborer of every kind, with a newspaper in his
+      pocket, which at intervals in his toil he could glance
+      at and be as learned in the condition of his country
+      and the world as the man of fortune, he replied--"No,
+      they have something better to do, they attend to their
+      work." Here lies the rub, and it may be a fear of the
+      sedition of thought that has put these close hampers
+      upon the English press. It would seem by such an
+      argument that the differences of condition are not
+      induced by unholy oppressions, by the trampling for
+      ages of one class upon another until servitude became
+      almost a birth-right--and the law of strength that
+      proved itself in barbarous times the "Supremacy" had
+      at last from concession so long made, become the law
+      of human justice and divine right. The steer may work
+      under his yoke an appointed time, the slave bow mutely
+      through his whole life, but the freeman--has he so
+      fallen, that while the lord revels in his "club-room"
+      and reads not only papers, but gilt edged and velvet
+      bound books, he forsooth being a common "poor devil"
+      not able to enjoy a tithe of his unearned luxury--has
+      something better than reading to do. Let him dig
+      then! There are those in the young republic whose
+      spirit begins to animate the world, who, though they
+      toil, remember, that it was said in the beginning to
+      all men, "thou shalt earn thy bread by the sweat of
+      thy brow," and will read freely as they drink in the
+      common air, and enjoy the common light. There are
+      classes in England intelligent no doubt beyond any
+      other people in the world--classes that enjoy the
+      means of making themselves so, but as a mass they will
+      in no-wise compare with their progeny, the
+      Anglo-Saxons. All that they have here in the main we
+      have got, and our wits have not been blunted by a
+      contact with the wilderness, and the difficulties of
+      founding an empire "in the Woods." I see now more
+      clearly than ever where our faults lie; contrast
+      exposes them; but they are all twigs upon the rising
+      trunk, which the keen knife of national experience,
+      age, and the calm that must succeed the rush and
+      tumult of our giant and boisterous infancy will cut
+      off.--With greater pride than ever, however much I may
+      like the Old World, and especially England, I look
+      over the Ocean to America for an exemplification of
+      what the world has not known, an _Earthly_ paradise
+      for humanity.--It is but three quarters of a century,
+      remember, since we were nationally born: give as the
+      fourteen hundred years that have nursed and cultivated
+      this Island, and where is the limit of our perfection
+      and strength? On either side of that Mississippi
+      back-bone of ours to the Oceans, and as far north and
+      south as freedom and knowledge can pierce, America
+      must be a garden and a goal, filled with every
+      excellence and beauty, beyond which there can be no
+      advance. We shall not live to see it, but it will
+      come, only let us pull careful and steady. We have
+      been Dickens'd and Trollop'd, and it should do us
+      good. Nothing but the grandeur that lies germinating
+      in our heart provokes this idle spleen from our
+      neighbors, and the moment we cool down and think and
+      curb ourselves the rest is secure."
+
+
+=New Glass Factory.=
+
+Erastus Corning & Co. are about establishing a factory near the ferry
+at Troy, for the manufacture of all kinds of glass ware. The work is
+fast progressing, and in about four weeks they will commence blowing.
+It will afford employment to a large number of men, and will, no
+doubt, meet with that success which it certainly merits.
+
+
+=Result of Observation.=
+
+The editor of the New Haven Herald sets it down as a fact in natural
+history, proved by his experience for years, that when a traveller
+rides up to a toll gate, the keeper--if a man, invariably brings out a
+box, or a handful of change; but if a woman, she comes out and takes
+the traveller's coin, and then goes back for the change.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+Snags and other obstructions in the Western rivers, are now
+denominated _Polk stalks_.
+
+
+=The Science of Astronomy.=
+
+DESCRIPTIVE ASTRONOMY.
+
+Mercury, the nearest planet to the sun, is a globe of about 3140 miles
+in diameter, rotating on its axis in 24 hours and 5 1-2 minutes, and
+revolving round the central luminary, at a distance of 37,000,000 of
+miles, in 88 days.--From the earth it can only be seen occasionally in
+the morning or evening, as it never rises before, or sets after the
+sun, at a greater distance of the time than 1 hour and 50 minutes. It
+appears to the naked eye as a small and brilliant star, but when
+observed through a telescope, is horned like the moon, because we only
+see a part of the surface which the sun is illuminating. Mountains of
+great height have been observed on the surface of this planet,
+particularly in its lower or southern hemisphere. One has been
+calculated at 10 3-4 miles in height, being about eight times higher,
+in proportion to the bulk of the planet, than the loftiest mountains
+upon earth. The matter of Mercury is of much greater density than that
+of the earth, equalling lead in weight; so that a human being placed
+upon its surface would be so strongly drawn towards the ground as
+scarcely to be able to crawl.
+
+Venus is a globe of about 7800 miles in diameter, or nearly the size
+of the earth, rotating on its axis in 23 hours, 21 minutes, and 19
+seconds, and revolving round the sun, at the distance of 68,000,000 of
+miles in 225 days.--Like Mercury, it is visible to an observer on the
+earth only in the morning and evening, but for a greater space of time
+before sunrise and after sunset. It appears to us the most brilliant
+and beautiful of all the planetary and stellar bodies, occasionally
+giving so much light as to produce a sensible shadow. Observed through
+a telescope, it appears horned, on account of our seeing only a part
+of its luminous surface. The illuminating part of Venus occasionally
+presents slight spots. It has been ascertained that its surface is
+very unequal, the greatest mountains being in the southern hemisphere,
+as in the case of both Mercury and the Earth. The higher mountains in
+Venus range between 10 and 22 miles in altitude. The planet is also
+enveloped in an atmosphere like that by which animal and vegetable
+life is supported on earth; and it has consequently a twilight. Venus
+performs its revolution round the sun in 225 days. Mercury and Venus
+have been termed the Inferior Planets, as being placed within the
+orbit of the Earth.
+
+The Earth, the third planet in order, and one of the smaller size,
+though not the smallest, is important to us, as the theatre on which
+our race have been placed to 'live, move, and have their being.' It is
+7902 miles in mean diameter, rotating on its axis in 24 hours, at a
+mean distance of 95,000,000 of miles from the sun, round which it
+revolves in 365 days, 5 hours, 50 minutes, and 57 seconds. As a planet
+viewed from another of the planets, suppose the moon, 'It would
+present a pretty, variegated, and sometimes a mottled appearance. The
+distinction between its seas, oceans, continents, and islands, would
+be clearly marked; they would appear like brighter and darker spots
+upon its disc. The continents would appear bright, and the ocean of a
+darker hue, because water absorbs the greater part of the solar light
+that falls upon it. The level plains, (excepting perhaps, such regions
+as the Arabian deserts of sand) would appear of a somewhat darker
+color than the more elevated and mountainous regions, as we find to be
+the case on the surface of the moon. The islands would appear like
+small bright specks on the darker surface of the ocean; and the lakes
+and mediterranean seas like darker spots or broad streaks intersecting
+the bright parts, or the land. By its revolution round its axis,
+successive portions of the surface would be brought into view, and
+present a different aspect from the parts which preceded,'--(Dick's
+Celestial Scenery, 135.)
+
+The form of the earth, and probably that of every other planet, is not
+strictly spheroidal; that is, flattened a little at the poles, or
+extremities of the axis. The diameter of the earth at the axis is 56
+miles less than in the cross direction. This peculiarity of the form
+is a consequence of the rotatory motion, as will be afterwards
+explained.
+
+
+[Illustration: LATEST NEWS]
+
+
+=Late Foreign News.=
+
+The steamer Hibernia arrived at Boston on Saturday last, thirteen days
+from Liverpool.
+
+The British Government and people have manifested so much violent
+opposition to the marriage of the youngest son of Louis Phillipe to a
+sister of the Queen of Spain, that the celebration of the nuptials has
+been postponed for the present, if not forever; and there is apparent
+danger of a rupture between England and France on this account.
+
+In Spain, Don Carlos having escaped from imprisonment, it is expected
+that a serious insurrection will immediately take place.
+
+Property to the amount of $800,000 has been destroyed by incendiary
+fires at Leipsic. A line of electric telegraph has been put in
+operation between Brussels and Antwerp.
+
+Twenty thousand bales of cotton were sold at Liverpool on the 14th of
+September.
+
+
+=Latest from the Army.=
+
+According to recent intelligence by private letters, Gen. Kearney has
+taken quiet possession of Santa Fe, notwithstanding the considerable
+preparations which the Mexicans had made to defend it. Gen. Armijo had
+assembled 5000 troops to defend the Canon Pass, but on account of the
+disaffection and insubordination of his officers and men, he was
+constrained to retreat on the approach of a few companies of
+Americans.
+
+Gen. Taylor had advanced steadily, though slowly on Monterey, and has
+probably ere this, taken possession, notwithstanding the strong force,
+and full supply of well mounted cannon, concentrated to oppose him.
+Should he prove successful in this, it would seem that Mexico is
+destined to fall under the protection of the United States, whether
+our Government desires it or not. What can we do? The Mexicans will
+neither treat nor fight; and although our armies move as slow as
+possible, they cannot well avoid progressing through the country in
+time, and are bound to furnish protection as far as they go. We shall
+see.
+
+
+=The Sea and Wave Roaring.=
+
+The steamer Great Western, which arrived at this port last week,
+reports having encountered one of the most terrific storms ever known
+on the Atlantic Ocean. Capt. Mathews is said to have remarked that at
+three different times the ship was approached by seas of such
+magnitude and power that he thought destruction inevitable; but
+unexpectedly each broke just before reaching the vessel. The
+passengers assembled in the cabin where they joined in religious
+service, and in the solemn administration of the Lord's supper. Their
+lives were preserved, but some of them appeared to forget their
+obligations to their preserver very quick after getting safe on shore.
+
+
+=An American Slave in England.=
+
+Douglas, who escaped from slavery and found his way to England, has
+received marked attention from the nobility and gentry of England. He
+has attended their soirees, occupied the most honorable positions at
+their dinner parties, rode in their carriages, flirted with their
+daughters, walked arm in arm through their gardens with lords,
+viscounts, counts and mayors of cities.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+Many of the girls employed in the mills of the Nashua Corporation,
+have refused to work by candlelight. They may be right.
+
+
+THE =SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN=.
+
+     Persons wishing to subscribe for this paper, have only
+     to enclose the amount in a letter directed (post paid)
+     to
+
+     MUNN & COMPANY,
+
+     Publishers of the Scientific American, New York City.
+
+     TERMS.--$2 a year; ONE DOLLAR IN ADVANCE--the remainder
+     in 6 months.
+
+     _Postmasters_ are respectfully requested to receive
+     subscriptions for this paper, to whom a discount of 25
+     per cent will be allowed.
+
+     Any person sending us 4 subscribers for 6 months, shall
+     receive a copy of the paper for the same length of
+     time.
+
+Observations on the more recent Researches concerning the operations
+of the Blast Furnace in the Manufacture of Iron.
+
+BY DR. J. L. SMITH.
+
+The great difference existing between metallurgical operations of the
+present day, and those of a former period, is owing chiefly to the
+ameliorations produced by the application of the science of chemistry
+to the _modus operandi_ of the various changes taking place during the
+operations, from their commencement to their termination.
+
+Copper and some other metals are now made to assume forms in the
+chemist's laboratory, that formerly required great artistical skill
+for their production--the chemist simply making use of such agents and
+forces as are at his command, and over which he has, by close
+analytical study, acquired perfect control. Our object, at present, is
+only to advert to the chemical investigations more recently made on
+the manufacture of iron, treating of those changes that occur in the
+ore, coal and flux, that are thrown in at the mouth of the furnace,
+and in the air thrown in from below. For most that will be said on
+this subject, we are principally indebted to the recent interesting
+researches of M. Ebelman.
+
+The importance of a knowledge of the facts to be brought forward, in
+this article, will be apparent to every one in any way acquainted with
+the manufacture of iron. It will be seen that the time is not far
+distant when the economy in the article of fuel will amount in value
+to the present profit of many of the works. The consequences must be,
+that many of those works that are abandoned will be resumed, and
+others erected in localities formerly thought unfit.
+
+It is well known that the blast furnace is the first into which the
+ore is introduced, for the purpose of converting it into malleable
+iron, and much, therefore, depends upon the state in which the pig
+metal passes from this furnace, whether subsequent operations will
+furnish an iron of the first quality or not.
+
+In putting the blast furnace into operation, the first step is to heat
+it for some time with coal only. After the furnace has arrived at a
+proper temperature, ore, fuel and flux, are thrown in alternately, in
+small quantities, so as to have the three ingredients properly mixed
+in their descent. In from 25 to 48 hours from the time when the ore is
+first thrown in, the entire capacity of the furnace, from the tuyer to
+the mouth, is occupied with the ore, fuel and flux, in their various
+stages of transformation.
+
+In order to explain clearly, and in as short space as possible, what
+these transformations are, and how they are brought about, we may
+consider:--1. The changes that take place in the descending mass,
+composed of ore, fuel and flux. 2. The changes that take place in the
+ascending mass, composed of air and its hygrometric moisture, thrown
+in at the tuyer. 3. The chemical action going on between the ascending
+and descending masses. 4. The composition of the gases in various
+parts of the furnace during its operation. 5. The causes that render
+necessary the great heat of the blast furnace.
+
+1. _Changes that take place in the descending mass, composed of ore,
+coal and flux._--By coal is here meant charcoal; when any other
+species of fuel is alluded to, it will be specified. In the upper half
+of the fire-room the materials are subjected to a comparatively low
+temperature, and they lose only the moisture, volatile matter,
+hydrogen, and carbonic acid, that they may contain; this change taking
+place principally in the lower part of the upper half of the
+fire-room.
+
+In the lower half of the fire-room, the ore is the only material that
+undergoes a change, it being converted wholly or in part into iron or
+magnetic oxide of iron--the coal is not altered, no consumption of it
+taking place from the mouth down to the commencement of the boshes.
+
+From the commencement of the boshes down to the tuyer, the reduction
+of the ore is completed. Very little of the coal is consumed between
+the boshes and in the upper part of the hearth; the principal
+consumption of it taking place in the immediate neighborhood of the
+tuyer.
+
+The fusion of the iron and slag occurs at a short distance above the
+tuyer, and it is in the hearth of the furnace that the iron combines
+with a portion of coal to form the fusible carburet or pig-iron. It is
+also on the hearth that the flux combines with the siliceous and other
+impurities of the ore. This concludes the changes which the ore, coal
+and flux, undergo, from the mouth of the furnace to the tuyer.
+
+If the fuel used be wood, or partly wood, it is during its passage
+through the upper half of the fire-room that its volatile parts are
+lost, and it becomes converted into charcoal. M. Ebelman ascertained
+that wood, at the depth of ten feet, in a fire-room twenty-six feet
+high, preserved its appearance after an exposure for 1 3-4 of an hour,
+and that the mineral mixed with it preserved its moisture at this
+depth; but three and a half feet lower, an exposure of 3 1-4 hours
+reduced the wood to perfect charcoal, and the ore to magnetic oxide.
+The temperature of the upper half of the fire-room, when wood is used,
+is lower than in the case of charcoal, from the great amount of heat
+made latent by the vapor arising from the wood. In the case of
+bituminous coal, Bunsen and Playfair find that it has to descend still
+lower before it is perfectly coked.
+
+After the wood is completely charred, or the coal become coked, the
+subsequent changes are the same that happen in the charcoal furnaces.
+
+_To be continued._
+
+
+=ANIMALCULAE IN WATER.=
+
+[Illustration:]
+
+The fact is generally known that nearly all liquids contain a variety
+of minute living animals, though in some they are too small for
+observation, even with a microscope. In others, especially in water
+that has been long stagnant, these animals appear not only in hideous
+forms, but with malignant and voracious propensities. The print at the
+head of this article purports to be a microscopic representation of a
+single drop of such water, with the various animals therein, and some
+of the inventors and venders of the various improved filters for the
+Croton water, would have no objection to the prevalence of the opinion
+that this water contains all the variety of monsters represented in
+this cut. But the fact is far otherwise; and it is doubtful whether
+these animals could frequently be detected in the Croton water, with
+the best solar microscope. Nevertheless, the fact is readily and
+clearly established that the Croton water contains a quantity of
+deleterious matter, which is arrested by the filters; and, on this
+account, we cheerfully and heartily recommend the adoption of filters
+by all who use this water, from either the public or private hydrants.
+To this end we would call the special attention of our city readers to
+the improved filters noticed under the head of "New Inventions."
+
+
+=Length of Days.=
+
+At Berlin and London the longest day has sixteen and a half hours. At
+Stockholm and Upsal, the longest has eighteen and a half hours, and
+the shortest five and a half. At Hamburg, Dantzic, and Stettin, the
+longest day has seventeen hours, and the shortest seven. At St.
+Petersburg and Tobolsk, the longest has nineteen, and the shortest
+five hours. At Toreno, in Finland, the longest day has twenty-one
+hours and a half, and the shortest two and a half. At Wandorbus, in
+Norway, the day lasts from the 21st of May to the 22d of July, without
+interruption; and in Spitzbergen, the longest day lasts three months
+and a half.
+
+
+=Excitement of Curiosity.=
+
+The editor of the Cincinnati Enquirer, having been one of a recent
+excursion party on the opening of a new section of railroad, remarks
+on the occasion, 'It is really amusing to see the sensation a train of
+railroad cars produces on all animate beings, human and brute, for the
+first few times it passes over a section of road. We saw herds of
+cattle, sheep, and horses, stand for a few seconds and gaze at the
+passing train, then turn and run for a few rods with all possible
+speed, stop and look again with eyes distended, and head and ears
+erect, seemingly so frightened at the tramp of the iron horse as to
+have lost the power of locomotion. Men women and children also seemed
+dumbfounded at the strange and unusual spectacle. As the cars came
+rumbling along early in the morning, they seemed to bring everybody
+out of bed, all eager to catch a glance as we whirled past. Old men
+and women, middle-aged and youth, without waiting to put on a rag in
+addition to their night gear, were seen at the doors, windows and
+round the corners of log huts and dwellings, gaping with wonder and
+astonishment at the new, and to them grand and terrific sight.'
+
+
+[COMMUNICATED.]
+
+At the last special meeting of the National Association of Inventors,
+called to hear the report on the rights and duties of the Editors of
+the Eureka, on a resolution offered by one of the Editorial Committee
+who had been dissatisfied by the proceedings of the 'Acting Editors,'
+and refused to attend their sittings, it was reported that the 'Acting
+Editors,' had exceeded their authority, and a majority of the
+Editorial Committee resigned and a resolution was passed that the
+resignation should be published in the Eureka, but it has not
+appeared. Mr. Kingsley, one of the 'Acting Editors,' spoke at the said
+meeting of having consulted counsel who had declared that the
+Association were under a legal obligation to furnish Messrs. Kingley &
+Pirsson with matter for publication in the Eureka, and on the
+understanding that they had advanced money they were allowed to have
+the first use of the reports and advertisements of the Association.
+But as they in effect refuse to publish a resolution of great
+importance to the reputation of all the parties interested, it is
+left for the public to decide whether the 'Acting Editors' are in any
+respect entitled to the name they have assumed for their paper.
+
+ONE OF THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.
+
+
+HUMOROUS.
+
+=To my Sweetheart.=
+
+      You're a broth of creature,
+      In form and in feature,--
+    It's myself that now tells you that same,
+      And sure, by my troth,
+      I'll not be very wroth.
+    If you'll plaze me by changing your name
+
+      What a swate little wife,
+      As a partner for life,
+    My darlint, 'tis you might be living;
+      And I'm just the boy,
+      To wish you much joy,
+    When your heart it's to me you'll be giving.
+
+      I'm half dead--botheration!
+      With sad consternation--
+    Of your flirting it is that I'm speaking;
+      So plaze to be thinking,
+      When you're winking and blinking.
+    It's my own honest heart that you're braking.
+
+      The divil a haper,
+      Will I stand of a caper,--
+    'Twould kill me to find you deceiving;
+      By my sowl and I'd die,
+      And that same is no lie,
+    Before I'd be kilt by me grieving.
+
+      Then spake but the word.
+      My nate little bird,
+    That you're niver a man's but mine;
+      And straight to the praist,
+      It's myself that'll haste,
+    To make you my _swate waluntine_!
+
+                        [_Teddy Magowan._
+
+
+=Boys and Men.=
+
+A youthful volunteer, the other day, out in Arkansas, was taunting a
+married gentleman, who had a wife and three small children depending
+upon him, for not rallying to the standard of his country, soon after
+the requisition upon that State arrived. 'Tom,' said our friend, 'you
+_boys_ can whip the Mexicans, but should old England take a hand in
+the pie, _I'll_ join, for it will require _men_ to whip the English.'
+
+
+=Trusting too Long.=
+
+We recollect that a weekly paper was started, some years ago, in one
+of the Western States, the terms of which were $2,50 in advance, $3 at
+the end of the year--to which the editor jocosely added in a
+paragraph, 'and $5 if never paid.' We think that most of his
+subscribers took the paper upon the latter terms, since it has been
+non est. He played a joke upon himself.
+
+
+=Business Stand.=
+
+A Frenchman, being about to remove his shop, his landlord inquired the
+reason, stating, at the time, that it was considered a very good
+stand for business. He replied, with a shrug of the shoulders, "Oh,
+yes, he's very good stand for de businis; by gar, me stan' all day,
+for nobody come to make me _move_!"
+
+
+=Plain Directions.=
+
+Represent me in my portrait, said a gentleman to his painter, with a
+book in my hand reading aloud. Paint my servant also in a corner where
+he cannot be seen, but in such a manner that he may hear me when I
+call him.
+
+
+=Homogeneous.=
+
+Joe Snooks, seeing some farmer's boys employed, some at hoeing and
+others at mowing, in the same field, remarked that they were a
+_hoe-mow_-geneous set of fellows.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+The Louisville Journal, philosophizing on the recent commencement of
+several newspapers, gives the following poetic remark:
+
+   'Income and ink'em,
+   Although you may link'em,
+   Are not such first cousins as some folks may think'em.'
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+We did not expect to mention large peaches again; but the Louisville
+Journal speaks of a lot which measured nearly _twelve inches_ each, in
+circumference.
+
+
+=Proposition of a New Patent Law.=
+
+The following remarks and proposition, which we copy from the 'Farmer
+and Mechanic,' was written by a prominent member of the National
+Association of Inventors, and expresses the sentiments of a large
+majority of the members of that Association. No person who carefully
+examines the subject, can fail of seeing that the cause of justice and
+equity, as well as the advance of improvement, would be promoted by
+the substitution of the principles therein expressed, in place of some
+of those embraced in the existing patent laws of the United States.
+
+"We advance the principle, which may be novel to some, that if the
+inventor apply genius, time, toil, and capital, to produce anything he
+may consider valuable, he has the same right to the exclusive use and
+enjoyment of it as the man who may apply time, and toil, and capital,
+without genius. That the application of genius does not divest him of
+any right enjoyed by all others in society.
+
+It is true, the creations of genius are sometimes intangible, but that
+is no objection; all rights are abstractions, until embodied in
+constitutions and laws, and rendered practical by penalties.
+
+If an inventor can define the limits of his claim, he is entitled to
+protection in it just the same as when a deed is put on record,
+limiting the boundaries of a lot of ground. All rights to real
+property are traced back to original discovery and occupancy, and now
+all the inventor desires, or nearly all, in any patent law, is a
+simple registry, just as we find in our Halls of Record. The
+Commissioner of Patents should be called the Register of Patents.
+Indeed, grants of land, as they are termed, have frequently been
+registered by the name of patents, in our Halls of Records, so strong
+is the analogy, if not perfect similarity.
+
+Then what should be the Patent Law? We answer, by sections, at once.
+The first should be declaratory of the rights of inventors, as
+follows:
+
+SEC. 1. The application of capital, time, skill and ingenuity, to the
+production of new and useful discoveries, shall be protected under the
+5th article of the Amendments to the Constitution, which forbids
+private use without the consent of the owner, and for public use
+without just compensation.
+
+SEC. 2. Should any invention or discovery be deemed of great
+importance to the general prosperity, its value shall he appraised on
+the requisition of the Secretary of State, which value, which
+ascertained, as hereinafter provided, shall be paid to the inventor
+from the Treasury of the United States, and, until this payment shall
+take place, the discovery of any inventor duly qualified to take out a
+patent, shall remain his property, and inalienable without his consent
+or the consent of his legal representatives.
+
+SEC. 3. Any inventor or discoverer who may desire a patent for any
+discovery of his own, shall make oath or solemnly affirm thereto, and
+any specification, drawing or model, he may see fit to deposit with
+the Register of Patents, shall be received by him and recorded, as a
+matter of evidence of original right.
+
+SEC. 4. There shall be no salaried Examiners of Patents, but each
+patentee may contract on any terms he may see fit with any Patent
+Agent or Examiner, to examine the Records of the Patent office, on the
+payment of ten dollars fee for the use of the books and privilege of
+the Patent Office, and no more fees than this first $10 shall be
+charged on any single patent, excepting five dollars each for every
+record of transfer of rights or parts of rights. Nor shall the fees be
+raised until it may be discovered that they will not support the
+expenses of the Patent Office. And it is provided, no expenses for the
+improvement of agriculture, or any purpose foreign to the business of
+the registry of Patents, and the necessary books and buildings, and
+salaries of the register, librarian and two clerks and door-keeper,
+shall be charged upon the Patent Fund.
+
+SEC. 5. The Commissioner of Patents shall give advice of a scientific
+and legal character as he may be desired and qualified to do, to
+inventors. He may guaranty the originality of any invention at his own
+risk, at any price be may agree upon with any inventor to give
+certificates thereof, and this shall not interfere with his regular
+salary. But it is provided that the Commissioner shall not in any
+manner prevent others from examining and guarantying the originality
+of any invention for which a patent may be desired. And it is also
+provided that any Commissioner, Register, Clerk, Attorney, Examiner or
+Agent, who may give a guaranty or warrant of the novelty of any
+invention shall be held responsible in costs on any information to be
+filed by any party who may feel himself aggrieved, to rescind the
+patent which may not be an original invention of the claimant so
+guarantied.
+
+SEC. 6. To rescind a patent, any party feeling himself aggrieved may
+file information in the District Court of the United States, of the
+district in which the patentee resides, notifying the patentee of such
+information filed, with what the former intends to prove, and where
+the patentee may discover the evidence relied upon by the informer, on
+which, the patentee may surrender his patent without costs should he
+so elect. But should the patentee determine to stand trial, he shall
+plead to such information within twenty days, denying the allegations
+of the informer, on which the trial shall proceed in its regular order
+on the calendar, and the patentee, if found wilfully and knowingly a
+monopolizer of the public rights, shall suffer costs and the
+reasonable expenses and counsel fee of the informer. And if such
+inventor shall make oath he has not been enabled to examine the proofs
+on which the informer relies to rescind his patent, he shall be
+allowed such further time as the court having jurisdiction may
+prescribe. And the court may make an order to the informer to exhibit
+fully his evidence of priority of invention, and no other evidence
+than has been exhibited to the inventor excepting rebutting, shall be
+introduced on the trial to rescind the patent.
+
+SEC. 7. The Commissioner of Patents shall collect and keep in the
+Patent Office all the scientific works published and useful for
+references, and pay the expenses of the same from the patent fund. But
+the Commissioner shall not subscribe for more than three copies of any
+publication for the use of the office as aforesaid out of the Patent
+Fund.
+
+SEC. 8. The application of any known machinery or matter of
+combination of machinery, or matter to new purposes or old purposes
+after a new method, or any means by which useful results are to be
+more advantageously produced than formerly, shall be the subject of a
+patent.
+
+SEC. 9. A method, plan, design, or any new and useful idea, which can
+be defined, shall be the subject of a patent.
+
+SEC. 10. A simple change of form shall not entitle any one to evade
+the patent of any inventor by a new patent.
+
+The above are the principal improvements desired by inventors. Some
+think it not well to ask for all they want at once, but we think
+differently, for it will be said hereafter, when new amendments are
+desired, 'Gentlemen, you petitioned for the very provisions you now
+seek to have annulled. Your own committee was here at Washington
+assenting.' What answer will there be to this? None can be made
+without confusion of face for having over assented to a wrong.
+
+We do not desire to censure the committee charged with the mission to
+Washington.--They have thought to act prudently and for the greatest
+good. We differ only on the real expediency of the case. We do not
+believe that such men as Benton, Calhoun, and other kindred spirits,
+ask or desire anything but what they think is right.
+
+They will not sacrifice their reputation against a body of men to whom
+the Republic owe so much, and who have so long suffered in silence.
+The law as it now stands, is an improvement on the former law, and
+considering how low was the state of morals in former times respecting
+inventors, such sentiments as have been advanced by Judge Woodbury,
+and which are in spirit the same as the above, are destined ultimately
+to prevail. And those who choose to record their names in opposition
+are free to do so, as are also the tribe of persecutors who in all
+ages have stoned the prophets.
+
+The principle endeavored to be followed throughout, is that of the
+common and statutes laws respecting the rights to real property. It
+may tend to create litigation, as to claims which are now refused
+entirely, but if no litigation or less is the grand desideratum, why
+not establish a dictatorship at once? The _ipse dixit_ of one man will
+then prevent all argument. But the rights of property and jury trial
+in all cases are ours by the constitution--and equally are we entitled
+by the constitution to the pursuit of happiness and wealth in ærial
+regions as on the common earth--and if we may not be divested of our
+other property without certain laws and a fair jury trial, why should
+we be of patent property? And if patent agents presume to beguile
+honest inventors, why should they not be held responsible? They may
+refuse to back their operation by a guaranty, but then the inventor
+has a right to know it, and to know he has a remedy, should they do so
+improperly. The Clerk of one of our Courts guarantied the searches of
+one of his Clerks as to a piece of real property, and had to pay some
+ten thousand dollars, and why should it not be so.
+
+When a tailor makes a coat he warrants it to fit, and when a surgeon
+sets a leg unscientifically he is also responsible in damages to his
+patient, and as is an attorney for negligent practice. Holding
+examiners responsible will leave the patent office open to the filing
+of new claims at the same time that it will prevent a world of
+litigation, favoritism and corruption.
+
+We are not striking at our present worthy Commissioner, Mr. Burke. We
+are friendly to him. But the more honest a man may be, the sooner will
+he find himself displaced, if the office he holds may be used to grasp
+a vast amount of patronage and property.'
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS.
+
+[**hand pointing right]This paper circulates in every State in the
+Union, and is seen principally by mechanics and manufacturers. Hence
+it may be considered the best medium of advertising, for those who
+import or manufacture machinery, mechanics tools, or such wares and
+materials as are generally used by those classes. The few
+advertisements in this paper are regarded with much more attention
+than those in closely printed dailies.
+
+Advertisements are inserted in this paper at the following rates:
+
+One square, of eight lines one insertion,   $ 0 50
+ "    "          "     "   two   do.,           75
+ "    "          "     "   three  do.,        1 00
+ "    "          "     "   one month,         1 25
+ "    "          "     "   three do.,         3 75
+ "    "          "     "   six do.,           7 50
+ "    "          "     "   twelve do.,       15 00
+
+
+TERMS:--CASH IN ADVANCE.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+GENERAL AGENTS
+
+FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
+
+New York City,          Geo. Dexter
+  "       "             Wm. Taylor & Co.
+Boston,                 Messrs. Hotchkiss & Co.
+Philadelphia,           Messrs. Colon & Adriance.
+
+
+LOCAL AGENTS.
+
+Albany,                 Peter Cook.
+Baltimore, Md.,         S. Sands.
+Cabotville, Mass.,      E. F. Brown.
+Hartford, Ct.,          E. H. Bowers.
+Lynn, Mass.,            J. E. F. Marsh.
+Middletown, Ct.,        Wm. Woodward.
+Norwich, Ct.,           Safford & Parks.
+New Haven, Ct.,         E. Downes.
+New Bedford, Mass.,     Wm. Robinson & Co.
+Newark, N.J.            J. L. Agens.
+Patterson, N.J.,        L. Garside.
+Providence, R.I.,       H. & J. S. Rowe.
+Springfield, Mass.,     Wm. B. Brocket.
+Salem, Mass.,           L. Chandler.
+Troy, N.Y.,             A. Smith.
+Taunton. Mass.,         W. P. Seaver.
+Worcester, Mass.,       S. Thompson.
+Boston,                 Jordon & Wiley.
+Newark, N. J.,          Robert Rashaw.
+Williamsburgh,          J. C. Gander.
+
+TRAVELLING AGENTS.
+
+O. D. Davis, John Stoughton, John Murray, Sylvester Dierfenorf.
+
+CITY CARRIERS.
+
+Clark Selleck, Squire Selleck, Nathan Selleck.
+
+Persons residing in the city of Brooklyn, can have the paper left at
+their residences regularly, by sending their address to the office,
+128 Fulton st., 2d. floor.
+
+
+=AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PATENT AGENCY.=
+
+No. 23 Chambers street, New York.
+
+JOSEPH H. BAILEY, Engineer and Agent for procuring Patents, will
+prepare all the necessary Specifications, Drawings, &c. for applicants
+for Patents, in the United States or Europe. Having the experience of
+a number of years in the business, and being connected with a
+gentleman of high character and ability in England, he has facilities
+for enabling inventors to obtain their Patents at home or abroad, with
+the least expense and trouble.
+
+The subscriber, being practically acquainted with all the various
+kinds of Drawing used, is able to represent Machinery, Inventions, or
+Designs of any kind, either by Authographic Drawing, or in
+Isometrical, Parallel, or True Perspective, at any angle best
+calculated to show the construction of the Machinery of Design
+patented.
+
+To those desiring Drawings or Specifications, Mr. B. has the pleasure
+of referring to Gen. Wm. Gibbs McNiel, Civil Engineer, Prof. Renwick,
+Columbia College, Prof. Morse, Jno. Lee.
+
+Residence, No. 10 Carroll Place; office, No.
+Chambers street.                   oct10 tf
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+BLACK LEAD POTS!--The subscriber offers for sales, in lots to suit
+purchasers, a superior article of BLACK LEAD POTS, that can be used
+without annealing. The price is low, and founders are requested to
+make a trial. SAMUEL C. HILLS,
+
+45to2ndv6        Patent Agent, 12 Platt street.
+
+
+STATE OF NEW YORK.
+
+Secretary's Office, Albany, July 24, 1846.
+
+To the Sheriff of the City and County of New York: Sir--Notice is
+hereby given, that at the next General Election, to be held on the
+Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November next, the following
+officers are to be elected, to wit:--A Governor and Lieutenant
+Governor of this State. 2 Canal Commissioners, to supply the place of
+Jonas Earll, junior, and Stephen Clark, whose terms of office will
+expire on the last day of December next. A Senator for the First
+Senatorial District, to supply the vacancy which will accrue by the
+expiration of the term of service of John A. Lott on the last day of
+December next. A Representative in the 30th Congress of the United
+States for the Third Congressional District, consisting of the 1st,
+2d, 3d, 4th and 5th Wards of the City of New York. Also a
+Representative in the said Congress for the Fourth Congressional
+District, consisting of the 6th, 7th, 10th and 13th Wards of said
+City. Also a Representative in the said Congress for the Fifth
+Congressional District, consisting of the 8th, 9th and 14th Wards of
+said city. And also a Representative in the said Congress for the
+Sixth Congressional District, consisting of the 11th, 12th, 15th,
+16th, 17th and 18th Wards of said City.
+
+Also the following officers for the said County, to wit: 16 Members of
+Assembly, a Sheriff in the place of William Jones, whose term of
+service will expire on the last day of December next. A County Clerk
+in the place of James Connor, whose term of service will expire on the
+last day of December next, and a Coroner in the place of Edmund G.
+Rawson, whose term of service will expire on the last day of December
+next.
+
+               Yours, respectfully,
+                N. S. BENTON, Secretary of State.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+Sheriff's Office, New York, August 3d, 1846.
+
+The above is published pursuant to the notice of the Secretary of
+State and the requirements of the statute in such case made and
+provided for.
+
+                WM. JONES, Sheriff of the City and County of New York.
+
+[Illustration: hand pointing right]All the public newspapers in the
+County will publish the above once in each week until election, and
+then hand in their bills so that they may be laid before the Board of
+Supervisors, and passed for payment.
+
+See Revised Statutes, vol. 1, chap. vi. title 3d, article
+3d--part 1st, page 140.                 aug18
+
+
+=BRASS FOUNDRY.=
+
+JAMES KENNEARD & CO. respectfully inform their friends and the public
+that they are prepared to furnish all orders for Brass and Composition
+Castings, and finishing in general at the shortest possible notice.
+
+N.B. All orders for Rail Road, Factory and Steamboat work from any
+distance, will be thankfully received and attended to with despatch
+and on reasonable terms.
+
+[Illustration: hand pointing right]Patterns made to order.
+JAMES KENNEARD & CO.
+oct. 10 3m*            27 1-2 Chrystie st. New York.
+
+[Illustration: hand pointing right]NOTICE--R. C. WETMORE & CO. RETURN
+their thanks to the Fire Department & Police, for the zealous exertions
+used by them in saving the property in the store No. 85 Water street,
+at the fire this evening.
+
+R. C. Wetmore & Co. desire especially to acknowledge the aid of his
+honor the Mayor, in preserving their books and papers.
+
+Tuesday Night.
+
+PROSPER M. WETMORE, Navy Agent, begs to return his grateful
+acknowledgment to his Honor the Mayor, the members of the Fire
+Department, and Municipal Police, for the assistance rendered him in
+saving all the books and papers of the Navy Agency from the fire this
+evening, Tuesday night.
+
+NOTICE.
+
+The Office of the Navy Agent is removed for the present to the back
+office of the store No. 11 Broad street.
+
+PROSPER M. WETMORE, Navy Agent.
+[Illustration: hand pointing right]All city papers please copy, and
+send bill.
+o10 3t
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+NEW IMPROVEMENT.--M. H. Mansfield, of Mifflintown, Juniata Co.,
+Pennsylvania, has invented a new CLOVER HULLING MACHINE, which is one
+of the best inventions of the kind now in use. This machine will hull
+forty bushels of seed per day. Persons wishing to manufacture them can
+procure the right on moderate terms from the inventor. For further
+particulars, address.
+
+MARTIN H. MANSFIELD,
+oct.3 3t*             Mifflintown, Juniata Co. Pa.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+COPPER SMITH!--The subscriber takes this method of informing the
+public that he is manufacturing Copper Work of every description.
+Particular attention is given to making and repairing LOCOMOTIVE
+tubes. Those at a distance, can have any kind of work made to
+drawings, and may ascertain costs, &c., by addressing L. R. BAILEY,
+cor. of West and Franklin Sts., N. Y.
+
+N.B.--Work shipped to any part of the country.
+
+45to2dv18*
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+
+=ELECTRICITY.=
+
+SMITH'S CELEBRATED TORPEDO, OR VIBRATING
+ELECTRO MAGNETIC MACHINE
+
+--This instrument differs from those in ordinary use, by having a
+third connection with the battery, rendering them much more powerful
+and beneficial. As a curious Electrical Machine, they should be in the
+possession of every one, while their wonderful efficacy as a medical
+agent, renders them invaluable. They are used with extraordinary
+success, for the following maladies.
+
+=Rheumatism=--Palsy, curvature of the Spine, Chronic Diseases,
+Tic-doloureaux, Paralysis Tubercula of the brain, heart, liver,
+spleen, kidneys, sick-headache.
+
+=Toothache=--St Vitus dance, Epilepsy, Fevers, diseases of the eye,
+nose, antrum, throat, muscles, cholera, all diseases of the skin,
+face, &c.
+
+=Deafness=--Loss of voice, Bronchitis, Hooping cough.
+
+These machines are perfectly simple and conveniently managed. The
+whole apparatus is contained in a little box 8 inches long, by 4 wide
+and deep. They may be easily sent to any part of the United States. To
+be had at the office of the Scientific American, 128 Fulton st, 2nd
+floor, (Sun building) where they may be seen IN OPERATION, at all
+times of the day and evening.      2
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+GOLD PENS!!--In consequence of the increased facility afforded by
+machinery for the manufacture of my GOLD PENS, I am enabled to furnish
+them to the Trade, at a much less price than they have heretofore
+obtained them through my Agent.
+
+Those purchasing direct of the manufacturer will have the double
+advantage of the lowest market price, and the privilege of returning
+those that are imperfect. In connection with the above, I am
+manufacturing the usual style of PENHOLDER, together with my PATENT
+EXTENSION PENHOLDER with PENCIL. All orders thankfully received, and
+punctually attended to. A. G. BAGLEY,
+
+sept. 25 tf                  189 Broadway, N. Y.
+
+
+=Engraving on Wood.=
+
+NEATLY AND PROMPTLY EXECUTED AT the Office of the Scientific American,
+128 Fulton st, three doors from the Sun Office. Designs, DRAWINGS of
+all kinds for PATENTS, &c., also made, as above, at very low
+charges.       1
+
+
+[Illustration: CURIOUS ARTS]
+
+
+=Labor to make a Watch.=
+
+Mr. Dent, in a lecture delivered before the London Royal Institute,
+made an allusion to the formation of a watch, and stated that a watch
+consists of 992 pieces; and that 40 trades, and probably 215 persons
+are employed in making one of these little machines. The iron of which
+the balance wheel is formed, is valued at something less than a
+farthing; this produces an ounce of steel, worth 4 1-2 pence, which is
+drawn into 2,250 yards of steel wire, and represents in the market,
+13_l._ 3_s._; but still another process of hardening this originally a
+farthing's worth of iron, renders it workable into 7,050 balance
+springs, which will realize, at the common price, of 2_s._ 6_d_ each
+746_l_. 5_s_, the effect of labor alone. Thus it may be seen that the
+mere labor bestowed upon one farthing's worth of iron, gives it the
+value of 950_l._ 5_s_, or $4,552, which is 75,680 times its original
+value.
+
+
+=Mule Boats.=
+
+This kind of conveyance is, we believe, peculiar to the Illinois
+River, for we never remember to have seen one belonging to any other
+stream. A year or two since, we were perfectly astonished at beholding
+the first one that ever arrived in this port; but now they are as
+common as the species usually termed _broad horns_, and their
+appearance creates about as much surprise and curiosity among the more
+aristocratic order of steam and sail. A genuine mule boat is not
+unlike an ocean steamer, as they are susceptible of being propelled
+both by steam and wind; with this difference, the mule-boat steam is
+generated upon the tread-mill plan, and by the united exertions of
+some half dozen quadrupeds, generally of the long-eared kind. To this
+treading or pulling apparatus are attached cylinder, pitt-man,
+boilers, &c., in the shape of some three or more cog-wheels, and
+immediately connected with them is a couple of shafts, which give a
+rotary motion to a couple of water-wheels, one on each side, and which
+usually propel a keel about 100 feet in length, and of about 75 tons
+burthen; over it is a roof and covering, usually called a cargo box,
+to protect the inside from the weather, and the whole making an
+appearance similar to an Ohio river keel boat, with the exception of a
+space left her to operate in. The difficulty and danger attending the
+management of a boat propelled by steam, is upon the mule boat
+entirely dispensed with.
+
+There is no firing up, or blowing up; all that is necessary, when
+wishing to commence a journey, is to start, and when tired of going,
+all that is to be done is to stop the mules; in giving a lick ahead,
+they are all made to bounce at once, and in giving a lick back, they
+are turned around and made to pull the other way: and should the wind
+prove favorable, by means of a mast, with which they are all
+provided, sails can be hoisted, and the the double power of mules and
+wind be put in requisition. This description of boat is getting to be
+quite fashionable on the Illinois and tributaries, and some two or
+three extend their trips to this city. They are a great benefit in low
+water, as they are of exceeding light draught, and the running of them
+is attended with but trifling expense. We learn that several new ones
+are in a state of completion, on the line of the Illinois, intended as
+regular traders up the Sangamon river, and from the head of navigation
+on the Illinois to this city. There is nothing like enterprise, or a
+mule boat on the Illinois, in a low stage of water, to get
+along.--[St. Louis New Era.
+
+
+=Discovery of Glass.=
+
+'As some merchants,' says Pliny, 'were carrying nitre, they stopped
+near a river which issues from Mount Carmel. As they could not readily
+find stones to rest their kettles on, they used for this purpose some
+of these pieces of nitre. The fire, which gradually dissolved the
+nitre, and mixed it with the sand, occasioned a transparent matter to
+flow, which in fact was nothing less than glass.'
+
+
+=Pumping the water out of Lake Michigan.=
+
+It is well known to our readers that, by an arrangement with the
+English bond holders, the State of Illinois has given over to them the
+unfinished canal, from the waters of Lake Michigan, at Chicago, to the
+Illinois river.--They are about completing it, but the principal
+difficulty now is, to supply it with water, owing to the level of the
+lake being _eight_ feet below the bottom of the canal. To overcome
+this, the present company, after various propositions, finally
+bethought themselves of raising the water of the lake, so as to supply
+the canal. They went to Messrs. Knapp & Totten, of this city, and
+furnished them with a data to calculate whether it could be done, and
+what force and what machinery would accomplish it. These gentlemen
+soon furnished an answer to build some powerful machinery for that
+purpose,--a steam engine and _eight_ pumps of four and a half bore and
+six feet stroke. We are glad to hear that this eminently scientific
+firm have been selected to execute this order. Their shop and
+mechanical force are not excelled by any establishment in the United
+States.--[Pittsburg Gaz.
+
+=The Self-Regulating Ventilator.=
+
+[Illustration:]
+
+Explanation:--This is a cheap and simple but scientific apparatus for
+regulating the air-vent of a common, cheap stove, according to the
+temperature of the atmosphere in the room in which it is located. The
+draught door is a plain iron door, hung by a common hinge joint at the
+upper end; and to the front of the hinge is attached a piece of brass
+wire, which extends vertically nearly to the top of the room, and is
+connected at B to a horizontal brass wire C D. This is the only
+apparatus required, but must be so adjusted as to allow the door to be
+closed, or nearly so, when the temperature is about right. If the
+temperature rises above that point, the horizontal wire will
+immediately expand so as to allow the door to close. But as soon as
+the temperature begins to fail, the wire contracts and opens the vent.
+On this principle the apparatus will readily find a medium, and there
+remain, varying only occasionally to accommodate itself to the
+variations of the quantity of fuel in the stove. The entire expense of
+this apparatus, exclusive of the stove, will not exceed 50 cents. It
+is generally conceded that a large portion of cases of colds, coughs,
+&c. are occasioned by irregularities of the temperature of
+sitting-rooms but with this plan of regulation this evil may be
+avoided without any material expense.
+
+
+=New Paper Mill.=
+
+Mr. C. C. P. Moses has erected a line brick building, 75 by 38 feet,
+three stories high, on the site of the old foundry, at Dover, N. H.,
+$12,000 to $15,000. The rooms are constructed and furnished in a
+complete manner for carrying on the paper making business in all its
+departments. The works are nearly completed, and will be in operation
+in five or six weeks.
+
+
+=New Mill at Lowell.=
+
+The Merrimack Company have in progress of erection the largest mill in
+Lowell, and which is calculated to employ from 300 to 400 operatives.
+The building is nearly finished, and the machinery is to embrace the
+latest improvements in this or any other country.
+
+
+=Machine Shop.=
+
+A new machine shop is about commencing operation in Norwich: about
+half a mile northeast from the railroad depot. The building is 100 by
+40 feet, and is calculated to employ 60 hands in the manufacture of
+steam engines and manufacturing machinery. The work at this shop will
+be finished in the best style and at moderate prices.
+
+
+=Ornamental Kites.=
+
+[Illustration:]
+
+This month being considered as one of the best for flying kites, we
+may indulge our young friends with an article on that subject. The
+principle on which kites are made to ascend by the action of the wind,
+is too well understood, even by children, to require explanation. We
+shall merely introduce and describe some fancy models of kites, which
+are not often seen. The pattern, fig. 1, which is the figure called a
+star, is very easily made. The frame consists simply of the strips, or
+rods of light wood; spruce timber, willow twig's--and interlocked, as
+shown in the cut; so that each rod shall pass alternately over and
+under the other rods at each intersection. These rods being lashed
+together at the points, the whole frame is covered with white or
+yellow paper, and the twine is attached to three of the angles of the
+star.
+
+The eagle, fig. 2, is but little more difficult; a rod extends from
+the beak to the tail, and is crossed by another which extends from tip
+to tip of the wings. The rods being lashed together, a small thread is
+drawn from the place of the head of the eagle, to the two extremities
+of the wings, and thence to the leeward end of the centre rod. This
+thread should be white or light blue, and will not be visible when
+aloft; but the form of the eagle should be made of black, dark or
+brown paper. The paper eagle must be sewed to the several threads, and
+two or more threads may extend from the wings to the centre rod to
+support the feathers of the wings. The eagle kite appears curious,
+but is not so elegant as
+
+The Rose, fig. 3. To construct this figure there must be four light
+rods of wood, made to cross each other in the centre, being there
+lashed together, and thus constituting eight arms. From the end of
+each arm, a thin strip of light wood or reed, is bent in a curved form
+to the next arm on either side: the bow being lashed to the arms. This
+frame is covered with white paper, which is to be afterward colored
+with rose color, with the yellow centre. The twine must be fastened to
+four of the arms, and the tail of the kite should be covered with
+green paper, which by the contrast, will have a pleasing effect.
+
+
+=Rochester Edge Tools in England.=
+
+Some time since, a Mr. Ash, an extensive manufacturer of Mechanics'
+Tools at Sheffield, England, sent to this country for patterns of the
+latest improvements, and amongst the rest, ordered a variety from
+Messrs. Barton & Belden of Rochester, which were promptly forwarded.
+On their arrival there, it seems that their make gave such universal
+satisfaction, that they were immediately copied, and the fact that
+they came from this country made prominent, by stamping upon them
+'Rochester Pattern.'
+
+
+=An Animal Curiosity.=
+
+Travellers state that there is on the island of St. Luce a cavern, in
+which is a large basin twelve or fifteen feet deep, at the bottom of
+which are rocks. From these rocks proceed certain substances that
+present at first, sight beautiful flowers, but on the approach of a
+hand or instrument, retire like a snail, out of sight! On examination,
+there appears in the middle of a disk, filaments resembling spiders'
+legs, which moved briskly round a kind of petal. The filaments, or
+legs, have pincers to seize their prey, when the petals close, so that
+it cannot escape. Under this flower is the body of an animal, and it
+is probable he lives on the marine insects thrown by the sea into his
+basin.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+The first clock that ever measured time was made for the Caliph of
+Bagdad. This art was afterwards lost for several centuries.
+
+
+=Skate Runners.=
+
+At Drontheim, in Norway, they have a regiment of soldiers, called
+Skate Runners. They wear leg gaiters for travelling in deep snow, and
+green uniform. They carry a short sword, a rifle fastened by a broad
+strap passing over the shoulder, and a climbing staff seven feet long,
+with a spike in the end. They move so fast in the snow that no cavalry
+can overtake them, and it does little good to fire cannon balls at
+them, as they go two or three hundred feet apart. They are very useful
+soldiers in following an enemy on a march. They go over marshes,
+rivers and lakes at a great rate.
+
+
+=A Receipt to make Peach Wine.=
+
+Take four or five bushels of ripe juicy peaches, mash or bruise them
+in a tub, and pour them into a barrel, large enough to contain them,
+and place it in a cool place. At the bottom of the barrel, before
+putting in the peaches, some clean straw must be placed to prevent the
+pumice from filling up the spigot. The head of the barrel must be
+covered. In about three days the Peach Wine is ready for use. Draw it
+off, from the spigot, and if care and attention have been adopted, a
+delicious beverage will be produced.
+
+
+=A Novel Enterprise.=
+
+An expedition, which promises the most important results both to
+science and commerce is at this moment fitting out in England, for the
+purpose of navigating some of the more important unexplored rivers in
+South America It is to be under the command of Lord Ranelagh. Several
+noblemen and gentlemen have already volunteered to accompany his
+lordship, and the enterprising and scientific band, it is said, will
+sail as soon as the necessary arrangements shall be completed.
+
+
+THE NEW YORK
+
+=SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN:=
+
+_Published Weekly at 128 Fulton Street., (Sun Building,) New York._
+
+BY MUNN & COMPANY.
+
+
+The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is the Advocate of Industry and Journal of
+Mechanical and other Improvements: as such its contents are probably
+more varied and interesting, than those of any other weekly newspaper
+in the United States, and certainly more useful. It contains as much
+interesting Intelligence as six ordinary daily papers, while for _real
+benefit_, it is unequalled by any thing yet published. Each number
+regularly contains from THREE to SIX ORIGINAL ENGRAVINGS, illustrated
+by NEW INVENTIONS, American and Foreign,--SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES and
+CURIOSITIES,--Notices of the progress of Mechanical and other
+Scientific Improvements, Scientific Essays on the principles of the
+Sciences of MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY and ARCHITECTURE,--Catalogues of
+American Patents,--INSTRUCTION in various ARTS and TRADES, _with
+engravings_,--Curious Philosophical Experiments,--the latest RAIL
+ROAD INTELLIGENCE in EUROPE and AMERICA,--Valuable information on the
+Art of GARDENING, &c. &c.
+
+This paper is especially entitled to the patronage of MECHANICS and
+MANUFACTURERS, being devoted to the interests of those classes. It is
+particularly useful to FARMERS, as it will not only apprise them of
+IMPROVEMENTS in AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, but INSTRUCT them in various
+MECHANICAL TRADES, and guard against impositions. As a FAMILY
+NEWSPAPER, it will convey more USEFUL Intelligence to children and
+young people, than five times its cost in school instruction.
+
+Being published in QUARTO FORM, it is conveniently adapted to
+PRESERVATION and BINDING.
+
+TERMS.--The Scientific American is sent to subscribers in the country
+at the rate of $2 a year, ONE DOLLAR IN ADVANCE, the remainder in 6
+months. Persons desiring to subscribe, have only to enclose the amount
+in a letter, directed to
+
+                                     MUNN & COMPANY,
+
+Publishers of the Scientific American, New York.
+
+[Illustration: hand pointing right]Specimen copies sent when desired.
+All letters must be POST PAID.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American magazine Vol 2.
+No. 3 Oct 10 1846, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, OCT 10, 1846 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 29411-8.txt or 29411-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/4/1/29411/
+
+Produced by David T. Jones and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Canada Team at http://www.pgdpcanada.net
+Images generously provided by "Making of America" Cornell
+University.
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/29411-8.zip b/29411-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8aaf960
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411-8.zip
diff --git a/29411-h.zip b/29411-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d07f248
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411-h.zip
diff --git a/29411-h/29411-h.htm b/29411-h/29411-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e54ba6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411-h/29411-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,3410 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg Canada eBook of "Scientific American,
+      Volume 2, No. 1",
+      by Various.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+       body {margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; background-color: white}
+       img {border: 0;}
+       p     { text-align: justify;}
+       h1,h2,h3,h4 {text-align: center;}
+
+       hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;}
+       hr.short {width: 25%;}
+       hr.long  {width: 75%;}
+       hr.full  {width: 100%;}
+
+       .note {margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;}
+       .ind {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+       ins.correction {
+		text-decoration:none; /* replace default underline.. */
+		border-bottom: thin dotted gray; /* ..with delicate gray line */
+		}
+       td.rt {text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;}
+       .rt {text-align: right;}
+
+    .pagenum  {position: absolute; left: 2em; font-size: 70%; text-align: right; color: #A9A9A9}
+
+
+       .center {text-align: center; }
+       .center table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+
+       .blockquot {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 12%;font-size: 90%; }
+
+       .signature {font-variant: small-caps;
+                   text-align: right;}
+       .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;}
+       .hang { text-indent: -1em; margin-left: 1em;}
+       .caption { text-align: center; font-weight: bold;}
+
+       .figcenter   {margin: auto; text-align: center;}
+
+       .figleft     {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em;
+                     margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;}
+
+       .figright    {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;
+                     margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;}
+
+    .poem             {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;}
+    .poem br          {display: none;}
+    .poem .stanza     {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+    .poem span.i0     {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i1     {display: block; margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i2     {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i3     {display: block; margin-left: 3em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i6     {display: block; margin-left: 6em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i10     {display: block; margin-left: 10em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i8     {display: block; margin-left: 8em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+
+       table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+
+       .tdr      {text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;}
+               /* right align cell, with bottom vertical alignment */
+       .tdl      {text-align: left; padding-left: .25em;}
+               /* left align cell, with a small bit of left padding */
+       .tdc      {text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;}
+
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American magazine Vol 2. No. 3
+Oct 10 1846, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Scientific American magazine Vol 2. No. 3 Oct 10 1846
+       The Advocate of Industry and Journal of Scientific,
+              Mechanical and Other Improvements
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Rufus Porter
+
+Release Date: July 14, 2009 [EBook #29411]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, OCT 10, 1846 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David T. Jones and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Canada Team at http://www.pgdpcanada.net
+Images generously provided by "Making of America" Cornell
+University.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
+<img src="images/banneriss3.png" width="790" height="134"
+alt="SciAm Banner" title="" /></div>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h3>THE NEW YORK</h3>
+
+<h2>SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN:</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Published Weekly at</i> 128 <i>Fulton Street</i>,<br />
+(<i>Sun Building</i>,) <i>New York</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">BY MUNN &amp; COMPANY.</p><br />
+
+<p class="center">RUFUS PORTER, EDITOR.</p>
+
+<h3>TERMS.--$2 a year--$1 in advance, and the remainder in 6 months.</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><img src="images/hand.png" width="43" height="25"
+alt="hand pointing right" title="" /><i>See Advertisement on last page.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<hr class="long" />
+
+<h3><b>Contents.</b></h3>
+
+<table width="80%" summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr><td><a href="#The_New_Roman_Road"><b>The New Roman Road.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Good_Advice"><b>Good Advice.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Barnums_Safety_Apparatus"><b>Barnum's Safety Apparatus.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#A_Piggish_Parvenu"><b>A Piggish Parvenu.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Wanting_Workmen_back_Again"><b>Wanting Workmen back Again.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Hard_Climbing"><b>Hard Climbing.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Power_of_Imagination"><b>Power of Imagination.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#True_Policy"><b>True Policy.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#A_List_of_Patents"><b>A List of Patents.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Old_Bachelors"><b>Old Bachelors.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Wellmans_Illustrated_Botany"><b>Wellman's Illustrated Botany.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Literary_Emporium"><b>Literary Emporium.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#A_Delicate_Compliment"><b>A Delicate Compliment.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Fatal_Deer_Fight"><b>Fatal Deer Fight.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#A_Provoking_Blunder"><b>A Provoking Blunder.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Curious_Needlework"><b>Curious Needlework.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#The_Credit_System"><b>The Credit System.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Charcoal_Road"><b>Charcoal Road.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Quick_Work"><b>Quick Work.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Oregon_Currency"><b>Oregon Currency.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Suffering_by_Success"><b>Suffering by Success.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#A_Rich_Ore"><b>A Rich Ore.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Musical"><b>Musical.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Singular_Accident"><b>Singular Accident.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Combined_Accomplishments"><b>Combined Accomplishments.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Marriage_of_Rossini"><b>Marriage of Rossini.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Great_Luck"><b>Great Luck.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Zinc_Mines"><b>Zinc Mines.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#A_Monstrous_Woman"><b>A Monstrous Woman.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Old_Boy"><b>Old Boy.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#The_True_Ornament"><b>The True Ornament.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Female_Piety"><b>Female Piety.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Iron_Ore"><b>Iron Ore.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Lewiss_Reversible_Faucet_Filters"><b>Lewis's Reversible Faucet Filters.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Wests_Cheap_and_Convenient_Filter"><b>West's Cheap and Convenient Filter.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Improved_Yoke_for_Oxen"><b>Improved Yoke for Oxen.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Another_Improvement_in_Stoves"><b>Another Improvement in Stoves.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Iron_Shingles"><b>Iron Shingles.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Improvement_in_the_Railroad_Track"><b>Improvement in the Railroad Track.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#The_Great_Fair"><b>The Great Fair.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Improved_Steam_Printing_Press"><b>Improved Steam Printing Press.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Information_Patent_Office"><b>Information to persons having business to transact at the Patent Office.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Consolation_for_the_Christian"><b>Consolation for the Christian.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#The_Color_Printing_Machine"><b>The Color Printing Machine.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#A_New_Brick_Machine"><b>A New Brick Machine.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Marble_Saw_Mills"><b>Marble Saw Mills.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Railroad_Locks"><b>Railroad Locks.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#The_Vertical_Propeller"><b>The Vertical Propeller.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#A_Great_Astronomical_Discovery"><b>A Great Astronomical Discovery.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Ocean_Steam_Navigation"><b>Ocean Steam Navigation.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Employment"><b>Employment.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#The_Editor"><b>The Editor.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#A_Mountain_in_Labor"><b>A Mountain in Labor.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#That_Editorial_Committee"><b>That Editorial Committee.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#News_by_Telegraph"><b>News by Telegraph.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#New_Glass_Factory"><b>New Glass Factory.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Result_of_Observation"><b>Result of Observation.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#The_Science_of_Astronomy"><b>The Science of Astronomy.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Late_Foreign_News"><b>Late Foreign News.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Latest_from_the_Army"><b>Latest from the Army.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#The_Sea_and_Wave_Roaring"><b>The Sea and Wave Roaring.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#An_American_Slave_in_England"><b>An Amercian Slave in England.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#The_Scientific_American"><b>The Scientific American.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Blast_Furnace"><b>Researches on the Blast Furnace in the Manufacture of Iron.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Animalculae_in_Water"><b>Animalculae in Water.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Length_of_Days"><b>Length of Days.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Excitement_of_Curiosity"><b>Excitement of Curiosity.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Communicated"><b>Communicated.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#To_my_Sweetheart"><b>To my Sweetheart.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Boys_and_Men"><b>Boys and Men.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Trusting_too_Long"><b>Trusting too Long.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Business_Stand"><b>Business Stand.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Plain_Directions"><b>Plain Directions.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Homogenous"><b>Homogenous.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Proposition_of_a_New_Patent_Law"><b>Proposition of a New Patent Law.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">23</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Advertisements"><b>Advertisements.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">23</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Labor_to_make_a_Watch"><b>Labor to make a Watch.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Mule_Boats"><b>Mule Boats.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Discovery_of_Glass"><b>Discovery of Glass.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Pumping"><b>Pumping the Water out of Lake Michigan.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#The_Self-Regulating_Ventilator"><b>The Self-Regulating Ventilator.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#New_Paper_Mill"><b>New Paper Mill.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#New_Mill_at_Lowell"><b>New Mill at Lowell.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Machine_Shop"><b>Machine Shop.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Ornamental_Kites"><b>Ornamental Kites.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Rochester_Edge_Tools_in_England"><b>Rochester Edge Tools in England.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#An_Animal_Curiosity"><b>An Animal Curiosity.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Skate_Runners"><b>Skate Runners.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Peach_Wine"><b>A Receipt to make Peach Wine.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#Novel_Enterprise"><b>A Novel Enterprise.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#New_York_Scientific_American"><b>The New York Scientific American.</b></a></td><td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
+</table>
+<br /><br />
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="The_New_Roman_Road" id="The_New_Roman_Road"></a><b>The New Roman Road.</b></h2>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+
+<p>[The present Pope has given his consent to build railroads in his
+dominions, which the former Pope was averse to. The following lines
+are predicated on his consent.]</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ancient Romans, ancient Romans&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cato, Scipio Africanus,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ye whose fame's eclips'd by no man's,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Publius &AElig;milianus,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sylla, Marius, Pompey, C&aelig;sar,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fabius, dilatory teaser,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Coriolanus, and ye Gracchi<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who gave so many a foe a black eye,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Antony, Lepidus, and Crassus;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And you, ye votaries of Parnassus,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Virgil, and Horace, and Tibullus,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Terence and Juvenal, Catullus,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Martial, and all ye wits beside,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On Pegasus expert to ride;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Numa, good king, surnamed Pampilius,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Tullus, eke 'yclept Hostilius&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kings, Consuls, Imperators, Lictors,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pr&aelig;tors, the whole world's former victors,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who sleep by yellow Tiber's brink;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ye mighty names&mdash;what d'ye think?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Pope has sanctioned Railway Bills!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And so the lofty Aventine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And your six other famous hills<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Will soon look down upon a 'Line.'<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oh! if so be that hills could turn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their noses up, with gesture antic,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thus would the seven deride and spurn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A Roman work so unromantic:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Was this the ancient Roman Way.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">With tickets taken, fares to pay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Stockers and Engineers, perhaps&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nothing more likely&mdash;English chaps<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Brawling away, 'Go on!' for Ito,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And 'Cut along!' instead of Cito;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The engine letting off its steam,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With puff and whistle, snort and scream;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A smell meanwhile, like burning clothes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Flouting the angry Roman nose?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is it not Conscript Fathers shocking?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Does it not seem your mem'ry mocking?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Roman and the Railway station&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">What an incongruous combination!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">How odd, with no one to adore him,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Terminus&mdash;and in the Forum!'&mdash;[Punch.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="Good_Advice" id="Good_Advice"></a><b>Good Advice.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Somebody lays down the following rules to young men in business. They
+will apply equally well to young and old. 'Let the business of every
+one alone, and attend to your own.&mdash;Don't buy what you don't want. Use
+every hour to advantage, and study even to make leisure hours useful.
+Think twice before you spend a shilling; remember you have another to
+make for it. Find recreation in looking after your business, and so
+your business will not be neglected in looking after recreation.&mdash;Buy
+fair, sell fair, take care of the profits; look over the books
+regularly, and if you find an error, trace it out. Should a stroke of
+misfortune come upon you in trade, retrench&mdash;work harder, but never
+fly the track; confront difficulties with unflinching perseverance,
+and they will disappear at last, and you will be honored; but shrink
+from the task, and you will be despised.'</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In Russia, coffins are generally brown, but children have pink, grown
+up unmarried girls sky blue, while other females are indulged with a
+violet color.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Barnums_Safety_Apparatus" id="Barnums_Safety_Apparatus"></a><b>Barnums Safety Apparatus.</b></h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 660px;">
+<img src="images/p17illo1.png" width="660" height="400"
+alt="Barnums Safety Apparatus" title="" /></div>
+<br />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Introduction.</span>&mdash;Much has been said of late in and about New York on the
+subject of the adoption by steamboat proprietors of some apparatus
+that will in some measure secure the passengers against such
+casualties as have occurred on board the Excelsior and several other
+boats. There have been a great variety of inventions introduced for
+the purpose of preventing explosions; but from the best information we
+can obtain on the subject, we are of the opinion that Mr. Barnum's
+apparatus takes a general preference over all others. It consists of
+an arrangement of machinery, partly within the boiler, and which is
+constructed on such a self-regulating principle as to keep up a supply
+of water within the boiler, without any attention from the engineer;
+and in case that the apparatus itself should become impaired or cease
+to operate regular, the engineer becomes instantly notified thereof.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Explanation.</span>&mdash;It is inexpedient for us to give a full and minute
+description of the several points and peculiarities of the mechanism
+of this apparatus; but we may so far explain as to say that a
+horizontal lever inside of the boiler, being mounted on a pivot near
+its centre, and connected to a buoy or float at one end, as
+represented in the engraving, (a part of the surface of the boiler
+being omitted for that purpose, and not, as some might infer, to
+represent the apparatus attached to a boiler already burst by an
+explosion.) One of these floats is placed within a small enclosed box
+within the boiler, that it may be secure from the effect of foam which
+sometimes pervades the surface of the water in a steam boiler.&mdash;This
+lever, near its bearing, is connected to a short valve-rod, which
+governs the valves in a small valve-chamber, whereby the steam is
+occasionally admitted to operate a small steam engine, placed directly
+over the boiler; and this engine puts in motion a pump, by which the
+water in the boiler is replenished. This engine, it will be
+understood, is never put in operation except when the water in the
+boiler becomes too low: and when the water rises, the elevation of the
+encased float closes the valve and stops the engine. The ball on the
+end of the lever acts as a counterpoise to the float, (which is of
+stone) that it may be freely influenced by the rising or falling of
+the surface of the water.</p>
+
+<p>The small engine constructed by Mr. Barnum for this purpose, is well
+adapted to its place, and has several peculiarities whereby the
+valves, and consequent reciprocal motion of the engine are regulated
+without the use of a crank or fly-wheel: but of these we cannot at
+present give a minute description. The whole of this apparatus evinces
+much scientific ability of the inventor, Daniel Barnum, Esq., resident
+at present in this city, and who has received many certificates from
+the first scientific men in the Union, in commendation of his
+invention.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+
+<h2><a name="A_Piggish_Parvenu" id="A_Piggish_Parvenu"></a><b>A Piggish Parvenue.</b></h2>
+
+<p>A proud porker, fancying that it was degrading to his dignity to root
+in the gutter, came upon the sidewalk, and full of his consequence,
+promenaded from morning till night, leaving his humbler companions to
+munch corn, husks and potatoe parings. He fared as people usually do,
+who from vanity assume a station they are not qualified to fill. In
+the gutter he would have lived in unnoticed enjoyment. On the walk he
+got kicked by every passenger and bitten by every cur, till hungry and
+bruised he was glad to return to his proper station.&mdash;[Ex, paper.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+
+<h2><a name="Wanting_Workmen_back_Again" id="Wanting_Workmen_back_Again"></a><b>Wanting Workmen back Again.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The proprietors of the cotton mill in Schuylerville, N. Y., who
+reduced the wages of their hands, a week or two since, says the
+Schuylerville Herald, twenty-five per cent., are now, and have been
+for several days, endeavoring to induce them to return to their work,
+at the old wages; but they are too late, as most of them are engaged
+to work in other mills.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+
+<h2><a name="Hard_Climbing" id="Hard_Climbing"></a><b>Hard Climbing.</b></h2>
+
+<p>A man in Orange county was found one night climbing an over-shot wheel
+in a fulling mill. He was asked what he was doing. He said he was
+'trying to go up to bed, but some how or other these stairs won't hold
+still.' There are many unlucky wights who are laboriously endeavoring
+to climb fortune's ladder on the same principle.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+
+<h2><a name="Power_of_Imagination" id="Power_of_Imagination"></a><b>Power of Imagination.</b></h2>
+
+<p>An amusing incident recently occurred at Williams College, which is
+thus related by a correspondent of the Springfield Gazette:</p>
+
+<p>The professor of chemistry, while administering, in the course of his
+lectures, the protoxide of nitrogen, or, as it is commonly called,
+laughing gas, in order to ascertain how great an influence the
+imagination had in producing the effects consequent on respiring it,
+secretly filled the India rubber gas-bag with common air instead of
+gas. It was taken without suspicion, and the effects, if anything,
+were more powerful than upon those who had really breathed the pure
+gas. One complained that it produced nausea and dizziness, another
+immediately manifested pugilistic propensities, and before he could be
+restrained, tore in pieces the coat of one of the bystanders, while
+the third exclaimed, 'this is life. I never enjoyed it before.' The
+laughter that followed the exposure of this gaseous trick may be
+imagined.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+
+<h2><a name="True_Policy" id="True_Policy"></a><b>True Policy.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Under all circumstances there is but one honest course; and that is,
+to do right and trust the consequences to Divine Providence. 'Duties
+are ours: events are God's.' Policy, with all her cunning, can devise
+no rule so safe, salutary and effective, as this simple maxim.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Six thousand pounds of Saxony wool have been purchased in
+Pennsylvania, at sixty-two and a half cents per pound.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="A_List_of_Patents" id="A_List_of_Patents"></a><b>A LIST OF PATENTS</b></h2>
+
+<h4><i>Issued from the 20th of July to the 28th of July, 1846, inclusive.</i></h4>
+
+<p>To M. W. Obenchain, of Springfield, Ohio, for improvement in Carding
+Machines. Patented 20th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Russell Wildman, of Hartford, Ct., for improvement in Machinery for
+forming Hat Bodies. Patented 20th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To William Sherwood, of Ridgefield, Ct., for improvement in Carpet
+Looms. Patented 20th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Richard Garsed, of Frankford, Pa., for improvement in Operating
+Treadle Cams in Looms for Tweeling. Patented 20th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To James Ives, of Hamden, Ct., for improvement in Locks for Carriage
+Doors. Patented 20th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Jacob Peebles, of Concordia, La., for improvement in Brick
+Cisterns. Patented 20th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Jacob Shermer, of New Valley, Md., for improvement in Winnowing
+Machines. Patented, 20th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To George Levan, of Gap, Pa., for improvement in Doubling and Twisting
+and Reeling. Patented 20th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Joseph Stevens, of Northumberland, N. Y., for improvement in
+Fences. Patented 20th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To James Boss, of Philadelphia, Pa., for improvement in Ever Pointed
+Pencils. Patented 20th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Richard C. Holmes and Jonathan J. Springer, of Cape May C. H., N.
+J., for improvement in Machinery for Steering Vessels. Patented 20th
+July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Daniel Hoats, of Mifflingburgh, Pa., for improvement in Threshing
+Machines. Patented 20th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Tappan Townsend, of Albany, N. Y., for improvement in Warming
+Railroad Cars.&mdash;Patented 24th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Elizur L. Booth, of Canandaigua, N. Y., for improvement in
+Threshing Machines. Patented 24th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Allen Eldred, of Oppenheim, N. Y., for improvement in Potatoe
+Ploughs. Patented 24th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Amos L. Reed, of Pittsburgh, Pa., for improvement in Feeding Nail
+Plates. Patented 24th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Joseph Greenleaf, of North Yarmouth, Me., for improvement in
+Washing Machines. Patented 24th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To James Atwater, of New Haven, Ct., for improvement in Door Locks.
+Patented 24th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Richard Flint, of Meriden, Ct., for improvement in Rat-Tail Files.
+Patented 24th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Addison Smith, of Perrysburgh, Ohio, for improvement in Magnetic
+Fire Alarms.&mdash;Patented 24th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Charles F. Johnson, of Oswego, N. Y., for improvement in Turret
+Clocks. Patented 28th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To H, D. Reynolds, of Mill-Hall, Pa., for improvement in Smut
+Machines. Patented 28th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Charles Edward Jacot, of New York City, for improvement in Lever
+Escapements. Patented 28th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Ross Winans, of Baltimore, Md., for improvement in Locomotive
+Carriages. Patented 28th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Jonathan Knowles, of Lowell, Mass., for improvement in Children's
+Chairs and Wagons. Patented 28th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To Moses Miller, of Fort Ann, N. Y., for improvement in Sleighs.
+Patented 28th July, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>To William Hatch, of Medford, Mass., for improvement in Spike and Nail
+Machines.&mdash;Patented 28th July, 1846.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 311px;">
+<img src="images/p18illo1.png" width="311" height="147"
+alt="Variety" title="" /></div>
+
+<h2><a name="Old_Bachelors" id="Old_Bachelors"></a><b>Old Bachelors.</b></h2>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">They are wanderers and ramblers&mdash;never at home,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Making sure of a welcome wherever they roam.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And ev'ry one knows that the bachelor's den<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is a room set apart for these singular men&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A nook in the clouds, of some five feet by four,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Though sometimes, perchance, it may be rather more,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With skylight, or no light, ghosts, goblins and gloom,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And ev'ry where termed, 'The Bachelor's Room.'<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">These creatures, they say, are not valued at all,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Except when the herd give a Bachelor's ball.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Then drest in their best,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">In their gold broidered vest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">It is known as a fact,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">That they act with much tact,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And they lisp out 'How do?'<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And they coo and they woo,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And they smile, for a while,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Their fair guests to beguile;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Condescending and bending,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">For fear of offending,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Though inert,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And they spy,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They exert,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;With their eye,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To be pert,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And they sigh<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And to flirt,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As they fly.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">And they whisk, and they whiz,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And are brisk, when they quiz.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">For they meet,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Advancing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To be sweet,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And glancing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And are fleet,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And dancing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On their feet,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And prancing.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Sliding and gliding with minuet pace,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Piroueting and setting with infinite grace.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And jumping,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And racing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And bumping,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And chasing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And stumping,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And pacing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And thumping,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And lacing.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">They are flittering and glittering, gallant and gay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Yawning all the morning, and lounging all day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">But when he grows old,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And his sunshine is past,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Three score years being told,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Brings repentance at last.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">He then becomes an odd old man:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">His warmest friend's the frying pan;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He's fidgety, fretful and weary; in fine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Loves nothing but self, and his dinner and wine.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">He rates and he prates,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And reads the debates:<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">Despised by the men, and the women he hates.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Then prosing,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And pouring,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And dozing,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And snoring,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And cozing,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And boring,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And nosing,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And roaring,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">Whene'er befalls in with a rabble,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">His delight is to vapor and gabble.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">He's gruffy,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And musty,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And puffy,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And tusty,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And stuffy,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And rusty,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And huffy,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And crusty,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">He sits in his slippers, with back to the door,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Near freezing,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And grumbling,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And wheezing,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And mumbling,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And teazing,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And stumbling,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And sneezing,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And tumbling,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">And curses the carpet, or nails in the floor.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Oft falling,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oft waking,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And bawling,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And aching,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And sprawling,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And quaking,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And crawling,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And shaking,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">His hand is unsteady: his stomach is sore,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">He's railing,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Uncheery,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And failing,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And dreary,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And ailing,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And teary,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bewailing,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And weary,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">Groaning and moaning,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">His selfishness owning.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Grieving and heaving,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Though nought is he leaving.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">But pelf and ill health,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Himself and his wealth.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">He sends for a doctor, to cure or to kill,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who gives him advice, and offence, and a pill,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And drops him a hint about making his will,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As fretful antiquity cannot be mended,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The mis'rable life of a bachelor's ended.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nobody misses him, nobody sighs,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nobody grieves when the bachelor dies.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Wellmans_Illustrated_Botany" id="Wellmans_Illustrated_Botany"></a><b>Wellman's Illustrated Botany.</b></h2>
+
+<p>We have received the October number of this incomparable work, and
+find it equal in all respects to its "illustrious predecessors." Among
+the flowers presented in full colors, by way of illustration, we
+notice the Scarlet Pimpernel, China Aster, Blue Hepatia, Cerus
+Speciosus, Agrimonia Eupatoria, besides several other sketches of
+buds, sections, &amp;c. We esteem this work worth at least double the
+publishers' price,&mdash;$3 per annum. Published at 116 Nassau street.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Literary_Emporium" id="Literary_Emporium"></a><b>Literary Emporium.</b></h2>
+
+<p>We have hitherto neglected to notice the September and October numbers
+of this serious, rational and elegant periodical. Each number is
+embellished with beautiful portraits, landscapes and flowers, and
+contains the most useful and interesting reading matter, as well as
+choice poetry and occasional music. Terms $1 per annum. By J. K.
+Wellman, 116 Nassau street.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="A_Delicate_Compliment" id="A_Delicate_Compliment"></a><b>A Delicate Compliment.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Washington was sometimes given to pleasantry. Journeying east on one
+occasion, attended by two of his aids, he asked some young ladies at a
+hotel where he breakfasted, how they liked the appearance of his young
+men! One of them promptly replied, 'We cannot judge of the <span class="smcap">stars</span> in
+the presence of the <span class="smcap">sun</span>!'</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Fatal_Deer_Fight" id="Fatal_Deer_Fight"></a><b>Fatal Deer Fight.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The skeleton heads of two deers, their antlers so closely interlocked
+that they cannot be disengaged without violence, were found about a
+month ago by a gentleman while hunting in Nassau county, East Florida.
+The ground for a quarter of an acre was completely cut up by their
+hoofs.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="A_Provoking_Blunder" id="A_Provoking_Blunder"></a><b>A Provoking Blunder.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The letter bags for the steamer Cambria, despatched from this city,
+and containing upwards of ten thousand letters for Europe, was taken
+from the Boston Post Office by a country stage driver, through
+mistake, and the Cambria was compelled to sail without them. They were
+returned to this city.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Curious_Needlework" id="Curious_Needlework"></a><b>Curious Needlework.</b></h2>
+
+<p>A complete map of the State of Pennsylvania, wrought in lace&mdash;in which
+the town, counties, rivers, &amp;c., are all distinctly shown, each county
+being worked in a style of lace different from those adjoining&mdash;is
+being exhibited in Baltimore, and commands much admiration.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="The_Credit_System" id="The_Credit_System"></a><b>The Credit System.</b></h2>
+
+<p>We infer, from certain polite hints and intimation, in the
+'Massachusetts Farmers' and Mechanics' Leger,' that that paper is
+circulated on trust. If so, the publishers are in no danger of wanting
+business for some years to come.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Charcoal_Road" id="Charcoal_Road"></a><b>Charcoal Road.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The citizens of Yazoo, Miss., have determined to make a charcoal road
+over the valley swamp of that place. Sixty hands cutting timber will
+burn and spread the coal over two miles in thirty days&mdash;the
+embankments being already thrown up.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Quick_Work" id="Quick_Work"></a><b>Quick Work.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The Baltimore Sun says&mdash;'A communication was made from <i>Buffalo to
+Baltimore</i> last week, and an answer was received at the telegraph
+office in the former city in about <i>two hours</i>!'</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Oregon_Currency" id="Oregon_Currency"></a><b>Oregon Currency.</b></h2>
+
+<p>By an act of the Oregon Legislature, wheat is made a lawful tender, in
+payment of debts or taxes, at the market prices, when delivered at
+such places as it is customary for the merchants to receive it.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Suffering_by_Success" id="Suffering_by_Success"></a><b>Suffering by Success.</b></h2>
+
+<p>It is reported that a gentleman congratulated Mr. Polk on having
+carried all his measures through Congress. Mr. Polk replied, 'Yes, I
+have carried all of them through, and am the weaker for the passage of
+each one of them.'</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="A_Rich_Ore" id="A_Rich_Ore"></a><b>A Rich Ore.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The Detroit Advertiser, in an article upon the nature of the ores in
+the Lake Superior region, remarks that Messrs. Robbins and Hubbard, of
+that city, have recently assayed a specimen of native copper from Lake
+Superior, and found in 12 ounces of copper, not only 1&frac34; ounces of
+pure silver, but several grains of gold!</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Musical" id="Musical"></a><b>Musical.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The gross receipts of a late musical festival at Birmingham, amounted
+to $56,000. The excitement was caused by performing Mendleson's
+Messiah, which we learn is to be brought out in this city.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Singular_Accident" id="Singular_Accident"></a><b>Singular Accident.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The steamboat Highland having got aground near Turkey Island, on the
+Mississippi, a large tree, three feet in diameter, fell directly
+across the boat, smashing the cabin, breaking the connecting pipe, and
+seriously injuring the pilot.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Combined_Accomplishments" id="Combined_Accomplishments"></a><b>Combined Accomplishments.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Mr. S. Lover, who recently arrived in this city, is said to be a good
+poet, a good painter, a good musician, full of wit, anecdotes and
+pleasantry&mdash;it is impossible to pass a dull evening in his company.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Marriage_of_Rossini" id="Marriage_of_Rossini"></a><b>Marriage of Rossini.</b></h2>
+
+<p>This celebrated composer was married at Bologna, on the 16th of
+August, after a courtship of 16 years, to Mademoiselle Olympe Bearrien
+of Paris. It may change the turn of his muse.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Great_Luck" id="Great_Luck"></a><b>Great Luck.</b></h2>
+
+<p>A poor Englishman, with a wife and family living in St. Louis, has
+had a fortune of $265,000 in money, and a family estate worth
+$115,000, recently left him by a deceased relative.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Zinc_Mines" id="Zinc_Mines"></a><b>Zinc Mines.</b></h2>
+
+<p>There are several mines of zinc in New Jersey, one of which is said to
+consist of a deposit 600 feet in length, and is thought to contain ore
+worth $2,000,000.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="A_Monstrous_Woman" id="A_Monstrous_Woman"></a><b>A Monstrous Woman.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The Ohio State Journal says that there is a woman in Pickaway county,
+in that State, who weighs 46 pounds!</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Old_Boy" id="Old_Boy"></a><b>Old Boy.</b></h2>
+
+<p>A southern paper advertises a runaway boy, <i>thirty-six years of age</i>!</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>By a recent telegraphic arrangement, the papers in Albany, Troy,
+Utica, Syracuse, Auburn, Rochester and Buffalo, are furnished with
+reports from New York twice a day,&mdash;at 2 and 8 P. M.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Connecticut river is reported to be lower than it has been known
+within the remembrance of the oldest inhabitants. It is reduced to a
+mere brook.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A company formed in Boston has commenced operation on a copper mine in
+Cumberland, R. I. About 4000 lbs. of ore were taken out a few days
+since, and yields about 20 per cent.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Hon. Louis McLane gets a salary of $5000 a year&mdash;nearly $100 per
+week&mdash;for holding the office of President of the Baltimore and Ohio
+Railway Company.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>An imperial <i>quarter</i> of Indian corn, in 480 pounds, which is equal
+to eight bushels of sixty pounds each. We suppose some of our readers
+would like to know about that.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A solution of copper is an excellent wash for purifying sinks, and
+removing all unpleasant effluvia. Two or three applications will be
+effectual.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We are informed that the steamer Buffalo is making arrangements for
+the adoption of Barnum's Safety Apparatus.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Two iron steamboats, of 70 tons each, are to run between Philadelphia
+and Reading, Pa., carrying freight and passengers.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The editor of the Cincinnati Commercial says that he has a project for
+connecting the old and new worlds by telegraph.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Twelve hundred and thirty-four miles of magnetic telegraph are
+reported to be in actual operation in the United States.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>An association of capitalists at Worcester county, Mass., are
+exploring a vein of copper in Greenfield.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="The_True_Ornament" id="The_True_Ornament"></a>
+<b>The True Ornament.</b></h2>
+
+<p class="center">'The ornament of a meek and quiet spirit.'</p>
+
+<h4>BY MISS E. J. ANDREWS.</h4>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I ask not for the glittering wreath,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of India's sparkling diamonds rare,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To deck my brow, while oft beneath,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">There throbs a heart with heaviest care.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I ask not for the gilded chain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of perishing and worthless gold,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To clasp my neck, while oft in vain<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The heart's best sympathies unfold.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Oh! give me not the worthless dust,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For which vain, anxious mortals toil,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To treasure up where moth and rust,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Doth soon corrupt the hoarded pile.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I covet not the gay attire,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In which vain beauty oft appears,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oft that which wondering crowds admire,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Needeth far more their heartfelt tears.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But there's an ornament I crave;&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To grant, vain world, it is not thine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It floateth not o'er yon proud wave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Nor yields it me earth's richest mine.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Oh, may it be a guileless heart!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In heaven's own sight of priceless worth!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where nought corrupting e'er hath part,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Pure, as the source which gave it birth.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>A spirit meek and pure within;</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i2">May this, alone, my life adorn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Unsullied by the touch of sin,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Though subject to the proud world's scorn.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">This ornament, O God of Love!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">'Tis Thine, and Thine alone, to give;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oh, may I its rich beauties prove,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And in its full possession, <i>live</i>!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Bethel, Conn.</i>, 1846.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Female_Piety" id="Female_Piety"></a><b>Female Piety.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The gem of all others which enriches the coronet of woman's character,
+is unaffected piety. Nature may lavish much on her person; the
+enchantment of her countenance, the grace of her mind, the strength of
+her intellect; yet her loveliness is uncrowned till piety throws
+around the whole the sweetness and power of its charms. She then
+becomes unearthly in her desires and associations. The spell which
+bound her affections to the things below is broken, and she mounts on
+the silent wings of her fancy and hope to the habitation of God, where
+it is her delight to hold communion with the spirits that have been
+ransomed from the thraldom of Earth and wreathed with a garland of
+glory. Her beauty may throw a magical charm over many; princes and
+conquerors may bow with admiration at the shrine of her beauty and
+love; the sons of science may embalm her memory in the page of
+history; yet her piety must be her ornament, her pearl. Her name must
+be written in 'The Book of Life,' that when the mountains fade away,
+and every memento of earthly greatness is lost in the general wreck of
+nature, it may remain and swell the list of that mighty throng who
+have been clothed in the mantle of righteousness, and their voices
+attuned to the melody of Heaven. With such a treasure, every lofty
+gratification on earth may be purchased; friendship will be doubly
+sweet; and sorrow will lose their sting; and the character will
+possess a price far above rubies: life will be but a pleasant visit to
+earth, and entrance upon a joyful and perpetual home. And when the
+notes of the last trump shall be heard, and sleeping millions awake to
+judgment, its possessor shall be presented faultless before the throne
+of God with exceeding joy, and a crown of glory that shall never wear
+away. Such is piety. Like a tender flower, planted in the fertile soil
+of woman's heart, it grows, expanding in its foliage, and imparting
+its fragrance to all around, till transplanted, and set to bloom in
+perpetual vigor and unfading beauty, in the Paradise of God.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Iron_Ore" id="Iron_Ore"></a><b>Iron Ore.</b></h2>
+
+<p>One of the most valuable beds of iron ore ever discovered has been
+found in the northeast corner of Dodge county, Wisconsin, and is said
+to yield ninety per cent. The deposit is 30 feet thick.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>'Pursue your calling with diligence, and your creditor shall not
+interrupt you.'</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>NEW INVENTIONS.</h2>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
+
+<h2><a name="Lewiss_Reversible_Faucet_Filters" id="Lewiss_Reversible_Faucet_Filters"></a><b>Lewis's Reversible Faucet Filters.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Highly favorable as our opinion may be of the several excellent
+filters which have been introduced, we cannot avoid giving a
+preference to the one recently invented by Mr. S. H. Lewis. It
+consists of a very neat faucet, calculated to be attached to a common
+Croton or other hydrant, and in connection with the faucet key, is a
+circular chamber, three inches in diameter, within which is a circular
+filter consisting of a quantity of cotton cloth, flannel sponge or
+porous porcelain (which is preferred) compressed between two
+perforated metallic disks: and the faucet key is so constructed that
+by turning it to the right, the water is permitted to flow through the
+filter in one direction; but its course is reversed and it is made to
+flow in the opposite direction through the filter by turning the key
+to the left. The filter is thus cleansed at pleasure without any
+trouble, on examination of the filter or chamber. They may be seen at
+28 1-2 Broadway.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Wests_Cheap_and_Convenient_Filter" id="Wests_Cheap_and_Convenient_Filter"></a><b>West's Cheap and Convenient Filter.</b></h2>
+
+<p>For the thousands of families in this city whose houses are not
+furnished with the Croton water-pipes, a neat portable filter,
+recently invented by Mr. N. West, of this city, is as near perfection,
+in convenience and utility, as could be furnished for the low price of
+<i>one dollar</i>, and should find a place in every house or shop where the
+Croton water is used. It consists of two conical pails, one within the
+other; the first is furnished with an efficient filter at the bottom
+thereof; and the other has a faucet, by which the water is drawn off
+as occasion requires. They may be found at 156 Delancy street.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Improved_Yoke_for_Oxen" id="Improved_Yoke_for_Oxen"></a>
+<b>Improved Yoke for Oxen.</b></h2>
+
+<p>This yoke is constructed with sliding blocks attached to the under
+side of the beam of the yoke, near each end, and each sliding block is
+attached to the beam by bolts which pass through mortises so that the
+blocks may be made to slide occasionally to the right or left. To
+these blocks are attached the bows, the position of which are adjusted
+by gauge screws; and by the sliding of the blocks, the distance of the
+oxen from each other may be regulated. The middle of the yoke is
+furnished with a draught staple or eye-bolt which is moveable and
+regulated by a hand screw at the top, whereby the <i>pitch</i> of the
+draught it regulated. Invented by David Chappel, and entered at the
+Patent Office, Sept. 3d.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Another_Improvement_in_Stoves" id="Another_Improvement_in_Stoves"></a>
+<b>Another Improvement In Stoves.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Messrs. Hartshorn, Payson &amp; Ring entered at the Patent Office,
+September 3d, an improved stove, in which they claim the combination
+of the common wood stove and cylinder coal stove, so that the coal may
+be burned alone, and the draught so arranged as at the same time to
+heat the wood stove with the same heat, and if wood alone should be
+burned, then the draught should be so managed and arranged as at the
+same time to heat the side radiators and coal cylinders. A minute
+description of this improvement, is not, in this place, essential.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Iron_Shingles" id="Iron_Shingles"></a><b>Iron Shingles.</b></h2>
+
+<p>We have never been able to understand the reason why iron has so long
+been neglected as a covering for roofs, but are gratified to learn
+that Mr. Wm. Beach, of Troy, N. Y., has invented and patented a mode
+of using cast iron plates for covering roofs. They are about one foot
+square, and are made to fit one into another, so as to render the roof
+water tight, by applying white lead to the joints. It can be afforded
+at 16 cents the square foot, and probably may be so far improved as to
+cost no more than slate, and will be much more permanent and safe. We
+see no difficulty in dispensing with white lead, however, and making
+the seams tight without it.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Improvement_in_the_Railroad_Track" id="Improvement_in_the_Railroad_Track"></a>
+<b>Improvement in the Railroad Track.</b></h2>
+
+<p>This improvement was entered Sept. 5th, by John F. Rogers. What he
+claims is the combination of the balance beam with the centre beam, by
+means of the recesses in the centre beam, spring plates, having tubes
+thereon on which the springs rest, and attached to the beam by bolts,
+by which a compact and secure connection is formed, while all the
+necessary flexibility is preserved.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="The_Great_Fair" id="The_Great_Fair"></a><b>THE GREAT FAIR.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The American Institute appears emblematical of the genius of our
+countrymen&mdash;unsubdued even by conflagration, and looking upon
+obstacles as incentives to redoubled effort. Contrast the smoking
+ruins of Niblo's with Castle Garden, having its whole amphitheatre
+enriched with a tastefully arranged collection of the most varied
+products of American arts and manufactures, and behold an evidence
+that we even inherit perseverance, enterprize and skill. We here see
+the embodiment of the excellence of greatness of our country&mdash;an
+unerring index of our future advance&mdash;if it be not that the signs of
+the times indicate that madness in our rulers which precedes and
+forebodes heaven's wrath. But it cannot, it must not be, that the
+blood of <i>labor</i> shall cry from the ground of America. It must be
+sheathed, it must be protected. Protection is nature's first law.
+Expose the bleating flocks to the hungry beasts of the forest; cut the
+wings and pluck the feathers of her whom nature teaches to protect her
+brood from cold and rain; say to the mother to leave her babe
+unprotected and in free competition with all the elements of
+destruction, sooner than refuse the protection of our Government to
+the hitherto flourishing American manufactures.</p>
+
+<p>Castle Garden, or more correctly Castle Clinton, is at the southern
+extremity of our city. It was built for a fort&mdash;is of a circular form,
+of solid mason work, surrounded by the waters of the bay&mdash;connected to
+that ornament of the city, the Battery, by a long bridge. This bridge
+the managers have covered with a roof, and thus secured a very
+eligible and spacious apartment for the exhibition of carriages,
+sleighs, carts, farming implements and machinery in great variety.
+Thence the ingress suddenly opens into view the whole interior,
+creating the most lively and pleasing emotions.</p>
+
+<p>In the columns of the Scientific American we shall endeavor to give
+those details that will, we trust, interest our readers and promote
+the cause of American improvements.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><b>BATHS.</b></h2>
+
+<p>After leaving the bridge, the passage way to the interior of the
+Castle is ornamented on both sides with a pleasing display of
+Baths&mdash;the immersion bath made of tin and of iron, and these combined
+with the showering apparatus. The shower baths are variously
+constructed, and some of them are of finished workmanship and costly
+material. Stebbin's Patent Furniture shower Bath presents itself first
+in the form of a very convenient washstand, with all its out fit; it
+is next easily converted into a work stand; with equal dispatch it
+assumes the form of a shower bath, furnished with every requisite. We
+regard this as an ingenious piece of furniture, that will greatly
+increase the use of the shower-bath, and thus add to the health of the
+community.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><b>SOFA BEDSTEADS.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Much ingenuity has been expended in combining the Sofa and Bedstead.
+The first that attracted our attention was that manufactured by Mr.
+John A. Robson, 30th st. and 8th Avenue. It is on the double cone
+spring, so constructed that using it as a bed does not affect the
+cushion, and vice versa. The matrass or bed is 4 by 6 feet, without an
+intervening bar. It is exceedingly simple, of admirable contrivance,
+and of moderate price.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><b>CUTLERY.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The display of American Cutlery is rich, affording a most gratifying
+evidence of the progress of the useful arts among us. Our neighbors,
+J. C. Nixon &amp; Sons, in the Sun Buildings, feel quite confident that
+they will, as usual, carry off the premiums, particularly for their
+much celebrated tailor's shears. In the manufacture of engravers'
+tools; they challenge not only all America, but the world
+itself.&mdash;They manufacture for customers, from whom their articles have
+derived their just and solid reputation.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>To be Continued.</i>)</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Improved_Steam_Printing_Press" id="Improved_Steam_Printing_Press"></a><b>Improved Steam Printing Press.</b></h2>
+
+<p>We have recently seen a model of a new Steam Printing Press, the
+invention of Mr. Wm. W. Marston, a young and ingenious mechanic of
+this city. A mass of other matters prevents our giving a description
+at present; we shall probably procure an engraving, however, and
+publish a full description in a few days.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Information_Patent_Office" id="Information_Patent_Office"></a>
+<b>Information to persons having business to transact at the Patent
+Office.</b></h2>
+
+<h3>OF MODELS.</h3>
+
+<p>(<i>Continued from No. 2.</i>)</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 26. The law requires that the inventor shall deliver a model of
+his invention or improvement when the same admits of a model. The
+model should he neatly made, and as small as a distinct representation
+of the machine or improvement, and its characteristic properties, will
+admit; the name of the inventor should be printed or engraved upon, or
+fixed to it, in a durable manner. Models forwarded without a name,
+cannot be entered on record, and therefore liable to be lost or
+mislaid.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 27. When the invention is of 'a composition of matter,' the law
+requires that the application be accompanied with specimens of
+ingredients, and of the composition of matter, sufficient in quantity
+for the purpose of experiment.</p>
+<br />
+
+<h3>ON GRANTING ANEW LOST PATENTS.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 28. The third sec. of the act of March 3, 1837, provides:</p>
+
+<p>'<span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 3. And be it further enacted, That whenever it shall appear to
+the Commissioner that any patent was destroyed by the burning of the
+Patent Office building on the aforesaid fifteenth day of December, or
+was otherwise lost prior thereto, it shall be his duty, on application
+therefor by the patentee, or other persons interested therein, to
+issue a new patent for the same invention or discovery, bearing the
+date of the original patent, with his certificate thereon, that it was
+made and issued pursuant to the provisions of the third section of
+this act; and shall enter the same of record; Provided, however, That
+before such patent shall be issued, the applicant therefor shall
+deposit in the Patent Office a duplicate, as near as may be, of the
+original model, drawings, and description, with specification of the
+invention or discovery, verified by oath, as it shall be required by
+the Commissioner; and such patent and copies of such drawings and
+descriptions, duly certified, shall be admissible as evidence in any
+judicial court of the United States, and shall protect the rights of
+the patentee, his administrators, heirs, and assigns, to the extent
+only in which they would have been protected by the original patent
+and specification.'</p>
+
+
+<h3>PROCEEDINGS ON APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS, AND ON APPEALS<br />
+FROM DECISIONS OF THE COMMISSIONER.</h3>
+
+<p>(Act of 1836, Section, 7.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 29. 'That on the filing of any such application (consisting of
+petition, specification, model, and drawings, or specimens,) and the
+payment of the duty hereinafter provided, the Commissioner shall make,
+or cause to be made, an examination, of the alleged new invention or
+discovery; and if, on any such examination, it shall not appear to the
+Commissioner that the same had been invented or discovered by any
+other person in this country prior to the alleged invention or
+discovery thereof by the applicant, or that it had been patented or
+described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country,
+or had been in public use or on sale, with the applicant's consent or
+allowance, prior to the application, if the Commissioner shall deem it
+to be sufficiently useful and important, it shall be his duty to
+issue a patent therefor. But whenever on such examination it shall
+appear to the Commissioner that the applicant was not the original and
+first inventor or discoverer thereof, or that any part of that which
+is claimed as new had before been invented or discovered or patented,
+or described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country
+as aforesaid, or that the description is defective and insufficient,
+he shall notify the applicant thereof, giving him briefly such
+information and references as may be useful in judging of the
+propriety of renewing his application, or of altering his
+specification to embrace only that part of the invention or discovery
+which is new. In every such case, if the applicant shall elect to
+withdraw his application, relinquishing his claim to the model, he
+shall be entitled to receive back twenty dollars, part of the duty
+required by this act, on filing a notice in writing of such election
+in the Patent Office; a copy of which, certified by the Commissioner,
+shall be a sufficient warrant to the Treasurer for paying back to the
+said applicant the said sum of twenty dollars. But if the applicant,
+in such case, shall persist in his claim for a patent, with or without
+any alteration his specification, he shall be required to make oath or
+affirmation anew, in manner as aforesaid; and if specification and
+claim shall not have been so modified as, in the opinion of the
+Commissioner, shall entitle the applicant to a patent, he may appeal
+to the Chief Justice of the United States Court for the District of
+Columbia, who may affirm or reverse the decision of the Commissioner
+of Patents, in whole or in part, and may order a patent to issue; or
+he may have remedy against the decision of the Commissioner of
+Patents, or the decision of the Chief Justice of the United States
+Court for the District of Columbia, by filing a bill in equity in any
+of the United States Courts having jurisdiction, as hereinafter
+explained.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>To be continued.</i>)</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Consolation_for_the_Christian" id="Consolation_for_the_Christian"></a>
+<b>Consolation for the Christian.</b></h2>
+
+<p>'Eye hath not seen; nor ear heard; neither have entered into the heart
+of man, the things which God hath prepared for those that love
+Him.'&mdash;1 Cor. ii: 9. But it is said in the words following, that God
+hath revealed them unto us by his Spirit. In this, we are not to
+understand, that the excellent things spoken of, are <i>communicated</i> to
+men; but that by the aid of the divine Spirit they are enabled to
+receive such sublime and brilliant ideas of the glorious things which
+are prepared for them, that they are filled with sublime and
+unspeakable joy, though they find it utterly impracticable to
+describe these things to another, so as to be understood. It is like
+the new name which no man can know, but him to whom it is given: and
+although, in the solicitude of those who have been favored with a view
+of these things, to represent them to others, the most full and
+expressive forms of language have been put in requisition, it has in
+every instance failed to convey the least correct idea on the subject:
+because no man can see, or in anywise appreciate the excellence of
+these things, without the aid of the Spirit of Truth. But to those who
+obtain such enlightened views&mdash;and every man may, or might, obtain
+them,&mdash;the glorious things prepared are as the 'pearl of great price,'
+which, when a man hath found, he is ready to sacrifice all things
+else,&mdash;riches, honors, friends, pleasures, reputation in the world, or
+even life itself,&mdash;to obtain it. Neither Adam nor Eve, in their
+sinless, paradisaical state, could have had any correct idea of such
+delectable and glorious excellence of blessings as are prepared for
+these who become 'joint heirs of the Son of God,' through the blood of
+a crucified Saviour: for, had they been capable of seeing or imagining
+such things, they would never have fallen. There can be no question
+but that the glorious consolation of the faithful and obedient
+believers, will incomparably, not to say infinitely, excel that of the
+primitive state of man, or anything which could have been by man
+attained, if the blessed <span class="smcap">Son</span> had not suffered. Let the most brilliant
+and soaring imagination exert its most strenuous and happy efforts in
+conceiving, arranging and representing to itself the highest possible
+state of bliss and glory, and it will fall as far short of the reality
+of the immortal state of the glorified saints,&mdash;the salvation
+purchased by the suffering of Christ,&mdash;as a mere shadow of the most
+beautiful picture comes short of the rich coloring of the original.
+And this fact is well known to those who have had the beauties of the
+'world to come' revealed to them by the divine Spirit. These
+statements may appear strange to those who are accustomed to look upon
+the popular <i>reverend clergy</i>, fashionable church members and wealthy
+deacons, as choice specimens of the saints of the Lord. The true, and
+most favored saints, are generally found among those who are subject
+to poverty and tribulation, in this world. But these blessings of the
+gospel are free for all who will conform to the requisitions plainly
+expressed by our Savior, and recorded by the evangelist, and
+practicable by all who are willing to forsake all things else, for the
+sake of this great and everlasting salvation.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A cotton manufacturer in New-Haven lost his operatives, last week, by
+attempting to reduce their wages.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="The_Color_Printing_Machine" id="The_Color_Printing_Machine">
+</a>THE COLOR PRINTING MACHINE.</h2>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/p20illo1.png" width="600" height="307"
+alt="Color Printing Machine" title="" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Introduction.</span>&mdash;There have appeared, in modern times, but few machines,
+to which more importance apparently attaches, than to the one here
+presented. It is well known that the best paper hangings, or
+room-papers command from $1 to $1,50 per piece, of eight yards, while
+most of those of American manufacture are sold for 25 to 50 cents per
+piece; and this difference is occasioned by the difficulty and extra
+labor of applying a great variety of different colors. But by means of
+this machine, seven, twelve, or even twenty different colors, may be
+accurately applied by one operation, and with less labor than is
+required to print with a single color, by the ordinary method; and
+thus the manufacturer will be enabled to sell, for 50 cents, such
+patterns as ordinarily cost a dollar or more, to either import or
+manufacture them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Explanation.</span>&mdash;The first row of gear wheels, A B, are attached to the
+ends of a row of cylinders, each cylinder being 30 inches long, and 3
+inches in diameter. These cylinders support a broad, endless apron or
+belt, which passes over the whole series, and supports the strip of
+paper as it passes through the machine to receive the colors. The
+second series of wheels, C D, are attached to cylinders of the same
+dimensions of those in the first row, and are connected to each other
+by intervening pinions, whereby a uniform velocity is maintained
+through the whole series. The peripheries of this row of cylinders are
+cut in figures, according to the design of the pattern to be worked.
+The figures are left prominent, so as to come in contact with the
+paper upon the apron, as the cylinder revolves; the surface between
+the figures, being cut away to the depth of one eighth of an inch.
+Each of these printing cylinders contains sections of the figures to
+be printed, and is calculated to work a different color from the
+others; and the sections of figures on each cylinder are calculated to
+match those of the others, so as to complete the entire figure in all
+its colors on the paper. The entire machine is put in operation by a
+band, passing over the band-wheel, H. The third row of cylinders, E F,
+are distributing cylinders, which are put in motion by mere contact
+with the series below, and receives the several colors from the small
+cylinders in the upper rows, and distributes the same upon the
+prominent figures of the printing cylinders. The fourth series, I J,
+are called the receiving cylinders, because they receive the colors
+from the hoppers or reservoirs, M N, and impart them to the series
+below. The cylinders of the third and fourth rows, are covered with
+cloth, and the bottom of each hopper is so nicely fitted to its
+respective cylinder, that but a small quantity of each color (which
+passes through an aperture at the bottom of the hopper) adheres to the
+cloth periphery of the cylinder. The colors ordinarily used consist of
+various pigments, ground and mixed in water, with a solution of glue.
+The principles of this mode of color printing have been satisfactorily
+tested, though the entire machine has not yet been constructed: and
+any person who may be disposed to construct and enjoy the exclusive
+use of this invention, may have the most favorable terms.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2>NEW INVENTIONS.</h2>
+
+<h2><a name="A_New_Brick_Machine" id="A_New_Brick_Machine"></a>
+<b>A New Brick Machine.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Messrs. Culbertson, McMillen &amp; Co. of Cincinnati, have recently put in
+successful operation, a new machine, a description of which is given
+in a Cincinnati paper, as follows:</p>
+
+<p>'A frame of fourteen moulds, one brick to each is drawn by the power
+of steam between two press rollers, the lower one of which enables the
+frame to support the pressure of the upper roller, and being run
+through backwards and forwards equalizes the pressure over the entire
+face of the brick. These, after undergoing in this mode a pressure of
+nearly one hundred tons to each brick, a pressure which covers clay,
+apparently perfectly dry, with a coat of glossy moisture, are raised
+above the surface of the mould by parallel levers, and are then
+delivered over to a bench or table by self-acting machinery, whence
+they are taken in barrows to the stacker at the kiln.</p>
+
+<p>'The dry clay is shoveled into a hopper, and if more of the material is
+pressed into a mould than serves to make a brick, a knife which ranges
+with the surface of the mould, shaves off the surplus.</p>
+
+<p>'Two hands shoveling, two more taking off, and one at the barrow,
+constitute a gang of five persons who turn out from 30,000 to 35,000
+per day of ten hours. As brick makers' days are from sun to sun, say
+twelve working hours per day, during the season, from 46 to 50,000
+bricks, per day, may be made by a single machine. This is, however, by
+no means the most important feature in the invention.</p>
+
+<p>'In the ordinary mode of making bricks, the manufacturer cannot begin
+operations for the season, until the spring has so far advanced that
+working in wet clay will no longer chill his moulders' hands. On the
+same account, he loses also morning hours, until the advance of summer
+enables his hands to put in the whole period of daylight. He loses,
+also, sometimes days together&mdash;from the entire stoppage of his
+operations in the rainy weather, which forbids the bricks being put
+out to dry. In making press brick, all these difficulties are
+obviated. As a theory, operations in this mode can go on throughout
+the entire winter, frost never extending into solid clay; but as a
+practical business, it can be conveniently carried on two months
+earlier and one month later than in the ordinary mode. Pressed brick,
+made by these machines, are also stronger than their competitive
+article, the last of equal hardness in burning, always giving way
+when struck by the pressed bricks, as I have witnessed. Indeed, it
+cannot be otherwise, the one being porous and the other as compact as
+the enormous pressure employed can make it.</p>
+
+<p>'The machine, it must be apparent, offers peculiar advantages in
+turning out brick without occupying the ordinary brick yard space
+necessary for spreading wet brick out to dry. It affords great economy
+in time, owing to its operations being independent of frost or rains.
+To every new and thriving place commencing the making of bricks, it
+dispenses with the necessity of bringing skilful workmen from other
+places&mdash;in short, it enables every man to be his own brick-maker.
+Under these considerations, I anticipate an extensive sale of these
+machines, especially for places at a distance.'</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Marble_Saw_Mills" id="Marble_Saw_Mills"></a><b>Marble Saw Mills.</b></h2>
+
+<p>We are informed that a large mill for sawing marble is in course of
+erection at Brandon, Vt. The marble in that vicinity is principally of
+a beautiful white, and of a fine texture, though not very hard.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Railroad_Locks" id="Railroad_Locks"></a><b>Railroad Locks.</b></h2>
+
+<p>It is reported that locks for elevating railroad trains, from one
+level to another, are coming into successful use in France. It appears
+to us to be much behind the age, since, by certain American
+inventions, an ordinary train may be elevated 100 feet in five
+minutes, by the engine alone.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="The_Vertical_Propeller" id="The_Vertical_Propeller"></a>
+<b>The Vertical Propeller.</b></h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 335px;">
+<img src="images/p20illo2.png" width="335" height="281"
+alt="The Vertical Propeller" title="" /></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>We have alluded to this subject in a former number, and now present
+one of the several plans which have been introduced within the present
+year, although we are not fully authorised to give the name of the
+inventor of this particular plan. We have preferred to represent the
+paddles and crank unconnected with an apparent vessel or section
+thereof, but must require the reader to suppose that the line A B is
+the level of the railing of the boat, and that the crank-shaft E
+projects from the side, while the crank-pivot governs the motion of
+the walking bar D E, and with it the paddles, which are supposed to be
+just now dipping in the surface of the water. It will be understood
+that the motion of the walking bar being circular, and that of the
+heads of the paddles being vertical and nearly rectilinear, the motion
+of the blades of the paddles must be elliptical, inclining to the
+horizontal; and that the position of the paddles is kept so nearly
+vertical that they will meet with less resistance in entering or
+leaving the water than those of a common paddle wheel, while the
+atmospheric resistance to be encountered thereby is much less. There
+appears no reasonable doubt that this plan might be made to succeed
+well on a larger scale, though it is very doubtful whether any of the
+steamboat proprietors can be persuaded to adopt it until it has been
+more thoroughly tested by experiment.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="A_Great_Astronomical_Discovery" id="A_Great_Astronomical_Discovery"></a>
+<b>A Great Astronomical Discovery.</b></h2>
+
+<p>A late number of an astronomical journal published at Altona, near
+Hamburg, contains a long article by Dr. Maedler, director of the
+Dorpat Observatory, Russia, well known to the astronomical world, in
+which he announces the extraordinary discovery of the <i>grand central
+star or sun</i>, about which the universe of stars is revolving, our own
+sun and system among the rest.</p>
+
+<p>This discovery, the result of many years of incessant toil and
+research, has been deduced by a train of reasoning and an examination
+of facts scarcely to be surpassed in the annals of science.</p>
+
+<p>He announces his discovery in the following language: 'I therefore
+pronounce the Pleiades to be the central group of that mass of fixed
+stars limited by the stratum composing the Milky Way and Alcyene as
+the individual star of this group, which, among all others, combines
+the greatest probability of being the true Central Sun.'</p>
+
+<p>By a train of reasoning, which I shall not attempt to explain, he
+finds the probable parallax of this great central star to be six
+thousandths of one second of arc, and its distance to be 34 millions
+of times the distance of the sun, or so remote that light, with a
+velocity of 12 millions of miles per minute, requires a period of 537
+years to pass from <i>the great centre</i> to our sun.</p>
+
+<p>As a first rough approximation, he deduces the period of the
+revolution of our sun, with all its train of planets, satellites and
+comets, about the grand centre, to be <i>eighteen millions two hundred
+thousand years</i>.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Ocean_Steam_Navigation" id="Ocean_Steam_Navigation"></a>
+<b>Ocean Steam Navigation.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The 'Ocean Steam Company,' which has the patronage of the United
+States Government to the amount of $400,000 per annum, are getting on
+rapidly with the first steamship of their line. She is to be completed
+and commence running on the first of March next.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img src="images/p21illo1.png" width="320" height="153"
+alt="Scientific American" title="" /></div>
+<br />
+
+<h2>SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN</h2>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+<h4>NEW YORK, OCTOBER 10, 1846.</h4>
+
+<h2><a name="Employment" id="Employment"></a><b>Employment.</b></h2>
+
+<p>It is dangerous for a man of superior ability to find himself thrown
+upon the world without some regular employment. The restlessness
+inherent in genius, being thus undirected by any permanent influence,
+frames for itself occupations out of accidents. Moral integrity
+sometimes falls a prey to the want of a fixed pursuit, and the man who
+receives his direction in active life from the fortuitous impulse of
+circumstances, will be very apt to receive his principles likewise
+from chance. Genius, under such guidance, attains no noble ends, but
+resembles rather a copious spring conveyed in a falling aqueduct,
+where the waters continually escape through the frequent crevices, and
+waste themselves ineffectually on their passage. The law of nature is
+here, as elsewhere, binding, and no powerful results ever ensue from
+the trivial exercise of high endowments. The finest mind, when thus
+destitute of a fixed purpose, passes away without leaving permanent
+traces of its existence; losing its energy by turning aside from its
+course, it becomes as harmless and inefficient as the lightning,
+which, of itself irresistible, may yet be rendered powerless by a
+slight conductor.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="The_Editor" id="The_Editor"></a><b>The Editor.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Write&mdash;keep writing&mdash;is the motto of an editor. If he has no ideas, he
+must dig for them; if he has but little time to arrange them, no
+matter, the work must be done. Sickness may come upon him; want may
+stare him in the face, but he must cogitate something for the dear
+public. Perhaps in his darkest moments, he indites a paragraph that
+cheers thousands. When almost desponding, his words may put courage
+into the hearts of millions. Who would be an editor? Yet he has much
+to encourage him. If he can call no time his own, he is not rusting
+out, or in unprofitable society. A faithful contributor of the public
+press, is a man of great influence. No person has more power than
+himself. He instructs tens of thousands, and leads them to virtue, to
+honor, to happiness. No man will have more to answer for than the
+conductor of a corrupt and vacillating press.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="A_Mountain_in_Labor" id="A_Mountain_in_Labor"></a>
+<b>A Mountain in Labor.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The workmen, says a Paris paper, are still busily engaged in
+excavating Montmarte in quest of holy vases and other riches said to
+have been deposited there in the early days of the French revolution
+by the orders of the Lady Superior of the Abbey of Montmarte.&mdash;Two
+workmen, who were at the time charged with transporting the wealth to
+the place designated, were never after seen, and it is supposed that
+they were sacrificed to the necessity of the secret. The Superior, at
+her death, bequeathed the secret to a lady friend, who, in turn, on
+her death bed, divulged it to her daughter, then thirteen years of
+age. The child, now a sexagenary, disclosed it to the municipality.
+Her statements have thus far been found scrupulously correct. The
+<i>cesarian</i> operation is actively going on, an excavation of 50 feet
+having been made, and the mountain's speedy deliverance of a mine of
+wealth is anticipated. May it not prove a mouse!</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="That_Editorial_Committee" id="That_Editorial_Committee"></a>
+<b>That Editorial Committee.</b></h2>
+
+<p>We are informed that the Editorial Committee of the National
+Association of Inventors have by <i>their own request</i> been discharged
+from the supervision of the new periodical which has recently appeared
+under the title of 'The Eureka.'</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="News_by_Telegraph" id="News_by_Telegraph"></a>
+<b>News by Telegraph.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The news by the Great Western which arrived on Wednesday week, was
+published within four hours in Boston, New Haven, Springfield, Albany,
+Utica, Rochester, Buffalo, Philadelphia and Baltimore.</p>
+
+<p>The following beautiful extract we find in a recent number of the New
+York Sun. It is from the pen of Mr. C. D. Stuart, the able
+correspondent of that paper, now in London.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"On remarking to an Englishman, that I did not see
+here in London as at home, the artizan, the drayman,
+the laborer of every kind, with a newspaper in his
+pocket, which at intervals in his toil he could glance
+at and be as learned in the condition of his country
+and the world as the man of fortune, he replied&mdash;"No,
+they have something better to do, they attend to their
+work." Here lies the rub, and it may be a fear of the
+sedition of thought that has put these close hampers
+upon the English press. It would seem by such an
+argument that the differences of condition are not
+induced by unholy oppressions, by the trampling for
+ages of one class upon another until servitude became
+almost a birth-right&mdash;and the law of strength that
+proved itself in barbarous times the "Supremacy" had
+at last from concession so long made, become the law
+of human justice and divine right. The steer may work
+under his yoke an appointed time, the slave bow mutely
+through his whole life, but the freeman&mdash;has he so
+fallen, that while the lord revels in his "club-room"
+and reads not only papers, but gilt edged and velvet
+bound books, he forsooth being a common "poor devil"
+not able to enjoy a tithe of his unearned luxury&mdash;has
+something better than reading to do. Let him dig
+then! There are those in the young republic whose
+spirit begins to animate the world, who, though they
+toil, remember, that it was said in the beginning to
+all men, "thou shalt earn thy bread by the sweat of
+thy brow," and will read freely as they drink in the
+common air, and enjoy the common light. There are
+classes in England intelligent no doubt beyond any
+other people in the world&mdash;classes that enjoy the
+means of making themselves so, but as a mass they will
+in no-wise compare with their progeny, the
+Anglo-Saxons. All that they have here in the main we
+have got, and our wits have not been blunted by a
+contact with the wilderness, and the difficulties of
+founding an empire "in the Woods." I see now more
+clearly than ever where our faults lie; contrast
+exposes them; but they are all twigs upon the rising
+trunk, which the keen knife of national experience,
+age, and the calm that must succeed the rush and
+tumult of our giant and boisterous infancy will cut
+off.&mdash;With greater pride than ever, however much I may
+like the Old World, and especially England, I look
+over the Ocean to America for an exemplification of
+what the world has not known, an <i>Earthly</i> paradise
+for humanity.&mdash;It is but three quarters of a century,
+remember, since we were nationally born: give as the
+fourteen hundred years that have nursed and cultivated
+this Island, and where is the limit of our perfection
+and strength? On either side of that Mississippi
+back-bone of ours to the Oceans, and as far north and
+south as freedom and knowledge can pierce, America
+must be a garden and a goal, filled with every
+excellence and beauty, beyond which there can be no
+advance. We shall not live to see it, but it will
+come, only let us pull careful and steady. We have
+been Dickens'd and Trollop'd, and it should do us
+good. Nothing but the grandeur that lies germinating
+in our heart provokes this idle spleen from our
+neighbors, and the moment we cool down and think and
+curb ourselves the rest is secure."</p></div>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="New_Glass_Factory" id="New_Glass_Factory"></a>
+<b>New Glass Factory.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Erastus Corning &amp; Co. are about establishing a factory near the ferry
+at Troy, for the manufacture of all kinds of glass ware. The work is
+fast progressing, and in about four weeks they will commence blowing.
+It will afford employment to a large number of men, and will, no
+doubt, meet with that success which it certainly merits.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Result_of_Observation" id="Result_of_Observation"></a>
+<b>Result of Observation.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The editor of the New Haven Herald sets it down as a fact in natural
+history, proved by his experience for years, that when a traveller
+rides up to a toll gate, the keeper&mdash;if a man, invariably brings out a
+box, or a handful of change; but if a woman, she comes out and takes
+the traveller's coin, and then goes back for the change.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Snags and other obstructions in the Western rivers, are now
+denominated <i>Polk stalks</i>.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="The_Science_of_Astronomy" id="The_Science_of_Astronomy"></a>
+<b>The Science of Astronomy.</b></h2>
+
+<h3>DESCRIPTIVE ASTRONOMY.</h3>
+
+<p>Mercury, the nearest planet to the sun, is a globe of about 3140 miles
+in diameter, rotating on its axis in 24 hours and 5 1-2 minutes, and
+revolving round the central luminary, at a distance of 37,000,000 of
+miles, in 88 days.&mdash;From the earth it can only be seen occasionally in
+the morning or evening, as it never rises before, or sets after the
+sun, at a greater distance of the time than 1 hour and 50 minutes. It
+appears to the naked eye as a small and brilliant star, but when
+observed through a telescope, is horned like the moon, because we only
+see a part of the surface which the sun is illuminating. Mountains of
+great height have been observed on the surface of this planet,
+particularly in its lower or southern hemisphere. One has been
+calculated at 10 3-4 miles in height, being about eight times higher,
+in proportion to the bulk of the planet, than the loftiest mountains
+upon earth. The matter of Mercury is of much greater density than that
+of the earth, equalling lead in weight; so that a human being placed
+upon its surface would be so strongly drawn towards the ground as
+scarcely to be able to crawl.</p>
+
+<p>Venus is a globe of about 7800 miles in diameter, or nearly the size
+of the earth, rotating on its axis in 23 hours, 21 minutes, and 19
+seconds, and revolving round the sun, at the distance of 68,000,000 of
+miles in 225 days.&mdash;Like Mercury, it is visible to an observer on the
+earth only in the morning and evening, but for a greater space of time
+before sunrise and after sunset. It appears to us the most brilliant
+and beautiful of all the planetary and stellar bodies, occasionally
+giving so much light as to produce a sensible shadow. Observed through
+a telescope, it appears horned, on account of our seeing only a part
+of its luminous surface. The illuminating part of Venus occasionally
+presents slight spots. It has been ascertained that its surface is
+very unequal, the greatest mountains being in the southern hemisphere,
+as in the case of both Mercury and the Earth. The higher mountains in
+Venus range between 10 and 22 miles in altitude. The planet is also
+enveloped in an atmosphere like that by which animal and vegetable
+life is supported on earth; and it has consequently a twilight. Venus
+performs its revolution round the sun in 225 days. Mercury and Venus
+have been termed the Inferior Planets, as being placed within the
+orbit of the Earth.</p>
+
+<p>The Earth, the third planet in order, and one of the smaller size,
+though not the smallest, is important to us, as the theatre on which
+our race have been placed to 'live, move, and have their being.' It is
+7902 miles in mean diameter, rotating on its axis in 24 hours, at a
+mean distance of 95,000,000 of miles from the sun, round which it
+revolves in 365 days, 5 hours, 50 minutes, and 57 seconds. As a planet
+viewed from another of the planets, suppose the moon, 'It would
+present a pretty, variegated, and sometimes a mottled appearance. The
+distinction between its seas, oceans, continents, and islands, would
+be clearly marked; they would appear like brighter and darker spots
+upon its disc. The continents would appear bright, and the ocean of a
+darker hue, because water absorbs the greater part of the solar light
+that falls upon it. The level plains, (excepting perhaps, such regions
+as the Arabian deserts of sand) would appear of a somewhat darker
+color than the more elevated and mountainous regions, as we find to be
+the case on the surface of the moon. The islands would appear like
+small bright specks on the darker surface of the ocean; and the lakes
+and mediterranean seas like darker spots or broad streaks intersecting
+the bright parts, or the land. By its revolution round its axis,
+successive portions of the surface would be brought into view, and
+present a different aspect from the parts which preceded,'&mdash;(Dick's
+Celestial Scenery, 135.)</p>
+
+<p>The form of the earth, and probably that of every other planet, is not
+strictly spheroidal; that is, flattened a little at the poles, or
+extremities of the axis. The diameter of the earth at the axis is 56
+miles less than in the cross direction. This peculiarity of the form
+is a consequence of the rotatory motion, as will be afterwards
+explained.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 322px;">
+<img src="images/p21illo2.png" width="322" height="112"
+alt="LATEST NEWS" title="" /></div>
+<br />
+
+<h2><a name="Late_Foreign_News" id="Late_Foreign_News"></a>
+<b>Late Foreign News.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The steamer Hibernia arrived at Boston on Saturday last, thirteen days
+from Liverpool.</p>
+
+<p>The British Government and people have manifested so much violent
+opposition to the marriage of the youngest son of Louis Phillipe to a
+sister of the Queen of Spain, that the celebration of the nuptials has
+been postponed for the present, if not forever; and there is apparent
+danger of a rupture between England and France on this account.</p>
+
+<p>In Spain, Don Carlos having escaped from imprisonment, it is expected
+that a serious insurrection will immediately take place.</p>
+
+<p>Property to the amount of $800,000 has been destroyed by incendiary
+fires at Leipsic. A line of electric telegraph has been put in
+operation between Brussels and Antwerp.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty thousand bales of cotton were sold at Liverpool on the 14th of
+September.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Latest_from_the_Army" id="Latest_from_the_Army"></a>
+<b>Latest from the Army.</b></h2>
+
+<p>According to recent intelligence by private letters, Gen. Kearney has
+taken quiet possession of Santa Fe, notwithstanding the considerable
+preparations which the Mexicans had made to defend it. Gen. Armijo had
+assembled 5000 troops to defend the Canon Pass, but on account of the
+disaffection and insubordination of his officers and men, he was
+constrained to retreat on the approach of a few companies of
+Americans.</p>
+
+<p>Gen. Taylor had advanced steadily, though slowly on Monterey, and has
+probably ere this, taken possession, notwithstanding the strong force,
+and full supply of well mounted cannon, concentrated to oppose him.
+Should he prove successful in this, it would seem that Mexico is
+destined to fall under the protection of the United States, whether
+our Government desires it or not. What can we do? The Mexicans will
+neither treat nor fight; and although our armies move as slow as
+possible, they cannot well avoid progressing through the country in
+time, and are bound to furnish protection as far as they go. We shall
+see.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="The_Sea_and_Wave_Roaring" id="The_Sea_and_Wave_Roaring"></a>
+<b>The Sea and Wave Roaring.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The steamer Great Western, which arrived at this port last week,
+reports having encountered one of the most terrific storms ever known
+on the Atlantic Ocean. Capt. Mathews is said to have remarked that at
+three different times the ship was approached by seas of such
+magnitude and power that he thought destruction inevitable; but
+unexpectedly each broke just before reaching the vessel. The
+passengers assembled in the cabin where they joined in religious
+service, and in the solemn administration of the Lord's supper. Their
+lives were preserved, but some of them appeared to forget their
+obligations to their preserver very quick after getting safe on shore.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="An_American_Slave_in_England" id="An_American_Slave_in_England"></a>
+<b>An American Slave in England.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Douglas, who escaped from slavery and found his way to England, has
+received marked attention from the nobility and gentry of England. He
+has attended their soirees, occupied the most honorable positions at
+their dinner parties, rode in their carriages, flirted with their
+daughters, walked arm in arm through their gardens with lords,
+viscounts, counts and mayors of cities.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Many of the girls employed in the mills of the Nashua Corporation,
+have refused to work by candlelight. They may be right.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+
+<h2><a name="The_Scientific_American" id="The_Scientific_American"></a>
+THE <b>SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN</b>.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Persons wishing to subscribe for this paper, have only to enclose the
+amount in a letter directed (post paid) to</p>
+
+<p class="right">MUNN &amp; COMPANY,</p>
+
+<p>Publishers of the Scientific American, New York City.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Terms.</span>&mdash;$2 a year; ONE DOLLAR IN ADVANCE&mdash;the remainder in 6 months.</p>
+
+<p><i>Postmasters</i> are respectfully requested to receive subscriptions for
+this paper, to whom a discount of 25 per cent will be allowed.</p>
+
+<p>Any person sending us 4 subscribers for 6 months, shall receive a copy
+of the paper for the same length of time.</p></div>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+<h2><a name="Blast_Furnace" id="Blast_Furnace"></a>
+Observations on the more recent Researches concerning the operations
+of the Blast Furnace in the Manufacture of Iron.</h2>
+
+<h4>BY DR. J. L. SMITH.</h4>
+
+<p>The great difference existing between metallurgical operations of the
+present day, and those of a former period, is owing chiefly to the
+ameliorations produced by the application of the science of chemistry
+to the <i>modus operandi</i> of the various changes taking place during the
+operations, from their commencement to their termination.</p>
+
+<p>Copper and some other metals are now made to assume forms in the
+chemist's laboratory, that formerly required great artistical skill
+for their production&mdash;the chemist simply making use of such agents and
+forces as are at his command, and over which he has, by close
+analytical study, acquired perfect control. Our object, at present, is
+only to advert to the chemical investigations more recently made on
+the manufacture of iron, treating of those changes that occur in the
+ore, coal and flux, that are thrown in at the mouth of the furnace,
+and in the air thrown in from below. For most that will be said on
+this subject, we are principally indebted to the recent interesting
+researches of M. Ebelman.</p>
+
+<p>The importance of a knowledge of the facts to be brought forward, in
+this article, will be apparent to every one in any way acquainted with
+the manufacture of iron. It will be seen that the time is not far
+distant when the economy in the article of fuel will amount in value
+to the present profit of many of the works. The consequences must be,
+that many of those works that are abandoned will be resumed, and
+others erected in localities formerly thought unfit.</p>
+
+<p>It is well known that the blast furnace is the first into which the
+ore is introduced, for the purpose of converting it into malleable
+iron, and much, therefore, depends upon the state in which the pig
+metal passes from this furnace, whether subsequent operations will
+furnish an iron of the first quality or not.</p>
+
+<p>In putting the blast furnace into operation, the first step is to heat
+it for some time with coal only. After the furnace has arrived at a
+proper temperature, ore, fuel and flux, are thrown in alternately, in
+small quantities, so as to have the three ingredients properly mixed
+in their descent. In from 25 to 48 hours from the time when the ore is
+first thrown in, the entire capacity of the furnace, from the tuyer to
+the mouth, is occupied with the ore, fuel and flux, in their various
+stages of transformation.</p>
+
+<p>In order to explain clearly, and in as short space as possible, what
+these transformations are, and how they are brought about, we may
+consider:&mdash;1. The changes that take place in the descending mass,
+composed of ore, fuel and flux. 2. The changes that take place in the
+ascending mass, composed of air and its hygrometric moisture, thrown
+in at the tuyer. 3. The chemical action going on between the ascending
+and descending masses. 4. The composition of the gases in various
+parts of the furnace during its operation. 5. The causes that render
+necessary the great heat of the blast furnace.</p>
+
+<p>1. <i>Changes that take place in the descending mass, composed of ore,
+coal and flux.</i>&mdash;By coal is here meant charcoal; when any other
+species of fuel is alluded to, it will be specified. In the upper half
+of the fire-room the materials are subjected to a comparatively low
+temperature, and they lose only the moisture, volatile matter,
+hydrogen, and carbonic acid, that they may contain; this change taking
+place principally in the lower part of the upper half of the
+fire-room.</p>
+
+<p>In the lower half of the fire-room, the ore is the only material that
+undergoes a change, it being converted wholly or in part into iron or
+magnetic oxide of iron&mdash;the coal is not altered, no consumption of it
+taking place from the mouth down to the commencement of the boshes.</p>
+
+<p>From the commencement of the boshes down to the tuyer, the reduction
+of the ore is completed. Very little of the coal is consumed between
+the boshes and in the upper part of the hearth; the principal
+consumption of it taking place in the immediate neighborhood of the
+tuyer.</p>
+
+<p>The fusion of the iron and slag occurs at a short distance above the
+tuyer, and it is in the hearth of the furnace that the iron combines
+with a portion of coal to form the fusible carburet or pig-iron. It is
+also on the hearth that the flux combines with the siliceous and other
+impurities of the ore. This concludes the changes which the ore, coal
+and flux, undergo, from the mouth of the furnace to the tuyer.</p>
+
+<p>If the fuel used be wood, or partly wood, it is during its passage
+through the upper half of the fire-room that its volatile parts are
+lost, and it becomes converted into charcoal. M. Ebelman ascertained
+that wood, at the depth of ten feet, in a fire-room twenty-six feet
+high, preserved its appearance after an exposure for 1 3-4 of an hour,
+and that the mineral mixed with it preserved its moisture at this
+depth; but three and a half feet lower, an exposure of 3 1-4 hours
+reduced the wood to perfect charcoal, and the ore to magnetic oxide.
+The temperature of the upper half of the fire-room, when wood is used,
+is lower than in the case of charcoal, from the great amount of heat
+made latent by the vapor arising from the wood. In the case of
+bituminous coal, Bunsen and Playfair find that it has to descend still
+lower before it is perfectly coked.</p>
+
+<p>After the wood is completely charred, or the coal become coked, the
+subsequent changes are the same that happen in the charcoal furnaces.</p>
+
+<p><i>To be continued.</i><br /></p>
+
+<h2><a name="Animalculae_in_Water" id="Animalculae_in_Water"></a>
+<b>ANIMALCULAE IN WATER.</b></h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 594px;">
+<img src="images/p22illo1.png" width="594" height="592"
+alt="animalculae" title="" /></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The fact is generally known that nearly all liquids contain a variety
+of minute living animals, though in some they are too small for
+observation, even with a microscope. In others, especially in water
+that has been long stagnant, these animals appear not only in hideous
+forms, but with malignant and voracious propensities. The print at the
+head of this article purports to be a microscopic representation of a
+single drop of such water, with the various animals therein, and some
+of the inventors and venders of the various improved filters for the
+Croton water, would have no objection to the prevalence of the opinion
+that this water contains all the variety of monsters represented in
+this cut. But the fact is far otherwise; and it is doubtful whether
+these animals could frequently be detected in the Croton water, with
+the best solar microscope. Nevertheless, the fact is readily and
+clearly established that the Croton water contains a quantity of
+deleterious matter, which is arrested by the filters; and, on this
+account, we cheerfully and heartily recommend the adoption of filters
+by all who use this water, from either the public or private hydrants.
+To this end we would call the special attention of our city readers to
+the improved filters noticed under the head of "New Inventions."</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Length_of_Days" id="Length_of_Days"></a>
+<b>Length of Days.</b></h2>
+
+<p>At Berlin and London the longest day has sixteen and a half hours. At
+Stockholm and Upsal, the longest has eighteen and a half hours, and
+the shortest five and a half. At Hamburg, Dantzic, and Stettin, the
+longest day has seventeen hours, and the shortest seven. At St.
+Petersburg and Tobolsk, the longest has nineteen, and the shortest
+five hours. At Toreno, in Finland, the longest day has twenty-one
+hours and a half, and the shortest two and a half. At Wandorbus, in
+Norway, the day lasts from the 21st of May to the 22d of July, without
+interruption; and in Spitzbergen, the longest day lasts three months
+and a half.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Excitement_of_Curiosity" id="Excitement_of_Curiosity"></a>
+<b>Excitement of Curiosity.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The editor of the Cincinnati Enquirer, having been one of a recent
+excursion party on the opening of a new section of railroad, remarks
+on the occasion, 'It is really amusing to see the sensation a train of
+railroad cars produces on all animate beings, human and brute, for the
+first few times it passes over a section of road. We saw herds of
+cattle, sheep, and horses, stand for a few seconds and gaze at the
+passing train, then turn and run for a few rods with all possible
+speed, stop and look again with eyes distended, and head and ears
+erect, seemingly so frightened at the tramp of the iron horse as to
+have lost the power of locomotion. Men women and children also seemed
+dumbfounded at the strange and unusual spectacle. As the cars came
+rumbling along early in the morning, they seemed to bring everybody
+out of bed, all eager to catch a glance as we whirled past. Old men
+and women, middle-aged and youth, without waiting to put on a rag in
+addition to their night gear, were seen at the doors, windows and
+round the corners of log huts and dwellings, gaping with wonder and
+astonishment at the new, and to them grand and terrific sight.'</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Communicated" id="Communicated"></a>[COMMUNICATED.]</h2>
+
+<p>At the last special meeting of the National Association of Inventors,
+called to hear the report on the rights and duties of the Editors of
+the Eureka, on a resolution offered by one of the Editorial Committee
+who had been dissatisfied by the proceedings of the 'Acting Editors,'
+and refused to attend their sittings, it was reported that the 'Acting
+Editors,' had exceeded their authority, and a majority of the
+Editorial Committee resigned and a resolution was passed that the
+resignation should be published in the Eureka, but it has not
+appeared. Mr. Kingsley, one of the 'Acting Editors,' spoke at the said
+meeting of having consulted counsel who had declared that the
+Association were under a legal obligation to furnish Messrs. Kingley &amp;
+Pirsson with matter for publication in the Eureka, and on the
+understanding that they had advanced money they were allowed to have
+the first use of the reports and advertisements of the Association.
+But as they in effect refuse to publish a resolution of great
+importance to the reputation of all the parties interested, it is
+left for the public to decide whether the 'Acting Editors' are in any
+respect entitled to the name they have assumed for their paper.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">One of the Editorial Committee.</span></p>
+<br /><br />
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>HUMOROUS.</h2>
+
+<h4><a name="To_my_Sweetheart" id="To_my_Sweetheart"></a>
+<b>To my Sweetheart.</b></h4>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">You're a broth of creature,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">In form and in feature,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It's myself that now tells you that same,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And sure, by my troth,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">I'll not be very wroth.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If you'll plaze me by changing your name<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">What a swate little wife,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">As a partner for life,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">My darlint, 'tis you might be living;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And I'm just the boy,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">To wish you much joy,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When your heart it's to me you'll be giving.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">I'm half dead&mdash;botheration!<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">With sad consternation&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of your flirting it is that I'm speaking;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">So plaze to be thinking,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">When you're winking and blinking.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It's my own honest heart that you're braking.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">The divil a haper,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Will I stand of a caper,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Twould kill me to find you deceiving;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">By my sowl and I'd die,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And that same is no lie,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Before I'd be kilt by me grieving.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">Then spake but the word.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">My nate little bird,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That you're niver a man's but mine;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And straight to the praist,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">It's myself that'll haste,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To make you my <i>swate waluntine</i>!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">[Teddy Magowan.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Boys_and_Men" id="Boys_and_Men"></a>
+<b>Boys and Men.</b></h2>
+
+<p>A youthful volunteer, the other day, out in Arkansas, was taunting a
+married gentleman, who had a wife and three small children depending
+upon him, for not rallying to the standard of his country, soon after
+the requisition upon that State arrived. 'Tom,' said our friend, 'you
+<i>boys</i> can whip the Mexicans, but should old England take a hand in
+the pie, <i>I'll</i> join, for it will require <i>men</i> to whip the English.'</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Trusting_too_Long" id="Trusting_too_Long"></a>
+<b>Trusting too Long.</b></h2>
+
+<p>We recollect that a weekly paper was started, some years ago, in one
+of the Western States, the terms of which were $2,50 in advance, $3 at
+the end of the year&mdash;to which the editor jocosely added in a
+paragraph, 'and $5 if never paid.' We think that most of his
+subscribers took the paper upon the latter terms, since it has been
+non est. He played a joke upon himself.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Business_Stand" id="Business_Stand"></a>
+<b>Business Stand.</b></h2>
+
+<p>A Frenchman, being about to remove his shop, his landlord inquired the
+reason, stating, at the time, that it was considered a very good
+stand for business. He replied, with a shrug of the shoulders, "Oh,
+yes, he's very good stand for de businis; by gar, me stan' all day,
+for nobody come to make me <i>move</i>!"</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Plain_Directions" id="Plain_Directions"></a>
+<b>Plain Directions.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Represent me in my portrait, said a gentleman to his painter, with a
+book in my hand reading aloud. Paint my servant also in a corner where
+he cannot be seen, but in such a manner that he may hear me when I
+call him.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Homogenous" id="Homogenous"></a>
+<b>Homogeneous.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Joe Snooks, seeing some farmer's boys employed, some at hoeing and
+others at mowing, in the same field, remarked that they were a
+<i>hoe-mow</i>-geneous set of fellows.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Louisville Journal, philosophizing on the recent commencement of
+several newspapers, gives the following poetic remark:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Income and ink'em,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Although you may link'em,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Are not such first cousins as some folks may think'em.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We did not expect to mention large peaches again; but the Louisville
+Journal speaks of a lot which measured nearly <i>twelve inches</i> each, in
+circumference.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Proposition_of_a_New_Patent_Law" id="Proposition_of_a_New_Patent_Law"></a>
+<b>Proposition of a New Patent Law.</b></h2>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>
+<p>The following remarks and proposition, which we copy from the 'Farmer
+and Mechanic,' was written by a prominent member of the National
+Association of Inventors, and expresses the sentiments of a large
+majority of the members of that Association. No person who carefully
+examines the subject, can fail of seeing that the cause of justice and
+equity, as well as the advance of improvement, would be promoted by
+the substitution of the principles therein expressed, in place of some
+of those embraced in the existing patent laws of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>"We advance the principle, which may be novel to some, that if the
+inventor apply genius, time, toil, and capital, to produce anything he
+may consider valuable, he has the same right to the exclusive use and
+enjoyment of it as the man who may apply time, and toil, and capital,
+without genius. That the application of genius does not divest him of
+any right enjoyed by all others in society.</p>
+
+<p>It is true, the creations of genius are sometimes intangible, but that
+is no objection; all rights are abstractions, until embodied in
+constitutions and laws, and rendered practical by penalties.</p>
+
+<p>If an inventor can define the limits of his claim, he is entitled to
+protection in it just the same as when a deed is put on record,
+limiting the boundaries of a lot of ground. All rights to real
+property are traced back to original discovery and occupancy, and now
+all the inventor desires, or nearly all, in any patent law, is a
+simple registry, just as we find in our Halls of Record. The
+Commissioner of Patents should be called the Register of Patents.
+Indeed, grants of land, as they are termed, have frequently been
+registered by the name of patents, in our Halls of Records, so strong
+is the analogy, if not perfect similarity.</p>
+
+<p>Then what should be the Patent Law? We answer, by sections, at once.
+The first should be declaratory of the rights of inventors, as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 1. The application of capital, time, skill and ingenuity, to the
+production of new and useful discoveries, shall be protected under the
+5th article of the Amendments to the Constitution, which forbids
+private use without the consent of the owner, and for public use
+without just compensation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 2. Should any invention or discovery be deemed of great
+importance to the general prosperity, its value shall he appraised on
+the requisition of the Secretary of State, which value, which
+ascertained, as hereinafter provided, shall be paid to the inventor
+from the Treasury of the United States, and, until this payment shall
+take place, the discovery of any inventor duly qualified to take out a
+patent, shall remain his property, and inalienable without his consent
+or the consent of his legal representatives.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 3. Any inventor or discoverer who may desire a patent for any
+discovery of his own, shall make oath or solemnly affirm thereto, and
+any specification, drawing or model, he may see fit to deposit with
+the Register of Patents, shall be received by him and recorded, as a
+matter of evidence of original right.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 4. There shall be no salaried Examiners of Patents, but each
+patentee may contract on any terms he may see fit with any Patent
+Agent or Examiner, to examine the Records of the Patent office, on the
+payment of ten dollars fee for the use of the books and privilege of
+the Patent Office, and no more fees than this first $10 shall be
+charged on any single patent, excepting five dollars each for every
+record of transfer of rights or parts of rights. Nor shall the fees be
+raised until it may be discovered that they will not support the
+expenses of the Patent Office. And it is provided, no expenses for the
+improvement of agriculture, or any purpose foreign to the business of
+the registry of Patents, and the necessary books and buildings, and
+salaries of the register, librarian and two clerks and door-keeper,
+shall be charged upon the Patent Fund.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 5. The Commissioner of Patents shall give advice of a scientific
+and legal character as he may be desired and qualified to do, to
+inventors. He may guaranty the originality of any invention at his own
+risk, at any price be may agree upon with any inventor to give
+certificates thereof, and this shall not interfere with his regular
+salary. But it is provided that the Commissioner shall not in any
+manner prevent others from examining and guarantying the originality
+of any invention for which a patent may be desired. And it is also
+provided that any Commissioner, Register, Clerk, Attorney, Examiner or
+Agent, who may give a guaranty or warrant of the novelty of any
+invention shall be held responsible in costs on any information to be
+filed by any party who may feel himself aggrieved, to rescind the
+patent which may not be an original invention of the claimant so
+guarantied.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 6. To rescind a patent, any party feeling himself aggrieved may
+file information in the District Court of the United States, of the
+district in which the patentee resides, notifying the patentee of such
+information filed, with what the former intends to prove, and where
+the patentee may discover the evidence relied upon by the informer, on
+which, the patentee may surrender his patent without costs should he
+so elect. But should the patentee determine to stand trial, he shall
+plead to such information within twenty days, denying the allegations
+of the informer, on which the trial shall proceed in its regular order
+on the calendar, and the patentee, if found wilfully and knowingly a
+monopolizer of the public rights, shall suffer costs and the
+reasonable expenses and counsel fee of the informer. And if such
+inventor shall make oath he has not been enabled to examine the proofs
+on which the informer relies to rescind his patent, he shall be
+allowed such further time as the court having jurisdiction may
+prescribe. And the court may make an order to the informer to exhibit
+fully his evidence of priority of invention, and no other evidence
+than has been exhibited to the inventor excepting rebutting, shall be
+introduced on the trial to rescind the patent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 7. The Commissioner of Patents shall collect and keep in the
+Patent Office all the scientific works published and useful for
+references, and pay the expenses of the same from the patent fund. But
+the Commissioner shall not subscribe for more than three copies of any
+publication for the use of the office as aforesaid out of the Patent
+Fund.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 8. The application of any known machinery or matter of
+combination of machinery, or matter to new purposes or old purposes
+after a new method, or any means by which useful results are to be
+more advantageously produced than formerly, shall be the subject of a
+patent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 9. A method, plan, design, or any new and useful idea, which can
+be defined, shall be the subject of a patent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 10. A simple change of form shall not entitle any one to evade
+the patent of any inventor by a new patent.</p>
+
+<p>The above are the principal improvements desired by inventors. Some
+think it not well to ask for all they want at once, but we think
+differently, for it will be said hereafter, when new amendments are
+desired, 'Gentlemen, you petitioned for the very provisions you now
+seek to have annulled. Your own committee was here at Washington
+assenting.' What answer will there be to this? None can be made
+without confusion of face for having over assented to a wrong.</p>
+
+<p>We do not desire to censure the committee charged with the mission to
+Washington.&mdash;They have thought to act prudently and for the greatest
+good. We differ only on the real expediency of the case. We do not
+believe that such men as Benton, Calhoun, and other kindred spirits,
+ask or desire anything but what they think is right.</p>
+
+<p>They will not sacrifice their reputation against a body of men to whom
+the Republic owe so much, and who have so long suffered in silence.
+The law as it now stands, is an improvement on the former law, and
+considering how low was the state of morals in former times respecting
+inventors, such sentiments as have been advanced by Judge Woodbury,
+and which are in spirit the same as the above, are destined ultimately
+to prevail. And those who choose to record their names in opposition
+are free to do so, as are also the tribe of persecutors who in all
+ages have stoned the prophets.</p>
+
+<p>The principle endeavored to be followed throughout, is that of the
+common and statutes laws respecting the rights to real property. It
+may tend to create litigation, as to claims which are now refused
+entirely, but if no litigation or less is the grand desideratum, why
+not establish a dictatorship at once? The <span class="smcap">ipse dixit</span> of one man will
+then prevent all argument. But the rights of property and jury trial
+in all cases are ours by the constitution&mdash;and equally are we entitled
+by the constitution to the pursuit of happiness and wealth in &aelig;rial
+regions as on the common earth&mdash;and if we may not be divested of our
+other property without certain laws and a fair jury trial, why should
+we be of patent property? And if patent agents presume to beguile
+honest inventors, why should they not be held responsible? They may
+refuse to back their operation by a guaranty, but then the inventor
+has a right to know it, and to know he has a remedy, should they do so
+improperly. The Clerk of one of our Courts guarantied the searches of
+one of his Clerks as to a piece of real property, and had to pay some
+ten thousand dollars, and why should it not be so.</p>
+
+<p>When a tailor makes a coat he warrants it to fit, and when a surgeon
+sets a leg unscientifically he is also responsible in damages to his
+patient, and as is an attorney for negligent practice. Holding
+examiners responsible will leave the patent office open to the filing
+of new claims at the same time that it will prevent a world of
+litigation, favoritism and corruption.</p>
+
+<p>We are not striking at our present worthy Commissioner, Mr. Burke. We
+are friendly to him. But the more honest a man may be, the sooner will
+he find himself displaced, if the office he holds may be used to grasp
+a vast amount of patronage and property.'</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Advertisements" id="Advertisements"></a>ADVERTISEMENTS.</h2>
+
+<p><img src="images/hand.png" width="43" height="25" alt="logo" title="" />
+This paper circulates in every State in the
+Union, and is seen principally by mechanics and manufacturers. Hence
+it may be considered the best medium of advertising, for those who
+import or manufacture machinery, mechanics tools, or such wares and
+materials as are generally used by those classes. The few
+advertisements in this paper are regarded with much more attention
+than those in closely printed dailies.</p>
+
+<p>Advertisements are inserted in this paper at the following rates:</p>
+
+<table summary="prices" width="60%">
+<tr><td>One square, of eight lines</td>
+<td>one insertion,</td>
+<td class="tdr">$ 0 50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+<td>two&nbsp;do.,</td>
+<td class="tdr">75</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+<td>three&nbsp;do.,</td>
+<td class="tdr">1 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+<td>one month,</td>
+<td class="tdr">1 25</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+<td>three&nbsp;do.,</td>
+<td class="tdr">3 75</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+<td>six&nbsp;do.,</td>
+<td class="tdr">7 50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+<td>twelve&nbsp;do.,</td>
+<td class="tdr">15 00</td></tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<h4>TERMS:&mdash;CASH IN ADVANCE.</h4>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<h4>GENERAL AGENTS</h4>
+
+<h5>FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.</h5>
+
+<table summary="general" width="50%">
+<tr><td>New York City,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Geo. Dexter</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>New York City,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Wm. Taylor &amp; Co.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Boston,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Messrs. Hotchkiss &amp; Co.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Philadelphia,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Messrs. Colon &amp; Adriance.</span></td></tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+
+<h4>LOCAL AGENTS.</h4>
+
+<table summary="local" width="50%">
+<tr><td>Albany,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Peter Cook.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Baltimore, Md.,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">S. Sands.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cabotville, Mass.,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">E. F. Brown.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hartford, Ct.,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">E. H. Bowers.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lynn, Mass.,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">J. E. F. Marsh.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Middletown, Ct.,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Wm. Woodward.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Norwich, Ct.,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Safford &amp; Parks.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>New Haven, Ct.,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">E. Downes.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>New Bedford, Mass.,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Wm. Robinson &amp; Co.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Newark, N.J.</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">J. L. Agens.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Patterson, N.J.,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">L. Garside.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Providence, R.I.,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">H. &amp; J. S. Rowe.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Springfield, Mass.,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Wm. B. Brocket.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Salem, Mass.,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">L. Chandler.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Troy, N.Y.,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">A. Smith.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Taunton. Mass.,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">W. P. Seaver.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Worcester, Mass.,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">S. Thompson.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Boston,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Jordon &amp; Wiley.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Newark, N. J.,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Robert Rashaw.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Williamsburgh,</td>
+<td><span class="smcap">J. C. Gander.</span></td></tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+
+<h4>TRAVELLING AGENTS.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">O. D. Davis, John Stoughton, John Murray, Sylvester
+Dierfenorf.</span></p>
+
+<h4>CITY CARRIERS.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Clark Selleck, Squire Selleck, Nathan Selleck.</span></p>
+
+<p>Persons residing in the city of Brooklyn, can have the paper left at
+their residences regularly, by sending their address to the office,
+128 Fulton st., 2d. floor.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><b>AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PATENT AGENCY,</b></h2>
+
+<h5>No. 23 Chambers street, New York.</h5>
+
+<p>JOSEPH H. BAILEY, Engineer and Agent for procuring Patents, will
+prepare all the necessary Specifications, Drawings, &amp;c. for applicants
+for Patents, in the United States or Europe. Having the experience of
+a number of years in the business, and being connected with a
+gentleman of high character and ability in England, he has facilities
+for enabling inventors to obtain their Patents at home or abroad, with
+the least expense and trouble.</p>
+
+<p>The subscriber, being practically acquainted with all the various
+kinds of Drawing used, is able to represent Machinery, Inventions, or
+Designs of any kind, either by Authographic Drawing, or in
+Isometrical, Parallel, or True Perspective, at any angle best
+calculated to show the construction of the Machinery of Design
+patented.</p>
+
+<p>To those desiring Drawings or Specifications, Mr. B. has the pleasure
+of referring to Gen. Wm. Gibbs McNiel, Civil Engineer, Prof. Renwick,
+Columbia College, Prof. Morse, Jno. Lee.</p>
+
+<p>Residence, No. 10 Carroll Place; office, No.<br />
+Chambers street.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;oct10 tf</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>BLACK LEAD POTS!&mdash;The subscriber offers for sales, in lots to suit
+purchasers, a superior article of BLACK LEAD POTS, that can be used
+without annealing. The price is low, and founders are requested to
+make a trial. SAMUEL C. HILLS,</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;45to2ndv6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Patent Agent, 12 Platt street.</p>
+<br />
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<h4>STATE OF NEW YORK.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Secretary's Office, Albany</span>, July 24, 1846.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>To the Sheriff of the City and County of New York: Sir&mdash;Notice is
+hereby given, that at the next General Election, to be held on the
+Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November next, the following
+officers are to be elected, to wit:&mdash;A Governor and Lieutenant
+Governor of this State. 2 Canal Commissioners, to supply the place of
+Jonas Earll, junior, and Stephen Clark, whose terms of office will
+expire on the last day of December next. A Senator for the First
+Senatorial District, to supply the vacancy which will accrue by the
+expiration of the term of service of John A. Lott on the last day of
+December next. A Representative in the 30th Congress of the United
+States for the Third Congressional District, consisting of the 1st,
+2d, 3d, 4th and 5th Wards of the City of New York. Also a
+Representative in the said Congress for the Fourth Congressional
+District, consisting of the 6th, 7th, 10th and 13th Wards of said
+City. Also a Representative in the said Congress for the Fifth
+Congressional District, consisting of the 8th, 9th and 14th Wards of
+said city. And also a Representative in the said Congress for the
+Sixth Congressional District, consisting of the 11th, 12th, 15th,
+16th, 17th and 18th Wards of said City.</p>
+
+<p>Also the following officers for the said County, to wit: 16 Members of
+Assembly, a Sheriff in the place of William Jones, whose term of
+service will expire on the last day of December next. A County Clerk
+in the place of James Connor, whose term of service will expire on the
+last day of December next, and a Coroner in the place of Edmund G.
+Rawson, whose term of service will expire on the last day of December
+next.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 6em;">Yours, respectfully,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;N. S. BENTON, Secretary of State.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">sheriff's office</span>, New York, August 3d, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>The above is published pursuant to the notice of the Secretary of
+State and the requirements of the statute in such case made and
+provided for.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">WM. JONES, Sheriff
+of the City and County of New York.</p>
+
+<p><img src="images/hand.png" width="43" height="25"
+alt="hand" title="" />All the public newspapers in the County will
+publish the above once in each week until election, and then hand in
+their bills so that they may be laid before the Board of Supervisors,
+and passed for payment.</p>
+
+<p>See Revised Statutes, vol. 1, chap. vi. title 3d, article
+3d&mdash;part 1st, page 140.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;aug18</p>
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h4><b>BRASS FOUNDRY.</b></h4>
+
+<p>JAMES KENNEARD &amp; CO. respectfully inform their friends and the public
+that they are prepared to furnish all orders for Brass and Composition
+Castings, and finishing in general at the shortest possible notice.</p>
+
+<p>N.B. All orders for Rail Road, Factory and Steamboat work from any
+distance, will be thankfully received and attended to with despatch
+and on reasonable terms.</p>
+
+<p><img src="images/hand.png" width="43" height="25"
+alt="hand" title="" />Patterns made to order.
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">JAMES KENNEARD &amp; CO.</span>
+oct. 10 3m*27 1-2 Chrystie st. New York.</p>
+
+<p><img src="images/hand.png" width="43" height="25"
+alt="hand" title="" />NOTICE&mdash;R. C. WETMORE &amp; CO. RETURN their thanks
+to the Fire Department &amp; Police, for the zealous exertions used by
+them in saving the property in the store No. 85 Water street, at the
+fire this evening.</p>
+
+<p>R. C. Wetmore &amp; Co. desire especially to acknowledge the aid of his
+honor the Mayor, in preserving their books and papers.</p>
+
+<p>Tuesday Night.</p>
+
+<p>PROSPER M. WETMORE, Navy Agent, begs to return his grateful
+acknowledgment to his Honor the Mayor, the members of the Fire
+Department, and Municipal Police, for the assistance rendered him in
+saving all the books and papers of the Navy Agency from the fire this
+evening, Tuesday night.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">NOTICE.</p>
+
+<p>The Office of the Navy Agent is removed for the present to the back
+office of the store No. 11 Broad street.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 6em;">PROSPER M. WETMORE, Navy Agent.<br />
+<img src="images/hand.png" width="43" height="25"
+alt="hand" title="" />All city papers please copy, and send bill.<br />
+o10 3t</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>NEW IMPROVEMENT.&mdash;M. H. Mansfield, of Mifflintown, Juniata Co.,
+Pennsylvania, has invented a new CLOVER HULLING MACHINE, which is one
+of the best inventions of the kind now in use. This machine will hull
+forty bushels of seed per day. Persons wishing to manufacture them can
+procure the right on moderate terms from the inventor. For further
+particulars, address.</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">MARTIN H. MANSFIELD,<br />
+oct.3 3t*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mifflintown, Juniata Co. Pa.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>COPPER SMITH!&mdash;The subscriber takes this method of informing the
+public that he is manufacturing Copper Work of every description.
+Particular attention is given to making and repairing LOCOMOTIVE
+tubes. Those at a distance, can have any kind of work made to
+drawings, and may ascertain costs, &amp;c., by addressing L. R. BAILEY,<br />
+"cor. of West and Franklin sts., N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>N.B.&mdash;Work shipped to any part of the country.</p>
+
+<p>45to2dv18*</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+
+<h3><b>ELECTRICITY.</b></h3>
+
+<p>SMITH'S CELEBRATED TORPEDO, OR VIBRATING
+ELECTRO MAGNETIC MACHINE<br />
+&mdash;This instrument differs from those in ordinary use, by having a
+third connection with the battery, rendering them much more powerful
+and beneficial. As a <span class="smcap">curious Electrical Machine</span>, they should be in the
+possession of every one, while their wonderful efficacy as a medical
+agent, renders them invaluable. They are used with extraordinary
+success, for the following maladies.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rheumatism</span>&mdash;Palsy, curvature of the Spine, Chronic Diseases,
+Tic-doloureaux, Paralysis Tubercula of the brain, heart, liver,
+spleen, kidneys, sick-headache.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Toothache</span>&mdash;St Vitus dance, Epilepsy, Fevers, diseases of the eye,
+nose, antrum, throat, muscles, cholera, all diseases of the skin,
+face, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Deafness</span>&mdash;Loss of voice, Bronchitis, Hooping cough.</p>
+
+<p>These machines are perfectly simple and conveniently managed. The
+whole apparatus is contained in a little box 8 inches long, by 4 wide
+and deep. They may be easily sent to any part of the United States. To
+be had at the office of the Scientific American, 128 Fulton st, 2nd
+floor, (Sun building) where they may be seen IN OPERATION, at all
+times of the day and evening.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>GOLD PENS!!&mdash;In consequence of the increased facility afforded by
+machinery for the manufacture of my GOLD PENS, I am enabled to furnish
+them to the Trade, at a much less price than they have heretofore
+obtained them through my Agent.</p>
+
+<p>Those purchasing direct of the manufacturer will have the double
+advantage of the lowest market price, and the privilege of returning
+those that are imperfect. In connection with the above, I am
+manufacturing the usual style of PENHOLDER, together with my PATENT
+EXTENSION PENHOLDER with PENCIL. All orders thankfully received, and
+punctually attended to.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A. G. BAGLEY,</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;sept. 25 tf&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;189 Broadway, N. Y.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h4><b>Engraving on Wood</b></h4>
+
+<p>NEATLY AND PROMPTLY EXECUTED AT the Office of the Scientific American,
+128 Fulton st, three doors from the Sun Office. Designs, DRAWINGS of
+all kinds for PATENTS, &amp;c., also made, as above, at very low
+charges.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 317px;">
+<img src="images/p8illo1.png" width="317" height="111"
+alt="CURIOUS ARTS" title="" /></div>
+<br />
+
+<h2><a name="Labor_to_make_a_Watch" id="Labor_to_make_a_Watch"></a>
+<b>Labor to make a Watch.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Mr. Dent, in a lecture delivered before the London Royal Institute,
+made an allusion to the formation of a watch, and stated that a watch
+consists of 992 pieces; and that 40 trades, and probably 215 persons
+are employed in making one of these little machines. The iron of which
+the balance wheel is formed, is valued at something less than a
+farthing; this produces an ounce of steel, worth 4 1-2 pence, which is
+drawn into 2,250 yards of steel wire, and represents in the market,
+13<i>l.</i> 3<i>s.</i>; but still another process of hardening this originally a
+farthing's worth of iron, renders it workable into 7,050 balance
+springs, which will realize, at the common price, of 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d</i> each
+746<i>l</i>. 5<i>s</i>, the effect of labor alone. Thus it may be seen that the
+mere labor bestowed upon one farthing's worth of iron, gives it the
+value of 950<i>l.</i> 5<i>s</i>, or $4,552, which is 75,680 times its original
+value.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Mule_Boats" id="Mule_Boats"></a>
+<b>Mule Boats.</b></h2>
+
+<p>This kind of conveyance is, we believe, peculiar to the Illinois
+River, for we never remember to have seen one belonging to any other
+stream. A year or two since, we were perfectly astonished at beholding
+the first one that ever arrived in this port; but now they are as
+common as the species usually termed <i>broad horns</i>, and their
+appearance creates about as much surprise and curiosity among the more
+aristocratic order of steam and sail. A genuine mule boat is not
+unlike an ocean steamer, as they are susceptible of being propelled
+both by steam and wind; with this difference, the mule-boat steam is
+generated upon the tread-mill plan, and by the united exertions of
+some half dozen quadrupeds, generally of the long-eared kind. To this
+treading or pulling apparatus are attached cylinder, pitt-man,
+boilers, &amp;c., in the shape of some three or more cog-wheels, and
+immediately connected with them is a couple of shafts, which give a
+rotary motion to a couple of water-wheels, one on each side, and which
+usually propel a keel about 100 feet in length, and of about 75 tons
+burthen; over it is a roof and covering, usually called a cargo box,
+to protect the inside from the weather, and the whole making an
+appearance similar to an Ohio river keel boat, with the exception of a
+space left her to operate in. The difficulty and danger attending the
+management of a boat propelled by steam, is upon the mule boat
+entirely dispensed with.</p>
+
+<p>There is no firing up, or blowing up; all that is necessary, when
+wishing to commence a journey, is to start, and when tired of going,
+all that is to be done is to stop the mules; in giving a lick ahead,
+they are all made to bounce at once, and in giving a lick back, they
+are turned around and made to pull the other way: and should the wind
+prove favorable, by means of a mast, with which they are all
+provided, sails can be hoisted, and the the double power of mules and
+wind be put in requisition. This description of boat is getting to be
+quite fashionable on the Illinois and tributaries, and some two or
+three extend their trips to this city. They are a great benefit in low
+water, as they are of exceeding light draught, and the running of them
+is attended with but trifling expense. We learn that several new ones
+are in a state of completion, on the line of the Illinois, intended as
+regular traders up the Sangamon river, and from the head of navigation
+on the Illinois to this city. There is nothing like enterprise, or a
+mule boat on the Illinois, in a low stage of water, to get
+along.&mdash;[St. Louis New Era.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Discovery_of_Glass" id="Discovery_of_Glass"></a>
+<b>Discovery of Glass.</b></h2>
+
+<p>'As some merchants,' says Pliny, 'were carrying nitre, they stopped
+near a river which issues from Mount Carmel. As they could not readily
+find stones to rest their kettles on, they used for this purpose some
+of these pieces of nitre. The fire, which gradually dissolved the
+nitre, and mixed it with the sand, occasioned a transparent matter to
+flow, which in fact was nothing less than glass.'</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Pumping" id="Pumping"></a>
+<b>Pumping the water out of Lake Michigan.</b></h2>
+
+<p>It is well known to our readers that, by an arrangement with the
+English bond holders, the State of Illinois has given over to them the
+unfinished canal, from the waters of Lake Michigan, at Chicago, to the
+Illinois river.&mdash;They are about completing it, but the principal
+difficulty now is, to supply it with water, owing to the level of the
+lake being <i>eight</i> feet below the bottom of the canal. To overcome
+this, the present company, after various propositions, finally
+bethought themselves of raising the water of the lake, so as to supply
+the canal. They went to Messrs. Knapp &amp; Totten, of this city, and
+furnished them with a data to calculate whether it could be done, and
+what force and what machinery would accomplish it. These gentlemen
+soon furnished an answer to build some powerful machinery for that
+purpose,&mdash;a steam engine and <i>eight</i> pumps of four and a half bore and
+six feet stroke. We are glad to hear that this eminently scientific
+firm have been selected to execute this order. Their shop and
+mechanical force are not excelled by any establishment in the United
+States.&mdash;[Pittsburg Gaz.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="The_Self-Regulating_Ventilator" id="The_Self-Regulating_Ventilator"></a>
+<b>The Self-Regulating Ventilator.</b></h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 334px;">
+<img src="images/p24illo1.png" width="334" height="266"
+alt="ventilator" title="" /></div>
+
+<p>Explanation:&mdash;This is a cheap and simple but scientific apparatus for
+regulating the air-vent of a common, cheap stove, according to the
+temperature of the atmosphere in the room in which it is located. The
+draught door is a plain iron door, hung by a common hinge joint at the
+upper end; and to the front of the hinge is attached a piece of brass
+wire, which extends vertically nearly to the top of the room, and is
+connected at B to a horizontal brass wire C D. This is the only
+apparatus required, but must be so adjusted as to allow the door to be
+closed, or nearly so, when the temperature is about right. If the
+temperature rises above that point, the horizontal wire will
+immediately expand so as to allow the door to close. But as soon as
+the temperature begins to fail, the wire contracts and opens the vent.
+On this principle the apparatus will readily find a medium, and there
+remain, varying only occasionally to accommodate itself to the
+variations of the quantity of fuel in the stove. The entire expense of
+this apparatus, exclusive of the stove, will not exceed 50 cents. It
+is generally conceded that a large portion of cases of colds, coughs,
+&amp;c. are occasioned by irregularities of the temperature of
+sitting-rooms but with this plan of regulation this evil may be
+avoided without any material expense.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="New_Paper_Mill" id="New_Paper_Mill"></a>
+<b>New Paper Mill.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Mr. C. C. P. Moses has erected a line brick building, 75 by 38 feet,
+three stories high, on the site of the old foundry, at Dover, N. H.,
+$12,000 to $15,000. The rooms are constructed and furnished in a
+complete manner for carrying on the paper making business in all its
+departments. The works are nearly completed, and will be in operation
+in five or six weeks.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="New_Mill_at_Lowell" id="New_Mill_at_Lowell"></a>
+<b>New Mill at Lowell.</b></h2>
+
+<p>The Merrimack Company have in progress of erection the largest mill in
+Lowell, and which is calculated to employ from 300 to 400 operatives.
+The building is nearly finished, and the machinery is to embrace the
+latest improvements in this or any other country.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Machine_Shop" id="Machine_Shop"></a>
+<b>Machine Shop.</b></h2>
+
+<p>A new machine shop is about commencing operation in Norwich: about
+half a mile northeast from the railroad depot. The building is 100 by
+40 feet, and is calculated to employ 60 hands in the manufacture of
+steam engines and manufacturing machinery. The work at this shop will
+be finished in the best style and at moderate prices.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Ornamental_Kites" id="Ornamental_Kites"></a>
+<b>Ornamental Kites.</b></h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 313px;">
+<img src="images/p24illo2.png" width="313" height="240"
+alt="Ornamental_Kites" title="" /></div>
+
+<p>This month being considered as one of the best for flying kites, we
+may indulge our young friends with an article on that subject. The
+principle on which kites are made to ascend by the action of the wind,
+is too well understood, even by children, to require explanation. We
+shall merely introduce and describe some fancy models of kites, which
+are not often seen. The pattern, fig. 1, which is the figure called a
+star, is very easily made. The frame consists simply of the strips, or
+rods of light wood; spruce timber, willow twig's&mdash;and interlocked, as
+shown in the cut; so that each rod shall pass alternately over and
+under the other rods at each intersection. These rods being lashed
+together at the points, the whole frame is covered with white or
+yellow paper, and the twine is attached to three of the angles of the
+star.</p>
+
+<p>The eagle, fig. 2, is but little more difficult; a rod extends from
+the beak to the tail, and is crossed by another which extends from tip
+to tip of the wings. The rods being lashed together, a small thread is
+drawn from the place of the head of the eagle, to the two extremities
+of the wings, and thence to the leeward end of the centre rod. This
+thread should be white or light blue, and will not be visible when
+aloft; but the form of the eagle should be made of black, dark or
+brown paper. The paper eagle must be sewed to the several threads, and
+two or more threads may extend from the wings to the centre rod to
+support the feathers of the wings. The eagle kite appears curious,
+but is not so elegant as</p>
+
+<p>The Rose, fig. 3. To construct this figure there must be four light
+rods of wood, made to cross each other in the centre, being there
+lashed together, and thus constituting eight arms. From the end of
+each arm, a thin strip of light wood or reed, is bent in a curved form
+to the next arm on either side: the bow being lashed to the arms. This
+frame is covered with white paper, which is to be afterward colored
+with rose color, with the yellow centre. The twine must be fastened to
+four of the arms, and the tail of the kite should be covered with
+green paper, which by the contrast, will have a pleasing effect.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Rochester_Edge_Tools_in_England" id="Rochester_Edge_Tools_in_England"></a>
+<b>Rochester Edge Tools in England.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Some time since, a Mr. Ash, an extensive manufacturer of Mechanics'
+Tools at Sheffield, England, sent to this country for patterns of the
+latest improvements, and amongst the rest, ordered a variety from
+Messrs. Barton &amp; Belden of Rochester, which were promptly forwarded.
+On their arrival there, it seems that their make gave such universal
+satisfaction, that they were immediately copied, and the fact that
+they came from this country made prominent, by stamping upon them
+'Rochester Pattern.'</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="An_Animal_Curiosity" id="An_Animal_Curiosity"></a>
+<b>An Animal Curiosity.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Travellers state that there is on the island of St. Luce a cavern, in
+which is a large basin twelve or fifteen feet deep, at the bottom of
+which are rocks. From these rocks proceed certain substances that
+present at first, sight beautiful flowers, but on the approach of a
+hand or instrument, retire like a snail, out of sight! On examination,
+there appears in the middle of a disk, filaments resembling spiders'
+legs, which moved briskly round a kind of petal. The filaments, or
+legs, have pincers to seize their prey, when the petals close, so that
+it cannot escape. Under this flower is the body of an animal, and it
+is probable he lives on the marine insects thrown by the sea into his
+basin.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The first clock that ever measured time was made for the Caliph of
+Bagdad. This art was afterwards lost for several centuries.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Skate_Runners" id="Skate_Runners"></a>
+<b>Skate Runners.</b></h2>
+
+<p>At Drontheim, in Norway, they have a regiment of soldiers, called
+Skate Runners. They wear leg gaiters for travelling in deep snow, and
+green uniform. They carry a short sword, a rifle fastened by a broad
+strap passing over the shoulder, and a climbing staff seven feet long,
+with a spike in the end. They move so fast in the snow that no cavalry
+can overtake them, and it does little good to fire cannon balls at
+them, as they go two or three hundred feet apart. They are very useful
+soldiers in following an enemy on a march. They go over marshes,
+rivers and lakes at a great rate.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Peach_Wine" id="Peach_Wine"></a>
+<b>A Receipt to make Peach Wine.</b></h2>
+
+<p>Take four or five bushels of ripe juicy peaches, mash or bruise them
+in a tub, and pour them into a barrel, large enough to contain them,
+and place it in a cool place. At the bottom of the barrel, before
+putting in the peaches, some clean straw must be placed to prevent the
+pumice from filling up the spigot. The head of the barrel must be
+covered. In about three days the Peach Wine is ready for use. Draw it
+off, from the spigot, and if care and attention have been adopted, a
+delicious beverage will be produced.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h2><a name="Novel_Enterprise" id="Novel_Enterprise"></a>
+<b>A Novel Enterprise.</b></h2>
+
+<p>An expedition, which promises the most important results both to
+science and commerce is at this moment fitting out in England, for the
+purpose of navigating some of the more important unexplored rivers in
+South America It is to be under the command of Lord Ranelagh. Several
+noblemen and gentlemen have already volunteered to accompany his
+lordship, and the enterprising and scientific band, it is said, will
+sail as soon as the necessary arrangements shall be completed.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+<h3>THE NEW YORK</h3>
+
+<h2><a name="New_York_Scientific_American" id="New_York_Scientific_American"></a>
+<b>SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN:</b></h2>
+
+<h4><i>Published Weekly at 128 Fulton Street., (Sun Building,) New York.</i></h4>
+
+<h4>BY MUNN &amp; COMPANY.</h4>
+
+<p>The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is the Advocate of Industry and Journal of
+Mechanical and other Improvements: as such its contents are probably
+more varied and interesting, than those of any other weekly newspaper
+in the United States, and certainly more useful. It contains as much
+interesting Intelligence as six ordinary daily papers, while for <i>real
+benefit</i>, it is unequalled by any thing yet published. Each number
+regularly contains from THREE to SIX ORIGINAL ENGRAVINGS, illustrated
+by NEW INVENTIONS, American and Foreign,&mdash;SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES and
+CURIOSITIES,&mdash;Notices of the progress of Mechanical and other
+Scientific Improvements, Scientific Essays on the principles of the
+Sciences of MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY and ARCHITECTURE,&mdash;Catalogues of
+American Patents,&mdash;INSTRUCTION in various ARTS and TRADES, <i>with
+engravings</i>,&mdash;Curious Philosophical Experiments,&mdash;the latest RAIL
+ROAD INTELLIGENCE in EUROPE and AMERICA,&mdash;Valuable information on the
+Art of GARDENING, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>This paper is especially entitled to the patronage of MECHANICS and
+MANUFACTURERS, being devoted to the interests of those classes. It is
+particularly useful to FARMERS, as it will not only apprise them of
+IMPROVEMENTS in AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, but INSTRUCT them in various
+MECHANICAL TRADES, and guard against impositions. As a FAMILY
+NEWSPAPER, it will convey more USEFUL Intelligence to children and
+young people, than five times its cost in school instruction.</p>
+
+<p>Being published in QUARTO FORM, it is conveniently adapted to
+PRESERVATION and BINDING.</p>
+
+<p>TERMS.&mdash;The Scientific American is sent to subscribers in the country
+at the rate of $2 a year, ONE DOLLAR IN ADVANCE, the remainder in 6
+months. Persons desiring to subscribe, have only to enclose the amount
+in a letter, directed to</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 10em;">MUNN &amp; COMPANY,</p>
+
+<p>Publishers of the Scientific American, New York.</p>
+
+<p><img src="images/hand.png" width="43" height="25"
+alt="hand" title="" />Specimen copies sent when desired. All letters
+must be POST PAID.</p>
+<br /><br />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American magazine Vol 2.
+No. 3 Oct 10 1846, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, OCT 10, 1846 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 29411-h.htm or 29411-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/4/1/29411/
+
+Produced by David T. Jones and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Canada Team at http://www.pgdpcanada.net
+Images generously provided by "Making of America" Cornell
+University.
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/29411-h/images/banneriss3.png b/29411-h/images/banneriss3.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ba4f9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411-h/images/banneriss3.png
diff --git a/29411-h/images/hand.png b/29411-h/images/hand.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5dd19d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411-h/images/hand.png
diff --git a/29411-h/images/p17illo1.png b/29411-h/images/p17illo1.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b27376
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411-h/images/p17illo1.png
diff --git a/29411-h/images/p18illo1.png b/29411-h/images/p18illo1.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b270837
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411-h/images/p18illo1.png
diff --git a/29411-h/images/p20illo1.png b/29411-h/images/p20illo1.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ad9079
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411-h/images/p20illo1.png
diff --git a/29411-h/images/p20illo2.png b/29411-h/images/p20illo2.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bde91f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411-h/images/p20illo2.png
diff --git a/29411-h/images/p21illo1.png b/29411-h/images/p21illo1.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf8d967
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411-h/images/p21illo1.png
diff --git a/29411-h/images/p21illo2.png b/29411-h/images/p21illo2.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95bf2ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411-h/images/p21illo2.png
diff --git a/29411-h/images/p22illo1.png b/29411-h/images/p22illo1.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..118e05d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411-h/images/p22illo1.png
diff --git a/29411-h/images/p24illo1.png b/29411-h/images/p24illo1.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..541d31a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411-h/images/p24illo1.png
diff --git a/29411-h/images/p24illo2.png b/29411-h/images/p24illo2.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a197bc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411-h/images/p24illo2.png
diff --git a/29411-h/images/p8illo1.png b/29411-h/images/p8illo1.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a252f11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411-h/images/p8illo1.png
diff --git a/29411.txt b/29411.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d469527
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3056 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American magazine Vol 2. No. 3
+Oct 10 1846, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Scientific American magazine Vol 2. No. 3 Oct 10 1846
+       The Advocate of Industry and Journal of Scientific,
+       Mechanical and Other Improvements
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Rufus Porter
+
+Release Date: July 14, 2009 [EBook #29411]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, OCT 10, 1846 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David T. Jones and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Canada Team at http://www.pgdpcanada.net
+Images generously provided by "Making of America" Cornell
+University.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE NEW YORK
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN:
+
+_Published Weekly at 128 Fulton Street,
+(Sun Building,) New York._
+
+BY MUNN & COMPANY.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+RUFUS PORTER, EDITOR.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+TERMS.--$2 a year--$1 in advance, and the remainder in 6 months.
+
+[Illustration: hand pointing right] _See Advertisement on last page._
+
+
+=The New Roman Road.=
+
+[The present Pope has given his consent to build railroads in his
+dominions, which the former Pope was averse to. The following lines
+are predicated on his consent.]
+
+    Ancient Romans, ancient Romans--
+    Cato, Scipio Africanus,
+    Ye whose fame's eclips'd by no man's,
+    Publius AEmilianus,
+    Sylla, Marius, Pompey, Caesar,
+    Fabius, dilatory teaser,
+    Coriolanus, and ye Gracchi
+    Who gave so many a foe a black eye,
+    Antony, Lepidus, and Crassus;
+    And you, ye votaries of Parnassus,
+    Virgil, and Horace, and Tibullus,
+    Terence and Juvenal, Catullus,
+    Martial, and all ye wits beside,
+    On Pegasus expert to ride;
+    Numa, good king, surnamed Pampilius,
+    And Tullus, eke 'yclept Hostilius--
+    Kings, Consuls, Imperators, Lictors,
+    Praetors, the whole world's former victors,
+    Who sleep by yellow Tiber's brink;
+    Ye mighty names--what d'ye think?
+    The Pope has sanctioned Railway Bills!
+    And so the lofty Aventine,
+    And your six other famous hills
+    Will soon look down upon a 'Line.'
+    Oh! if so be that hills could turn
+    Their noses up, with gesture antic,
+    Thus would the seven deride and spurn
+    A Roman work so unromantic:
+    'Was this the ancient Roman Way.
+
+      With tickets taken, fares to pay,
+    Stockers and Engineers, perhaps--
+    Nothing more likely--English chaps
+    Brawling away, 'Go on!' for Ito,
+    And 'Cut along!' instead of Cito;
+    The engine letting off its steam,
+    With puff and whistle, snort and scream;
+    A smell meanwhile, like burning clothes,
+    Flouting the angry Roman nose?
+    Is it not Conscript Fathers shocking?
+    Does it not seem your mem'ry mocking?
+    The Roman and the Railway station--
+    What an incongruous combination!
+    How odd, with no one to adore him,
+      Terminus--and in the Forum!'--[Punch.
+
+
+=Good Advice.=
+
+Somebody lays down the following rules to young men in business. They
+will apply equally well to young and old. 'Let the business of every
+one alone, and attend to your own.--Don't buy what you don't want. Use
+every hour to advantage, and study even to make leisure hours useful.
+Think twice before you spend a shilling; remember you have another to
+make for it. Find recreation in looking after your business, and so
+your business will not be neglected in looking after recreation.--Buy
+fair, sell fair, take care of the profits; look over the books
+regularly, and if you find an error, trace it out. Should a stroke of
+misfortune come upon you in trade, retrench--work harder, but never
+fly the track; confront difficulties with unflinching perseverance,
+and they will disappear at last, and you will be honored; but shrink
+from the task, and you will be despised.'
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+In Russia, coffins are generally brown, but children have pink, grown
+up unmarried girls sky blue, while other females are indulged with a
+violet color.
+
+[Illustration: Barnum's Safety Apparatus]
+
+INTRODUCTION.--Much has been said of late in and about New York on the
+subject of the adoption by steamboat proprietors of some apparatus
+that will in some measure secure the passengers against such
+casualties as have occurred on board the Excelsior and several other
+boats. There have been a great variety of inventions introduced for
+the purpose of preventing explosions; but from the best information we
+can obtain on the subject, we are of the opinion that Mr. Barnum's
+apparatus takes a general preference over all others. It consists of
+an arrangement of machinery, partly within the boiler, and which is
+constructed on such a self-regulating principle as to keep up a supply
+of water within the boiler, without any attention from the engineer;
+and in case that the apparatus itself should become impaired or cease
+to operate regular, the engineer becomes instantly notified thereof.
+
+EXPLANATION.--It is inexpedient for us to give a full and minute
+description of the several points and peculiarities of the mechanism
+of this apparatus; but we may so far explain as to say that a
+horizontal lever inside of the boiler, being mounted on a pivot near
+its centre, and connected to a buoy or float at one end, as
+represented in the engraving, (a part of the surface of the boiler
+being omitted for that purpose, and not, as some might infer, to
+represent the apparatus attached to a boiler already burst by an
+explosion.) One of these floats is placed within a small enclosed box
+within the boiler, that it may be secure from the effect of foam which
+sometimes pervades the surface of the water in a steam boiler.--This
+lever, near its bearing, is connected to a short valve-rod, which
+governs the valves in a small valve-chamber, whereby the steam is
+occasionally admitted to operate a small steam engine, placed directly
+over the boiler; and this engine puts in motion a pump, by which the
+water in the boiler is replenished. This engine, it will be
+understood, is never put in operation except when the water in the
+boiler becomes too low: and when the water rises, the elevation of the
+encased float closes the valve and stops the engine. The ball on the
+end of the lever acts as a counterpoise to the float, (which is of
+stone) that it may be freely influenced by the rising or falling of
+the surface of the water.
+
+The small engine constructed by Mr. Barnum for this purpose, is well
+adapted to its place, and has several peculiarities whereby the
+valves, and consequent reciprocal motion of the engine are regulated
+without the use of a crank or fly-wheel: but of these we cannot at
+present give a minute description. The whole of this apparatus evinces
+much scientific ability of the inventor, Daniel Barnum, Esq., resident
+at present in this city, and who has received many certificates from
+the first scientific men in the Union, in commendation of his
+invention.
+
+
+=A Piggish Parvenue.=
+
+A proud porker, fancying that it was degrading to his dignity to root
+in the gutter, came upon the sidewalk, and full of his consequence,
+promenaded from morning till night, leaving his humbler companions to
+munch corn, husks and potatoe parings. He fared as people usually do,
+who from vanity assume a station they are not qualified to fill. In
+the gutter he would have lived in unnoticed enjoyment. On the walk he
+got kicked by every passenger and bitten by every cur, till hungry and
+bruised he was glad to return to his proper station.--[Ex, paper.
+
+
+=Wanting Workmen back Again.=
+
+The proprietors of the cotton mill in Schuylerville, N. Y., who
+reduced the wages of their hands, a week or two since, says the
+Schuylerville Herald, twenty-five per cent., are now, and have been
+for several days, endeavoring to induce them to return to their work,
+at the old wages; but they are too late, as most of them are engaged
+to work in other mills.
+
+
+=Hard Climbing.=
+
+A man in Orange county was found one night climbing an over-shot wheel
+in a fulling mill. He was asked what he was doing. He said he was
+'trying to go up to bed, but some how or other these stairs won't hold
+still.' There are many unlucky wights who are laboriously endeavoring
+to climb fortune's ladder on the same principle.
+
+
+=Power of Imagination.=
+
+An amusing incident recently occurred at Williams College, which is
+thus related by a correspondent of the Springfield Gazette:
+
+The professor of chemistry, while administering, in the course of his
+lectures, the protoxide of nitrogen, or, as it is commonly called,
+laughing gas, in order to ascertain how great an influence the
+imagination had in producing the effects consequent on respiring it,
+secretly filled the India rubber gas-bag with common air instead of
+gas. It was taken without suspicion, and the effects, if anything,
+were more powerful than upon those who had really breathed the pure
+gas. One complained that it produced nausea and dizziness, another
+immediately manifested pugilistic propensities, and before he could be
+restrained, tore in pieces the coat of one of the bystanders, while
+the third exclaimed, 'this is life. I never enjoyed it before.' The
+laughter that followed the exposure of this gaseous trick may be
+imagined.
+
+
+=True Policy.=
+
+Under all circumstances there is but one honest course; and that is,
+to do right and trust the consequences to Divine Providence. 'Duties
+are ours: events are God's.' Policy, with all her cunning, can devise
+no rule so safe, salutary and effective, as this simple maxim.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+Six thousand pounds of Saxony wool have been purchased in Pennsylvania,
+at sixty-two and a half cents per pound.
+
+
+A LIST OF PATENTS
+
+_Issued from the 20th of July to the 28th of July, 1846, inclusive._
+
+
+To M. W. Obenchain, of Springfield, Ohio, for improvement in Carding
+Machines. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To Russell Wildman, of Hartford, Ct., for improvement in Machinery for
+forming Hat Bodies. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To William Sherwood, of Ridgefield, Ct., for improvement in Carpet
+Looms. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To Richard Garsed, of Frankford, Pa., for improvement in Operating
+Treadle Cams in Looms for Tweeling. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To James Ives, of Hamden, Ct., for improvement in Locks for Carriage
+Doors. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To Jacob Peebles, of Concordia, La., for improvement in Brick
+Cisterns. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To Jacob Shermer, of New Valley, Md., for improvement in Winnowing
+Machines. Patented, 20th July, 1846.
+
+To George Levan, of Gap, Pa., for improvement in Doubling and Twisting
+and Reeling. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To Joseph Stevens, of Northumberland, N. Y., for improvement in
+Fences. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To James Boss, of Philadelphia, Pa., for improvement in Ever Pointed
+Pencils. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To Richard C. Holmes and Jonathan J. Springer, of Cape May C. H., N.
+J., for improvement in Machinery for Steering Vessels. Patented 20th
+July, 1846.
+
+To Daniel Hoats, of Mifflingburgh, Pa., for improvement in Threshing
+Machines. Patented 20th July, 1846.
+
+To Tappan Townsend, of Albany, N. Y., for improvement in Warming
+Railroad Cars.--Patented 24th July, 1846.
+
+To Elizur L. Booth, of Canandaigua, N. Y., for improvement in
+Threshing Machines. Patented 24th July, 1846.
+
+To Allen Eldred, of Oppenheim, N. Y., for improvement in Potatoe
+Ploughs. Patented 24th July, 1846.
+
+To Amos L. Reed, of Pittsburgh, Pa., for improvement in Feeding Nail
+Plates. Patented 24th July, 1846.
+
+To Joseph Greenleaf, of North Yarmouth, Me., for improvement in
+Washing Machines. Patented 24th July, 1846.
+
+To James Atwater, of New Haven, Ct., for improvement in Door Locks.
+Patented 24th July, 1846.
+
+To Richard Flint, of Meriden, Ct., for improvement in Rat-Tail Files.
+Patented 24th July, 1846.
+
+To Addison Smith, of Perrysburgh, Ohio, for improvement in Magnetic
+Fire Alarms.--Patented 24th July, 1846.
+
+To Charles F. Johnson, of Oswego, N. Y., for improvement in Turret
+Clocks. Patented 28th July, 1846.
+
+To H, D. Reynolds, of Mill-Hall, Pa., for improvement in Smut
+Machines. Patented 28th July, 1846.
+
+To Charles Edward Jacot, of New York City, for improvement in Lever
+Escapements. Patented 28th July, 1846.
+
+To Ross Winans, of Baltimore, Md., for improvement in Locomotive
+Carriages. Patented 28th July, 1846.
+
+To Jonathan Knowles, of Lowell, Mass., for improvement in Children's
+Chairs and Wagons. Patented 28th July, 1846.
+
+To Moses Miller, of Fort Ann, N. Y., for improvement in Sleighs.
+Patented 28th July, 1846.
+
+To William Hatch, of Medford, Mass., for improvement in Spike and Nail
+Machines.--Patented 28th July, 1846.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Variety]
+
+=Old Bachelors.=
+
+    They are wanderers and ramblers--never at home,
+    Making sure of a welcome wherever they roam.
+    And ev'ry one knows that the bachelor's den
+    Is a room set apart for these singular men--
+    A nook in the clouds, of some five feet by four,
+    Though sometimes, perchance, it may be rather more,
+    With skylight, or no light, ghosts, goblins and gloom,
+    And ev'ry where termed, 'The Bachelor's Room.'
+
+    These creatures, they say, are not valued at all,
+    Except when the herd give a Bachelor's ball.
+      Then drest in their best,
+      In their gold broidered vest,
+      It is known as a fact,
+      That they act with much tact,
+      And they lisp out 'How do?'
+      And they coo and they woo,
+      And they smile, for a while,
+      Their fair guests to beguile;
+      Condescending and bending,
+      For fear of offending,
+    Though inert,                       And they spy,
+    They exert,                         With their eye,
+    To be pert,                         And they sigh
+    And to flirt,                       As they fly.
+
+      And they whisk, and they whiz,
+      And are brisk, when they quiz.
+
+    For they meet,                      Advancing,
+    To be sweet,                        And glancing,
+    And are fleet,                      And dancing,
+    On their feet,                      And prancing.
+
+      Sliding and gliding with minuet pace,
+      Piroueting and setting with infinite grace.
+
+    And jumping,                        And racing,
+    And bumping,                        And chasing,
+    And stumping,                       And pacing,
+    And thumping,                       And lacing.
+
+    They are flittering and glittering, gallant and gay,
+    Yawning all the morning, and lounging all day,
+      But when he grows old,
+      And his sunshine is past,
+      Three score years being told,
+      Brings repentance at last.
+
+    He then becomes an odd old man:
+    His warmest friend's the frying pan;
+    He's fidgety, fretful and weary; in fine,
+    Loves nothing but self, and his dinner and wine.
+
+      He rates and he prates,
+      And reads the debates:
+
+    Despised by the men, and the women he hates.
+
+    Then prosing,                       And pouring,
+    And dozing,                         And snoring,
+    And cozing,                         And boring,
+    And nosing,                         And roaring,
+
+    Whene'er befalls in with a rabble,
+    His delight is to vapor and gabble.
+
+    He's gruffy,                        And musty,
+    And puffy,                          And tusty,
+    And stuffy,                         And rusty,
+    And huffy,                          And crusty,
+
+    He sits in his slippers, with back to the door,
+
+    Near freezing,                      And grumbling,
+    And wheezing,                       And mumbling,
+    And teazing,                        And stumbling,
+    And sneezing,                       And tumbling,
+
+    And curses the carpet, or nails in the floor.
+
+    Oft falling,                        Oft waking,
+    And bawling,                        And aching,
+    And sprawling,                      And quaking,
+    And crawling,                       And shaking,
+
+    His hand is unsteady: his stomach is sore,
+
+    He's railing,                       Uncheery,
+    And failing,                        And dreary,
+    And ailing,                         And teary,
+    Bewailing,                          And weary,
+
+      Groaning and moaning,
+      His selfishness owning.
+      Grieving and heaving,
+      Though nought is he leaving.
+      But pelf and ill health,
+      Himself and his wealth.
+
+    He sends for a doctor, to cure or to kill,
+    Who gives him advice, and offence, and a pill,
+    And drops him a hint about making his will,
+    As fretful antiquity cannot be mended,
+    The mis'rable life of a bachelor's ended.
+    Nobody misses him, nobody sighs,
+    Nobody grieves when the bachelor dies.
+
+
+=Wellman's Illustrated Botany.=
+
+We have received the October number of this incomparable work, and
+find it equal in all respects to its "illustrious predecessors." Among
+the flowers presented in full colors, by way of illustration, we
+notice the Scarlet Pimpernel, China Aster, Blue Hepatia, Cerus
+Speciosus, Agrimonia Eupatoria, besides several other sketches of
+buds, sections, &c. We esteem this work worth at least double the
+publishers' price,--$3 per annum. Published at 116 Nassau street.
+
+
+=Literary Emporium.=
+
+We have hitherto neglected to notice the September and October numbers
+of this serious, rational and elegant periodical. Each number is
+embellished with beautiful portraits, landscapes and flowers, and
+contains the most useful and interesting reading matter, as well as
+choice poetry and occasional music. Terms $1 per annum. By J. K.
+Wellman, 116 Nassau street.
+
+
+=A Delicate Compliment.=
+
+Washington was sometimes given to pleasantry. Journeying east on one
+occasion, attended by two of his aids, he asked some young ladies at a
+hotel where he breakfasted, how they liked the appearance of his young
+men! One of them promptly replied, 'We cannot judge of the STARS in
+the presence of the SUN!'
+
+
+=Fatal Deer Fight.=
+
+The skeleton heads of two deers, their antlers so closely interlocked
+that they cannot be disengaged without violence, were found about a
+month ago by a gentleman while hunting in Nassau county, East Florida.
+The ground for a quarter of an acre was completely cut up by their
+hoofs.
+
+
+=A Provoking Blunder.=
+
+The letter bags for the steamer Cambria, despatched from this city,
+and containing upwards of ten thousand letters for Europe, was taken
+from the Boston Post Office by a country stage driver, through
+mistake, and the Cambria was compelled to sail without them. They were
+returned to this city.
+
+
+=Curious Needlework.=
+
+A complete map of the State of Pennsylvania, wrought in lace--in which
+the town, counties, rivers, &c., are all distinctly shown, each county
+being worked in a style of lace different from those adjoining--is
+being exhibited in Baltimore, and commands much admiration.
+
+
+=The Credit System.=
+
+We infer, from certain polite hints and intimation, in the
+'Massachusetts Farmers' and Mechanics' Leger,' that that paper is
+circulated on trust. If so, the publishers are in no danger of wanting
+business for some years to come.
+
+
+=Charcoal Road.=
+
+The citizens of Yazoo, Miss., have determined to make a charcoal road
+over the valley swamp of that place. Sixty hands cutting timber will
+burn and spread the coal over two miles in thirty days--the
+embankments being already thrown up.
+
+
+=Quick Work.=
+
+The Baltimore Sun says--'A communication was made from _Buffalo to
+Baltimore_ last week, and an answer was received at the telegraph
+office in the former city in about _two hours_!'
+
+
+=Oregon Currency.=
+
+By an act of the Oregon Legislature, wheat is made a lawful tender, in
+payment of debts or taxes, at the market prices, when delivered at
+such places as it is customary for the merchants to receive it.
+
+
+=Suffering by Success.=
+
+It is reported that a gentleman congratulated Mr. Polk on having
+carried all his measures through Congress. Mr. Polk replied, 'Yes, I
+have carried all of them through, and am the weaker for the passage of
+each one of them.'
+
+
+=A Rich Ore.=
+
+The Detroit Advertiser, in an article upon the nature of the ores in
+the Lake Superior region, remarks that Messrs. Robbins and Hubbard, of
+that city, have recently assayed a specimen of native copper from Lake
+Superior, and found in 12 ounces of copper, not only 1-3/4 ounces of
+pure silver, but several grains of gold!
+
+
+=Musical.=
+
+The gross receipts of a late musical festival at Birmingham, amounted
+to $56,000. The excitement was caused by performing Mendleson's
+Messiah, which we learn is to be brought out in this city.
+
+
+=Singular Accident.=
+
+The steamboat Highland having got aground near Turkey Island, on the
+Mississippi, a large tree, three feet in diameter, fell directly
+across the boat, smashing the cabin, breaking the connecting pipe, and
+seriously injuring the pilot.
+
+
+=Combined Accomplishments.=
+
+Mr. S. Lover, who recently arrived in this city, is said to be a good
+poet, a good painter, a good musician, full of wit, anecdotes and
+pleasantry--it is impossible to pass a dull evening in his company.
+
+
+=Marriage of Rossini.=
+
+This celebrated composer was married at Bologna, on the 16th of
+August, after a courtship of 16 years, to Mademoiselle Olympe Bearrien
+of Paris. It may change the turn of his muse.
+
+
+=Great Luck.=
+
+A poor Englishman, with a wife and family living in St. Louis, has
+had a fortune of $265,000 in money, and a family estate worth
+$115,000, recently left him by a deceased relative.
+
+
+=Zinc Mines.=
+
+There are several mines of zinc in New Jersey, one of which is said to
+consist of a deposit 600 feet in length, and is thought to contain ore
+worth $2,000,000.
+
+
+=A Monstrous Woman.=
+
+The Ohio State Journal says that there is a woman in Pickaway county,
+in that State, who weighs 46 pounds!
+
+
+=Old Boy.=
+
+A southern paper advertises a runaway boy, _thirty-six years of age_!
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+By a recent telegraphic arrangement, the papers in Albany, Troy,
+Utica, Syracuse, Auburn, Rochester and Buffalo, are furnished with
+reports from New York twice a day,--at 2 and 8 P. M.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+The Connecticut river is reported to be lower than it has been known
+within the remembrance of the oldest inhabitants. It is reduced to a
+mere brook.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+A company formed in Boston has commenced operation on a copper mine in
+Cumberland, R. I. About 4000 lbs. of ore were taken out a few days
+since, and yields about 20 per cent.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+The Hon. Louis McLane gets a salary of $5000 a year--nearly $100 per
+week--for holding the office of President of the Baltimore and Ohio
+Railway Company.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+An imperial _quarter_ of Indian corn, in 480 pounds, which is equal
+to eight bushels of sixty pounds each. We suppose some of our readers
+would like to know about that.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+A solution of copper is an excellent wash for purifying sinks, and
+removing all unpleasant effluvia. Two or three applications will be
+effectual.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+We are informed that the steamer Buffalo is making arrangements for
+the adoption of Barnum's Safety Apparatus.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+Two iron steamboats, of 70 tons each, are to run between Philadelphia
+and Reading, Pa., carrying freight and passengers.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+The editor of the Cincinnati Commercial says that he has a project for
+connecting the old and new worlds by telegraph.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+Twelve hundred and thirty-four miles of magnetic telegraph are
+reported to be in actual operation in the United States.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+An association of capitalists at Worcester county, Mass., are
+exploring a vein of copper in Greenfield.
+
+
+=The True Ornament.=
+
+     'The ornament of a meek and quiet spirit.'
+
+     BY MISS E. J. ANDREWS.
+
+
+    I ask not for the glittering wreath,
+      Of India's sparkling diamonds rare,
+    To deck my brow, while oft beneath,
+      There throbs a heart with heaviest care.
+
+    I ask not for the gilded chain,
+      Of perishing and worthless gold,
+    To clasp my neck, while oft in vain
+      The heart's best sympathies unfold.
+
+    Oh! give me not the worthless dust,
+      For which vain, anxious mortals toil,
+    To treasure up where moth and rust,
+      Doth soon corrupt the hoarded pile.
+
+    I covet not the gay attire,
+      In which vain beauty oft appears,
+    Oft that which wondering crowds admire,
+      Needeth far more their heartfelt tears.
+
+    But there's an ornament I crave;--
+      To grant, vain world, it is not thine,
+    It floateth not o'er yon proud wave,
+      Nor yields it me earth's richest mine.
+
+    Oh, may it be a guileless heart!
+      In heaven's own sight of priceless worth!
+    Where nought corrupting e'er hath part,
+      Pure, as the source which gave it birth.
+
+    _A spirit meek and pure within;_
+      May this, alone, my life adorn,
+    Unsullied by the touch of sin,
+     Though subject to the proud world's scorn.
+
+    This ornament, O God of Love!
+      'Tis Thine, and Thine alone, to give;
+    Oh, may I its rich beauties prove,
+      And in its full possession, _live_!
+
+    _Bethel, Conn._, 1846.
+
+
+=Female Piety.=
+
+The gem of all others which enriches the coronet of woman's character,
+is unaffected piety. Nature may lavish much on her person; the
+enchantment of her countenance, the grace of her mind, the strength of
+her intellect; yet her loveliness is uncrowned till piety throws
+around the whole the sweetness and power of its charms. She then
+becomes unearthly in her desires and associations. The spell which
+bound her affections to the things below is broken, and she mounts on
+the silent wings of her fancy and hope to the habitation of God, where
+it is her delight to hold communion with the spirits that have been
+ransomed from the thraldom of Earth and wreathed with a garland of
+glory. Her beauty may throw a magical charm over many; princes and
+conquerors may bow with admiration at the shrine of her beauty and
+love; the sons of science may embalm her memory in the page of
+history; yet her piety must be her ornament, her pearl. Her name must
+be written in 'The Book of Life,' that when the mountains fade away,
+and every memento of earthly greatness is lost in the general wreck of
+nature, it may remain and swell the list of that mighty throng who
+have been clothed in the mantle of righteousness, and their voices
+attuned to the melody of Heaven. With such a treasure, every lofty
+gratification on earth may be purchased; friendship will be doubly
+sweet; and sorrow will lose their sting; and the character will
+possess a price far above rubies: life will be but a pleasant visit to
+earth, and entrance upon a joyful and perpetual home. And when the
+notes of the last trump shall be heard, and sleeping millions awake to
+judgment, its possessor shall be presented faultless before the throne
+of God with exceeding joy, and a crown of glory that shall never wear
+away. Such is piety. Like a tender flower, planted in the fertile soil
+of woman's heart, it grows, expanding in its foliage, and imparting
+its fragrance to all around, till transplanted, and set to bloom in
+perpetual vigor and unfading beauty, in the Paradise of God.
+
+
+=Iron Ore.=
+
+One of the most valuable beds of iron ore ever discovered has been
+found in the northeast corner of Dodge county, Wisconsin, and is said
+to yield ninety per cent. The deposit is 30 feet thick.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+'Pursue your calling with diligence, and your creditor shall not
+interrupt you.'
+
+
+
+
+NEW INVENTIONS.
+
+
+=Lewis's Reversible Faucet Filters.=
+
+Highly favorable as our opinion may be of the several excellent
+filters which have been introduced, we cannot avoid giving a
+preference to the one recently invented by Mr. S. H. Lewis. It
+consists of a very neat faucet, calculated to be attached to a common
+Croton or other hydrant, and in connection with the faucet key, is a
+circular chamber, three inches in diameter, within which is a circular
+filter consisting of a quantity of cotton cloth, flannel sponge or
+porous porcelain (which is preferred) compressed between two
+perforated metallic disks: and the faucet key is so constructed that
+by turning it to the right, the water is permitted to flow through the
+filter in one direction; but its course is reversed and it is made to
+flow in the opposite direction through the filter by turning the key
+to the left. The filter is thus cleansed at pleasure without any
+trouble, on examination of the filter or chamber. They may be seen at
+28 1-2 Broadway.
+
+
+=West's Cheap and Convenient Filter.=
+
+For the thousands of families in this city whose houses are not
+furnished with the Croton water-pipes, a neat portable filter,
+recently invented by Mr. N. West, of this city, is as near perfection,
+in convenience and utility, as could be furnished for the low price of
+_one dollar_, and should find a place in every house or shop where the
+Croton water is used. It consists of two conical pails, one within the
+other; the first is furnished with an efficient filter at the bottom
+thereof; and the other has a faucet, by which the water is drawn off
+as occasion requires. They may be found at 156 Delancy street.
+
+
+=Improved Yoke for Oxen.=
+
+This yoke is constructed with sliding blocks attached to the under
+side of the beam of the yoke, near each end, and each sliding block is
+attached to the beam by bolts which pass through mortises so that the
+blocks may be made to slide occasionally to the right or left. To
+these blocks are attached the bows, the position of which are adjusted
+by gauge screws; and by the sliding of the blocks, the distance of the
+oxen from each other may be regulated. The middle of the yoke is
+furnished with a draught staple or eye-bolt which is moveable and
+regulated by a hand screw at the top, whereby the _pitch_ of the
+draught it regulated. Invented by David Chappel, and entered at the
+Patent Office, Sept. 3d.
+
+
+=Another Improvement In Stoves.=
+
+Messrs. Hartshorn, Payson & Ring entered at the Patent Office,
+September 3d, an improved stove, in which they claim the combination
+of the common wood stove and cylinder coal stove, so that the coal may
+be burned alone, and the draught so arranged as at the same time to
+heat the wood stove with the same heat, and if wood alone should be
+burned, then the draught should be so managed and arranged as at the
+same time to heat the side radiators and coal cylinders. A minute
+description of this improvement, is not, in this place, essential.
+
+
+=Iron Shingles.=
+
+We have never been able to understand the reason why iron has so long
+been neglected as a covering for roofs, but are gratified to learn
+that Mr. Wm. Beach, of Troy, N. Y., has invented and patented a mode
+of using cast iron plates for covering roofs. They are about one foot
+square, and are made to fit one into another, so as to render the roof
+water tight, by applying white lead to the joints. It can be afforded
+at 16 cents the square foot, and probably may be so far improved as to
+cost no more than slate, and will be much more permanent and safe. We
+see no difficulty in dispensing with white lead, however, and making
+the seams tight without it.
+
+
+=Improvement in the Railroad Track.=
+
+This improvement was entered Sept. 5th, by John F. Rogers. What he
+claims is the combination of the balance beam with the centre beam, by
+means of the recesses in the centre beam, spring plates, having tubes
+thereon on which the springs rest, and attached to the beam by bolts,
+by which a compact and secure connection is formed, while all the
+necessary flexibility is preserved.
+
+
+=THE GREAT FAIR.=
+
+The American Institute appears emblematical of the genius of our
+countrymen--unsubdued even by conflagration, and looking upon
+obstacles as incentives to redoubled effort. Contrast the smoking
+ruins of Niblo's with Castle Garden, having its whole amphitheatre
+enriched with a tastefully arranged collection of the most varied
+products of American arts and manufactures, and behold an evidence
+that we even inherit perseverance, enterprize and skill. We here see
+the embodiment of the excellence of greatness of our country--an
+unerring index of our future advance--if it be not that the signs of
+the times indicate that madness in our rulers which precedes and
+forebodes heaven's wrath. But it cannot, it must not be, that the
+blood of _labor_ shall cry from the ground of America. It must be
+sheathed, it must be protected. Protection is nature's first law.
+Expose the bleating flocks to the hungry beasts of the forest; cut the
+wings and pluck the feathers of her whom nature teaches to protect her
+brood from cold and rain; say to the mother to leave her babe
+unprotected and in free competition with all the elements of
+destruction, sooner than refuse the protection of our Government to
+the hitherto flourishing American manufactures.
+
+Castle Garden, or more correctly Castle Clinton, is at the southern
+extremity of our city. It was built for a fort--is of a circular form,
+of solid mason work, surrounded by the waters of the bay--connected to
+that ornament of the city, the Battery, by a long bridge. This bridge
+the managers have covered with a roof, and thus secured a very
+eligible and spacious apartment for the exhibition of carriages,
+sleighs, carts, farming implements and machinery in great variety.
+Thence the ingress suddenly opens into view the whole interior,
+creating the most lively and pleasing emotions.
+
+In the columns of the Scientific American we shall endeavor to give
+those details that will, we trust, interest our readers and promote
+the cause of American improvements.
+
+
+=BATHS.=
+
+After leaving the bridge, the passage way to the interior of the
+Castle is ornamented on both sides with a pleasing display of
+Baths--the immersion bath made of tin and of iron, and these combined
+with the showering apparatus. The shower baths are variously
+constructed, and some of them are of finished workmanship and costly
+material. Stebbin's Patent Furniture shower Bath presents itself first
+in the form of a very convenient washstand, with all its out fit; it
+is next easily converted into a work stand; with equal dispatch it
+assumes the form of a shower bath, furnished with every requisite. We
+regard this as an ingenious piece of furniture, that will greatly
+increase the use of the shower-bath, and thus add to the health of the
+community.
+
+
+=SOFA BEDSTEADS.=
+
+Much ingenuity has been expended in combining the Sofa and Bedstead.
+The first that attracted our attention was that manufactured by Mr.
+John A. Robson, 30th st. and 8th Avenue. It is on the double cone
+spring, so constructed that using it as a bed does not affect the
+cushion, and vice versa. The matrass or bed is 4 by 6 feet, without an
+intervening bar. It is exceedingly simple, of admirable contrivance,
+and of moderate price.
+
+
+=CUTLERY.=
+
+The display of American Cutlery is rich, affording a most gratifying
+evidence of the progress of the useful arts among us. Our neighbors,
+J. C. Nixon & Sons, in the Sun Buildings, feel quite confident that
+they will, as usual, carry off the premiums, particularly for their
+much celebrated tailor's shears. In the manufacture of engravers'
+tools; they challenge not only all America, but the world
+itself.--They manufacture for customers, from whom their articles have
+derived their just and solid reputation.
+
+(_To be Continued._)
+
+
+=Improved Steam Printing Press.=
+
+We have recently seen a model of a new Steam Printing Press, the
+invention of Mr. Wm. W. Marston, a young and ingenious mechanic of
+this city. A mass of other matters prevents our giving a description
+at present; we shall probably procure an engraving, however, and
+publish a full description in a few days.
+
+
+=Information to persons having business to transact at the Patent
+Office.=
+
+OF MODELS.
+
+(_Continued from No. 2._)
+
+
+SEC. 26. The law requires that the inventor shall deliver a model of
+his invention or improvement when the same admits of a model. The
+model should he neatly made, and as small as a distinct representation
+of the machine or improvement, and its characteristic properties, will
+admit; the name of the inventor should be printed or engraved upon, or
+fixed to it, in a durable manner. Models forwarded without a name,
+cannot be entered on record, and therefore liable to be lost or
+mislaid.
+
+SEC. 27. When the invention is of 'a composition of matter,' the law
+requires that the application be accompanied with specimens of
+ingredients, and of the composition of matter, sufficient in quantity
+for the purpose of experiment.
+
+
+ON GRANTING ANEW LOST PATENTS.
+
+SEC. 28. The third sec. of the act of March 3, 1837, provides:
+
+'SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That whenever it shall appear to
+the Commissioner that any patent was destroyed by the burning of the
+Patent Office building on the aforesaid fifteenth day of December, or
+was otherwise lost prior thereto, it shall be his duty, on application
+therefor by the patentee, or other persons interested therein, to
+issue a new patent for the same invention or discovery, bearing the
+date of the original patent, with his certificate thereon, that it was
+made and issued pursuant to the provisions of the third section of
+this act; and shall enter the same of record; Provided, however, That
+before such patent shall be issued, the applicant therefor shall
+deposit in the Patent Office a duplicate, as near as may be, of the
+original model, drawings, and description, with specification of the
+invention or discovery, verified by oath, as it shall be required by
+the Commissioner; and such patent and copies of such drawings and
+descriptions, duly certified, shall be admissible as evidence in any
+judicial court of the United States, and shall protect the rights of
+the patentee, his administrators, heirs, and assigns, to the extent
+only in which they would have been protected by the original patent
+and specification.'
+
+
+PROCEEDINGS ON APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS, AND ON APPEALS FROM DECISIONS
+OF THE COMMISSIONER.
+
+(Act of 1836, Section, 7.)
+
+SEC. 29. 'That on the filing of any such application (consisting of
+petition, specification, model, and drawings, or specimens,) and the
+payment of the duty hereinafter provided, the Commissioner shall make,
+or cause to be made, an examination, of the alleged new invention or
+discovery; and if, on any such examination, it shall not appear to the
+Commissioner that the same had been invented or discovered by any
+other person in this country prior to the alleged invention or
+discovery thereof by the applicant, or that it had been patented or
+described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country,
+or had been in public use or on sale, with the applicant's consent or
+allowance, prior to the application, if the Commissioner shall deem it
+to be sufficiently useful and important, it shall be his duty to
+issue a patent therefor. But whenever on such examination it shall
+appear to the Commissioner that the applicant was not the original and
+first inventor or discoverer thereof, or that any part of that which
+is claimed as new had before been invented or discovered or patented,
+or described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country
+as aforesaid, or that the description is defective and insufficient,
+he shall notify the applicant thereof, giving him briefly such
+information and references as may be useful in judging of the
+propriety of renewing his application, or of altering his
+specification to embrace only that part of the invention or discovery
+which is new. In every such case, if the applicant shall elect to
+withdraw his application, relinquishing his claim to the model, he
+shall be entitled to receive back twenty dollars, part of the duty
+required by this act, on filing a notice in writing of such election
+in the Patent Office; a copy of which, certified by the Commissioner,
+shall be a sufficient warrant to the Treasurer for paying back to the
+said applicant the said sum of twenty dollars. But if the applicant,
+in such case, shall persist in his claim for a patent, with or without
+any alteration his specification, he shall be required to make oath or
+affirmation anew, in manner as aforesaid; and if specification and
+claim shall not have been so modified as, in the opinion of the
+Commissioner, shall entitle the applicant to a patent, he may appeal
+to the Chief Justice of the United States Court for the District of
+Columbia, who may affirm or reverse the decision of the Commissioner
+of Patents, in whole or in part, and may order a patent to issue; or
+he may have remedy against the decision of the Commissioner of
+Patents, or the decision of the Chief Justice of the United States
+Court for the District of Columbia, by filing a bill in equity in any
+of the United States Courts having jurisdiction, as hereinafter
+explained.
+
+(_To be continued._)
+
+
+=Consolation for the Christian.=
+
+'Eye hath not seen; nor ear heard; neither have entered into the heart
+of man, the things which God hath prepared for those that love
+Him.'--1 Cor. ii: 9. But it is said in the words following, that God
+hath revealed them unto us by his Spirit. In this, we are not to
+understand, that the excellent things spoken of, are _communicated_ to
+men; but that by the aid of the divine Spirit they are enabled to
+receive such sublime and brilliant ideas of the glorious things which
+are prepared for them, that they are filled with sublime and
+unspeakable joy, though they find it utterly impracticable to
+describe these things to another, so as to be understood. It is like
+the new name which no man can know, but him to whom it is given: and
+although, in the solicitude of those who have been favored with a view
+of these things, to represent them to others, the most full and
+expressive forms of language have been put in requisition, it has in
+every instance failed to convey the least correct idea on the subject:
+because no man can see, or in anywise appreciate the excellence of
+these things, without the aid of the Spirit of Truth. But to those who
+obtain such enlightened views--and every man may, or might, obtain
+them,--the glorious things prepared are as the 'pearl of great price,'
+which, when a man hath found, he is ready to sacrifice all things
+else,--riches, honors, friends, pleasures, reputation in the world, or
+even life itself,--to obtain it. Neither Adam nor Eve, in their
+sinless, paradisaical state, could have had any correct idea of such
+delectable and glorious excellence of blessings as are prepared for
+these who become 'joint heirs of the Son of God,' through the blood of
+a crucified Saviour: for, had they been capable of seeing or imagining
+such things, they would never have fallen. There can be no question
+but that the glorious consolation of the faithful and obedient
+believers, will incomparably, not to say infinitely, excel that of the
+primitive state of man, or anything which could have been by man
+attained, if the blessed SON had not suffered. Let the most brilliant
+and soaring imagination exert its most strenuous and happy efforts in
+conceiving, arranging and representing to itself the highest possible
+state of bliss and glory, and it will fall as far short of the reality
+of the immortal state of the glorified saints,--the salvation
+purchased by the suffering of Christ,--as a mere shadow of the most
+beautiful picture comes short of the rich coloring of the original.
+And this fact is well known to those who have had the beauties of the
+'world to come' revealed to them by the divine Spirit. These
+statements may appear strange to those who are accustomed to look upon
+the popular _reverend clergy_, fashionable church members and wealthy
+deacons, as choice specimens of the saints of the Lord. The true, and
+most favored saints, are generally found among those who are subject
+to poverty and tribulation, in this world. But these blessings of the
+gospel are free for all who will conform to the requisitions plainly
+expressed by our Savior, and recorded by the evangelist, and
+practicable by all who are willing to forsake all things else, for the
+sake of this great and everlasting salvation.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+A cotton manufacturer in New-Haven lost his operatives, last week, by
+attempting to reduce their wages.
+
+
+=THE COLOR PRINTING MACHINE.=
+
+[Illustration:]
+
+INTRODUCTION.--There have appeared, in modern times, but few machines,
+to which more importance apparently attaches, than to the one here
+presented. It is well known that the best paper hangings, or
+room-papers command from $1 to $1,50 per piece, of eight yards, while
+most of those of American manufacture are sold for 25 to 50 cents per
+piece; and this difference is occasioned by the difficulty and extra
+labor of applying a great variety of different colors. But by means of
+this machine, seven, twelve, or even twenty different colors, may be
+accurately applied by one operation, and with less labor than is
+required to print with a single color, by the ordinary method; and
+thus the manufacturer will be enabled to sell, for 50 cents, such
+patterns as ordinarily cost a dollar or more, to either import or
+manufacture them.
+
+EXPLANATION.--The first row of gear wheels, A B, are attached to the
+ends of a row of cylinders, each cylinder being 30 inches long, and 3
+inches in diameter. These cylinders support a broad, endless apron or
+belt, which passes over the whole series, and supports the strip of
+paper as it passes through the machine to receive the colors. The
+second series of wheels, C D, are attached to cylinders of the same
+dimensions of those in the first row, and are connected to each other
+by intervening pinions, whereby a uniform velocity is maintained
+through the whole series. The peripheries of this row of cylinders are
+cut in figures, according to the design of the pattern to be worked.
+The figures are left prominent, so as to come in contact with the
+paper upon the apron, as the cylinder revolves; the surface between
+the figures, being cut away to the depth of one eighth of an inch.
+Each of these printing cylinders contains sections of the figures to
+be printed, and is calculated to work a different color from the
+others; and the sections of figures on each cylinder are calculated to
+match those of the others, so as to complete the entire figure in all
+its colors on the paper. The entire machine is put in operation by a
+band, passing over the band-wheel, H. The third row of cylinders, E F,
+are distributing cylinders, which are put in motion by mere contact
+with the series below, and receives the several colors from the small
+cylinders in the upper rows, and distributes the same upon the
+prominent figures of the printing cylinders. The fourth series, I J,
+are called the receiving cylinders, because they receive the colors
+from the hoppers or reservoirs, M N, and impart them to the series
+below. The cylinders of the third and fourth rows, are covered with
+cloth, and the bottom of each hopper is so nicely fitted to its
+respective cylinder, that but a small quantity of each color (which
+passes through an aperture at the bottom of the hopper) adheres to the
+cloth periphery of the cylinder. The colors ordinarily used consist of
+various pigments, ground and mixed in water, with a solution of glue.
+The principles of this mode of color printing have been satisfactorily
+tested, though the entire machine has not yet been constructed: and
+any person who may be disposed to construct and enjoy the exclusive
+use of this invention, may have the most favorable terms.
+
+
+NEW INVENTIONS.
+
+=A New Brick Machine.=
+
+Messrs. Culbertson, McMillen & Co. of Cincinnati, have recently put in
+successful operation, a new machine, a description of which is given
+in a Cincinnati paper, as follows:
+
+'A frame of fourteen moulds, one brick to each is drawn by the power
+of steam between two press rollers, the lower one of which enables the
+frame to support the pressure of the upper roller, and being run
+through backwards and forwards equalizes the pressure over the entire
+face of the brick. These, after undergoing in this mode a pressure of
+nearly one hundred tons to each brick, a pressure which covers clay,
+apparently perfectly dry, with a coat of glossy moisture, are raised
+above the surface of the mould by parallel levers, and are then
+delivered over to a bench or table by self-acting machinery, whence
+they are taken in barrows to the stacker at the kiln.
+
+The dry clay is shoveled into a hopper, and if more of the material is
+pressed into a mould than serves to make a brick, a knife which ranges
+with the surface of the mould, shaves off the surplus.
+
+Two hands shoveling, two more taking off, and one at the barrow,
+constitute a gang of five persons who turn out from 30,000 to 35,000
+per day of ten hours. As brick makers' days are from sun to sun, say
+twelve working hours per day, during the season, from 46 to 50,000
+bricks, per day, may be made by a single machine. This is, however, by
+no means the most important feature in the invention.
+
+In the ordinary mode of making bricks, the manufacturer cannot begin
+operations for the season, until the spring has so far advanced that
+working in wet clay will no longer chill his moulders' hands. On the
+same account, he loses also morning hours, until the advance of summer
+enables his hands to put in the whole period of daylight. He loses,
+also, sometimes days together--from the entire stoppage of his
+operations in the rainy weather, which forbids the bricks being put
+out to dry. In making press brick, all these difficulties are
+obviated. As a theory, operations in this mode can go on throughout
+the entire winter, frost never extending into solid clay; but as a
+practical business, it can be conveniently carried on two months
+earlier and one month later than in the ordinary mode. Pressed brick,
+made by these machines, are also stronger than their competitive
+article, the last of equal hardness in burning, always giving way
+when struck by the pressed bricks, as I have witnessed. Indeed, it
+cannot be otherwise, the one being porous and the other as compact as
+the enormous pressure employed can make it.
+
+The machine, it must be apparent, offers peculiar advantages in
+turning out brick without occupying the ordinary brick yard space
+necessary for spreading wet brick out to dry. It affords great economy
+in time, owing to its operations being independent of frost or rains.
+To every new and thriving place commencing the making of bricks, it
+dispenses with the necessity of bringing skilful workmen from other
+places--in short, it enables every man to be his own brick-maker.
+Under these considerations, I anticipate an extensive sale of these
+machines, especially for places at a distance.
+
+
+=Marble Saw Mills.=
+
+We are informed that a large mill for sawing marble is in course of
+erection at Brandon, Vt. The marble in that vicinity is principally of
+a beautiful white, and of a fine texture, though not very hard.
+
+
+=Railroad Locks.=
+
+It is reported that locks for elevating railroad trains, from one
+level to another, are coming into successful use in France. It appears
+to us to be much behind the age, since, by certain American
+inventions, an ordinary train may be elevated 100 feet in five
+minutes, by the engine alone.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Vertical Propeller.]
+
+We have alluded to this subject in a former number, and now present
+one of the several plans which have been introduced within the present
+year, although we are not fully authorised to give the name of the
+inventor of this particular plan. We have preferred to represent the
+paddles and crank unconnected with an apparent vessel or section
+thereof, but must require the reader to suppose that the line A B is
+the level of the railing of the boat, and that the crank-shaft E
+projects from the side, while the crank-pivot governs the motion of
+the walking bar D E, and with it the paddles, which are supposed to be
+just now dipping in the surface of the water. It will be understood
+that the motion of the walking bar being circular, and that of the
+heads of the paddles being vertical and nearly rectilinear, the motion
+of the blades of the paddles must be elliptical, inclining to the
+horizontal; and that the position of the paddles is kept so nearly
+vertical that they will meet with less resistance in entering or
+leaving the water than those of a common paddle wheel, while the
+atmospheric resistance to be encountered thereby is much less. There
+appears no reasonable doubt that this plan might be made to succeed
+well on a larger scale, though it is very doubtful whether any of the
+steamboat proprietors can be persuaded to adopt it until it has been
+more thoroughly tested by experiment.
+
+
+=A Great Astronomical Discovery.=
+
+A late number of an astronomical journal published at Altona, near
+Hamburg, contains a long article by Dr. Maedler, director of the
+Dorpat Observatory, Russia, well known to the astronomical world, in
+which he announces the extraordinary discovery of the _grand central
+star or sun_, about which the universe of stars is revolving, our own
+sun and system among the rest.
+
+This discovery, the result of many years of incessant toil and
+research, has been deduced by a train of reasoning and an examination
+of facts scarcely to be surpassed in the annals of science.
+
+He announces his discovery in the following language: 'I therefore
+pronounce the Pleiades to be the central group of that mass of fixed
+stars limited by the stratum composing the Milky Way and Alcyene as
+the individual star of this group, which, among all others, combines
+the greatest probability of being the true Central Sun.'
+
+By a train of reasoning, which I shall not attempt to explain, he
+finds the probable parallax of this great central star to be six
+thousandths of one second of arc, and its distance to be 34 millions
+of times the distance of the sun, or so remote that light, with a
+velocity of 12 millions of miles per minute, requires a period of 537
+years to pass from _the great centre_ to our sun.
+
+As a first rough approximation, he deduces the period of the
+revolution of our sun, with all its train of planets, satellites and
+comets, about the grand centre, to be _eighteen millions two hundred
+thousand years_.
+
+
+=Ocean Steam Navigation.=
+
+The 'Ocean Steam Company,' which has the patronage of the United
+States Government to the amount of $400,000 per annum, are getting on
+rapidly with the first steamship of their line. She is to be completed
+and commence running on the first of March next.
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+
+NEW YORK, OCTOBER 10, 1846.
+
+
+=Employment.=
+
+It is dangerous for a man of superior ability to find himself thrown
+upon the world without some regular employment. The restlessness
+inherent in genius, being thus undirected by any permanent influence,
+frames for itself occupations out of accidents. Moral integrity
+sometimes falls a prey to the want of a fixed pursuit, and the man who
+receives his direction in active life from the fortuitous impulse of
+circumstances, will be very apt to receive his principles likewise
+from chance. Genius, under such guidance, attains no noble ends, but
+resembles rather a copious spring conveyed in a falling aqueduct,
+where the waters continually escape through the frequent crevices, and
+waste themselves ineffectually on their passage. The law of nature is
+here, as elsewhere, binding, and no powerful results ever ensue from
+the trivial exercise of high endowments. The finest mind, when thus
+destitute of a fixed purpose, passes away without leaving permanent
+traces of its existence; losing its energy by turning aside from its
+course, it becomes as harmless and inefficient as the lightning,
+which, of itself irresistible, may yet be rendered powerless by a
+slight conductor.
+
+
+=The Editor.=
+
+Write--keep writing--is the motto of an editor. If he has no ideas, he
+must dig for them; if he has but little time to arrange them, no
+matter, the work must be done. Sickness may come upon him; want may
+stare him in the face, but he must cogitate something for the dear
+public. Perhaps in his darkest moments, he indites a paragraph that
+cheers thousands. When almost desponding, his words may put courage
+into the hearts of millions. Who would be an editor? Yet he has much
+to encourage him. If he can call no time his own, he is not rusting
+out, or in unprofitable society. A faithful contributor of the public
+press, is a man of great influence. No person has more power than
+himself. He instructs tens of thousands, and leads them to virtue, to
+honor, to happiness. No man will have more to answer for than the
+conductor of a corrupt and vacillating press.
+
+
+=A Mountain in Labor.=
+
+The workmen, says a Paris paper, are still busily engaged in
+excavating Montmarte in quest of holy vases and other riches said to
+have been deposited there in the early days of the French revolution
+by the orders of the Lady Superior of the Abbey of Montmarte.--Two
+workmen, who were at the time charged with transporting the wealth to
+the place designated, were never after seen, and it is supposed that
+they were sacrificed to the necessity of the secret. The Superior, at
+her death, bequeathed the secret to a lady friend, who, in turn, on
+her death bed, divulged it to her daughter, then thirteen years of
+age. The child, now a sexagenary, disclosed it to the municipality.
+Her statements have thus far been found scrupulously correct. The
+_cesarian_ operation is actively going on, an excavation of 50 feet
+having been made, and the mountain's speedy deliverance of a mine of
+wealth is anticipated. May it not prove a mouse!
+
+
+=That Editorial Committee.=
+
+We are informed that the Editorial Committee of the National
+Association of Inventors have by _their own request_ been discharged
+from the supervision of the new periodical which has recently appeared
+under the title of 'The Eureka.'
+
+
+=News by Telegraph.=
+
+The news by the Great Western which arrived on Wednesday week, was
+published within four hours in Boston, New Haven, Springfield, Albany,
+Utica, Rochester, Buffalo, Philadelphia and Baltimore.
+
+The following beautiful extract we find in a recent number of the New
+York Sun. It is from the pen of Mr. C. D. Stuart, the able
+correspondent of that paper, now in London.
+
+      "On remarking to an Englishman, that I did not see
+      here in London as at home, the artizan, the drayman,
+      the laborer of every kind, with a newspaper in his
+      pocket, which at intervals in his toil he could glance
+      at and be as learned in the condition of his country
+      and the world as the man of fortune, he replied--"No,
+      they have something better to do, they attend to their
+      work." Here lies the rub, and it may be a fear of the
+      sedition of thought that has put these close hampers
+      upon the English press. It would seem by such an
+      argument that the differences of condition are not
+      induced by unholy oppressions, by the trampling for
+      ages of one class upon another until servitude became
+      almost a birth-right--and the law of strength that
+      proved itself in barbarous times the "Supremacy" had
+      at last from concession so long made, become the law
+      of human justice and divine right. The steer may work
+      under his yoke an appointed time, the slave bow mutely
+      through his whole life, but the freeman--has he so
+      fallen, that while the lord revels in his "club-room"
+      and reads not only papers, but gilt edged and velvet
+      bound books, he forsooth being a common "poor devil"
+      not able to enjoy a tithe of his unearned luxury--has
+      something better than reading to do. Let him dig
+      then! There are those in the young republic whose
+      spirit begins to animate the world, who, though they
+      toil, remember, that it was said in the beginning to
+      all men, "thou shalt earn thy bread by the sweat of
+      thy brow," and will read freely as they drink in the
+      common air, and enjoy the common light. There are
+      classes in England intelligent no doubt beyond any
+      other people in the world--classes that enjoy the
+      means of making themselves so, but as a mass they will
+      in no-wise compare with their progeny, the
+      Anglo-Saxons. All that they have here in the main we
+      have got, and our wits have not been blunted by a
+      contact with the wilderness, and the difficulties of
+      founding an empire "in the Woods." I see now more
+      clearly than ever where our faults lie; contrast
+      exposes them; but they are all twigs upon the rising
+      trunk, which the keen knife of national experience,
+      age, and the calm that must succeed the rush and
+      tumult of our giant and boisterous infancy will cut
+      off.--With greater pride than ever, however much I may
+      like the Old World, and especially England, I look
+      over the Ocean to America for an exemplification of
+      what the world has not known, an _Earthly_ paradise
+      for humanity.--It is but three quarters of a century,
+      remember, since we were nationally born: give as the
+      fourteen hundred years that have nursed and cultivated
+      this Island, and where is the limit of our perfection
+      and strength? On either side of that Mississippi
+      back-bone of ours to the Oceans, and as far north and
+      south as freedom and knowledge can pierce, America
+      must be a garden and a goal, filled with every
+      excellence and beauty, beyond which there can be no
+      advance. We shall not live to see it, but it will
+      come, only let us pull careful and steady. We have
+      been Dickens'd and Trollop'd, and it should do us
+      good. Nothing but the grandeur that lies germinating
+      in our heart provokes this idle spleen from our
+      neighbors, and the moment we cool down and think and
+      curb ourselves the rest is secure."
+
+
+=New Glass Factory.=
+
+Erastus Corning & Co. are about establishing a factory near the ferry
+at Troy, for the manufacture of all kinds of glass ware. The work is
+fast progressing, and in about four weeks they will commence blowing.
+It will afford employment to a large number of men, and will, no
+doubt, meet with that success which it certainly merits.
+
+
+=Result of Observation.=
+
+The editor of the New Haven Herald sets it down as a fact in natural
+history, proved by his experience for years, that when a traveller
+rides up to a toll gate, the keeper--if a man, invariably brings out a
+box, or a handful of change; but if a woman, she comes out and takes
+the traveller's coin, and then goes back for the change.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+Snags and other obstructions in the Western rivers, are now
+denominated _Polk stalks_.
+
+
+=The Science of Astronomy.=
+
+DESCRIPTIVE ASTRONOMY.
+
+Mercury, the nearest planet to the sun, is a globe of about 3140 miles
+in diameter, rotating on its axis in 24 hours and 5 1-2 minutes, and
+revolving round the central luminary, at a distance of 37,000,000 of
+miles, in 88 days.--From the earth it can only be seen occasionally in
+the morning or evening, as it never rises before, or sets after the
+sun, at a greater distance of the time than 1 hour and 50 minutes. It
+appears to the naked eye as a small and brilliant star, but when
+observed through a telescope, is horned like the moon, because we only
+see a part of the surface which the sun is illuminating. Mountains of
+great height have been observed on the surface of this planet,
+particularly in its lower or southern hemisphere. One has been
+calculated at 10 3-4 miles in height, being about eight times higher,
+in proportion to the bulk of the planet, than the loftiest mountains
+upon earth. The matter of Mercury is of much greater density than that
+of the earth, equalling lead in weight; so that a human being placed
+upon its surface would be so strongly drawn towards the ground as
+scarcely to be able to crawl.
+
+Venus is a globe of about 7800 miles in diameter, or nearly the size
+of the earth, rotating on its axis in 23 hours, 21 minutes, and 19
+seconds, and revolving round the sun, at the distance of 68,000,000 of
+miles in 225 days.--Like Mercury, it is visible to an observer on the
+earth only in the morning and evening, but for a greater space of time
+before sunrise and after sunset. It appears to us the most brilliant
+and beautiful of all the planetary and stellar bodies, occasionally
+giving so much light as to produce a sensible shadow. Observed through
+a telescope, it appears horned, on account of our seeing only a part
+of its luminous surface. The illuminating part of Venus occasionally
+presents slight spots. It has been ascertained that its surface is
+very unequal, the greatest mountains being in the southern hemisphere,
+as in the case of both Mercury and the Earth. The higher mountains in
+Venus range between 10 and 22 miles in altitude. The planet is also
+enveloped in an atmosphere like that by which animal and vegetable
+life is supported on earth; and it has consequently a twilight. Venus
+performs its revolution round the sun in 225 days. Mercury and Venus
+have been termed the Inferior Planets, as being placed within the
+orbit of the Earth.
+
+The Earth, the third planet in order, and one of the smaller size,
+though not the smallest, is important to us, as the theatre on which
+our race have been placed to 'live, move, and have their being.' It is
+7902 miles in mean diameter, rotating on its axis in 24 hours, at a
+mean distance of 95,000,000 of miles from the sun, round which it
+revolves in 365 days, 5 hours, 50 minutes, and 57 seconds. As a planet
+viewed from another of the planets, suppose the moon, 'It would
+present a pretty, variegated, and sometimes a mottled appearance. The
+distinction between its seas, oceans, continents, and islands, would
+be clearly marked; they would appear like brighter and darker spots
+upon its disc. The continents would appear bright, and the ocean of a
+darker hue, because water absorbs the greater part of the solar light
+that falls upon it. The level plains, (excepting perhaps, such regions
+as the Arabian deserts of sand) would appear of a somewhat darker
+color than the more elevated and mountainous regions, as we find to be
+the case on the surface of the moon. The islands would appear like
+small bright specks on the darker surface of the ocean; and the lakes
+and mediterranean seas like darker spots or broad streaks intersecting
+the bright parts, or the land. By its revolution round its axis,
+successive portions of the surface would be brought into view, and
+present a different aspect from the parts which preceded,'--(Dick's
+Celestial Scenery, 135.)
+
+The form of the earth, and probably that of every other planet, is not
+strictly spheroidal; that is, flattened a little at the poles, or
+extremities of the axis. The diameter of the earth at the axis is 56
+miles less than in the cross direction. This peculiarity of the form
+is a consequence of the rotatory motion, as will be afterwards
+explained.
+
+
+[Illustration: LATEST NEWS]
+
+
+=Late Foreign News.=
+
+The steamer Hibernia arrived at Boston on Saturday last, thirteen days
+from Liverpool.
+
+The British Government and people have manifested so much violent
+opposition to the marriage of the youngest son of Louis Phillipe to a
+sister of the Queen of Spain, that the celebration of the nuptials has
+been postponed for the present, if not forever; and there is apparent
+danger of a rupture between England and France on this account.
+
+In Spain, Don Carlos having escaped from imprisonment, it is expected
+that a serious insurrection will immediately take place.
+
+Property to the amount of $800,000 has been destroyed by incendiary
+fires at Leipsic. A line of electric telegraph has been put in
+operation between Brussels and Antwerp.
+
+Twenty thousand bales of cotton were sold at Liverpool on the 14th of
+September.
+
+
+=Latest from the Army.=
+
+According to recent intelligence by private letters, Gen. Kearney has
+taken quiet possession of Santa Fe, notwithstanding the considerable
+preparations which the Mexicans had made to defend it. Gen. Armijo had
+assembled 5000 troops to defend the Canon Pass, but on account of the
+disaffection and insubordination of his officers and men, he was
+constrained to retreat on the approach of a few companies of
+Americans.
+
+Gen. Taylor had advanced steadily, though slowly on Monterey, and has
+probably ere this, taken possession, notwithstanding the strong force,
+and full supply of well mounted cannon, concentrated to oppose him.
+Should he prove successful in this, it would seem that Mexico is
+destined to fall under the protection of the United States, whether
+our Government desires it or not. What can we do? The Mexicans will
+neither treat nor fight; and although our armies move as slow as
+possible, they cannot well avoid progressing through the country in
+time, and are bound to furnish protection as far as they go. We shall
+see.
+
+
+=The Sea and Wave Roaring.=
+
+The steamer Great Western, which arrived at this port last week,
+reports having encountered one of the most terrific storms ever known
+on the Atlantic Ocean. Capt. Mathews is said to have remarked that at
+three different times the ship was approached by seas of such
+magnitude and power that he thought destruction inevitable; but
+unexpectedly each broke just before reaching the vessel. The
+passengers assembled in the cabin where they joined in religious
+service, and in the solemn administration of the Lord's supper. Their
+lives were preserved, but some of them appeared to forget their
+obligations to their preserver very quick after getting safe on shore.
+
+
+=An American Slave in England.=
+
+Douglas, who escaped from slavery and found his way to England, has
+received marked attention from the nobility and gentry of England. He
+has attended their soirees, occupied the most honorable positions at
+their dinner parties, rode in their carriages, flirted with their
+daughters, walked arm in arm through their gardens with lords,
+viscounts, counts and mayors of cities.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+Many of the girls employed in the mills of the Nashua Corporation,
+have refused to work by candlelight. They may be right.
+
+
+THE =SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN=.
+
+     Persons wishing to subscribe for this paper, have only
+     to enclose the amount in a letter directed (post paid)
+     to
+
+     MUNN & COMPANY,
+
+     Publishers of the Scientific American, New York City.
+
+     TERMS.--$2 a year; ONE DOLLAR IN ADVANCE--the remainder
+     in 6 months.
+
+     _Postmasters_ are respectfully requested to receive
+     subscriptions for this paper, to whom a discount of 25
+     per cent will be allowed.
+
+     Any person sending us 4 subscribers for 6 months, shall
+     receive a copy of the paper for the same length of
+     time.
+
+Observations on the more recent Researches concerning the operations
+of the Blast Furnace in the Manufacture of Iron.
+
+BY DR. J. L. SMITH.
+
+The great difference existing between metallurgical operations of the
+present day, and those of a former period, is owing chiefly to the
+ameliorations produced by the application of the science of chemistry
+to the _modus operandi_ of the various changes taking place during the
+operations, from their commencement to their termination.
+
+Copper and some other metals are now made to assume forms in the
+chemist's laboratory, that formerly required great artistical skill
+for their production--the chemist simply making use of such agents and
+forces as are at his command, and over which he has, by close
+analytical study, acquired perfect control. Our object, at present, is
+only to advert to the chemical investigations more recently made on
+the manufacture of iron, treating of those changes that occur in the
+ore, coal and flux, that are thrown in at the mouth of the furnace,
+and in the air thrown in from below. For most that will be said on
+this subject, we are principally indebted to the recent interesting
+researches of M. Ebelman.
+
+The importance of a knowledge of the facts to be brought forward, in
+this article, will be apparent to every one in any way acquainted with
+the manufacture of iron. It will be seen that the time is not far
+distant when the economy in the article of fuel will amount in value
+to the present profit of many of the works. The consequences must be,
+that many of those works that are abandoned will be resumed, and
+others erected in localities formerly thought unfit.
+
+It is well known that the blast furnace is the first into which the
+ore is introduced, for the purpose of converting it into malleable
+iron, and much, therefore, depends upon the state in which the pig
+metal passes from this furnace, whether subsequent operations will
+furnish an iron of the first quality or not.
+
+In putting the blast furnace into operation, the first step is to heat
+it for some time with coal only. After the furnace has arrived at a
+proper temperature, ore, fuel and flux, are thrown in alternately, in
+small quantities, so as to have the three ingredients properly mixed
+in their descent. In from 25 to 48 hours from the time when the ore is
+first thrown in, the entire capacity of the furnace, from the tuyer to
+the mouth, is occupied with the ore, fuel and flux, in their various
+stages of transformation.
+
+In order to explain clearly, and in as short space as possible, what
+these transformations are, and how they are brought about, we may
+consider:--1. The changes that take place in the descending mass,
+composed of ore, fuel and flux. 2. The changes that take place in the
+ascending mass, composed of air and its hygrometric moisture, thrown
+in at the tuyer. 3. The chemical action going on between the ascending
+and descending masses. 4. The composition of the gases in various
+parts of the furnace during its operation. 5. The causes that render
+necessary the great heat of the blast furnace.
+
+1. _Changes that take place in the descending mass, composed of ore,
+coal and flux._--By coal is here meant charcoal; when any other
+species of fuel is alluded to, it will be specified. In the upper half
+of the fire-room the materials are subjected to a comparatively low
+temperature, and they lose only the moisture, volatile matter,
+hydrogen, and carbonic acid, that they may contain; this change taking
+place principally in the lower part of the upper half of the
+fire-room.
+
+In the lower half of the fire-room, the ore is the only material that
+undergoes a change, it being converted wholly or in part into iron or
+magnetic oxide of iron--the coal is not altered, no consumption of it
+taking place from the mouth down to the commencement of the boshes.
+
+From the commencement of the boshes down to the tuyer, the reduction
+of the ore is completed. Very little of the coal is consumed between
+the boshes and in the upper part of the hearth; the principal
+consumption of it taking place in the immediate neighborhood of the
+tuyer.
+
+The fusion of the iron and slag occurs at a short distance above the
+tuyer, and it is in the hearth of the furnace that the iron combines
+with a portion of coal to form the fusible carburet or pig-iron. It is
+also on the hearth that the flux combines with the siliceous and other
+impurities of the ore. This concludes the changes which the ore, coal
+and flux, undergo, from the mouth of the furnace to the tuyer.
+
+If the fuel used be wood, or partly wood, it is during its passage
+through the upper half of the fire-room that its volatile parts are
+lost, and it becomes converted into charcoal. M. Ebelman ascertained
+that wood, at the depth of ten feet, in a fire-room twenty-six feet
+high, preserved its appearance after an exposure for 1 3-4 of an hour,
+and that the mineral mixed with it preserved its moisture at this
+depth; but three and a half feet lower, an exposure of 3 1-4 hours
+reduced the wood to perfect charcoal, and the ore to magnetic oxide.
+The temperature of the upper half of the fire-room, when wood is used,
+is lower than in the case of charcoal, from the great amount of heat
+made latent by the vapor arising from the wood. In the case of
+bituminous coal, Bunsen and Playfair find that it has to descend still
+lower before it is perfectly coked.
+
+After the wood is completely charred, or the coal become coked, the
+subsequent changes are the same that happen in the charcoal furnaces.
+
+_To be continued._
+
+
+=ANIMALCULAE IN WATER.=
+
+[Illustration:]
+
+The fact is generally known that nearly all liquids contain a variety
+of minute living animals, though in some they are too small for
+observation, even with a microscope. In others, especially in water
+that has been long stagnant, these animals appear not only in hideous
+forms, but with malignant and voracious propensities. The print at the
+head of this article purports to be a microscopic representation of a
+single drop of such water, with the various animals therein, and some
+of the inventors and venders of the various improved filters for the
+Croton water, would have no objection to the prevalence of the opinion
+that this water contains all the variety of monsters represented in
+this cut. But the fact is far otherwise; and it is doubtful whether
+these animals could frequently be detected in the Croton water, with
+the best solar microscope. Nevertheless, the fact is readily and
+clearly established that the Croton water contains a quantity of
+deleterious matter, which is arrested by the filters; and, on this
+account, we cheerfully and heartily recommend the adoption of filters
+by all who use this water, from either the public or private hydrants.
+To this end we would call the special attention of our city readers to
+the improved filters noticed under the head of "New Inventions."
+
+
+=Length of Days.=
+
+At Berlin and London the longest day has sixteen and a half hours. At
+Stockholm and Upsal, the longest has eighteen and a half hours, and
+the shortest five and a half. At Hamburg, Dantzic, and Stettin, the
+longest day has seventeen hours, and the shortest seven. At St.
+Petersburg and Tobolsk, the longest has nineteen, and the shortest
+five hours. At Toreno, in Finland, the longest day has twenty-one
+hours and a half, and the shortest two and a half. At Wandorbus, in
+Norway, the day lasts from the 21st of May to the 22d of July, without
+interruption; and in Spitzbergen, the longest day lasts three months
+and a half.
+
+
+=Excitement of Curiosity.=
+
+The editor of the Cincinnati Enquirer, having been one of a recent
+excursion party on the opening of a new section of railroad, remarks
+on the occasion, 'It is really amusing to see the sensation a train of
+railroad cars produces on all animate beings, human and brute, for the
+first few times it passes over a section of road. We saw herds of
+cattle, sheep, and horses, stand for a few seconds and gaze at the
+passing train, then turn and run for a few rods with all possible
+speed, stop and look again with eyes distended, and head and ears
+erect, seemingly so frightened at the tramp of the iron horse as to
+have lost the power of locomotion. Men women and children also seemed
+dumbfounded at the strange and unusual spectacle. As the cars came
+rumbling along early in the morning, they seemed to bring everybody
+out of bed, all eager to catch a glance as we whirled past. Old men
+and women, middle-aged and youth, without waiting to put on a rag in
+addition to their night gear, were seen at the doors, windows and
+round the corners of log huts and dwellings, gaping with wonder and
+astonishment at the new, and to them grand and terrific sight.'
+
+
+[COMMUNICATED.]
+
+At the last special meeting of the National Association of Inventors,
+called to hear the report on the rights and duties of the Editors of
+the Eureka, on a resolution offered by one of the Editorial Committee
+who had been dissatisfied by the proceedings of the 'Acting Editors,'
+and refused to attend their sittings, it was reported that the 'Acting
+Editors,' had exceeded their authority, and a majority of the
+Editorial Committee resigned and a resolution was passed that the
+resignation should be published in the Eureka, but it has not
+appeared. Mr. Kingsley, one of the 'Acting Editors,' spoke at the said
+meeting of having consulted counsel who had declared that the
+Association were under a legal obligation to furnish Messrs. Kingley &
+Pirsson with matter for publication in the Eureka, and on the
+understanding that they had advanced money they were allowed to have
+the first use of the reports and advertisements of the Association.
+But as they in effect refuse to publish a resolution of great
+importance to the reputation of all the parties interested, it is
+left for the public to decide whether the 'Acting Editors' are in any
+respect entitled to the name they have assumed for their paper.
+
+ONE OF THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.
+
+
+HUMOROUS.
+
+=To my Sweetheart.=
+
+      You're a broth of creature,
+      In form and in feature,--
+    It's myself that now tells you that same,
+      And sure, by my troth,
+      I'll not be very wroth.
+    If you'll plaze me by changing your name
+
+      What a swate little wife,
+      As a partner for life,
+    My darlint, 'tis you might be living;
+      And I'm just the boy,
+      To wish you much joy,
+    When your heart it's to me you'll be giving.
+
+      I'm half dead--botheration!
+      With sad consternation--
+    Of your flirting it is that I'm speaking;
+      So plaze to be thinking,
+      When you're winking and blinking.
+    It's my own honest heart that you're braking.
+
+      The divil a haper,
+      Will I stand of a caper,--
+    'Twould kill me to find you deceiving;
+      By my sowl and I'd die,
+      And that same is no lie,
+    Before I'd be kilt by me grieving.
+
+      Then spake but the word.
+      My nate little bird,
+    That you're niver a man's but mine;
+      And straight to the praist,
+      It's myself that'll haste,
+    To make you my _swate waluntine_!
+
+                        [_Teddy Magowan._
+
+
+=Boys and Men.=
+
+A youthful volunteer, the other day, out in Arkansas, was taunting a
+married gentleman, who had a wife and three small children depending
+upon him, for not rallying to the standard of his country, soon after
+the requisition upon that State arrived. 'Tom,' said our friend, 'you
+_boys_ can whip the Mexicans, but should old England take a hand in
+the pie, _I'll_ join, for it will require _men_ to whip the English.'
+
+
+=Trusting too Long.=
+
+We recollect that a weekly paper was started, some years ago, in one
+of the Western States, the terms of which were $2,50 in advance, $3 at
+the end of the year--to which the editor jocosely added in a
+paragraph, 'and $5 if never paid.' We think that most of his
+subscribers took the paper upon the latter terms, since it has been
+non est. He played a joke upon himself.
+
+
+=Business Stand.=
+
+A Frenchman, being about to remove his shop, his landlord inquired the
+reason, stating, at the time, that it was considered a very good
+stand for business. He replied, with a shrug of the shoulders, "Oh,
+yes, he's very good stand for de businis; by gar, me stan' all day,
+for nobody come to make me _move_!"
+
+
+=Plain Directions.=
+
+Represent me in my portrait, said a gentleman to his painter, with a
+book in my hand reading aloud. Paint my servant also in a corner where
+he cannot be seen, but in such a manner that he may hear me when I
+call him.
+
+
+=Homogeneous.=
+
+Joe Snooks, seeing some farmer's boys employed, some at hoeing and
+others at mowing, in the same field, remarked that they were a
+_hoe-mow_-geneous set of fellows.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+The Louisville Journal, philosophizing on the recent commencement of
+several newspapers, gives the following poetic remark:
+
+   'Income and ink'em,
+   Although you may link'em,
+   Are not such first cousins as some folks may think'em.'
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+We did not expect to mention large peaches again; but the Louisville
+Journal speaks of a lot which measured nearly _twelve inches_ each, in
+circumference.
+
+
+=Proposition of a New Patent Law.=
+
+The following remarks and proposition, which we copy from the 'Farmer
+and Mechanic,' was written by a prominent member of the National
+Association of Inventors, and expresses the sentiments of a large
+majority of the members of that Association. No person who carefully
+examines the subject, can fail of seeing that the cause of justice and
+equity, as well as the advance of improvement, would be promoted by
+the substitution of the principles therein expressed, in place of some
+of those embraced in the existing patent laws of the United States.
+
+"We advance the principle, which may be novel to some, that if the
+inventor apply genius, time, toil, and capital, to produce anything he
+may consider valuable, he has the same right to the exclusive use and
+enjoyment of it as the man who may apply time, and toil, and capital,
+without genius. That the application of genius does not divest him of
+any right enjoyed by all others in society.
+
+It is true, the creations of genius are sometimes intangible, but that
+is no objection; all rights are abstractions, until embodied in
+constitutions and laws, and rendered practical by penalties.
+
+If an inventor can define the limits of his claim, he is entitled to
+protection in it just the same as when a deed is put on record,
+limiting the boundaries of a lot of ground. All rights to real
+property are traced back to original discovery and occupancy, and now
+all the inventor desires, or nearly all, in any patent law, is a
+simple registry, just as we find in our Halls of Record. The
+Commissioner of Patents should be called the Register of Patents.
+Indeed, grants of land, as they are termed, have frequently been
+registered by the name of patents, in our Halls of Records, so strong
+is the analogy, if not perfect similarity.
+
+Then what should be the Patent Law? We answer, by sections, at once.
+The first should be declaratory of the rights of inventors, as
+follows:
+
+SEC. 1. The application of capital, time, skill and ingenuity, to the
+production of new and useful discoveries, shall be protected under the
+5th article of the Amendments to the Constitution, which forbids
+private use without the consent of the owner, and for public use
+without just compensation.
+
+SEC. 2. Should any invention or discovery be deemed of great
+importance to the general prosperity, its value shall he appraised on
+the requisition of the Secretary of State, which value, which
+ascertained, as hereinafter provided, shall be paid to the inventor
+from the Treasury of the United States, and, until this payment shall
+take place, the discovery of any inventor duly qualified to take out a
+patent, shall remain his property, and inalienable without his consent
+or the consent of his legal representatives.
+
+SEC. 3. Any inventor or discoverer who may desire a patent for any
+discovery of his own, shall make oath or solemnly affirm thereto, and
+any specification, drawing or model, he may see fit to deposit with
+the Register of Patents, shall be received by him and recorded, as a
+matter of evidence of original right.
+
+SEC. 4. There shall be no salaried Examiners of Patents, but each
+patentee may contract on any terms he may see fit with any Patent
+Agent or Examiner, to examine the Records of the Patent office, on the
+payment of ten dollars fee for the use of the books and privilege of
+the Patent Office, and no more fees than this first $10 shall be
+charged on any single patent, excepting five dollars each for every
+record of transfer of rights or parts of rights. Nor shall the fees be
+raised until it may be discovered that they will not support the
+expenses of the Patent Office. And it is provided, no expenses for the
+improvement of agriculture, or any purpose foreign to the business of
+the registry of Patents, and the necessary books and buildings, and
+salaries of the register, librarian and two clerks and door-keeper,
+shall be charged upon the Patent Fund.
+
+SEC. 5. The Commissioner of Patents shall give advice of a scientific
+and legal character as he may be desired and qualified to do, to
+inventors. He may guaranty the originality of any invention at his own
+risk, at any price be may agree upon with any inventor to give
+certificates thereof, and this shall not interfere with his regular
+salary. But it is provided that the Commissioner shall not in any
+manner prevent others from examining and guarantying the originality
+of any invention for which a patent may be desired. And it is also
+provided that any Commissioner, Register, Clerk, Attorney, Examiner or
+Agent, who may give a guaranty or warrant of the novelty of any
+invention shall be held responsible in costs on any information to be
+filed by any party who may feel himself aggrieved, to rescind the
+patent which may not be an original invention of the claimant so
+guarantied.
+
+SEC. 6. To rescind a patent, any party feeling himself aggrieved may
+file information in the District Court of the United States, of the
+district in which the patentee resides, notifying the patentee of such
+information filed, with what the former intends to prove, and where
+the patentee may discover the evidence relied upon by the informer, on
+which, the patentee may surrender his patent without costs should he
+so elect. But should the patentee determine to stand trial, he shall
+plead to such information within twenty days, denying the allegations
+of the informer, on which the trial shall proceed in its regular order
+on the calendar, and the patentee, if found wilfully and knowingly a
+monopolizer of the public rights, shall suffer costs and the
+reasonable expenses and counsel fee of the informer. And if such
+inventor shall make oath he has not been enabled to examine the proofs
+on which the informer relies to rescind his patent, he shall be
+allowed such further time as the court having jurisdiction may
+prescribe. And the court may make an order to the informer to exhibit
+fully his evidence of priority of invention, and no other evidence
+than has been exhibited to the inventor excepting rebutting, shall be
+introduced on the trial to rescind the patent.
+
+SEC. 7. The Commissioner of Patents shall collect and keep in the
+Patent Office all the scientific works published and useful for
+references, and pay the expenses of the same from the patent fund. But
+the Commissioner shall not subscribe for more than three copies of any
+publication for the use of the office as aforesaid out of the Patent
+Fund.
+
+SEC. 8. The application of any known machinery or matter of
+combination of machinery, or matter to new purposes or old purposes
+after a new method, or any means by which useful results are to be
+more advantageously produced than formerly, shall be the subject of a
+patent.
+
+SEC. 9. A method, plan, design, or any new and useful idea, which can
+be defined, shall be the subject of a patent.
+
+SEC. 10. A simple change of form shall not entitle any one to evade
+the patent of any inventor by a new patent.
+
+The above are the principal improvements desired by inventors. Some
+think it not well to ask for all they want at once, but we think
+differently, for it will be said hereafter, when new amendments are
+desired, 'Gentlemen, you petitioned for the very provisions you now
+seek to have annulled. Your own committee was here at Washington
+assenting.' What answer will there be to this? None can be made
+without confusion of face for having over assented to a wrong.
+
+We do not desire to censure the committee charged with the mission to
+Washington.--They have thought to act prudently and for the greatest
+good. We differ only on the real expediency of the case. We do not
+believe that such men as Benton, Calhoun, and other kindred spirits,
+ask or desire anything but what they think is right.
+
+They will not sacrifice their reputation against a body of men to whom
+the Republic owe so much, and who have so long suffered in silence.
+The law as it now stands, is an improvement on the former law, and
+considering how low was the state of morals in former times respecting
+inventors, such sentiments as have been advanced by Judge Woodbury,
+and which are in spirit the same as the above, are destined ultimately
+to prevail. And those who choose to record their names in opposition
+are free to do so, as are also the tribe of persecutors who in all
+ages have stoned the prophets.
+
+The principle endeavored to be followed throughout, is that of the
+common and statutes laws respecting the rights to real property. It
+may tend to create litigation, as to claims which are now refused
+entirely, but if no litigation or less is the grand desideratum, why
+not establish a dictatorship at once? The _ipse dixit_ of one man will
+then prevent all argument. But the rights of property and jury trial
+in all cases are ours by the constitution--and equally are we entitled
+by the constitution to the pursuit of happiness and wealth in aerial
+regions as on the common earth--and if we may not be divested of our
+other property without certain laws and a fair jury trial, why should
+we be of patent property? And if patent agents presume to beguile
+honest inventors, why should they not be held responsible? They may
+refuse to back their operation by a guaranty, but then the inventor
+has a right to know it, and to know he has a remedy, should they do so
+improperly. The Clerk of one of our Courts guarantied the searches of
+one of his Clerks as to a piece of real property, and had to pay some
+ten thousand dollars, and why should it not be so.
+
+When a tailor makes a coat he warrants it to fit, and when a surgeon
+sets a leg unscientifically he is also responsible in damages to his
+patient, and as is an attorney for negligent practice. Holding
+examiners responsible will leave the patent office open to the filing
+of new claims at the same time that it will prevent a world of
+litigation, favoritism and corruption.
+
+We are not striking at our present worthy Commissioner, Mr. Burke. We
+are friendly to him. But the more honest a man may be, the sooner will
+he find himself displaced, if the office he holds may be used to grasp
+a vast amount of patronage and property.'
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS.
+
+[**hand pointing right]This paper circulates in every State in the
+Union, and is seen principally by mechanics and manufacturers. Hence
+it may be considered the best medium of advertising, for those who
+import or manufacture machinery, mechanics tools, or such wares and
+materials as are generally used by those classes. The few
+advertisements in this paper are regarded with much more attention
+than those in closely printed dailies.
+
+Advertisements are inserted in this paper at the following rates:
+
+One square, of eight lines one insertion,   $ 0 50
+ "    "          "     "   two   do.,           75
+ "    "          "     "   three  do.,        1 00
+ "    "          "     "   one month,         1 25
+ "    "          "     "   three do.,         3 75
+ "    "          "     "   six do.,           7 50
+ "    "          "     "   twelve do.,       15 00
+
+
+TERMS:--CASH IN ADVANCE.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+GENERAL AGENTS
+
+FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
+
+New York City,          Geo. Dexter
+  "       "             Wm. Taylor & Co.
+Boston,                 Messrs. Hotchkiss & Co.
+Philadelphia,           Messrs. Colon & Adriance.
+
+
+LOCAL AGENTS.
+
+Albany,                 Peter Cook.
+Baltimore, Md.,         S. Sands.
+Cabotville, Mass.,      E. F. Brown.
+Hartford, Ct.,          E. H. Bowers.
+Lynn, Mass.,            J. E. F. Marsh.
+Middletown, Ct.,        Wm. Woodward.
+Norwich, Ct.,           Safford & Parks.
+New Haven, Ct.,         E. Downes.
+New Bedford, Mass.,     Wm. Robinson & Co.
+Newark, N.J.            J. L. Agens.
+Patterson, N.J.,        L. Garside.
+Providence, R.I.,       H. & J. S. Rowe.
+Springfield, Mass.,     Wm. B. Brocket.
+Salem, Mass.,           L. Chandler.
+Troy, N.Y.,             A. Smith.
+Taunton. Mass.,         W. P. Seaver.
+Worcester, Mass.,       S. Thompson.
+Boston,                 Jordon & Wiley.
+Newark, N. J.,          Robert Rashaw.
+Williamsburgh,          J. C. Gander.
+
+TRAVELLING AGENTS.
+
+O. D. Davis, John Stoughton, John Murray, Sylvester Dierfenorf.
+
+CITY CARRIERS.
+
+Clark Selleck, Squire Selleck, Nathan Selleck.
+
+Persons residing in the city of Brooklyn, can have the paper left at
+their residences regularly, by sending their address to the office,
+128 Fulton st., 2d. floor.
+
+
+=AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PATENT AGENCY.=
+
+No. 23 Chambers street, New York.
+
+JOSEPH H. BAILEY, Engineer and Agent for procuring Patents, will
+prepare all the necessary Specifications, Drawings, &c. for applicants
+for Patents, in the United States or Europe. Having the experience of
+a number of years in the business, and being connected with a
+gentleman of high character and ability in England, he has facilities
+for enabling inventors to obtain their Patents at home or abroad, with
+the least expense and trouble.
+
+The subscriber, being practically acquainted with all the various
+kinds of Drawing used, is able to represent Machinery, Inventions, or
+Designs of any kind, either by Authographic Drawing, or in
+Isometrical, Parallel, or True Perspective, at any angle best
+calculated to show the construction of the Machinery of Design
+patented.
+
+To those desiring Drawings or Specifications, Mr. B. has the pleasure
+of referring to Gen. Wm. Gibbs McNiel, Civil Engineer, Prof. Renwick,
+Columbia College, Prof. Morse, Jno. Lee.
+
+Residence, No. 10 Carroll Place; office, No.
+Chambers street.                   oct10 tf
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+BLACK LEAD POTS!--The subscriber offers for sales, in lots to suit
+purchasers, a superior article of BLACK LEAD POTS, that can be used
+without annealing. The price is low, and founders are requested to
+make a trial. SAMUEL C. HILLS,
+
+45to2ndv6        Patent Agent, 12 Platt street.
+
+
+STATE OF NEW YORK.
+
+Secretary's Office, Albany, July 24, 1846.
+
+To the Sheriff of the City and County of New York: Sir--Notice is
+hereby given, that at the next General Election, to be held on the
+Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November next, the following
+officers are to be elected, to wit:--A Governor and Lieutenant
+Governor of this State. 2 Canal Commissioners, to supply the place of
+Jonas Earll, junior, and Stephen Clark, whose terms of office will
+expire on the last day of December next. A Senator for the First
+Senatorial District, to supply the vacancy which will accrue by the
+expiration of the term of service of John A. Lott on the last day of
+December next. A Representative in the 30th Congress of the United
+States for the Third Congressional District, consisting of the 1st,
+2d, 3d, 4th and 5th Wards of the City of New York. Also a
+Representative in the said Congress for the Fourth Congressional
+District, consisting of the 6th, 7th, 10th and 13th Wards of said
+City. Also a Representative in the said Congress for the Fifth
+Congressional District, consisting of the 8th, 9th and 14th Wards of
+said city. And also a Representative in the said Congress for the
+Sixth Congressional District, consisting of the 11th, 12th, 15th,
+16th, 17th and 18th Wards of said City.
+
+Also the following officers for the said County, to wit: 16 Members of
+Assembly, a Sheriff in the place of William Jones, whose term of
+service will expire on the last day of December next. A County Clerk
+in the place of James Connor, whose term of service will expire on the
+last day of December next, and a Coroner in the place of Edmund G.
+Rawson, whose term of service will expire on the last day of December
+next.
+
+               Yours, respectfully,
+                N. S. BENTON, Secretary of State.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+Sheriff's Office, New York, August 3d, 1846.
+
+The above is published pursuant to the notice of the Secretary of
+State and the requirements of the statute in such case made and
+provided for.
+
+                WM. JONES, Sheriff of the City and County of New York.
+
+[Illustration: hand pointing right]All the public newspapers in the
+County will publish the above once in each week until election, and
+then hand in their bills so that they may be laid before the Board of
+Supervisors, and passed for payment.
+
+See Revised Statutes, vol. 1, chap. vi. title 3d, article
+3d--part 1st, page 140.                 aug18
+
+
+=BRASS FOUNDRY.=
+
+JAMES KENNEARD & CO. respectfully inform their friends and the public
+that they are prepared to furnish all orders for Brass and Composition
+Castings, and finishing in general at the shortest possible notice.
+
+N.B. All orders for Rail Road, Factory and Steamboat work from any
+distance, will be thankfully received and attended to with despatch
+and on reasonable terms.
+
+[Illustration: hand pointing right]Patterns made to order.
+JAMES KENNEARD & CO.
+oct. 10 3m*            27 1-2 Chrystie st. New York.
+
+[Illustration: hand pointing right]NOTICE--R. C. WETMORE & CO. RETURN
+their thanks to the Fire Department & Police, for the zealous exertions
+used by them in saving the property in the store No. 85 Water street,
+at the fire this evening.
+
+R. C. Wetmore & Co. desire especially to acknowledge the aid of his
+honor the Mayor, in preserving their books and papers.
+
+Tuesday Night.
+
+PROSPER M. WETMORE, Navy Agent, begs to return his grateful
+acknowledgment to his Honor the Mayor, the members of the Fire
+Department, and Municipal Police, for the assistance rendered him in
+saving all the books and papers of the Navy Agency from the fire this
+evening, Tuesday night.
+
+NOTICE.
+
+The Office of the Navy Agent is removed for the present to the back
+office of the store No. 11 Broad street.
+
+PROSPER M. WETMORE, Navy Agent.
+[Illustration: hand pointing right]All city papers please copy, and
+send bill.
+o10 3t
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+NEW IMPROVEMENT.--M. H. Mansfield, of Mifflintown, Juniata Co.,
+Pennsylvania, has invented a new CLOVER HULLING MACHINE, which is one
+of the best inventions of the kind now in use. This machine will hull
+forty bushels of seed per day. Persons wishing to manufacture them can
+procure the right on moderate terms from the inventor. For further
+particulars, address.
+
+MARTIN H. MANSFIELD,
+oct.3 3t*             Mifflintown, Juniata Co. Pa.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+COPPER SMITH!--The subscriber takes this method of informing the
+public that he is manufacturing Copper Work of every description.
+Particular attention is given to making and repairing LOCOMOTIVE
+tubes. Those at a distance, can have any kind of work made to
+drawings, and may ascertain costs, &c., by addressing L. R. BAILEY,
+cor. of West and Franklin Sts., N. Y.
+
+N.B.--Work shipped to any part of the country.
+
+45to2dv18*
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+
+=ELECTRICITY.=
+
+SMITH'S CELEBRATED TORPEDO, OR VIBRATING
+ELECTRO MAGNETIC MACHINE
+
+--This instrument differs from those in ordinary use, by having a
+third connection with the battery, rendering them much more powerful
+and beneficial. As a curious Electrical Machine, they should be in the
+possession of every one, while their wonderful efficacy as a medical
+agent, renders them invaluable. They are used with extraordinary
+success, for the following maladies.
+
+=Rheumatism=--Palsy, curvature of the Spine, Chronic Diseases,
+Tic-doloureaux, Paralysis Tubercula of the brain, heart, liver,
+spleen, kidneys, sick-headache.
+
+=Toothache=--St Vitus dance, Epilepsy, Fevers, diseases of the eye,
+nose, antrum, throat, muscles, cholera, all diseases of the skin,
+face, &c.
+
+=Deafness=--Loss of voice, Bronchitis, Hooping cough.
+
+These machines are perfectly simple and conveniently managed. The
+whole apparatus is contained in a little box 8 inches long, by 4 wide
+and deep. They may be easily sent to any part of the United States. To
+be had at the office of the Scientific American, 128 Fulton st, 2nd
+floor, (Sun building) where they may be seen IN OPERATION, at all
+times of the day and evening.      2
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+GOLD PENS!!--In consequence of the increased facility afforded by
+machinery for the manufacture of my GOLD PENS, I am enabled to furnish
+them to the Trade, at a much less price than they have heretofore
+obtained them through my Agent.
+
+Those purchasing direct of the manufacturer will have the double
+advantage of the lowest market price, and the privilege of returning
+those that are imperfect. In connection with the above, I am
+manufacturing the usual style of PENHOLDER, together with my PATENT
+EXTENSION PENHOLDER with PENCIL. All orders thankfully received, and
+punctually attended to. A. G. BAGLEY,
+
+sept. 25 tf                  189 Broadway, N. Y.
+
+
+=Engraving on Wood.=
+
+NEATLY AND PROMPTLY EXECUTED AT the Office of the Scientific American,
+128 Fulton st, three doors from the Sun Office. Designs, DRAWINGS of
+all kinds for PATENTS, &c., also made, as above, at very low
+charges.       1
+
+
+[Illustration: CURIOUS ARTS]
+
+
+=Labor to make a Watch.=
+
+Mr. Dent, in a lecture delivered before the London Royal Institute,
+made an allusion to the formation of a watch, and stated that a watch
+consists of 992 pieces; and that 40 trades, and probably 215 persons
+are employed in making one of these little machines. The iron of which
+the balance wheel is formed, is valued at something less than a
+farthing; this produces an ounce of steel, worth 4 1-2 pence, which is
+drawn into 2,250 yards of steel wire, and represents in the market,
+13_l._ 3_s._; but still another process of hardening this originally a
+farthing's worth of iron, renders it workable into 7,050 balance
+springs, which will realize, at the common price, of 2_s._ 6_d_ each
+746_l_. 5_s_, the effect of labor alone. Thus it may be seen that the
+mere labor bestowed upon one farthing's worth of iron, gives it the
+value of 950_l._ 5_s_, or $4,552, which is 75,680 times its original
+value.
+
+
+=Mule Boats.=
+
+This kind of conveyance is, we believe, peculiar to the Illinois
+River, for we never remember to have seen one belonging to any other
+stream. A year or two since, we were perfectly astonished at beholding
+the first one that ever arrived in this port; but now they are as
+common as the species usually termed _broad horns_, and their
+appearance creates about as much surprise and curiosity among the more
+aristocratic order of steam and sail. A genuine mule boat is not
+unlike an ocean steamer, as they are susceptible of being propelled
+both by steam and wind; with this difference, the mule-boat steam is
+generated upon the tread-mill plan, and by the united exertions of
+some half dozen quadrupeds, generally of the long-eared kind. To this
+treading or pulling apparatus are attached cylinder, pitt-man,
+boilers, &c., in the shape of some three or more cog-wheels, and
+immediately connected with them is a couple of shafts, which give a
+rotary motion to a couple of water-wheels, one on each side, and which
+usually propel a keel about 100 feet in length, and of about 75 tons
+burthen; over it is a roof and covering, usually called a cargo box,
+to protect the inside from the weather, and the whole making an
+appearance similar to an Ohio river keel boat, with the exception of a
+space left her to operate in. The difficulty and danger attending the
+management of a boat propelled by steam, is upon the mule boat
+entirely dispensed with.
+
+There is no firing up, or blowing up; all that is necessary, when
+wishing to commence a journey, is to start, and when tired of going,
+all that is to be done is to stop the mules; in giving a lick ahead,
+they are all made to bounce at once, and in giving a lick back, they
+are turned around and made to pull the other way: and should the wind
+prove favorable, by means of a mast, with which they are all
+provided, sails can be hoisted, and the the double power of mules and
+wind be put in requisition. This description of boat is getting to be
+quite fashionable on the Illinois and tributaries, and some two or
+three extend their trips to this city. They are a great benefit in low
+water, as they are of exceeding light draught, and the running of them
+is attended with but trifling expense. We learn that several new ones
+are in a state of completion, on the line of the Illinois, intended as
+regular traders up the Sangamon river, and from the head of navigation
+on the Illinois to this city. There is nothing like enterprise, or a
+mule boat on the Illinois, in a low stage of water, to get
+along.--[St. Louis New Era.
+
+
+=Discovery of Glass.=
+
+'As some merchants,' says Pliny, 'were carrying nitre, they stopped
+near a river which issues from Mount Carmel. As they could not readily
+find stones to rest their kettles on, they used for this purpose some
+of these pieces of nitre. The fire, which gradually dissolved the
+nitre, and mixed it with the sand, occasioned a transparent matter to
+flow, which in fact was nothing less than glass.'
+
+
+=Pumping the water out of Lake Michigan.=
+
+It is well known to our readers that, by an arrangement with the
+English bond holders, the State of Illinois has given over to them the
+unfinished canal, from the waters of Lake Michigan, at Chicago, to the
+Illinois river.--They are about completing it, but the principal
+difficulty now is, to supply it with water, owing to the level of the
+lake being _eight_ feet below the bottom of the canal. To overcome
+this, the present company, after various propositions, finally
+bethought themselves of raising the water of the lake, so as to supply
+the canal. They went to Messrs. Knapp & Totten, of this city, and
+furnished them with a data to calculate whether it could be done, and
+what force and what machinery would accomplish it. These gentlemen
+soon furnished an answer to build some powerful machinery for that
+purpose,--a steam engine and _eight_ pumps of four and a half bore and
+six feet stroke. We are glad to hear that this eminently scientific
+firm have been selected to execute this order. Their shop and
+mechanical force are not excelled by any establishment in the United
+States.--[Pittsburg Gaz.
+
+=The Self-Regulating Ventilator.=
+
+[Illustration:]
+
+Explanation:--This is a cheap and simple but scientific apparatus for
+regulating the air-vent of a common, cheap stove, according to the
+temperature of the atmosphere in the room in which it is located. The
+draught door is a plain iron door, hung by a common hinge joint at the
+upper end; and to the front of the hinge is attached a piece of brass
+wire, which extends vertically nearly to the top of the room, and is
+connected at B to a horizontal brass wire C D. This is the only
+apparatus required, but must be so adjusted as to allow the door to be
+closed, or nearly so, when the temperature is about right. If the
+temperature rises above that point, the horizontal wire will
+immediately expand so as to allow the door to close. But as soon as
+the temperature begins to fail, the wire contracts and opens the vent.
+On this principle the apparatus will readily find a medium, and there
+remain, varying only occasionally to accommodate itself to the
+variations of the quantity of fuel in the stove. The entire expense of
+this apparatus, exclusive of the stove, will not exceed 50 cents. It
+is generally conceded that a large portion of cases of colds, coughs,
+&c. are occasioned by irregularities of the temperature of
+sitting-rooms but with this plan of regulation this evil may be
+avoided without any material expense.
+
+
+=New Paper Mill.=
+
+Mr. C. C. P. Moses has erected a line brick building, 75 by 38 feet,
+three stories high, on the site of the old foundry, at Dover, N. H.,
+$12,000 to $15,000. The rooms are constructed and furnished in a
+complete manner for carrying on the paper making business in all its
+departments. The works are nearly completed, and will be in operation
+in five or six weeks.
+
+
+=New Mill at Lowell.=
+
+The Merrimack Company have in progress of erection the largest mill in
+Lowell, and which is calculated to employ from 300 to 400 operatives.
+The building is nearly finished, and the machinery is to embrace the
+latest improvements in this or any other country.
+
+
+=Machine Shop.=
+
+A new machine shop is about commencing operation in Norwich: about
+half a mile northeast from the railroad depot. The building is 100 by
+40 feet, and is calculated to employ 60 hands in the manufacture of
+steam engines and manufacturing machinery. The work at this shop will
+be finished in the best style and at moderate prices.
+
+
+=Ornamental Kites.=
+
+[Illustration:]
+
+This month being considered as one of the best for flying kites, we
+may indulge our young friends with an article on that subject. The
+principle on which kites are made to ascend by the action of the wind,
+is too well understood, even by children, to require explanation. We
+shall merely introduce and describe some fancy models of kites, which
+are not often seen. The pattern, fig. 1, which is the figure called a
+star, is very easily made. The frame consists simply of the strips, or
+rods of light wood; spruce timber, willow twig's--and interlocked, as
+shown in the cut; so that each rod shall pass alternately over and
+under the other rods at each intersection. These rods being lashed
+together at the points, the whole frame is covered with white or
+yellow paper, and the twine is attached to three of the angles of the
+star.
+
+The eagle, fig. 2, is but little more difficult; a rod extends from
+the beak to the tail, and is crossed by another which extends from tip
+to tip of the wings. The rods being lashed together, a small thread is
+drawn from the place of the head of the eagle, to the two extremities
+of the wings, and thence to the leeward end of the centre rod. This
+thread should be white or light blue, and will not be visible when
+aloft; but the form of the eagle should be made of black, dark or
+brown paper. The paper eagle must be sewed to the several threads, and
+two or more threads may extend from the wings to the centre rod to
+support the feathers of the wings. The eagle kite appears curious,
+but is not so elegant as
+
+The Rose, fig. 3. To construct this figure there must be four light
+rods of wood, made to cross each other in the centre, being there
+lashed together, and thus constituting eight arms. From the end of
+each arm, a thin strip of light wood or reed, is bent in a curved form
+to the next arm on either side: the bow being lashed to the arms. This
+frame is covered with white paper, which is to be afterward colored
+with rose color, with the yellow centre. The twine must be fastened to
+four of the arms, and the tail of the kite should be covered with
+green paper, which by the contrast, will have a pleasing effect.
+
+
+=Rochester Edge Tools in England.=
+
+Some time since, a Mr. Ash, an extensive manufacturer of Mechanics'
+Tools at Sheffield, England, sent to this country for patterns of the
+latest improvements, and amongst the rest, ordered a variety from
+Messrs. Barton & Belden of Rochester, which were promptly forwarded.
+On their arrival there, it seems that their make gave such universal
+satisfaction, that they were immediately copied, and the fact that
+they came from this country made prominent, by stamping upon them
+'Rochester Pattern.'
+
+
+=An Animal Curiosity.=
+
+Travellers state that there is on the island of St. Luce a cavern, in
+which is a large basin twelve or fifteen feet deep, at the bottom of
+which are rocks. From these rocks proceed certain substances that
+present at first, sight beautiful flowers, but on the approach of a
+hand or instrument, retire like a snail, out of sight! On examination,
+there appears in the middle of a disk, filaments resembling spiders'
+legs, which moved briskly round a kind of petal. The filaments, or
+legs, have pincers to seize their prey, when the petals close, so that
+it cannot escape. Under this flower is the body of an animal, and it
+is probable he lives on the marine insects thrown by the sea into his
+basin.
+
+    *    *    *    *    *
+
+The first clock that ever measured time was made for the Caliph of
+Bagdad. This art was afterwards lost for several centuries.
+
+
+=Skate Runners.=
+
+At Drontheim, in Norway, they have a regiment of soldiers, called
+Skate Runners. They wear leg gaiters for travelling in deep snow, and
+green uniform. They carry a short sword, a rifle fastened by a broad
+strap passing over the shoulder, and a climbing staff seven feet long,
+with a spike in the end. They move so fast in the snow that no cavalry
+can overtake them, and it does little good to fire cannon balls at
+them, as they go two or three hundred feet apart. They are very useful
+soldiers in following an enemy on a march. They go over marshes,
+rivers and lakes at a great rate.
+
+
+=A Receipt to make Peach Wine.=
+
+Take four or five bushels of ripe juicy peaches, mash or bruise them
+in a tub, and pour them into a barrel, large enough to contain them,
+and place it in a cool place. At the bottom of the barrel, before
+putting in the peaches, some clean straw must be placed to prevent the
+pumice from filling up the spigot. The head of the barrel must be
+covered. In about three days the Peach Wine is ready for use. Draw it
+off, from the spigot, and if care and attention have been adopted, a
+delicious beverage will be produced.
+
+
+=A Novel Enterprise.=
+
+An expedition, which promises the most important results both to
+science and commerce is at this moment fitting out in England, for the
+purpose of navigating some of the more important unexplored rivers in
+South America It is to be under the command of Lord Ranelagh. Several
+noblemen and gentlemen have already volunteered to accompany his
+lordship, and the enterprising and scientific band, it is said, will
+sail as soon as the necessary arrangements shall be completed.
+
+
+THE NEW YORK
+
+=SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN:=
+
+_Published Weekly at 128 Fulton Street., (Sun Building,) New York._
+
+BY MUNN & COMPANY.
+
+
+The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is the Advocate of Industry and Journal of
+Mechanical and other Improvements: as such its contents are probably
+more varied and interesting, than those of any other weekly newspaper
+in the United States, and certainly more useful. It contains as much
+interesting Intelligence as six ordinary daily papers, while for _real
+benefit_, it is unequalled by any thing yet published. Each number
+regularly contains from THREE to SIX ORIGINAL ENGRAVINGS, illustrated
+by NEW INVENTIONS, American and Foreign,--SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES and
+CURIOSITIES,--Notices of the progress of Mechanical and other
+Scientific Improvements, Scientific Essays on the principles of the
+Sciences of MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY and ARCHITECTURE,--Catalogues of
+American Patents,--INSTRUCTION in various ARTS and TRADES, _with
+engravings_,--Curious Philosophical Experiments,--the latest RAIL
+ROAD INTELLIGENCE in EUROPE and AMERICA,--Valuable information on the
+Art of GARDENING, &c. &c.
+
+This paper is especially entitled to the patronage of MECHANICS and
+MANUFACTURERS, being devoted to the interests of those classes. It is
+particularly useful to FARMERS, as it will not only apprise them of
+IMPROVEMENTS in AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, but INSTRUCT them in various
+MECHANICAL TRADES, and guard against impositions. As a FAMILY
+NEWSPAPER, it will convey more USEFUL Intelligence to children and
+young people, than five times its cost in school instruction.
+
+Being published in QUARTO FORM, it is conveniently adapted to
+PRESERVATION and BINDING.
+
+TERMS.--The Scientific American is sent to subscribers in the country
+at the rate of $2 a year, ONE DOLLAR IN ADVANCE, the remainder in 6
+months. Persons desiring to subscribe, have only to enclose the amount
+in a letter, directed to
+
+                                     MUNN & COMPANY,
+
+Publishers of the Scientific American, New York.
+
+[Illustration: hand pointing right]Specimen copies sent when desired.
+All letters must be POST PAID.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American magazine Vol 2.
+No. 3 Oct 10 1846, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, OCT 10, 1846 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 29411.txt or 29411.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/4/1/29411/
+
+Produced by David T. Jones and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Canada Team at http://www.pgdpcanada.net
+Images generously provided by "Making of America" Cornell
+University.
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/29411.zip b/29411.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e483fc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/29411.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..edc50e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #29411 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29411)