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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, War from the Inside, by Frederick L.
+(Frederick Lyman) Hitchcock
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: War from the Inside
+       The Story of the 132nd Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry in the War for the Suppression of the Rebellion, 1862-1863
+
+
+Author: Frederick L. (Frederick Lyman) Hitchcock
+
+
+
+Release Date: July 4, 2009  [eBook #29313]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WAR FROM THE INSIDE***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Suzanne Shell, Chuck Greif, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+WAR FROM THE INSIDE
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL FREDERICK L. HITCHCOCK]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+MONUMENT OF 132D REGIMENT, P. V.
+ERECTED BY THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA ON BATTLE-FIELD OF ANTIETAM, MD.
+DEDICATED SEPT. 17, 1904
+
+It stands about two hundred yards directly in front of the battle line
+upon which this regiment fought, on the side of the famous "Sunken Road"
+occupied by the Confederates.
+
+This road has since been widened and macadamized as a government road
+leading from "Bloody Lane" towards Sharpsburg.]
+
+
+
+WAR FROM THE INSIDE
+
+The Story of the 132nd Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry
+in the War for the Suppression of the Rebellion
+1862-1863
+
+by
+
+FREDERICK L. HITCHCOCK
+
+Late Adjutant and Major
+132nd Pennsylvania Volunteers.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Published by authority of the 132nd Regiment Pennsylvania
+Volunteer Infantry Association.
+
+Press of J. B. Lippincott Company
+Philadelphia
+1904
+
+Copyright, 1903
+by F. L. Hitchcock
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+This narrative was originally written without the least idea of
+publication, but to gratify the oft-repeated requests of my children.
+During the work, the ubiquitous newspaper reporter learned of it, and
+persuaded me to permit its publication in a local paper, where it
+appeared in weekly instalments. Since then the demand that I should put
+it in more permanent form has been so persistent and wide-spread, that I
+have been constrained to comply, and have carefully revised and in part
+rewritten it. I have endeavored to confine myself to my own
+observations, experiences, and impressions, giving the inner life of the
+soldier as we experienced it. It was my good fortune to be associated
+with one of the best bodies of men who took part in the great Civil War;
+to share in their hardships and their achievements. For this I am
+profoundly grateful. Their story is my own. If these splendid
+gray-headed "boys"--those who have not yet passed the mortal
+firing-line--shall find some pleasure in again tramping over that
+glorious route, and recalling the historic scenes, and if the younger
+generation shall gather inspiration for a like patriotic dedication to
+country and to liberty, I shall be more than paid for my imperfect
+work. In conclusion, I desire to acknowledge my indebtedness to Major
+James W. Oakford, son of our intrepid colonel, who was the first of the
+regiment to fall, and to Mr. Lewis B. Stillwell, son of that brave and
+splendid officer, Captain Richard Stillwell, Company K, who was wounded
+and disabled at Fredericksburg, for constant encouragement in the
+preparation of the work and for assistance in its publication.
+
+SCRANTON, PA., April 5, 1904.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER                                                             PAGE
+
+I.--FIRST LESSONS; OR, DOING THE IMPOSSIBLE                           13
+
+II.--THE ORGANIZATION AND MAKE-UP OF THE FIGHTING
+MACHINE CALLED "THE ARMY"                                             22
+
+III.--ON THE MARCH                                                    35
+
+IV.--DRAWING NEAR THE ENEMY--BATTLE OF SOUTH MOUNTAIN--PRELIMINARY
+SKIRMISHES                                                            46
+
+V.--THE BATTLE OF ANTIETAM                                            55
+
+VI.--THE BATTLE OF ANTIETAM--CONTINUED                                68
+
+VII.--HARPER'S FERRY AND THE LEESBURG AND HALLTOWN EXPEDITIONS        79
+
+VIII.--FROM HARPER'S FERRY TO FREDERICKSBURG                          94
+
+IX.--THE FREDERICKSBURG CAMPAIGN                                     108
+
+X.--THE BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG--CONTINUED                          120
+
+XI.--WHY FREDERICKSBURG WAS LOST                                     132
+
+XII.--LOST COLORS RECOVERED                                          141
+
+XIII.--THE WINTER AT FALMOUTH                                        158
+
+XIV.--THE WINTER AT FALMOUTH--CONTINUED                              179
+
+XV.--THE BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSVILLE                                  200
+
+XVI.--THE BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSVILLE--CONTINUED                      220
+
+XVII.--THE MUSTER OUT AND HOME AGAIN                                 239
+
+APPENDIX                                                             251
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+After the lapse of more than forty years, I hardly hoped to be able to
+publish pictures of all our officers, and have been more than pleased to
+secure so many. The others, I regret to say, could not be obtained. The
+youthful appearance of these officers will be remarked. All, I believe,
+with the exception of Colonel Oakford were below thirty years, and most
+between twenty and twenty-five.
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+Colonel Frederick L. Hitchcock                            _Frontispiece_
+
+The Monument                                         _Facing title-page_
+
+Groups of Captains                                                    16
+
+Group, Chaplain and Surgeons                                          22
+
+Colonel Charles Albright                                              44
+
+Colonel Vincent M. Wilcox                                             50
+
+Colonel Richard A. Oakford                                            59
+
+The Silenced Confederate Battery                                      62
+
+The Sunken Road                                                       71
+
+Field Hospital                                                        76
+
+Groups of Lieutenants                                                120
+
+Major Frederick L. Hitchcock                                         167
+
+Don and I, and glimpse of Camp of Hancock's Division, Falmouth, Va.  171
+
+Reunion 132d Regiment, P. V., 1891, on Battle-field of Antietam.     200
+
+
+
+
+WAR FROM THE INSIDE
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+FIRST LESSONS; OR, DOING THE IMPOSSIBLE
+
+
+I was appointed adjutant of the One Hundred and Thirty-second Regiment,
+Pennsylvania Volunteers, by our great war Governor, Andrew G. Curtin, at
+the solicitation of Colonel Richard A. Oakford, commanding the regiment,
+my commission dating the 22d day of August, 1862. I reported for duty to
+Colonel Oakford at Camp Whipple, where the regiment was then encamped,
+on the 3d day of September, 1862. This was immediately following the
+disasters of "Chantilly" and "Second Bull Run," and as I passed through
+Washington to Camp Whipple, I found the greatest excitement prevailing
+because of these reverses, and a general apprehension for the safety of
+the capital in consequence. The wildest rumors were abroad concerning
+the approach of the victorious rebel troops, and an alarm amounting
+almost to a panic existed. Being without a horse or other means of
+transportation, I was obliged to make my way, valise in hand, on foot
+from Washington over the "long bridge" across the Potomac, to Camp
+Whipple, some two miles up the river nearly opposite Georgetown. From
+the wild rumors floating about Washington, I did not know but I should
+be captured bag and baggage before reaching camp. Undertaking this trip
+under those circumstances, I think, required almost as much nerve as
+"real work" did later on.
+
+Getting beyond the long bridge there were abundant evidences of the
+reported disasters. Straggling troops, army wagons, etc., were pouring
+in from the "front" in great disorder. I reached camp about three
+o'clock P.M. and found Colonel Oakford out with the regiment on
+battalion drill. An hour later I reported to his office (tent) as ready
+for duty. The colonel had been a lifelong personal friend, and I was
+received, as I expected, most cordially. I was assigned quarters, and a
+copy of the daily routine orders of camp was placed in my hands, and my
+attention specially called to the fact that the next "order of business"
+was "dress parade" at six o'clock. I inquired the cause of this special
+notice to me, and was informed that I was expected to officiate as
+adjutant of the regiment at that ceremony. I pleaded with the colonel to
+be allowed a day or so in camp to see how things were done before
+undertaking such difficult and important duties; that I knew absolutely
+nothing about any part of military service; had never served a day in
+any kind of military work, except in a country fire company; had never
+seen a dress parade of a full regiment in my life, and knew nothing
+whatever about the duties of an adjutant.
+
+My pleadings were all in vain. The only reply I received was a copy of
+the "Army Regulations," with the remark that I had two hours in which to
+study up and master the details of dress parade, and that I could not
+learn my duties any easier nor better than by actual practice; that my
+condition was no different from that of my fellow officers; that we were
+all there in a camp of instruction learning our duties, and there was
+not a moment to lose. I then began to realize something of the magnitude
+of the task which lay before me. To do difficult things, without knowing
+how; that is, to learn how in the doing, was the universal task of the
+Union volunteer officer. I took up my "Army Regulations" and attacked
+the ceremony of dress parade as a life and death matter. Before my two
+hours were ended, I could repeat every sentence of the ceremony
+verbatim, and felt that I had mastered the thing, and was not going to
+my execution in undertaking my duties as adjutant. Alas for the frailty
+of memory; it failed me at the crucial moment, and I made a miserable
+spectacle of myself before a thousand officers and men, many of them old
+friends and acquaintances, all of whom, it seemed to me, were specially
+assembled on that occasion to witness my début, and see me get "balled
+up." They were not disappointed. Things tactically impossible were
+freely done during that ceremony. Looking back now upon that scene, from
+the long distance of forty years, I see a green country boy undertaking
+to handle one thousand men in the always difficult ceremony of a dress
+parade. (I once heard Governor Hartranft, who attained the rank of a
+major-general during the war, remark, as he witnessed this ceremony,
+that he had seen thousands of such parades, and among them all, only one
+that he considered absolutely faultless.) I wonder now that we got
+through it at all. Think of standing to give your first command at the
+right of a line of men five hundred abreast, that is, nearly one
+thousand feet in length, and trying to make the men farthest away hear
+your small, unused, and untrained voice. I now can fully forgive my
+failure. The officers and men were considerate of me, however, and,
+knowing what was to be done, went through with it after a fashion in
+spite of my blunders.
+
+The regiment was one of the "nine months'" quota; it had been in the
+service barely two weeks at this time. It was made up of two companies,
+I and K, from Scranton (Captains James Archbald, Company I, and Richard
+Stillwell, Company K), Company A, Danville, Pa.; B, Factoryville; C,
+Wellsboro and vicinity; E, Bloomsburg; F and G, Mauch Chunk, and H,
+Catawissa. It numbered, officers and men, about one thousand. Its field
+officers were Colonel Richard A. Oakford, Scranton; Lieutenant-Colonel
+Vincent M. Wilcox, Scranton; Major Charles Albright, Mauch Chunk; staff,
+Frederick L. Hitchcock, first lieutenant and adjutant, Scranton; Clinton
+W. Neal, first lieutenant and quartermaster, Bloomsburg; Rev.
+Schoonmaker, first lieutenant and chaplain, Scranton.
+
+The transition from home life to that of an army in the field can only
+be appreciated from a stand-point of actual experience. From a
+well-ordered, well-cooked meal, served at a comfortable table with the
+accessories of home, howsoever humble, to a "catch as catch can" way of
+getting "grub," eating what, and when and where, you are fortunate
+enough to get to eat; and from a good, comfortable bed, comfortably
+housed in a comfortable home, to a blanket "shake down" under the
+beautiful sky, mark some of the features of this transition.
+
+[Illustration: CAPT. MARTIN M. BROBST CO. H]
+
+[Illustration: CAPT. WARNER H. CARNOCHAN CO. D]
+
+[Illustration: CAPT. GEO. W. WILHELM CO. F]
+
+[Illustration: CAPT. SMITH W. INGHAM CO. B]
+
+[Illustration: CAPT. CHAS. M'DOUGAL CO. C]
+
+[Illustration: CAPT. RICHARD STILLWELL CO. K]
+
+[Illustration: CAPT. JAMES ARCHBALD, JR. CO. I]
+
+[Illustration: CAPT. CHARLES C. NORRIS CO. A]
+
+[Illustration: CAPT. JACOB D. LACIAR CO. F]
+
+[Illustration: CAPT. JACOB B. FLOYD CO. K]
+
+[Illustration: CAPT. ROBERT A. ABBOTT CO. G]
+
+Another feature is the utter change in one's individual liberty. To be
+no longer the arbiter of your own time and movements, but to have it
+rubbed into you at every turn that you are a very small part of an
+immense machine, whose business is to march and fight; that your every
+movement is under the control of your superior officers; that, in fact,
+you have no will of your own that can be exercised; that your
+individuality is for the time sunk, is a trial to an American freeman
+which patriotism alone can overcome. Not the least feature of this
+transition is the practical obliteration of the Lord's day. This is a
+great shock to a Christian who has learned to love the Lord's day and
+its hallowed associations. Routine duty, the march, the fighting, all go
+right on, nothing stops for Sunday.
+
+On the morning after reaching camp I had the pleasure of seeing
+Major-General John Pope, who commanded the Union forces in the recent
+battles of Chantilly and Second Bull Run, and his staff, riding past
+camp into Washington. He hailed us with a cheery "Good-morning" in reply
+to our salute. He did not look like a badly defeated general, though he
+undoubtedly was--so badly, indeed, that he was never given any command
+of importance afterwards.
+
+On Saturday, September 6, we received orders to join the Army of the
+Potomac--again under the command of "Little Mac"--at Rockville, Md.,
+distant about eighteen miles. This was our first march. The day was
+excessively hot, and Colonel Oakford received permission to march in the
+evening. We broke camp about six o'clock P.M. It was a lovely moonlight
+night, the road was excellent, and for the first six miles the march
+was a delight. We marched quite leisurely, not making over two miles an
+hour, including rests, nevertheless the last half of the distance was
+very tiresome, owing to the raw and unseasoned condition of our men, and
+the heavy load they were carrying. We reached the bivouac of the grand
+Army of the Potomac, of which we were henceforth to be a part, at about
+three o'clock the next morning. Three miles out from the main camp we
+encountered the outpost of the picket line and were duly halted. The
+picket officer had been informed of our coming, and so detained us only
+long enough to satisfy himself that we were all right.
+
+Here we encountered actual conditions of war with all its paraphernalia
+for the first time. Up to this time we had been playing at war, so to
+speak, in a camp of instruction. Now we were entering upon the thing
+itself, with all its gruesome accessories. Everything here was business,
+and awful business, too. Here were parks of artillery quiet enough just
+now, but their throats will speak soon enough, and when they do it will
+not be the harmless booming of Fourth of July celebrations. Here we pass
+a bivouac of cavalry, and yonder on either side the road, in long lines
+of masses, spread out like wide swaths of grain, lie the infantry behind
+long rows of stacked guns. Here were upward of seventy-five thousand
+men, all, except the cordon of pickets, sound asleep. In the midst of
+this mighty host the stillness was that of a graveyard; it seemed almost
+oppressive.
+
+Halting the regiment, Colonel Oakford and I made our way to the
+head-quarters of Major-General Sumner, commanding the Second Army Corps,
+to whom the colonel was ordered to report. We finally found him asleep
+in his head-quarters wagon. A tap on the canvas top of the wagon quickly
+brought the response, "Hello! Who's there? What's wanted?"
+
+Colonel Oakford replied, giving his name and rank, and that his regiment
+was here to report to him, according to orders.
+
+"Oh, yes, colonel, that is right," replied the general. "How many men
+have you?"
+
+Receiving the colonel's answer, General Sumner said:
+
+"I wish you had ten times as many, for we need you badly. Glad you are
+here, colonel. Make yourselves as comfortable as you can for the rest of
+the night, and I will assign you to your brigade in the morning."
+
+Here was a cordial reception and hospitality galore. "Make yourselves
+comfortable"--in Hotel "Dame Nature!" Well, we were all weary enough to
+accept the hospitality. We turned into the adjacent field, "stacked
+arms," and in a jiffy were rolled up in our blankets and sound asleep.
+The mattresses supplied by Madame Nature were rather hard, but her rooms
+were fresh and airy, and the ceilings studded with the stars of glory.
+My last waking vision that night was a knowing wink from Jupiter and
+Mars, as much as to say, "sleep sweetly, we are here."
+
+The morning sun was well up before we got ourselves together the next
+morning. The "reveille" had no terrors for us greenhorns then. We found
+ourselves in the midst of a division of the bronzed old Army of the
+Potomac veterans. They were swarming all over us, and how unmercifully
+they did guy us! A regiment of tenderfeet was just taffy for those
+fellows. Did our "Ma's know we were out?" "Get off those purty duds."
+"Oh, you blue cherub!" etc., etc., at the same time accepting (?)
+without a murmur all the tobacco and other camp rarities they could
+reach.
+
+We were soon visited by Brigadier-General Nathan Kimball, a swarthy,
+grizzly-bearded old gentleman, with lots of fire and energy in his eyes.
+He told the colonel our regiment had been assigned to his brigade. He
+directed the colonel to get the regiment in line, as he had something to
+say to the men, after which he would direct us where to join his troops.
+General Kimball commanded a brigade which had achieved a great
+reputation under McClellan in his West Virginia campaign, and it had
+been named by him the "Gibraltar brigade." It had also been through the
+Peninsular and Second Bull Run campaigns. It had comprised the Fourth
+and Eighth Ohio, Fourteenth Indiana and Seventh West Virginia regiments,
+all of which had been reduced by hard service to mere skeleton
+regiments. The Fourth Ohio had become so small as to require its
+withdrawal from the army for recuperation, and our regiment was to take
+its place.
+
+To step into the shoes of one of these old regiments was business,
+indeed, for us. Could we do it and keep up our end? It was certainly
+asking a great deal of a two weeks' old regiment. But it was the making
+of us. We were now a part of the old Gibraltar brigade. Our full address
+now was "One Hundred and Thirty-second Pennsylvania Volunteers, First
+Brigade, Third Division, Second Army Corps, Army of the Potomac." Our
+own reputation we were now to make. We were on probation in the
+brigade, so to speak. These veterans were proud, and justly so, of
+their reputation. What our relation to that reputation was to be, we
+could see was a mooted question with them. They guyed us without measure
+until the crucial test, the "baptism of fire," had been passed. This
+occurred just ten days later, at the battle of Antietam, the greatest
+battle of the war thus far, where for four bloody hours we held our
+section of the brigade line as stanch as a rock. Here we earned our
+footing. Henceforth we belonged to them. There was never another
+syllable of guying, but in its place the fullest meed of such praise and
+comradeship as is born only of brave and chivalrous men.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE ORGANIZATION AND MAKE-UP OF THE FIGHTING MACHINE CALLED "THE ARMY."
+
+
+We remained a day in bivouac after joining the Gibraltar brigade at
+Rockville, during which rations of fresh beef, salt pork, and "hardtack"
+(the boys' nickname for hard bread) were issued to the army, also
+ammunition.
+
+The method of issuing rations was as follows: Colonels of regiments were
+directed to send in requisitions for so many days' rations, depending on
+the movements on hand, of hard bread and pork, and usually one day's
+rations of fresh beef. At brigade head-quarters these requisitions were
+consolidated, making the brigade requisition, and forwarded to division
+head-quarters. Here they were again consolidated into a division
+requisition, and so on until the army head-quarters was reached. Then
+the corps commissary received in bulk enough for his corps, and
+distributed it to the divisions in bulk, thence to brigades in bulk,
+thence to regiments, and finally from the regiment to the companies, and
+to the men. A long string of red tape, surely; and it might have been
+considerably shortened to the advantage of all, as it was later on.
+
+[Illustration: REV. A. H. SCHOONMAKER CHAPLAIN]
+
+[Illustration: J. W. ANAWALT MAJOR AND SURGEON]
+
+[Illustration: G. K. THOMPSON FIRST LIEUT. AND ASS'T SURGEON]
+
+An interesting feature of the issue of rations was the method of
+supplying the fresh beef. Live cattle were driven to the army and issued
+alive to the several corps, from which details were made of men who
+had been butchers, who killed and dressed the beef. The animals were
+driven into an enclosure and expert marksmen shot them down as wanted.
+This seemed cruel work, but it was well done; the animal being hit
+usually at the base of its horns, death was instantaneous. This fresh
+meat, which we got but seldom after the march began, was cooked and
+eaten the day it was issued. Enough for one day was all that was issued
+at a time, and this, after the non-eatable portions had been eliminated,
+did not overburden the men.
+
+The hard bread was a square cracker about the size of an ordinary soda
+cracker, only thicker, and very hard and dry. It was supposed to be of
+the same quality as sea biscuit or pilot bread, but I never saw any
+equal to that article. The salt pork was usually good for pork, but it
+was a great trial to us all to come down to camp fare, "hardtack and
+pork." Sometimes the "hardtack" was very old and poor. I have seen many
+a one placed in the palm of the hand, a smart blow, a puff of breath,
+and mirabile! a handful of "squirmers"--the boys' illustration of a
+"full hand." It came to be the rule to eat in daylight for protection
+against the unknown quantity in the hardtack. If we had to eat in the
+dark, after a prolonged march, our protection then lay in breaking our
+cracker into a cup of boiling coffee, stir it well and then flow enough
+of the coffee over to carry off most of the strangers and take the
+balance on faith.
+
+On the march each man carried his own rations in haversacks. These were
+made of canvas and contained pockets for salt, sugar and coffee, besides
+room for about two days' rations of hard bread and pork. Sometimes
+five, six, and seven days' rations were issued, then the balance had to
+be stowed away in knapsacks and pockets of the clothing. When, as was
+usual in the latter cases, there was also issued sixty to one hundred
+rounds of ammunition, the man became a veritable pack-mule.
+
+For the first month many of our men went hungry. Having enormous
+appetites consequent upon this new and most strenuous mode of life, they
+would eat their five days' supply in two or three, and then have to
+"skirmish" or go hungry until the next supply was issued. Most, however,
+soon learned the necessity as well as the benefit of restricting their
+appetites to the supply. But there were always some improvident ones,
+who never had a supply ahead, but were always in straights for grub.
+They were ready to black boots, clean guns, in fact, do any sort of
+menial work for their comrades for a snack to eat. Their improvidence
+made them the drudges of the company.
+
+Whatever may be said about other portions of the rations, the coffee was
+always good. I never saw any poor coffee, and it was a blessing it was
+so, for it became the soldiers' solace and stay, in camp, on picket and
+on the march. Tired, footsore, and dusty from the march, or wet and cold
+on picket, or homesick and shivering in camp, there were rest and
+comfort and new life in a cup of hot coffee. We could not always have it
+on picket nor on the march. To make a cup of coffee two things were
+necessary besides the coffee, namely, water and fire, both frequently
+very difficult to obtain. On picket water was generally plentiful, but
+in the immediate presence of the enemy, fire was forbidden, for obvious
+reasons. On the march both were usually scarce, as I shall show later
+on. How was our coffee made? Each man was provided with a pint tin cup.
+As much coffee as could comfortably be lifted from the haversack by the
+thumb and two fingers--depending somewhat on the supply--was placed in
+the cup, which was filled about three-fourths full of water, to leave
+room for boiling. It was then placed upon some live coals and brought to
+a boil, being well stirred in the meantime to get the strength of the
+coffee. A little cold water was then added to settle it. Eggs, gelatin,
+or other notions of civilization, for settling, were studiously (?)
+omitted. Sometimes sugar was added, but most of the men, especially the
+old vets, took it straight. It was astonishing how many of the "wrinkles
+of grim visaged war" were temporarily smoothed out by a cup of coffee.
+This was the mainstay of our meals on the march, a cup of coffee and a
+thin slice of raw pork between two hardtacks frequently constituting a
+meal. Extras fell in the way once in a while. Chickens have been known
+to stray into camp, the result of a night's foraging.
+
+Among the early experiences of our boys was an incident related to me by
+the "boy" who was "it." He said he had a mighty narrow escape last
+night.
+
+I asked, "How was that?"
+
+"Out hunting for chickens, struck a farmhouse, got a nice string, and
+was sneaking my way out. Dark as tar. Ran up against man, who grabbed me
+by the collar, and demanded 'what are you doing here?' I was mum as an
+owl. He marched me out where there was a flickering light, and sure as
+blazes it was old General Kimball. I didn't know that house was brigade
+head-quarters.
+
+"'What regiment do you belong to?'
+
+"'Dunno.'
+
+"'You've heard about the orders against marauding, eh?'
+
+"'Dunno.'
+
+"'Hand up those chickens, you rascal.'
+
+"I handed them out from behind my shaking legs.
+
+"'How many have you got?'
+
+"'Dunno'--I had two pair of nice ones. The old man took out his knife
+and slowly cut out one pair, looking savagely at me all the time.
+
+"'There! You get back to camp as quick as your legs will carry you, and
+if I ever get my hands on you again you'll remember it.'" He said he
+thought he'd try and forage away from head-quarters next time. General
+Kimball was a rigid disciplinarian, but withal a very kind-hearted man.
+He no doubt paid for those chickens rather than have one of his boys
+suffer for his foraging escapade. Perhaps I ought to say a word about
+these foraging expeditions to eke out the boys' larder. These men were
+not thieves in any sense and very few attempted this dubious method, but
+the temptation was almost beyond the power of resistance. The best way
+to test this temptation is to diet yourself on "hardtack" and pork for
+just about one week. Then the devil's argument--always present--was
+practically true there, "the chickens will be taken (not stolen) by some
+of the army, and you might as well have one as anybody."
+
+The following story of a neighboring regiment will show that even
+officers high in rank sometimes found that "circumstances alter cases."
+The troops were nearing bivouac at the close of the day, and, as usual,
+the colonel ordered the music to start up and the men to fall into step
+and approach camp in order (the march is usually in route step,--_i.e._,
+every man marches and carries his gun as he pleases). The fifes and the
+snare-drums promptly obeyed, but the big bass drum was silent. The men
+fell into cadence step in fine shape, including the bass drummer, but
+his big shell gave forth no sound. The colonel called out, "What's the
+matter with the bass drum?" Still no response. A second ejaculation from
+head-quarters, a little more emphatic, fared no better. Patience now
+exhausted, the colonel yelled, "What in h----l's the matter, I say,
+with----" when a sotto voice reached his ear, with "Colonel, colonel,
+he's got a pair of chickens in his drum, and one is for you." "Well, if
+the poor fellow is sick, let him fall out."
+
+A little explanation now about how the army is organized will probably
+make my story clearer. That an army is made of three principal arms,
+viz., artillery, cavalry, and infantry, is familiar to all; that the
+cavalry is mounted is also well known, but that in actual fighting they
+were often dismounted and fought as infantry may not be familiar to all.
+The cavalry and infantry--or foot troops--are organized practically
+alike, viz., first into companies of 101 men and officers; second, into
+regiments of ten companies, or less, of infantry and twelve companies,
+more or less, of cavalry, two or more companies of cavalry constituting
+a "squadron," and a like number of companies of infantry a "battalion;"
+third, into brigades of two or more--usually four--regiments; fourth,
+divisions of two or more--usually three--brigades; fifth, army corps,
+any number of divisions--usually not more than three. Logically, the
+rank of officers commanding these several subdivisions would be colonel,
+commanding a regiment; brigadier-general, his rank being indicated by
+one star, a brigade; a major-general, two stars, a division; a
+lieutenant-general, three stars, an army corps; and the whole army a
+general, his rank being indicated by four stars. This was carried out by
+the Confederates in the organization of their armies. But not so with
+ours. With few exceptions--ours being one--the brigades were commanded
+by the senior colonels, and towards the end of the war this was
+sometimes temporarily true of divisions; the divisions by brigadiers,
+whilst we had no higher rank than that of major-general until General
+Grant was made, first, lieutenant-general, and finally general.
+
+The artillery was organized into companies commonly called batteries.
+There were two branches, heavy and light artillery. The former were
+organized more like infantry, marched on foot and were armed with
+muskets in addition to the heavy guns they were trained to use. The
+latter were used against fortifications and were rarely brought into
+field work. The light artillery were mounted either on the horses or on
+the gun-carriages, and, though organized into a separate corps under the
+direction of the chief of artillery, were usually distributed among the
+divisions, one or two batteries accompanying each division.
+
+In addition to these chief branches of the service, there was the signal
+corps, the "eyes" of the army, made up mostly of young lieutenants and
+non-commissioned officers detailed from the several regiments. There
+were two such officers from Scranton, namely, Lieutenant Fred. J.
+Amsden, One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and
+Lieutenant Frederick Fuller, Fifty-second Pennsylvania Volunteers,
+besides a number of enlisted men.
+
+Another important branch of the service was the telegraph corps. It was
+remarkable the celerity with which wires would be run along the ground
+and on brush, day by day, keeping the several corps constantly in touch
+with the commanding general. There were comparatively few telegraph
+operators that could be detailed, and many had to be hired,--some boys
+who were too young to enlist. Dr. J. Emmet O'Brien, of this city, was
+one of the most efficient of the latter class.
+
+It was Dr. O'Brien, then operating below Petersburg, who caught the
+telegraphic cipher of the rebels and by tapping their wires caught many
+messages which were of material assistance to General Grant in the
+closing movements of the war. It was he also who in like manner caught
+the movements of Jeff Davis and his cabinet in their efforts to escape,
+and put General Wilson on his track, resulting in his final capture. Mr.
+Richard O'Brien, the doctor's older brother, for many years
+superintendent of the Western Union Telegraph lines in this end of the
+State, was at that time Government Superintendent of Telegraphs, in
+charge of all its telegraphic operations in Virginia and North Carolina.
+He could tell many a hair-raising experience. He related to me the
+following incident, which occurred during Grant's operations around
+Petersburg, to illustrate the enterprise of the enemy in trying to get
+our telegrams, and the necessity of sending all messages in cipher. They
+never succeeded in translating the Union cipher. But one day an operator
+at Washington, either too lazy or too careless to put his message in
+cipher, telegraphed to the chief commissary at a place below City Point
+that fifteen hundred head of beef cattle would be landed at that point
+on a certain day. The message was caught by the rebels. The beef cattle
+were landed on time, but in the meantime Wade Hampton had swept in with
+a division of rebel cavalry and was waiting to receive the cattle. With
+them were captured a handsome lot of rations and a number of prisoners,
+including all of Mr. O'Brien's telegraph operators at that post. Mr.
+O'Brien said he cared a good deal more about the loss of his operators
+than he did for the loss of the cattle and rations, for it was very hard
+to get competent operators at that time. There was at least one vacancy
+at Washington following this incident.
+
+Still another arm of the service was the pontoniers, whose duty it was
+to bridge non-fordable rivers. They were armed and drilled as infantry,
+but only for their own protection. Their specialty was laying and
+removing pontoon bridges. A pontoon train consisted of forty to fifty
+wagons, each carrying pontoon boats, with plank and stringers for
+flooring and oars and anchors for placing. In laying a bridge these
+boats were anchored side by side across the stream, stringers made fast
+across them, and plank then placed on the stringers. Every piece was
+securely keyed into place so that the bridge was wide enough and strong
+enough for a battery of artillery and a column of infantry to go over at
+the same time. The rapidity with which they would either lay or take up
+a bridge was amazing. If undisturbed they would bridge a stream two
+hundred yards wide in thirty minutes. They bridged the Rappahannock at
+Fredericksburg under fire on the 12th of December, 1863, in a little
+over an hour, losing heavily in the act.
+
+Having now given some account of the organization of this great
+human fighting machine, it will be proper to show how it was
+handled. For this purpose there were four staff departments,
+namely, the adjutant-general's, the quartermaster-general's, the
+commissary-general's, and the ordnance departments. The first named was
+the mouth-piece of the army. All orders were issued by and through that
+officer. It was the book-keeper of the army. Each subdivision of the
+army had its adjutant-general down to the office of adjutant in the
+regiment, who was charged with issuing all orders, and with attending to
+their execution. He was secretary, so to speak, of the commanding
+officer, and his chief executive officer as well. Extraordinary
+executive talent and tireless energy were required in these positions.
+The adjutant must be able at all times to inform his chief of the
+condition of every detail of the command whether an army corps or
+regiment, exactly how many men were fit for duty, how many sick or
+disabled, and just where they all are. In fact, he must be a walking
+encyclopædia of the whole command; added to this he was usually chief of
+staff, and must be in the saddle superintending every movement of the
+troops. Always first on duty, his work was never finished.
+
+Two of the best adjutants-general the world has produced literally wore
+themselves out in the service--Seth Williams and John B. Rawlins. The
+first named was McClellan's adjutant-general, the latter was Grant's.
+McClellan is credited with having organized the grand old Army of the
+Potomac, the main fighting force by which the rebellion was finally
+crushed. This was doubtless true, he being its first commanding officer.
+But the executive ability by which that magnificent machine was
+perfected was largely the work of Seth Williams, a very quiet, modest
+man, but a master of the minutest details of every department and an
+indefatigable worker. It was said his chief could wake him in the middle
+of the night and get from his memory a correct answer as to the number
+of men fit for duty in any one of the hundreds of regiments in the army,
+and just where it was, and what duty it was doing. When one remembers
+that this knowledge was acquired only by a daily perusal of the
+consolidated reports of the various regiments, brigades, divisions, and
+corps of the army, and that he could have found time for one reading
+only, it will be seen how marvellous his memory was.
+
+Rawlins was said to possess much the same quality. It may truthfully be
+said that the Army of the Potomac was organized and began its remarkable
+career in the life blood of Seth Williams, and it completed its work in
+a blaze of glory, in the life blood of John B. Rawlins. Seth Williams
+died in the service. Rawlins came home with the victorious army only to
+die. A beautiful bronze equestrian statue was erected at Washington
+under the influence of his beloved chief, Grant, to commemorate the
+services of Rawlins. So far as I know, Seth Williams shares the fate of
+most of his humbler comrades,--an unmarked grave.
+
+I have said all orders were sent out through the adjutant-general's
+office. This, of course, applies to all regular routine work only, for
+during the movements of troops on campaigns and in battle orders had in
+the nature of the case to be delivered verbally. For this purpose each
+general had a number of aides-de-camp. In sending such orders, the
+utmost courtesy was always observed. The formula was usually thus,
+"General Kimball presents his compliments to Colonel Oakford and directs
+that he move his regiment to such and such a point." To which Colonel
+Oakford responds returning his compliments to General Kimball and says
+"his order directing so and so has been received and shall be
+immediately obeyed."
+
+The quartermaster's department was charged with all matters connected
+with transportation; with the supplying of clothing, canvas, and
+equipage of all sorts. Both the commissary and the ordnance departments
+were dependent upon the quartermaster for the transportation of their
+respective stores. The wagon trains required by the Army of the Potomac
+for all this service were prodigious. They were made up of four and six
+mule teams with heavy "prairie schooners" or canvas-covered wagons. I
+have seen two thousand of them halted for the night in a single park,
+and such trains on the march six to ten miles long were not unusual. It
+will readily be seen that to have them within easy reach, and prevent
+their falling into the hands of an alert enemy, was a tremendous problem
+in all movements of the army.
+
+The army mule has been much caricatured, satirized, and abused, but the
+soldier had no more faithful or indispensable servant than this same
+patient, plodding, hard-pulling, long-eared fellow of the roomy voice
+and nimble heels. The "boys" told a story which may illustrate the
+mule's education. A "tenderfoot" driver had gotten his team stalled in a
+mud hole, and by no amount of persuasion could he get them to budge an
+inch. Helpers at the wheels and new hands on the lines were all to no
+purpose. A typical army bummer had been eying the scene with
+contemptuous silence. Finally he cut loose:
+
+"Say! You 'uns dunno the mule language. Ye dunno the dilec. Let a
+perfesser in there."
+
+He was promptly given the job. He doffed cap and blouse, marched up to
+those mules as if he weighed a ton and commanded the army. Clearing away
+the crowd, he seized the leader's line, and distending his lungs, he
+shot out in a voice that could have been heard a mile a series of
+whoops, oaths, adjectives, and billingsgate that would have silenced the
+proverbial London fish vender. The mules recognized the "dilec" at once,
+pricked up their ears and took the load out in a jiffy.
+
+"Ye see, gents, them ar mules is used to workin' with a perfesser."
+
+The commissary department supplied the rations, and the ordnance
+department the arms and ammunition, etc. Still another branch of the
+service was the provost-marshal's department. This was the police force
+of the army. It had the care and custody of all prisoners, whether those
+arrested for crime, or prisoners of war--those captured from the enemy.
+In the case of prisoners sentenced to death by court-martial, the
+provost guard were their executioners.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+ON THE MARCH
+
+
+We are bound northward through Maryland, the vets tell us, on a chase
+after the rebs. The army marches in three and four parallel columns,
+usually each corps in a column by itself, and distant from the other
+columns equal to about its length in line of battle, say a half to
+three-fourths of a mile. Roads were utilized as far as practicable, but
+generally were left to the artillery and the wagon trains, whilst the
+infantry made roads for themselves directly through the fields.
+
+The whole army marches surrounded by "advance and rear guards," and
+"flankers," to prevent surprise. Each column is headed by a corps of
+pioneers who, in addition to their arms, are provided with axes, picks
+and shovels, with the latter stone walls and fences are levelled
+sufficiently to permit the troops to pass, and ditches and other
+obstructions covered and removed. It is interesting to see how quickly
+this corps will dispose of an ordinary stone wall or rail fence. They go
+down so quickly that they hardly seem to pause in their march.
+
+We learn that the Johnnies are only a couple of days ahead of us. That
+they marched rapidly and were on their good behavior, all marauding
+being forbidden, and they were singing a new song, entitled "My
+Maryland," thus trying to woo this loyal border State over to the
+Confederacy. We were told that Lee hung two soldiers for stealing
+chickens and fruit just before they entered Frederick City.
+
+Much could be written about the discomforts of these marches, the chief
+of which was the dust more than the heat and the fatigue. No rain had
+fallen for some time, and the roads and the fields through which we
+passed were powdered into fine dust, which arose in almost suffocating
+clouds, so that mouth, lungs, eyes, and ears were filled with it.
+Sometimes it became so dense that men could not be seen a dozen yards
+away. The different regiments took turns in heading the columns. There
+was comparative comfort at the head, but there were so many regiments
+that during the whole campaign our regiment enjoyed this privilege but
+once.
+
+Another feature of the march was inability to satisfy thirst. The dust
+and heat no doubt produced an abnormal thirst which water did not seem
+to satisfy. The water we could get was always warm, and generally muddy
+and filthy. The latter was caused by the multitude of men using the
+little streams, springs, or wells. Either of these, ordinarily abundant
+for many more than ever used them, were hardly a cup full apiece for a
+great army. Hence many a scrimmage took place for the first dash at a
+cool well or spring. On our second or third day's march, such a scrap
+took place between the advanced columns for a well, and in the mêlée one
+man was accidentally pushed down into it, head first, and killed. He
+belonged to one of the Connecticut regiments, I was told. We passed by
+the well, and were unable to get water, because a dead soldier lay at
+the bottom of it. His regiment probably got his body out, but we had to
+march on without stopping to learn whether they did or not. The problem
+of water for our army we found to be a troublesome one. Immediately we
+halted, much of our rest would be taken up in efforts to get water. We
+lost no opportunity to fill our canteens. Arriving in bivouac for the
+night, the first thing was a detail to fill canteens and camp kettles
+for supper coffee. We always bivouacked near a stream, if possible. But,
+then, so many men wanting it soon roiled it for miles, so that our
+details often had to follow the stream up three and four miles before
+they could get clean water. This may seem a strong statement, but if one
+will stop a moment and think of the effect upon even a good-sized
+stream, of a hundred thousand men, besides horses and mules, all wanting
+it for drinking, cooking, washing, and bathing (both the latter as
+peremptory needs as the former), he will see that the statement is no
+exaggeration.
+
+An interesting feature of our first two days' march was the clearing out
+of knapsacks to reduce the load. Naturally each man was loaded with
+extras of various sorts, knicknacks of all varieties, but mostly
+supposed necessaries of camp life, put in by loving hands at home, a
+salve for this, a medicine for that, a keepsake from one and another,
+some the dearest of earth's treasures, each insignificant in itself, yet
+all taking room and adding weight to over-burdened shoulders. At the
+mid-day halt, on the first day knapsacks being off for rest, they came
+open and the sorting began. It was sad, yet comical withal, to notice
+the things that went out. The most bulky and least treasured went first.
+At the second halting, an hour later, still another sorting was made.
+The sun was hot and the knapsack was heavy. After the second day's
+march, those knapsacks contained little but what the soldier was
+compelled to carry, his rations, extra ammunition, and clothing. Were
+these home treasures lost? Oh, no! Not one. Our friends, the vets,
+gathered them all in as a rich harvest. They had been there themselves,
+and knowing what was coming, were on hand to gather the plums as they
+fell. The only difference was, that another mother's or sweetheart's
+"boy" got the treasures.
+
+On September 11 we were approaching Frederick City. Our cavalry had a
+skirmish with the rebel cavalry, showing that we were nearing their
+army. And right here I ought to say that what an individual officer or
+soldier--unless perhaps a general officer--knows of events transpiring
+around him in the army is very little. Even the movements he sees, he is
+seldom able to understand, his vision is so limited. He knows what his
+own regiment and possibly his own brigade does, but seldom more than
+that. He is as often the victim of false rumor as to movements of other
+portions of the army, as those who are outside of it. On this date we
+encamped near Clarksville. It was rumored that the rebels were in force
+at Frederick City. How far away that is we do not know. The only
+certainty about army life and army movements to the soldier is a
+constant condition of uncertainty. Uncertainty as to where or when he
+will eat, sleep, or fight, where or when the end will come. One would
+almost doubt the certainty of his own existence, except for the hard
+knocks which make this impossible.
+
+The celebrated Irish brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General Thomas
+Francis Meagher, was in Richardson's division. They were a "free and
+easy" going crowd. General Richardson impressed me as a man of great
+determination and courage. He was a large, heavy man, dressed roughly
+and spoke and acted very brusquely. French (who commanded our division)
+was also thick-set, probably upwards of sixty years old, quite gray and
+with a very red face. He had an affection of the eyes which kept him
+winking or blinking constantly, from which he earned the sobriquet, "Old
+Blink Eye." I saw General Burnside about this time. He was dressed so as
+to be almost unrecognizable as a general officer; wore a rough blouse,
+on the collar of which a close look revealed two much-battered and faded
+stars, indicating his rank of major-general. He wore a black "slouch"
+hat, the brim well down over his face, and rode along with a single
+orderly, without the least ostentation. The men of the other regiments
+knew him and broke out into a cheer, at which he promptly doffed his hat
+and swung it at the boys. His hat off, we recognized the handsome author
+of the "Burnside" whiskers. He was not only very popular with his own
+corps--the Ninth--but with the whole army, and chiefly, I think, because
+of his modest, quiet way of going about. This was so different from
+General McClellan.
+
+On our third day's march we were halted for rest, when an orderly rode
+through the lines saying to the different colonels, "General McClellan
+will pass this way in ten minutes." This meant that we were to be ready
+to cheer "Little Mac" when he came along, which, of course, we all did.
+He came, preceded by a squadron of cavalry and accompanied by a very
+large and brilliantly caparisoned staff, followed by more cavalry. He
+was dressed in the full uniform of a major-general and rode a superb
+horse, upon which he sat faultlessly. He was certainly a fine-looking
+officer and a very striking figure. But whether all this "fuss and
+feathers" was designed to impress the men, or was a freak of personal
+vanity, it did not favorably impress our men. Many of the old vets, who
+had been with him on the Peninsula, and now greeted him again after his
+reinstatement, were very enthusiastic. But notwithstanding their
+demonstrations, they rather negatived their praises by the remark, "No
+fight to-day; Little Mac has gone to the front." "Look out for a fight
+when he goes to the rear." On the other hand, they said when "Old Man
+Sumner"--our corps commander--"goes to the front, look out for a fight."
+
+General Sumner was an old man--must have been nearly seventy--gray, and
+his color indicated advanced age, though he seemed quite vigorous. He
+went about very quietly and without display. He had a singular habit of
+dropping his under jaw, so that his mouth was partially open much of the
+time.
+
+We bivouacked on the 12th of September in front of Frederick City, Md.,
+in a field occupied the night before by the rebels, so the people told
+us, and there was abundant evidence of their presence in the filth they
+left uncovered, for they had slaughtered beef for their troops and the
+putrid offal therefrom was polluting the air. Still there we had to
+sleep. We marched the latter part of the day in the rain, and were soon
+well covered with mud. We managed to keep some of the water out with our
+gum blankets, and when we came to fix for the night, the men going in
+pairs made themselves fairly comfortable under their shelter tents. I
+should have explained that the only "canvas" supplied to the men on the
+march was shelter tents, which consisted of a square of stout muslin
+with button-holes on one side and buttons on the other. Two of these
+buttoned together and stretched taut over a ridge-pole and made fast on
+the ground, would keep out the heaviest shower, provided the occupants
+were careful not to touch the muslin. A hand or elbow accidentally
+thrust against the tent brought the water through in streams. There is a
+knack in doing this, which the experience of the vets with whom we were
+brigaded soon taught us. Choosing ground a little slanting, so the water
+would run away from them, they would sleep fairly dry and comfortable,
+even in a hard storm. As for us officers who were without shelter tents,
+we had to shift for ourselves as best we might. A favorite plan, when
+fences were available, was to place three or four rails endwise against
+the fence and make a shelter by fastening a gum blanket on top.
+
+This worked fairly well against a stone wall for a backing, but against
+an ordinary fence one side was unprotected, yet with another gum
+blanket, two of us could so roll ourselves up as to be comparatively
+water-proof. My diary states that in a driving rainstorm here I never
+slept better in my life. I remember awakening with my head thoroughly
+drenched, but otherwise comparatively dry.
+
+This night I succeeded in getting a "bang up" supper--a cooked meal--at
+a reb farm-house. It consisted of pork-steak, potatoes, and hot coffee
+with bread and butter. It was a great treat. I had now been without a
+square meal for nearly ten days. The old gentleman, a small farmer,
+talked freely about the war, not concealing his rebel sympathies. He
+extolled Stonewall Jackson and his men, who, he said, had passed through
+there only a day ahead of us. He firmly believed we would be whipped. He
+evidently had an eye for the "main chance," for he was quite willing to
+cook for us at twenty-five cents a meal, as long as he had stuff to cook
+and his good wife had strength to do the work. She seemed to be a nice
+old lady, and, hungry as I was, I felt almost unwilling to eat her
+supper, she looked so tired. I told her it was too bad. She smiled and
+said she was tired, but she couldn't bear to turn away these hungry
+boys. She said she had a son in the rebel army, and she knew we must be
+hungry and wet, for it was still raining hard.
+
+The officers at this time experienced difficulty in getting food to eat.
+The men were supplied with rations and forced to carry them, but rations
+were not issued to officers--though they might purchase of the
+commissary such as the men had, when there was a supply. The latter were
+supposed to provide their own mess, for which purpose their mess-kits
+were transported in a wagon supplied to each regiment. The field and
+staff usually made one mess, and the line or company officers another.
+Sometimes the latter messed with their own men, carrying their rations
+along on the march the same as the men. This was discouraged by the
+government, but it proved the only way to be sure of food when needed,
+and was later on generally adopted. We had plenty of food with our
+mess-kit and cook, but on the march, and especially in the presence of
+the enemy, our wagons could never get within reach of us. Indeed, when
+we bivouacked, they were generally from eight to ten miles away. The
+result was we often went hungry, unless we were able to pick up a meal
+at a farm-house--which seldom occurred, for the reason that most of
+these farmers were rebel sympathizers and would not feed us "Yanks," or
+they would be either sold out, or stolen out, of food. The tale
+generally told was, "You 'uns has stolen all we 'uns had." This accounts
+for the entry in my diary that the next morning I marched without
+breakfast, but got a good bath in the Monocacy--near which we
+encamped--in place of it. I got a "hardtack" and bit of raw pork about
+10 A.M.
+
+On the 13th of September, we passed through the city of Frederick, Md.
+It is a quaint old town, having then probably three thousand or more
+inhabitants and a decided business air. The rebels, they claimed, had
+cleaned them out of eatables and clothing, paying for them in
+Confederate scrip, and one man told me they would not take the same
+scrip in change, but required Union money; that this was demanded
+everywhere. General McClellan passed through the streets while we were
+halted, as did General Burnside shortly after. A funny incident occurred
+with the latter. General Burnside, as usual, was accompanied by a single
+orderly, and had stopped a moment to speak to some officers, when a
+handsome, middle-aged lady stepped out of her house and approached. She
+put out her hand and, as the general clasped it, she raised herself up
+on her toes in an unmistakable motion to greet him with a kiss.
+
+The general so understood her, and, doffing his hat, bent down to meet
+her pouting lips, but, alas, he was too high up; bend as low as he might
+and stretch up as high as she could, their lips did not meet, and the
+kiss hung in mid-air. The boys caught the situation in a moment, and
+began to laugh and clap their hands, but the general solved the problem
+by dismounting and taking his kiss in the most gallant fashion, on which
+he was roundly cheered by the men. The lady was evidently of one of the
+best families. She said she was a stanch Union woman, and was so glad to
+see our troops that she felt she must greet our general. There was
+"method in her madness," however, for she confined her favors to a
+general, and picked out the handsomest one of the lot. It is worthy of
+note, that during this incident, which excited uproarious laughter, not
+a disrespectful remark was made by any of the hundreds of our "boys" who
+witnessed it. General Burnside chatted with her for a few moments, then
+remounted and rode away.
+
+Approaching Frederick City, the country is exceptionally beautiful and
+the land seemed to be under a good state of cultivation. In front of us
+loomed up almost against the sky the long ridge called the South
+Mountain. It was evidently a spur of the Blue Ridge. Another incident
+occurred soon after reaching bivouac, just beyond the city. We had
+arranged for our night's "lodging" and were preparing supper, when one
+of the native farmers came into camp and asked to see the colonel.
+Colonel Oakford and Lieutenant-Colonel Wilcox were temporarily absent,
+and he was turned over to Major Albright, to whom he complained that
+"you 'uns" had stolen his last pig and he wanted pay for it. The major,
+who was a lawyer, began to cross-question him as to how he knew it was
+our men who had stolen it; there were at least fifty other regiments
+besides ours on the ground. But he would not be denied.
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL CHARLES ALBRIGHT]
+
+He said they told him they was "a hundred and thirty-two uns," and he
+also saw those figures on their caps. The major asked how long ago they
+took it. He replied that they got it only a little while ago, and
+offered to go and find it if the major would allow him. But the latter
+was confident he was mistaken in his men--that some of the old "vets"
+had got his pig. His chief argument was that our men were greenhorns and
+knew nothing about marauding; that some of the "vets" had doubtless made
+away with his pig and had laid it on our men. So persuasive was the
+major that the man finally went off satisfied that he had made a mistake
+in his men. The man was only well out of camp when one of our men
+appeared at the major's quarters with a piece of fresh pork for his
+supper, with the compliments of Company----. Now, the orders against
+marauding were very severe, and to have been caught would have involved
+heavy punishment. But the chief point of the incident, and which made it
+a huge joke on the major, lay in the fact that the latter who was a
+thoroughly conscientious man, had successfully fought off a charge
+against his men, whom he really believed to be innocent, only to find
+that during the very time he was persuading his man of their innocence,
+the scamps were almost within sound of his voice, actually butchering
+and dressing the pig. How they managed to capture and kill that pig,
+without a single squeal escaping, is one of the marvels of the service.
+Certainly vets could have done no better. The man was gone, the mischief
+was done, the meat was spoiling, and we were very hungry. With rather
+cheerful sadness, it must be confessed, we became _particeps criminis_,
+and made a supper on the pork.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+DRAWING NEAR THE ENEMY--BATTLE OF SOUTH MOUNTAIN--PRELIMINARY SKIRMISHES
+
+
+Sunday, September 15, we broke camp at daylight and marched out on the
+Hagerstown "pike." Our division had the field this day. We crossed the
+ridge in rear of Frederick City and thence down into and up a most
+beautiful valley. We made only about seven miles, though we actually
+marched over twelve. We were in the presence of the enemy and were
+manoeuvred so as to keep concealed. We heard heavy cannonading all
+day, and part of the time could see our batteries, towards which we were
+marching.
+
+Towards night we heard the first musketry firing. It proved to be the
+closing of the short but sanguinary battle of South Mountain. General
+Reno, commanding the Ninth Corps, whose glistening bayonets we had seen
+across the valley ahead of us, had overtaken the rebel rear guard in
+South Mountain pass and a severe action had ensued. General Reno himself
+was killed. His body was brought back next morning in an ambulance on
+its way to Washington. We reached the battle-ground about midnight,
+whither we had been hurried as supports. The batteries on both sides
+were still at work, but musketry firing had ceased. It had been a
+beautiful though very warm day, and the night was brilliantly
+moonlight, one of those exceptionally bright nights which almost
+equalled daylight. And this had been Sunday--the Lord's day! How
+dreadful the work for the Lord's day!
+
+Here I saw the first dead soldier. Two of our artillerymen had been
+killed while serving their gun. Both were terribly mangled. They had
+been laid aside, while others stepped into their places. There they
+still lay, horrible evidence of the "hell of war." Subsequently I saw
+thousands of the killed on both sides, which made scarcely more
+impression on me than so many logs, but this first vision of the awful
+work of war still remains. Even at this writing, forty years later,
+memory reproduces that horrible scene as clearly as on that beautiful
+Sabbath evening.
+
+It was past midnight when we bivouacked for the little rest we were to
+have before resuming the "chase." Being now in the immediate "presence
+of the enemy," we rested on "our arms," that is, every soldier lay down
+with his gun at his side, and knapsack and accoutrements ready to be
+"slung" immediately on the sounding of the "call." We officers did not
+unsaddle our horses, but dismounted and snatched an hour's sleep just as
+we were. Bright and early next morning we were on our way again. It was
+a most beautiful morning.
+
+We soon passed the field where the musketry did its work the night
+before, and there were more than a hundred dead rebels scattered over
+the field, as the result of it. Two or three were sitting upright, or
+nearly so, against stumps. They had evidently been mortally wounded, and
+died while waiting for help. All were dressed in coarse
+butternut-colored stuffs, very ugly in appearance, but admirably well
+calculated to conceal them from our troops.
+
+We rapidly passed over the mountain (South Mountain) and down into the
+village of Boonsborough. There was abundant evidence of the rebel
+skedaddle down the mountain ahead of our troops in the way of blankets,
+knapsacks, and other impedimenta, evidently dropped or thrown away in
+the flight. We passed several squads of rebel prisoners who had been
+captured by our cavalry and were being marched to the rear under guard.
+They were good-looking boys, apparently scarcely more than boys, and
+were poorly dressed and poorly supplied.
+
+Some freely expressed themselves as glad they had been captured, as they
+were sick of the fighting.
+
+My own experiences this day were a taste of "the front," that is, the
+excitement attending a momentarily expected "brush" with the enemy. Part
+of the time my heart was in my mouth, and my hair seemed to stand
+straight up. One can have little idea of this feeling until it has been
+experienced. Any effort to describe it will be inadequate. Personal
+fear? Yes, that unquestionably is at the bottom of it, and I take no
+stock in the man who says he has no fear. We had been without food until
+late in the afternoon for reasons heretofore explained. Towards night
+one of my friends in Company K gave me a cup of coffee and a "hardtack."
+
+Just before reaching Boonsborough, a pretty village nestling at the foot
+of the South Mountain, our cavalry had a sharp skirmish with the rebel
+rear-guard, in which Captain Kelley, of the Illinois cavalry, was
+killed, I was told. At Boonsborough we found the field hospitals with
+the rebel wounded from the fight of the day previous. Their wounded men
+said their loss was over four hundred killed, among them two
+brigadiers-general, one colonel, and several officers of lesser rank. A
+rebel flag of truce came into our lines here to get the bodies of these
+dead officers and to arrange for burying their dead and caring for their
+wounded. The houses of Boonsborough had been mostly vacated by the
+people on the approach of the rebel army and the fighting, and the
+latter had promptly occupied as many of them as they needed for their
+wounded. Imagine these poor villagers returning from their flight to
+find their homes literally packed with wounded rebel soldiers and their
+attendants. Whatever humble food supplies they may have had, all had
+been appropriated, for war spares nothing. Some of the frightened people
+of the village were returning as we passed through, and were sadly
+lamenting the destruction of almost everything that could be destroyed
+on and about their homes by this besom of destruction,--war. Food,
+stock, fences, bed and bedding, etc., all gone or destroyed. Some of the
+houses had been perforated by the shells,--probably our own shells,
+aimed at the enemy. One man told me a shell had entered his house and
+landed on the bed in the front room, but had not exploded. Had it
+exploded, he would have had a bigger story to tell.
+
+The rebels, we learned, had been gone but a few hours, and we were kept
+in pursuit. We marched out the Shepherdstown road a few miles, reaching
+and passing through another village--Keedysville. We were continuously
+approaching heavy cannonading. Indeed, we had been marching for the
+past three days within hearing of, and drawing closer to, the artillery
+barking of the two armies. Old vets said this meant a big fight within
+the next few hours. If so, I thought I shall better know how to diagnose
+similar symptoms in the future.
+
+A mile beyond Keedysville we bivouacked for the night, after a hard,
+hot, and exciting day's chase. Lieutenant-Colonel Wilcox came into camp
+with a great trophy, nothing less than a good old-fashioned fat loaf of
+home-made bread. He was immediately voted a niche in the future hall of
+fame, for two acts of extraordinary merit, namely, first, finding and
+capturing the bread, and, second, bringing it into camp intact, the
+latter act being considered supremely self-sacrificing. It was
+magnanimously divided by him, and made a supper for three of us. Our
+mid-day meal had been made up of dust and excitement.
+
+All sorts of rumors were afloat as to the movements of the enemy, as
+well as of our own army. It was said Jackson was across the Potomac with
+a large force; that Hooker was engaging him, and that we were likely to
+bag the balance of Lee's army soon. One thing I learned, namely, that I
+could be sure only of what I saw, and that was very little, indeed, of
+the doings of either army. The soldier who professes to know all about
+army movements because he "was there," may be set down either as a
+bummer, who spent most of his time up trees, safely ensconced where he
+could see, or as a fake.
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL VINCENT M. WILCOX]
+
+My diary records a night of good rest September 16, 1862, in this camp
+on the Shepherdstown road. The morning was clear, beautiful, and cheery.
+This entry will look somewhat remarkable in view of that which
+follows, namely, "No breakfast in sight or in prospect." Later one of
+our men gave me half his cup of coffee and a couple of small sweet
+potatoes, which I roasted and ate without seasoning.
+
+The "ball" opened soon after daylight by a rebel battery, about
+three-quarters of a mile away, attempting to shell our lines. Our
+division was massed under the shelter of a hill. One of our batteries of
+12-pounder brass guns promptly replied, and a beautiful artillery duel
+ensued, the first I had ever witnessed at close quarters. Many of us
+crept up to the brow of the hill to see the "fun," though we were warned
+that we were courting trouble in so doing. We could see columns of rebel
+infantry marching in ranks of four, just as we marched, en route, and as
+shell after shell from our guns would explode among them and scatter and
+kill we would cheer. We were enjoying ourselves hugely until presently
+some additional puffs of smoke appeared from their side, followed
+immediately by a series of very ugly hissing, whizzing sounds, and the
+dropping of shells amongst our troops which changed the whole aspect of
+things. Our merriment and cheering were replaced by a scurrying to
+cover, with blanched faces on some and an ominous, thoughtful quiet over
+all.
+
+This was really our first baptism of fire, for though at South Mountain
+we had been in range and were credited with being in the fight as
+supports, none of the shells had actually visited us. Several of these
+came altogether too close for comfort. Colonel Oakford,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Wilcox, and I were sitting on our horses as close
+together as horses ordinarily stand, when one of these ugly missiles
+dropped down between us. It came with a shrieking, screeching sound,
+like the pitch of an electric car with the added noise of a dozen
+sky-rockets. It did not explode. It created considerable consternation
+and no little stir with horses and men, but did no damage further than
+the scare and a good showering of gravel and dust. Another struck
+between the ranks of our brigade as they were resting under the hill
+with guns stacked,--only a few feet away from us. It also, happily,
+failed to explode, but we were sure some one must have been killed by
+it. It did not seem possible that such a missile could drop down upon a
+division of troops in mass without hitting somebody; but, strange as it
+may seem, it did no damage beyond knocking down a row of gun-stacks and
+tumbling topsy-turvy several men, who were badly bruised, but otherwise
+uninjured. The way the concussion tossed the men about was terrific. Had
+these shells exploded, some other body would probably have had to write
+up this narrative.
+
+Another shell incident occurred during this artillery duel that looked
+very funny, though it was anything but funny to the poor fellow who
+suffered. He, with others, had been up near our battery, on the knoll
+just above us, witnessing the firing, when one of these rebel shells
+came ricochetting along the ground towards him as he evidently thought,
+for he started to run down the hill thinking to get away from it, but in
+fact running exactly in front of the shell, which carried away one heel.
+He continued down the hill at greatly accelerated speed, but now hopping
+on one foot. Had he remained where he was the missile would have passed
+him harmlessly. Except when nearly spent, shells are not seen until they
+have passed, but the screeching, whizzing, hissing noise is sufficient
+to make one believe they are hunting him personally. Veteran troops get
+to discount the terrors of these noises in a measure, and pay little
+attention to them, on the theory that if one is going to be hit by them
+he will be anyway, and no amount of dodging will save him, so they go
+right on and "take their chances." But with new troops the effect of a
+shell shrieking over or past them is often very ludicrous. An
+involuntary salaam follows the first sound, with a wild craning of the
+necks to see where it went. Upon marching troops, the effect is like
+that of a puff of wind chasing a wave across a field of grain.
+
+Returning to our artillery duel, so far as we could judge, our battery
+had the best of the practice, but not without paying the price, for the
+second rebel shell killed the major (chief of artillery of our
+division), who sat on his horse directing the fire, and besides there
+were a number of casualties among the battery men. I had seen many a
+battery practice on parade occasions with blank cartridges. How utterly
+different was the thing in war. Infinitely more savage, the noise
+deafeningly multiplied, each gun, regardless of the others, doing its
+awful worst to spit out and hurl as from the mouth of a hell-born dragon
+these missiles of death at the enemy.
+
+The duel continued for upwards of two hours, until the enemy's battery
+hauled off, having apparently had enough. Evidences of the conflict were
+sadly abundant. A number were killed, others wounded and several of the
+battery horses were killed. The work of the men in this hell of fire
+was magnificent. They never flagged for a moment, and at the conclusion
+were not in the least disabled, notwithstanding their losses. I think it
+was Nimm's battery from Pittsburg. This was the chief incident of the
+day. It was said the two armies were manoeuvring for position, and
+that a great battle was imminent. This from my diary. It proved to be
+true, and that all the skirmishes and "affaires" for the preceding ten
+days had been only preliminary to the great battle of Antietam, fought
+on the next day, the 17th.
+
+We remained in bivouac here the remainder of the day and night.
+Burnside's Ninth Corps passed to "the front" during the afternoon, a
+splendid body of veteran troops, whose handsome and popular general was
+heartily cheered. He was a large, heavily-built man, and sat his
+handsome horse like a prince.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE BATTLE OF ANTIETAM
+
+
+Never did day open more beautiful. We were astir at the first streak of
+dawn. We had slept, and soundly too, just where nightfall found us under
+the shelter of the hill near Keedysville. No reveille call this morning.
+Too close to the enemy. Nor was this needed to arouse us. A simple call
+of a sergeant or corporal and every man was instantly awake and alert.
+All realized that there was ugly business and plenty of it just ahead.
+This was plainly visible in the faces as well as in the nervous, subdued
+demeanor of all. The absence of all joking and play and the almost
+painful sobriety of action, where jollity had been the rule, was
+particularly noticeable.
+
+Before proceeding with the events of the battle, I should speak of the
+"night before the battle," of which so much has been said and written.
+My diary says that Lieutenant-Colonel Wilcox, Captain James Archbald,
+Co. I, and I slept together, sharing our blankets; that it rained during
+the night; this fact, with the other, that we were close friends at
+home, accounts for our sharing blankets. Three of us with our gum
+blankets could so arrange as to keep fairly dry, notwithstanding the
+rain.
+
+The camp was ominously still this night. We were not allowed to sing or
+make any noise, nor have any fires--except just enough to make
+coffee--for fear of attracting the fire of the enemies' batteries. But
+there was no need of such an inhibition as to singing or frolicking, for
+there was no disposition to indulge in either. Unquestionably, the
+problems of the morrow were occupying all breasts. Letters were written
+home--many of them "last words"--and quiet talks were had, and promises
+made between comrades. Promises providing against the dreaded
+possibilities of the morrow. "If the worst happens, Jack." "Yes, Ned,
+send word to mother and to----, and these; she will prize them," and so
+directions were interchanged that meant so much.
+
+I can never forget the quiet words of Colonel Oakford, as he inquired
+very particularly if my roster of the officers and men of the regiment
+was complete, for, said he, with a smile, "We shall not all be here
+to-morrow night."
+
+Now to resume the story of the battle. We were on the march about six
+o'clock and moved, as I thought, rather leisurely for upwards of two
+miles, crossing Antietam creek, which our men waded nearly waist deep,
+emerging, of course, soaked through, our first experience of this kind.
+It was a hot morning and, therefore, the only ill effects of this wading
+was the discomfort to the men of marching with soaked feet. It was now
+quite evident that a great battle was in progress. A deafening
+pandemonium of cannonading, with shrieking and bursting shells, filled
+the air beyond us, towards which we were marching. An occasional shell
+whizzed by or over, reminding us that we were rapidly approaching the
+"debatable ground." Soon we began to hear a most ominous sound which we
+had never before heard, except in the far distance at South Mountain,
+namely, the rattle of musketry. It had none of the deafening bluster of
+the cannonading so terrifying to new troops, but to those who had once
+experienced its effect, it was infinitely more to be dreaded. The
+fatalities by musketry at close quarters, as the two armies fought at
+Antietam and all through the Civil War, as compared with those by
+artillery, are at least as 100 to 1, probably much more than that.
+
+These volleys of musketry we were approaching sounded in the distance
+like the rapid pouring of shot upon a tinpan, or the tearing of heavy
+canvas, with slight pauses interspersed with single shots, or desultory
+shooting. All this presaged fearful work in store for us, with what
+results to each personally the future, measured probably by moments,
+would reveal.
+
+How does one feel under such conditions? To tell the truth, I realized
+the situation most keenly and felt very uncomfortable. Lest there might
+be some undue manifestation of this feeling in my conduct, I said to
+myself, this is the duty I undertook to perform for my country, and now
+I'll do it, and leave the results with God. My greater fear was not that
+I might be killed, but that I might be grievously wounded and left a
+victim of suffering on the field.
+
+The nervous strain was plainly visible upon all of us. All moved
+doggedly forward in obedience to orders, in absolute silence so far as
+talking was concerned. The compressed lip and set teeth showed that
+nerve and resolution had been summoned to the discharge of duty. A few
+temporarily fell out, unable to endure the nervous strain, which was
+simply awful. There were a few others, it must be said, who skulked,
+took counsel of their cowardly legs, and, despite all efforts of "file
+closers" and officers, left the ranks. Of these two classes most of the
+first rejoined us later on, and their dropping out was no reflection on
+their bravery. The nervous strain produced by the excitement and danger
+gave them the malady called by the vets, the "cannon quickstep."
+
+On our way into "position" we passed the "Meyer Spring,"--a magnificent
+fountain of sweet spring water. It was walled in, and must have been ten
+or twelve feet square and at least three feet deep, and a stream was
+flowing from it large enough to make a respectable brook. Many of us
+succeeded in filling our canteens from this glorious spring, now
+surrounded by hundreds of wounded soldiers. What a Godsend it was to
+those poor fellows.
+
+About eight o'clock we were formed into line of battle and moved forward
+through a grove of trees,[A] but before actually coming under musketry
+fire of the enemy we were moved back again, and swung around nearly a
+mile to the left to the base of a circular knoll to the left of the
+Roulette farm-house and the road which leads up to the Sharpsburg pike,
+near the Dunkard church. The famous "sunken road"--a road which had been
+cut through the other side of this knoll--extended from the Roulette
+Lane directly in front of our line towards Sharpsburg. I had ridden by
+the side of Colonel Oakford, except when on duty, up and down the
+column, and as the line was formed by the colonel and ordered forward,
+we dismounted and sent our horses to the rear by a servant. I was
+immediately sent by the colonel to the left of the line to assist in
+getting that into position. A rail fence separated us from the top of
+the knoll. Bullets were whizzing and singing by our ears, but so far
+hitting none where I was. Over the fence and up the knoll in an
+excellent line we went. In the centre of the knoll, perhaps a third of
+the way up, was a large tree, and under and around this tree lay a body
+of troops doing nothing. They were in our way, but our orders were
+forward, and through and over them we went.
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL RICHARD A. OAKFORD
+
+Killed at battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862]
+
+Reaching the top of the knoll we were met by a terrific volley from the
+rebels in the sunken road down the other side, not more than one hundred
+yards away, and also from another rebel line in a corn-field just
+beyond. Some of our men were killed and wounded by this volley. We were
+ordered to lie down just under the top of the hill and crawl forward and
+fire over, each man crawling back, reloading his piece in this prone
+position and again crawling forward and firing. These tactics
+undoubtedly saved us many lives, for the fire of the two lines in front
+of us was terrific. The air was full of whizzing, singing, buzzing
+bullets. Once down on the ground under cover of the hill, it required
+very strong resolution to get up where these missiles of death were
+flying so thickly, yet that was the duty of us officers, especially us
+of the field and staff. My duty kept me constantly moving up and down
+that whole line.
+
+On my way back to the right of the line, where I had left Colonel
+Oakford, I met Lieutenant-Colonel Wilcox, who told me the terrible news
+that Colonel Oakford was killed. Of the details of his death, I had no
+time then to inquire. We were then in the very maelstrom of the battle.
+Men were falling every moment. The horrible noise of the battle was
+incessant and almost deafening. Except that my mind was so absorbed in
+my duties, I do not know how I could have endured the strain. Yet out of
+this pandemonium memory brings several remarkable incidents. They came
+and went with the rapidity of a quickly revolving kaleidoscope. You
+caught stupendous incidents on the instant, and in an instant they had
+passed. One was the brave death of the major of this regiment that was
+lying idle under the tree. The commanding officer evidently was not
+doing his duty, and this major was endeavoring to rally his men and get
+them at work. He was swinging his hat and cheering his men forward, when
+a solid shot decapitated him. His poor body went down as though some
+giant had picked it up and furiously slammed it on the ground, and I was
+so near him that I could almost have touched him with my sword.
+
+The inaction of this regiment lying behind us under that tree was very
+demoralizing to our men, setting them a bad example. General Kimball,
+who commanded our brigade, was seated on his horse just under the knoll
+in the rear of our regiment, evidently watching our work, and he
+signalled me to come to him, and then gave me orders to present his
+compliments to the commanding officer of that regiment and direct him to
+get his men up and at work. I communicated this order as directed. The
+colonel was hugging the ground, and merely turned his face towards me
+without replying or attempting to obey the order. General Kimball saw
+the whole thing, and again called me to him and, with an oath, commanded
+me to repeat the order to him at the muzzle of my revolver, and shoot
+him if he did not immediately obey. Said General Kimball: "Get those
+cowards out of there or shoot them." My task was a most disagreeable
+one, but I must deliver my orders, and did so, but was saved the duty of
+shooting by the other officers of the regiment bravely rallying their
+men and pushing them forward to the firing-line, where they did good
+work. What became of that skulking colonel, I do not know.
+
+The air was now thick with smoke from the muskets, which not only
+obscured our vision of the enemy, but made breathing difficult and most
+uncomfortable. The day was excessively hot, and no air stirring, we were
+forced to breathe this powder smoke, impregnated with saltpetre, which
+burned the coating of nose, throat, and eyes almost like fire.
+
+Captain Abbott, commanding Company G, from Mauch Chunk, a brave and
+splendid officer, was early carried to the rear, a ball having nearly
+carried away his under jaw. He afterwards told me that his first
+sensation of this awful wound was his mouth full of blood, teeth, and
+splintered bones, which he spat out on the ground, and then found that
+unless he got immediate help he would bleed to death in a few minutes.
+Fortunately he found Assistant Surgeon Hoover, who had been assigned to
+us just from his college graduation, who, under the shelter of a
+hay-stack, with no anæsthetic, performed an operation which Dr. Gross,
+of Philadelphia, afterwards said had been but once before successfully
+performed in the history of surgery, and saved his life. Lieutenant
+Anson C. Cranmer, Company C, was killed, and the ground was soon strewn
+with the dead and wounded. Soon our men began to call for more
+ammunition, and we officers were kept busy taking from the dead and
+wounded and distributing to the living. Each man had eighty rounds when
+we began the fight. One man near me rose a moment, when a missile struck
+his gun about midway, and actually capsized him. He pulled himself
+together, and, finding he was only a little bruised, picked up another
+gun, with which the ground was now strewn, and went at it again.
+
+Directly, a lull in the enemy's firing occurred, and we had an
+opportunity to look over the hill a little more carefully at their
+lines. Their first line in the sunken road seemed to be all dead or
+wounded, and several of our men ran down there, to find that literally
+true. They brought back the lieutenant-colonel, a fine-looking man, who
+was mortally wounded. I shook his hand, and he said, "God bless you,
+boys, you are very kind." He asked to be laid down in some sheltered
+place, for, said he, "I have but a few moments to live." I well remember
+his refined, gentlemanly appearance, and how profoundly sorry I felt for
+him. He was young, lithely built, of sandy complexion, and wore a
+comparatively new uniform of Confederate gray, on which was embroidered
+the insignia of the "5th Ga.,[B] C. S. A." He said, "You have killed all
+my brave boys; they are there in the road." And they were, I saw them
+next day lying four deep in places as they fell, a most awful picture of
+battle carnage. This lull was of very short duration, and like the lull
+of a storm presaged a renewal of the firing with greater fury, for a
+fresh line of rebel troops had been brought up. This occurred three
+times before we were relieved.
+
+[Illustration: SILENCED CONFEDERATE BATTERY IN FRONT OF DUNKER CHURCH
+SHARPSBURG ROAD, ANTIETAM
+
+This little brick church lay between the opposing lines, and both Union
+and Confederate wounded were gathered in it]
+
+During the fiercest of the firing, another remarkable incident occurred,
+which well illustrated the fortunes of war. I heard a man shouting,
+"Come over here men, you can see 'em better," and there, over the brow
+of the knoll, absolutely exposed, was Private George Coursen, of Company
+K, sitting on a boulder, loading and firing as calmly as though there
+wasn't a rebel in the country. I yelled to him to come back under the
+cover of the hill-top, but he said he could see the rebels better there,
+and refused to leave his vantage-ground. I think he remained there until
+we were ordered back and did not receive a scratch. His escape was
+nothing less than a miracle. He seemed to have no idea of fear.
+
+A remarkable fact about our experience during this fight was that we
+took no note of time. When we were out of ammunition and about to move
+back I looked at my watch and found it was 12.30 P.M. We had been under
+fire since eight o'clock. I couldn't believe my eyes; was sure my watch
+had gone wrong. I would have sworn that we had not been there more than
+twenty minutes, when we had actually been in that very hell of fire for
+four and a half hours.
+
+Just as we were moving back, the Irish brigade came up, under command of
+General Thomas Francis Meagher. They had been ordered to complete our
+work by a charge, and right gallantly they did it. Many of our men, not
+understanding the order, joined in that charge. General Meagher rode a
+beautiful white horse, but made a show of himself by tumbling off just
+as he reached our line. The boys said he was drunk, and he certainly
+looked and acted like a drunken man. He regained his feet and floundered
+about, swearing like a crazy man. The brigade, however, made a
+magnificent charge and swept everything before it.
+
+Another incident occurred during the time we were under fire. My
+attention was arrested by a heavily built general officer passing to the
+rear on foot. He came close by me and as he passed he shouted: "You will
+have to get back. Don't you see yonder line of rebels is flanking you?"
+I looked in the direction he pointed, and, sure enough, on our right and
+now well to our rear was an extended line of rebel infantry with their
+colors flying, moving forward almost with the precision of a parade.
+They had thrown forward a beautiful skirmish line and seemed to be
+practically masters of the situation. My heart was in my mouth for a
+couple of moments, until suddenly the picture changed, and their
+beautiful line collapsed and went back as if the d----l was after them.
+They had run up against an obstruction in a line of the "boys in blue,"
+and many of them never went back. This general officer who spoke to me,
+I learned, was Major-General Richardson, commanding the First Division,
+then badly wounded, and who died a few hours after.
+
+Our regiment now moved back and to the right some three-quarters of a
+mile, where we were supplied with ammunition, and the men were allowed
+to make themselves a cup of coffee and eat a "hardtack." I was faint for
+want of food, for I had only a cup of coffee in the early morning, and
+was favored with a hardtack by one of the men, who were always ready
+and willing to share their rations with us. We now learned that our
+brigade had borne the brunt of a long and persistent effort by Lee to
+break our line at this point, and that we were actually the third line
+which had been thrown into this breach, the other two having been wiped
+out before we advanced; that as a matter of fact our brigade, being
+composed so largely of raw troops--our regiment being really more than
+half the brigade in actual number--was designed to be held in reserve.
+But the onslaught of the enemy had been so terrific, that by eight
+o'clock A.M. our reserve line was all there was left and we had to be
+sent in. The other three regiments were veterans, old and tried. They
+had an established reputation of having never once been forced back or
+whipped, but the One Hundred and Thirty-second was new and, except as to
+numbers, an unknown quantity. We had been unmercifully guyed during the
+two preceding weeks, as I have said before, as a lot of "greenhorns,"
+"pretty boys" in "pretty new clothes," "mamma's darlings," etc., etc.,
+to the end of the vets' slang calendar. Now that we had proved our metal
+under fire, the atmosphere was completely changed. Not the semblance of
+another jibe against the One Hundred and Thirty-second Pennsylvania
+Volunteers.
+
+We did not know how well we had done, only that we had tried to do our
+duty under trying circumstances, until officers and men from other
+regiments came flocking over to congratulate and praise us. I didn't
+even know we had passed through the fire of a great battle until the
+colonel of the Fourteenth Indiana came over to condole with us on the
+loss of Colonel Oakford, and incidentally told us that this was
+undoubtedly the greatest battle of the war thus far, and that we
+probably would never have such another.
+
+After getting into our new position, I at once began to look up our
+losses. I learned that Colonel Oakford was killed by one of the rebel
+sharp-shooters just as the regiment scaled the fence in its advance up
+the knoll, and before we had fired a shot. It must have occurred almost
+instantly after I left him with orders for the left of the line. I was
+probably the last to whom he spoke. He was hit by a minie-ball in the
+left shoulder, just below the collar-bone. The doctor said the ball had
+severed one of the large arteries, and he died in a very few minutes. He
+had been in command of the regiment a little more than a month, but
+during that brief time his work as a disciplinarian and drill-master had
+made it possible for us to acquit ourselves as creditably as they all
+said we had done. General Kimball was loud in our praise and greatly
+lamented Colonel Oakford's death, whom he admired very much. He was a
+brave, able, and accomplished officer and gentleman, and his loss to the
+regiment was irreparable.
+
+Had Colonel Oakford lived his record must have been brilliant and his
+promotion rapid, for very few volunteer officers had so quickly mastered
+the details of military tactics and routine. He was a thorough
+disciplinarian, an able tactician, and the interests and welfare of his
+men were constantly upon his heart.
+
+My diary records the fact that I saw Captain Willard, of the Fourteenth
+Connecticut, fall as we passed their line on our way to the rear; that
+he appeared to have been hit by a grape-shot or piece of shell. I did
+not know him, only heard that he was a brother of E. N. Willard, of
+Scranton. The Fourteenth Connecticut men said he was a fine man and
+splendid officer.
+
+Among the wounded--reported mortally--was Sergeant Martin Hower, of
+Company K, one of our very best non-commissioned officers. I saw him at
+the hospital, and it was very hard to be able to do nothing for him. It
+seemed our loss must reach upward of two hundred killed, wounded and
+missing. Out of seven hundred and ninety-eight who answered to roll-call
+in the morning, we had with us less than three hundred at the close of
+the fight. Our actual loss was: Killed--Officers, two (Colonel Oakford
+and Lieutenant Cranmer); men, twenty-eight; total, thirty.
+Wounded--Officers, four; men, one hundred and ten; total, one hundred
+and forty-four. To this should be added at least thirty of the men who
+died of their wounds within the next few days, which would make our
+death loss in this battle upward of sixty. Of the missing, many of them
+were of those who joined the Irish brigade in their charge, and who did
+not find us again for a day or so. It may seem strange that a man should
+not be able to find his regiment for so long a time, when really it is
+so close at hand. But when one remembers that our army of about
+seventy-five thousand men had upward of two hundred regiments massed
+within say two square miles, and that they were constantly changing
+position, it will be seen that looking for any one regiment is almost
+like looking for a needle in a hay-mow.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE BATTLE OF ANTIETAM--CONTINUED
+
+
+During the afternoon of this day we were again moved further to the
+right and placed as supports of a battery. We were posted about two
+hundred yards directly in front of the guns on low ground. The battery
+was evidently engaged in another artillery duel. We were in a
+comparatively safe position, so long as the rebel guns directed their
+firing at our battery; but after a time they began "feeling for the
+supports," first dropping their shells beyond our guns, then in front of
+them, until they finally got a pretty good range on our line and filled
+the air with bursting shells over our heads. One and another was carried
+to the rear, wounded, and the line became very restive. We were required
+to lie perfectly quiet. We found this very much more trying than being
+at work, and the line began to show symptoms of wavering, when General
+Kimball, who with his staff had dismounted and was resting near us,
+immediately mounted his horse and, riding up and down the line, shouted:
+"Stand firm, trust in God, and do your duty."
+
+It was an exceedingly brave act, and its effect was electric upon the
+men. There was no more wavering, and the rebel battery, evidently
+thinking they had not found the "supports," soon ceased firing upon us.
+It was now near night and the firing very perceptibly slackened in our
+vicinity, though a mile or more to the left it still continued very
+heavy. This, we afterwards learned, was the work at what has passed into
+history as "Burnside's" bridge--the effort of Burnside's corps to
+capture the stone bridge over Antietam creek, near the village of
+Sharpsburg, and the heights beyond. These were gallantly carried after a
+terrific fight quite late in the afternoon.
+
+Our work, so far as this battle was concerned, was done. We rested "on
+our arms" where we were for the next forty-eight hours, expecting all
+the next day a renewal of the fighting; but nothing was done in our
+neighborhood beyond a few shots from the battery we were supporting. On
+the second day it became known that Lee had hauled off, and there was no
+immediate prospect of further fighting. Our companies were permitted to
+gather up their dead, and burying parties were organized.
+
+We were allowed to go over the field freely. It was a gruesome sight.
+Our own dead had been cared for, but the rebel dead remained as they had
+fallen. In the hot sun the bodies had swollen and turned black. Nearly
+all lay with faces up and eyes wide open, presenting a spectacle to make
+one shudder. The distended nostrils and thickened lips made them look
+like negroes, except for their straight hair. Their limbs and bodies
+were so enlarged that their clothing seemed ready to burst. Some ghouls
+had been among them, whether from their own lines or from ours, could
+not be known, but every man's pockets had been ripped out and the
+contents taken.
+
+In company with Captain Archbald I went over the position occupied by
+our regiment and brigade, the famous "sunken road,"--that is, the lane
+or road extending from near the "Roulette house" towards Sharpsburg. For
+some distance it had been cut through the opposite side of the knoll
+upon which we fought, and had the appearance of a sunken road. It was
+literally filled with rebel dead, which in some places lay three and
+four bodies deep. We afterwards saw pictures of this road in the
+illustrated papers, which partially portrayed the horrible scene. Those
+poor fellows were the Fifth[C] Georgia regiment. This terrible work was
+mostly that of our regiment, and bore testimony to the effectiveness of
+the fire of our men.
+
+The position was an alluring one: the road was cut into the hill about
+waist high, and seemed to offer secure protection to a line of infantry,
+and so no doubt this line was posted there to hold the knoll and this
+Sharpsburg road. It proved, however, nothing but a death-trap, for once
+our line got into position on the top of this crescent-shaped ridge we
+could reach them by a direct fire on the centre and a double flanking
+fire at the right and left of the line, and only about one hundred yards
+away. With nothing but an open field behind them there was absolutely no
+escape, nothing but death or surrender, and they evidently chose the
+former, for we saw no white flag displayed. We could now understand the
+remark of their lieutenant-colonel, whom our boys brought in, as already
+mentioned: "You have killed all my poor boys. They lie there in the
+road." I learned later that the few survivors of this regiment were sent
+South to guard rebel prisoners.
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF FAMOUS SUNKEN ROAD IN FRONT OF LINE OF 132D P.
+V., NEAR ROULETTE LANE
+
+The dead are probably from the Sixth Georgia Confederate troops]
+
+The lines of battle of both armies were not only marked by the presence
+of the dead, but by a vast variety of army equipage, such as blankets,
+canteens, haversacks, guns, gun-slings, bayonets, ramrods, some whole,
+others broken,--verily, a besom of destruction had done its work
+faithfully here. Dead horses were everywhere, and the stench from them
+and the human dead was horrible. "Uncle" Billy Sherman has said, "War is
+hell!" yet this definition, with all that imagination can picture, fails
+to reveal all its bloody horrors.
+
+The positions of some of the dead were very striking. One poor fellow
+lay face down on a partially fallen stone wall, with one arm and one
+foot extended, as if in the act of crawling over. His position attracted
+our attention, and we found his body literally riddled with
+bullets--there must have been hundreds--and most of them shot into him
+after he was dead, for they showed no marks of blood. Probably the poor
+fellow had been wounded in trying to reach shelter behind that wall, was
+spotted in the act by our men, and killed right there, and became
+thereafter a target for every new man that saw him. Another man lay,
+still clasping his musket, which he was evidently in the act of loading
+when a bullet pierced his heart, literally flooding his gun with his
+life's blood, a ghastly testimonial to his heroic sacrifice.
+
+We witnessed the burying details gathering up and burying the dead. The
+work was rough and heartless, but only comporting with the character of
+war. The natural reverence for the dead was wholly absent. The poor
+bodies, all of them heroes in their death, even though in a mistaken
+cause, were "planted" with as little feeling as though they had been so
+many logs. A trench was dug, where the digging was easiest, about seven
+feet wide and long enough to accommodate all the bodies gathered within
+a certain radius; these were then placed side by side, cross-wise of the
+trench, and buried without anything to keep the earth from them. In the
+case of the Union dead the trenches were usually two or three feet deep,
+and the bodies were wrapped in blankets before being covered, but with
+the rebels no blankets were used, and the trenches were sometimes so
+shallow as to leave the toes exposed after a shower.
+
+No ceremony whatever attended this gruesome service, but it was
+generally accompanied by ribald jokes, at the expense of the poor
+"Johnny" they were "planting." This was not the fruit of debased natures
+or degenerate hearts on the part of the boys, who well knew it might be
+their turn next, under the fortunes of war, to be buried in like manner,
+but it was recklessness and thoughtlessness, born of the hardening
+influences of war.
+
+Having now given some account of the scenes in which I participated
+during the battle and the day after, let us look at another feature of
+the battle, and probably the most heart-breaking of all, the field
+hospital. There was one established for our division some three hundred
+yards in our rear, under the shelter of a hill. Here were gathered as
+rapidly as possible the wounded, and a corps of surgeons were busily
+engaged in amputating limbs and dressing wounds. It should be understood
+that the accommodations were of the rudest character. A hospital tent
+had been hurriedly erected and an old house and barn utilized. Of
+course, I saw nothing of it or its work until the evening after the
+battle, when I went to see the body of our dead colonel and some of our
+Scranton boys who were wounded. Outside the hospital were piles of
+amputated arms, legs, and feet, thrown out with as little care as so
+many pieces of wood. There were also many dead soldiers--those who had
+died after reaching the hospital--lying outside, there being inside
+scant room only for the living. Here, on bunches of hay and straw, the
+poor fellows were lying so thickly that there was scarce room for the
+surgeon and attendants to move about among them. Others were not allowed
+inside, except officers and an occasional friend who might be helping.
+Our chaplain spent his time here and did yeoman service helping the
+wounded. Yet all that could be done with the limited means at hand
+seemed only to accentuate the appalling need. The pallid, appealing
+faces were patient with a heroism born only of the truest metal. I was
+told by the surgeons that such expressions as this were not infrequent
+as they approached a man in his "turn": "Please, doctor, attend to this
+poor fellow next; he's worse than I," and this when his own life's blood
+was fast oozing away.
+
+Most of the wounded had to wait hours before having their wounds
+dressed, owing to insufficient force and inadequate facilities. I was
+told that not a surgeon had his eyes closed for three days after this
+battle. The doctors of neighboring towns within reach came and
+voluntarily gave their services, yet it is doubtless true that hundreds
+of the wounded perished for want of prompt and proper care. This is one
+of the unavoidable incidents of a great battle--a part of the horrors of
+war. The rebel wounded necessarily were second to our own in receiving
+care from the surgeons, yet they, too, received all the attention that
+was possible under the circumstances. Some of their surgeons remained
+with their wounded, and I am told they and our own surgeons worked
+together most energetically and heroically in their efforts to relieve
+the sufferings of all, whether they wore the blue or the gray.
+Suffering, it has been said, makes all the world akin. So here, in our
+lines, the wounded rebel was lost sight of in the suffering brother.
+
+We remained on the battle-field until September 21, four days after the
+fight.
+
+My notes of this day say that I was feeling so miserable as to be
+scarcely able to crawl about, yet was obliged to remain on duty; that
+Lieutenant-Colonel Wilcox, now in command, and Major Shreve were in the
+same condition. This was due to the nervous strain through which we had
+passed, and to insufficient and unwholesome food. As stated before, we
+had been obliged to eat whatever we could get, which for the past four
+days had been mostly green field corn roasted as best we could. The
+wonder is that we were not utterly prostrated. Nevertheless, I not only
+performed all my duties, but went a mile down the Antietam creek, took a
+bath, and washed my underclothing, my first experience in the laundry
+business.
+
+We had been now for two weeks and more steadily on the march, our
+baggage in wagons somewhere en route, without the possibility of a
+change of clothing or of having any washing done. Most of this time
+marching in a cloud of dust so thick that one could almost cut it, and
+perspiring freely, one can imagine our condition. Bathing as frequently
+as opportunity offered, yet our condition was almost unendurable. For
+with the accumulation of dirt upon our body, there was added the
+ever-present scourge of the army, body lice. These vermin, called by the
+boys "graybacks," were nearly the size of a grain of wheat, and derived
+their name from their bluish-gray color. They seemed to infest the
+ground wherever there had been a bivouac of the rebels, and following
+them as we had, during all of this campaign, sleeping frequently on the
+ground just vacated by them, no one was exempt from this plague. They
+secreted themselves in the seams of the clothing and in the armpits
+chiefly. A good bath, with a change of underclothing, would usually rid
+one of them, but only to acquire a new crop in the first camp. The
+clothing could be freed of them by boiling in salt water or by going
+carefully over the seams and picking them off. The latter operation was
+a frequent occupation with the men on any day which was warm enough to
+permit them to disrobe for the purpose. One of the most laughable sights
+I ever beheld was the whole brigade, halted for a couple of hours' rest
+one hot day, with clothing off, "skirmishing," as the boys called it,
+for "graybacks." This was one of the many unpoetical features of army
+life which accentuated the sacrifices one made to serve his country.
+
+How did we ordinarily get our laundrying done? The enlisted men as a
+rule always did it themselves. Occasionally in camp a number of them
+would club together and hire some "camp follower" or some other soldier
+to do it. Officers of sufficient rank to have a servant, of course,
+readily solved the question. Those of us of lesser rank could generally
+hire it done, except on the march. Then we had to be our own laundrymen.
+Having, as in the above instance, no change of clothing at hand, the
+washing followed a bath, and consisted in standing in the running water
+and rubbing as much of the dirt out of the underwear as could be done
+without soap, for that could not be had for love or money; then hanging
+them on the limb of a tree and sitting in the sun, as comfortable as
+possible, whilst wind and sun did the drying. A "snap-shot" of such a
+scene would no doubt be interesting. But "snap-shots" unfortunately were
+not then in vogue, and so a picture of high art must perish. We could
+not be over particular about having our clothes dry. The finishing
+touches were added as we wore them back to camp.
+
+My diary notes that there were nine hundred and ninety-eight rebel dead
+gathered and buried from in front of the lines of our division. This
+line was about a quarter of a mile long, and this was mostly our work
+(our division), although Richardson's division had occupied part of this
+ground before us, but had been so quickly broken that they had not made
+much impression upon the enemy. Our division had engaged them
+continuously and under a terrific fire from eight o'clock A.M. until
+12.30 P.M. It may be asked why during that length of time and under such
+a fire all were not annihilated. The answer is, that inaccuracy and
+unsteadiness in firing on both sides greatly reduce its effectiveness,
+and taking all possible advantage of shelter by lying prone upon the
+ground also prevents losses; but the above number of rebel dead, it
+should be remembered, represents, probably, not more than twenty to
+twenty-five per cent. of their casualties in that area of their lines;
+the balance were wounded and were removed. So that with nine hundred and
+ninety-eight dead it can be safely estimated that their losses exceeded
+four thousand killed and wounded in that area. This would indicate what
+was undoubtedly true, that we were in the very heart of that great
+battle.
+
+[Illustration: FIELD HOSPITAL]
+
+Here I wish to say that some chroniclers of battles have undertaken to
+measure the effectiveness and bravery of the different regiments,
+batteries, etc., by the numbers they have lost in certain battles; for
+example, one historian has made a book grading the regiments by the
+number of men they lost in action, assuming that the more men killed and
+wounded, the more brilliant and brave had been its work. This assumption
+is absolutely fallacious. Heavy losses may be the result of great
+bravery with splendid work. On the other hand, they may be the result of
+cowardice or inefficiency. Suppose, under trying circumstances, officers
+lose their heads and fail to properly handle their men, or if the latter
+prove cowardly and incapable of being moved with promptness to meet the
+exigency, great loss usually ensues, and this would be chargeable to
+cowardice or inefficiency. According to the loss way of estimating
+fighting regiments, the least deserving are liable to be credited with
+the best work. The rule is, the better drilled, disciplined, and the
+better officered, the less the losses in any position on the
+firing-line.
+
+One regiment I have in mind, with which we were afterwards brigaded,
+illustrates this principle. It was the First Delaware Volunteer
+infantry. It was a three years' regiment and had been in the field more
+than a year when we joined them. All things considered, it was the best
+drilled and disciplined regiment I saw in the service. It was as steady
+under fire as on parade. Every movement in the tactics it could execute
+on the jump, and its fire was something to keep away from. The result
+was that, pushed everywhere to the front because of its splendid work,
+it lost comparatively few men. Every man was a marksman and understood
+how to take all possible advantage of the situation to make his work
+most effective and at the same time take care of himself. This regiment,
+whose record was one unbroken succession of splendid achievements during
+its whole period of service, might never have gotten on a roll of fame
+founded on numbers of men lost. How much more glorious is a record
+founded on effective work and men saved!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+HARPER'S FERRY AND THE LEESBURG AND HALLTOWN EXPEDITIONS
+
+
+Neither side seemed anxious to resume the fighting on the 18th, though
+there was picket firing and some cannonading. We remained the next day
+where the darkness found us after the battle, ready and momentarily
+expecting to resume the work. All sorts of rumors were afloat as to the
+results of the battle, also as to future movements. Whether we had won a
+great victory and were to press immediately forward to reap the fullest
+benefit of it, or whether it was practically a drawn battle, with the
+possibilities of an early retreat, we did not then know. We had no idea
+of what the name of the battle would be. My diary calls it the battle of
+"Meyer's Spring," from that magnificent fountain, on our line of battle,
+described in the last chapter. The Confederates named it the battle of
+Sharpsburg, from the village of that name on the right of their line.
+Two days later, after the rebels had hauled off--which they did very
+leisurely the next day and night--we received "Little Mac's"
+congratulatory order on the great victory achieved at "Antietam."
+
+So far as our part of the battle was concerned, we knew we had the best
+of it. We had cleaned up everything in our front, and the "chip was
+still serenely resting on our shoulder." But what had been the outcome
+elsewhere on the line we did not know. That our army had been
+terrifically battered was certain. Our own losses indicated this. We
+were therefore both relieved and rejoiced on receiving the
+congratulatory order. I confess to have had some doubts about the extent
+of the victory, and whether, had Lee remained and shown fight, we would
+not have repeated the old story and "retired in good order." As it was,
+the tide had evidently turned, and the magnificent old Army of the
+Potomac, after so many drubbings, had been able to score its first
+decisive victory.
+
+On the twenty-second day of September we were again on the march, our
+regiment reduced in numbers, from casualties in the battle and from
+sickness, by nearly three hundred men. Lieutenant-Colonel Wilcox was now
+in command. The body of our late colonel had been shipped to Scranton
+under guard of Privates S. P. Snyder and Charles A. Meylert, Company K,
+the "exigencies of the service" permitting of no larger detail nor any
+officer to accompany it.
+
+We were told the army was bound for Harper's Ferry, distant some eight
+to ten miles. We passed through the village of Sharpsburg--what there
+was left of it. It had been occupied by the rebels as the extreme right
+of their line on the morning of the battle. It presented abundant
+evidence of having been well in the zone of the fight. Its buildings
+were riddled with shells, and confusion seemed to reign supreme. We
+learned that Burnside, with the left wing of the army, had a very hot
+argument with Lee's right during the afternoon for the possession of the
+stone bridge over Antietam creek at the foot of the hill entering the
+village; that after two repulses with heavy loss, Colonel Hartranft
+(afterwards Governor of Pennsylvania) led his regiment, the Fifty-first
+Pennsylvania Volunteers and the Fifty-first New York, in a magnificent
+charge and carried the bridge and the heights above, and Sharpsburg was
+ours. If any one would like to get an idea of what terrific work that
+charge was they should examine that bridge and the heights on the
+Sharpsburg side. The latter rise almost perpendicularly more than three
+hundred feet. One of the "boys" who went over that bridge and up those
+heights in that memorable charge was Private Edward L. Buck, Fifty-first
+Pennsylvania Volunteers, formerly Assistant Postmaster of Scranton, and
+ever since the war a prominent citizen of this city. That bridge is now
+known as "Burnside's Bridge." Forty-one years afterwards, I passed over
+it, and was shown a shell still sticking in the masonry of one of the
+arches. It was a conical shell probably ten inches long, about half of
+it left protruding.
+
+Little of special interest occurred on this march until we reached the
+Potomac, a short distance above Harper's Ferry. Here we were shown the
+little round house where John Brown concealed his guns and "pikes" prior
+to his famous raid three years before. This was his rendezvous on the
+night before his ill-starred expedition descended upon the State of
+Virginia and the South, in an insane effort to free the slaves. Our
+division was headed by the Fourteenth Connecticut, and as we approached
+the river opposite Harper's Ferry its fine band struck up the then new
+and popular air, "John Brown's Body," and the whole division took up the
+song, and we forded the river singing it. Slavery had destroyed the
+Kansas home of old John Brown, had murdered his sons, and undoubtedly
+driven him insane, because of his anti-slavery zeal. The great State of
+Virginia--the "Mother of Presidents"--had vindicated her loyalty to the
+"peculiar institution," and, let it be added, her own spotless chivalry,
+by hanging this poor, crazy fanatic for high treason! Was there poetic
+justice in our marching into the territory where these events transpired
+singing:
+
+    "John Brown's body lies a mouldering in the grave,
+    His soul goes marching on?"
+
+This couplet,
+
+    "We'll hang Jeff Davis to a sour apple-tree,"
+
+was sung with peculiar zest, though I never quite understood what the
+poet had against the sour apple-tree.
+
+We marched through the quaint old town of Harper's Ferry, whose
+principal industry had been the government arsenal for the manufacture
+of muskets and other army ordnance. These buildings were now a mass of
+ruins, and the remainder of the town presented the appearance of a
+plucked goose, as both armies had successively captured and occupied it.
+We went into camp on a high plateau back of the village known as Bolivar
+Heights. The scenic situation at Harper's Ferry is remarkably grand. The
+town is situated on the tongue or fork of land at the junction of the
+Potomac and Shenandoah rivers. From the point where the rivers join, the
+land rises rapidly until the summit of Bolivar Heights is reached,
+several hundred feet above the town, from which a view is had of one of
+the most lovely valleys to be found anywhere in the world--the
+Shenandoah Valley. Across the Potomac to the east and facing Harper's
+Ferry rises Maryland Heights, a bluff probably a thousand feet high,
+while across the Shenandoah to the right towers another precipitous
+bluff of about equal height called Loudon Heights. Both of these bluffs
+commanded Bolivar Heights and Harper's Ferry.
+
+It was the sudden and unexpected appearance of Stonewall Jackson's
+batteries upon both of these supposed inaccessible bluffs that ten days
+before had forced the surrender of the garrison of ten thousand Union
+troops which had been posted here to hold Harper's Ferry. It was said
+that the rain of shot and shell from those bluffs down upon our forces
+was simply merciless, and Jackson had cut off all avenues of escape
+before opening his batteries. The cavalry, I believe, cut their way out,
+but the infantry, after twenty-four hours of that storm of shot and
+shell, were forced to hoist the white flag. How they could have lived
+half that time in such a hell of fire is a marvel. Everything above
+ground bore evidence of this fire. There were unexploded shells lying
+about in great numbers.
+
+An incident that might have been anything but funny occurred the day
+after we encamped here. A new regiment joined the army and marched past
+our division to a point farther up the heights and went into camp. They
+were a fine-looking regiment, full in numbers, and with new, clean
+uniforms. Their reception at the hands of the "vets" was very like our
+own three weeks before. Our boys, however, were "vets" now, and joined
+in the "reception" with a zest quite usual under such circumstances.
+However, the "tenderfeet" incident had passed, and we were preparing our
+evening meal, when bang! bang! bang! bang! rang out a half-dozen shots
+in quick succession. Every man jumped as though the whole rebel army was
+upon us. It was soon discovered that the explosions came from the camp
+of the "tenderfeet." Some of those greenhorns had gathered a number of
+those unexploded shells, set them up on end for a fireplace, and were
+quietly boiling their coffee over them when they, of course, exploded.
+Why none of them were seriously injured was a miracle. At the moment of
+explosion no one happened to be very near the fire. A moment before a
+dozen men had been standing over it. Does Providence graciously look out
+for the tenderfoot? Some of them, I fear, were made to feel that they
+would rather be dead than take the guying they got for this evidence of
+their verdancy.
+
+Camp life at Bolivar Heights soon resolved itself into the usual routine
+of drill and picket duty. How many corps of the army were encamped here
+I did not know, but we were a vast city of soldiers, and there was no
+end of matters to occupy attention when off duty. These included bathing
+expeditions to the Shenandoah, a mile and a half away; the "doing" of
+the quaint old town of Harper's Ferry, and rambles up Maryland and
+Loudon Heights, both of which were now occupied by our troops. This was
+our first experience in a large encampment in the field. One feature of
+it was exceedingly beautiful, and that was its system of "calls." The
+cavalry and artillery were encamped on one side of us. Each battery of
+artillery and battalion of cavalry had its corps of "trumpeters" or
+"buglers," while the infantry regiments had their drum corps, whose duty
+it was to sound the various "camp calls." The principal calls were
+"reveille," the getting up or morning roll-call, at sunrise usually; the
+guard mount, the drill, the meal calls, the "retreat" (evening
+roll-call), and the "taps," the "turning in" or "lights out" call. The
+reveille, the retreat, and taps were required to be sounded by each
+battery, troop, and regiment in consecutive order, commencing at the
+extreme right. The firing of the morning gun was the signal for the
+first corps of cavalry buglers to begin the reveille, then in succession
+it was repeated first through the bugler corps and then by the drum
+corps back and forth through the lines until it had gone through the
+whole army. As a martial and musical feature it was exceedingly
+beautiful and inspiring. But as its purpose was to hustle out sleepy men
+to roll-call, it is doubtful if these features were fully appreciated;
+that its advent was an occasion for imprecation rather than appreciation
+the following story may illustrate.
+
+A group of "vets" were discussing what they would do when they got home
+from the war. Several plans had been suggested--the taking into
+permanent camp of the soldier's sweetheart being the chief goal, of
+course. When Pat's turn came to tell what he was going to do, he said:
+
+"I'll be takin' me girl and settling down wid her housekeepin' and thin
+i'll be hirin' of a dhrum corps to come an' play the ravalye iviry
+mornin' under me chamber windi."
+
+"What will you do that for? Haven't you had enough of the reveille
+here?"
+
+"I'll just h'ist me windi, an' I'll yell, 'To h----l wid yer ravalye;
+I'll slape as long as I plase.'"
+
+Many of these "calls" were parodied by the men. Here is the reveille:
+
+    I can't get 'em up, I can't get 'em up,
+    I can't get 'em up at all, sir;
+    I can't get 'em up, I can't get 'em up,
+    I can't get 'em up at all.
+    I'll go and tell the captain,
+    I'll go and tell the captain,
+    I'll go and tell the captain,
+    I can't get 'em up at all.
+
+This is the sick call:
+
+    Get your quinine, get your quinine,
+    And a blue pill too, and a blue pill too.
+    Get your quinine.
+
+And so on down the list. The retreat call at sundown was really enjoyed
+and was made more of. The day's work was then over, and each corps
+elaborated its music, the bands frequently extending it into an evening
+concert.
+
+The almost universal time-killer was cards. Of course various games were
+played, but "poker" was king. A game of the latter could be found in
+almost every company street, officers as well as men took a "twist at
+the tiger." At the battle of Chancellorsville I saw a game in full blast
+right under fire of the rebel shells. Every screeching shell was greeted
+with an imprecation, while the game went on just the same.
+
+After our return home I was told of one man who made enough money at
+cards to successfully start himself in business. It was said he
+performed picket duty by hired proxies during the following winter in
+camp at Falmouth, and gave his time wholly to the game. A New York City
+regiment lay adjoining our camp that winter, and a truer lot of sports,
+from colonel down, never entered the service. These men, officers and
+all, were his patrons. They came to "do the Pennsylvania novice," but
+were themselves done in the end.
+
+On the 3d of October our brigade made what was termed a reconnoissance
+in force out through Loudon County, Virginia, to Leesburg. It was
+reported that Jeb. Stuart was there with a force of cavalry and
+infantry. General Kimball was sent with our brigade to capture him if
+possible. Our orders on the evening of October 2 were to report at
+brigade head-quarters at seven o'clock A.M., with three days' rations
+and sixty rounds of ammunition. This meant "business," and was a welcome
+change from the monotony of camp life. A regiment of cavalry and two
+batteries of artillery had been added to our brigade for this
+expedition. The morning dawned bright and beautiful, but the day proved
+a very hot one, and the first three or four miles of our march was
+around the base of Loudon Heights, close under the mountain over a very
+rocky road, and where there was not a breath of air stirring. We were
+delayed by the artillery in getting over this portion of the route, and
+then we were marched almost on the run to make up for the lost time.
+General Kimball had gone forward with the cavalry, leaving his
+adjutant-general to bring up the balance of the column as rapidly as
+possible. In his efforts to hurry the men forward the latter overdid
+the matter. The result was the men dropped in scores utterly exhausted,
+so that within three hours our number had been reduced more than half,
+and at the end of the march in the evening there were just twenty-five
+officers and men of our regiment present for duty, and of the whole
+infantry force, three thousand strong at the start, there were less than
+two hundred present at the finish. This was due to an utter lack of
+judgment in marching.
+
+The distance covered had been twenty-three miles. The day had been hot,
+the road rough, and the men, in heavy marching order with three days'
+rations and sixty rounds of ammunition, had carried upwards of ninety
+pounds each. With such a load and under such conditions, to expect men
+to march any distance at the hurried pace required was criminal folly.
+It bore its natural fruit. Our men were scattered on the route from
+Harper's Ferry to Leesburg, a demoralized lot of stragglers. My diary
+mentions this experience with much indignation and attributes the folly
+to the effects of whiskey. Of course, this was only a surmise.
+
+General Kimball was not directly responsible for it. In his anxiety to
+capture Jeb. Stuart he had pushed ahead with the cavalry, and knew
+nothing of our condition until the forlorn party came straggling into
+his bivouac in the evening. He was very indignant, and said some words
+that cannot be recorded here. He was chagrined to find Stuart gone, but
+now was greatly relieved that such was the fact. Otherwise, said he, we
+would have stood an excellent chance for a journey south under rebel
+escort.
+
+On our way out we passed through several small villages, in none of
+which did we find evidence of decided Union sentiment, except in
+Waterford. This was a prosperous-looking town, and the people seemed
+hospitable, and manifested their Union sentiments by furnishing us fruit
+and water freely. Our cavalry caught four of Stuart's men in a
+picture-gallery and marched them to the rear. I had the good fortune to
+secure a loaf of nice bread and a canteen of sweet milk. If any one
+wishes to know how good bread and milk is, let him step into my shoes on
+that weary night.
+
+Conditions compelled us to remain at Leesburg that night. We rested on
+our arms, fearing Stuart might get an inkling of our plight and pounce
+upon us. My diary says I was unable to sleep because of suffering from a
+sprained knee and ankle, caused by my horse stumbling and falling on me
+just at dusk.
+
+The next morning we were off bright and early on the back track for
+camp, but by another route, so as to avoid being cut off by Stuart. We
+had started out bravely to capture this wily rebel. Now we were in
+mortal danger of being captured by him. A detail was made to go back
+over the route we came and gather up the stragglers. On our way back I
+was refused a canteen of water by the "Missus" of one of the plantation
+dwellings; but on riding around to the rear, where the slaves lived, old
+"Aunt Lucy" supplied us freely with both milk and water. This was a
+sample of the difference between the aristocrat in the mansion and the
+slave in the hovel. The latter were always very friendly and ready to
+help us in every possible way, while as a rule we met with rebuff at the
+hands of the former.
+
+Here we came in contact for the first time with plantation life under
+the institution of slavery. The main or plantation house was usually
+situated a quarter-mile or more back from the "pike." They were
+generally low, flat, one-story mansions, built of stone, while further
+to the rear, in the form of a square, were the wooden cabins of the
+slaves, each plantation a village by itself. We marched only about eight
+miles this day, and bivouacked near the village of Hillsboro. This
+evening we officers of the field and staff caught on to a great treat in
+the way of stewed chicken and corn cake for supper at a Union farmhouse,
+and thought ourselves very fortunate to be able to engage a breakfast at
+the same place for next morning. Alas for the uncertainties of war! We
+had barely rolled ourselves in our blankets for the night when a staff
+officer from General Kimball's head-quarters came and in a low tone of
+voice ordered us to arouse our men without the least noise and be off as
+quietly as possible; that scouts had reported that Stuart was after us
+in hot haste. We were off almost in a jiffy. The night was cool and
+foggy. The former favored our rapid march, and the latter hid us from
+the enemy, who succeeded in capturing only a couple of men who fell out.
+
+We reached camp at Harper's Ferry shortly after sunrise, a thoroughly
+tired and battered crowd. The expedition proved absolutely fruitless,
+and had barely escaped being captured, owing to mismanagement. It was
+the most trying bit of service of our whole experience. Some of our men
+never recovered from the exhaustion of that first day's march, and had
+to be discharged as permanently disabled.
+
+Shortly after this another expedition relieved the monotony of camp
+life. General Hancock, commanding the Second Division of our corps, had
+been sent to make a reconnoissance in force towards Halltown, six to
+eight miles up the Shenandoah Valley. He had gone in the morning, and
+shortly after noon we had heard cannonading in that direction, showing
+that he had found "business." It was Hancock's reputation to make
+"business," if the "Johnnies" could be induced to tarry long enough for
+him to reach them. However, the firing shortly ceased, and the night set
+in with a terrific rain-storm. I remember, as I rolled myself in my
+blanket prepared for a good sleep in defiance of the rain, sympathizing
+with those poor fellows out on that reconnoissance in all this storm. My
+sympathy was premature. Just then I heard an ominous scratch on my tent,
+and the hand of an orderly was thrust through the flaps with an order.
+In much trepidation I struck a light. Sure I was of trouble, or an order
+would not have been sent out at such a time. My fears were realized. It
+directed our regiment to report at brigade head-quarters in heavy
+marching order with all possible despatch. Here was a "state of things."
+Was it ever so dark, and did it ever rain harder? Not in my
+recollection. But that order left no time for cogitations. Into boots,
+clothing, and gum blanket, out to the colonel's tent with the order,
+then with his orders to all the companies, the sounding of the long
+roll, the forming line, and away to brigade head-quarters in that inky
+blackness and drenching rain was the work of less than fifteen minutes.
+General Kimball complimented us as being the first regiment to report,
+and we were honored with the head of the column which was to support
+Hancock at Halltown. French's division had been ordered out as supports,
+and Kimball's brigade had the advance.
+
+We marched rapidly up the valley of the Shenandoah, now as black as
+Erebus. But soon the rain ceased, the clouds broke away, and the stars
+appeared, completely transforming the scene, and except for the mud and
+our wet and uncomfortable condition it would have been an enjoyable
+march. After going about six miles we were directed into a woods to rest
+until morning. Inside the woods it was inky dark again, and we made
+headway with much difficulty. Men and horses stumbled and floundered
+over fallen logs and through brush at imminent peril of limbs, until a
+halt was made, and after details for picket had been sent out we were
+allowed to rest until daylight.
+
+It was now about three o'clock. But to rest, soaking wet, almost covered
+with mud, in a woods that had been so drenched with rain that everything
+was like a soaked sponge, that was the problem. No fires were allowed,
+for no one knew how near the enemy might be. However, the men were tired
+enough to sleep, most of them, even under those conditions. I well
+remember the weary walking and stamping to keep warm until the sunshine
+came to our relief. But daylight revealed a condition of things relative
+to our position that, had the enemy known, we might again have been made
+an easy prey. Our details for water, after going out some distance, as
+they supposed in our rear, suddenly found themselves uncomfortably near
+the enemy's outposts, and hurried back to camp with the information. It
+was found that in the darkness our picket line had actually gotten
+turned around, so that our rear had been carefully guarded, whilst our
+front was left wholly exposed. The denseness of the woods and the
+darkness of the night had been our salvation. We shortly learned that
+Hancock had accomplished his purpose and was moving back to Harper's
+Ferry. We followed leisurely, reaching the camp about noon, thoroughly
+tired and bedraggled from the rain and mud.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+FROM HARPER'S FERRY TO FREDERICKSBURG
+
+
+We remained on Bolivar Heights, at Harper's Ferry, without further
+special incident until the 31st of October, 1862. In the mean time
+Lieutenant-Colonel Wilcox had been promoted to colonel to fill the
+vacancy caused by the death of Colonel Oakford at Antietam. Major
+Albright had been promoted to lieutenant-colonel and the senior captain,
+Shreve, Company A, had been made major. Colonel Wilcox was on his back
+with a severe case of typhoid fever, and Lieutenant-Colonel Albright had
+been some ten days absent on sick leave, during which time Major Shreve
+had been in command. Lieutenant-Colonel Albright, hearing of the
+probable movement of the army, rejoined us in time to take command as we
+bade farewell to Harper's Ferry. To show how little a soldier can know
+of what is before him, I note the fact that we had just completed fixing
+up our quarters for cold weather at Camp Bolivar. This involved
+considerable labor and some expense. My diary records the fact that I
+had put up a "California stove" in my tent. This, if I remember rightly,
+was a cone-shaped sheet-iron affair, which had a small sliding door and
+sat on the ground, with a small pipe extending through the canvas roof
+just under the ridge-pole to the rear. It cost, I think, about four
+dollars, and required some skill in "setting up," chiefly in fixing the
+pipe so that it would not tumble about one's ears with every blast of
+wind that shook the tent, and in windy weather would at least carry some
+of the smoke outside. A special course of engineering was almost needed
+to be able to properly handle those stoves. A little too much fire, and
+you had to adopt Pat's remedy when Biddy's temper got up--sit on the
+outside until it cooled down. Too little was worse than none, for your
+tent became a smoke-house. On the whole, they were much like the goose
+the aforesaid Pat captured and brought into camp, "a mighty unconvanient
+burr'd, a little too big for one and not big enough for two."
+
+This fixing up of quarters had been done in contemplation of remaining
+here through the winter, and we had taken our cue from like actions of
+our brigade officers, who were supposed to know something about the
+movements of the army. When we got orders on the 29th of October to
+prepare for the march, I was assured by the adjutant-general of our
+brigade that it was nothing more than a day's reconnoissance, and that
+we were certainly not going to move our quarters. He knew as much about
+it as I did. Within an hour after this order another came directing us
+to move in heavy marching order, with three days' rations and sixty
+rounds of ammunition. And so we moved out of Harper's Ferry on the 31st
+of October, leaving our fixed-up quarters, with my four-dollar stove, to
+Geary's division, which succeeded to our camp.
+
+We crossed the Shenandoah on a pontoon bridge and skirted the mountain
+under Loudon Heights over the same route south that we had taken on our
+way in from the Leesburg raid. We marched very leisurely, making during
+the first four days only about twenty-five miles, to a village bearing
+the serious (?) name of Snickersville. Here we had the first evidence of
+the presence of the enemy. We were hurried through this village and up
+through the gap in the mountain called "Snicker's Gap" to head off the
+rebels. We soon came on to their scouts and pickets, who fled
+precipitately without firing a gun. Part of our division halted on the
+top of the gap, while a couple of regiments skirmished through the woods
+both sides of the road down to the foot of the mountain on the other
+side. The enemy had taken "French leave," and so our men returned and
+our division bivouacked here for the night.
+
+We now learned that these giant armies were moving south in parallel
+columns, the mountain separating them. At every gap or pass in the
+mountain a bristling head or a clinched fist, so to speak, of one would
+be thrust through and the other would try to hit it. This was our
+mission, as we double-quicked it through this gap. When we got there the
+"fist" had been withdrawn, and our work for the time was over. But our
+bivouac here--how beautiful it was! The fields were clean and green,
+with plenty of shade, for right in the gap were some good farms. Then
+the cavalry had not cleaned the country of everything eatable, as was
+usual, they being always in the advance. There was milk and bread to be
+had, and somehow--I never dared to inquire too closely about it--some
+good mutton came into camp that night, so that we had a splendid
+breakfast next morning. Some fine honey was added to the bill of fare.
+The man who brought in the latter claimed that a rebel hive of bees
+attacked him whilst on picket duty, and he confiscated the honey as a
+measure of retaliation.
+
+But the special feature that makes that camp linger in my memory was the
+extraordinary beauty of the scene in the valley below us when the
+evening camp-fires were lighted. We were on a sort of table-land two or
+three hundred feet above the broad valley, which widened out at this
+point and made a most charming landscape. As the darkness drew on the
+camp-fires were lighted, and the scene became one of weird, bewitching
+beauty. Almost as far as the eye could reach, covering three and
+possibly four square miles, were spread out the blazing camp-fires of
+that mighty host of our "Boys in Blue." No drums were beaten and the
+usual retreat call was not sounded, but the thousands of camp-fires told
+of the presence of our men. A martial city was cooking its evening
+coffee and resting its weary limbs in the genial camp-fire glow, whilst
+weary hearts were refreshed with the accompanying chat about friends and
+dearer ones at home. The scouting "Johnny Rebs" (and there were no doubt
+plenty of them viewing the scene) could have gotten from it no
+comforting information to impart as to our numbers. Most of the Army of
+the Potomac, now largely augmented by new regiments, was there, probably
+not less than one hundred thousand men. It was a picture not of a
+lifetime, but of the centuries. It made my blood leap as I realized that
+I was looking down upon the grandest army, all things considered, of any
+age or time. Its mission was to save to liberty and freedom the life of
+the best government the world ever saw. In its ranks was the best blood
+of a free people. In intelligence it was far superior to any other army
+that ever existed. Scholars of all professions, tradesmen and farmers,
+were there, fighting side by side, animated by the same patriotic
+impulse. I said to myself, it is impossible that that army should be
+beaten. It is the strong right arm of the Union, and under God it shall
+assuredly deal the death-blow to the rebellion. This it certainly did,
+though at a fearful cost, for it was fighting the same blood. The
+inspiration of that scene made me glad from the bottom of my heart that
+I had the privilege of being just one in that glorious army. After forty
+years, what would I take for that association with all its dangers and
+hardships? What for these pictures and memories? They are simply
+priceless. I only wish I could so paint the pictures and reproduce the
+scenes that they might be an inspiration to the same patriotism that
+moved this mighty host.
+
+One of our grizzly-headed "boys," after forty years, tells the following
+story of his experiences on a foraging expedition from the camp. Three
+of them started out after beef. Some young steers had been seen in the
+distance. They reached the field, a mile or more from camp. They found
+the game a mighty vigorous lot of young steers, and their troubles began
+when they tried to corral any one of them. Both ends seemed to be in
+business at the same time, whilst a tail-hold proved to have more
+transportation possibilities than they had ever dreamed of. Coaxing and
+persuasion proved utter failures, for the bovines seemed to have the
+same prejudices against our blue uniforms their owners had, and it would
+not do to fire a gun. However, after two hours of the hardest exercise
+they ever had, they succeeded in "pinching" their steer with nose, horn,
+and tail-holds. Neither of them had ever undertaken to butcher a beef
+before, and a good-sized jackknife was all they had to work with. But
+beef they came for and must have, and one was selected to do the trick.
+Here again they counted without their quarry. The latter evidently
+objected to being practised on by novices, for as the knife entered his
+neck he gave a jump which somehow nearly severed the would-be butcher's
+thumb. Nevertheless, he completed his work without a word, and the
+animal was skinned and divided. Just as they had him down a field
+officer rode almost on to them. They felt sure that their "fat was in
+the fire," for the officer--probably the field officer of the
+day--certainly saw them and saw what they were doing. But he turned and
+rode away without saying a word. It was evidently one of those things he
+did not want to see. Well, the fun was not yet over. They backed their
+beef to camp, and this was about as uncomfortable a job as they ever
+had. No more tired trio ever rolled themselves in blankets than they
+were that night. But there was compensation. They had an abundant supply
+of "fresh" on hand and their sleep was sweet. Alas for the uncertainties
+of camp life. Notwithstanding they took the extra precaution to roll
+their several portions in their coats and placed them under their heads
+for pillows, some "sons of Belial" from an adjacent regiment who had
+discovered them bringing their "game" into camp actually stole every
+ounce of the beef out from under their too soundly sleeping heads during
+the night and made off with it. After all their labor and trouble
+neither of them had a taste of that beef. Their nostrils were regaled
+with the savory fumes of the cooking meat. They had no difficulty in
+discovering where it was. Indeed, the whelps who stole it rather paraded
+their steal, knowing that the mouths of our men were sealed. They simply
+could not say a word, for marauding was punishable with death. The worst
+of the escapade was that the poor fellow whose thumb had been so nearly
+severed was made a cripple for life. He was never able to do another
+day's duty, and to shield him the other two--be it said to their
+everlasting honor--performed his picket duty in addition to their own
+until he was discharged.
+
+My diary notes the fact that Fitz-John Porter's corps passed us just
+before night, and I saw its commander for the first time. He was a
+small, slender, young-looking man, with full black whiskers and keen
+black eyes. He was dressed very modestly and wore the usual high black
+slouch hat, with a much battered gold-tassel band. A pair of silver
+stars on his shoulder, much obscured by wear and dust, indicated his
+rank of major-general.
+
+The next day, November 3, was cold and chilly and we were early on the
+march, still southward. We had now exhausted our supply of rations, and
+at a temporary halt wagon-loads of hardtack and pork were driven along
+our company lines and boxes of the bread and barrels of pork dumped out,
+and the men told to fill their haversacks. Barrel heads and boxes were
+soon smashed with the butts of guns and contents appropriated, each man
+taking all he would. Many a fine piece of the pork marched away on a
+bayonet, ready for the noon-day meal. I filled my own saddle-bags, as
+did the rest of us officers, preferring to take no further chances on
+the grub question.
+
+We bivouacked about four o'clock, after a thirteen-mile march in a raw
+and very chilly air. Just going into bivouac I saw Major-General John F.
+Reynolds, who met such a tragic death at Gettysburg the next July. His
+corps--the First--was in the advance of ours. Our regiment was marching
+at the head of our brigade column. Lieutenant-Colonel Albright was
+temporarily absent and I was directing the column. General Reynolds's
+corps had passed into the field to the left and were already in bivouac;
+the other troops of our division were not visible at this point, and I
+was hesitating what direction to give the column. General Reynolds was
+sitting on his horse looking at us, evidently with much interest, and
+noticing my dilemma, rode up to my assistance at once. Addressing me as
+adjutant, he said: "Part of your corps has moved in yonder," pointing
+out the place. "If I were you I would go in here and occupy this field
+to the right in column of divisions, and you may say General Reynolds
+advised this, if you please." His manner and way of doing this little
+service were so pleasant that he captured me at once. Had he chosen to
+do so, he could have given me orders, as the senior officer present, but
+with a gentle courtesy he accomplished his purpose without that, and to
+reassure me gave his name and rank in this delicate way. I shall never
+forget his pleasant smile as he returned my salute after thanking him
+for his suggestion. He was a superb-looking man, dark complexioned,
+wearing full black whiskers, and sat his fine horse like a Centaur,
+tall, straight, and graceful, the ideal soldier. I do not remember to
+have ever seen this remarkable officer again. He was one of the few
+great commanders developed by the war. A quiet, modest man, he yet
+possessed a very decisive element of character, as illustrated by the
+following incident related to me by my friend Colonel W. L. Wilson,
+assistant adjutant-general of one of the divisions of Reynolds's corps,
+and shows his unwearied vigilance and his indefatigable capacity for
+work. The corps was in the presence of the enemy, an attack was deemed
+highly probable. Night had brought on a storm of rain and intense
+darkness. General Reynolds had given the proper officers very explicit
+instructions about locating his picket lines, and Colonel Wilson,
+knowing the critical nature of the work and his division chief's anxiety
+over it, about midnight went out over their part of the line to make
+doubly sure that everything was right. Among the first persons he
+encountered after reaching the outposts was General Reynolds, all alone,
+making his way over the line in that drenching rain, to be assured that
+the pickets were properly posted and doing their duty. Here is Colonel
+Wilson's account of the colloquy that ensued: "Who are you, sir? Where
+do you belong? What are you doing here?" he volleyed at me savagely.
+Being apparently reassured by my reply, he continued in a less
+peremptory tone, "Who ordered that line? How far out is it?" Receiving
+my reply, he exclaimed, "Push it out, push it out farther!" "How far,
+General?" I ventured to ask. "Push it out until you feel something!"
+This was Reynolds.
+
+We continued our march down what I was told was the valley of the
+Catochin. November 5 found us near Upperville, where we bivouacked
+alongside an old graveyard, our head-quarters being established inside
+the enclosure, to get the protection of its stone wall from the cold
+wind that was blowing. The temperature had fallen during the past
+twenty-four hours, so that it was now decidedly chilly--good for
+marching, but cold in bivouac. My notes say that I was chilled through
+until my teeth chattered; that I slept in the hollow made by a sunken
+grave to get warm; that my dreams were not disturbed by any
+unsubstantial hobgoblins of the defunct member of an F. F. V. whose
+remains might have been resting below me. The letters F. F. V. meant
+much in those war days. They stood for "First Family of Virginia," an
+expression much in use by her slave-proud aristocracy, and, of course,
+much satirized by us of the North. On this day we passed several very
+handsome mansions with their slave contingents. One old "daddy"
+volunteered the information that his "Mars was a pow'ful secesh;" that
+he had three sons in the rebel army. My diary notes with indignation
+that these rich plantations were carefully guarded by our cavalry to
+prevent our soldiers entering to get water as they passed. They would
+doubtless have helped themselves to other things as well, especially
+things eatable, but the owners were rebels and deserved to have their
+property taken, we all felt.
+
+The orders against marauding were punctuated by a striking example this
+day. The cavalry orderly of the general commanding our division, riding
+back to head-quarters after delivering a batch of orders, among them
+another on this hated subject, carried a pair of handsome turkeys
+strapped to his saddle. It is safe to say that entire flock came into
+our camp that night, and turkey was served at breakfast to some of the
+rank and file as well as to the general. Verily, "consistency thou art a
+jewel."
+
+From Upperville we moved by easy marching down to Warrenton. The weather
+had grown much colder. On the 8th of November there was a fall of rain,
+succeeded by snow, and we marched in a very disagreeable slush. The
+bivouac in this snow was most trying. The result for myself was a severe
+attack of fever and ague. I had been much reduced in flesh from the
+fatigue and nervous strain of the strenuous life of the past two months.
+This attack prostrated me at once. I was placed in an ambulance, being
+unable to ride my horse. The shaking and jolting of that ambulance ride
+were something fearful. I can now sympathize with the wounded who were
+compelled to ride in those horrible vehicles. They were covered wagons,
+with seats on each side, and made with heavy, stiff springs, so as to
+stand the rough roads, which were frequently cut through the fields.
+This night General Kimball had me brought to his head-quarters, a brick
+farm-house, for shelter. It was a kindness I greatly appreciated. The
+next night our chaplain succeeded in getting me into a farm-house some
+little distance from the regiment. He secured this accommodation on the
+strength of Freemasonry. The owner's name I have preserved in my diary
+as Mr. D. L. F. Lake. He was one of Mosby's "cavalry," as they called
+themselves. We in our army called them "guerillas." They were the terror
+of our army stragglers. They were "good Union men" when our army was
+passing, but just as soon as the army had passed they were in their
+saddles, picking up every straggler and any who may have had to fall
+behind from sickness. In that way they got quite a few prisoners. This
+man did not hesitate to tell us the mode of their operations. He said
+his farm had been literally stripped of hay, grain, and cattle by our
+cavalry under General Stoneman. All he had left was one chicken. This
+his wife cooked for the chaplain and me. He brought out Richmond papers
+during the evening and freely discussed the issues of the war with the
+chaplain. I was too ill to pay much attention to what was said, only to
+gather that his idea of us Northern people was that we were a miserable
+horde of invading barbarians, destined to be very speedily beaten and
+driven out. He admitted, however, that in financial transactions he
+preferred "greenbacks" to the Confederate scrip, which I thought rather
+negatived his boasted faith in the success of the Confederacy. His wife,
+who had, not many years gone, been young and pretty, occasionally chimed
+in with expressions of great hate and bitterness. Perhaps the latter was
+not to be wondered at from their stand-point, and they had just now
+ample grounds for their bitter feelings in the fact that they had just
+been relieved of all their portable property by the Union forces. He had
+receipts for what Stoneman had taken, which would be good for their
+market value on his taking the oath of allegiance. But he said he would
+die rather than take that oath, so he considered his property gone. He
+no doubt thought better of this later on, and probably got pay for his
+stuff. His kindness to me on the score of our fraternal relations was
+generous to the full extent of his ability, and showed him to be a true
+man, notwithstanding his "secesh" proclivities. It was a great favor,
+for had I been compelled to remain out in that rough weather sick as I
+was, the consequences must have been most serious. On leaving I tried to
+pay him in gold coin for his hospitality, but he firmly declined my
+money, saying: "You know you could not have gotten into my house for
+money. Pay in like manner as you have received when opportunity
+affords." For this fraternal hospitality I shall always remember my
+"secesh" Masonic brother with gratitude, for I feel that it saved my
+life.
+
+Another terrific day in that awful ambulance brought me to Warrenton,
+where I got a room at a so-called hotel. Here, upon the advice of our
+surgeon, I made application for leave of absence on account of sickness.
+The red tape that had to be "unwound" in getting this approved and
+returned almost proved my ruin. Captain Archbald was taken sick at this
+time, and his application for a like leave accompanied mine. The corps
+surgeon, Dr. Dougherty, called with our surgeon to examine us at the
+hotel, and said he would approve both applications; that it would be but
+a day or so before our leaves would be ready and returned to us. The
+next day orders for the army to move were issued, and we saw our men
+marching away. It made my heart ache not to be in my place with them. I
+was, however, barely able to sit up, so that was out of the question.
+Now another possibility confronted us, namely, being picked up and
+carried off as prisoners by my late host's comrades, Mosby's guerillas.
+The army was evidently evacuating Warrenton and vicinity, and unless our
+leaves of absence reached us within a very few hours we would be
+outside of the "Union lines" and transportation to Washington
+unobtainable, for the railroad trains did not pretend to run beyond the
+Union lines. The next day came, the last of our troops were moving out,
+and our leaves had not come. Captain Archbald and I resolved that we
+must cut that "red tape" rather than take the chances of going to
+Richmond. This we did by securing suits of citizens' clothes and making
+our way as citizens through the lines to Washington. From there we had
+no difficulty in reaching home in uniform. At Washington I wrote Colonel
+Albright of our dilemma and the way we had solved it, and asked that our
+leaves of absence be forwarded to us at Scranton. They came some two
+weeks later. Had we remained at Warrenton, they would never have reached
+us, unless in a rebel prison. Yet I suppose we had committed an offence
+for which we could have been court-martialled.
+
+I should have mentioned that just at the time I was taken sick, on the
+9th of November, whilst the army was approaching Warrenton, the order
+relieving General McClellan from the command of the Army of the Potomac
+was issued. He was ordered to report to his home in Trenton, N. J., on
+waiting orders. Great was the consternation among the veterans of that
+army on his retirement, for they really had a strong attachment for
+"Little Mac," as they fondly called him. He took his leave in an
+affectionate order, recounting the heroic deeds of this noble army. This
+was followed by a grand review, accompanied by battery salutes, and the
+military career of General George B. McClellan passed into history.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE FREDERICKSBURG CAMPAIGN
+
+
+I must pause long enough to speak of the days of that sick leave. Just
+before reaching Scranton I met on the train my old friend and employer,
+Joseph C. Platt, of the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company, who insisted on
+taking me home with him. As I had no home of my own and no relations
+here, I accepted his kind hospitality. Had I been their own son I could
+not have been cared for more tenderly. Under the circumstances I am sure
+I was not a very prepossessing object to entertain. I well remember the
+warm bath and the glorious luxury of once more being actually clean,
+dressed in a civilized night-robe, and in a comfortable bed. It must be
+remembered that a soldier must habitually sleep in his clothes. I had
+not had my clothes off, except for a wash, since I entered the army. I
+had evidently been living beyond my strength, and now the latter gave
+way and I found myself unable to leave my bed for the next two weeks.
+Dr. William Frothingham gave me most excellent medical treatment, and
+with the motherly nursing of Mrs. Platt I was soon on the mend.
+
+On the 8th of December I started back for my regiment. I was by no means
+well, and the doctor was loath to let me go, as were all my kind
+friends; but a grand forward movement of the army was reported as in
+progress, and I felt that I must be at my post. I reached Washington on
+the 9th, and it took the next two days to secure a pass and
+transportation to the front. The latter was somewhat difficult to
+obtain, owing to the fact that a movement of the army was in progress.
+What the character of the movement was no one seemed to know, not even
+the provost-marshal, who issued all passes.
+
+I took a boat leaving at six o'clock A.M. on the 12th for Aquia Creek
+and thence went by rail in a cattle-car to its terminus in the open
+field opposite Fredericksburg. (The rebels were mean enough to refuse us
+depot privileges at the regular station in Fredericksburg.) I arrived
+there about one o'clock P.M. A brisk cannonade was in progress between
+the Union batteries posted on the heights back of Falmouth and the
+Confederate guns on Marye's Heights, back of Fredericksburg. The problem
+now was to find my regiment. A stranger standing near said, in answer to
+my inquiry, that the Union army had been encamped about a mile and a
+half back yonder, pointing to the hills in our rear, but that he was
+quite sure they had all gone across the river last night; that a big
+fight had taken place about laying the pontoon bridge over the river
+(the Rappahannock), and the Union forces had beaten the rebels back,
+laid the bridge and had crossed over and occupied the city.
+Fredericksburg was a city of probably five or six thousand people, lying
+on the west bank of the Rappahannock, which runs at this point nearly
+southeast. The river is probably one hundred and fifty to two hundred
+yards wide here, quite deep, with a rather swift current and high banks,
+so that one does not see the water until quite close to it. The
+railroad formerly ran from Aquia Creek to Richmond via Fredericksburg,
+the connection to Washington being by boat from Aquia Creek. The war
+stopped its operation, but so much of it as was in the Union lines had
+been seized by the government, and was being operated by the
+quartermaster's department for war purposes. The stations of the latter
+were wherever the troops were, and these were now operating against
+Fredericksburg, hence I was dumped down in an open field opposite that
+city as stated above. I was fortunate enough to find a man who was going
+to Hancock's old camp, and I concluded to go with him, believing that
+once there I could find our division camp belonging to the same corps.
+
+I chartered a burly "contraban" to carry my luggage, and we started. The
+ground was very soft from recent rains, and the mud was something
+terrible. If one has never encountered Virginia mud, he can have no
+adequate idea of the meaning of the word. It gets a grip on your feet
+and just won't let go. Every rise of your pedal extremities requires a
+mighty tug, as if you were lifting the earth, as indeed you are--a much
+larger share of it than is comfortable.
+
+A tramp of a mile and a half brought us to Hancock's old camp. In my
+weak condition I was thoroughly exhausted, and so my "contraban" claimed
+to be, for he positively refused to go another step. I got my
+quartermaster friend to take care of my baggage, whilst I continued my
+search for our division camp. I was not successful in finding it that
+night, and was obliged to accept the invitation of a sick officer of the
+Eighty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers to share his quarters for the
+night. I had eaten breakfast at five o'clock that morning in Washington
+and had eaten nothing since, and it was now dusk. I was not only tired,
+but faint for want of food. This officer, whose name I regret I have
+forgotten, was a brother Mason, and kindly divided his meagre rations
+with me, which consisted of boiled rice and hardtack. He had a little
+molasses, with which the former was lubricated, and a good strong cup of
+coffee was added. It was not Waldorf-Astoria fare, to be sure, and the
+explanation was that the boys had taken almost everything eatable with
+them.
+
+The next morning I picked up an old "crow-bait" of a horse, the only
+four-footed transportation possibly obtainable, and started for
+Fredericksburg to find my regiment. The only directions I had about
+disposing of this frame of a horse was to "turn the bones loose when you
+get through with him." He could go only at a snail's pace, and when I
+reached Fredericksburg it must have been nine o'clock. I crossed the
+pontoon bridge, which had been laid the morning before under
+circumstances of the greatest gallantry by Howard's division of our
+corps.
+
+The "ball" was now well opened. Marye's Heights (pronounced Marie, with
+the accent on the last letter, as if spelled Maree), circling the city
+from the river above to a point below the city, was literally crowded
+with batteries of rebel artillery. These guns were firing at our
+batteries on the heights on the other side of the river, and also upon
+our troops occupying the city. The air was filled with screeching,
+bursting shells, and a deafening pandemonium was in progress. It was
+not a very inviting place to enter under these circumstances, but it was
+as safe for me as for my regiment, and my duty was to be with them. The
+trouble was to find it in that multitude of troops filling all the
+streets of the city. Our corps alone numbered probably twelve thousand
+men at that time, and the Ninth Corps was there besides. However, I soon
+found Kimball's brigade to my great delight, supposing our regiment was
+in it, as it was when I went away. General Kimball greeted me with great
+cordiality; but when I asked where my regiment was, he said he was sorry
+he could not inform me; that they had that morning been transferred,
+much against his will, to General Max Weber's brigade, and where that
+was he did not know. It was probably somewhere in the city. Said he:
+
+"You cannot possibly find it now, and it is a waste of time to try. I
+can give you plenty of work to-day. Stay with me and serve as an aide on
+my staff."
+
+The officers of his staff, all of whom were personal friends, urgently
+joined in the general's invitation. But I felt that I must be with the
+regiment if it were possible to find it, and so declined what would have
+been a distinguishing service. Some distance down the main street I ran
+on to the regiment just when I had abandoned all hope of finding it. My
+reception was exceedingly cordial, accompanied with the remark: "Just in
+time, adjutant, just in time." I found Lieutenant-Colonel Albright in
+command and with no help from our field and staff. Colonel Wilcox was
+still on sick leave. Major Shreve had returned to camp during the heavy
+cannonading of the day before, and Colonel Albright had lost his voice
+from a severe cold, so that I had to supply voice for him in the issuing
+of orders, in addition to my other duties.
+
+The situation was most portentous. We lay in the main street under the
+shelter of the houses, which were being bombarded by the rebel batteries
+in their efforts to reach our troops. The houses were all vacant; the
+people had fled on the approach of our army. Not a soul did we see of
+the inhabitants of the city during the two days we occupied it. They had
+evidently left in great haste, taking but few things with them. I was
+told that in some houses the boys found and ate meals that had been
+prepared and left in their flight, and in all there was more or less
+food, which was appropriated. Flour was plentiful, and the night after
+the battle there were army flapjacks galore. In some cases it might have
+been said these were fearfully and wonderfully made, but they went just
+the same.
+
+An incident connected with this occupation of Fredericksburg comes to
+light after forty years. If General Howard should see it the mystery of
+the sudden disappearance of his breakfast on that morning might be
+cleared up. Our regiment happened to be quartered in the morning near
+his head-quarters. Rations were scarce. General Howard's servant had
+prepared him a most tempting breakfast from supplies found and
+confiscated from one of the houses. The sight of this repast and its
+savory fumes were too much for the empty stomachs of two of our men, who
+shall be nameless here. The trick was a neat one. One of them got the
+attention of the cook and held it until the other reached into the tent
+and dumped the contents of the main dish, hot and steaming, into his
+haversack and quietly sauntered away. When the cook discovered his loss
+the other fellow was gone. These rascals said it was the best dish of
+ham and eggs they ever ate. Many houses had fine pianos and other
+musical instruments, and in some instances impromptu dances were on
+whilst Confederate shells whanged through the house above their heads.
+It is safe to say that there was little left of valuable bric-à-brac to
+greet the fugitive people on their return. And it is highly probable
+that pianos and handsome furniture needed considerable repairing after
+the exodus of the "Yank." This was not due to pure vandalism, although
+war creates the latter, but to the feeling of hatred for the miserable
+rebels who had brought on the war and were the cause of our being there.
+And it must be admitted there were some who pocketed all they could for
+the commercialism there might be in it, the argument again being,
+"somebody will take it, and I might as well have it as the other
+fellow." The first part of the argument was doubtless as true as the
+latter part was false. Many trinkets were hawked about among the men
+after the fight as souvenirs. Among them was a silver-plated communion
+flagon. Some scamp had filched it from one of the churches and was
+trying to sell it. Fortunately, he did not belong to our regiment. Our
+chaplain took it from him and had it strapped to his saddle-bag. His
+purpose was to preserve it for its owner if the time should come that it
+could be returned. But in the meantime its presence attached to his
+saddle made him the butt of any amount of raillery from both officers
+and men.
+
+When I joined the regiment it was lying in front of the Court-House,
+from the steeple of which some sixty or seventy feet high, the flags of
+our signal-corps were most actively wagging. It occurred to me that
+those signal-men were mighty nervy fellows. They were a beautiful mark
+for the rebel batteries, which were evidently doing their best to knock
+them out. The steeple was a plain, old-fashioned affair, having an open
+belfry, which seemed to be supported by four upright posts or timbers. I
+saw one of those uprights knocked out by a rebel shell. A couple more
+equally good shots and our signal-fellows would come ignominiously--no,
+gloriously--down, for there could be no ignominy with such pluck. But
+the wig-wagging went on, I fancied, with a little more snap and audacity
+than before, and they maintained their station there in the very teeth
+of the rebel batteries until the army was withdrawn. So much for "Yankee
+nerve." I afterwards learned that the signal-officer there was none
+other than Lieutenant Frederick Fuller, of Scranton, one of my most
+intimate personal friends. Lieutenant Fuller told me that he was on duty
+at Burnside's head-quarters on that morning; that a station was ordered
+opened in the belfry of that Court-House, and another officer was
+despatched thither for that duty; that after waiting some time for the
+flags to appear he was ordered over to see what the trouble was. He
+found the other officer sitting under shelter, afraid to mount the
+belfry, nor could any persuasion induce him to face that storm of shell.
+Lieutenant Fuller thereupon climbed up into the belfry, opened the
+station himself, and ran it during the whole battle.
+
+About ten o'clock the command "Forward" was sounded, and our brigade
+moved out towards Marye's Heights. Some idea of the topography of
+Fredericksburg and its rear I find is necessary to an understanding of
+what follows. Marye's Heights, which encircle the city back some five
+hundred yards, are the termination of a plateau which rises from one
+hundred and fifty to two hundred feet in an abrupt terrace from the
+plain upon which the city stands. These heights form a half-circle from
+the river above to a point below the city some little distance from the
+river, and are from a mile to a mile and a half long and are most
+admirably adapted for defensive purposes. The rebel batteries, numbering
+at least one hundred guns, were massed on these heights, and covered not
+only every street leading out from the city, but every square foot of
+ground of the plain below. A third of the way down the terrace was an
+earthwork filled with infantry, whilst at its foot ran the famous stone
+wall extending southward from the cemetery above the city, and was
+continued by an earthwork around the whole circle. Behind this stone
+wall was massed a double line of Confederate infantry. To enter either
+street leading out to those heights was to face the concentrated fire of
+that mass of artillery and the deadly work of those three lines of
+infantry. Yet that was just what we had before us.
+
+Our division (French's) led the assault. Our regiment brought up the
+rear of our brigade column. As each regiment turned into the street
+leading out, it took up the run to cover this exposed ground as quickly
+as possible. Lieutenant-Colonel Albright was leading our regiment and I
+was by his side. We passed rapidly up the street, already covered with
+the dead and wounded which had fallen from the regiments that had
+preceded us, until we reached the embankment of a railroad, which was
+nearly parallel with the enemy's works. A temporary halt was made here
+preparatory to moving forward in line of battle.
+
+Turning to see that our men were in position, I was amazed to find that
+we had but one company with us. It was my duty as adjutant to go back
+and find and bring up the balance of the regiment. The distance was
+about four hundred yards. I can truthfully say that in that moment I
+gave my life up. I do not expect ever again to face death more certainly
+than I thought I did then. It did not seem possible that I could go
+through that fire again and return alive. The grass did not grow under
+my feet going back. My sprinting record was probably made then. It may
+be possible to see the humorous side at this distance, but it was verily
+a life and death matter then. One may ask how such dangers can be faced.
+The answer is, there are many things more to be feared than death.
+Cowardice and failure of duty with me were some of them. I can fully
+appreciate the story of the soldier's soliloquy as he saw a rabbit
+sprinting back from the line of fire:
+
+"Go it, cotton tail; if I hadn't a reputation at stake, I'd go to."
+
+Reputation and duty were the holding forces. I said to myself, "This is
+duty. I'll trust in God and do it. If I fall, I cannot die better."
+Without the help and stimulus of that trust I could not have done it,
+for I doubt if any man was ever more keenly susceptible to danger than
+I, and the experience of Antietam had taught me the full force of this
+danger. The nervous strain was simply awful. It can be appreciated only
+by those who have experienced it. The atmosphere seemed surcharged with
+the most startling and frightful things. Deaths, wounds, and appalling
+destruction everywhere. As fast as I was running back over that street,
+my eyes caught an incident that I can see now, which excited my pity,
+though I had no time to offer help. A fine-looking fellow had been
+struck by a shot, which had severed one leg and left it hanging by one
+of the tendons, the bone protruding, and he was bleeding profusely. Some
+men were apparently trying to get him off the street. They had hold of
+his arms and the other leg, but were jumping and dodging at every shell
+that exploded, jerking and twisting this dangling leg to his horrible
+torture. I remember hearing him beseeching them to lay him down and let
+him die. They were probably a trio of cowards trying to get back from
+the front, and were using this wounded man to get away with, a not
+infrequent occurrence with that class of bummers.
+
+I found the balance of the regiment had passed our street and were in
+confusion further down the main street. As the second company was about
+turning to follow the column a shell had exploded in their faces,
+killing and wounding some ten men and throwing it into disorder. Before
+it could be rallied the advancing column was out of sight. It was the
+work of but a few moments to straighten out the tangle and head them
+again for the front. No body of men could have more quickly and bravely
+responded, though they told me afterwards that they read in my pallid
+face the character of the work before them. Back we went up that street
+on the run, having to pick our way to avoid stepping on the dead and
+wounded, for the ground was now blue with our fallen heroes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG--CONCLUDED
+
+
+Reaching the place in the rear of that railroad embankment, where I had
+left the brigade, I found it had just gone forward in line of battle,
+and a staff officer directed me to bring the rest of the regiment
+forward under fire, which I did, fortunately getting them into their
+proper position. The line was lying prone upon the ground in that open
+field and trying to maintain a fire against the rebel infantry not more
+than one hundred and fifty yards in our front behind that stone wall. We
+were now exposed to the fire of their three lines of infantry, having no
+shelter whatever. It was like standing upon a raised platform to be shot
+down by those sheltered behind it. Had we been ordered to fix bayonets
+and charge those heights we could have understood the movement, though
+that would have been an impossible undertaking, defended as they were.
+But to be sent close up to those lines to maintain a firing-line without
+any intrenchments or other shelter, if that was its purpose, was simply
+to invite wholesale slaughter without the least compensation. It was to
+attempt the impossible, and invite certain destruction in the effort. On
+this interesting subject I have very decided convictions, which I will
+give later on.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST LIEUT. JAMES A. ROGERS
+
+CO. C]
+
+
+[Illustration: FIRST LIEUT. NOAH H. JAY
+
+CO. K]
+
+
+[Illustration: FIRST LIEUT. A. C. MENSCH
+
+CO. E]
+
+
+[Illustration: FIRST LIEUT. CHARLES E. GLADDING
+
+CO. D]
+
+
+[Illustration: FIRST LIEUT. ISAIAH W. WILLITTS
+
+CO. H]
+
+
+[Illustration: SECOND LIEUT. D. R. MELLICK
+
+CO. E]
+
+Proceeding now with my narrative, we were evidently in a fearful
+slaughter-pen. Our men were being swept away as by a terrific whirlwind.
+The ground was soft and spongy from recent rains, and our faces and
+clothes were bespattered with mud from bullets and fragments of shells
+striking the ground about us, whilst men were every moment being hit by
+the storm of projectiles that filled the air. In the midst of that
+frightful carnage a man rushing by grasped my hand and spoke. I turned
+and looked into the face of a friend from a distant city. There was a
+glance of recognition and he was swept away. What his fate was I do not
+know.
+
+That same moment I received what was supposed to be my death wound.
+Whilst the men were lying down, my duties kept me on my feet. Lieutenant
+Charles McDougal,[D] commanding the color company, called to me that the
+color-guard were all either killed or wounded. We had two stands of
+colors, the national and State flags. These colors were carried by two
+color-sergeants, protected by six color-corporals, which made up the
+color-guard. If either sergeant became disabled the nearest corporal
+took the colors, and so on until the color-guard were down. This was the
+condition when this officer called to me to replace these disabled men,
+so that the colors should be kept flying. He had one flag in his hand as
+I approached him, and he was in the act of handing it to me when a
+bullet crashed through his arm and wrist, spattering my face with his
+warm blood. I seized the staff as it fell from his shattered arm. The
+next instant a bullet cut the staff away just below my hand. An instant
+later I was struck on the head by the fragment of a shell and fell
+unconscious with the colors in my hand. How long I remained unconscious
+I do not know, possibly twenty minutes or more. What were my sensations
+when hit? I felt a terrific blow, but without pain, and the thought
+flashed through my mind, "This is the end," and then everything was
+black. I do not remember falling. It takes time to write this, but
+events moved then with startling rapidity. From the time we went forward
+from the embankment until the line was swept back could have been but a
+few minutes, otherwise all must have been killed.
+
+When I revived I was alone with the dead and wounded. The line of battle
+had been swept away. The field about me was literally covered with the
+blue uniforms of our dead and wounded men. The firing had very
+perceptibly decreased. I had worn into the battle my overcoat, with my
+sword buckled on the outside. I had been hit on the left side of my
+head, and that side of my body was covered with blood down to my feet,
+which was still flowing. My first thought was as to my condition,
+whether mortally wounded or not. I was perceptibly weakened from loss of
+blood, but lying there I could not tell how much strength I had left. I
+did not dare move, for that would make me a target for the guns that
+covered that terrible wall, the muzzles of which I could plainly see.
+Many of them were still spitting out their fire with a venom that made
+my position exceedingly uncomfortable. What should I do? What could I
+do? To remain there was either to bleed to death or be taken prisoner
+and sent to Libby, which I felt would mean for me a sure lingering
+death. To make a move to get off the field would draw the fire of those
+guns, which would surely finish me. These were the alternatives.
+
+I carefully stretched my legs to test my strength, and I made up my mind
+I had enough left to carry me off the field, and I resolved to take my
+chances in the effort. I determined that I would zigzag my course to the
+rear so as not to give them a line shot at me. So getting myself
+together I made a supreme effort and sprang up and off in jumps, first
+to the right, then to the left. As I expected, they opened on me, and
+the bullets flew thick and fast about me. The first turn I got a bullet
+through my right leg just above the ankle. It felt like the stinging cut
+of a whip and rather accelerated my speed. About fifty yards back was an
+old slab fence to my right, and I plunged headlong behind that, hoping
+to find shelter from those bullets. I fell directly behind several other
+wounded men, two of whom rolled over dead from bullets that came through
+the slabs and which were probably aimed at me. This flushed me again,
+and by the same zigzag tactics I succeeded in getting back to the
+railroad embankment, where, to my great joy, I found Colonel Albright
+with what remained of the regiment. Colonel Albright grasped me in his
+arms as I came over, with the exclamation, "We thought you were killed."
+Sergeant-Major Clapp told me that he had rolled me over and satisfied
+himself that I was dead before they went back.
+
+As I reached cover under this embankment I remember noticing a
+field-officer rallying his men very near us on our right, and that
+instant his head was literally carried away by a shell. So intense was
+the situation that even this tragic death received only a passing
+thought. Then came the Irish brigade, charging over our line as they did
+at Antietam. They came up and went forward in fine form, but they got
+but a few yards beyond the embankment, when they broke and came back,
+what was left of them, in great confusion. No troops could stand that
+fire. Our division and the whole Second Corps, in fact, were now
+completely disorganized, and the men were making their way back to the
+city and the cover of the river-bank as best they could, whilst the
+splendid old Ninth Corps was advancing to take its place. Profiting by
+our experience, they did not advance by those streets through which we
+came, but made their way through houses and yards and so escaped that
+concentrated fire on the streets. Their advancing lines, covering the
+whole city front, looked magnificent, and it was dreadful to think that
+such a splendid body of men must march into such a slaughter-pen. Their
+movement was a repetition of ours. With bayonets unfixed they moved
+forward and attempted to maintain a firing-line under Marye's Heights on
+the ground from which we had been driven, only to be hurled mercilessly
+back as we had been. Our line had been the first to make this effort,
+and for some reason we had approached to within about one hundred yards
+of their main line of infantry, much closer than any of the troops that
+followed. The others had barely got beyond the embankment, when they
+were swept away. We, having approached nearer their line, were, of
+course, longer exposed to their fire and lost more heavily.
+
+I was always curious to know why we of the first line of that fateful
+movement succeeded in getting so much nearer their works than the
+equally brave and determined men who followed us. Some years afterwards
+on revisiting this location I met an ex-Confederate who commanded one of
+the rebel batteries on those heights that day. In answer to my
+questions, he said the first "Yankee" line was permitted to approach
+much nearer than those that followed, for, said he, "we knew they were
+our meat, and when we finally opened on them with our full force, the
+slaughter was so awful it made me heart sick. But you kept coming with
+such persistency that we did not dare repeat those tactics." This may
+have been partially true so far as concerned their infantry fire, but a
+more potent reason, in my judgment, was that we had developed the utter
+hopelessness of the attempt, and men could not put heart into the
+effort.
+
+Recurring to myself again, Colonel Albright stanched the flowing of
+blood from my wound in the head by making a strong compress of my large
+bandana handkerchief. The other wound in my leg did not give me much
+trouble then. In that condition, accompanied by another wounded man, I
+made my way back into the city. We found it one vast hospital. Every
+house was literally crowded with wounded men. We were fortunate enough
+to run against our brigade surgeon, who had taken possession of a brick
+building on the main street for hospital purposes. The only thing he
+could give me to lie down upon was a wooden bench. We had dismounted and
+left our horses with a servant when we went forward, and our blankets,
+etc., were with them, and where they were now there was no means of
+knowing. I was therefore without those comforts. Everything of that
+nature left by the rebels had long before been appropriated. The doctor
+hastily examined my wounds, pronounced them not dangerous, ordered the
+hospital steward to dress them, and was away. He, however, appropriated
+my red handkerchief. I had been presented by a friend on leaving
+Scranton with two large old-fashioned red silk bandana handkerchiefs,
+and they were exceedingly useful. The doctor, seeing them, said, "I must
+have these to nail up over the outside door to show that this is a
+hospital," and, without so much as saying by your leave, carried them
+off. The effort was to secure as much protection as possible from the
+fire of the enemy, and to do this the red flag of the hospital must be
+displayed. It is against the rules of civilized warfare to fire upon a
+hospital. The doctor said my red silk handkerchiefs were the first red
+stuff of any kind he had been able to get hold of. Of course I was glad
+to part with them for that purpose, though they were worth at that time
+$2 each in gold. The wound in my head was fortunately a glancing blow
+from a fragment of a shell. It tore the scalp from the bone about three
+inches in length in the form of a V. It has never given me serious
+trouble, more than to be a barometer of changing weather. The wound in
+my leg nearly severed the big tendon. They both quickly healed, and I
+was off duty with them but the one day I took to get back to camp.
+
+After my wounds had been dressed I tried to sleep, being not only very
+weak from loss of blood, but almost in a condition of nervous
+exhaustion. I laid down on my bench, but shells were continually
+crashing through the building, and sleep was impossible. I went out on
+the street. It was crowded with wounded and straggling soldiers. The
+stragglers were hunting for their regiments, the wounded for hospital
+room. It seemed as if the army must have disintegrated. This was
+practically true of the Second and Ninth Corps, which had made the
+assault. Towards night General French rode down the street, accompanied
+by his staff. Seeing me, he stopped his horse and exclaimed, "Adjutant,
+where is my division? Tell me where my men are. My God, I am without a
+command!" and the tears were flowing down his red, weather-beaten face.
+He was beside himself over the awful losses of his division. Well he
+might be, for a great number of them were lying on yonder field in front
+of Marye's Heights, and the balance were scattered through the houses
+and on the river-bank practically disorganized.
+
+I was greatly alarmed for our safety that night. It seemed to me highly
+probable that General Lee would come down upon us and capture all that
+were in the city, as he could easily have done. Possibly he was
+satisfied with the damage already inflicted, and did not care to assume
+the care of our wounded, which that would have involved. I remained on
+my bench in that hospital through that long night without food or
+covering. I had eaten nothing since early morning. With the constant
+whanging of shells through ours and adjacent buildings and the moaning
+of the wounded lying all about me, sleep or rest was impossible. It was
+a night too dreadful to think of, and makes me shudder again as I write.
+We remained in the city the next day, Sunday, and I rejoined our
+regiment, which, with other troops, was lying under the shelter of the
+river-bank. Officers were getting their men together as far as possible
+and bringing order out of chaos. We had Sunday about two hundred for
+duty out of three hundred and fifty taken into the battle. On Monday,
+the 15th, we who were wounded were told to make our way across the river
+back to our old camps as best we could. I was now very weak, and my head
+and leg were very sore. The latter gave me much trouble in walking,
+nevertheless there was a three-mile tramp before us. Lieutenant
+Musselman, also wounded, went with me on this weary tramp. We did not
+reach camp that night, and so had to find shelter at a farm-house,
+already full of straggling and wounded soldiers. The owner was a widow,
+living with a grown-up daughter, and was a bitter rebel, although
+professing Union sentiments whilst our army was there. She was, of
+course, greatly annoyed by the presence of these soldiers, most of whom
+were eating up her provisions without paying for them. Some of them were
+"bummers," who had run away from the battle and had persuaded her to
+feed and shelter them for the protection they professed to afford her.
+She was in great wrath when we reached there and peremptorily forbade us
+entering. But I told her firmly that we were wounded men and must have
+shelter; that I would willingly pay for accommodations, but, permission
+or not, the latter we must have. This argument seemed to be convincing,
+and the daughter led us up to the garret, which, she said, was the only
+unoccupied room in the house. Here she spread a blanket on the floor for
+us to sleep on. I suppose this was the best she could do. Then, at our
+solicitation, she got us some supper, an exceedingly frugal meal, but we
+were glad to get that. The daughter did not seem to share her mother's
+bitterness, but as often as she could would interject a word in our
+favor, and really did all she could for us. I sincerely hope she was
+ultimately made a permanent prisoner by some good "boy in blue." Here
+would have been an excellent opportunity to have woven into this
+narrative the golden thread of romance. This pretty secesh girl, with
+flashing blue eyes and golden hair, rebel to the core, yet befriending a
+wounded Union soldier, etc. How readily it lends itself, but the truth
+must be told. The little arrow god had already driven home his shaft,
+and so the romance could not mature.
+
+During the evening General Franz Sigel and staff came to the house and
+demanded supper. Our lady was very polite, assured him that it was
+impossible. "Very well," said General Sigel, "I think I shall want this
+place to-morrow for a hospital. Madam, your kindness will be
+reciprocated." He spoke very emphatically, whereat the pretty daughter
+began to cry, and the mother to stammer apologies, and said she would do
+the best she could for them, but she really had nothing to cook. The
+general retired very indignant. Whether or not his threat was carried
+out I do not know, for the next morning we were off without trying to
+get breakfast. On asking for her bill we were surprised to find her
+charges were evidently based on the highest war-time hotel rates. We had
+so poor a supper that we had no desire for breakfast there, and had
+slept on the garret floor. For this she demanded one dollar. We paid her
+fifty cents, which was more than double its worth, and left amidst a
+great volley of her choicest anathemas.
+
+We reached camp towards noon, and found we had tramped about five miles
+out of our way. The regiment was there ahead of us, the troops having
+evacuated Fredericksburg on Monday, two days after the battle, without
+opposition. We were actually under fire in this battle, that is, from
+the time the assault began until we were swept back, probably not more
+than thirty minutes as against four and one-half hours at Antietam. Yet
+our losses were proportionately much heavier. During my absence on sick
+leave, our regiment, after leaving Warrenton, had been detailed on heavy
+"fatigue" duty, loading and unloading vessels and various kinds of
+laborer's work at Belle-plain, and in consequence many were on the sick
+list, others were on various details, so that when we went into this
+battle we had only three hundred and fifty men for duty, against seven
+hundred and fifty at Antietam. Of this number my diary, written the
+15th, says we lost: Killed, 7; wounded, 80; missing, 20; total, 107.
+Lieutenant Hoagland, Company H, was killed. Of the wounded, four were
+officers,--Captain Richard Stillwell and First Lieutenant John B. Floyd,
+Company K; First Lieutenant Musselman, Company E, and First Lieutenant
+McDougal, commanding Company C. Lieutenant McDougal's arm was shattered
+by a minie-ball whilst handing me the colors, detailed above. Captain
+Stillwell received a very singular wound. A bullet struck the side of
+his neck near the big artery and appeared to have gouged out a bit of
+flesh and glanced off. It bled more than this circumstance would have
+seemed to warrant, but the captain was sure he was not hurt and made
+light of it. Swelling and pain speedily developed in his shoulder, and
+it was found that the missile, instead of glancing off, had taken a
+downward course and finally lodged near his shoulder-joint, a distance
+of ten or twelve inches from where it entered. He was given leave of
+absence on account of wounds, and the ball was cut out after his return
+home, and ultimately the whole channel made by the ball had to be
+opened, when it was found lined with whiskers which the ball had carried
+in with it.
+
+Most of those computed above as missing were undoubtedly killed, but had
+not been so reported at that time. Our loss in that half-hour was nearly
+one-third. One stand of our colors, the one whose staff was shot away in
+my hand, was missing, and the other was badly torn by shells and
+bullets.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+WHY FREDERICKSBURG WAS LOST
+
+
+I promised to give my convictions relative to the responsibility for the
+disaster of Fredericksburg, and I might as well do it here.
+
+Recalling the fact heretofore stated that we seemed to have been thrown
+against Marye's Heights to be sacrificed; that we were not ordered to
+charge their works, but to advance and maintain a line of battle-fire
+where such a thing was absolutely impossible, I come to the inquiry,
+what was the character and purpose of the movement and why did it fail?
+So thoroughly impressed was I that there was something radically wrong
+about it, that I determined to solve that question if possible, and so
+made a study of the subject at that time and later after my return home.
+I had personal friends in the First and Sixth Corps, which had operated
+on the extreme left, and I discussed with them the movements that day.
+Finally, after my return home, I got access to Covode's congressional
+reports on the conduct of the war covering that campaign, and from all
+these sources learned what I then and now believe to be substantially
+the facts about that campaign. The army was divided into three grand
+divisions, composed of two army corps each, namely, the Second and
+Ninth, the right grand division, commanded by Sumner; the First and
+Sixth, the left grand division, commanded by Franklin, and the Third
+and Fifth, the centre, commanded by Hooker. The plan of battle was to
+hold Lee's army at Fredericksburg by a "feint in force" (which means an
+attack sufficiently strong to deceive the enemy into the belief that it
+is the real or main attack) at that point, whilst the left grand
+division was to throw a pontoon bridge across the river three miles
+below and turn his flank (_i.e._, get behind them) in the rear of
+Marye's Heights. For this purpose the left grand division was to advance
+and attack vigorously. If successful, Lee would then have been between
+Franklin's forces on the left and our own on the right, with every
+possibility of being crushed. Hooker was to hold his division in
+readiness to support either wing. Had this plan been carried out, our
+work at the right would, at its conception, have been as it appeared to
+be, a mad sacrifice of men, but with an opportunity later on of pushing
+forward and reaping a victory. In that event, our position would have
+made us a tremendous factor in the result.
+
+Now how was the plan carried out? The student will be puzzled on finding
+such a paucity of records concerning this disastrous movement. The
+official documents are remarkable for what they do not contain. A study
+of Covode's reports on the conduct of the war will, I think, justify my
+conclusions, viz., that the disaster of Fredericksburg was due not to
+accident, nor to a faulty plan of battle, but to a failure of the left
+grand division to perform the vital part assigned to it. My information
+gained at the time was that Franklin was to remain concealed until the
+signal for our attack came; then he was to cross over and attack
+vigorously, a military expression, meaning to put all possible vigor
+and power into the movement. The signal was given as our attack began.
+Whatever force may have crossed the river at that time, my information
+was that the division known as the Pennsylvania Reserve, now numbering
+probably not more than six thousand men, under General Meade, was the
+only body of troops which made a determined attack on Lee's right, in
+support of our work in front of Marye's Heights. Realizing the
+opportunity, General Meade pushed forward with his usual vigor and,
+though meeting strenuous opposition, soon found himself well in Lee's
+rear, but without support. He sent back aide after aide to hurry forward
+the supporting lines, but without avail, finally galloping back himself.
+He found General Birney resting near the bridge with his division. An
+eye-witness[E] to Meade's interview with Birney says the language of
+General Meade as he upbraided Birney for not coming to his support was
+enough to "almost make the stones creep;" that Meade was almost wild
+with rage as he saw the golden opportunity slipping away and the
+slaughter of his men going for naught. He said Birney responded that he
+agreed with General Meade fully, and was ready and most anxious to come
+to his support, but that his orders were peremptory to await further
+orders in his present position: that he had been for an hour trying to
+find General Franklin to obtain permission to move forward. This loss of
+time and want of support to Meade's charge changed a possible victory
+into a fearful disaster. This was substantially the testimony of
+Major-General Reynolds, commanding the First Corps, before the Committee
+on the Conduct of the War. Burnside rode down to the left and vigorously
+expostulated with Franklin for his failure to carry out his orders, and
+peremptorily ordered him to make the attack as originally directed,
+whilst he repeated the movement at the right. It was now considerably
+after noon, and this order was undoubtedly a mistake. The plan of battle
+had been revealed, and there was practically no hope of success. Had the
+left grand division vigorously performed its part in the earlier
+movement, can any one doubt the result? I cannot think so. Had Meade,
+Reynolds, or Hancock been in command on the left that day, I feel
+confident that Fredericksburg would have been recorded a glorious
+victory instead of a horrible slaughter.
+
+Now, why did the left grand division fail to make the attack as ordered?
+Halleck, in his report on the operations at Fredericksburg, says
+"alleged misunderstanding of orders." Here is his language:
+
+"It was intended that Franklin's grand division, consisting of the corps
+of Reynolds (First) and Smith (Sixth), should attack the enemy's right
+and turn his position on the heights in the rear of Fredericksburg,
+while Sumner and Hooker attacked him in front. But by some alleged
+misunderstanding of orders Franklin's operations were limited to a mere
+reconnoissance, and the direct attacks of Sumner and Hooker were
+unsupported." "Rebellion Records," vol. xxi., page 47.
+
+Is the theory of a misunderstanding of orders tenable? The records show
+that on the 11th of December, two days before the battle, Burnside
+ordered his division commanders to so dispose their troops as to bring
+them within easy reach of Fredericksburg, and that on that day at twelve
+o'clock noon these officers were ordered to meet him personally at his
+head-quarters for final instructions. There are no records of what those
+instructions were, but is it credible that either general retired from
+that conference with a misunderstanding as to the plan of battle or of
+his own part in it? Certain it is that neither Sumner nor Hooker
+misunderstood.
+
+And the excuse said to have been made by Franklin, that he did not deem
+the attack on the left practicable, is not consistent with the idea of
+misunderstanding. Otherwise, why did he attack at all? General Halleck's
+guarded language clearly indicates where he placed the responsibility
+for that disaster, and that he did not credit the "misunderstanding of
+orders" theory. It is plainly evident Burnside did not accept that
+excuse, as appears from his celebrated Order No. 8, issued a month
+later, relieving Franklin, Smith, Newton, Cochran, and Ferrero, and
+stating as his reason that "it being evident that these officers can be
+of no further service to this army,"--the first named being the
+commander of the left grand division, the second the commander of the
+Sixth Corps, and the others subordinate commanders in that wing of the
+army. General Burnside explained to the Committee on the Conduct of the
+War[F] that in asking the President to approve this order, and making
+that a condition upon which he would consent to remain at the head of
+the army, he had explicitly stated, "that was the only condition on
+which he could command the Army of the Potomac." In other words, he
+could not command that army with those officers as his subordinates. The
+inference that there had been insubordination is inevitable. It was the
+current belief amongst us officers of the army that the battle of
+Fredericksburg had been lost through a want of hearty co-operation, if
+not direct disobedience of orders, on the part of the officer commanding
+on the left that day, and some of his subordinates, and that this was
+due to a spirit of jealousy. McClellan had but recently been removed
+from the command of the army, and the officers relieved were strong
+personal friends and partisans of the latter. Again, Burnside, his
+successor, was alleged to be junior in actual rank to Franklin. Whether
+either of these facts supplied the motives for the jealousy which lost
+that battle, if such was true, the judgment day alone will reveal. It is
+devoutly to be hoped that the light of that day will relieve the
+terrible disaster of Fredericksburg of this awful shadow, and that
+nothing worse than a "misunderstanding of orders" was responsible for
+it.
+
+That Order No. 8 was disapproved at Washington, and General Burnside
+promptly tendered his resignation of the command of the Army of the
+Potomac. He felt that he had not received and was not likely to receive
+the cordial and hearty support of all his subordinate officers, and
+under those circumstances he did not want the responsibility of command.
+He expressed himself as anxious to serve his country and willing to work
+anywhere it might please the President to place him. He was not
+relieved, however, until a month or so later. In writing the foregoing I
+know that many brave men will take exception. I would say, however, that
+I have made a somewhat careful study of the subject from an absolutely
+unprejudiced stand-point, and such are the conclusions I reached, and
+they were shared by many of my fellow-officers who were in that
+campaign. The losses in this battle amount to nearly one-third the
+troops actually engaged, a most remarkable fact, and which stamps this
+engagement as one of the bloodiest in all history. Burnside reports his
+loss as twelve hundred and eighty-four killed and nine thousand six
+hundred wounded, making a total loss, including the missing, of twelve
+thousand six hundred and fifty-three. Of this loss the right grand
+division (the Second and Ninth Corps) lost five thousand three hundred
+and eleven. The left grand division, Franklin's (First and Sixth Corps,
+which numbered considerably more than the right grand division), lost
+three thousand four hundred and sixty-two, and most of this was
+sustained in the second attack in the afternoon. These facts sustain
+the belief above referred to in the army, that the main attack in the
+morning on the left was not what it should have been, and was the cause
+of the disaster.
+
+A remarkable fact connected with this loss is the great number of
+wounded as compared with the killed. Usually the former exceeds the
+latter in the proportion of three and four to one, but at Fredericksburg
+it was nearly nine to one. How this is to be explained I never
+understood, unless it be that most of the casualties were from exploding
+shells. The minute fragments of a shell scatter very widely and wound,
+whilst there are fewer of the large pieces which kill. For example, the
+shell that exploded in the front of our second company, as it was
+turning to enter the street leading out towards Marye's Heights,
+previously described, knocked out ten men, only one of whom was
+instantly killed. It is safe to estimate that of the nine thousand six
+hundred reported as wounded, one-third died or were permanently disabled
+therefrom.
+
+To show how quickly troops can recover from such a shock as the disaster
+of Fredericksburg, the Second Corps had a grand review back of Falmouth
+the second week after the battle. Major-General Edwin V. Sumner,
+commanding the right grand division, was the reviewing officer. I have
+spoken before of this distinguished officer. This was his farewell to
+the Second Corps, which he had long commanded and to which he was
+greatly attached, a sentiment which was most cordially reciprocated by
+the men. He was now probably the oldest in years of all the officers in
+the army, yet still vigorous, intrepid, and efficient. He was relieved
+from active command in the field and assigned to the command of the
+Department of the Ohio, but a few months later died peacefully at his
+home in New York. Is it not singular that this old hero should have
+escaped the numberless missiles of death in all the battles through
+which he had passed, so soon to succumb in the quietude of retirement?
+
+Our regiment had present at this review but few over two hundred men,
+and the other regiments were proportionally small, so that the corps was
+scarcely larger than a good-sized division, yet it appeared in splendid
+condition. Its depleted numbers and battle-scarred flags alone told the
+story of its recent experiences. The following week our regiment was
+detailed for a ten-days' tour of picket duty, and was encamped some
+distance above Falmouth in a pretty grove. This change of service was a
+welcome one to the men in many respects, for there was better foraging
+opportunities, and there was also considerable excitement attending this
+service in the presence of the enemy. The Rappahannock River was the
+dividing line of the two armies, and their respective pickets lined its
+banks. At this time the two lines were kept as far as possible concealed
+from each other, though there was practically no picket firing. Later on
+the two lines were posted in full view of each other, and by agreement
+under a "flag of truce" all picket firing was strictly forbidden.
+Thereafter, although forbidden, there was more or less conversation
+carried on between the two lines.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+LOST COLORS RECOVERED
+
+
+In addition to our heavy loss of men at Fredericksburg was the loss of
+our colors, the stand whose staff had been shot away in my hand as
+described in a former chapter.
+
+It can be well understood that we felt very keenly the loss of our flag,
+although we knew that it had been most honorably lost. It was known to
+have been brought off the field in the night by Corporal William I. D.
+Parks, Company H, one of the color-guard, who was mortally wounded, and
+left by him in a church used as a temporary hospital. Corporal Parks was
+removed to a hospital at Washington, where he died shortly afterwards,
+and the colors mysteriously disappeared. The act of this color-bearer in
+crawling off the field with his colors, wounded as he was to the death,
+was a deed of heroism that has few parallels. We made every effort to
+find the flag, but without success, and had concluded that it must have
+been left in Fredericksburg, and so fallen into the hands of the enemy,
+when a couple of weeks after the battle, on returning from a ride down
+to Falmouth, I noticed a regiment of our troops having dress parade. I
+rode near them, and my attention was at once attracted to the fact that
+they paraded three stands of colors, a most unusual circumstance. My
+suspicion was at once aroused that here were our lost colors. Riding
+closer, my joy was great on recognizing our number and letters on their
+bullet-and shell-tattered folds, "132 P. V." Anger immediately succeeded
+my joy as I saw that our precious colors were being paraded as a sort of
+trophy. This flag, under whose folds so many of our brave men had
+fallen, and which had been so heroically rescued from the field,
+exhibited to the army and the world as a trophy of the battle by another
+regiment! It was, in effect, a public proclamation of our cowardice and
+dishonor and of their prowess in possessing what we had failed to hold
+and guard, our sacred colors. It stung me to the quick. I do not
+remember ever to have been more beside myself with anger. It was with
+difficulty that I contained myself until their ceremony was over, when I
+rode up to the colonel, in the presence of all his officers, and in a
+voice which must have betrayed my emotion, demanded to know why he was
+parading our colors. His reply was, "Those are the colors of a d----d
+runaway regiment which my men picked up on the battle-field of
+Fredericksburg." My hair and whiskers were somewhat hot in color those
+days, and I have not kept a record of my language to that colonel for
+the next few minutes. I sincerely hope the recording angel has not.
+Still, I am sure it was the explosion of a righteous indignation.
+
+Full of wrath I galloped at topmost speed to camp and made known my
+discovery to Colonel Albright. If I was "hot," what shall be said of
+him? Of a fiery, mercurial disposition, his temper flew in a moment. He
+mounted his horse and bade me lead him to this regiment. The brave
+heralds who carried "the good news from Ghent to Aix," did not gallop
+faster than did we two, and the wicked fellow who was hired to say two
+dollars' worth of "words" for the Quaker did not do his work a bit more
+effectively than did my brave colonel in denouncing the man who had made
+that charge of cowardice against our regiment. Well, he began to hedge
+immediately. He evidently saw that there was trouble ahead, and offered
+to give us the colors at once, but Colonel Albright peremptorily refused
+to accept them that way, and said he would demand a court of inquiry and
+would require full and complete vindication, cost what it might. A court
+of inquiry was at once asked for and granted. It was made up of officers
+outside of our division, and was directed to investigate the loss of our
+flag, and how it came into the possession of this other regiment.
+Colonel Albright was a good lawyer and conducted his own case before the
+court. It came out in the investigation that in making his report of the
+part his regiment took in the battle of Fredericksburg this colonel had
+used substantially the same language he had to me concerning how he came
+into possession of the flag. Here is the paragraph referring to our
+colors, taken from his report printed in the "Rebellion Records," vol.
+xxi., page 275:
+
+"I would also state that some cowardly members of a regiment unknown (?)
+abandoned their colors, which were recovered by Captain Northrup, of my
+regiment, and saved the disgrace of falling into the hands of the
+enemy." My diary notes that I interviewed this Captain Northrup, and he
+promptly stated that he took the colors from the hospital and brought
+them with him when their regiment left Fredericksburg. He said he did
+not know how they got into the hospital, but supposed a wounded
+sergeant had left them there. He disclaimed any idea of their having
+been abandoned in a cowardly manner, and could not understand why his
+colonel had made such a declaration. The statement that his men rescued
+them from an unknown regiment was false upon its face, for our name was
+inscribed on its folds in plain letters, "132d P. V." Why he made such a
+statement, and why he treated the colors as he did, I could never
+understand, for had the statement been true it was outrageously
+unmilitary to proclaim to the world the cowardice of one of our own
+regiments. It was his duty to promptly send the colors to head-quarters,
+with a statement of the facts, so that the alleged runaways could be
+properly disciplined. As it was, it seemed a most contemptible effort to
+secure a little cheap, unearned glory. It was heartlessly cruel and
+unworthy of a brave soldier.
+
+The result of the court of inquiry was a full and complete vindication
+of our regiment, as shown by the following paragraph from an order
+issued by Major-General O. O. Howard, commanding the Second Corps: "The
+last color-bearer, badly wounded, left his regiment after dark, and in
+the town entered a church used as a hospital, taking his colors with
+him. He was carried away from this place and the colors left behind. The
+very fidelity of the color-bearer holding to his colors as long as he
+was conscious was the occasion of their loss to the regiment. Not only
+no fault should be found with this regiment, but it should receive
+unqualified commendation."
+
+General French, commanding our division, published this order to the
+division, adding the following: "As the commander of the division, and
+knowing the character of the One Hundred and Thirty-second Pennsylvania
+Volunteers, which has fought under my eye in two of the bloodiest
+engagements of the war, and which has the highest encomiums from its
+brigade commander, General Kimball, who knows what brave men are, I have
+deemed it my duty to make this record to go with whatever may have
+transpired in reference to this subject during my short absence." The
+above paragraphs were taken from Bates's "History of Pennsylvania
+Volunteers." The colors were ordered returned to us with proper military
+honors. They were brought to General French's head-quarters by a
+military escort from that regiment, and I had the satisfaction of
+officially receiving them with a like escort from our regiment,
+commanded by First Lieutenant J. D. Laciar, of Company G. The ceremony
+was to us a joyous and impressive occasion. It took place in the
+presence of General Alfred Sully, temporarily commanding the division,
+and staff, and our brigade officers. The two escorts were drawn up,
+facing each other. The order of Major-General Howard, above referred to,
+was read. This was followed by a little speech from General Sully, in
+which we came in for some more praise; then both escorts presented arms,
+whilst their color-bearer transferred the colors to ours, and the
+ceremony was over. A happier escort never marched than was ours bearing
+home those restored colors.
+
+The weather was now getting very cold, and we set about making ourselves
+as comfortable as possible in camp. The men were allowed to fix up their
+tents as best they could without much regard for architectural beauty
+or regularity. Some of them dug cellars four to five feet deep, made
+puncheon floors,--that is, floors made of split logs smoothed off and
+laid the flat side up,--whilst the sides were made of logs plastered up
+with mud. Mud fireplaces were made with old barrels for chimneys. The
+roofs were canvas, of course, but fairly waterproof. A favorite bit of
+horse-play of the men at this time was to watch when the occupants of
+some tent were having a good time, and smoke them out by throwing a wet
+blanket over the top of their barrel chimney. In about a second the
+smoke would be almost dense enough to suffocate, and every fellow would
+pile out and hunt for the culprit. Woe be unto him if they found him. A
+favorite ruse on the part of the culprit was to plunge into his tent and
+be placidly snoring when the victims began their hunt. Sometimes the
+simulation would be too sonorous, and give him away, and then he had
+trouble on hand for the next hour. The ingenuity of these sons of Belial
+in their pranks was beyond description. I have laughed until absolutely
+exhausted many a time. How did I know so much about them? Well, I had
+two of the liveliest of these boys in my office as clerks, and, as they
+were generally in the fun, I was kept posted, and to tell the truth, as
+long as it did not seriously transgress, and there was fun in it, I knew
+nothing about it "officially." Often have I seen these boys put up a job
+on some fellow quietly sleeping, by smoking out his next-door neighbors
+and then directing their attention to him as the culprit. To see him
+hauled out of a sound sleep and mauled for something he was entirely
+innocent of, vehemently protesting his innocence, yet the more he
+protested getting the more punishment, the rascals who put up the job
+doing most of the punishing, I have nearly split my sides. Of course, no
+one was seriously hurt. The victim knew enough to keep his temper, and
+in the end enjoyed the lark as well as the rest. I speak of these
+things, for they were the oases in army life and drudgery. Except for
+them it would have been unendurable. Seldom were things so bad but that
+some bit of raillery would relieve the strain and get up a laugh, and
+everybody would feel better.
+
+We had a young fellow in one of the companies who was certainly the most
+comical genius I ever saw. He was known by a nickname only. No length of
+march and no severity of service could curb his spirits. When all were
+down in the dumps this fellow would perform some monkey-shine that would
+make even a horse laugh, and all would be in good spirits again. Colonel
+Albright used to say he was worth his weight in gold. He was with us
+until after Fredericksburg, where he was either killed or wounded, and I
+do not remember to have seen him afterwards.
+
+I have spoken of the men's winter-quarters. We officers had our wall
+tents, and had them fixed up with puncheon floors also, and sheet-iron
+stoves, so that as long as we kept a fire burning all were fairly
+comfortable. But wood fires would last but an hour or so without
+replenishing, and so during the night we had great difficulty in keeping
+warm. Some of the coldest nights my clerks and myself took turns in
+keeping up our fire. I rather prided myself on the construction of my
+bed. It was made of two springy poles held in place by crotched sticks
+driven into the ground. On the poles nailed crosswise was a bottom made
+of barrel-staves, the hollow side down, and on these was laid a bed of
+hay, kept in place by some old canvas sacking. On cold nights the only
+article of clothing we took off was our shoes or boots. Then rolling
+ourselves in our blankets, with gum blanket outside tucked well around
+our feet and the whole surmounted with our overcoats, we managed to
+sleep pretty well. These puncheon floors were all the proceeds of
+foraging. No lumber of any kind was furnished by the government. The men
+cut the trees and split the logs wherever they could find them. Most of
+them were "backed" into camp anywhere from one to four miles.
+
+After this little of note occurred in camp until Christmas. We had made
+ourselves as comfortable as we could with the materials at hand, which
+were not in super-abundance. The weather was what we were told was
+characteristic of Virginia winters,--rather mild, slush and mud, with
+its raw, disagreeable dampness, being the prevailing conditions. It was
+exceedingly trying to our men, and many, in consequence, were on the
+sick list. My diary notes that on Christmas day we actually had a little
+sunshine, and that by way of adding good cheer to the occasion a ration
+of whiskey was issued to the men. The ration consisted of a gill for
+each man. Each company was marched to the commissary tent, and every man
+received his gill in his cup or drank it from the measure, as he
+preferred. Some of the men, who evidently were familiar with the
+intricacies of repeating in ward elections, managed in various ways to
+repeat their rations of this vile stuff until we had a good deal more
+than a gill of whiskey's worth of hilarity in camp. However, the noise
+was winked at, believing it would soon subside and pass off. All drills
+were suspended and the men were allowed passes freely out of camp, being
+required to be in quarters promptly at taps. The officers passed the day
+visiting and exchanging the compliments of the season. The wish for a
+"Merry Christmas" was about all there was to make it such. I remember
+our bill of fare for Christmas dinner consisted of boiled rice and
+molasses, "Lobskous" and stewed dried apples. The etymology of the
+euphonious word "Lobskous" I am unable to give. The dish consisted of
+hardtack broken up and thoroughly soaked in water, then fried in pork
+fat. I trust my readers will preserve the recipe for a side dish next
+Christmas. One of the boys, to show his appreciation of this extra fare
+for Christmas dinner, improvised the following blessing:
+
+    "Good Lord of love
+    Look down from above
+    And see how a soldier's grub has mended,--
+      Slushed rice, Lobskous, and shoat,
+    Where only hardtack and hog were intended."
+
+The day was not without its fun, however. Among other things, an
+impromptu foot-race was gotten up between the Fourth New York and our
+regiment. The former regiment, with which we were now brigaded, was from
+New York City, and in its general make-up was decidedly "sporty." They
+had in their ranks specimens of almost all kinds of sports, such as
+professional boxers, wrestlers, fencers, and runners. One of the latter
+had been practising in the morning, and some of our boys had remarked
+that "he wasn't much of a runner," whereupon they were promptly
+challenged to produce a man who could beat him, for a cash prize of
+twenty dollars in gold. Win or lose, our fellows were not to be bluffed,
+and so promptly accepted the challenge. Back they came to camp with
+their "bluff," to look up a man to meet this professional. So far as our
+men were concerned, it was another case of the Philistine defying the
+armies of Israel. Where was our David? All hands entered into the fun,
+from the colonel down. The race was to be a one-hundred-yard dash from a
+standing mark. We found our man in Corporal Riley Tanner, of Company I.
+He was a lithe, wiry fellow, a great favorite in his company, and in
+some trial sprints easily showed himself superior to all of the others.
+He, however, had never run a race, except in boys' play, and was not up
+on the professional tactics of such a contest. It was decided that the
+affair should take place at five o'clock P.M., on our regimental front,
+and should decide the championship of the two regiments in this
+particular. The course was duly measured and staked off, and was lined
+on both sides by a solid wall of the men, nearly our whole division
+being present, including most of the officers. If the championship of
+the world had been at stake, there could hardly have been more
+excitement, so much zest did every one put into it. On the minute the
+Goliath of the bloody Fourth appeared, clad in the most approved racing
+garb. He was a stockily built young Irishman, and looked decidedly
+formidable, especially when our poor little David appeared a moment
+later, with no other preparation than his coat and cap off and pants
+rolled up. Nevertheless, our boys thoroughly believed in him, and we all
+gave him a rousing cheer. The signal was given and away leaped our
+little champion like a frightened deer, literally running away from the
+professional from the start and beating him leisurely in the end by more
+than a dozen feet. Great was the furore which followed. The victor was
+carried on the shoulders of his comrades of Company I triumphantly back
+to his quarters, and afterwards through all the company streets, the
+victim of an immense popularity. Corporal Tanner, scarcely beyond his
+teens, was a good, brave, and true young man, popular with his comrades
+and faithful in all his duties. Was this little race, so short and
+gloriously won, prophetic of his life's brief course? He came home to
+survive but a few years, and then die of injuries received in the
+service. He was as much a sacrifice upon the altar of his country as if
+he had been killed in battle. He was long ago laid to rest in a
+soldier's grave. But he still lives in the hearts of his comrades.
+
+Here let me say a few words of our "friends, the enemy," we had just
+beaten, the Fourth New York. Its colonel was a Scotchman named McGregor,
+and he was a true McGregor, a splendid officer. He was in command of the
+brigade after Colonel Andrews was wounded at Fredericksburg, until
+himself disabled by a wound. His lieutenant-colonel was a captain in the
+New York police force when he entered the service, and after the war as
+Inspector Jameson he achieved a national reputation. He was a splendid
+fellow personally, and physically a king among men. He stood six feet
+two inches, beautifully proportioned, square, and straight as an Indian,
+with heavy jet black hair and whiskers, and an eye that I imagine could
+almost burn a hole in a culprit. He could be both majestic and
+impressive when occasion required, and was more gifted in all these
+things than any man I ever knew. The following incident will illustrate
+his use of them. I met him in Washington whilst returning to my regiment
+the day before the battle of Fredericksburg. I joined him just before
+reaching the wharf where we were to take the boat. He had been up to
+Washington on a day's pass, all any one could then get, and had for some
+reason overstayed his leave. I think he had missed his boat the day
+before. In consequence he could not get a pass through the lines to go
+back. I asked how he expected to get through the provost guard. "Oh,
+that's easy," he said. "Just watch me go through," and I did. There was
+a double guard at the entrance to the boat and a sergeant and lieutenant
+examining all passes. Jameson threw his cape over his shoulders to
+conceal his shoulder-straps, put on one of his majestic airs, looked the
+officer through, as much as to say, you do not presume to question my
+rights here, and waved him and the guards aside, and deliberately
+stalked aboard, as though he commanded the army. I came meekly along
+behind, pass in hand. The officer had by that time recovered himself
+sufficiently to ejaculate, "Who the h----l is that--general?" I repeated
+the ejaculation to the colonel afterwards to his great amusement. He was
+all right, and on his way to rejoin his regiment, where he was wounded
+next day, splendidly doing his duty. Because he had overstayed his leave
+twenty-four hours, red tape would have required him to remain in
+Washington, submit to a court-martial or court of inquiry, and probably
+after three or four weeks be sent back, duly excused, the country being
+deprived of his services in the mean time.
+
+Well, to get back to Christmas. After the foot-race the men were given
+free rein until ten o'clock P.M., and passes out of camp were not
+required. As the evening wore on, it became evident that John Barleycorn
+had been getting in some extra work, from the character of the noise
+emanating from the company streets, and I became somewhat nervous about
+it. Lieutenant-Colonel Albright's tent adjoined mine, and I could see
+that he was becoming a little exercised over this extra noise. The fear
+was that we might get a peremptory summons from division head-quarters
+to "explain immediately the causes of the unusual noises emanating from
+our regiment, and why it is not suppressed." Just about ten o'clock
+there was an extra outburst, and I noticed Colonel Albright, with sword
+dangling, pass rapidly out of his tent and down towards the company
+streets from whence the noise came. I feared trouble, and slipped on my
+boots and followed as quickly as possible. But before I reached the
+scene, the colonel had drawn his sword and ordered all the men to their
+quarters, at the same time striking right and left with the flat of his
+sword, hitting two of the men. One proved to be a sergeant who was
+trying to quell the noise and get his men into quarters. The latter
+resented the blow and made a sharp retort to the colonel, who
+immediately repeated it, whereupon the sergeant struck him a terrible
+blow in the eye with his fist, knocking him down. I got there just in
+time to see the colonel fall, and immediately seized the sergeant and
+placed him in arrest. He was handed over to the division provost guard.
+The colonel was found to be seriously hurt. His eye swelled up and
+turned black and gave him great pain all night. And it was several days
+before he recovered the use of it.
+
+The most serious thing about this unfortunate culmination of our
+Christmas festivities was not only the breach of discipline, but the
+present status of this sergeant. He was an exceptionally good
+non-commissioned officer, with a splendid record in both battles and in
+all service, yet he had now committed an offence the punishment for
+which, in time of war, was death,--viz., striking his superior
+commissioned officer. The next day Colonel Albright reported the affair
+to General French, commanding the division, who promptly advised him to
+prefer charges against the culprit and make an example of him. The
+matter was generally discussed by both officers and men in camp, and
+although it was felt that the sergeant had committed a grave offence,
+yet that the colonel was in a measure responsible for it. The latter was
+justly popular with all as a brave officer and good man, yet he had been
+guilty himself of an offence which had brought upon him the blow he had
+received. He had no right to strike a soldier as he did, even with the
+flat of his sword. Nor was it the proper thing for him to take the place
+of his "officer of the guard" or "officer of the day" in enforcing his
+own orders regulating camp discipline. He should have sent for the
+latter and required them to do their duty in the matter. As a matter of
+fact, this was just what the officer of the day was doing when the
+colonel appeared. The colonel sent for me next morning, on his return
+from General French's head-quarters, and freely told me of the advice of
+the latter, and indicated his purpose to proceed.
+
+This splendid man has long since entered into rest. No truer man or
+braver officer entered the service than he, and it has been one of the
+greatest satisfactions of my life that I was able to possess his
+confidence to the fullest degree. He invited my views now and he
+afterwards thanked me for the service I then rendered him by opposing
+his contemplated action. He was still suffering very much from his
+injury and was in a poor mood to brook opposition. Nevertheless I felt
+that if he subjected this man to the possible results of a
+court-martial, later on he would never forgive himself, and I so told
+him. I reminded him of the mistake he had made in assuming the duties of
+his "officer of the day," and of his graver error, if not offence, in
+striking the men; that such action would be very likely to produce
+similar results with almost any of the men upon whom it might be
+committed; that he had failed to respect the rights of his men even in
+matters of discipline, and that all this being true, it would be a
+mistake he would always regret if he failed to treat this affair in as
+manly and generous a way as discipline would permit. It was an occasion
+of keen regret that I had to differ with Colonel Albright, for I really
+loved the man. He dismissed me rather cavalierly with his thanks for my
+drastic frankness. By his direction a meeting of all the officers of the
+regiment was summoned to meet at his head-quarters in the afternoon to
+give their views as to the course to be pursued. The question, as
+submitted by the colonel being one purely of discipline, seemed to admit
+of but one treatment,--viz., court-martial; and this was the unanimous
+sentiment as expressed in this meeting, although outside, I well knew
+nearly all had expressed themselves differently. Perhaps the way the
+colonel took to get their views was partly responsible for his failure
+to get their real feelings. He began with the youngest lieutenant and
+asked each officer up to the senior captain, what he thought the offence
+merited. The answer was, "I suppose court-martial." None seemed willing
+to accuse the colonel of his own error, and to have answered otherwise
+would have involved that, so they simply replied as above.
+
+The colonel said, after all had given their answers, that the adjutant
+did not agree with him nor them, and called on me to state my position,
+saying I was to be excused, as he supposed the sergeant was a personal
+friend. Whilst it was true that I had known him at home, I disclaimed
+being influenced by that fact in this matter. The colonel, to my relief,
+adjourned the meeting without announcing his determination. I felt sure
+that a little more time would bring him to my way of thinking, and so it
+turned out. I saw the sergeant over at the provost-guard tent, and found
+him very anxious about his situation and thoroughly sorry for his hasty
+conduct towards the colonel, whom he sincerely respected. He said he
+felt terribly hurt at being so roughly treated. He was not to blame for
+the noise, but was actually doing his best to quiet the noisy ones and
+get them into quarters when the first intimation he had of the colonel's
+presence was the blow from his sword. He said this blow hurt him and
+roused his anger and he replied sharply, and on getting the second blow
+he struck without stopping to think of the consequences. I told the
+colonel of this conversation, and said if he would permit this man to
+express to him personally his sorrow for his conduct, and, under the
+circumstances, restore him to duty with no greater punishment than a
+loss of his rank as sergeant, I felt sure he would win the hearts of all
+the men and do an act he would always be glad of. Two days later, to my
+great joy, he ordered me to prepare an order practically embodying my
+recommendations, the order to be read at dress parade that day, and the
+prisoner to be publicly released at that time. I think I never performed
+a more willing or difficult task than reading that order on parade that
+afternoon. Just before the ceremony, the sergeant had been brought by
+the provost guard to the colonel's tent and had, in a manly way,
+expressed his sorrow for his act. The colonel had stated this fact to
+the regiment, and then directed me to read the order releasing the
+prisoner and restoring him to duty. The tears blinded my eyes and my
+emotions almost choked my voice as I tried to read, and I doubt if there
+was a dry eye in the ranks when I had finished. The outcome of the
+unfortunate affair was exceedingly satisfactory. The colonel, always
+popular, had now the hearts of all--officers and men.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+THE WINTER AT FALMOUTH
+
+
+Our brigade was now commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Marshall, Tenth New
+York Volunteers, who was the senior officer present for duty, Colonels
+Kruger, First Delaware, and McGregor, Fourth New York, being absent on
+account of wounds received at Fredericksburg, and Colonel Wilcox, of our
+regiment, absent, sick. I mention this to show how the exigencies of the
+service thrust upon junior officers the duties and responsibilities of
+much higher grades. Here a lieutenant-colonel was discharging the duties
+appertaining to a general; sergeants frequently commanded companies,
+whilst a captain in command of a regiment was not an infrequent thing.
+These junior officers performing the duties of higher grades got no more
+compensation than the pay of their actual rank. On the 24th of January,
+Colonel Wilcox sent in his resignation, and Lieutenant-Colonel Albright
+was commissioned colonel. Major Shreve was promoted to be
+lieutenant-colonel, and I had the honor to receive the rare and handsome
+compliment of an election to the office of major, although, being a
+staff-officer, I was not in the regular line of promotion.
+Sergeant-Major Clapp succeeded to my position as adjutant, and Private
+Frank J. Deemer, Company K, who had been a clerk in my office, was
+appointed sergeant-major. Just at this time I had a somewhat singular
+experience. I had received a three-days' leave of absence with
+permission to visit Washington on business for the officers. This detail
+I mention because no leaves of absence other than for sickness or
+disability were obtainable at this time, except on urgent business for
+the officers of a regiment, and for but one officer to a regiment, and
+three days was the limit. To get to Washington--only about sixty miles
+away--I had to start from camp before daylight in the morning, ride
+three miles to the railroad in a heavy, springless army wagon, across
+fields and over rutted roadways that were barely passable, the jolting
+of which was almost enough to shake one's bones loose; then ride twenty
+miles in a freight car, perched on whatever truck one could get a seat
+on, thence by boat to Washington. The morning was exceptionally cold and
+I had to leave without breakfast; the result was I caught a severe cold,
+and when I reached my destination I was suffering terribly from an
+attack of dysentery. I was barely able to get to the Ebbitt House, the
+clerk of which seeing my plight summoned a physician, who had me sent to
+the Seminary Hospital for Officers at Georgetown. Here I received most
+excellent care.
+
+This institution was for officers only. There must have been upward of
+two hundred sick and wounded officers there at that time. It was under
+strict military rules. The surgeon in charge was its commanding officer,
+as absolute as though a general commanding a division in the field. When
+I reached the hospital I was registered, put to bed, and all clothing
+and personal effects taken from me. A warm bath followed with the
+assistance of a stalwart nurse and medicines were administered, and I
+soon found relief in a refreshing sleep. A couple of days later I had a
+remarkable visit. I was not allowed to sit up yet, but a fine-looking
+old gentleman, wearing the insignia of a major-general, appeared at my
+cot and extended his hand. His face was an exceedingly kind one and his
+voice, if possible, more so. His hair was white and he had the
+unmistakable appearance of advanced age, though he stood fully six feet
+high and was still square and unbent in form. He proceeded to say he had
+learned that a young officer bearing the name of Hitchcock had been
+taken suddenly very ill and sent to this hospital, and inasmuch as his
+name was Hitchcock, he was doubly interested to know, first how I was,
+and second who I was. My visitor was none other than Major-General
+Hitchcock, military attaché of President Lincoln's cabinet and the first
+general commissioner for the exchange of prisoners of war. I think he
+was a retired regular army officer called from his retirement to special
+service as military adviser of the president and now in charge of the
+bureau for the exchange of prisoners of war. His call was very pleasant,
+and I learned from him that all of our name in this country were
+distantly related. That two brothers came to this country with the
+Regicides and settled, one in New Hampshire, the other at New Haven. He
+was of the former stock, whilst I was from the latter. On retiring he
+bade me call on him when well. I greatly regret I never had the
+opportunity of returning his gracious visit. On the cot next mine lay an
+officer convalescing from a wound received at Fredericksburg. I have
+forgotten his name, but we soon became well acquainted, and he proved a
+valuable and companionable acquaintance. He was the best posted man in
+military tactics I ever met, and was thoroughly familiar with all its
+branches from the school of the soldier to the grand tactics of a
+division. It was very profitable pastime for me to go over the tactics
+under his instruction, he illustrating each battalion movement by the
+use of matches on the coverlets of our cots. In that way I learned the
+various tactical movements as I had never been able to do before, and it
+was of immense value to me, having now been promoted to the position of
+a field-officer. This hospital was no better and in no wise different
+from those for private soldiers, except that we were charged a per diem
+for board, whereas there was no charge for the privates. I thought I
+could return at the end of a week, and asked to be discharged, but was
+rather curtly informed by the surgeon in charge that when the time came
+for my discharge he would inform me.
+
+The papers now contained rumors of another movement on foot, and, of
+course, I was very anxious to return. A few days later, after an
+examination, the doctor gave me my discharge. It was now ten days since
+I had left camp on a three-days' leave, but my discharge from the
+hospital operated as an extension, and I had no difficulty in getting
+transportation and passes through the lines to rejoin my regiment. I
+performed my errands for the officers of the regiment, which consisted
+in getting various articles for their comfort, and in several cases a
+bottle of something to "keep the cold out." As I write, I have before
+me, in perfect preservation, all the official papers covering that trip.
+Here are copies of the papers required to get back to the regiment. They
+will give an idea of the conditions, getting in and out of Washington
+at that time, as well as of the load I had to carry back:
+
+
+HEAD-QUARTERS MILITARY DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON,
+WASHINGTON, D. C., January 22, 1863.
+
+     Lieutenant F. L. Hitchcock, 132d P. V., with servant, has
+     permission to proceed to Falmouth, Va., for the purpose of
+     rejoining his regiment, and to take the following articles for
+     officers and men: (1) one drum, (3) three express packages, carpet
+     sack containing liquors, (1) one box of provisions, (1) one box of
+     clothing. Quartermaster please furnish transportation.
+
+     By Command of Brigadier-General Martindale, Military Governor of
+     Washington.
+
+JOHN P. SHERBURNE,
+_Assistant Adjutant-General_.
+
+
+
+     No. 247.
+
+ASSISTANT-QUARTERMASTER'S OFFICE, SIXTH STREET WHARF,
+WASHINGTON, D. C., January 23, 1863.
+
+     Pass on government boat to Aquia Creek, three boxes and one drum,
+     liquors and sutlers' stores strictly excluded.
+
+     For Adjutant F. L. Hitchcock, 132 Pa. Vols.
+
+J. M. ROBINSON,
+_Captain and A. Q. M._
+
+
+
+The word liquors above is erased with a pen. It is difficult at this day
+to realize that Washington was surrounded with a cordon of sentries. All
+places of entrance and exit were under the strictest military
+surveillance. General Martindale, as its military governor, was supreme
+in authority. No one could come or go, and nothing be taken in or out,
+without his permission.
+
+The servant included in the above pass was a "contraband," picked up in
+Washington for the trip. There were hundreds of them clamoring for an
+opportunity to get down to the army. They were glad to do all one's
+drudgery for the chance of going, for once there, plenty of jobs could
+be found, besides the excitement and attractions of "Uncle Sam's" army
+were to them irresistible. I reached camp early in the evening and
+delivered my supplies, the officers being promptly on hand to receive
+them. The return of an officer from "civilization" was an event of no
+ordinary moment, and I had many calls that evening. The following
+anecdote of Major-General Howard was told that evening, apropos of the
+delivery of the "commissions" I had brought. The general was well known
+to be uncompromising in his opposition to the presence of liquor of any
+kind in camp, or elsewhere, and especially among the members of his
+official family. Yet shortly after the battle of Fredericksburg, one of
+his staff had a present of a bottle of "old Rye." He put it away until
+some time during the general's absence he could safely bring it out and
+treat his fellow-members of the staff. The opportunity came one day when
+his chief announced his absence at army head-quarters for a couple of
+hours, and mounted and rode away. The hidden treasure was brought out
+and due preparation made for the delectation of all hands, and he was in
+the act of pulling the cork in front of his tent, when, suddenly hearing
+the clatter of horse's hoofs, he looked up just in time to see the
+general returning for a forgotten paper. He had barely time to swing the
+bottle behind his heels as he closed them in the position of a soldier,
+and arose and respectfully saluted. The position and salute were
+strictly according to army regulations, but with a general's own staff
+such formality was not usual. The general evidently caught the
+situation, for he was tantalizingly deliberate in acknowledging the
+salute, and finally remarked, with a twinkle in his eye, looking him
+full in the face: "Mr.----, your position is faultless and your
+punctiliousness in saluting truly admirable. Were you getting it ready
+to send to the hospital? Very commendable, indeed; it will do so much
+good." And to the hospital, of course, it had to go, much to the chagrin
+of all the staff.
+
+The event of special interest at this time was the movement later known
+as the "mud march." Troops had for three days been moving up the river,
+destination, of course, unknown to us, but now they were returning, a
+most sorry, mud-bedraggled looking crowd. We were glad enough not to
+have been with them. Our corps had been for a week under marching
+orders, to move at a moment's notice, but the final order never came,
+and we were spared this experience. Whatever the movement was designed
+to be, it was defeated by plain, simple MUD. It should be spelled in the
+largest capitals, for it was all-powerful at this time. Almost
+immediately after the movement began, it commenced to rain heavily. The
+ground was already soggy from previous rains, and it soon became a vast
+sea of mud. I have already spoken of Virginia mud. It beggars
+description. Your feet sink into it frequently ankle deep, and you lift
+them out with a sough. In some places it seemed as bottomless as a pit
+of quicksand. The old-established roads were measurably passable, but,
+as I have heretofore explained, most of the troops had to march directly
+across the fields, and here it proved absolutely impossible to move the
+wagon-trains and artillery any distance. This was the main reason why
+the movement had to be abandoned. I saw many wagons down over their
+hubs, stalled in the mire. And the guns and caissons of a battery of
+artillery were stalled near our camp, and had to be abandoned for the
+time. The horses were saved from miring with great difficulty. A few
+days later the guns and caissons were hauled out with ropes.
+
+There were dead mules and mired and broken wagons all along the route of
+the marching troops. The number of animals that perished in this futile
+march must have run up into thousands, killed by exposure over pulling
+or miring. It should be understood that when the army moves, and the
+mule trains of ammunition and rations are ordered to move, they must go
+as long as it is physically possible, mule or no mule. The lives of a
+thousand mules, more or less, is nothing compared with the necessity of
+having ammunition and rations at the proper place at the required time.
+I saw one mule team stalled in one of these sloughs. The heavy wagon was
+down so that the box was in the mud and the four mules were wallowing in
+a death struggle to get out. Harness was cut and they were freed, all to
+no purpose. Their struggles had made the slough like a stiff pudding,
+which was apparently bottomless; the more they struggled the deeper they
+got. Finally a chain was hooked about the neck of one of the leaders and
+fastened to another wagon and the mule hauled out, but with a broken
+neck. The experiment was repeated in a modified way with the other
+leader, now over back in the mire, but with no better results. The
+others had ceased to struggle and were slowly sinking, and were
+mercifully killed and allowed to bury themselves in the mire, which they
+speedily did. It may be asked why more civilized methods were not
+employed to extricate these valuable animals. Why fence rails or
+timbers were not placed under them as is usual? The answer is, there was
+not a fence rail nor anything of that nature probably within ten miles.
+Everything of this kind had long ago been used for fire-wood for the
+soldiers' cooking. And as for timbers there probably was not a stick
+nearer than Aquia Creek, more than ten miles away. Again it may be
+wondered why the chain was not passed around the mule's body rather than
+his neck. Simply because the former was impossible without running the
+risk of miring the driver in the slough, and he was not disposed to run
+any risk of that kind. Had this been practicable, it is doubtful if the
+result would have been any better, for without padding the chains would
+have killed or mangled the mule, and there were no means at hand for
+that purpose. The destruction of this class of property, always very
+severe under favorable circumstances in the army, was during this mud
+movement simply appalling. The loss of one or more mules meant an
+abandonment of the wagon and its contents to the weather in many
+instances, and the same was true where a team was mired.
+
+The rebels were evidently interested observers of this mud march, for
+their pickets taunted ours with such questions as "How d'ye like
+Virginia mud?" "Why don't you 'uns come over?" "How are you, mud?" etc.,
+and they put up rude sign-boards on which were scrawled in large
+letters, "Burnside stuck in the mud!" "Burnside's name is Mud!" etc.
+
+[Illustration: MAJOR FREDERICK L. HITCHCOCK
+
+132D P. V.
+
+A year later Colonel 25th U. S. C. T.]
+
+The "mud march" had evidently settled it that there would be no further
+attempt to move until better weather conditions prevailed, which could
+not reasonably be looked for before April, and so we settled down for
+a winter where we were, back of Falmouth. The several corps were spread
+out, occupying an area extending from within three miles of
+Fredericksburg, nearly down to the Potomac. Our corps, the Second, was
+located nearest to the latter city, and our picket lines covered its
+front to Falmouth and some miles up the river. Our division, the Third
+(French's), had the line from the railroad bridge at Fredericksburg to
+Falmouth, something over two miles. Being now a field-officer, my name
+was placed on the roster of picket field-officers of the day. My first
+detail on this duty came almost as soon as my commission. My duties had
+hitherto been confined almost exclusively to the staff or executive
+business of the regiment. Further than making the necessary details of
+officers and men for picket duty, I had never had anything to do with
+that branch of the service. I had, therefore, only a smattering
+knowledge of the theory of this duty. It may well be judged, therefore,
+that I felt very keenly this lack, when I received my order to report
+for duty as division field-officer of the day, the following morning.
+Here I was suddenly confronted with the responsibility of the command of
+the picket forces covering the dividing line between the two hostile
+armies. A demonstration of the enemy was to be looked for any moment,
+and it was most likely to occur on our front. I had hoped to have a few
+days to study up and by observing its practical work get some little
+idea of my new duties. But here was the detail, and it must be obeyed.
+It should be explained that the picket line consists of a cordon of
+sentinels surrounding the army, usually from two to three miles from
+its camp. Its purpose is to watch the enemy, and guard against being
+surprised by an attack. Except for this picket line, the main body of
+troops could never sleep with any degree of safety. To guard against
+attacks of the enemy would require it to remain perpetually under arms.
+Whereas with its picket lines properly posted it may with safety relax
+its vigilance, this duty being transferred to its picket forces. This
+picket service being a necessity of all armies is a recognized feature
+of civilized warfare. Hence, hostile armies remaining any length of time
+in position near each other usually make an agreement that pickets shall
+not fire upon each other. Such agreement remains in force until a
+movement of one or the other army commences. Notice of such a movement
+is, of course, never given. The other party finds out the fact as best
+it can. Frequently the withdrawal or concealment of the picket line will
+be its first intimation. Ordinarily, picket duty is not only of the very
+highest responsibility, but an exceedingly dangerous duty. Until
+agreements to cease picket-firing are made, every sentinel is a
+legitimate target for the sentinels or pickets of the enemy, hence
+extreme vigilance, care, and nerve are required in the performance of
+this duty.
+
+The picket line in the presence of the enemy is generally posted in
+three lines,--viz., First, the line of sentries; second, the picket
+supports, about thirty yards in rear of the sentries, and third, the
+guard reserves, about three hundred yards farther in the rear, depending
+upon the topography of the country. Each body constitutes one-third of
+the entire force, _i.e._, one-third is constantly on duty as sentinels,
+one-third as picket supports, and one-third as grand reserves. The
+changes are made every two hours, usually, so that each sentry serves
+two hours on "post" and four hours off. The latter four hours are spent
+half on grand reserve and half as picket supports. The supports are
+divided into companies, and posted in concealed positions, near enough
+to the sentry line to be able to give immediate support in case of
+attack, while the grand reserves, likewise concealed, are held in
+readiness to come to the assistance of any part of the line. Ordinarily
+this part of the picket force is able to sleep during its two hours of
+reserve service. The supports, however, while resting, must remain alert
+and vigilant. It being the duty of the picket-line to prevent a
+surprise, it must repel any sort of attack with all its power. In the
+first instance the sentinel must promptly challenge any party
+approaching. The usual formula is: "Halt! Who comes there?" The
+approaching party failing to obey the command to halt, it is his duty to
+fire at once, even though he be outnumbered a hundred to one, and it
+cost him his life. Many a faithful sentinel has lost his life in his
+fidelity to duty under such circumstances. For although the picket is
+there to prevent a surprise, the attacking party is equally bent on
+getting the advantage of a surprise, if possible, and many are the ruses
+adopted to capture sentinels before they can fire their guns. He must
+fire his gun, even though he be captured or run through with a bayonet
+the next instant. This gives the alarm, and the other sentries and
+picket supports open fire at once, and the reserves immediately join
+them, if necessary, to hold or impede the progress of the enemy. It is
+thus seen that in case of an attack the picket force finds itself
+maintaining a fight possibly against the whole opposing army, or
+whatever the attacking force may be. Fight it must, cost whatever it
+may, so that time may be gained to sound the "long roll" and assemble
+the army. Many of our picket fights were so saucy and stubborn that the
+attacks were nipped in the bud, the enemy believing the army was there
+opposing them. In the mean time, mounted orderlies would be despatched
+to army head-quarters with such information of the attack as the officer
+of the day was able to give.
+
+Having now given some idea of picket service, I return to my own first
+experiences as field-officer of the day. I was fated to have several
+rather singular experiences on that first day. The first occurred in
+connection with my horse. I mounted and started for division
+head-quarters, about a half-mile away, in ample time to reach there a
+little before the appointed time--eight o'clock, but reaching the outer
+edge of our camp my horse balked, and in answer to my efforts to move
+him began to kick, rear, and plunge. He tried to throw me, and did
+nearly everything except roll over. Every time I headed him forward, he
+would wheel around and start back for his stable. I coaxed him, then
+tried the spur, all to no purpose. I was losing valuable time, besides
+having a very uncomfortable kind of a fight on hand. I realized I must
+make him obey me or I could never handle him again. An orderly from
+General French came galloping over with the expected peremptory message.
+One minute's delay with him was almost a capital offence. I could only
+return word that I was doing my best to get there. The general and his
+staff then rode over to see my performance. He reassured me with the
+remark, "Stick to him and make him obey you, or kill him." Well, it took
+just about one hour to conquer him, at the end of which time I had
+ploughed up several acres of ground, my horse was in a white lather, and
+I was in the same condition. When he quit, he did so at once, and went
+on as cleverly as though nothing had happened. The cause of this freak I
+never understood, he never having done so before, and never did again.
+
+[Illustration: DON AND I
+
+And a glimpse of the camp of Hancock's Division, Second Army Corps, back
+of Falmouth, Va., winter of 1862-3. See page 171]
+
+May I digress long enough to speak a little more of this remarkable
+horse. Dr. Holland says there is always hope for any man who has heart
+enough to love a good horse. Army life was well calculated to develop
+the sterling qualities of both man and beast. Hence, I suppose every man
+who had a good horse could safely regard him as "most remarkable." How
+many such have I heard cavalrymen talk about, descanting on the
+"remarkable" qualities of their half-human favorites, whilst the tears
+wet their cheeks. I had named this splendid animal "Don Fulano," after
+that superb horse in Winthrop's "John Brent," not because he was a
+magnificent black charger, etc.; on the contrary, in many respects he
+was the opposite of the original Don Fulano. Raised upon an unromantic
+farm near Scranton, an unattractive yellow bay, rather too heavy limbed
+and too stockily built to be called handsome, yet powerful, courageous,
+intelligent (he could almost talk), high spirited, with a heavy, shaggy
+mane and forelock, through which gleamed a pair of keen, fierce eyes, he
+had many of the qualities which distinguished his noble prototype. He
+had not the high honor to die carrying a slave to liberty, but when the
+final accounts come to be squared up in the horses' heaven, it is
+possible that the credit of having passed unflinchingly through the
+battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and of having safely
+carried a wounded soldier off each field may prove to be a little
+something in favor of my splendid "Don." As a saddler, he came to me
+practically unbroken. He was sold from the farm because he would jump
+all fences, yet under the saddle, when I took him, he would not jump the
+smallest obstacle. This is really as much of an art on the part of the
+rider as with the horse. An unskilled rider is liable to seriously
+injure both the horse and himself in jumping. If he is unsteady, the
+motion of the horse as he rises to make his leap is liable to pitch him
+over his head. On the other hand, if he clings back, a dead weight in
+his saddle, he is liable to throw the horse backward. I have seen both
+done. The secret of successful jumping is to give the horse his head as
+he rises, feel your knees against his sides firmly, rising with him as
+he rises and be again in your seat before his feet reach the ground.
+This helps him and saves both a killing jounce. I finally trained him so
+that as a jumper he was without a peer in our part of the army. I have
+had the men hold a pole fully a foot higher than my head, as I stood on
+the ground, and have jumped him back and forth over it as readily as
+cats and dogs are taught to jump over one's arm. And the men insisted
+that he cleared the pole at least a foot each jump.
+
+This jumping of horses was considered quite an accomplishment in the
+army, it being often a necessity on the march in getting over obstacles.
+One day I saw our general's son, a young West Pointer, attached to his
+father's staff, trying to force his Kentucky thoroughbred to jump a
+creek that ran past division head-quarters. The creek was probably ten
+to twelve feet wide and, like all Virginia creeks, its banks seemed cut
+vertically through the soil and the water at the edges was about a foot
+deep. After repeated trials the best the young man's horse could do was
+to get his forefeet on the opposite bank. His hindfeet always landed in
+the water. Mr. West Pointer was way above noticing in any way a poor
+volunteer plebeian like myself mounted on an old plug like Don. But Don
+had taken in the situation as well as I, and when I said, "Come, Don,
+let's us try it," he just gathered himself and sailed over that creek
+like a bird, landing easily a couple of feet on the other side, and
+swung around for another try. The young fellow gathered up his
+thoroughbred and with an oath of disgust retired. Don and I became great
+friends, and after our fight, above mentioned, in all our practice
+jumping or on the march, or riding about, I never had occasion to use
+the spur,--indeed, I seldom wore one. A simple "Come, Don," and he was
+quick to obey my every wish. He was kind and tractable with others, but
+it was a singular fact that, as for jumping or any other favors, he
+would do nothing for anybody but me, not even for my man who took care
+of him. Others, including horse-trainers, repeatedly asked to try him,
+thinking they could improve his work, but he drew the line on all; not
+even a little jump would he make for any of them. I had been jumping
+him, one day, to the delight and admiration of the men. Among them was a
+horse-trainer of the Fourth New York, who asked the privilege of trying
+him. He mounted and brought him cantering up to the pole as though he
+was going over all right, but instead of making the leap he suddenly
+whirled, almost dumping the trainer, to the infinite amusement of the
+men; nor could he induce him to make the leap. I mounted again and he
+went over, back and forth, without the slightest hesitation. I brought
+him home from the war, and it was a great grief to me that I was unable
+to keep him as long as he lived. I secured him a good home, where he
+lived to a dignified old age. One of my household gods is a photograph
+of Don and myself, with a section of the camp of Hancock's division of
+the Second Corps for a background, taken at this time, whilst we lay
+back of Falmouth.
+
+My second adventure that first day on picket duty occurred shortly after
+I reached the head-quarters of the picket at the Lacey House, directly
+opposite the city of Fredericksburg. I had seen the new line posted and
+the old line relieved, when a grizzly bearded old gentleman rode up and
+inquired for the "Officer of the day." His dress was exceedingly plain.
+He wore a much-battered slouch hat down over his eyes, and on the
+shoulders of his blouse, scarcely discernible, was what had been the
+silver stars of a brigadier-general. I answered his inquiry by saluting,
+and then recognized General Alfred Sully, long famed as an Indian
+fighter before the war. He introduced himself as "Corps officer of the
+day" and my superior officer for this tour of picket duty. The peculiar
+thing about his presence was his treatment of me. He evidently saw that
+he had a greenhorn on hand, for the first question he fired at me was,
+"How many times have you served as picket officer of the day?" I
+candidly replied that this was my first experience. "Your knowledge of
+the duties of officer of the day is somewhat limited?" I admitted the
+fact. "That is all right," said he with a pleasant smile. "You are just
+the man I want. You shall remain with me all day, and I will teach you
+all there is about it." I shall never forget that day's experience with
+this splendid old officer. I rode with him over the whole corps line in
+the morning, and after that he made his head-quarters at the Lacey House
+with me. Our division front, said he, is where an attack is most to be
+looked for, and then he went over it carefully with me, pointing out the
+most probable points of attack and how they should be met; what to do at
+this point and that, and so on, in a most intelligent and entertaining
+manner gave me the practical idea of a picket defence, out of his long
+and ample experience as a regular army officer. It was just what I
+needed and was of the greatest value to me. It was practical experience
+under a superb instructor. If all the regular army officers I came in
+contact with had been as kind and considerate as this superb Indian
+fighter, I should have been equally grateful. Unfortunately, this was
+not the case. My experience in this respect may have been exceptional,
+but the instance above narrated is the one solitary case in which my
+duties brought me in contact with regular army officers that I did not
+receive a rebuff, frequently most brutal and insulting. Doubtless the
+lack of knowledge of army customs and routine on the part of us
+volunteer officers was calculated to try their patience, for they
+occupied all the higher executive staff positions, and routine business
+of all kinds had to pass their scrutiny.
+
+But what were they given West Point education and training at the public
+expense for if not to impart it to those who should be called to fill
+volunteer positions in times of the country's need? And how should a
+volunteer, called into the service of his country without a particle of
+military education, be expected to understand the interminable routine
+of army red tape? I will dismiss this digression with a single instance
+of my experience in seeking information from one of the younger West
+Pointers. It occurred while I was still adjutant and shortly before my
+promotion. Some special detailed report was called for. There were so
+many of these wanted, with so many minute and intricate details, that I
+cannot remember what this particular one was, but they were enough
+almost to drive a man to drink. This one, I remember, utterly stumped
+me, and I rode over to Captain Mason, assistant adjutant-general of our
+brigade, a thoroughly competent officer, for information. He looked at
+it a moment, then said: "It beats me; but go down to corps head-quarters
+and you will find Lieutenant----, a regular army officer, whose business
+it is to give just such information as you require." I rode there at
+once and inquired for Lieutenant----, as directed. The reply was, "Here
+he is. What in h----l do you want?" Not specially reassured by this
+inquiry, I handed him the paper and made known my wishes for
+information. He literally threw it back at me with the reply, "Go to
+h----l and find out." I replied that from his manner of speech I appeared
+to be pretty near there now. I went back to Captain Mason and recounted
+my experience, to his intense disgust, but that was all that ever came
+of it. We volunteers learned to avoid a regular officer, especially of
+the young West Point type, as we would a pestilence.
+
+Returning now to my picket duties of that day, a third incident occurred
+in the afternoon. The captain of the picket came into our office at the
+Lacey House with the information that there was a hail from the opposite
+bank of the river with a flag of truce--a small white flag. We all
+rushed out, and General Sully directed the captain to take a corporal's
+guard--a corporal and four men--from his reserve, and go down to the
+water's edge under a like flag and inquire what was wanted. This
+formality, he said, was necessary to properly recognize their flag of
+truce, and to guard against a possible fake or bit of treachery. The
+reply from the other side was that a young woman in Fredericksburg was
+exceedingly desirous of reaching her home some distance within the Union
+lines, and would the Union commander receive a communication upon the
+subject. General Sully replied that he would receive their communication
+and forward it to head-quarters, whereupon an orderly was sent over in a
+boat with the communication. He was unarmed, as were those who rowed him
+over. The letter was despatched to army head-quarters, whilst the
+orderly and his boatmen were detained at the landing under guard of our
+detail. They sat down and in an entirely easy and friendly way chatted
+with our guard. One would not have believed that these men would shed
+each other's blood instantly the little white flag was lowered. Yet such
+was the fact. A half-hour brought a reply to the communication. We, of
+course, saw neither their letter nor the reply, but my lady was
+immediately brought over and escorted by a mounted guard to army
+head-quarters, an ambulance being utilized for the purpose. She was
+really a very pretty young woman, and evidently a thorough lady, though
+a spirit of hauteur made it apparent she was a Southerner through and
+through. She maintained a perfect composure during the formality of her
+reception into our lines, for the officer from the rebel lines who
+escorted her required a receipt from the officer who had been sent down
+from head-quarters to receive her; and the appearance of a pretty woman
+in our lines was so unusual an event that Uncle Sam's boys may have been
+pardoned if they were all anxious to get a square view of the charming
+vision. This receipt had to be made in duplicate, one for each army,
+both officers, as well as the young woman, attesting it with their
+signatures. General Sully more than half suspected she was a rebel spy.
+If she was, they wisely chose a beauty for the work.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+THE WINTER AT FALMOUTH--CONTINUED
+
+
+During the remainder of the winter at Falmouth, I was on as
+field-officer of the day about every fifth day, so that I was much of
+the time at the Lacey House, and on the picket-line described in the
+foregoing chapter. The scenes here enacted constituted my chief
+experience at this time. The Lacey House was famous during the war as
+being the head-quarters of either the picket lines between the two
+armies or of commanding officers of portions of both so frequently that
+it deserves more than a passing notice. It was a large old-time brick
+mansion, beautifully situated on the bank of the Rappahannock, just
+opposite Fredericksburg, and was, at the outbreak of the war, the
+private residence of Colonel Lacey, who was at the time I write a
+colonel in the rebel army. The house was very large; its rooms almost
+palatial in size, had been finished in richly carved hardwood panels and
+wainscoting, mostly polished mahogany. They were now denuded of nearly
+all such elegant wood-work. The latter, with much of the carved
+furniture, had been appropriated for fire-wood. Pretty expensive fuel?
+Yes, but not nearly so expensive as the discomfort of staying there
+without a fire, with the temperature just above the freezing-point, and
+your feet and body wet through from the rain and slush of the storm
+outside, in which you were doing picket duty. The only other fuel
+obtainable was a few soggy green logs; whether these had been cut from
+the old shade trees surrounding its ample grounds or not I do not know.
+I more than suspect they had, but the only way they could be made to
+burn in the old-fashioned open fireplaces was to assist the flames with
+an occasional piece of dry wood, the supply of which, as long as it
+lasted, was from the panels, wainscoting, and furniture of the house.
+Later on the interior doors, all of heavy, elegant hardwood and finished
+in keeping with the other appointments of the place, had to go. This may
+seem at this distance as vandalism pure and simple. But if the would-be
+critic will place himself in the shoes of the soldier doing picket duty
+that winter, with all its hardships, and then remember that Colonel
+Lacey, the owner of the place, was not only in active rebellion against
+the government we were fighting to maintain, but was a colonel
+commanding a rebel regiment as a part of that great rebel army encamped
+not a rifle-shot away, which made it necessary for us to do this picket
+duty, he may reach the same conclusion as did our men, that it was not
+worth while to freeze ourselves in order to preserve this rebel's
+property. The large and ample grounds had been laid out with all the
+artistic care a landscape gardener could bestow upon them. Rare plants,
+shrubs, and trees from all over the world had been transplanted here in
+great variety. They were now feeling the bitter blight of war. Army
+wagons and artillery had made sad havoc of the beautiful grounds, and
+such of the rare trees and shrubbery as interfered with a good vision of
+the operations of the rebels in and around Fredericksburg had been
+ruthlessly removed, and this included the larger part of them.
+
+The Christian Commission had its head-quarters in one wing of the house
+during this winter. It was presided over by Mrs. John Harris, of
+Philadelphia, a most benevolent and amiable elderly lady. She was
+assisted by two or three young women, among whom was a daughter of
+Justice Grier, of the United States Supreme Court. These ladies were
+engaged in distributing supplies of various kinds, furnished by this
+association, to the sick and wounded soldiers in the various hospitals.
+They had an ambulance at their disposal, and one or two orderlies
+detailed to assist them. Their work was most gracious and helpful, and
+they were entitled to the greatest credit for their hard and
+self-sacrificing labors. The red flag of the hospital floated over them,
+and such protection as it afforded they had; but it may be well
+understood that this location between two hostile armies, with active
+hostilities likely to be resumed any moment, and in the midst of a
+picket force keenly on the alert night and day, was not likely to be
+selected as a sanitarium for cases of nervous prostration. The men on
+picket had reason to remember Mrs. Harris, for those located at the
+Lacey House daily partook of her bounty in the way of hot coffee, and
+frequently a dish of good hot soup; and the officers stationed there,
+usually three or four, were regularly invited to her table for all
+meals. These invitations were sure to be accepted, for they afforded an
+opportunity for a partially civilized meal. Her meals were always
+preceded by a "grace" said by herself, while breakfast was followed by a
+worship service, at which a chapter from the Bible was read and prayer
+offered by her. These prayers I shall never forget--their sweet
+fervency, in which the soldiers came in for a large share of her earnest
+requests. This large-hearted, motherly little woman made a host of
+friends among the boys in blue that winter. But her motherly kindness
+was occasionally taken advantage of by some of those sons of Belial. One
+of them told this story of his former tour of duty: The weather was
+beastly uncomfortable, from rain and snow making a slush and mud,
+through which they had tramped until thoroughly soaked. They concluded
+they must have some hot whiskey punch. Mother Harris, they knew, had all
+the necessary ingredients, but how to get them was the question. One of
+them feigned a sudden attack of colic, and was all doubled up on the
+floor, groaning piteously. Mother Harris was told of it. Of course, she
+rushed in to render assistance. In reply to her inquiries, the rascal
+could think of but one thing that would help him, and that was whiskey.
+A bottle was instantly produced, and a dose administered which gave
+partial relief; and now if he only had some hot water he was sure it
+would relieve him. A pitcher of steaming hot water was immediately sent
+in. Then it was found that the strong liquor nauseated him, and one of
+the other scamps suggested that perhaps a lemon would relieve that, and
+a nice lemon was instantly produced. They had plenty of sugar
+themselves, and so from good Mother Harris's benevolent provision for
+the colic these rascals deliberately brewed a pitcher full of excellent
+hot whiskey punch. They had to invent a number of additional lies to
+keep her out of the room, but they were equal to it. She sent her
+orderlies in, one after the other, to inquire how the patient was
+progressing, and the boys secured a proper message back by letting them
+in for a swig. I hope the good old lady never discovered the fraud. I am
+sure she would not have believed anybody who might have undertaken to
+enlighten her, for her confidence in her "boys in blue" was so
+unbounded.
+
+Almost every tour of picket duty revealed some new incident. Our pickets
+were now posted in full view of those of the enemy, and the river was so
+narrow that conversation between the pickets could be carried on without
+difficulty. Peremptory orders were issued forbidding our pickets from
+replying, or in any manner communicating with them, but it required the
+greatest care and vigilance on the part of all the officers of the
+picket to enforce this order. One of their sentries would hail one of
+ours with some friendly remark, and it was difficult to suppress the
+desire to reply. If a reply was not forthcoming, a nagging ejaculation,
+calculated to provoke, would follow, such as, "What's the matter, Yank,
+are ye deaf?" "Maybe ye are afeared o' those d----d officers." "We 'uns
+don't give a d---- for our officers," and so volley after volley would
+follow, whilst poor Yank had to continue silently walking his beat.
+Sometimes the "Johnny" would wind up with a blast of oaths at his silent
+auditor. Frequently our men would reply if they thought no officer was
+near to hear; they seemed to feel that it was only decent to be
+courteous to them. Strange as it may seem, there was a strong
+disposition to fraternize whenever opportunity offered on the part of
+the men of both sides. This was manifested daily on this picket-line,
+not only in talk across the river, but in communication by means of
+miniature boats. Our men were generally short of tobacco, and the
+Johnnies had an abundance of this article of the very best quality; on
+the other hand, our men were "long" on coffee, of which commodity they
+were "short." So "Johnny" would fix up a trade. "Say, Yank, if I send
+you over a boat-load of 'backy,' will ye send her back filled with
+coffee?" If he got an affirmative reply, which he often did, he would
+place his little boat in the stream with its rudder so fastened that the
+current would shoot it across a hundred yards or so further down. Yank
+would watch his opportunity, get the boat, take out its precious cargo
+of tobacco, reload it with coffee, reverse the rudder, and send it back
+to "Johnny," who was watching for it further down the stream. Newspapers
+soon were called for by "Johnny," and became a regular part of the cargo
+of these boats, for the rebels were wild to get our papers. The exchange
+of coffee and tobacco was a comparatively harmless matter and would
+probably have been winked at, but the sending of our Northern papers
+into their line, containing news of every movement of our forces, was a
+thing that must be prohibited. A large part of the special instructions
+of all picket officers related to the suppression of this traffic.
+Scarcely a day passed that we did not confiscate one or more of these
+boats. The tobacco our men were allowed to take, but the boat and all
+rebel newspapers had to be sent to army head-quarters. Some of these
+miniature boats were marvels of beauty, and showed mechanical skill in
+construction of the highest order. Others were rude "dugouts." They were
+generally about thirty inches long, six to ten inches wide, and about
+six inches deep. They were therefore capable of holding quite a
+quantity. It was a traffic very difficult to suppress, for our men
+wanted the tobacco and were unwilling to take that without sending back
+the proper _quid pro quo_. I doubt if it was ever altogether stopped
+that winter. The desire for tobacco on the part of our men was so great
+that they would break over, and some of the subordinate officers
+participated in it. These exchanges generally took place in the very
+early dawn, when the officer of the day and the officers of the picket
+were not supposed to be around. The officer of the day was required to
+make the "rounds" of his picket-line once after midnight, and then if
+everything was all right he could rest, his officers of the picket being
+responsible to him for their respective sections of the line. What is
+known in army regulations as the "grand rounds," a ceremonial visiting
+of the line by the officer of the day, accompanied by a sergeant and
+detail, was omitted on the picket-line as too noisy and ostentatious. In
+its place the officer of the day went over his line as quietly as
+possible, assuring himself that each man was in his proper place and was
+alert and doing his duty.
+
+The sleepy time was from two o'clock A.M. until daylight, and this was
+the time I found it necessary to be on the line. It took from two to
+four hours to get over the entire line and visit every sentry. The line,
+as I have stated heretofore, extended from the railroad bridge at
+Fredericksburg to the village of Falmouth, a distance of two and a half
+to three miles. In the daytime I could ride over it comfortably, but in
+the night I had to take it on foot. When these were dark as ink, and
+rainy, and the ground was slushy and muddy, as it usually was at that
+time, it was not a very agreeable duty. However, my duty was so much
+lighter than that of the men (who, though they were only two hours on
+post at a time, were out in the storm all the while), that I could not
+complain. The fidelity of our men to duty under these trying
+circumstances was most remarkable. Twice only that winter did I find a
+man sleeping on post. In both of these cases the delinquent was scarcely
+more than a boy, who I really believed told the truth when they said
+they sat down because unable to stand up any longer, and, of course,
+instantly fell asleep. I had them relieved and sent back to camp, and
+did not report their offence.
+
+A disagreeable duty I had to perform occurred one morning just at break
+of day. I had just returned from my trip over the line and was about
+entering the Lacey House, when I noticed a man running down towards the
+water's edge on the other side of the river. On these night tours of
+duty I wore a large cavalry overcoat with a long cape, which thoroughly
+concealed my rank and sword. I stepped out to the top of the bank to see
+what this man was doing, and he hailed me with: "Hello, Yank. I am going
+to send ye over a nice boat, with tobacco and newspapers. Look out and
+get her, and send her back with coffee and newspapers, and don't let any
+of your d----d officers get hold of it. If they catch ye they'll raise
+h----l with you, and swipe the whole business." I did not say a word, but
+quietly walked down to where I saw the boat would touch the shore and
+waited for it. In the mean time he kept up a running fire of admonitions
+like the above, chiefly directed to the need of watching against the
+vigilance of our d----d officers. I picked up the boat, took it up the
+bank, and then threw my coat open, disclosing my sword and my sash as
+officer of the day. Oh! the profanity and billingsgate that followed
+beggars description. I thought I had heard swearing before, but never
+anything to touch this fellow, and I really could not blame him very
+much. He had simply hailed the wrong man. The man he thought he was
+hailing, seeing my presence, kept out of the way. The boat was a little
+beauty, one of the handsomest I ever saw. It contained five or six
+pounds of the best Virginia plug tobacco and several newspapers from
+Richmond. I would have been glad to have kept the boat as a souvenir,
+but had to despatch it to head-quarters with all its contents at once.
+Of course I never saw it again.
+
+The "Johnnies" were not without their fun, as well as our boys. Several
+times I was saluted by their pickets as officer of the day. Army
+regulations require the sentry nearest the picket reserve, on seeing the
+officer of the day approach, to call out, "Turn out the guard, officer
+of the day." Thereupon the officer of the picket parades his reserves,
+which presents arms and is then inspected by the officer of the day. The
+red sash worn crosswise over the shoulder is the insignia of the officer
+of the day. Several times that winter, as I was riding along our line, a
+rebel sentry yelled, "Turn out the guard, officer of the day," and a
+sergeant paraded his guard, faced towards me across the river, and
+presented arms. Of course, I lifted my cap in acknowledgment of the
+compliment, even though it was a bit of deviltry on their part. This
+indicated a grave want of discipline on the part of their troops. I am
+sure such an act would not have been thought of by our men.
+
+General Burnside was relieved from command of the army on the 26th of
+January, 1863, and was succeeded by Major-General Joseph Hooker.
+"Fighting Joe," as he was familiarly called, was justly popular with the
+army, nevertheless there was general regret at the retirement of
+Burnside, notwithstanding his ill success. That there was more than the
+"fates" against him was felt by many, and whether under existing
+conditions "Fighting Joe" or any one else was likely to achieve any
+better success was a serious question. However, all felt that the new
+commander had lots of fight in him, and the old Army of the Potomac was
+never known to "go back" on such a man. His advent as commander was
+signalized by a modest order announcing the fact, and matters moved on
+without a ripple upon the surface. Routine work, drills, and picket duty
+occupied all our time. Some of our men were required to go on picket
+duty every other day, so many were off duty from sickness and other
+causes. Twenty-four hours on picket duty, with only twenty-four hours
+off between, was certainly very severe duty, yet the men did it without
+a murmur. When it is understood that this duty required being that whole
+time out in the most trying weather, usually either rain, sleet, slush,
+or mud, and constantly awake and alert against a possible attack, one
+can form an idea of the strain upon physical endurance it involved.
+
+The chief event preceding the Chancellorsville movement was the grand
+review of the army by President Lincoln and staff. The exact date of
+this review I do not remember, but it occurred a short time before the
+movement upon Chancellorsville. Owing to the absence of Colonel Albright
+and the illness of Lieutenant-Colonel Shreve, the command of the
+regiment devolved upon me, and I had a funny experience getting ready
+for it. As a sort of preliminary drill, I concluded I would put the
+regiment through a practice review on our drill grounds. To do this
+properly, I had to imagine the presence of a reviewing officer standing
+before our line at the proper distance of thirty to forty yards. The
+ceremony involved opening the ranks, which brought the officers to the
+front of the line, the presenting arms, and dipping the colors, which
+the reviewing officer, usually a general, acknowledged by lifting his
+hat and gracefully bowing. I had reached the point in my practice drill
+where the "present arms" had been executed, and the colors lowered, and
+had turned to the front myself to complete the ceremony by presenting
+sword to my imaginary general, when lo! there rose up in front of me, in
+the proper position, a real reviewing officer in the shape of one of the
+worst looking army "bums" I ever saw. He assumed the position and
+dignified carriage of a major-general, lifted his dirty old
+"cabbage-leaf" cap, and bowed up and down the line with the grace and
+air of a Wellington, and then he promptly skedaddled. The "boys" caught
+the situation instantly and were bursting with laughter. Of course I
+didn't notice the performance, but the effort not to notice it almost
+used me up. This will illustrate how the army "bummer" never let an
+opportunity slip for a practical joke, cost what it might. This fellow
+was a specimen of this genus that was ubiquitous in the army. Every
+regiment had one or more. They were always dirty and lousy, a sort of
+tramp, but always on hand at the wrong time and in the wrong place. A
+little indifferent sort of service could be occasionally worked out of
+them, but they generally skulked whenever there was business on hand,
+and then they were so fertile of excuses that somehow they escaped the
+penalty and turned up again when the "business" was over. Their one
+specialty was foraging. They were born foragers. What they could not
+steal was not to be had, and this probably accounts in a measure for
+their being endured. Their normal occupation was foraging and,
+incidentally, Sancho Panza like, looking for adventure. They knew more
+of our movements, and also of those of the enemy, than the commanding
+general of either. One of the most typical of this class that I knew was
+a young fellow I had known very well before the war. He was a shining
+light in society, occupying a high and responsible business position.
+His one fault was his good-fellowship and disposition to be convivial
+when off duty. He enlisted among the first, when the war broke out in
+1861, and I did not see him again until one day one of this genus
+"bummer" strayed into our camp. He stuck his head into my tent and
+wanted to know how "Fred Hitchcock was." I had to take a long second
+look to dig out from this bunch of rags and filth my one-time Beau
+Brummel acquaintance at home. His eyes were bleared, and told all too
+surely the cause of the transformation. His brag was that he had skipped
+every fight since he enlisted. "It's lots more fun," he said, "to climb
+a tree well in the rear and see the show. It's perfectly safe, you know,
+and then you don't get yourself killed and planted. What is the use,"
+he argued, "of getting killed and have a fine monument erected over you,
+when you can't see it nor make any use of it after it is done? Let the
+other fellows do that if they want to. I've no use for monuments." Poor
+fellow, his cynical ideas were his ruin. Better a thousand times had he
+been "planted" at the front, manfully doing his duty, than to save a
+worthless life and return with the record of a poltroon, despised by
+himself and everybody else.
+
+This review by President Lincoln and the new commander-in-chief, General
+Hooker, was, from a military, spectacular point of view, the chief event
+of our army experience. It included the whole of the great Army of the
+Potomac, now numbering upward of one hundred and thirty thousand men,
+probably its greatest numerical strength of the whole war. Deducting
+picket details, there were present on this review, it is safe to say,
+from ninety thousand to one hundred thousand men. It was a remarkable
+event historically, because so far as I can learn it was the only time
+this great army was ever paraded in line so that it could be seen all
+together. In this respect it was the most magnificent military pageant
+ever witnessed on this continent, far exceeding in its impressive
+grandeur what has passed into history as the "great review," which
+preceded the final "muster out" at the close of the war in the city of
+Washington. At the latter not more than ten thousand men could have been
+seen at one time, probably not nearly so many, for the eye could take in
+only the column which filled Pennsylvania Avenue from the Capitol to the
+Treasury Building. Whereas, upon our review the army was first drawn up
+in what is known as three lines of "masses," and one glance of the eye
+could take in the whole army. Think of it! One hundred thousand men in
+one sweep of vision! If the word "Selah" in the Psalm means "stop!
+think! consider!" it would be particularly appropriate here.
+
+A word now about the formation in "lines of masses." Each regiment was
+formed in column of divisions. To those unfamiliar with military terms,
+I must explain that this very common formation with large bodies of
+troops consists in putting two companies together as a division under
+the command of the senior officer, thus making of a regiment of ten
+companies a column of five divisions, each two-company front. This was
+known as "massing" the troops. When so placed in line they were called a
+line of "masses;" when marching, a column of "masses." It will be seen
+that the actual frontage of each regiment so formed was the width of two
+companies only, the other eight companies being formed in like manner in
+their rear. Now imagine four regiments so formed and placed side by
+side, fronting on the same line and separated from each other by say
+fifty feet, and you have a brigade line of masses. The actual frontage
+of a brigade so formed would be considerably less than that of a single
+regiment on dress parade. Now take three such brigades, separated from
+each other by say fifty feet, and you have a division line of masses.
+Three divisions made up an army corps. The army was formed in three
+lines of masses, of two corps each, on the large open plain opposite
+Fredericksburg, to the south and east of where the railroad crossed the
+river. Each of these lines of masses contained from seventy to eighty
+regiments of infantry, besides the artillery, which was paraded on the
+several lines at different intervals. I do not remember seeing any
+cavalry, and my impression is that this branch of the service was not
+represented. Some idea may be formed of the magnificence of this
+spectacle when I state that each of these lines of masses was more than
+a mile in length, and the depth of the three lines from front to rear,
+including the spaces between, was not less than four hundred yards, or
+about one-fifth of a mile. Each of the regiments displayed its two
+stands of silk colors, one the blue flag representing the State from
+which it came, the other the national colors. There were here and there
+a brace of these flags, very conspicuous in their brilliant newness,
+indicating a fresh accession to the army, but most of them were tattered
+and torn by shot and shell, whilst a closer look revealed the less
+conspicuous but more deadly slits and punctures of the minie-balls.
+
+Now place yourself on the right of this army paraded for review and look
+down the long lines. Try to count the standards as the favoring wind
+lifts their sacred folds and caressingly shows you their battle scars.
+You will need to look very closely, lest those miniature penants, far
+away, whose staffs appear no larger than parlor matches protruding above
+lines of men, whose forms in the distance have long since merged into a
+mere bluish gray line, escape your eye. Your numbering will crowd the
+five hundred mark ere you finish, and you should remember that each of
+these units represented a thousand men when in the vigor and enthusiasm
+of patriotic manhood they bravely marched to the front. Only a fifth of
+them left? you say. And the others? Ah! the battle, the hospital, the
+prison-pen, the h-ll of war, must be the answer.
+
+How can words describe the scene? This is that magnificent old battered
+Army of the Potomac. Look upon it; you shall never behold its like
+again. There have been and may yet be many armies greater in numbers,
+and possibly, in all the paraphernalia of war, more showy. There can
+never be another Army of the Potomac, with such a history. As I gazed up
+and down those massive lines of living men, felt that I was one of them,
+and saw those battle-scarred flags kissed by the loving breeze, my blood
+tingled to my very finger-tips, my hair seemed almost to raise straight
+up, and I said a thousand Confederacies can't whip us. And here I think
+I grasped the main purpose of this review. It was not simply to give the
+President a sight of his "strong right arm," as he fondly called the
+Army of the Potomac, nor General Hooker, its new commander, an
+opportunity to see his men and them a chance to see their new
+chief,--though both of these were included,--but it was to give the army
+a square look at its mighty self, see how large and how strong it really
+was, that every man might thereby get the same enthusiasm and
+inspiration that I did, and know that it simply could not be beaten. The
+enemy, it is not strange to say, were intensely interested spectators of
+this whole scene, for the review was held in full view of the whole of
+their army. No place could have been chosen that would better have
+accommodated their enjoyment of the picture, if such it was, than that
+open plain, exactly in their front. And we could see them swarming over
+Marye's Heights and the lines to the south of it, intently gazing upon
+us. A scene more resplendent with military pageantry and the
+soul-stirring accessories of war they will never see again. But did it
+stir their blood? Yes; but with bitterness only, for they must have seen
+that the task before them of successfully resisting the onslaughts of
+this army was impossible. Here was disclosed, undoubtedly, another
+purpose of this grand review, viz., to let the enemy see with their own
+eyes how powerful the army was with which they had to contend.
+
+A remarkable feature of this review was the marvellous celerity of its
+formation. The various corps and subdivisions of the army were started
+on the march for the reviewing ground so as to reach it at about the
+same time. It should be remembered that most of them were encamped from
+four to eight miles away. Aides-de-camp with markers by the score were
+already in position on the plain when the troops arrived, so that there
+was almost no delay in getting into position. As our column debouched
+upon the field, there seemed an inextricable mass of marching columns as
+far as the eye could see. Could order ever be gotten out of it? Yet,
+presto! the right of the line fell into position, a series of blue
+blocks, and then on down to the far left, block after block, came upon
+the line with unerring order and precision, as though it were a long
+curling whiplash straightening itself out to the tension of a giant
+hand. And so with each of the other two lines. All were formed
+simultaneously. Here was not only perfection of military evolution, but
+the poetry of rhythmic movement. The three lines were all formed within
+twenty minutes, ready for the reviewing officers.
+
+Almost immediately the blare of the trumpets announced the approach of
+the latter, and the tall form of the President was seen, accompanied by
+a large retinue, galloping down the first line. Our division was formed,
+as I recollect, in the first line, about three hundred yards from the
+right. The President was mounted on a large, handsome horse, and as he
+drew near I saw that immediately on his right rode his son, Robert
+Lincoln, then a bright-looking lad of fourteen to fifteen years, and
+little "Tad" Lincoln, the idol of his father, was on his left. The
+latter could not have been more than seven or eight years old. He was
+mounted on a large horse, and his little feet seemed to stick almost
+straight out from the saddle. He was round and pudgy, and his jolly
+little body bobbed up and down like a ball under the stiff canter of his
+horse. I wondered how he maintained his seat, but he was really a better
+horseman than his father, for just before reaching our regiment there
+was a little summer stream ravine, probably a couple of yards wide, that
+had to be jumped. The horses took it all right, but the President landed
+on the other side with a terrific jounce, being almost unseated. The
+boys went over flying, little "Tad" in high glee, like a monkey on a
+mustang.
+
+Of course, a mighty cheer greeted the President as he galloped down the
+long line. There was something indescribably weird about that huzzah
+from the throats of these thousands of men, first full, sonorous, and
+thrilling, and then as it rolled down that attenuated line gradually
+fading into a minor strain until it was lost in the distance, only to
+reappear as the cavalcade returned in front of the second line, first
+the faintest note of a violin, then rapidly swelling into the full
+volume, to again die away and for the third time reappear and die away
+as the third line was reviewed. The President was followed by a large
+staff dressed in full uniform, which contrasted strongly with his own
+severely plain black. He wore a high silk hat and a plain frock coat.
+His face wore that peculiar sombre expression we see in all his
+photographs, but it lighted up into a half-smile as he occasionally
+lifted his hat in acknowledgment of the cheering of the men.
+
+About one hundred yards in rear of the President's staff came the new
+commanding general, "Fighting Joe." He was dressed in the full uniform
+of a major-general, and was accompanied by his chief of staff, Seth
+Williams--he who had held this position under every commander of the
+Army of the Potomac thus far--and a large and brilliant staff. There
+must have been fully twenty officers of various ranks, from his chief of
+staff, a general, down through all grades to a lieutenant, in this corps
+of staff officers. It was the first time I had seen General Hooker to
+know him. His personal appearance did not belie his reputation. He had a
+singularly strong, handsome face, sat his superb horse like a king,
+broad-shouldered and elegantly proportioned in form, with a large, fine
+head, well covered with rather long hair, now as white as the driven
+snow and flowing in the wind as he galloped down the line, chapeau in
+hand; he was a striking and picturesque figure. It was evident the head
+of the army had lost nothing in personal appearance by its recent
+change. The same cheering marked the appearance of "Fighting Joe" which
+had greeted the President, as he and staff galloped down and up and
+down through the three long lines.
+
+Both reviewing cavalcades moved at a brisk gallop, and occupied only
+about twenty minutes covering the three miles of lines; and then the
+President and staff took position, for the marching review, some
+distance in front and about midway of the lines. Instantly the scene was
+transformed. The first line wheeled into column by brigades successively
+and, headed by General Hooker and staff, moved rapidly forward. There
+were but few bands, and the drum corps had been consolidated into
+division corps. On passing the President, General Hooker took position
+by his side and remained throughout the remainder of the ceremony. The
+troops marched in columns of masses, in the same formation they had
+stood in line; that is, in column of two companies front and only six
+yards between divisions. This made a very compact mass of troops, quite
+unusual in reviews, but was necessary in order to avoid the great length
+of time that in the usual formation would have been required for the
+passing of this vast body of men. Yet in this close formation the
+balance of the day was nearly consumed in marching past the President.
+
+It must have been a trying ordeal to him, as he had to lift his hat as
+each stand of colors successively dipped in passing. Immediately on
+passing the President, the several brigades were wheeled out of the
+column and ordered to quarters. I remember that we returned to our camp,
+over a mile distant, dismissed the men, and then several of us officers
+rode back to see the continuation of the pageant. When we got back the
+second line was only well on its way, which meant that only about half
+the army had passed in review. We could see from fifteen to twenty
+thousand men in column--that is to say, about one army corps--at a time.
+The quick, vigorous step, in rhythmical cadence to the music, the fife
+and drum, the massive swing, as though every man was actually a part of
+every other man; the glistening of bayonets like a long ribbon of
+polished steel, interspersed with the stirring effects of those historic
+flags, in countless numbers, made a picture impressive beyond the power
+of description. A picture of the ages. How glad I am to have looked upon
+it. I could not remain to see the end. When finally I was compelled to
+leave the third line was marching. I can still see that soul-thrilling
+column, that massive swing, those flaunting colors, that sheen of
+burnished steel! Majestic! Incomparable!! Glorious!!!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+THE BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSVILLE
+
+
+An interesting item in the experience that winter at Falmouth was the
+celebration of St. Patrick's day by the Irish brigade and their
+multitude of friends. They were encamped about a mile to the south of
+our brigade upon a beautiful, broad, open plain between the surrounding
+hills, which gave them a superb parade and drill-ground. Upon this they
+had laid out a mile race track in excellent shape, and they had provided
+almost every conceivable sort of amusement that was possible to army
+life--matches in running, jumping, boxing, climbing the greased pole,
+sack races, etc. But the usual pig performance had to be omitted owing
+to the enforced absence of the pig. The appearance of a live porker
+would have stampeded the army in a wild chase for fresh meat.
+
+[Illustration: ON THE BATTLE-FIELD OF ANTIETAM
+
+Fourth Reunion of Survivors of 132d Regiment P. V., held Sept. 17, 1891,
+on the ground occupied by the Regiment during the battle, in front of
+Sunken Road, near Roulette House]
+
+The chief events were horse races. The army abounded in excellent
+thoroughbreds, private property of officers, and all were anxious to
+show the mettle of their steeds. Everybody was invited to be present and
+take such part as he pleased in any of the events. It was a royal gala
+day to the army; from morning until night there were excitement and
+side-splitting amusement. Nor was there, throughout the whole day, a
+thing, not even a small fight, that I heard of, to mar the wholesome
+fun, until towards night our old enemy, John Barleycorn, managed to get
+in some of his work.
+
+The chief event of the day and the wind-up was a hurdle and ditch race,
+open to officers only. Hurdles and ditches alternated the course at a
+distance of two hundred yards, except at the finish, where a hurdle and
+ditch were together, the ditch behind the hurdle. Such a race was a
+hare-brained performance in the highest degree; but so was army life at
+its best, and this was not out of keeping with its surroundings.
+Excitement was what was wanted, and this was well calculated to produce
+it.
+
+The hurdles were four and five feet high and did not prove serious
+obstacles to the jumpers, but the ditches, four and five feet wide and
+filled with water, proved a _bête noir_ to most of the racers. Some
+twenty-five, all young staff-officers, started, but few got beyond the
+first ditch. Many horses that took the hurdle all right positively
+refused the ditch. Several officers were dumped at the first hurdle, and
+two were thrown squarely over their horses' heads into the first ditch,
+and were nice-looking specimens as they crawled out of that bath of
+muddy water. They were unhurt, however, and remounted and tried it
+again, with better success.
+
+The crowning incident of the day occurred at the finish of this race at
+the combination hurdle and ditch. Out of the number who started, only
+three had compassed safely all the hurdles and ditches and come to the
+final leap. The horses were about a length apart each. The first took
+the hurdle in good shape, but failed to reach the further bank of the
+ditch and fell over sideways into it, carrying down his rider. Whilst
+they were struggling to get out, the second man practically repeated the
+performance and fell on the first pair, and the rear man, now unable to
+check his horse, spurred him over, only to fall on the others. It was a
+fearful sight for a moment, and it seemed certain that the officers were
+killed or suffocated in that water, now thick with mud. But a hundred
+hands were instantly to the rescue, and in less time than it takes to
+tell it all were gotten out and, strange to say, the horses were unhurt
+and only one officer seriously injured, a broken leg only to the bad for
+the escapade. But neither officers nor horses were particularly handsome
+as they emerged from that ditch. The incident can be set down as a
+terrific finale to this first and last army celebration of St. Patrick's
+day.
+
+The tedium of routine duty occupied our time without specially exciting
+incident until pleasanter weather towards the middle of April brought
+rumors of impending army movements again. About April 20 we heard the
+cavalry under Stoneman were on the move, and this was confirmed the next
+day, when I saw that general with quite a body of cavalry marching
+leisurely north. The horses appeared in excellent condition after a
+winter of partial rest. General Stoneman was a large man, with short
+gray whiskers and gray hair and a strikingly bronzed red face. This
+story was told of him anent this movement, that Hooker had told him to
+do something with his horses; to cross the river at one of the fords
+above and shake out his cavalry, that it was "about time the army saw a
+dead cavalryman." Stoneman had replied, asking for materials to build
+bridges with, and "Fighting Joe" had impatiently replied that he
+wouldn't "give a d----n for a cavalryman who couldn't make a bridge
+without materials," meaning who could not cross a river without a
+bridge.
+
+Soon orders came to supply ourselves with extra ammunition, and be
+prepared to move with six days' rations at a moment's notice. This
+settled it that "business" was about to commence again in earnest. What
+the contemplated movement was we had not the remotest idea, though we
+knew, of course, it was to be another whack in some form at the Johnnies
+on the other side of the river. We set about disposing of all surplus
+baggage which had accumulated for winter quarters, and putting
+everything in trim for field living once more. We could now see columns
+of troops in the distance marching north. Was the new movement, then, to
+be in that direction? This was the topic upon all lips. The desire to
+know something of what was being done with us was naturally very strong.
+Where were we going? What were we going to do? Yet a desire that in the
+nature of things could not be satisfied. One can have no conception of
+the feeling of going day after day blindly ahead, not knowing whither or
+why; knowing only that sooner or later you are going to fetch up against
+a fight, and calculating from your surroundings the probabilities of
+when.
+
+We felt one satisfaction, however, that this was to be our last campaign
+as a regiment. Most of our men had enlisted in the July previous for
+nine months, and their time was now practically out; but, to their
+credit be it said, they would not raise this question during an active
+movement. There were troops who threw down their arms on the eve of
+battle and refused to go into action because their time was out. Such
+action has been severely criticised, and I think uncharitably. After a
+man has honorably and patriotically served his full time and is entitled
+to his discharge, it would seem pretty hard to force him to go into
+battle and be killed or wounded. Nevertheless, as a matter of fact,
+nearly this whole campaign was overtime for most of our regiment, yet
+the question was not raised.
+
+On April 28 our corps broke camp and joined the column northward. The
+winter's rest had brought some accessions to our ranks from the sick and
+wounded, though the severe picket duty and the excessively damp weather
+had given us a large sick list. We had, to start with, upward of three
+hundred and seventy-five men, to which was added some twenty-five or
+thirty from the sick list, who came up to us on the march. It is a
+curious fact that many men left sick in camp, unable to march when the
+regiment leaves, will get themselves together after the former has been
+gone a few hours and pull out to overtake it. I saw men crying like
+children because the surgeon had forbidden them going with the regiment.
+The loneliness and homesickness, or whatever you please to call it,
+after the regiment has gone are too much for them. They simply cannot
+endure it, and so they strike out and follow. They will start by easy
+marches, and they generally improve in health from the moment they
+start. Courage and nerve are both summoned for the effort, and the
+result is that at the end of the second or third day they rejoin the
+regiment and report for duty. This does not mean that they were not
+really sick, but that will power and exercise have beaten the disease. I
+have heard many a sick man say he would rather die than be left behind.
+
+We marched about six miles the first day, much of our route being
+through a wooded country, some of it so wet and spongy that corduroy
+roads had to be built for the wagons and artillery. The army can, as a
+rule, move as rapidly as it can move its artillery and supply trains,
+and no faster. Of course, for short distances and special expeditions,
+where circumstances require, both cavalry and infantry move very
+rapidly, ignoring the wagon trains and artillery; but on a general
+campaign this is impossible, and so where the ground is bad these must
+be helped along. In a wooded country the usual method is by corduroy
+road. Extra details are made to assist the pioneer corps, who cut down
+young saplings three to six inches in diameter and about six feet in
+length and lay them side by side on the ground, which is roughly
+levelled to receive them. They do not make a handsome road to speed
+over, but they bear up the artillery and army schooners, and that is all
+that is wanted of them.
+
+The second day we crossed the Rappahannock at United States ford on a
+pontoon bridge. There had been a sharp skirmish here when the first
+troops crossed a couple of days before, and a battery of artillery was
+still in position guarding the crossing. We now began to experience once
+more the unmistakable symptoms of approaching battle,--sharp spurts of
+cannonading at irregular intervals some distance to the south and west
+of us, with the hurry of marching troops, ambulances and stretcher corps
+towards the front; more or less of army débris scattered about, and the
+nervous bustle everywhere apparent. We reached the famous
+Chancellorsville House shortly after midnight. This was an old-time
+hostelry, situated on what was called the Culpeper plank-road. It stood
+with two or three smaller houses in a cleared square space containing
+some twenty or thirty acres, in the midst of the densest forest of trees
+and undergrowth I ever saw. We had marched all day on plank and corduroy
+roads, through this wild tanglewood forest, most of the time in a
+drizzling rain, and we had been much delayed by the artillery trains,
+and it was after midnight when we reached our destination. The distance
+marched must have been twelve or more miles, and our men became greatly
+fatigued towards the last.
+
+It was my first experience with the regiment on the march in the field
+in my new position as major. As adjutant my place had been with the
+colonel at the head of the column. Now my duties required me to march in
+the rear and keep up the stragglers. After nightfall it became intensely
+dark, and at each rest the men would drop down just where they were and
+would be instantly sound asleep. Whether they dropped down into mud or
+not made little difference to many of them, for they were soaking wet
+and were so exhausted that they did not care. My troubles began when the
+"forward" was sounded, to arouse these seeming logs and get them on
+their feet once more and started. All who were practically exhausted had
+drifted to the rear and were on my hands. We had a provost guard in the
+rear, whose duty it was to bring up every man and permit no straggling,
+but they were in almost as bad a plight as the rest of the regiment. To
+arouse these sleeping men I had occasionally to resort to a smart blow
+with the flat of my sword and follow it up with the most energetic
+orders and entreaties. An appeal to their pluck and nerve was generally
+sufficient, and they would summon new courage and push manfully on. My
+own condition was scarcely better than that of the men. I rode that
+night considerable distances between our halts for rest, sitting bolt
+upright in my saddle fast asleep. I had all day alternated with some of
+the men in marching whilst they rode, and was not only thoroughly tired,
+but wet through. The march was much more trying to us because of our
+unseasoned condition owing to the long winter's exemption from this
+exercise. Furthermore, we had been marching towards the firing, and were
+under the nervous strain always incident to operations in the presence
+of the enemy. Nothing will quicker exhaust men than the nervous tension
+occasioned by the continued firing which indicates the imminence of a
+battle.
+
+At daylight we were aroused and under arms again. We found we were at
+the head-quarters of the army. The Chancellorsville House, which had
+been vacated by its occupants, was used for office purposes, and much of
+the open space around it was occupied by the tents of General Hooker and
+staff and hospital tents. Of the latter there were three or four pitched
+so as to connect with each other, and over them was flying the yellow
+flag of the corps hospital. The First and Third Divisions of our Second
+Corps were massed in this Chancellorsville square, beside Pettit's
+battery. Our brigade now consisted of the Fourth New York, First
+Delaware, and our regiment. The first named was sent off on some
+guard duty, which left Colonel Albright, of our regiment, the senior
+officer in command of the brigade. The ominous rattle of musketry
+not far away became momentarily more pronounced, and ambulances and
+stretcher-carriers were passing back and forth to the hospitals,
+carrying wounded men. The dead body of a regular army captain was soon
+brought back from the front, where Sykes's division of regulars was
+sharply engaged. I do not know the name of this captain, but he was a
+fine-looking young officer. He had been killed by a minie-ball squarely
+through his forehead.
+
+We were marching out the plank-road as they brought this body in.
+Passing out of the clearing, the woods and undergrowth each side the
+road was so dense that we could not see into it a half-dozen steps. We
+had gone possibly a quarter of a mile when we were overtaken by a
+staff-officer, who in whispers ordered us to turn back, regardless of
+orders from the front, and get back to the Chancellorsville House as
+rapidly as possible, and to do so absolutely noiselessly; that a heavy
+force of rebels were in the woods on both sides of us, and we were in
+great danger of being cut to pieces and captured. We obeyed, and he
+rapidly worked his way to the front of the brigade and succeeded very
+quickly in getting us all safely out. We formed line near the
+Chancellorsville House and were resting on our arms when I noticed
+another brigade going down that same road from which we had just been so
+hurriedly gotten out. The circumstance was so strange that I inquired
+what brigade it was, and learned that it was Colonel (afterwards
+Governor) James A. Beaver's brigade of Hancock's division of our corps.
+They had been gone but a short time when the rebels opened upon them
+from both sides of the road, and they were very roughly handled. Colonel
+Beaver was soon brought back, supposed mortally wounded. I saw him as he
+was brought to the rear. It was said he was shot through the body.
+Afterwards, whilst he was governor, I mentioned the circumstance to him,
+and asked how he succeeded in fighting off the last enemy at that time.
+He said he then fully believed his wound was mortal. The bullet had
+struck him nearly midway of his body and appeared to have passed through
+and out of his back, and he was bleeding freely. He was brought to the
+hospital, where the corps surgeon--his own family physician at
+home--found him, and with an expression of countenance indicating the
+gravest fear proceeded to examine his wound. Suddenly, with a sigh of
+relief, he exclaimed: "Colonel, you are all right; the ball has struck a
+rib and followed it around and out." It was one of the hundreds of
+remarkable freaks performed by those ugly minie-balls during the war.
+Why that brigade should have been allowed to march into that ambuscade,
+from which we had so narrowly escaped, I could not understand. It was
+one of the early _faux pas_ of that unfortunate comedy, rather tragedy
+of errors,--battle.
+
+In view of the events of the next two days, it will be interesting to
+recall the somewhat windy order published to the army by General Hooker
+on the morning of the 1st of May, the date of the first day's battle, on
+which the events narrated in the last chapter occurred. This is the
+order:
+
+     HEAD-QUARTERS ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, CAMP NEAR FALMOUTH, VA.,
+     April 30, 1863.
+
+     It is with heartfelt satisfaction the commanding general announces
+     to the army that the operations of the last three days have
+     determined that our enemy must either ingloriously fly or come out
+     from behind his defences and give us battle on our own ground, when
+     certain destruction awaits him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     By command of Major-General Hooker.
+
+      S. WILLIAMS,
+     _Asst. Adjt.-Gen'l._
+
+My recollection recalls a phrase in this order reading something like
+this: "We have got the enemy where God Almighty can't save him, and he
+must either ingloriously," etc. I have been surprised not to find it in
+the records, and my memory is not alone in this respect, for a
+lieutenant-colonel of Portland, Me., in his account of this battle
+alludes to Hooker's blasphemous order.
+
+The purpose of this order was to encourage the men and inspire them with
+the enthusiasm of forthcoming victory. But when we consider that the
+portion of the army operating around Chancellorsville was at that very
+moment apparently as thoroughly caged up in a wilderness of almost
+impenetrable undergrowth, which made it impossible to move troops, and
+into which one could not see a dozen feet, as though they were actually
+behind iron bars, it will be seen how little ground there was for
+encouragement. I can think of no better comparison of the situation than
+to liken it to a fleet of ships enveloped in a dense fog endeavoring to
+operate against another having the advantage of the open.
+
+It will be remembered that when this movement commenced the Army of the
+Potomac numbered from one hundred and twenty thousand to one hundred and
+thirty thousand men, about double the opposing rebel force. Hooker
+divided this army, taking with him four corps, numbering probably
+seventy thousand men, to operate from Chancellorsville towards
+Fredericksburg, and leaving three corps, about fifty thousand men, under
+Sedgwick, to move upon the latter place from below. The purpose was to
+get Lee's army between these two forces and crush him. All historians of
+this battle agree that up to a certain point Hooker's strategy was most
+admirable. General Pleasanton, who commanded our cavalry forces in that
+action, says that up to a certain point the movement on Chancellorsville
+was one of the most brilliant in the annals of war. He put that point at
+the close of Thursday, April 30. He had made a full reconnoissance of
+all that country and had informed General Hooker of the nature of the
+ground, that for a depth of from four to five miles it was all unbroken
+tanglewood of the densest undergrowth, in which it was impossible to
+manoeuvre an army or to know anything of the movements of the enemy;
+that beyond this wilderness the country was open and well adapted to
+military movements, and he had taken occasion to urge upon him the
+importance of moving forward at once, so as to meet the enemy in open
+ground, but his information and advice, he tells us, fell upon leaden
+ears.
+
+Lee had, up to this time, no information of the movement upon
+Chancellorsville, having been wholly occupied with Sedgwick at
+Fredericksburg. The former was therefore a complete surprise to him.
+The "golden moment," according to Pleasanton, to move forward and carry
+the battle out into the open, where the army could have been handled and
+would have had a chance, was on that day, as instantly the movement was
+disclosed, the enemy, being familiar with every foot of the country,
+would detach a sufficient force to operate in the open, and along the
+edge of the wilderness could keep us practically bottled up there and
+beat us in detail; and that is precisely what seems to have been done.
+The inexplicable question is, Why did fighting "Joe Hooker," with
+seventy thousand as good troops as ever fired a gun, sit down in the
+middle of that tanglewood forest and allow Lee to make a monkey of him
+while Sedgwick was doing such magnificent work below?
+
+Two distinguished participants in all these events holding high
+commands, namely, General Alfred Pleasanton, quoted above, and General
+Doubleday, commanding First Division, First Army Corps, have written
+articles upon this battle, agreeing on the feasibility and brilliancy of
+the movement, but by inference and things unsaid have practically left
+the same question suspended in the air. It is possible the correct
+answer should not now be given.
+
+To return to our own doings, on that Friday, 1st of May, our division
+was drawn up in line of battle in front of the Chancellorsville House,
+and we were permitted to rest on our arms. This meant that any moment we
+might be expected to move forward. The battle was now on in earnest.
+Heavy firing was heard some miles below us, which was Sedgwick's work at
+Fredericksburg. Nearer by there was cannonading and more or less severe
+musketry firing. Ambulances and stretcher-carriers were constantly
+coming back from the front with wounded soldiers, taking them to the
+field hospital, which was just in our rear, and we could see the growing
+piles of amputated legs and arms which were thrown outside with as
+little care as if they were so many pieces of wood. We were evidently
+waiting for something, nobody seemed to know what. Everything appeared
+to be "at heads." Our corps and division commanders, Couch, Hancock, and
+French, with their staffs, were in close proximity to the troops, and
+all seemed to be in a condition of nervous uncertainty. What might be
+progressing in those black woods in front, was the question. A nearer
+volley of musketry would start everybody up, and we would stand arms in
+hand, as if expecting the unseen enemy to burst through the woods upon
+us. Then the firing would slacken and we would drop down again for a
+time.
+
+In the mean time shells were screeching over us continually, and an
+occasional bullet would whiz uncomfortably near. The nervous strain
+under such conditions may be imagined. This state of affairs continued
+all through Friday night and most of Saturday. Of course, sleep was out
+of the question for any of our officers. On Thursday and Friday nights
+the men got snatches of sleep, lying on their arms, between the times
+all were aroused against some fresh alarm.
+
+On Saturday some beef cattle were driven up and slaughtered in the open
+square in front of our lines, and the details were progressing with the
+work of preparing the meat for issue when the storm of disaster of
+Saturday afternoon burst upon us and their work was rudely interrupted.
+We had anxious premonitions of this impending storm for some hours.
+Captain Pettit, who commanded the famous battery of that name, which was
+posted immediately in our rear, had spent much of his time in the
+forenoon of Saturday high up in a tall tree which stood just in front of
+the Chancellorsville House and close to our line, with his field glass
+reconnoitring. Several times he had come down with information that
+heavy bodies of the enemy were massing for a blow upon our front and
+where he believed they would strike. This information, we were told, he
+imparted to Hooker's chief of staff, and begged permission to open at
+long range with his rifled guns, but no attention was paid to him. I saw
+him up the tree and heard some of his ejaculating, which indicated that
+he was almost wild with apprehension of what was coming. Once on coming
+down he remarked to General Hancock that we would "catch h----l in less
+than an hour." The latter seemed to be thoroughly alive to the situation
+and exceedingly anxious, as were Couch and French, to do something to
+prepare for what was coming, yet nothing more was done until suddenly
+the firing, which had been growing in volume and intensity and gradually
+drawing nearer, developed in a storm of musketry of terrific fury
+immediately in our right front, apparently not more than three hundred
+yards away.
+
+We could not see a thing. What there might be between us and it, or
+whether it was the onslaught of the enemy or the firing of our troops,
+we knew not. But we had not long to wait. Soon stragglers, few in
+numbers, began to appear, emerging from the woods into our clearing, and
+then more of them, these running, and then almost at once an avalanche
+of panic-stricken, flying men without arms, without knapsacks, many
+bareheaded, swearing, cursing, a wild, frenzied mob tearing to the rear.
+Instantly they began to appear, General Couch, commanding our corps,
+took in the situation and deployed two divisions to catch and hold the
+fugitives. Part of the Third Corps was also deployed on our left. We
+were ordered to charge bayonets and permit no man to pass through our
+ranks. We soon had a seething, howling mob of Dutchmen twenty to thirty
+feet in depth in front of our line, holding them back on the points of
+our bayonets, and still they came. Every officer of our division, with
+drawn sword and pistol, was required to use all possible endeavor to
+hold them, and threatening to shoot the first man who refused to stand
+as ordered. General French and staff were galloping up and down our
+division line assisting in this work.
+
+In the mean time another line of battle was rapidly thrown in between
+these fugitives and the woods to stay the expected advance of the enemy.
+This was the famous break of the Eleventh Corps, starting with Blenker's
+division and finally extending through the whole corps, some fifteen
+thousand men. It seemed as though the whole army was being stampeded. We
+soon had a vast throng of these fugitives dammed up in our front, a
+terrible menace to the integrity of our own line as well as of all in
+our rear. We were powerless to do anything should the enemy break
+through, and were in great danger of being ourselves swept away and
+disintegrated by this frantic mob. All this time the air was filled with
+shrieking shells from our own batteries as well as those of the enemy,
+doing, however, little damage beyond adding to the terror of the
+situation. The noise was deafening. Pandemonium seemed to reign supreme
+in our front. Our line, as well as that of the Third Corps on our left,
+was holding firm as a rock. I noticed a general officer, I thought it
+was General Sickles, was very conspicuous in the vigor of his efforts to
+hold the line. A couple of fugitives had broken through his line and
+were rapidly going to the rear. I heard him order them to halt and turn
+back. One of them turned and cast a look at him, but paid no further
+attention to his order. He repeated the order in stentorian tones, this
+time with his pistol levelled, but it was not obeyed, and he fired,
+dropping the first man dead in his tracks. He again ordered the other
+man to halt, and it was sullenly obeyed. These men seemed to be almost
+stupid, deaf to orders or entreaty in their frenzy.
+
+An incident in our own front will illustrate. I noticed some extra
+commotion near our colors and rushed to see the cause. I found an
+officer with drawn sword threatening to run the color-sergeant through
+if he was not allowed to pass. He was a colonel and evidently a German.
+My orders to him to desist were answered with a curse, and I had to
+thrust my pistol into his face, with an energetic threat to blow his
+head off if he made one more move, before he seemed to come to his
+senses. I then appealed to him to see what an example he as an officer
+was setting, and demanded that he should get to work and help to stem
+the flight of his men rather than assist in their demoralization. To his
+credit be it said, he at once regained his better self, and thenceforth
+did splendid work up and down amongst these German fugitives, and later
+on, when they were moved to the rear, he rendered very material
+assistance. I did not learn who he was, but he was a splendid-looking
+officer and spoke both English and German fluently.
+
+One may ask why those men should have lost their heads so completely. To
+answer the question intelligently, one needs to put oneself into their
+place. The facts as we were told at the time were: That the Eleventh
+Corps, which contained two divisions of German troops, under Schurz and
+Blenker (I think Steinwehr commanded the latter division in this
+action), was posted on the right of Hooker's line in the woods, some
+distance in front and to the right of the Chancellorsville House. That
+at the time Stonewall Jackson made his famous attack, above referred to,
+he caught one of those divisions "napping"--off their guard. They had
+stacked their guns and knapsacks, and were back some twenty yards,
+making their evening coffee, when suddenly the rebel skirmishers burst
+through the brush upon them, followed immediately by the main line, and
+before they realized it were between these troops and their guns.
+Consternation reigned supreme in an instant and a helter-skelter flight
+followed. Jackson followed up this advantage with his usual impetuosity,
+and although the other divisions of the Eleventh made an effort to hold
+their ground, this big hole in the line was fatal to them and all were
+quickly swept away. Of course, the division and brigade commanders were
+responsible for that unpardonable carelessness. No valid excuse can be
+made for such criminal want of watchfulness, especially for troops
+occupying a front line, and which had heard, or should have heard, as
+we a half mile farther in the rear had, all the premonitions of the
+coming storm. But it was an incident showing the utter folly of the
+attempt to maintain a line of battle in the midst of a dense
+undergrowth, through which nothing could be seen. It is exceedingly
+doubtful whether they could have held their line against Jackson's onset
+under those conditions had they been on the alert, for he would have
+been on and over them almost before they could have seen him. To resist
+such an onset needs time to deliver a steady volley and then be ready
+with the bayonet.
+
+It was towards six o'clock in the evening when this flying mob struck
+our lines, and darkness had fallen before we were rid of them and
+something like order had been restored. In the mean time it certainly
+seemed as if everything was going to pieces. I got a little idea of what
+a panic-stricken army means. The fearful thing about it was, we knew it
+was terribly contagious, and that with all the uncertainties in that
+black wilderness from which this mob came and the pandemonium in
+progress all about us, it might seize our own troops and we be swept
+away to certain destruction in spite of all our efforts. It is said
+death rides on horseback with a fleeing army. Nothing can be more
+horrible. Hence a panic must be stopped, cost what it may. Night
+undoubtedly came to our rescue with this one.
+
+One of the most heroic deeds I saw done to help stem the fleeing tide of
+men and restore courage was not the work of a battery, nor a charge of
+cavalry, but the charge of a band of music! The band of the Fourteenth
+Connecticut went right out into that open space between our new line
+and the rebels, with shot and shell crashing all about them, and played
+"The Star-Spangled Banner," the "Red, White, and Blue," and "Yankee
+Doodle," and repeated them for fully twenty minutes. They never played
+better. Did that require nerve? It was undoubtedly the first and only
+band concert ever given under such conditions. Never was American grit
+more finely illustrated. Its effect upon the men was magical. Imagine
+the strains of our grand national hymn, "The Star-Spangled Banner,"
+suddenly bursting upon your ears out of that horrible pandemonium of
+panic-born yells, mingled with the roaring of musketry and the crashing
+of artillery. To what may it be likened? The carol of birds in the midst
+of the blackest thunder-storm? No simile can be adequate. Its strains
+were clear and thrilling for a moment, then smothered by that fearful
+din, an instant later sounding bold and clear again, as if it would
+fearlessly emphasize the refrain, "Our flag is still there."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+THE BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSVILLE--CONTINUED
+
+
+Recurring again to the incident of the band playing out there between
+the two hostile lines in the midst of that panic of the Eleventh Corps,
+it was a remarkable circumstance that none of them were killed. I think
+one or two were slightly wounded by pieces of exploding shells, and one
+or two of their instruments carried away scars from that scene. The
+rebels did not follow up their advantage, as we expected, probably owing
+to the effective work of our batteries, otherwise they would all have
+been either killed or captured. None of the enemy came into our clearing
+that I saw. We must have corralled upward of eight thousand of our
+demoralized men. Some had their arms, most of them had none, which
+confirmed the story of their surprise narrated in the last chapter. They
+were marched to the rear under guard, and thus the further spread of the
+panic was avoided.
+
+It was now dark and the firing ceased, but only for a few moments, for
+the two picket-lines were posted so close together, neither knowing
+exactly where the other was, that both were exceedingly nervous; and the
+slightest movement, the stepping of a picket, the scurry of a rabbit,
+would set the firing going again. First it would be the firing of a
+single musket, then the quick rattle of a half-dozen, then the whole
+line with the reserves, for all were on the line together there; and
+then the batteries, of which there were now at least a half-dozen massed
+right around us, would open with terrific vigor, all firing into the
+darkness, whence the enemy was supposed to be coming. This continued at
+short intervals all night long.
+
+After the mob of fugitives had been disposed of, our division had formed
+in line of battle directly in front of the Chancellorsville House,
+supporting the provisional line which had been hurriedly thrown in to
+cover the break of the Eleventh Corps, and we were "resting (?) on our
+arms." At each of these alarms every man was instantly on his feet, with
+guns at a "ready." General French and staff were close to us, and
+General Couch and his staff only a few feet away. All were exceedingly
+nervous and keenly on the alert. It was a night of terrific experience
+long to be remembered.
+
+The nervous strain upon all was simply awful. We knew that the Eleventh
+Corps had been stampeded by the impetuous charge of Stonewall Jackson,
+and we felt sure he would seek to reap the fruits of the break he had
+made by an effort to pierce our centre, and this we would have to meet
+and repel when it came. We did not then know that in the general mix-up
+of that fateful afternoon that able and intrepid leader had himself
+fallen and was then dying. This fact, fortunate for us, undoubtedly
+accounts for the failure of the expected onset to materialize. We could
+probably have held him, for we had two divisions of the Second Corps and
+part of the Third Corps in double lines, all comparatively fresh, and
+before midnight the First Corps was in position on our right. But the
+slaughter would have been horrible.
+
+After midnight these outbursts became less frequent, and we officers lay
+down with the men and tried to sleep. I do not think any of our general
+officers or their staffs even sat down that whole night, so apprehensive
+were they of the descent of the rebels upon our position. I said in the
+last chapter that on Saturday morning some beef cattle were slaughtered
+near our line for issue to our division; that the work of distribution
+had not been completed before the panic came, and then these carcasses
+of beef were between ours and the rebel line on "debatable ground." This
+was too much for some of our men, and two or three crawled out to them
+during the night and helped themselves to such cuts as they could make
+from our side. One party next day told of being surprised by hearing
+cutting on the other side of the beef, and found, on investigating, that
+a "Johnny" was there, when the following colloquy took place:
+
+"Hello, Johnny, are ye there?"
+
+"Yes, Yank; too bad to let this 'fresh' spoil. I say, Yank, lend me your
+knife, mine's a poor one. We 'uns and you 'uns is all right here. Yank,
+I'll help you if you'll help me, and we'll get all we want."
+
+The knife was passed over, and these two foes helped each other in that
+friendly darkness. How much actual truth there was in this story I do
+not know, but I do know that there was considerable fresh beef among the
+men in the morning, and it was not at all unlikely that the Johnnies
+also profited by the presence of that "fresh" between the lines.
+Soldiers of either army would run almost any risk to get a bit of fresh
+beef.
+
+The next morning we were ordered to pile up our knapsacks and make a
+breastwork of them for such protection as they might afford, in
+anticipation of the still expected attack. We managed to make a cup of
+coffee and eat a hardtack without getting off our guard for an instant,
+and about ten o'clock the First Brigade, now Carroll's, and ours,
+consisting of two regiments only, the First Delaware and ours, under
+command of our Colonel Albright, were ordered forward into the woods to
+the right of the Chancellorsville House. This was the opening of the
+third day's battle. We moved forward in excellent line until we struck
+the edge of the woods. The moment the crackling of the brush under our
+feet apprised the enemy of our advance we received a heavy volley, which
+must have been very hurriedly delivered, for it passed over our heads,
+not a man being hit, I think. The morning was lowering and misty and the
+air very light, so that the smoke made by the rebel volley, not more
+than fifty yards away, hung like a chalk line and indicated their exact
+position. The sudden retirement of our lieutenant-colonel at this point
+placed the command of the regiment on me, and I shouted to the men to
+aim below that line of smoke and then gave the order, fire by battalion,
+and we emptied our guns as one man, reloaded, and receiving no reply to
+our volley, moved forward through the thick brush and undergrowth. We
+soon came upon the rebel line, and a dreadful sight it was. The first
+officer I saw was a rebel captain, an Irishman. He ejaculated, "We're
+all killed! We're all killed!" and offered to surrender. The commanding
+officer must have suffered the fate of his men. Most of them were either
+killed or wounded. The hundred or so living promptly threw down their
+arms, and Colonel Albright sent them to the rear under guard. This Irish
+captain vouchsafed the remark sotto voce that he was glad to be
+captured, that he'd been trying to get out of the d----n Confederacy for
+a year. Our battalion volley had exactly reached its mark and had done
+fearful execution. There must have been more than two hundred lying
+there either dead or wounded, marking their line of battle. This was the
+only instance in my war experience where we delivered a volley as a
+battalion. The usual order of firing in line of battle is by "file,"
+each man firing as rapidly as he can effectively, without regard to any
+other man. The volley they had delivered at us was a battalion volley,
+and it would have effectively disposed of our advance had it been well
+delivered. Fortunately for us, it was not, and their smoke-line gave us
+the opportunity to deliver a very effective counter-stroke. It had to be
+quickly done, we were so close together. There was no time to meditate.
+It was us or them. Instantly I resolved to give them all we could,
+aiming well under their line of smoke, and take our chances with the
+bayonet if necessary. The order was calmly given and the volley was
+coolly delivered. I have never heard a better one. The value of coolness
+in delivering and the effectiveness of such a volley were clearly
+demonstrated in this instance.
+
+We again moved forward, working our way through the tangled undergrowth,
+and had gained probably five or six hundred yards when we encountered
+another line, and sharp firing began on both sides. We could see the
+enemy dodging behind trees and stumps not more than one hundred yards
+away. We also utilized the same shelter, and therefore suffered
+comparatively little. Suddenly I found bullets beginning to come from
+our left and rear as well as from our front. Two of these bullets had
+been aimed at me as I stood behind a small tree on our line. The first
+knowledge I had of them was from the splinters of bark in my face from
+the tree, first one and then the other in quick succession as the
+bullets struck, not more than three inches from my head. They were
+fairly good shots. I was thankful they were no better. But now I had to
+move a couple of companies to the left to meet this flank attack. It did
+not prove a serious matter, and the enemy was quickly driven back. The
+same thing was tried shortly after on our right flank, and was again
+disposed of the same way. They were probably groups of sharpshooters
+hunting for our officers. One of them, I happened to know, never went
+back, for I saw one of our sergeants kill him. I was at that moment
+standing by him, when he clapped his hand to his ear and exclaimed,
+"That was a 'hot one,'" as a bullet just ticked it. "There is the devil
+who did it. See him behind that bush?" and with that he aimed and fired.
+The fellow rolled over dead.
+
+We soon had the better of this fighting and our opponents withdrew. We
+seemed now to be isolated. We must have been nearly a half mile from
+where we entered the woods. We could not see nor hear of any troops on
+our immediate right or left. Colonel Albright came back to consult as to
+what was best to be done now. The brush and undergrowth were exceedingly
+dense. What there might be on our right or left we could not know
+without sending skirmishers out. The colonel said his orders were to
+advance and engage the enemy. No orders had come to him since our
+advance commenced, two hours and more before. We had met and beaten two
+lines of the enemy. Should we continue the advance or retire and get
+further orders? My advice was to retire; that with our small force, not
+more than five hundred men, isolated in that dense wood, we were liable
+to be gobbled up. The colonel agreed with this view and ordered the line
+faced about and marched to the rear. I mention this consultation over
+the situation because here we were, two young men, who knew almost
+nothing about military matters beyond obeying orders, suddenly called
+upon to exercise judgment in a critical situation. Bravery suggested
+push ahead and fight. To retire savored of over-prudence. Nevertheless,
+it seemed to us we had no business remaining out there without
+connection with other troops on either right or left, and this decided
+the colonel to order the retreat.
+
+We moved back in line of battle in excellent order and quite leisurely,
+having no opposition and, so far as we knew, no troops following us. We
+came out into the clearing just where we had entered the woods two hours
+before. But here we met a scene that almost froze our blood. During our
+absence some half-dozen batteries, forty or more guns, had been massed
+here. Hurried earthworks had been thrown up, covering the knapsacks our
+brigade had left there when we advanced. These guns were not forty yards
+away and were just waiting the order to open on those woods right where
+we were. As we emerged from the brush, our colors, fortunately, were a
+little in advance, and showed through before the line appeared. Their
+timely appearance, we were told, saved us from being literally blown to
+pieces by those batteries. A second later the fatal order would have
+been given and our brigade would have been wiped out of existence by our
+own guns!
+
+As we came out of the woods an aide galloped down to us, his face
+perfectly livid, and in a voice portraying the greatest excitement
+shouted to Colonel Albright: "What in h----l and d-mnation are you doing
+here? Get out of here! Those woods are full of rebel troops, and we are
+just waiting to open on them." Albright replied very coolly, "Save your
+ammunition. There is not a rebel within a half mile, for we have just
+marched back that distance absolutely unmolested. Why haven't you sent
+us orders? We went in here two hours ago, and not an order have we
+received since." He replied, "We have sent a dozen officers in to you
+with orders, and they all reported that you had been captured." Albright
+answered, "They were a lot of cowards, for there hasn't been a minute
+since we advanced that an officer could not have come directly to us.
+There is something wrong about this. I will go and see General Hooker."
+And directing me to move the troops away from the front of those guns,
+he started for General Hooker's head-quarters, only a short distance
+away. As I was passing the right of that line of batteries a voice
+hailed me, and I turned, and there stood one of my old Scranton friends,
+Captain Frank P. Amsden, in command of his battery. Said he, as he
+gripped my hand, "Boy, you got out of those woods just in time. Our guns
+are double-shotted with grape and canister; the word 'fire' was just on
+my lips when your colors appeared." I saw his gunners standing with
+their hands on the lanyards. After forty years my blood almost creeps as
+I recall that narrow escape.
+
+We now moved to the rear across the plank-road from the Chancellorsville
+House in the woods, where we supported Hancock's line. Colonel Albright
+soon returned from his visit to Hooker's head-quarters. His account of
+that visit was most remarkable, and was substantially as follows: "I
+scratched on the flap of the Hooker head-quarters' tent and instantly an
+officer appeared and asked what was wanted. I said I must see General
+Hooker, that I had important information for him. He said, 'You cannot
+see General Hooker; I am chief of staff; any information you have for
+the commanding general should be given to me.' I said, 'I must see
+General Hooker,' and with that pushed myself by him into the tent, and
+there lay General Hooker, apparently dead drunk. His face and position
+gave every indication of that condition, and I turned away sick and
+disgusted." It was subsequently stated that General Hooker was
+unconscious at that time from the concussion of a shell. That he was
+standing on the porch of the Chancellorsville House, leaning against one
+of its supports, when a shell struck it, rendering him unconscious. The
+incident narrated above occurred about one P.M. on Sunday, May 3. The
+army was practically without a commander from this time until after
+sundown of that day, when General Hooker reappeared and in a most
+conspicuous manner rode around between the lines of the two armies. If
+he was physically disabled, why was not the fact made known at once to
+the next officer in rank, whose duty it would have been to have assumed
+command of the army, and if possible stem the tide of defeat now rapidly
+overwhelming us? A half-day of most precious time would have been saved.
+That this was not done I happen to know from the following
+circumstances.
+
+In our new position we were only about fifty yards behind General
+Hancock's line. The head-quarters at this time of General Couch,
+commanding our corps; of General French, commanding our division, and of
+General Hancock were all at the right of our regiment, behind our line.
+These generals and their staffs were resting, as were our troops, and
+they were sitting about, only a few feet away from us. We therefore
+heard much of their conversation. Directly General Howard joined them. I
+well remember his remarks concerning the behavior of his corps on the
+previous afternoon. His chagrin was punctured with the advice of old
+French to shoot a few dozen of them for example's sake. Naturally, the
+chief subject of their conversation related to the present situation. It
+was perfectly clear they regarded it as very critical. We could hear
+heavy cannonading in the distance towards Fredericksburg. Several times
+Hancock broke out with a savage oath as he impatiently paced up and
+down, swinging his sword. "They are knocking Sedgwick to pieces. Why
+don't we go forward?" or a similar ejaculation, and then, "General
+Couch, why do you not assume command and order us forward? It is your
+duty." (The latter was next in rank to Hooker.)
+
+To which General Couch replied, "I cannot assume command." French and
+Howard agreed with Hancock, but Couch remained imperturbable, saying,
+"When I am properly informed that General Hooker is disabled and not in
+command, I shall assume the duty which will devolve upon me." And so
+hour after hour passed of inactivity at this most critical juncture.
+They said it was plain Lee was making simply a show of force in our
+front whilst he had detached a large part of his army and was driving
+Sedgwick before him down at Fredericksburg. Now, why this period of
+inactivity whilst Sedgwick was being punished? Why this interregnum in
+the command? When Colonel Albright returned from his call at Hooker's
+tent, narrated above, he freely expressed his opinion that Hooker's
+condition was as stated above. His views were then generally believed by
+those about head-quarters, and this was understood as the reason why the
+next officer in rank was not officially notified of his chief's
+disability and the responsibility of the command placed upon him.
+Nothing was then said about the concussion of a shell. It is profoundly
+to be hoped that Colonel Albright's impression was wrong, and that the
+disability was produced, as alleged, by concussion of a shell. If so,
+there was a very grave dereliction of duty on the part of his chief of
+staff in not imparting the fact immediately to General Couch, the
+officer next in rank, and devolving the command upon him.
+
+In our new position on the afternoon of Sunday, the third day's battle,
+we were subjected to a continuous fire of skirmishers and sharpshooters,
+without the ability of replying. We laid up logs for a barricade and
+protected ourselves as well as we could. Several were wounded during
+the afternoon, among them Captain Hall, of Company I. His was a most
+singular wound. We were all lying prone upon the ground, when suddenly
+he spoke rather sharply and said he had got a clip on his knee. He said
+it was an insignificant flesh wound, but his leg was benumbed. He tried
+to step on it, but could not bear his weight on it, and very soon it
+became exceedingly painful, and his ankle swelled to double its natural
+size. He was taken back to one of the hospitals, where it was found a
+minie-ball had entered his leg above the knee and passed down between
+the bones to the ankle, where it was removed. This practically ended the
+service of one of the youngest of our captains, a brave and brilliant
+young officer.
+
+Towards night a cold, drizzling rain set in, which chilled us to our
+bones. We could not have any fires, not even to make our coffee, for
+fear of disclosing our position to the enemy. For four days now we had
+been continuously under the terrible nervous strain incident to a battle
+and practically without any rest or sleep. During this time we had no
+cooked food, nothing but hardtack and raw pork and coffee but once. This
+condition began to tell upon us all. I had been under the weather when
+the movement began, and was ordered by our surgeon to remain behind, but
+I said no, not as long as I could get around. Now I found my strength
+had reached its limit, and I took that officer's advice, with the
+colonel's orders, and went back to the division field hospital to get
+under cover from the rain and get a night's sleep if possible.
+
+I found a half-dozen hospital tents standing together as one hospital,
+and all full to overflowing with sick and wounded men. Our brigade
+surgeon, a personal friend, was in charge. He finally found a place for
+me just under the edge of one of the tents, where I could keep part of
+the rain off. He brought me a stiff dose of whiskey and quinine, the
+universal war remedy, and I drank it and lay down, and was asleep in
+less time than it takes me to write it.
+
+About midnight the surgeon came and aroused me with the information that
+the army was moving back across the river, and that all in the hospital
+who could march were ordered to make their way back as best they could;
+that of the others the ambulances would carry all they could and the
+others would be left. This was astounding information. My first impulse
+was, of course, to return to my regiment, but the doctor negatived that
+emphatically by saying, "You are under my orders here, and my
+instructions are to send you all directly back to the ford and across
+the river; and then the army is already on the march, and you might as
+well attempt to find a needle in a haystack as undertake to find your
+regiment in these woods in this darkness." If his first reason had not
+been sufficient, the latter one was quite convincing. I realized at once
+the utter madness of any attempt to reach the regiment, at the same time
+that in this night tramp back over the river, some eight miles, I had a
+job that would tax my strength to the utmost. The doctor had found one
+of the men of our regiment who was sick, and bidding us help each other
+started us back over the old plank-road.
+
+How shall I describe the experiences of that night's tramp? The night
+was intensely dark and it was raining hard. The plank-road was such
+only in name. What few remnants remained of the old planks were rotten
+and were a constant menace to our footing. I must have had more than a
+dozen falls during that march from those broken planks, until face,
+arms, and legs were a mass of bruises. We were told to push forward as
+rapidly as we could to keep ahead of the great rabble of sick and
+wounded which was to follow immediately. This we tried to do, though the
+road was now crowded with the occupants of the other hospitals already
+on their way. These men were all either sick or wounded, and were making
+their way with the greatest difficulty, most of them in silence, but
+there was an occasional one whose tongue gave expression to every
+possible mishap in outbursts of the most shocking profanity. There were
+enough of these to make the night hideous.
+
+Our road was a track just wide enough to admit a single wagon through
+the densest jungle of timber and undergrowth I ever saw. I cannot
+imagine the famed jungles of Africa more dense or impenetrable, and it
+seemed to be without end as we wearily plodded on hour after hour, now
+stepping into a hole and sprawling in the mud, again stumbling against a
+stolid neighbor and being in turn jostled by him, with an oath for being
+in his way. Many a poor fellow fell, too exhausted to rise, and we were
+too nearly dead to do more than mechanically note the fact.
+
+Towards morning a quartette of men overtook us carrying a man on their
+shoulders. As they drew near us one of the forward pair stumbled and
+fell, and down came the body into the mud with a swash. If the body was
+not dead, the fall killed it, for it neither moved nor uttered a sound.
+With a fearful objurgation they went on and left it, and we did not have
+life enough left in us to make any investigation. It was like the case
+of a man on the verge of drowning seeing others perishing without the
+ability to help. It was a serious question whether we could pull
+ourselves through or should be obliged to drop in our tracks, to be run
+over and crushed or trampled to death, as many a poor fellow was that
+night. We had not an ounce of strength, nor had any of the hundreds of
+others in our condition, to bestow on those who could not longer care
+for themselves. Here it was every man for himself. This night's
+experience was a horrible nightmare.
+
+It was long after daylight when we crawled out of those woods and
+reached United States ford. Here a pontoon bridge had been thrown over,
+and a double column of troops and a battery of artillery were crossing
+at the same time. We pushed ourselves into the throng, as to which there
+was no semblance of order, and were soon on the other side. On the top
+of the bluff, some one hundred feet above the river, on our side, we
+noticed a hospital tent, and we thought if we could reach that we might
+find shelter and rest, for it was still raining and we were drenched to
+the skin, and so cold that our faces were blue and our teeth chattered.
+A last effort landed us at this hospital. Alas for our hopes! it was
+crowded like sardines in a box with others who in like condition had
+reached it before us. I stuck my head in the tent. One glance was
+enough. The surgeon in charge, in answer to our mute appeal, said, "God
+help you, boys; I cannot. But here is a bottle of whiskey, take a good
+drink; it will do you good." We took a corking dose, nearly half the
+bottle, and lay down, spoon fashion, my comrade and I, by the side of
+that tent in the rain and slept for about an hour, until the stimulus of
+the liquor passed off and the cold began again to assert itself, when we
+had to start on again. I have never had any use for liquors in my life,
+and the use of them in any form as a beverage I consider as nothing else
+than harmful in the highest degree, yet I have always felt that this big
+dose of whiskey saved my life. Could we have had a good cup of hot
+coffee at that time it would possibly have been better, but we might as
+well have looked for lodgings in the Waldorf-Astoria as for coffee at
+that time and place. Imagine my feelings during all this night as I
+reflected that I had a good horse, overcoat, and gum blanket
+somewhere,--yes, somewhere, back, or wherever my regiment might be,--and
+here I was soaking wet, chilled to the bones and almost dead from
+tramping.
+
+We got word at the Ford that the troops were to go back to their old
+camps, and there was nothing for us to do but to make our way back there
+as best we might. Soon after we started Colonel (afterwards Judge Dana,
+of Wilkes-Barre) Dana's regiment passed. The colonel hailed me and
+kindly inquired why I happened to be there by myself on foot, said I
+looked most wretched, and insisted on my taking another bracer from a
+little emergency stock he had preserved. I had been but a few months out
+of his law office, from which I had been admitted to the bar. His kindly
+attentions under these limited circumstances were very cheering and
+helpful. We were all day covering the eight or more miles back to camp.
+But early in the day the rain ceased, the sun came out, we got warmed up
+marching, and after some hours our clothes became sufficiently dry to be
+more comfortable, so that when we reached camp in the evening our
+condition was much improved. This was due in part probably as much to
+the relief from the awful nervous strain of the battle and the
+conditions through which we had passed in that wilderness as to rest and
+the changed weather. When we reached this side of the river that nervous
+strain ceased. We were sure that fighting was over, at least for the
+present. We found the regiment had been in camp some hours ahead of us.
+Our corps was probably on the march when we left the hospital, and had
+preceded us all the way back. I found my horse had brought back one of
+our wounded men, and this was some compensation for my own loss.
+
+We had been gone on this campaign from the 29th of April until the 5th
+of May, and such a week! How much that was horrible had been crowded
+into it. For variety of experiences of the many dreadful sides of war,
+that week far exceeded any other like period of our service. The
+fighting was boy's play compared with either Antietam or Fredericksburg,
+yet for ninety-six hours continuously we were under the terrible nervous
+strain of battle. Our losses in this action were comparatively light, 2
+men killed, 2 officers wounded (one of whom died a few days later), and
+39 men wounded, and one man missing; total loss, 44, or about fifteen
+per cent. of the number we took into action. This missing man I met at
+the recent reunion of our regiment. He was picked up from our skirmish
+line by that flanking party of rebels on the third day's fight described
+in my last. The circumstance will show how close the rebels were upon us
+before we discovered them. Our skirmishers could not have been more than
+a dozen yards in advance of our main line, yet the thicket was so dense
+that the enemy was on him before he fairly realized it. He said he was
+placed with a lot of other prisoners and marched to the rear some
+distance, under guard, when a fine-looking Confederate officer rode up
+to them. He was told it was General Lee. He said he wore long, bushy
+whiskers and addressed them with a cheery,--
+
+"Good-morning, boys. What did you come down here for? a picnic? You
+didn't think you could whip us men of the South, did you?"
+
+One of the prisoners spoke up in reply,--
+
+"Yes, d----n you, we did, and we will. You haven't won this fight yet,
+and Joe Hooker will lick h----l out of you and recapture us before you
+get us out of these woods."
+
+The general laughed good-naturedly at the banter his questions had
+elicited, and solemnly assured them that there were not men enough in
+the whole North to take Richmond. Our man was probably misinformed as to
+who their interlocutor was. General Lee did not wear long, bushy
+whiskers, and was at that time probably down directing operations
+against Fredericksburg. This was probably Jeb Stuart, who had succeeded
+Jackson in command of that wing of the rebel army.
+
+Our prisoner fared much better than most prisoners, for it was his good
+fortune to be exchanged after twenty-three days' durance, probably
+owing to the expiration of his term of service. Although the actual
+dates of enlistment of our men were all in July and their terms
+therefore expired, the government insisted upon holding us for the full
+period of nine months from the date of actual muster into the United
+States service, which would not be completed until the 14th of May. We
+had, therefore, eight days' service remaining after our return from the
+battle of Chancellorsville, and we were continued in all duties just as
+though we had months yet to serve. Our principal work was the old
+routine of picket duty again. Our friends, the enemy, were now quick to
+tantalize our pickets with the defeat at Chancellorsville. Such remarks
+as these were volleyed at us:
+
+"We 'uns give you 'uns a right smart lickin' up in them woods."
+
+"How d'ye like Virginny woods, Yank?"
+
+And then they sang to us:
+
+    "Ain't ye mighty glad to get out the wilderness?"
+
+A song just then much in vogue. Another volunteered the remark, as if to
+equalize the honors in some measure, "If we did wallop you 'uns, you
+'uns killed our best general." "We feel mighty bad about Stonewall's
+death," and so their tongues would run on, whether our men replied or
+not.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+THE MUSTER OUT AND HOME AGAIN
+
+
+On the 14th of May we received orders to proceed to Harrisburg for
+muster out. There was, of course, great rejoicing at the early prospect
+of home scenes once more. We walked on air, and lived for the next few
+days in fond anticipation. We were the recipients of any amount of
+attention from our multitude of friends in the division. Many were the
+forms of leave-taking that took place. It was a great satisfaction to
+realize that in our comparatively brief period of service we had
+succeeded in winning our way so thoroughly into the big hearts of those
+veterans. The night before our departure was one of the gladdest and
+saddest of all our experience. The Fourteenth Connecticut band, that
+same band which had so heroically played out between the lines when the
+Eleventh Corps broke on that fateful Saturday night at Chancellorsville,
+came over and gave us a farewell serenade. They played most of the
+patriotic airs, with "Home, Sweet Home," which I think never sounded
+quite so sadly sweet, and suggestively wound up with "When Johnny Comes
+Marching Home." Most of the officers and men of the brigade were there
+to give us a soldier's good-by, and Major-General Couch, commanding our
+corps (the Second), also paid us the compliment of a visit and made a
+pleasant little speech to the men who were informally grouped around
+head-quarters, commending our behavior in three of the greatest battles
+of the war.
+
+It had been our high honor, he said, to have had a part in those great
+battles, and though new and untried we had acquitted ourselves with
+great credit and had held our ground like veterans. He expressed the
+fervent hope that our patriotism would still further respond to the
+country's needs, and that we would all soon again be in the field. Our
+honors were not yet complete. General French, commanding our division,
+issued a farewell order, a copy of which I would have been glad to
+publish, but I have not been able to get it. It was, however, gratifying
+in the extreme. He recounted our bravery under his eye in those battles
+and our efficient service on all duty, and wound up by saying he felt
+sure that men with such a record could not long remain at home, but
+would soon again rally around their country's flag. Of General Couch,
+our corps commander, we had seen but little, and were therefore very
+pleasantly surprised at his visit. Of General French, bronzed and
+grizzly bearded, we had seen much; all our work had been under his
+immediate supervision. He was a typical old regular, and many were the
+cuffs and knocks we received for our inexperience and shortcomings, all,
+however, along the lines of discipline and for our good, and which had
+really helped to make soldiers of us. These incidents showed that each
+commanding general keeps a keen eye on all his regiments, and no one is
+quicker to detect and appreciate good behavior than they. We felt
+especially pleased with the praises of General French, because it
+revealed the other side of this old hero's character. Rough in exterior
+and manner of speech, he was a strong character and a true hero.
+
+His position at the breaking out of the war will illustrate this. He was
+a Southerner of the type of Anderson and Farragut. When so many of his
+fellows of the regular army, under pretext of following their States,
+went over into rebellion and treason, he stood firm and under
+circumstances which reflect great credit upon him. He had been in Mexico
+and had spent a life on the frontier, and had grown old and gray in the
+service, reaching only the rank of captain. When the war finally came he
+was in command of a battery of artillery stationed some three hundred
+and fifty miles up the Rio Grande, on the border of Mexico. He was cut
+off from all communication with Washington, and the commander of his
+department, the notorious General David E. Twiggs, had gone over to the
+Confederacy. He was, therefore, thoroughly isolated. Twiggs sent him a
+written order to surrender his battery to the rebel commander of that
+district. His characteristic reply was, that he would "see him and the
+Confederacy in hell first;" that he was going to march his battery into
+God's country, and if anybody interfered with his progress they might
+expect a dose of shot and shell they would long remember. None of them
+felt disposed to test his threat, and so he marched his battery alone
+down through that rebel country those three hundred and fifty miles and
+more into our lines at the mouth of the Rio Grande, bringing off every
+gun and every dollar's worth of government property that he could carry,
+and what he could not carry he destroyed. He was immediately ordered
+north with his battery and justly rewarded with a brigadier-general's
+commission.
+
+Early on the morning of the 15th we broke camp and bade farewell to that
+first of the world's great armies, the grand old Army of the Potomac.
+Need I say that, joyous as was our home-going, there was more than a
+pang at the bottom of our hearts as we severed those heroic
+associations? A last look at the old familiar camp, a wave of the hand
+to the friendly adieus of our comrades, whose good-by glances indicated
+that they would gladly have exchanged places with us; that if our hearts
+were wrung at going, theirs were, too, at remaining; a last march down
+those Falmouth hills, another and last glance at those terrible works
+behind Fredericksburg, and we passed out of the army and out of the
+soldier into the citizen, for our work was now done and we were soldiers
+only in name.
+
+As our train reached Belle-plain, where we were to take boat for
+Washington, we noticed a long train of ambulances moving down towards
+the landing, and were told they were filled with wounded men, just now
+brought off the field at Chancellorsville. There were upward of a
+thousand of them. It seems incredible that the wounded should have been
+left in those woods during these ten to twelve days since the battle.
+How many hundreds perished during that time for want of care nobody
+knows, and, more horrible still, nobody knows how many poor fellows were
+burned up in the portions of those woods that caught fire from the
+artillery. But such is war. Dare any one doubt the correctness of Uncle
+Billy Sherman's statement that "War is hell!"
+
+Reaching Washington, the regiment bivouacked a single night, awaiting
+transportation to Harrisburg. During this time discipline was relaxed
+and the men were permitted to see the capital city. The
+lieutenant-colonel and I enjoyed the extraordinary luxury of a good
+bath, a square meal, and a civilized bed at the Metropolitan Hotel, the
+first in five long months. Singular as it may seem, I caught a terrific
+cold as the price I paid for it. The next day we were again back in Camp
+Curtin, at Harrisburg, with nothing to do but to make out the necessary
+muster rolls, turn in our government property,--guns, accoutrements,
+blankets, etc., and receive our discharges. This took over a week, so
+that it was the 24th of May before we were finally discharged and paid
+off. Then the several companies finally separated.
+
+If it had been hard to leave our comrades of the Army of the Potomac, it
+was harder to sever the close comradeship of our own regiment, a
+relationship formed and cemented amidst the scenes that try men's souls,
+a comradeship born of fellowship in privation, danger, and suffering. I
+could hardly restrain my tears as we finally parted with our torn and
+tattered colors, the staff of one of which had been shot away in my
+hands. We had fought under their silken folds on three battle-fields,
+upon which we had left one-third of our number killed and wounded,
+including a colonel and three line officers and upward of seventy-five
+men killed and two hundred and fifteen wounded. Out of our regiment of
+one thousand and twenty-four men mustered into the service August 14,
+1862, we had present at our muster out six hundred and eighteen. We had
+lost in battle two hundred and ninety-five in killed and wounded and
+one hundred and eleven from physical disability, sickness, etc., and all
+in the short space of nine months. Of the sixteen nine-months regiments
+formed in August, 1862, the One Hundred and Thirtieth and ours were the
+only regiments to actively participate in the three great battles of
+Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville, and we lost more men
+than either of the others.
+
+I should mention a minor incident that occurred during our stay in
+Harrisburg preparing for muster out. A large number of our men had asked
+me to see if I could not get authority to re-enlist a battalion from the
+regiment. I was assured that three-fourths of the men would go back with
+me, provided they could have a two weeks' furlough. I laid the matter
+before Governor Curtin. He said the government should take them by all
+means; that here was a splendid body of seasoned men that would be worth
+more than double their number of new recruits; but he was without
+authority to take them, and suggested that I go over to Washington and
+lay the matter before the Secretary of War. He gave me a letter to the
+latter and I hurried off. I had no doubt of my ability to raise an
+entire regiment from the great number of nine-months men now being
+discharged. I repaired to the War Department, and here my troubles
+began. Had the lines of sentries that guarded the approach to the armies
+in the field been half as efficient as the cordon of flunkies that
+barred the way to the War Office, the former would have been beyond the
+reach of any enemy. At the entrance my pedigree was taken, with my
+credentials and a statement of my business. I was finally permitted to
+sit down in a waiting-room with a waiting crowd. Occasionally a senator
+or a congressman would break the monotony by pushing himself in whilst
+we cultivated our patience by waiting. Lunch time came and went. I
+waited. Several times I ventured some remarks to the attendant as to
+when I might expect my turn to come, but he looked at me with a sort of
+far-off look, as though I could not have realized to whom I was
+speaking. Finally, driven to desperation, after waiting more than four
+hours, I tried a little bluster and insisted that I would go in and see
+somebody. Then I was assured that the only official about the office was
+a Colonel----, acting assistant adjutant-general. I might see him.
+
+"Yes," I said, "let me see him, anybody!"
+
+I was ushered into the great official's presence. He was a
+lieutenant-colonel, just one step above my own rank. He was dressed in a
+faultless new uniform. His hair was almost as red as a fresh red rose
+and parted in the middle, and his pose and dignity were quite worthy of
+the national snob hatchery at West Point, of which he was a recent
+product.
+
+"Young man," said he, with a supercilious air, "what might your business
+be?"
+
+I stated that I had brought a letter from His Excellency, Governor
+Curtin, of Pennsylvania, to the Secretary of War, whom I desired to see
+on important business.
+
+"Where is your letter, sir?"
+
+"I gave it up to the attendant four hours ago, who, I supposed, took it
+to the Secretary."
+
+"There is no letter here, sir! What is your business? You cannot see the
+Secretary of War."
+
+I then briefly stated my errand. His reply was,--
+
+"Young man, if you really desire to serve your country, go home and
+enlist."
+
+Thoroughly disgusted, I retired, and so ended what might have saved to
+the service one of the best bodies of men that ever wore a government
+uniform, and at a time when the country was sorely in need of them.
+
+A word now of the personnel of the One Hundred and Thirty-second
+Regiment and I am done. Dr. Bates, in his history of the Pennsylvania
+troops, remarks that this regiment was composed of a remarkable body of
+men. This judgment must have been based upon his knowledge of their
+work. Every known trade was represented in its ranks. Danville gave us a
+company of iron workers and merchants, Catawissa and Bloomsburg,
+mechanics, tradesmen, and farmers. From Mauch Chunk we had two
+companies, which included many miners. From Wyoming and Bradford we had
+three companies of sturdy, intelligent young farmers intermingled with
+some mechanics and tradesmen. Scranton, small as she was then, gave us
+two companies, which was scarcely a moiety of the number she sent into
+the service. I well remember how our flourishing Young Men's Christian
+Association was practically suspended because its members had gone to
+the war, and old Nay Aug Hose Company, the pride of the town, in which
+many of us had learned the little we knew of drill, was practically
+defunct for want of a membership which had "gone to the war." Of these
+two Scranton companies, Company K had as its basis the old Scranton City
+Guard, a militia organization which, if not large, was thoroughly well
+drilled and made up of most excellent material. Captain Richard
+Stillwell, who commanded this company, had organized the City Guard and
+been its captain from the beginning. The other Scranton company was
+perhaps more distinctively peculiar in its personnel than either of the
+other companies. It was composed almost exclusively of Delaware,
+Lackawanna & Western Railroad shop and coal men, and was known as the
+Railroad Guards. In its ranks were locomotive engineers, firemen,
+brakemen, trainmen, machinists, telegraph operators, despatchers,
+railroad-shop men, a few miners, foremen, coal-breaker men, etc. Their
+captain, James Archbald, Jr., was assistant to his father as chief
+engineer of the road, and he used to say that with his company he could
+survey, lay out, build and operate a railroad. The first sergeant of
+that company, George Conklin, brother of D. H. Conklin, chief despatcher
+of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western, and his assistant, had been one
+of the first to learn the art of reading telegraph messages by ear, an
+accomplishment then quite uncommon. His memory had therefore been so
+developed that after a few times calling his company roll he dispensed
+with the book and called it alphabetically from memory. Keeping a
+hundred names in his mind in proper order we thought quite a feat. Forty
+years later, at one of our reunions, Mr. Conklin, now superintendent of
+a railroad, was present. I asked him if he remembered calling his
+company roll from memory.
+
+"Yes," said he, "and I can do it now, and recall every face and voice,"
+and he began and rattled off the names of his roll. He said sometimes in
+the old days the boys would try to fool him by getting a comrade to
+answer for them, but they could never do it, he would detect the
+different voice instantly.
+
+Now, as I close this narrative, shall I speak of the gala day of our
+home-coming? I can, of course, only speak of the one I participated in,
+the coming home to Scranton of Companies I and K and the members of the
+field and staff who lived here. This, however, will be a fair
+description of the reception each of the other companies received at
+their respective homes. Home-coming from the war! Can we who know of it
+only as we read appreciate such a home-coming? That was forty-one years
+ago the 25th of last May. Union Hall, on Lackawanna Avenue, midway
+between Wyoming and Penn, had been festooned with flags, and in it a
+sumptuous dinner awaited us. A committee of prominent citizens, our old
+friends, not one of whom is now living, met us some distance down the
+road. A large delegation of Scranton's ladies were at the hall to
+welcome and serve us, and of these, the last one, one of the mothers and
+matrons, has just passed into the great beyond. Many of those of our own
+age, the special attraction of the returning "boys," have also gone, but
+a goodly number still remain. They will recall this picture with not a
+little interest, I am sure. If perchance cheeks should be wet and
+spectacles moistened as they read, it will be but a reproduction of the
+emotions of that beautiful day more than forty years ago. No soldier
+boys ever received a more joyous or hearty welcome. The bountiful repast
+was hurriedly eaten, for anxious mothers, wives, sisters, and
+sweethearts were there, whose claim upon their returning "boy in blue"
+for holier and tenderer relationship was paramount.
+
+Amidst all these joyous reunions, were there no shadows? Ah, yes. In the
+brief period of nine months our regiment had lost forty per cent. of its
+membership. Company I had gone to the front with one hundred and one
+stalwart officers and men, and but sixty-eight came back with the
+company. Of the missing names, Daniel S. Gardner, Moses H. Ames, George
+H. Cator, Daniel Reed, Richard A. Smith, and John B. West were killed in
+battle or died of wounds soon after; Orville Sharp had died in the
+service. The others had succumbed to the hardships of the service and
+been discharged. Of the same number Company K took into the service,
+sixty-six came home with the company. Sergeant Martin L. Hower, Richard
+Davis, Jacob Eschenbach, Jephtha Milligan, Allen Sparks, Obadiah
+Sherwood, and David C. Young had been killed in battle or died of
+wounds; Thomas D. Davis, Jesse P. Kortz, Samuel Snyder, James Scull,
+Solon Searles, and John W. Wright had died in the service. The most
+conspicuous figure in the regiment, our colonel, Richard A. Oakford, had
+been the first to fall. So that amidst our rejoicings there were a
+multitude of hearts unutterably sad. Will the time ever come when "the
+bitter shall not be mingled with the sweet" and tears of sorrow shall
+not drown the cup of gladness? Let us hope and pray that it may; and
+now, as Father Time tenderly turns down the heroic leaf of the One
+Hundred and Thirty-second Pennsylvania Volunteers, let us find comfort
+in the truth,
+
+    "_Dulce et decorum est, pro patria mori._"
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+The following are copies of the muster-out rolls of the Field and Staff
+and the several companies of the One Hundred and Thirty-second Regiment,
+Pennsylvania Volunteers, taken originally from Bates's History, and
+compared and corrected from the original rolls in the Adjutant-General's
+office, at Harrisburg, Pa. Several corrections have been made from the
+personal recollections of officers and men whom I have been able to
+consult. There are doubtless errors in the original rolls, owing to the
+paucity of records in the hands of those whose duty it was to make them
+at the time of muster-out, owing to resignations and other casualties.
+Some of these officers were new in the command, and complete records
+were not in their hands. It will be remembered that the whole period of
+service of the One Hundred and Thirty-second was occupied in the three
+strenuous campaigns of Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville,
+during which regimental and company baggage, which included official
+records, were seldom seen, and in many cases were entirely lost. For
+example, at the battle of Chancellorsville on the fateful 3d of May, we
+had lain in line of battle behind our knapsacks piled up in twos, as a
+little protection from bullets. When we were ordered forward, so quick
+was the movement, that these knapsacks, and officers' luggage as well,
+were ordered to be left. When, two hours later, on our return we reached
+this ground, we found our knapsacks were at the bottom of an earth-work
+which had been hurriedly thrown up during our absence, over which a line
+of batteries thrust the frowning muzzles of their guns. With one or two
+exceptions (where the officer commanding the company happened to have it
+in his pocket), the company rolls were lost in the knapsacks of the
+first sergeant, whose duty it was to carry it. Thereupon new rolls had
+to be made up, and of course mostly from memory. Under all these
+circumstances, the wonder is that there are not more errors in them.
+Almost at the last moment did I learn that I could include these rolls
+in my book, without exceeding its limits under the contract price.
+During this time I have endeavored at considerable expense and labor to
+get them correct, but even so, I cannot hope that they are more than
+approximately complete. Nothing can be more sacred or valuable to the
+veteran and his descendants than his war record. The difficulty with
+these rolls will be found I fear not so much in what is so briefly
+stated, but in what has been inadvertently omitted, and which was
+necessary to a complete record. There are a number of desertions. I have
+given them as they are on the rolls. It is possible that some of these
+men may have dropped out of the column from exhaustion on the march,
+fallen sick and had been taken to some hospital and died without
+identification. Failing to report at roll-call and being unaccounted
+for, they would be carried on the company rolls as "absent without
+leave," until prolonged absence without information would compel the
+adding of the fearful word "deserted." There were instances where men
+taken sick made their way home without leave and were marked deserters.
+After recovering from a severe case of "army fever" they returned again
+to duty. This was in violation of discipline, and under the strict
+letter of the law they were deserters, but they saved the government the
+cost of their nursing, and, what is more, probably saved their lives and
+subsequent service by their going. I mention these things so that where
+the record appears harsh, the reader may know that possibly, if all the
+facts had been known, it might have been far different.
+
+
+FIELD AND STAFF.
+
+RICHARD A. OAKFORD, colonel, mustered in Aug. 22, 1862; killed at
+Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+VINCENT M. WILCOX, colonel, mustered in Aug. 26, 1862; promoted from
+lieutenant-colonel September, 1862; discharged on surgeon's certificate
+Jan. 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES ALBRIGHT, colonel, mustered in Aug. 22, 1862; promoted from
+major to lieutenant-colonel September, 1862, to colonel Jan. 24, 1863;
+mustered out with regiment May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH E. SHREVE, lieutenant-colonel, promoted from captain Co. A to
+major September, 1862, to lieutenant-colonel Jan. 24, 1863; mustered out
+with regiment May 24, 1863.
+
+FREDERICK L. HITCHCOCK, major, mustered in Aug. 22, 1862; promoted from
+adjutant Jan. 24, 1863; twice wounded at Fredericksburg Dec. 13, 1862;
+mustered out with regiment May 24, 1863.
+
+AUSTIN F. CLAPP, adjutant, promoted from corporal Co. K to
+sergeant-major Nov. 1, 1862; to adjutant Jan. 24, 1863; mustered out
+with regiment May 24, 1863.
+
+CLINTON W. NEAL, quartermaster, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; promoted from
+Co. E Aug. 22, 1862; mustered out with regiment May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES W. ANAWALT, surgeon (major), mustered in Sept. 22, 1862; mustered
+out with regiment May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE K. THOMPSON, assistant surgeon (first lieutenant), mustered in
+Aug. 19, 1862; mustered out with regiment May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE W. HOOVER, assistant surgeon (first lieutenant), mustered in
+Sept. 3, 1862; mustered out with regiment May 24, 1863.
+
+A. H. SCHOONMAKER, chaplain (first lieutenant), mustered in Sept. 20,
+1862; mustered out with regiment May 24, 1863.
+
+THOMAS MAXWELL, sergeant-major, promoted to sergeant-major from Co. A
+Aug. 22, 1862; promoted to first lieutenant Co. A Nov. 1, 1862. (See Co.
+A.)
+
+FRANK J. DEEMER, sergeant-major, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted
+from Co. K Jan. 24, 1863; mustered out with regiment May 24, 1863.
+
+ELMORE H. WELLS, quartermaster-sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862;
+promoted from Co. B Aug. 26, 1862; owing to prolonged sickness in
+hospital returned to Co. Jan. 1, 1863. (See Co. B.)
+
+BROOKS A. BASS, quartermaster-sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862;
+promoted from Co. I Jan. 1, 1863; mustered out with regiment May 24,
+1863.
+
+JOHN F. SALMON, commissary-sergeant, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; promoted
+from Co. G Aug. 15, 1862; died at Harper's Ferry, Va., Oct. 16, 1862.
+
+WILLIAM W. COOLBAUGH, commissary-sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862;
+promoted from Co. K Oct. 17, 1862; transferred to company Dec. 25, 1862.
+(See Co. K.)
+
+ALONZO R. CASE, commissary-sergeant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted
+from sergeant Co. C Dec. 25, 1862; mustered out with regiment May 24,
+1863.
+
+HORACE A. DEANS, hospital steward, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted
+from Co. I Oct. 1, 1862; transferred to ranks April 1, 1863. (See Co.
+I.)
+
+MOSES G. CORWIN, hospital steward, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted
+from Co. K April 6, 1863; mustered out with regiment May 24, 1863.
+
+
+COMPANY A.[G]
+
+JOSEPH E. SHREVE, captain, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted to major.
+See Field and Staff.
+
+CHARLES C. NORRIS, captain, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted from
+second lieutenant Nov. 1, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE W. VANGILDER, first lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862;
+discharged on surgeon's certificate Oct. 26, 1862.
+
+THOMAS MAXWELL, first lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted
+from sergeant-major Nov. 1, 1862; mustered out with regiment.
+
+ED. W. RODERICK, second lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted
+from private; mustered out with company.
+
+DAVID SHUTT, first sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted from
+sergeant March 1, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+J. M. HASSENPLUG, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; killed at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+JOHN S. WARE, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted from
+corporal March 1, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ISAAC D. CREWITT, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted from
+corporal March 1, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+MICHAEL KESSLER, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted from
+private March 6, 1863; wounded at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862;
+mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE LOVETT, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted from
+private Feb. 1, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JACOB H. MILLER, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged, Jan.
+30, 1863, at Washington, for wounds received at Antietam, Va., Sept. 17,
+1862.
+
+JOSEPH H. NEVINS, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate March 6, 1863, at Baltimore, Md.
+
+DANIEL VANROUK, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; killed at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+JACOB REDFIELD, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted from
+private Sept. 18, 1862; wounded at Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863;
+mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES WILLIAMS, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted from
+private Oct. 15, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+CONRAD S. ATEN, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted from
+private Dec. 3, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE SNYDER, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; absent, sick, at
+muster-out.
+
+ALEX. HUNTINGTON, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted from
+private Feb. 1, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL STALL, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted from private
+Feb. 1, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY VINCENT, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted from
+private March 6, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN HARIG, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted from private
+March 6, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES FLICK, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged at
+Baltimore, Md., Dec. 6, 1862, of wounds received at Antietam Sept. 17,
+1862.
+
+NATHAN F. LIGHTNER, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged at
+Newark, N. J., on surgeon's certificate Dec. 8, 1862.
+
+WM. C. MCCORMICK, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged March
+1, 1863; wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+HENRY L. SHICK, musician, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+AMOS APPLEMAN, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SYLVESTER W. ARNWINE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; wounded at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY ADAMS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died Sept. 22 of wounds
+received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+ARTHUR W. BEAVER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JACOB J. BOOKMILLER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; wounded at
+Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+FRANKLIN G. BLEE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JEREMIAH BLACK, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM H. CARROLL, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; wounded at
+Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+SAMUEL E. COOPER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; deserted Oct. 22,
+1862; left at Bolivar Heights, Va.; sick, failed to return to company.
+
+FRANKLIN DEVINE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM DAVIS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL V. DYE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged at
+Philadelphia on surgeon's certificate April 8, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM EARP, Jr., private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+JAMES S. EASTON, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HIRAM EGGERT, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH FEIDEL, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL FLICKINGER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN B. A. FOIN, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES FOSTER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+C. W. FITZSIMMONS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN L. FIELDS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE FRANCIS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged at
+Harrisburg on surgeon's certificate Nov. 15, 1862.
+
+THOMAS GOODALL, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL GULICKS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN GIBSON, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; killed at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+JOSEPH HALE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE E. HUNT, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ADAM HORNBERGER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+D. HENDRICKSON, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL HILLNER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; killed at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+HIRAM HUMMEL, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; killed at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+THOMAS JONES, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+THOMAS JAMES, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+W. J. W. KLASE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+DANIEL J. P. KLASE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; killed at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+CONRAD LECHTHALER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; left sick at
+Warrenton, Va., Nov. 14, 1862; reported discharged; no official notice
+received.
+
+SAMUEL LANGER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN LEICHOW, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged Oct. 28,
+1862, for wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+JACOB LONG, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; killed at Antietam, Md.,
+Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+WATKIN MORGAN, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+LEVI M. MILLER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JACOB W. MOYER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+LEONARD MAYER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CORNELIUS C. MOYER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN MORRIS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; wounded at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN MCCOY, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES MCKEE, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; deserted Aug. 16, 1862,
+from Harrisburg.
+
+WM. B. NEESE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; wounded at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES M. PHILLIPS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN P. REASER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SIMON REIDY, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ISAAC RANTZ, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+DAVID H. RANK, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Jan. 29, 1863.
+
+WM. A. RINGLER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged May 5,
+1863, for wounds received at Antietam, Md., September 17, 1862.
+
+JONATHAN RICE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; killed at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+WILLIAM STEWART, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+EDWARD D. SMITH, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM SUNDAY, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+AUGUST SCHRIEVER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN STINE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+EDWIN L. SMITH, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+OLIVER B. SWITZER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SHARP M. SNYDER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+AARON SECHLER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ARCHIBALD VANDLING, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged at
+Harrisburg on surgeon's certificate Nov. 28, 1862.
+
+ANGUS WRIGHT, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ANDREW WAUGH, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN WALLACE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; left sick in hospital
+at Harper's Ferry, Va.; reported discharged; no official notice
+received.
+
+SAMUEL WOTE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+MATTHEW R. WRIGHT, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; killed at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+JAMES D. WRAY, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; deserted Sept. 19,
+1862.
+
+
+COMPANY B.
+
+SMITH W. INGHAM, captain, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; resigned on
+surgeon's certificate at Georgetown, Sem. Hospital, Feb. 5, 1863.
+
+GEORGE H. EASTMAN, captain, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted from
+first lieutenant Feb. 8, 1863; wounded at Chancellorsville, Va., May 3,
+1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ANSON G. CARPENTER, first lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862;
+promoted from second lieutenant Feb. 8, 1863; mustered out with company
+May 24, 1863.
+
+DEWITT C. KITCHEN, second lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862;
+promoted to first sergeant Sept. 18, 1862; to second lieutenant Feb. 8,
+1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN D. SMITH, first sergeant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted to
+sergeant Nov. 1, 1862; to first sergeant Feb. 8, 1863; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE D. WARNER, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; killed at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; buried in National Cemetery, Sec. 26, Lot
+A, Grave 14.
+
+JONAS H. FARR, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted from
+corporal Sept. 18, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+FREEMAN H. DIXON, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; captured at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; promoted from corporal Feb. 8, 1863;
+mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JULIAN W. STELLWELL, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Sept. 12, 1862; to sergeant Feb. 8, 1863; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ABNER LEWIS, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted from private
+Nov. 1, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN H. TENEYCK, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; killed at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; buried in National Cemetery, Sec. 26, Lot
+A, Grave 15.
+
+JOHN B. OVERFIELD, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+JOHN W. REYNOLDS, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Sept. 12, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+CALVIN L. BRIGGS, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Feb. 8, 1863; wounded at Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863;
+mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+HANSOM H. CARRIER, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Feb. 8, 1863; wounded at Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863;
+mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ISAAC POLMATIEN, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Feb. 8, 1862; wounded at Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863;
+mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+DANIEL W. SMITH, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE N. COLVIN, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Feb. 8, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+PORTER CARPENTER, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Feb. 8, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES N. GARDNER, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Nov. 23, 1862.
+
+OTIS GILMORE, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; wounded at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; discharged at Ascension Hospital, Washington, D.
+C., on surgeon's certificate December 23, 1862.
+
+DECATUR HEWETT, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; deserted April 11,
+1863.
+
+ANDREW J. LEWIS, musician, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; prisoner of war
+from May 3 to May 22, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ROBERT L. REYNOLDS, musician, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; prisoner of war
+from May 3 to May 22, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ELIAS ATON, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+LOREN BALL, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; prisoner of war from May
+3 to May 22, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN R. BRIGGS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLARD E. BULLOCK, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; wounded at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH BILLINGS, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL BISHOP, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; killed at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+THOMAS J. CHASE, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; absent in hospital
+since Sept. 6, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+LEVI CONKLIN, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+THOMAS A. CASTLE, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE A. CARNEY, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; wounded at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+SETH A. COBB, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; wounded at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+OLIVER E. CLARK, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ADELBERT COLVIN, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged at
+Harwood Hospital, Washington, on surgeon's certificate Sept. 25, 1862.
+
+BENJAMIN V. COLE, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; killed at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+JEROME E. DETRICK, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES C. DEGRAW, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+EZRA DEAN, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged at Harwood
+Hospital, Washington, on surgeon's certificate Sept. 29, 1862.
+
+CHARLES EVANS, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; killed at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+JOHN F. EVANS, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; died at Acquia Creek,
+Va., Dec. 13, 1862; buried in Military Asylum Cemetery, Washington, D.
+C.
+
+SYLVESTER FARNHAM, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ELISHA FARNHAM, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; wounded with loss of
+arm at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; discharged on surgeon's
+certificate Jan. 1, 1863.
+
+DENNIS D. GARDNER, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ALONZO E. GREGORY, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; killed at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1863.
+
+PHILANDER GROW, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; died near Falmouth,
+Va., Dec. 17, 1862.
+
+LESLIE E. HAWLEY, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; left sick at
+Harper's Ferry Oct. 30, 1862, discharged but received no official
+notice.
+
+SAMUEL HOOPER, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+THOMAS M. HINES, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HARVEY B. HOWE, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged at Acquia
+Creek Hospital on surgeon's certificate Feb. 1, 1863.
+
+PETER B. HANYON, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged at
+Convalescent Camp Hospital on surgeon's certificate Feb. 15, 1863.
+
+GEORGE M. HARDING, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; discharged at hospital, Washington,
+on surgeon's certificate March 10, 1863.
+
+BENJAMIN H. HANYON, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; deserted Sept.
+17, 1862; left in Smoketown Hospital.
+
+STEPHEN T. INGHAM, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HORACE JACKSON, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JUDSON A. JAYNE, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+MARTIN V. KENNEDY, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SILAS G. LEWIS, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+FRANCIS M. LEWIS, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862, and at Chancellorsville, Va., May 3,
+1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+EZRA A. LAWBERT, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ALVAH LETTEEN, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged at Fort
+Wood Hospital, N. Y. Harbor, on surgeon's certificate March 4, 1863.
+
+ALBANUS LITTLE, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; wounded at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; absent at muster-out.
+
+URIAH MOTT, private, mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+EMMET J. MATHEWSON, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES W. MARTIN, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged at
+Hammond's Hospital, Point Pleasant, Md., on surgeon's certificate Jan.
+6, 1863.
+
+WILSON D. MINOR, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; wounded at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; discharged on surgeon's certificate Nov.
+1, 1862.
+
+THOMAS S. MOORE, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; died at Georgetown,
+D. C., Oct. 14, 1862.
+
+OLIVER C. NEWBERG, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged at
+Patent Office, 400 F, Washington, D. C., on surgeon's certificate Jan.
+11, 1863.
+
+HORACE O'NEAL, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY ORNT, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; killed at Antietam, Md.,
+Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+ELISHA PEDRICK, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; wounded at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+BYRON PREVOST, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; wounded at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES PLATTENBURG, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+RUFUS F. PARRISH, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; wounded at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; discharged on surgeon's certificate Feb.
+25, 1863.
+
+REUBEN PLATTENBURG, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; died at
+Washington, D. C., March 12, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM H. REYNOLDS, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; wounded at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; deserted Oct. 20, 1862; returned January
+13, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ALBERT G. REYNOLDS, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+OLIVER E. REYNOLDS, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+PERRY T. ROUGHT, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WASHINGTON L. ROUGHT, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged at
+Washington on surgeon's certificate Feb. 12, 1863.
+
+MILOT ROBERTS, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; died Sept. 20 of
+wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+ESICK SMITH, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JEREMIAH STANTON, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+DAVIS C. SMITH, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; left in hospital
+near Falmouth May 15, 1863; absent at muster-out.
+
+WILLIAM SHOEMAKER, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ASA SMERD, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; left sick at Belle Plains
+Landing Dec. 6, 1862; absent sick at muster-out.
+
+HARMAN STARK, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; wounded at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+WESLEY J. STARK, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; deserted Nov. 20,
+1862; returned March 12, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+BURTON SHOEMAKER, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged at New
+York on surgeon's certificate Jan. 6, 1863.
+
+JOHN H. SMITH, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; killed at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; buried in National Cemetery, Sec. 26, Lot A, Grave
+16.
+
+JOSEPH W. STANTON, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; left sick at
+Harper's Ferry Oct. 30, 1862; deserted from hospital.
+
+JACOB A. THOMAS, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+UTLEY TURNER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged at
+Philadelphia on surgeon's certificate Jan. 6, 1863.
+
+HENRY B. TURNER, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; killed at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+W. B. VANARSDALE, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ANDREW M. WANDLE, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; captured at
+Sniker's Gap, Va., Nov. 4, 1862, prisoner of war from Nov. 4 to Dec. 24,
+1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN WALL, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with company
+May 24, 1863.
+
+ELMORE H. WELLS[H], private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted to
+quartermaster-sergeant of regiment Aug. 26, 1862; returned to company
+Jan. 1, 1863; mustered out with company.
+
+HIRAM E. WORDEN, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+
+COMPANY C.
+
+HERMAN TOWNSEND, captain, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Jan. 10, 1863.
+
+CHARLES M. MCDOUGAL, captain, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; promoted from
+first lieutenant Jan. 10, 1863; wounded at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13,
+1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES A. ROGERS, first lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted
+from sergeant to first sergeant Sept. 18, 1862; to first lieutenant Jan.
+10, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ANSON C. CRANMER, second lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; killed
+at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+LEVI D. LANDON, second lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted
+from first sergeant Sept. 18, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+RUSSELL J. ROSS, first sergeant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted
+from corporal Jan. 11, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+DEWITT TEAVER, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+AMOS W. VANFLEET, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted from
+corporal Sept. 18, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ANDREW E. WATTS, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Sept. 18, 1862; to sergeant Jan. 11, 1863; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL W. WILCOX, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted from
+corporal Oct. 1, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN C. CRAVEN, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Feb. 5, 1863.
+
+ALONZO R. CASE, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted to
+commissary-sergeant Dec. 25, 1862. (See Field and Staff.)
+
+H. W. PARKHURST, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; absent, sick, at
+muster-out.
+
+JOHN A. BLOOM, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN MCCLURE, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted to corporal
+Jan. 11, 1863; wounded at Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; mustered
+out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+LUCIEN BOTHWELL, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Jan. 11, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ELIJAH R. HICKOK, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; promoted to
+corporal March 1, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+WALLACE BIDDLE, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Feb. 15, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL E. BLANCHARD, corporal, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Feb. 16, 1863.
+
+MELVILLE F. EPHLINE, musician, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM SPENCER, musician, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ALLEN M. AYRES, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; wounded at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; absent sick at muster-out.
+
+HARRISON B. BENSON, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE BENNETT, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+MANNING BAILEY, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+AMOS S. BOOTHE, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; absent sick at
+muster-out.
+
+JAMES A. BARNES, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JEREMIAH BAILEY, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Nov. 24, 1862.
+
+SAMUEL H. BARTLETT, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; died at
+Falmouth, Va., Feb. 4, 1863.
+
+OLIVER BLANCHARD, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; died Sept. 24 of
+wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; buried in National
+Cemetery, Sec. 26, Lot A, Grave 181.
+
+LEROY J. CEASE, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+THOMAS D. CROSS, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+NATHAN S. DENMARK, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+LEWIS DARLING, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SIMEON ELLIOTT, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SYLVESTER M. GREEN, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN GRAUTEER, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+OSCAR C. GRISWOLD, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+AMBROSE S. GRAY, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+MARTIN W. GRAY, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Dec. 22, 1862.
+
+HENRY H. HOAGLAND, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JASPER N. HOAGLAND, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ISAAC N. HARVEY, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE W. HARVEY, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN J. HOWLAND, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+TRUMAN HARRIS, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SOLON J. HICKOK, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+STEPHEN C. HICKOK, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES O. HAZLETON, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate April 20, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM HAMILTON, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Feb. 15, 1863.
+
+FRANCIS HARRIS, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; died at Le Roy, Pa.,
+Jan. 18, 1863.
+
+JOHN C. HURLBURT, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; killed at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+SETH HOWLAND, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; killed at
+Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863.
+
+ANDREW E. HOAGLAND, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; killed at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+WILLIAM W. HAXTON, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; deserted Sept.
+17, 1862.
+
+SILICK JUNE, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+FREDERICK KERRICK, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Feb. 4, 1863.
+
+ROSCOE S. LOOMIS, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+DAVID P. LINDLEY, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL LINDLEY, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; prisoner of war;
+date not given; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+IRA LINDLEY, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged April 29,
+1863; expiration of term.
+
+LEVI R. LESTER, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; died at Washington,
+D. C., Feb. 9, 1863; buried in Military Asylum Cemetery.
+
+LEWIS M. LEONARD, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; killed at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+GEORGE MALLORY, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Nov. 28, 1862.
+
+CHARLES L. MILES, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; died near
+Falmouth, Va., May 12, 1863.
+
+LYMAN R. NEWELL, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Feb. 15, 1863.
+
+STEPHEN A. RANDALL, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN H. NEWELL, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged Oct. 29,
+1862, on surgeon's certificate of disability.
+
+JOHN RANDALL, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES M. ROGERS, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JUDSON A. ROYSE, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+DEWITT C. ROBINSON, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JEREMIAH ROCKWELL, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate March 23, 1863.
+
+LYNDS A. SPENCER, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES SOPER, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN B. STREETS, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEO. C. SHOEMAKER, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN SCHNADER, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SOLOMON STONE, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; prisoner of war;
+mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+LEWIS SELLARD, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM SMITH, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Feb. 9, 1863.
+
+DANIEL W. SMITH, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Feb. 26, 1863.
+
+NATHAN J. SPENCER, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate April 2, 1863.
+
+JAMES M. SNADER, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Nov. 28, 1862.
+
+LUKE P. STREETER, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Oct. 12, 1862.
+
+JEREMIAH SMITH, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; died near Falmouth,
+Va., Jan. 8, 1863.
+
+CHARLES B. THOMAS, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; killed at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+GEORGE M. VAN DYKE, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+E. G. VAN DYKE, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; prisoner of war;
+mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+LANING N. VARGASON, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+SEVELLON A. WILCOX, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JEFFERSON A. WITHERALL, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out
+with company Aug. 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES WALTER, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHAUNCEY W. WHEELER, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+MERTON C. WRIGHT, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged Sept.
+11, 1862, on surgeon's certificate.
+
+JOSEPH N. WRIGHT, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; discharged Sept.
+11, 1862, on surgeon's certificate.
+
+ROSWELL A. WALKER, private, mustered in Aug. 11, 1862; died at Belle
+Plain, Va., Dec. 7, 1862.
+
+
+COMPANY D.
+
+CHARLES H. CHASE, captain, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; resigned Dec. 6,
+1862.
+
+W. H. CARNOCHAN, captain, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted from
+second lieutenant Nov. 29, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES E. GLADDING, first lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862;
+mustered out with company Nov. 24, 1863.
+
+J. W. BROWN, second lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged
+Aug. 20, 1862, to date Aug. 14, 1862.
+
+F. MARION WELLS, second lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; promoted
+from first sergeant Dec. 6, 1862; wounded with loss of leg at
+Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; absent in hospital at muster-out;
+died a few days later.
+
+WILLIAM C. COBB, first sergeant, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; promoted to
+first sergeant Feb. 6, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ALVAH L. COOPER, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; promoted from
+corporal Feb. 6, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+LERT BALLARD, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ALBERT LONG, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; promoted from corporal
+Jan. 29, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ALBERT S. COBB, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; promoted from
+corporal Feb. 6, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+DANIEL GRACE, corporal, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; promoted to corporal
+April 16, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ALONZO ROSS, corporal, mustered in Aug. 12, 1863; promoted to corporal
+April 16, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ALBERT PRESTON, corporal, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; promoted to corporal Feb. 4, 1863;
+mustered out with company.
+
+JAMES F. CARMAN, corporal, mustered in Aug. 12, 1863; promoted to
+corporal Jan. 7, 1863; mustered out with company.
+
+ALBERT O. SCOTT, corporal, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; promoted to corporal Feb. 6, 1863;
+mustered out with company.
+
+FURMAN BULLOCK, corporal, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Feb. 6, 1863; mustered out with company.
+
+SAMUEL HARKNESS, corporal, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN C. MCMAHON, corporal, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Oct. 14, 1862.
+
+ELIHU B. CHASE, corporal, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Oct. 14, 1862.
+
+L. N. BURNHAM, corporal, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; died Nov. 14, 1862,
+of wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; buried at Chester,
+Pa.
+
+HUBBARD H. WILLIAMS, corporal, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; deserted at
+Washington, D. C., Nov. 10, 1862; returned May 1, 1865; discharged by
+General Order June 12, 1865.
+
+NATHANIEL MATTOCK, musician, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+DANIEL H. MOORE, musician, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Jan. 6, 1863.
+
+STEPHEN T. HALL, wagoner, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Aug. 15, 1862; reduced to ranks Feb. 6, 1863; mustered out with
+company.
+
+JOHN B. ALEXANDER, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JULIAN L. ANDRUS, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+NATHAN E. BAILEY, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES BOYCE, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+DARIUS BULLOCK, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH BOUGHTON, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company.
+
+WARREN S. BIXLEY, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ELLIS H. BEST, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE BENNETT, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+AARON W. BAILEY, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Jan. 20, 1863.
+
+OLIVER E. BLAKESLEE, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; died at
+Washington, D. C., Jan. 23, 1863; pneumonia.
+
+ORRIN G. BLAKESLEE, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; died at Harper's
+Ferry, Va., Nov. 19, 1862.
+
+WARREN S. BAILEY, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; deserted Oct. 3,
+1862, at Harper's Ferry.
+
+RICHARD W. CANEDY, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM M. CLARK, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+DANIEL CARMAN, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES O. DARK, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHRISTOPHER DENMARK, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+REUBEN DUDLEY, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate March 1, 1863.
+
+PETER FULLER, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; wounded at
+Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; in hospital at muster-out.
+
+GEORGE FIELDS, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; wounded at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+LEANDER L. GREGORY, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE C. GEROULD, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; died Oct. 14 of
+wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+RICHARD M. HOWLAND, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE W. HOWLAND, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JEROME S. HILL, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE W. HARDY, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+MARTIN HARKNESS, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Dec. 16, 1862.
+
+BENJAMIN F. JONES, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+LEWIS W. JONES, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+RICHARD M. JOHNSON, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; deserted Sept.
+14, 1862.
+
+ALVAH M. KENT, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+THOMAS LEE, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+LEWIS LAURENT, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+FESTUS LYON, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM A. MORES, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH F. MORLEY, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GOPHAR MORGAN, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Nov. 20, 1862.
+
+ABNER MILLER, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Dec. 31, 1862.
+
+JOHN MCGREGOR, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; wounded at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE W. MCALISTER, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES N. MCALISTER, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; deserted Sept.
+14, 1862; returned March 31, 1863; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+MICHAEL E. MCINTOSH, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; prisoner of war
+from Nov. 14 to Dec. 14, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ORRIN P. MCALLISTER, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Dec. 18, 1862.
+
+SAMUEL R. MCMAHON, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; killed at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+ISAAC P. MCINTYRE, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; died near
+Falmouth, Va., Dec. 22, of wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec.
+13, 1862.
+
+WILLIAM F. NEWELL, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY A. NEWELL, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHESTER NORTHROP, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM PEET, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; absent in hospital at
+muster-out.
+
+JAMES PATTERSON, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+RICHARD W. PHILLIPS, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+HOMER T. RHODES, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY J. RUSSELL, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+S. CHENEY ROBY, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+NEHEMIAH ROBINSON, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; deserted at
+Frederick City, Md., Sept. 14, 1862.
+
+CHARLES N. SMITH, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+BYRON B. SLADE, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+NORMAN C. SHEPHERD, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+EDWARD C. STRONG, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Feb. 7, 1863.
+
+BARLOW SMITH, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; died at Harper's
+Ferry, Va., Nov. 12, 1862.
+
+CONRAD SCHANTZ, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; deserted at
+Harrisburg Aug. 15, 1862.
+
+J. O. VAN BUSKERK, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Feb. 6, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH S. WILCOX, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+BARNUM WILCOX, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+NORMAN WILCOX, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; wounded at
+Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+NATHAN WILCOX, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862, and at Chancellorsville, Va., May 3,
+1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+IRA V. WILLIAMS, private, mustered in Aug. 12, 1862; wounded at
+Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+CHARLES W. WHIPPLE, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+CHARLES WILLIAMS, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Oct. 14, 1862.
+
+EZRA H. WELCH, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; died at Belle Plain,
+Va., Dec. 4, 1862.
+
+W. H. WOODWORTH, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; died at Falmouth,
+Va., Jan. 9, 1863.
+
+MARTIN WEST, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; deserted October, 1862.
+
+
+COMPANY E.
+
+MICHAEL WHITMOYER, captain, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ANDREW C. MENSCH, first lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered
+out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+D. RAMSEY MELICK, second lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered
+out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM A. BARTON, first sergeant, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered
+out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM H. GILMORE, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM J. RENN, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES P. SLOAN, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; promoted from
+corporal Jan. 10, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ISAAC N. KLINE, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; promoted from
+corporal Jan. 10, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+BENJAMIN F. JOHNSTON, corporal, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+CLARK KRESSLER, corporal, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY M. JOHNSTON, corporal, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+EPHRAIM N. KLINE, corporal, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+EDWARD C. GREEN, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Nov. 10, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN N. HUGHES, corporal, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Jan. 10, 1863.; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES B. FORTNER, corporal, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Jan. 10, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL WOOD, corporal, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; promoted to corporal
+Feb. 25, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM C. ROBINSON, corporal, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; discharged at
+Harper's Ferry on surgeon's certificate Oct. 26, 1862.
+
+JAMES P. MELICK, corporal, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; died at
+Washington, D. C., Dec. 28, of wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va.,
+Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+CLINTON W. NEAL, corporal, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; promoted to
+quartermaster Aug. 22, 1862. (See Field and Staff.)
+
+JOHN STALEY, musician, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+AZIMA V. HOWER, musician, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Jan. 29, 1863.
+
+TILLMAN FAUX, wagoner, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 23, 1863.
+
+LAFAYE APPLEGATE, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+LEONARD BEAGLE, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HIRAM H. BRODT, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JACOB W. BOMBOY, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES S. BOMBOY; private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+EDWARD W. COLEMAN, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES W. COOK, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES CADMAN, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+PETER O. CRIST, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY CROOP, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; discharged on surgeon's
+certificate Oct. 8, 1862.
+
+THOMAS CAROTHERS, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Feb. 15, 1863.
+
+ABEL DEILY, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN MOORE EVES, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN F. ECK, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+MOSES J. FRENCH, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CLOD'Y S. M. FISHER, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; wounded at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES A. FOLK, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ROBERT GILLASPY, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN P. GUILDS, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CLINTON C. HUGHES, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY C. HARTMAN, Sr., private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+C. H. HENDERSHOT, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM H. HUNTER, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY C. HARTMAN, JR., private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL HARDER, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; prisoner from Dec.
+13, 1862, to May 22, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ADAM HEIST, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE W. HOWELL, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL HARP, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; discharged on surgeon's
+certificate Feb. 13, 1863.
+
+ISAIAH S. HARTMAN, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; died Oct. 16 of
+wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+JESSE M. HOWELL, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died near Falmouth,
+Va., Jan. 8, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH S. HAYMAN, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; deserted Aug. 30,
+1862.
+
+SAMUEL R. JOHNSON, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HIRAM F. KLINE, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+THOMAS O. KLINE, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL C. KRICKBAUM, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+AMOS Y. KISNER, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE M. KLINE, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+AUGUSTUS M. KURTZ, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+FRANCIS M. LUTZ, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ISAAC M. LYONS, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH W. LYONS, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; absent sick in
+hospital since Oct. 30, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH LAWTON, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN LAWTON, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM LAZARUS, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; killed at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+DANIEL MARKLEY, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+LEMUEL MOOD, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES MUFFLEY, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CLARK PRICE, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+LEVI H. PRIEST, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+OLIVER PALMER, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH PENROSE, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; missed in action at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+DAVID RUCKLE, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSIAH REEDY, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+JOHN ROADARMEL, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ISAAC ROADARMEL, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JEREMIAH REESE, private, mustered in Sept. 3, 1862; captured at
+Chancellorsville, Va.; prisoner from May 3 to May 22, 1863; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JONATHAN W. SNYDER, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES W. SNYDER, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863..
+
+JOSIAH STILES, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; absent, sick in
+hospital since Sept. 16, 1862.
+
+FREDERICK M. STALEY, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE W. STERNER, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY H. SANDS, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM C. SHAW, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; absent, sick, at
+muster-out.
+
+JAMES F. TRUMP, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL M. VANHORNE, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; died at
+Washington, D. C., Feb. 16, 1863; buried in Harmony Burial Grounds, D.
+C.
+
+PHILIP WATTS, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+AMASA WHITENITE, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; wounded at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+GOTTLIEB WAGONER, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GAYLORD WHITMOYER, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Feb. 17, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL YOUNG, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+FRANKLIN J. R. ZELLARS, private, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+
+COMPANY F.
+
+GEORGE W. WILHELM, captain, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged Dec.
+5, 1862.
+
+JACOB D. LACIAR, captain, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; promoted from second lieutenant Jan. 5,
+1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+THOMAS MUSSELMAN, first lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded
+at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+JOHN KERNS, second lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted from
+corporal to sergeant Sept. 22, 1862; to second lieutenant Jan. 5, 1863;
+mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+OLIVER BRENEISER, first sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, and at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862;
+promoted to corporal Sept. 22, 1862, to first sergeant Jan. 5, 1863;
+mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JACOB MILLER, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN HOFF, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted from corporal
+Nov. 22, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES MACK, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted from
+corporal March 1, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN SHERRY, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+OLIVER F. MUSSELMAN, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; killed at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+F. C. WINTEMUTE, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Aug. 18, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+DAVID M. JONES, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ALBERT E. SHEETS, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM MINER, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM R. REX, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Nov. 22, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+LEWIS TRAINER, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted to corporal
+Nov. 22, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN SCHULTZ, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; promoted to corporal Jan. 2, 1863; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH SCHADEL, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; died at Belle
+Plain, Va., Nov. 28, 1862.
+
+GEORGE W. DURYEA, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; deserted Aug. 16,
+1862, from Camp Curtin.
+
+EDWIN SEYFRIED, musician, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Feb. 25, 1863.
+
+BAR'T ARMBRUSTER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+DAVID ARNER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM ALLEN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; captured at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+AUGUST BELSNER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+THOMAS BAKER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+DANIEL BARTLEY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; deserted Sept. 12,
+1862, near Rockville, Md.
+
+STEPHEN CUNFER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+THOMAS CHRISTINE, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH L. CLEWELL, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; died at Harper's
+Ferry, Va., Oct. 1 of wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+CHAS. S. DREISBACH, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH B. DREISBACH, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH DRUMBORE, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged Jan. 13,
+1863, for wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+PETER EVERTS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM EVERTS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+JONATHAN ECK, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL EVERTS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Feb. 13, 1863.
+
+OWEN C. FULLWEILER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; absent, sick, at
+muster-out.
+
+AMON FRITZ, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+LEWIS FREDERICK, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM FRANTZ, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; absent, sick, at muster-out.
+
+AARON H. GUMBARD, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY GROW, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE H. GEARHARD, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged March
+10, 1863, for wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+SAMUEL GROW, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; died Dec. 21 of wounds
+received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; buried at Alexandria;
+Grave 630.
+
+JOSEPH HONTZ, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+OLIVER HOFF, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+FREDERICK HOSLER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN W. HOTTENSTEIN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE HOUSER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SEBASTIAN HON, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN HILLS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; deserted Aug. 16, 1862,
+from Camp Curtin.
+
+ALEX. JOHNSON, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL KEENE, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+EDWIN KEMMERER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN KISTLER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded, with loss of
+arm, at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; discharged, date unknown.
+
+DANIEL KRESSLEY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Jan. 15, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL D. LYNN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+LEVI M. LEVY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Feb. 25, 1863.
+
+JOHN LENTS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; died Jan. 2, 1863, of
+wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+FRANCIS H. MOSER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+MONROE MARTIN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ALEXANDER MILLS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Sept. 29, 1862.
+
+CHARLES F. MOYER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; died Sept. 22 of
+wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+SAMUEL MCCANCE, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+DANIEL MCGEE, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JACOB NOTESTEIN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+VALENTINE NEUMOYER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+MOSES NEYER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES E. NACE, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; died Jan. 2, 1863, of
+wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+ENOS OLWERSTEFLER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+CHAS. A. PATTERSON, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JACOB RODFINK, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+LEOPOLD RICE, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JACOB RIDLER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+AARON REX, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at Antietam Sept.
+17, 1862; died at Smoketown, Md., Nov. 11, 1862.
+
+CHAS. W. RAMALEY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; died at Windmill
+Point, Va., Jan. 27, 1863.
+
+PAUL SOLT, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with company
+May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM S. SIEGFRIED, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSIAH SANDEL, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL STEIGERWALT, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+LEWIS STEIGERWALT, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+CHARLES SINKER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JACOB STROUSE, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+OTTO STERNER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; died March 25, 1863,
+of wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+FRANCIS SOLT, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; died Sept. 14, 1862,
+at Frederick City, Md.
+
+HENRY WERNSTEIN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+
+COMPANY G.
+
+ROBERT A. ABBOTT, captain, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged Jan.
+13, 1863, for wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+ISAAC HOWARD, captain, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted from private
+to first sergeant Jan. 1, 1863, to captain Jan. 14, 1863; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN C. DOLAN, first lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; discharged on surgeon's certificate Jan.
+30, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM H. FULTON, first lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted
+from sergeant March 17, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+EDMUND H. SALKELD, second lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862;
+discharged March 17, 1863, for wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va.,
+Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+JOHN WEISS, second lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted from
+sergeant March 17, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES SIMONS, first sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted from
+corporal Feb. 12, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+THEOP. WILLIAMS, first sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted
+from private to sergeant, to first sergeant Nov. 13, 1862; killed at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+JOHN I. C. WILLIAMS, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSHUA BUTLER, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted from
+corporal Jan. 14, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM RADCLIFF, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Feb. 16, 1863; to sergeant March 17, 1863; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES WEISS, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted to
+corporal, to sergeant Feb. 15, 1863; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+JOHN GRAVER, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Sept. 9, 1862.
+
+GEORGE RASE, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; deserted Sept. 5,
+1862, at Camp Whipple.
+
+JOHN OSBORN, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded, with loss of
+leg, at Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; discharged, date not given.
+
+DAVID GABRET, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM J. SPRINGER, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN LESLIE, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HUGH COLLAN, corporal, mustered in Aug. 13, 1862; promoted to corporal
+Feb. 26, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+PETER LEASER, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted to corporal
+Feb. 26, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM H. NOBLE, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Feb. 4, 1863.
+
+ELIJAH YOUTZ, musician, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Dec. 22, 1862.
+
+CHARLES ABNER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH BACKERT, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE BUCK, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; deserted August 16,
+1862, at Camp Curtin.
+
+JOSEPH CONLEY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+PETER CASSADY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM CALLAHAN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM DAVIS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+BERNARD DEMPSEY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES DERBYSHIRE, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+MICHAEL DOUGHERTY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+W. M. DARLINGTON, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; died at
+Washington, D. C., of wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13,
+1862.
+
+PATRICK ELLIOTT, private, mustered in Aug 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN EARLEY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on surgeon's
+certificate Jan. 31, 1863.
+
+JOHN EPHLIN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; killed at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+PATRICK FLEMING, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CONRAD FRY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged Dec. 9 for
+wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+ANDREW FLOYD, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; died near Falmouth,
+Va., March 2, 1863.
+
+CHARLES HOLMES, private; mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM HAY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+MORGAN JENKINS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHRISTIAN KLINGLE, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+MATTHEW KELLEY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM F. KLOTZ, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN F. KLOTZ, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; captured Dec. 12,
+1862; absent, at camp parole, Annapolis, Md., at muster-out.
+
+BERNARD KELLY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLOUGHBY KOONS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; absent at muster-out.
+
+JOHN KNAUSS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on surgeon's
+certificate Feb. 16, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM F. KRUM, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; died at Smoketown,
+Md., of wounds received at Antietam Sept. 17, 1862; buried in National
+Cemetery, Sec. 26, Lot B, Grave 180.
+
+HENRY LANGE, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM LEED, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JONAS LOCKE, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on surgeon's
+certificate Dec. 24, 1862.
+
+HENRY MANSFIELD, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JONATHAN L. MILLER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+MANNES MAYER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; died at Smoketown,
+Md., of wounds received at Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+EDWARD P. MEELICK, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; killed at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+LUKE MASTERSON, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; deserted Aug. 16,
+1862, at Camp Curtin.
+
+JOHN MCGOVERN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged April 10,
+1863, for wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+MICHAEL MCCULLOUGH, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; killed at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+JAMES PATTERSON, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ALFRED POH, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+MICHAEL REILY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HUGH REILY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HUGO RONEMUS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JONATHAN C. RUCH, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; died at Smoketown,
+Md., of wounds received at Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+THOMAS RIGBY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; deserted Sept. 11,
+1862, at Boonsborough, Md.
+
+PAUL SOWERWINE, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+DAVID SHAFFER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JACOB SHINGLER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+BERNHARD SMITH, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+THOMAS SMITHAM, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ROBERT SYNARD, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN STACY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM SCHOONOVER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+H. B. SCHOONOVER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN F. SALMON, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted to
+commissary-sergeant Aug. 15, 1862.
+
+THOMAS SPROLL, wagoner, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; absent at muster-out.
+
+JOHN TONER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; deserted Aug. 16, 1862,
+Camp Curtin.
+
+JOHN WEISLY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WEAVER TILGHMAN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY WINTERSTEEN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged Feb.
+28, 1863, for wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+MICHAEL WELSH, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate March 20, 1863.
+
+RUFUS WALTERS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; deserted Aug. 16,
+1862, Camp Curtin.
+
+EDWARD YEMMONS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+
+COMPANY H.
+
+GEORGE W. JOHN, captain, mustered in Aug. 16, 1862; resigned Dec. 9,
+1862.
+
+MARTIN M. BROBST, captain, mustered in Aug. 16, 1862; promoted from
+first lieutenant Dec. 9, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ISAIAH W. WILLITS, first lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted
+from first sergeant Dec. 9, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+HENRY H. HOAGLAND, second lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 16, 1862; died
+Dec. 14 of wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+P. R. MARGERUM, second lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted
+from corporal Dec. 16, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+A. H. SHARPLESS, first sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted
+from corporal Dec. 16, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL F. SAVORY, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE REEDY, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted to corporal
+Jan. 22, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+HIRAM W. BROWN, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Jan. 22, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM MCNEAL, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+THEODORE KREIGH, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ROLANDUS HERBINE, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL J. FREDERICK, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+FRANCIS M. THOMAS, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+JOHN P. HOAGLAND, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Nov. 21, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+EPHRAIM L. KRAMER, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Jan. 20, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+D. HOLLINGSHEAD, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Jan. 20, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+THEOBALD FIELDS, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Jan. 20, 1863; wounded at Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863;
+mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE HARBER, musician, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+BURTON W. FORTNER, musician, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+MORGAN G. DRUM, wagoner, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+H. H. BRUMBACH, PRIVATE, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN R. BROBST, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM H. BERGER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; wounded at
+Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+WILLIAM BEAVER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH BRUMBACH, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN BELL, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with company
+May 24, 1863.
+
+JULIUS A. BARRETT, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Jan. 31, 1863.
+
+JOHN BATES, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged on surgeon's
+certificate February, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM J. BRUMBACH, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged Feb.
+2, 1863.
+
+CHRISTIAN CLEWELL, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+PHINEAS COOL, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate January, 1863.
+
+HIRAM COOL, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged January,
+1863, for wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+JOHN DILLON, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM H. DYER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died at Belle
+Plain, Va., December, 1862.
+
+JOHN DERR, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; killed at Fredericksburg,
+Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+ALBERT ERWINE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died at Belle Plain,
+Va., Dec. 15, 1862; buried in Military Asylum Cemetery, D. C.
+
+WILLIAM FETTERMAN, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+DANIEL FETTERMAN, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHRISTOPHER M. FEDDER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY B. FORTNER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL A. FIELDS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+LLOYD W. B. FISHER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JACOB G. FISHER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN D. FINCHER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate, date unknown.
+
+SCOTT HITE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN HAMPTON, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; absent, sick, at
+muster-out.
+
+ARTHUR HARDER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+THOMAS E. HARDER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ETHAN HAMPTON, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+W. H. H. HARTMAN, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate April 12, 1863.
+
+CLARK HARDER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Jan. 21, 1863.
+
+GEORGE H. HANKINS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died Oct. 4; bu.
+rec., Oct. 10; of wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862;
+buried in National Cemetery, Sec. 26, Lot B, Grave 221.
+
+HENRY T. JOHN, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM E. JOHN, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JEREMIAH S. KREIGH, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+EDWARD KRAMER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+RALPH M. LASHELL, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+EMANUEL L. LEWIS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN LUDWIG, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES P. MARGERUM, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM MARKS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH MARTZ, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ADAM R. MENSCH, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+COMODORE P. MEARS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES MALONEY, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ISAIAH W. MASTELLAR, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+PATRICK MCGRAW, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died at Warrenton,
+Va., Nov. 6, 1862.
+
+JOHN F. OHL, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+IRVIN C. PAYNE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM J. D. PARKS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died Dec. 28 of
+wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; buried in
+Military Asylum Cemetery, D. C.
+
+DAVID PHILLIPS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; killed at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+TOBIAS RINARD, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+FREDERICK REESE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+LLOYD T. RIDER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ELIAS C. RISHEL, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+HENRY J. ROBBINS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JEREMIAH RHODES, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; absent, sick, at
+muster-out.
+
+WESLEY RIDER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died at Belle Plain,
+Va., December, 1862.
+
+JAMES M. RICHARDS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; killed at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+JOSIAH G. ROUP, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died of wounds
+received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+BENJAMIN B. SCHMICK, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES S. SCHMICK, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JEREMIAH H. SNYDER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; absent, sick, at
+muster-out.
+
+CLARK B. STEWART, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN H. STOKES, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JESSE SHOEMAKER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN M. SANKS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged by special
+order Oct. 14, 1862.
+
+GEORGE F. STERNE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; killed at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+CHRISTIAN SMALL, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; killed at
+Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863.
+
+LEWIS THIELE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL M. THOMAS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died at Falmouth,
+Va., Jan. 8, 1863.
+
+JOHN TROUP, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died Oct. 4 of wounds
+received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+DENNIS WATERS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ROBERT M. WATKINS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+MONROE C. WARN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+DANIEL L. YEAGER, private, mustered in Aug. 17, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+
+COMPANY I.
+
+JAMES ARCHBALD, captain, mustered in Aug. 18, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Jan. 7, 1863.
+
+PHILIP S. HALL, captain, mustered in Aug. 18, 1862; promoted from second
+lieutenant Jan. 14, 1863; wounded at Chancellorsville May 4, 1863;
+absent in hospital at muster-out.
+
+ROBERT R. MEILLER, first lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 18, 1862;
+discharged Jan. 7, 1863, for disability.
+
+BENJAMIN GARDNER, first lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted
+from sergeant Jan. 14, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+MICHAEL HOUSER, second lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted
+from private Jan. 14, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE A. WOLCOTT, first sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted
+from corporal Jan. 14, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE W. CONKLIN, first sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged
+on surgeon's certificate Jan. 18, 1863.
+
+JOHN M. MILLER, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN JONES, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ISAAC CORNELL, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted from
+corporal Jan. 14, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ABRAM BITTENBENDER, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted from
+corporal Jan. 14, 1863; prisoner from May 6 to May 22, 1863; mustered
+out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ORLANDO TAYLOR, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Dec. 4, 1862.
+
+ALFRED J. BARNES, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH SHARPE, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; taken prisoner at
+Hillsboro, Va., Nov. 8, 1862, exchanged Jan. 1, 1863; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+OWEN J. BRADFORD, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM H. HAGAR, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Jan. 4, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+REED G. LEWIS, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted to corporal
+April 15, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES A. SARGENT, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Jan. 14, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+ROBERT GRAY, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Oct. 6, 1862.
+
+DANIEL S. GARDNER, corporal, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; killed at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+ORRIN C. HUBBARD, musician, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+THEODORE KEIFER, musician, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH S. QUINLAIN, wagoner, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+THOMAS ALLEN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+MOSES H. AMES, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; killed at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+GEORGE L. BRADFORD, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM BRACY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN BURNISH, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+NATHANIEL D. BARNES, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES BARROWMAN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+THOMAS BARROWMAN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+BROOKS A. BASS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted to
+quartermaster-sergeant Jan. 1, 1863. (See Field and Staff.)
+
+MILTON BROWN, private, mustered in Aug. 16, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+LEWIS A. BINGHAM, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; deserted Jan. 1,
+1863; returned March 27, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN BERRY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged at Fort Wood
+Hospital, N. Y. Harbor, on surgeon's certificate March 13, 1863.
+
+ABIJAH BERSH, Jr., private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; deserted Sept.
+19, 1862.
+
+BURTON J. CAPWELL, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+THOMAS CARHART, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate, date unknown.
+
+GEORGE H. CATOR, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; died Oct. 30 of
+wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; buried in National
+Cemetery, Sec. 26, Lot C, Grave 228.
+
+HORACE A. DEANS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; promoted to
+hospital steward Oct. 1, 1862; returned to company April 6, 1863;
+mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+FREDERICK M. ELLTING, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+H. L. ELMANDORF, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; deserted at
+Warrenton, Va., Nov. 15, 1862.
+
+EDWARD FERRIS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+JOHN FERN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with company
+May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE E. FULLER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY M. FULLER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+BENTON V. FINN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Jan. 19, 1863.
+
+JOHN FINCH, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on surgeon's
+certificate March 28, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM GUNSAULER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN GAHN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+ELISHA R. HARRIS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL HUBBARD, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+J. HIPPENHAMMER, private, mustered in Aug. 16, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES HAMM, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+RICHARD HALL, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM H. HARRISON, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY P. HALSTEAD, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Jan. 5, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM HAZLETT, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Jan. 2, 1863.
+
+JOHN L. HUNT, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; deserted at Acquia
+Creek, Va., Feb. 15, 1863.
+
+RODERICK JONES, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; absent, in hospital, at muster out.
+
+JOHN J. KILMER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+H. L. KRIGBAUM, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+MICHAEL KELLY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE C. LANNING, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+THOMAS Z. LAKE, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+LYMAN MILROY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; prisoner from May 6 to
+May 22, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE MEUCHLER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES J. MAYCOCK, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+STEPHEN MOOMEY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES H. MILLER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ROBERT O. MOSCRIP, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES S. MORSE, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Oct. 29, 1862.
+
+JOSEPH NIVER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+AARON ORREN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN OWEN, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on surgeon's
+certificate Feb. 11, 1863.
+
+JOHN E. POWELL, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; captured at
+Chancellorsville, Va.; prisoner from May 6 to May 22, 1863; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES PONTUS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES A. PARKER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; deserted at
+Harper's Ferry, Va., Oct. 29, 1862.
+
+FREEMAN J. ROPER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ELEZER RAYMOND, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+NELSON RAYMOND, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; absent, in hospital, at muster-out.
+
+JAMES S. RANDOLPH, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Jan. 21, 1863.
+
+GEORGE W. RIDGEWAY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate, date unknown.
+
+DANIEL REED, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; killed at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+WILLIAM H. SMITH, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM H. SEELEY, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+LATON SLOCUM, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+MICHAEL SISK, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN SOMMERS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+RICHARD A. SMITH, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; died Oct. 15 of
+wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+ORVICE SHARP, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; died Nov. 16, 1862.
+
+REILY S. TANNER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES L. TUTHILL, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; prisoner from May
+6 to May 22, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY VUSLER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; deserted Sept. 18,
+1862.
+
+DAVID J. WOODRUFF, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL WIGGINS, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+DANIEL WINNICH, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+BURR C. WARNER, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN B. WEST, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; killed at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+HARRISON YOUNG, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+
+COMPANY K.
+
+RICHARD STILLWELL, captain, mustered in Aug. 18, 1862; discharged March
+31, 1863, for wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+JACOB B. FLOYD, captain, mustered in Aug. 18, 1862; promoted from first
+lieutenant March 31, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+NOAH H. JAY, first lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted from
+second lieutenant March 31, 1863; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+SYLVESTER WARD, second lieutenant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted
+from sergeant to first sergeant Dec. 25, 1862; to second lieutenant
+March 31, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+FRANCIS ORCHARD, first sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted
+from sergeant March 31, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE M. SNYDER, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted from
+corporal Sept. 24, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN BOTTSFORD, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted from
+corporal Sept. 24, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM C. KEISER, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted from
+corporal March 31, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+MARTIN L. HOWER, sergeant, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died Oct. 17 of
+wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+PHILETUS P. COPELAND, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; wounded at
+Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+GEORGE COURSEN, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE A. KENT, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; wounded at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE W. JOHNSON, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Sept. 24, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN S. SHORT, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted to corporal
+Sept. 24, 1862; wounded at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; absent in
+hospital at muster-out.
+
+GEORGE H. TAYLOR, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted to
+corporal Sept. 24, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+EMIL HAUGG, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted to corporal
+March 31, 1863; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+AUSTIN F. CLAPP, corporal, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted to
+sergeant-major Nov. 1, 1862. (See Field and Staff.)
+
+LORENZO D. KEMMERER, musician, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM SILSBEE, musician, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN M. KAPP, wagoner, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+AUGUSTUS ASHTON, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; taken prisoner at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+DAVID BROOKS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES H. BOON, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+LEWIS H. BOLTON, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ADOLF BENDON, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Dec. 6, 1862.
+
+CHARLES A. BULMER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Oct. 14, 1862.
+
+WILLIAM H. CARLING, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted to
+adjutant's clerk January 25, 1863; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+WILLIAM W. COOLBAUGH, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; wounded at
+Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+HARRISON COOK, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JACOB M. CORWIN, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN COOLBAUGH, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM H. COON, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Nov. 29, 1862.
+
+MOSES Y. CORWIN, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted to
+hospital steward April 6, 1863. (See Field and Staff.)
+
+BENJAMIN A. C. DAILY, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+FRANCIS J. DEEMER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted to
+sergeant-major Jan. 24, 1863. (See Field and Staff.)
+
+RICHARD DAVIS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died Jan. 2, 1863, of
+wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; buried in
+Military Asylum Cemetery, Washington, D. C.
+
+THOMAS D. DAVIS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died near
+Washington, D. C, Nov. 25, 1862; buried in Military Asylum Cemetery,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+JACOB ESCHENBACH, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; killed at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+CHARLES FREDERICK, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE GABRIEL, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; wounded at
+Chancellorsville, Va., May 3, 1863; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+JOHN C. HIGGINS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+PETER HARRABAUM, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES H. HAVENSTRITE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE HINDLE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+EDWARD F. HENRY, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged from
+Emory Hospital, Washington, D. C, on surgeon's certificate Jan. 8, 1863.
+
+WILSON HESS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged on surgeon's
+certificate Feb. 21, 1863.
+
+JOHN P. HEATH, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; deserted on march
+from Antietam to Harper's Ferry, Sept. 21, 1862.
+
+MICHAEL KIVILIN, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ROBERT KENNEDY, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JESSE P. KORTZ, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died near Falmouth,
+Va., Dec. 25, 1862.
+
+GEORGE W. LINN, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ANDREW LANDSICKLE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN LINDSEY, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE MATZENBACHER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out
+with company May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL W. MEAD, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM L. MARCY, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE B. MACK, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES A. MEYLERT, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; promoted to
+second lieutenant Co. A, Feb. 24, 1863.
+
+JEPTHA MILLIGAN, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; killed at Antietam,
+Md., Sept. 17, 1862; buried in National Cemetery, Sec. 26, Lot A, Grave
+13.
+
+RICHARD NAPE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+DANIEL J. NEWMAN, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN R. POWELL, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH PELLMAN, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+DOWNING PARRY, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN RYAN, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with company
+May 24, 1863.
+
+SAMUEL RUPLE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SIMON P. RINGSDORF, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Feb. 6, 1863.
+
+GEORGE SMITHING, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY M. SEAGER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+DANIEL W. SCULL, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOSEPH SNYDER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+SIMON P. SNYDER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM D. SNYDER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+CHARLES B. SCOTT, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+PETER SEIGLE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN SCOTT, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WALTER A. SIDNER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+MARTIN L. SMITH, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JAMES STEVENS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+JOHN STITCHER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged Nov. 28,
+1862, on account of wounds received at Antietam Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+ALLEN SPARKS, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died Sept. 18 of
+wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+OBADIAH SHERWOOD, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died Nov. 20 at
+Smoketown, Md., of wounds received at Antietam Sept. 17, 1862.
+
+SAMUEL S. SNYDER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died at
+Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 9, 1863.
+
+JAMES SCULL, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died near Falmouth,
+Va., Feb. 11, 1863.
+
+SOLON SEARLE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died at Acquia Creek,
+Va., Jan. 26, 1863.
+
+ALONZO L. SLAWSON, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged, date
+unknown.
+
+LEANDER J. SMITH, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; deserted from Camp
+Whipple Sept. 1, 1862.
+
+DAVID VIPON, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+GEORGE C. WILSON, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; wounded at
+Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862; mustered out with company May 24, 1863.
+
+MARTIN WILMORE, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+ORESTES B. WRIGHT, private, mustered in Aug. 15, 1862; wounded at
+Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862; mustered out with company May 24,
+1863.
+
+JOHN WESTPHALL, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+HENRY C. WHITING, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; discharged on
+surgeon's certificate Nov. 27, 1862.
+
+JOHN W. WRIGHT, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died at Harper's
+Ferry, Va., Oct. 23, 1862.
+
+ALBERT WHEELER, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; deserted from Walnut
+Street Hospital, Harrisburg, Dec. 19, 1862.
+
+CONRAD YOUNG, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+WILLIAM H. YOUNG, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+W. L. YARRINGTON, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out with
+company May 24, 1863.
+
+DANIEL C. YOUNG, private, mustered in Aug. 14, 1862; died Dec. 26 of
+wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] Now known as East Woods.
+
+[B] This is from my diary, but investigations since the war make it
+evident that it must be a mistake; that the 5th Ga. was not in that
+road, but it was the 6th Ga., and this officer was probably
+Lieutenant-Colonel J. M. Newton of that regiment.
+
+[C] Probably the 6th Ga.
+
+[D] Lieutenant, afterwards Captain, Charles McDougal was a Methodist
+minister before he entered the army. If he could preach as well as he
+could fight, he was worthy of a commission in the church militant.
+
+[E] This eye-witness was Captain Haviland, Company G, One Hundred and
+Forty-second Pennsylvania Volunteers, whose regiment was attached to the
+Pennsylvania Reserves, and which lost in that charge two hundred and
+forty-three men killed and wounded. Captain Haviland had been wounded,
+and was making his way with Major John Bradley, also wounded, to the
+hospital. They happened to be passing Birney's head-quarters when Meade
+rode up, and heard the whole interview.
+
+[F] This order was dated January 23, 1863, and can be found in the
+Annual American Cyclopædia, 1863, page 79, with a copious extract from
+the report of the Committee of Congress on the Conduct of the War. It is
+there stated that this order was issued subject to the President's
+approval, and was sent to Washington for that purpose, General Burnside
+soon following and interviewing the President. It is also stated that it
+was not approved and was not published. How, then, did I come in
+possession of its main features, so as to note them in my diary at the
+time? And how should my recollection of them be so clear, as they
+certainly are, unless it had been made public. Possibly the press may
+have published it. It was certainly published in some form.
+
+[G] Bates's History, Pennsylvania Volunteers, places here the name of
+"Charles A. Meylert, second lieutenant, promoted from private, Co. K,
+Feb. 23, 1863, missing since that date." Co. K's roll notes the transfer
+of this man to Co. A. His name is not on the original roll of Co. A, and
+is therefore omitted here. The following note received from Captain
+Charles C. Norris, Co. A, explains:
+
+                        PHILADELPHIA, July 12, 1904.
+Colonel F. L. HITCHCOCK, Scranton, Pa.
+
+MY DEAR COLONEL: ... I have a copy of the muster-out roll of Co. A, to
+which I have referred.... I would also state that Charles A. Meylert
+does not appear on the muster-out roll, nor was he at any time carried
+on the roll of Co. A.... On the march from Harper's Ferry to Warrenton,
+Va., about Nov. 1, 1862, Co. A held an election for officers to fill
+vacancies caused by the promotion of Captain Shreve to be major of the
+regiment. The following were elected: Chas. C. Norris, captain; Thomas
+Maxwell, first lieutenant, and Edward W. Roderick, second lieutenant.
+The result of this election was forwarded through head-quarters to
+Governor Curtin. The commissions were not sent on until some time in
+December, 1862. Colonel Albright, commanding the regiment, sent for me
+one day and told me he had received a commission for Charles A. Meylert
+as second lieutenant of Co. A; that it was an outrage upon Co. A, and
+that he would send it back to Governor Curtin with a letter, which I
+believe he did, the result of which was Roderick's commission was issued
+in accordance with his election, and he was mustered in, and Meylert's
+commission was revoked. As the commanding officer of Co. A, I never
+received any official notice or record of Meylert's commission or muster
+into service; hence his name was never entered upon my company roll. How
+Bates came to place his name upon my roll, I do not know.
+
+I am yours truly,
+                CHAS. C. NORRIS.
+
+
+
+[H] Prolonged illness from typhoid fever.
+
+
+
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