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diff --git a/28900.txt b/28900.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3aeff9 --- /dev/null +++ b/28900.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46666 @@ +Project Gutenberg's English Synonyms and Antonyms, by James Champlin Fernald + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: English Synonyms and Antonyms + With Notes on the Correct Use of Prepositions + +Author: James Champlin Fernald + +Release Date: May 21, 2009 [EBook #28900] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLISH SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS *** + + + + +Produced by Jan-Fabian Humann, Stephen Blundell and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + English Synonyms + and Antonyms + + + + + _A Practical and Invaluable Guide to Clear and + Precise Diction for Writers, Speakers, Students, + Business and Professional Men_ + + Connectives of + English Speech + +"The work is likely to prove of great value to all writers."--_Washington +Evening Star._ + +"The book will receive high appreciation from thoughtful students who +seek the most practical help."--_Grand Rapids Herald._ + +"It is written in a clear and pleasing style and so arranged that but a +moment's time is needed to find any line of the hundreds of important +though small words which this book discusses."--_Chattanooga Times._ + +"Its practical reference value is great, and it is a great satisfaction +to note the care and attention to detail and fine shades of meaning the +author has bestowed upon the words he discusses."--_Church Review_, +Hartford. + +"A work of great practical helpfulness to a large class of +people."--_Louisville Courier-Journal._ + +"This is one of the most useful books for writers, speakers, and all who +care for the use of language, which has appeared in a long +time."--_Cumberland Presbyterian_, Nashville. + +"It is a book of great value to all who take any interest in correct and +elegant language."--_Methodist_, Baltimore. + +"This work is a welcome aid to good writing and good speech. It is +worthy the close study of all who would cultivate finished style. Its +admirable arrangement and a good index make it easy for +reference."--_Christian Observer._ + +"His book has some excellent qualities. In the first place, it is +absolutely free from dogmatic assertion; in the second place, it +contains copious examples from good authors, which should guide aright +the person investigating any word, if he is thoroughly conversant with +English."--_The Sun_, New York. + + + + + _STANDARD EDUCATIONAL SERIES_ + + ENGLISH SYNONYMS + AND ANTONYMS + + WITH NOTES ON THE + CORRECT USE OF PREPOSITIONS + + DESIGNED AS A COMPANION FOR THE STUDY + AND AS A + TEXT-BOOK FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS + + + BY + + JAMES C. FERNALD, L.H.D. + _Editor of Synonyms, Antonyms, and Prepositions + in the Standard Dictionary_ + + + _NINETEENTH EDITION_ + + + FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY + NEW YORK AND LONDON + + + + + _Copyright, 1896, by FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY._ + + _Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, Eng._ + + + PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES + + + + +Transcriber's Note: + + Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note, whilst + a list of significant amendments can be found at the end of the + text. Inconsistent hyphenation and conflicting variant spellings + have been standardised, except where used for emphasis. Non-standard + characters have been represented as follows: + + [=a] _a_ with upper macron; + [=o] _o_ with upper macron. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE. + + PREFACE vii + + PART I. + SYNONYMS, ANTONYMS AND PREPOSITIONS 1 + + PART II. + QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 377 + + INDEX 509 + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The English language is peculiarly rich in synonyms, as, with such a +history, it could not fail to be. From the time of Julius Caesar, +Britons, Romans, Northmen, Saxons, Danes, and Normans fighting, +fortifying, and settling upon the soil of England, with Scotch and Irish +contending for mastery or existence across the mountain border and the +Channel, and all fenced in together by the sea, could not but influence +each other's speech. English merchants, sailors, soldiers, and +travelers, trading, warring, and exploring in every clime, of necessity +brought back new terms of sea and shore, of shop and camp and +battlefield. English scholars have studied Greek and Latin for a +thousand years, and the languages of the Continent and of the Orient in +more recent times. English churchmen have introduced words from Hebrew, +Greek, and Latin, through Bible and prayer-book, sermon and tract. From +all this it results that there is scarcely a language ever spoken among +men that has not some representative in English speech. The spirit of +the Anglo-Saxon race, masterful in language as in war and commerce, has +subjugated all these various elements to one idiom, making not a +patchwork, but a composite language. Anglo-Saxon thrift, finding often +several words that originally expressed the same idea, has detailed them +to different parts of the common territory or to different service, so +that we have an almost unexampled variety of words, kindred in meaning +but distinct in usage, for expressing almost every shade of human +thought. + +Scarcely any two of such words, commonly known as synonyms, are +identical at once in signification and in use. They have certain common +ground within which they are interchangeable; but outside of that each +has its own special province, within which any other word comes as an +intruder. From these two qualities arises the great value of synonyms as +contributing to beauty and effectiveness of expression. As +interchangeable, they make possible that freedom and variety by which +the diction of an accomplished writer or speaker differs from the wooden +uniformity of a legal document. As distinct and specific, they enable a +master of style to choose in every instance the one term that is the +most perfect mirror of his thought. To write or speak to the best +purpose, one should know in the first place all the words from which he +may choose, and then the exact reason why in any case any particular +word should be chosen. To give such knowledge in these two directions is +the office of a book of synonyms. + +Of Milton's diction Macaulay writes: + + "His poetry acts like an incantation. Its merit lies less in its + obvious meaning than in its occult power. There would seem, at first + sight, to be no more in his words than in other words. But they are + words of enchantment. No sooner are they pronounced, than the past + is present and the distant near. New forms of beauty start at once + into existence, and all the burial places of the memory give up + their dead. Change the structure of the sentence; _substitute one + synonym for another_, and the whole effect is destroyed. The spell + loses its power; and he who should then hope to conjure with it + would find himself as much mistaken as Cassim in the Arabian tale, + when he stood crying, 'Open Wheat,' 'Open Barley,' to the door which + obeyed no sound but 'Open Sesame.' The miserable failure of Dryden + in his attempt to translate into his own diction some parts of the + 'Paradise Lost' is a remarkable instance of this." + +Macaulay's own writings abound in examples of that exquisite precision +in the choice of words, which never seems to be precise, but has all the +aspect of absolute freedom. Through his language his thought bursts upon +the mind as a landscape is seen instantly, perfectly, and beautifully +from a mountain height. A little vagueness of thought, a slight +infelicity in the choice of words would be like a cloud upon the +mountain, obscuring the scene with a damp and chilling mist. Let anyone +try the experiment with a poem like Gray's "Elegy," or Goldsmith's +"Traveller" or "Deserted Village," of substituting other words for those +the poet has chosen, and he will readily perceive how much of the charm +of the lines depends upon their fine exactitude of expression. + +In our own day, when so many are eager to write, and confident that they +can write, and when the press is sending forth by the ton that which is +called literature, but which somehow lacks the imprint of immortality, +it is of the first importance to revive the study of synonyms as a +distinct branch of rhetorical culture. Prevalent errors need at times to +be noted and corrected, but the teaching of pure English speech is the +best defense against all that is inferior, unsuitable, or repulsive. The +most effective condemnation of an objectionable word or phrase is that +it is not found in scholarly works, and a student who has once learned +the rich stores of vigorous, beautiful, exact, and expressive words that +make up our noble language, is by that very fact put beyond the reach of +all temptation to linguistic corruption. + +Special instruction in the use of synonyms is necessary, for the reason +that few students possess the analytical power and habit of mind +required to hold a succession of separate definitions in thought at +once, compare them with each other, and determine just where and how +they part company; and the persons least able to do this are the very +ones most in need of the information. The distinctions between words +similar in meaning are often so fine and elusive as to tax the ingenuity +of the accomplished scholar; yet when clearly apprehended they are as +important for the purposes of language as the minute differences between +similar substances are for the purposes of chemistry. Often definition +itself is best secured by the comparison of kindred terms and the +pointing out where each differs from the other. We perceive more clearly +and remember better what each word is, by perceiving where each divides +from another of kindred meaning; just as we see and remember better the +situation and contour of adjacent countries, by considering them as +boundaries of each other, rather than by an exact statement of the +latitude and longitude of each as a separate portion of the earth's +surface. + +The great mass of untrained speakers and writers need to be reminded, in +the first place, _that there are synonyms_--a suggestion which they +would not gain from any precision of separate definitions in a +dictionary. The deplorable repetition with which many slightly educated +persons use such words as "elegant," "splendid," "clever," "awful," +"horrid," etc., to indicate (for they can not be said to express) almost +any shade of certain approved or objectionable qualities, shows a +limited vocabulary, a poverty of language, which it is of the first +importance to correct. Many who are not given to such gross misuse would +yet be surprised to learn how often they employ a very limited number of +words in the attempt to give utterance to thoughts and feelings so +unlike, that what is the right word on one occasion must of necessity be +the wrong word at many other times. Such persons are simply unconscious +of the fact that there are other words of kindred meaning from which +they might choose; as the United States surveyors of Alaska found "the +shuddering tenant of the frigid zone" wrapping himself in furs and +cowering over a fire of sticks with untouched coal-mines beneath his +feet. + +Such poverty of language is always accompanied with poverty of thought. +One who is content to use the same word for widely different ideas has +either never observed or soon comes to forget that there is any +difference between the ideas; or perhaps he retains a vague notion of a +difference which he never attempts to define to himself, and dimly hints +to others by adding to his inadequate word some such phrase as "you see" +or "you know," in the helpless attempt to inject into another mind by +suggestion what adequate words would enable him simply and distinctly to +say. Such a mind resembles the old maps of Africa in which the interior +was filled with cloudy spaces, where modern discovery has revealed great +lakes, fertile plains, and mighty rivers. One main office of a book of +synonyms is to reveal to such persons the unsuspected riches of their +own language; and when a series of words is given them, from which they +may choose, then, with intelligent choice of words there comes of +necessity a clearer perception of the difference of the ideas that are +to be expressed by those different words. Thus, copiousness and +clearness of language tend directly to affluence and precision of +thought. + +Hence there is an important use for mere lists of classified synonyms, +like Roget's Thesaurus and the works of Soule and Fallows. Not one in a +thousand of average students would ever discover, by independent study +of the dictionary, that there are fifteen synonyms for _beautiful_, +twenty-one for _beginning_, fifteen for _benevolence_, twenty for +_friendly_, and thirty-seven for _pure_. The mere mention of such +numbers opens vistas of possible fulness, freedom, and variety of +utterance, which will have for many persons the effect of a revelation. + +But it is equally important to teach _that synonyms are not identical_ +and to explain why and how they differ. A person of extensive reading +and study, with a fine natural sense of language, will often find all +that he wants in the mere list, which recalls to his memory the +appropriate word. But for the vast majority there is needed some work +that compares or contrasts synonymous words, explains their differences +of meaning or usage, and shows in what connections one or the other may +be most fitly used. This is the purpose of the present work, to be a +guide to selection from the varied treasures of English speech. + +This work treats within 375 pages more than 7500 synonyms. It has been +the study of the author to give every definition or distinction in the +fewest possible words consistent with clearness of statement, and this +not merely for economy of space, but because such condensed statements +are most easily apprehended and remembered. + +The method followed has been to select from every group of synonyms one +word, or two contrasted words, the meaning of which may be settled by +clear definitive statement, thus securing some fixed point or points to +which all the other words of the group may be referred. The great source +of vagueness, error, and perplexity in many discussions of synonyms is, +that the writer merely associates stray ideas loosely connected with the +different words, sliding from synonym to synonym with no definite point +of departure or return, so that a smooth and at first sight pleasing +statement really gives the mind no definite resting-place and no sure +conclusion. A true discussion of synonyms is definition by comparison, +and for this there must be something definite with which to compare. +When the standard is settled, approximation or differentiation can be +determined with clearness and certainty. It is not enough to tell +something about each word. The thing to tell is how each word is related +to others of that particular group. When a word has more than one +prominent meaning, the synonyms for one signification are treated in one +group and a reference is made to some other group in which the synonyms +for another signification are treated, as may be seen by noting the +synonyms given under APPARENT, and following the reference to EVIDENT. + +It has been impossible within the limits of this volume to treat in full +all the words of each group of synonyms. Sometimes it has been necessary +to restrict the statement to a mere suggestion of the correct use; in +some cases only the chief words of a group could be considered, giving +the key to the discussion, and leaving the student to follow out the +principle in the case of other words by reference to the definitive +statements of the dictionary. It is to be hoped that at some time a +dictionary of synonyms may be prepared, giving as full a list as that of +Roget or of Soule, with discriminating remarks upon every word. Such a +work would be of the greatest value, but obviously beyond the scope of a +text-book for the class-room. + +The author has here incorporated, by permission of the publishers of the +Standard Dictionary, much of the synonym matter prepared by him for that +work. All has been thoroughly revised or reconstructed, and much wholly +new matter has been added. + +The book contains also more than 3700 antonyms. These are valuable as +supplying definition by contrast or by negation, one of the most +effective methods of defining being in many cases to tell what a thing +is not. To speakers and writers antonyms are useful as furnishing +oftentimes effective antitheses. + +Young writers will find much help from the indication of the correct use +of prepositions, the misuse of which is one of the most common of +errors, and one of the most difficult to avoid, while their right use +gives to style cohesion, firmness, and compactness, and is an important +aid to perspicuity. To the text of the synonyms is appended a set of +Questions and Examples to adapt the work for use as a text-book. Aside +from the purposes of the class-room, this portion will be found of value +to the individual student. Excepting those who have made a thorough +study of language most persons will discover with surprise how difficult +it is to answer any set of the Questions or to fill the blanks in the +Examples without referring to the synonym treatment in Part I., or to a +dictionary, and how rarely they can give any intelligent reason for +preference even among familiar words. There are few who can study such a +work without finding occasion to correct some errors into which they +have unconsciously fallen, and without coming to a new delight in the +use of language from a fuller knowledge of its resources and a clearer +sense of its various capabilities. + +_West New Brighton, N. Y._, Sept. 4, 1896. + + + + +PART I. + + + + +BOOKS OF REFERENCE. + + + Crabb's "English Synonymes Explained." [H.] + + Soule's "Dictionary of English Synonyms." [L.] + + Smith's "Synonyms Discriminated." [BELL.] + + Graham's "English Synonyms." [A.] + + Whateley's "English Synonyms Discriminated." [L. & S.] + + Campbell's "Handbook of Synonyms." [L. & S.] + + Fallows' "Complete Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms." [F. H. R.] + + Roget's "Thesaurus of English Words." [F. & W. CO.] + + Trench's "Study of English Words." [W. J. W.] + + Richard Grant White, "Words and their Uses," and "Every Day + English." [H. M. & CO.] + + Geo. P. Marsh, "Lectures on the English Language," and "Origin and + History of the English Language." [S.] + + Fitzedward Hall, "False Philology." [S.] + + Maetzner's "English Grammar," tr. by Grece. [J. M.] + +The Synonyms of the Century and International Dictionaries have also +been consulted and compared. + +The Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary has been used as the authority +throughout. + + * * * * * + +ABBREVIATIONS USED. + + A. D. Appleton & Co. | K.-F. Krauth-Fleming + AS. Anglo-Saxon | "Vocabulary of Philosophy." + BELL; B. & S. Bell & Sons | L. Latin; Lippincott & Co. + F. French | L. & S. Lee & Shepard + F. H. R. Fleming H. Revell | M. Murray's New English Dictionary + F. & W. CO. Funk & Wagnalls Co. | MACM. Macmillan & Co. + G. German | S. Chas. Scribner's Sons + Gr. Greek | Sp. Spanish + H. Harper & Bros. | T. & F. Ticknor & Fields + H. M. & CO. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. | T. & H. Troutman & Hayes + It. Italian | T. & M. Taylor, Walton & Maberley + J. M. John Murray | W. J. W. W. J. Widdleton + + + + +PART I. + +SYNONYMS, ANTONYMS AND PREPOSITIONS. + + + * * * * * + +ABANDON. + + +Synonyms: + + abdicate, desert, leave, resign, + abjure, discontinue, quit, retire from, + cast off, forego, recant, retract, + cease, forsake, relinquish, surrender, + cede, forswear, renounce, vacate, + depart from, give up, repudiate, withdraw from. + +_Abandon_ is a word of wide signification, applying to persons or things +of any kind; _abdicate_ and _resign_ apply to office, authority, or +power; _cede_ to territorial possessions; _surrender_ especially to +military force, and more generally to any demand, claim, passion, etc. +_Quit_ carries an idea of suddenness or abruptness not necessarily +implied in _abandon_, and may not have the same suggestion of finality. +The king _abdicates_ his throne, _cedes_ his territory, _deserts_ his +followers, _renounces_ his religion, _relinquishes_ his titles, +_abandons_ his designs. A cowardly officer _deserts_ his ship; the +helpless passengers _abandon_ it. We _quit_ business, _give up_ +property, _resign_ office, _abandon_ a habit or a trust. _Relinquish_ +commonly implies reluctance; the fainting hand _relinquishes_ its grasp; +the creditor _relinquishes_ his claim. _Abandon_ implies previous +association with responsibility for or control of; _forsake_ implies +previous association with inclination or attachment, real or assumed; a +man may _abandon_ or _forsake_ house or friends; he _abandons_ an +enterprise; _forsakes_ God. _Abandon_ is applied to both good and evil +action; a thief _abandons_ his designs, a man his principles. _Forsake_, +like _abandon_, may be used either in the favorable or unfavorable +sense; _desert_ is always unfavorable, involving a breach of duty, +except when used of mere localities; as, "the Deserted Village." While a +monarch _abdicates_, a president or other elected or appointed officer +_resigns_. It was held that James II. _abdicated_ his throne by +_deserting_ it. + + +Antonyms: + + adopt, defend, occupy, seek, + advocate, favor, prosecute, support, + assert, haunt, protect, undertake, + cherish, hold, pursue, uphold, + claim, keep, retain, vindicate. + court, maintain, + + * * * * * + +ABASE. + + +Synonyms: + + bring low, depress, dishonor, lower, + cast down, discredit, humble, reduce, + debase, disgrace, humiliate, sink. + degrade, + +_Abase_ refers only to outward conditions. "Exalt him that is low, and +_abase_ him that is high." _Ezek._ xxi, 26. _Debase_ applies to quality +or character. The coinage is _debased_ by excess of alloy, the man by +vice. _Humble_ in present use refers chiefly to feeling of heart; +_humiliate_ to outward conditions; even when one is said to _humble_ +himself, he either has or affects to have humility of heart. To +_disgrace_ may be to bring or inflict odium upon others, but the word is +chiefly and increasingly applied to such moral odium as one by his own +acts brings upon himself; the noun _disgrace_ retains more of the +passive sense than the verb; he _disgraced_ himself by his conduct; he +brought _disgrace_ upon his family. To _dishonor_ a person is to deprive +him of honor that should or might be given. To _discredit_ one is to +injure his reputation, as for veracity or solvency. A sense of +unworthiness _humbles_; a shameful insult _humiliates_; imprisonment for +crime _disgraces_. _Degrade_ may refer to either station or character. +An officer is _degraded_ by being _reduced_ to the ranks, _disgraced_ by +cowardice; vile practises _degrade_; drunkenness is a _degrading_ vice. +Misfortune or injustice may _abase_ the good; nothing but their own +ill-doing can _debase_ or _disgrace_ them. + + +Antonyms: + + advance, elevate, honor, raise, + aggrandize, exalt, promote, uplift. + dignify, + + * * * * * + +ABASH. + + +Synonyms: + + bewilder, daunt, embarrass, mortify, + chagrin, discompose, humble, overawe, + confound, disconcert, humiliate, shame. + confuse, dishearten, + +Any sense of inferiority _abashes_, with or without the sense of wrong. +The poor are _abashed_ at the splendor of wealth, the ignorant at the +learning of the wise. "I might have been _abashed_ by their authority." +GLADSTONE _Homeric Synchron._, p. 72. [H. '76.] To _confuse_ is to bring +into a state of mental bewilderment; to _confound_ is to overwhelm the +mental faculties; to _daunt_ is to subject to a certain degree of fear. +_Embarrass_ is a strong word, signifying primarily hamper, hinder, +impede. A solitary thinker may be _confused_ by some difficulty in a +subject, or some mental defect; one is _embarrassed_ in the presence of +others, and because of their presence. Confusion is of the intellect, +embarrassment of the feelings. A witness may be _embarrassed_ by +annoying personalities, so as to become _confused_ in statements. To +_mortify_ a person is to bring upon him a painful sense of humiliation, +whether because of his own or another's fault or failure. A pupil is +_confused_ by a perplexing question, a general _confounded_ by +overwhelming defeat. A hostess is _discomposed_ by the tardiness of +guests, a speaker _disconcerted_ by a failure of memory. The criminal +who is not _abashed_ at detection may be _daunted_ by the officer's +weapon. Sudden joy may _bewilder_, but will not _abash_. The true +worshiper is _humbled_ rather than _abashed_ before God. The parent is +_mortified_ by the child's rudeness, the child _abashed_ at the parent's +reproof. The _embarrassed_ speaker finds it difficult to proceed. The +mob is _overawed_ by the military, the hypocrite _shamed_ by exposure. +"A man whom no denial, no scorn could _abash_." FIELDING _Amelia_ bk. +iii, ch. 9, p. 300. [B. & S. '71.] Compare CHAGRIN; HINDER. + + +Antonyms: + + animate, cheer, encourage, rally, + buoy, embolden, inspirit, uphold. + + * * * * * + +ABATE. + + +Synonyms: + + decline, ebb, mitigate, reduce, + decrease, lessen, moderate, subside. + diminish, lower, + +The storm, the fever, the pain _abates_. Interest _declines_. +Misfortunes may be _mitigated_, desires _moderated_, intense anger +_abated_, population _decreased_, taxes _reduced_. We _abate_ a +nuisance, _terminate_ a controversy, _suppress_ a rebellion. See +ALLEVIATE. + + +Antonyms: + + aggravate, enhance, foment, rage, + amplify, enlarge, increase, raise, + continue, extend, magnify, revive. + develop, + + +Prepositions: + +Abate _in_ fury; abated _by_ law. + + * * * * * + +ABBREVIATION. + + +Synonyms: + + abridgment, contraction. + +An _abbreviation_ is a shortening by any method; a _contraction_ is a +reduction of size by the drawing together of the parts. A _contraction_ +of a word is made by omitting certain letters or syllables and bringing +together the first and last letters or elements; an _abbreviation_ may +be made either by omitting certain portions from the interior or by +cutting off a part; a _contraction_ is an _abbreviation_, but an +_abbreviation_ is not necessarily a _contraction_; _rec't_ for receipt, +_mdse._ for merchandise, and _Dr._ for debtor are _contractions_; they +are also _abbreviations_; _Am._ for American is an _abbreviation_, but +not a _contraction_. _Abbreviation_ and _contraction_ are used of words +and phrases, _abridgment_ of books, paragraphs, sentences, etc. Compare +ABRIDGMENT. + + * * * * * + +ABET. + + +Synonyms: + + advocate, countenance, incite, sanction, + aid, embolden, instigate, support, + assist, encourage, promote, uphold. + +_Abet_ and _instigate_ are now used almost without exception in a bad +sense; one may _incite_ either to good or evil. One _incites_ or +_instigates_ to the doing of something not yet done, or to increased +activity or further advance in the doing of it; one _abets_ by giving +sympathy, countenance, or substantial aid to the doing of that which is +already projected or in process of commission. _Abet_ and _instigate_ +apply either to persons or actions, _incite_ to persons only; one +_incites_ a person _to_ an action. A clergyman will _advocate_ the +claims of justice, _aid_ the poor, _encourage_ the despondent, +_support_ the weak, _uphold_ the constituted authorities; but he will +not _incite_ to a quarrel, _instigate_ a riot, or _abet_ a crime. The +originator of a crime often _instigates_ or _incites_ others to _abet_ +him in it, or one may _instigate_ or _incite_ others to a crime in the +commission of which he himself takes no active part. Compare HELP. + + +Antonyms: + + baffle, deter, dissuade, hinder, + confound, disapprove, expose, impede, + counteract, disconcert, frustrate, obstruct. + denounce, discourage, + + * * * * * + +ABHOR. + + +Synonyms: + + abominate, dislike, loathe, scorn, + despise, hate, nauseate, shun. + detest, + +_Abhor_ is stronger than _despise_, implying a shuddering recoil, +especially a moral recoil. "How many _shun_ evil as inconvenient who do +not _abhor_ it as hateful." TRENCH _Serm. in Westm. Abbey_ xxvi, 297. +[M.] _Detest_ expresses indignation, with something of contempt. +_Loathe_ implies disgust, physical or moral. We _abhor_ a traitor, +_despise_ a coward, _detest_ a liar. We _dislike_ an uncivil person. We +_abhor_ cruelty, _hate_ tyranny. We _loathe_ a reptile or a flatterer. +We _abhor_ Milton's heroic Satan, but we can not _despise_ him. + + +Antonyms: + + admire, crave, esteem, love, + approve, desire, like, relish. + covet, enjoy, + + * * * * * + +ABIDE. + + +Synonyms: + + anticipate, dwell, remain, stop, + await, endure, reside, tarry, + bear, expect, rest, tolerate, + bide, inhabit, sojourn, wait, + confront, live, stay, watch. + continue, lodge, + +To _abide_ is to remain continuously without limit of time unless +expressed by the context: "to-day I must _abide_ at thy house," _Luke_ +xix, 5; "a settled place for thee to _abide_ in forever," _1 Kings_ +viii, 13; "_Abide_ with me! fast falls the eventide," LYTE _Hymn_. +_Lodge_, _sojourn_, _stay_, _tarry_, and _wait_ always imply a limited +time; _lodge_, to pass the night; _sojourn_, to _remain_ temporarily; +_live_, _dwell_, _reside_, to have a permanent home. _Stop_, in the +sense of _stay_ or _sojourn_, is colloquial, and not in approved use. +Compare ENDURE; REST. + + +Antonyms: + + abandon, forfeit, migrate, reject, + avoid, forfend, move, resist, + depart, journey, proceed, shun. + + +Prepositions: + +Abide _in_ a place, _for_ a time, _with_ a person, _by_ a statement. + + * * * * * + +ABOLISH. + + +Synonyms: + + abate, eradicate, prohibit, stamp out, + abrogate, exterminate, remove, subvert, + annihilate, extirpate, repeal, supplant, + annul, nullify, reverse, suppress, + destroy, obliterate, revoke, terminate. + end, overthrow, set aside, + +_Abolish_, to do away with, bring absolutely to an end, especially as +something hostile, hindering, or harmful, was formerly used of persons +and material objects, a usage now obsolete except in poetry or highly +figurative speech. _Abolish_ is now used of institutions, customs, and +conditions, especially those wide-spread and long existing; as, to +_abolish_ slavery, ignorance, intemperance, poverty. A building that is +burned to the ground is said to be _destroyed_ by fire. _Annihilate_, as +a philosophical term, signifies to put absolutely out of existence. As +far as our knowledge goes, matter is never _annihilated_, but only +changes its form. Some believe that the wicked will be _annihilated_. +_Abolish_ is not said of laws. There we use _repeal_, _abrogate_, +_nullify_, etc.: _repeal_ by the enacting body, _nullify_ by +revolutionary proceedings; a later statute _abrogates_, without formally +_repealing_, any earlier law with which it conflicts. An appellate court +may _reverse_ or _set aside_ the decision of an inferior court. +_Overthrow_ may be used in either a good or a bad sense; _suppress_ is +commonly in a good, _subvert_ always in a bad sense; as, to _subvert_ +our liberties; to _suppress_ a rebellion. The law _prohibits_ what may +never have existed; it _abolishes_ an existing evil. We _abate_ a +nuisance, _terminate_ a controversy. Compare CANCEL; DEMOLISH; +EXTERMINATE. + + +Antonyms: + + authorize, establish, reinstate, revive, + cherish, institute, renew, set up, + confirm, introduce, repair, support, + continue, legalize, restore, sustain. + enact, promote, + + * * * * * + +ABOMINATION. + + +Synonyms: + + abhorrence, curse, hatred, plague, + abuse, detestation, horror, shame, + annoyance, disgust, iniquity, villainy, + aversion, evil, nuisance, wickedness. + crime, execration, offense, + +_Abomination_ (from the L. _ab omen_, a thing of ill omen) was +originally applied to anything held in religious or ceremonial +_aversion_ or _abhorrence_; as, "The things which are highly esteemed +among men are _abomination_ in the sight of God." _Luke_ xvi, 15. The +word is oftener applied to the object of such _aversion_ or _abhorrence_ +than to the state of mind that so regards it; in common use +_abomination_ signifies something very much disliked or loathed, or that +deserves to be. Choice food may be an object of _aversion_ and _disgust_ +to a sick person; vile food would be an _abomination_. A toad is to many +an object of _disgust_; a foul sewer is an _abomination_. As applied to +crimes, _abomination_ is used of such as are especially brutal, +shameful, or revolting; theft is an _offense_; infanticide is an +_abomination_. + + +Antonyms: + + affection, blessing, enjoyment, joy, + appreciation, delight, esteem, satisfaction, + approval, desire, gratification, treat. + benefit, + + * * * * * + +ABRIDGMENT. + + +Synonyms: + + abbreviation, compend, epitome, summary, + abstract, compendium, outline, synopsis. + analysis, digest, + +An _abridgment_ gives the most important portions of a work +substantially as they stand. An _outline_ or _synopsis_ is a kind of +sketch closely following the plan. An _abstract_ or _digest_ is an +independent statement of what the book contains. An _analysis_ draws out +the chief thoughts or arguments, whether expressed or implied. A +_summary_ is the most condensed statement of results or conclusions. An +_epitome_, _compend_, or _compendium_ is a condensed view of a subject, +whether derived from a previous publication or not. We may have an +_abridgment_ of a dictionary, but not an _analysis_, _abstract_, +_digest_, or _summary_. We may have an _epitome_ of religion, a +_compendium_ of English literature, but not an _abridgment_. Compare +ABBREVIATION. + + * * * * * + +ABSOLUTE. + + +Synonyms: + + arbitrary, compulsory, haughty, peremptory, + arrogant, controlling, imperative, positive, + authoritative, despotic, imperious, supreme, + autocratic, dictatorial, irresponsible, tyrannical, + coercive, dogmatic, lordly, unconditional, + commanding, domineering, overbearing, unequivocal. + compulsive, exacting, + +In the strict sense, _absolute_, free from all limitation or control, +and _supreme_, superior to all, can not properly be said of any being +except the divine. Both words are used, however, in a modified sense, of +human authorities; _absolute_ then signifying free from limitation by +other authority, and _supreme_ exalted over all other; as, an _absolute_ +monarch, the _supreme_ court. _Absolute_, in this use, does not +necessarily carry any unfavorable sense, but as _absolute_ power in +human hands is always abused, the unfavorable meaning predominates. +_Autocratic_ power knows no limits outside the ruler's self; _arbitrary_ +power, none outside the ruler's will or judgment, _arbitrary_ carrying +the implication of wilfulness and capriciousness. _Despotic_ is commonly +applied to a masterful or severe use of power, which is expressed more +decidedly by _tyrannical_. _Arbitrary_ may be used in a good sense; as, +the pronunciation of proper names is _arbitrary_; but the bad sense is +the prevailing one; as, an _arbitrary_ proceeding. _Irresponsible_ power +is not necessarily bad, but eminently dangerous; an executor or trustee +should not be _irresponsible_; an _irresponsible_ ruler is likely to be +_tyrannical_. A perfect ruler might be _irresponsible_ and not +_tyrannical_. _Authoritative_ is used always in a good sense, implying +the right to claim authority; _imperative_, _peremptory_, and _positive_ +are used ordinarily in the good sense; as, an _authoritative_ +definition; an _imperative_ demand; a _peremptory_ command; _positive_ +instructions; _imperious_ signifies assuming and determined to command, +rigorously requiring obedience. An _imperious_ demand or requirement may +have in it nothing offensive; it is simply one that resolutely insists +upon compliance, and will not brook refusal; an _arrogant_ demand is +offensive by its tone of superiority, an _arbitrary_ demand by its +unreasonableness; an _imperious_ disposition is liable to become +_arbitrary_ and _arrogant_. A person of an independent spirit is +inclined to resent an _imperious_ manner in any one, especially in one +whose superiority is not clearly recognized. _Commanding_ is always used +in a good sense; as, a _commanding_ appearance; a _commanding_ +eminence. Compare DOGMATIC; INFINITE; PERFECT. + + +Antonyms: + + accountable, constitutional, gentle, lowly, responsible, + complaisant, contingent, humble, meek, submissive, + compliant, docile, lenient, mild, yielding. + conditional, ductile, limited, + + * * * * * + +ABSOLVE. + + +Synonyms: + + acquit, exculpate, forgive, pardon, + clear, exempt, free, release, + discharge, exonerate, liberate, set free. + +To _absolve_, in the strict sense, is to _set free_ from any bond. One +may be _absolved_ from a promise by a breach of faith on the part of one +to whom the promise was made. To _absolve_ from sins is formally to +remit their condemnation and penalty, regarded as a bond upon the soul. +"Almighty God ... _pardoneth_ and _absolveth_ all those who truly +repent, and unfeignedly believe his holy Gospel." _Book of Common +Prayer, Declar. of Absol._ To _acquit_ of sin or crime is to _free_ from +the accusation of it, pronouncing one guiltless; the innocent are +rightfully _acquitted_; the guilty may be mercifully _absolved_. Compare +PARDON. + + +Antonyms: + + accuse, charge, condemn, impeach, obligate, + bind, compel, convict, inculpate, oblige. + + +Preposition: + +One is absolved _from_ (rarely _of_) a promise, a sin, etc. + + * * * * * + +ABSORB. + + +Synonyms: + + consume, engross, suck up, take in, + drink in, exhaust, swallow, take up. + drink up, imbibe, swallow up, + +A fluid that is _absorbed_ is _taken up_ into the mass of the +_absorbing_ body, with which it may or may not permanently combine. Wood +expands when it _absorbs_ moisture, iron when it _absorbs_ heat, the +substance remaining perhaps otherwise substantially unchanged; +quicklime, when it _absorbs_ water, becomes a new substance with +different qualities, hydrated or slaked lime. A substance is _consumed_ +which is destructively appropriated by some other substance, being, or +agency, so that it ceases to exist or to be recognized as existing in +its original condition; fuel is _consumed_ in the fire, food in the +body; _consume_ is also applied to whatever is removed from the market +for individual use; as, silk and woolen goods are _consumed_. A great +talker _engrosses_ the conversation. A credulous person _swallows_ the +most preposterous statement. A busy student _imbibes_ or _drinks in_ +knowledge; he is _absorbed_ in a subject that takes his whole attention. +"I only postponed it because I happened to get _absorbed_ in a book." +KANE _Grinnell Exped._ ch. 43, page 403. [H. '54.] + + +Antonyms: + + cast out, dissipate, emit, put forth, shoot forth, + disgorge, distract, exude, radiate, throw off, + disperse, eject, give up, send out, vomit. + + +Prepositions: + +Plants absorb moisture _from_ the air; the student is absorbed _in_ +thought; nutriment may be absorbed _into_ the system _through_ the skin. + + * * * * * + +ABSTINENCE. + + +Synonyms: + + abstemiousness, frugality, self-denial, sobriety, + continence, moderation, self-restraint, temperance. + fasting, self-control, + +_Abstinence_ from food commonly signifies going without; +_abstemiousness_, partaking moderately; _abstinence_ may be for a single +occasion, _abstemiousness_ is habitual _moderation_. _Self-denial_ is +giving up what one wishes; _abstinence_ may be refraining from what one +does not desire. _Fasting_ is _abstinence_ from food for a limited time, +and generally for religious reasons. _Sobriety_ and _temperance_ signify +maintaining a quiet, even temper by moderate indulgence in some things, +complete _abstinence_ from others. We speak of _temperance_ in eating, +but of _abstinence_ from vice. _Total abstinence_ has come to signify +the entire abstaining from intoxicating liquors. + + +Antonyms: + + drunkenness, greed, reveling, sensuality, + excess, intemperance, revelry, wantonness. + gluttony, intoxication, self-indulgence, + + +Preposition: + +The negative side of virtue is abstinence _from_ vice. + + * * * * * + +ABSTRACT, _v._ + + +Synonyms: + + appropriate, distract, purloin, steal, + detach, divert, remove, take away, + discriminate, eliminate, separate, withdraw. + distinguish, + +The central idea of _withdrawing_ makes _abstract_ in common speech a +euphemism for _appropriate_ (unlawfully), _purloin_, _steal_. In mental +processes we _discriminate_ between objects by _distinguishing_ their +differences; we _separate_ some one element from all that does not +necessarily belong to it, _abstract_ it, and view it alone. We may +_separate_ two ideas, and hold both in mind in comparison or contrast; +but when we _abstract_ one of them, we drop the other out of thought. +The mind is _abstracted_ when it is _withdrawn_ from all other subjects +and concentrated upon one, _diverted_ when it is drawn away from what it +would or should attend to by some other interest, _distracted_ when the +attention is divided among different subjects, so that it can not be +given properly to any. The trouble with the _distracted_ person is that +he is not _abstracted_. Compare DISCERN. + + +Antonyms: + + add, complete, fill up, restore, unite. + combine, conjoin, increase, strengthen, + + +Prepositions: + +The purse may be abstracted _from_ the pocket; the substance _from_ the +accidents; a book _into_ a compend. + + * * * * * + +ABSTRACTED. + + +Synonyms: + + absent, heedless, listless, preoccupied, + absent-minded, inattentive, negligent, thoughtless. + absorbed, indifferent, oblivious, + +As regards mental action, _absorbed_, _abstracted_, and _preoccupied_ +refer to the cause, _absent_ or _absent-minded_ to the effect. The man +_absorbed_ in one thing will appear _absent_ in others. A _preoccupied_ +person may seem _listless_ and _thoughtless_, but the really _listless_ +and _thoughtless_ have not mental energy to be _preoccupied_. The +_absent-minded_ man is _oblivious_ of ordinary matters, because his +thoughts are elsewhere. One who is _preoccupied_ is intensely busy in +thought; one may be _absent-minded_ either through intense concentration +or simply through inattention, with fitful and aimless wandering of +thought. Compare ABSTRACT. + + +Antonyms: + + alert, on hand, ready, wide-awake. + attentive, prompt, thoughtful, + + * * * * * + +ABSURD. + + +Synonyms: + + anomalous, ill-considered, ludicrous, ridiculous, + chimerical, ill-judged, mistaken, senseless, + erroneous, inconclusive, monstrous, stupid, + false, incorrect, nonsensical, unreasonable, + foolish, infatuated, paradoxical, wild. + ill-advised, irrational, preposterous, + +That is _absurd_ which is contrary to the first principles of reasoning; +as, that a part should be greater than the whole is _absurd_. A +_paradoxical_ statement appears at first thought contradictory or +_absurd_, while it may be really true. Anything is _irrational_ when +clearly contrary to sound reason, _foolish_ when contrary to practical +good sense, _silly_ when petty and contemptible in its folly, +_erroneous_ when containing error that vitiates the result, +_unreasonable_ when there seems a perverse bias or an intent to go +wrong. _Monstrous_ and _preposterous_ refer to what is overwhelmingly +_absurd_; as, "_O monstrous!_ eleven buckram men grown out of two," +SHAKESPEARE _1 King Henry IV_, act ii, sc. 4. The _ridiculous_ or the +_nonsensical_ is worthy only to be laughed at. The lunatic's claim to be +a king is _ridiculous_; the Mother Goose rimes are _nonsensical_. +Compare INCONGRUOUS. + + +Antonyms: + + certain, incontrovertible, rational, substantial, + consistent, indisputable, reasonable, true, + demonstrable, indubitable, sagacious, undeniable, + demonstrated, infallible, sensible, unquestionable, + established, logical, sound, wise. + incontestable, + + * * * * * + +ABUSE. + + +Synonyms: + + aggrieve, impose on _or_ oppress, ruin, + damage, upon, persecute, slander, + defame, injure, pervert, victimize, + defile, malign, prostitute, vilify, + disparage, maltreat, rail at, violate, + harm, misemploy, ravish, vituperate, + ill-treat, misuse, reproach, wrong. + ill-use, molest, revile, + +_Abuse_ covers all unreasonable or improper use or treatment by word or +act. A tenant does not _abuse_ rented property by "reasonable wear," +though that may _damage_ the property and _injure_ its sale; he may +_abuse_ it by needless defacement or neglect. It is possible to _abuse_ +a man without _harming_ him, as when the criminal _vituperates_ the +judge; or to _harm_ a man without _abusing_ him, as when the witness +tells the truth about the criminal. _Defame_, _malign_, _rail at_, +_revile_, _slander_, _vilify_, and _vituperate_ are used always in a bad +sense. One may be justly _reproached_. To _impose on_ or to _victimize_ +one is to _injure_ him by _abusing_ his confidence. To _persecute_ one +is to _ill-treat_ him for opinion's sake, commonly for religious belief; +to _oppress_ is generally for political or pecuniary motives. "Thou +shalt not _oppress_ an hired servant that is poor and needy," _Deut._ +xxiv, 14. _Misemploy_, _misuse_, and _pervert_ are commonly applied to +objects rather than to persons. A dissolute youth _misemploys_ his time, +_misuses_ his money and opportunities, _harms_ his associates, +_perverts_ his talents, _wrongs_ his parents, _ruins_ himself, _abuses_ +every good gift of God. + + +Antonyms: + + applaud, conserve, favor, protect, sustain, + benefit, consider, laud, regard, tend, + care for, eulogize, panegyrize, respect, uphold, + cherish, extol, praise, shield, vindicate. + + * * * * * + +ACCESSORY. + + +Synonyms: + + abetter _or_ abettor, associate, companion, henchman, + accomplice, attendant, confederate, participator, + ally, coadjutor, follower, partner, + assistant, colleague, helper, retainer. + +_Colleague_ is used always in a good sense, _associate_ and _coadjutor_ +generally so; _ally_, _assistant_, _associate_, _attendant_, +_companion_, _helper_, either in a good or a bad sense; _abetter_, +_accessory_, _accomplice_, _confederate_, almost always in a bad sense. +_Ally_ is oftenest used of national and military matters, or of some +other connection regarded as great and important; as, _allies_ of +despotism. _Colleague_ is applied to civil and ecclesiastical +connections; members of Congress from the same State are _colleagues_, +even though they may be bitter opponents politically and personally. An +_Associate_ Justice of the Supreme Court is near in _rank_ to the Chief +Justice. A surgeon's _assistant_ is a physician or medical student who +shares in the treatment and care of patients; a surgeon's _attendant_ is +one who rolls bandages and the like. _Follower_, _henchman_, _retainer_ +are persons especially devoted to a chief, and generally bound to him by +necessity, fee, or reward. _Partner_ has come to denote almost +exclusively a business connection. In law, an _abettor_ (the general +legal spelling) is always present, either actively or constructively, at +the commission of the crime; an _accessory_ never. An _accomplice_ is +usually a principal; an _accessory_ never. If present, though only to +stand outside and keep watch against surprise, one is an _abettor_, and +not an _accessory_. At common law, an _accessory_ implies a principal, +and can not be convicted until after the conviction of the principal; +the _accomplice_ or _abettor_ can be convicted as a principal. +_Accomplice_ and _abettor_ have nearly the same meaning, but the former +is the popular, the latter more distinctively the legal term. Compare +APPENDAGE; AUXILIARY. + + +Antonyms: + + adversary, chief, foe, leader, principal, + antagonist, commander, hinderer, opponent, rival. + betrayer, enemy, instigator, opposer, + + +Prepositions: + +An accessory _to_ the crime; _before_ or _after_ the fact; the +accessories _of_ a figure _in_ a painting. + + * * * * * + +ACCIDENT. + + +Synonyms: + + adventure, contingency, happening, misfortune, + calamity, disaster, hazard, mishap, + casualty, fortuity, incident, possibility. + chance, hap, misadventure, + +An _accident_ is that which happens without any one's direct intention; +a _chance_ that which happens without any known cause. If the direct +cause of a railroad _accident_ is known, we can not call it a _chance_. +To the theist there is, in strictness, no _chance_, all things being by +divine causation and control; but _chance_ is spoken of where no special +cause is manifest: "By _chance_ there came down a certain priest that +way," _Luke_ x, 31. We can speak of a game of _chance_, but not of a +game of _accident_. An _incident_ is viewed as occurring in the regular +course of things, but subordinate to the main purpose, or aside from the +main design. _Fortune_ is the result of inscrutable controlling forces. +_Fortune_ and _chance_ are nearly equivalent, but _chance_ can be used +of human effort and endeavor as _fortune_ can not be; we say "he has a +_chance_ of success," or "there is one _chance_ in a thousand," where we +could not substitute _fortune_; as personified, _Fortune_ is regarded as +having a fitful purpose, _Chance_ as purposeless; we speak of fickle +_Fortune_, blind _Chance_; "_Fortune_ favors the brave." The slaughter +of men is an _incident_ of battle; unexpected defeat, the _fortune_ of +war. Since the unintended is often the undesirable, _accident_ tends to +signify some _calamity_ or _disaster_, unless the contrary is expressed, +as when we say a fortunate or happy _accident_. An _adventure_ is that +which may turn out ill, a _misadventure_ that which does turn out ill. A +slight disturbing _accident_ is a _mishap_. Compare EVENT; HAZARD. + + +Antonyms: + + appointment, decree, intention, ordainment, preparation, + calculation, fate, law, ordinance, provision, + certainty, foreordination, necessity, plan, purpose. + + +Prepositions: + +The accident _of_ birth; an accident _to_ the machinery. + + * * * * * + +ACQUAINTANCE. + + +Synonyms: + + association, experience, fellowship, intimacy, + companionship, familiarity, friendship, knowledge. + +_Acquaintance_ between persons supposes that each knows the other; we +may know a public man by his writings or speeches, and by sight, but can +not claim _acquaintance_ unless he personally knows us. There may be +pleasant _acquaintance_ with little _companionship_; and conversely, +much _companionship_ with little _acquaintance_, as between busy clerks +at adjoining desks. So there may be _association_ in business without +_intimacy_ or _friendship_. _Acquaintance_ admits of many degrees, from +a slight or passing to a familiar or intimate _acquaintance_; but +_acquaintance_ unmodified commonly signifies less than _familiarity_ or +_intimacy_. As regards persons, _familiarity_ is becoming restricted to +the undesirable sense, as in the proverb, "_Familiarity_ breeds +contempt;" hence, in personal relations, the word _intimacy_, which +refers to mutual knowledge of thought and feeling, is now uniformly +preferred. _Friendship_ includes _acquaintance_ with some degree of +_intimacy_, and ordinarily _companionship_, though in a wider sense +_friendship_ may exist between those who have never met, but know each +other only by word and deed. _Acquaintance_ does not involve +_friendship_, for one may be well acquainted with an enemy. _Fellowship_ +involves not merely _acquaintance_ and _companionship_, but sympathy as +well. There may be much _friendship_ without much _fellowship_, as +between those whose homes or pursuits are far apart. There may be +pleasant _fellowship_ which does not reach the fulness of _friendship_. +Compare ATTACHMENT; FRIENDSHIP; LOVE. As regards studies, pursuits, +etc., _acquaintance_ is less than _familiarity_, which supposes minute +_knowledge_ of particulars, arising often from long _experience_ or +_association_. + + +Antonyms: + + ignorance, ignoring, inexperience, unfamiliarity. + + +Prepositions: + +Acquaintance _with_ a subject; _of_ one person _with_ another; _between_ +persons. + + * * * * * + +ACRIMONY. + + +Synonyms: + + acerbity, harshness, severity, tartness, + asperity, malignity, sharpness, unkindness, + bitterness, moroseness, sourness, virulence. + causticity, + +_Acerbity_ is a _sharpness_, with a touch of _bitterness_, which may +arise from momentary annoyance or habitual impatience; _asperity_ is +keener and more pronounced, denoting distinct irritation or vexation; in +speech _asperity_ is often manifested by the tone of voice rather than +by the words that are spoken. _Acrimony_ in speech or temper is like a +corrosive acid; it springs from settled character or deeply rooted +feeling of aversion or unkindness. One might speak with momentary +_asperity_ to his child, but not with _acrimony_, unless estrangement +had begun. _Malignity_ is the extreme of settled ill intent; _virulence_ +is an envenomed hostility. _Virulence_ of speech is a quality in +language that makes the language seem as if exuding poison. _Virulence_ +is outspoken; _malignity_ may be covered with smooth and courteous +phrase. We say intense _virulence_, deep _malignity_. _Severity_ is +always painful, and may be terrible, but carries ordinarily the +implication, true or false, of justice. Compare ANGER; BITTER; ENMITY. + + +Antonyms: + + amiability, gentleness, kindness, smoothness, + courtesy, good nature, mildness, sweetness. + + * * * * * + +ACT, _n._ + + +Synonyms: + + accomplishment, execution, movement, + achievement, exercise, operation, + action, exertion, performance, + consummation, exploit, proceeding, + deed, feat, transaction, + doing, motion, work. + effect, + +An _act_ is strictly and originally something accomplished by an +exercise of power, in which sense it is synonymous with _deed_ or +_effect_. _Action_ is a _doing_. _Act_ is therefore single, individual, +momentary; _action_ a complex of _acts_, or a process, state, or habit +of exerting power. We say a virtuous _act_, but rather a virtuous course +of _action_. We speak of the _action_ of an acid upon a metal, not of +its _act_. _Act_ is used, also, for the simple _exertion_ of power; as, +an _act_ of will. In this sense an _act_ does not necessarily imply an +external _effect_, while an _action_ does. Morally, the _act_ of murder +is in the determination to kill; legally, the _act_ is not complete +without the striking of the fatal blow. _Act_ and _deed_ are both used +for the thing done, but _act_ refers to the power put forth, _deed_ to +the result accomplished; as, a voluntary _act_, a bad _deed_. In +connection with other words _act_ is more usually qualified by the use +of another noun, _action_ by an adjective preceding; we may say a kind +_act_, though oftener an _act_ of kindness, but only a kind _action_, +not an _action_ of kindness. As between _act_ and _deed_, _deed_ is +commonly used of great, notable, and impressive _acts_, as are +_achievement_, _exploit_, and _feat_. + + _Festus_: We live in _deeds_, not years; in thoughts, not breaths. + + BAILEY _Festus, A Country Town_, sc. 7. + +A _feat_ exhibits strength, skill, personal power, whether mental or +physical, especially the latter; as, a _feat_ of arms, a _feat_ of +memory. An _exploit_ is a conspicuous or glorious _deed_, involving +valor or heroism, usually combined with strength, skill, loftiness of +thought, and readiness of resource; an _achievement_ is the doing of +something great and noteworthy; an _exploit_ is brilliant, but its +effect may be transient; an _achievement_ is solid, and its effect +enduring. _Act_ and _action_ are both in contrast to all that is merely +passive and receptive. The intensest _action_ is easier than passive +endurance. + + +Antonyms: + + cessation, immobility, inertia, quiet, suffering, + deliberation, inaction, passion,[A] repose, suspension. + endurance, inactivity, quiescence, rest, + +[A] In philosophic sense. + + * * * * * + +ACTIVE. + + +Synonyms: + + agile, energetic, officious, sprightly, + alert, expeditious, prompt, spry, + brisk, industrious, quick, supple, + bustling, lively, ready, vigorous, + busy, mobile, restless, wide awake. + diligent, nimble, + +_Active_ refers to both quickness and constancy of action; in the former +sense it is allied with _agile_, _alert_, _brisk_, etc.; in the latter, +with _busy_, _diligent_, _industrious_. The _active_ love employment, +the _busy_ are actually employed, the _diligent_ and the _industrious_ +are habitually _busy_. The _restless_ are _active_ from inability to +keep quiet; their activity may be without purpose, or out of all +proportion to the purpose contemplated. The _officious_ are undesirably +_active_ in the affairs of others. Compare ALERT; ALIVE; MEDDLESOME. + + +Antonyms: + + dull, inactive, lazy, slow, + heavy, indolent, quiescent, sluggish, + idle, inert, quiet, stupid. + + +Prepositions: + +Active _in_ work, _in_ a cause; _for_ an object, as _for_ justice; +_with_ persons or instrumentalities; _about_ something, as _about_ other +people's business. + + * * * * * + +ACUMEN. + + +Synonyms: + + acuteness, insight, perspicacity, sharpness, + cleverness, keenness, sagacity, shrewdness. + discernment, penetration, + +_Sharpness_, _acuteness_, and _insight_, however keen, and +_penetration_, however deep, fall short of the meaning of _acumen_, +which implies also ability to use these qualities to advantage. There +are persons of keen _insight_ and great _penetration_ to whom these +powers are practically useless. _Acumen_ is _sharpness_ to some purpose, +and belongs to a mind that is comprehensive as well as keen. +_Cleverness_ is a practical aptitude for study or learning. _Insight_ +and _discernment_ are applied oftenest to the judgment of character; +_penetration_ and _perspicacity_ to other subjects of knowledge. +_Sagacity_ is an uncultured skill in using quick perceptions for a +desired end, generally in practical affairs; _acumen_ may increase with +study, and applies to the most erudite matters. _Shrewdness_ is +_keenness_ or _sagacity_, often with a somewhat evil bias, as ready to +take advantage of duller intellects. _Perspicacity_ is the power to see +clearly through that which is difficult or involved. We speak of the +_acuteness_ of an observer or a reasoner, the _insight_ and +_discernment_ of a student, a clergyman, or a merchant, the _sagacity_ +of a hound, the _keenness_ of a debater, the _shrewdness_ of a usurer, +the _penetration_, _perspicacity_, and _acumen_ of a philosopher. + + +Antonyms: + + bluntness, dulness, obtuseness, stupidity. + + * * * * * + +ADD. + + +Synonyms: + + adjoin, annex, augment, extend, make up, + affix, append, cast up, increase, subjoin, + amplify, attach, enlarge, join on, sum up. + +To _add_ is to _increase_ by _adjoining_ or _uniting_: in distinction +from multiply, which is to _increase_ by repeating. To _augment_ a thing +is to _increase_ it by any means, but this word is seldom used directly +of material objects; we do not _augment_ a house, a farm, a nation, etc. +We may _enlarge_ a house, a farm, or an empire, _extend_ influence or +dominion, _augment_ riches, power or influence, _attach_ or _annex_ a +building to one that it _adjoins_ or papers to the document they refer +to, _annex_ a clause or a codicil, _affix_ a seal or a signature, +_annex_ a territory, _attach_ a condition to a promise. A speaker may +_amplify_ a discourse by a fuller treatment throughout than was +originally planned, or he may _append_ or _subjoin_ certain remarks +without change of what has gone before. We _cast up_ or _sum up_ an +account, though _add up_ and _make up_ are now more usual expressions. + + +Antonyms: + + abstract, diminish, lessen, remove, withdraw. + deduct, dissever, reduce, subtract, + + +Preposition: + +Other items are to be added _to_ the account. + + * * * * * + +ADDICTED. + + +Synonyms: + + abandoned, devoted, given over, inclined, + accustomed, disposed, given up, prone, + attached, given, habituated, wedded. + +One is _addicted_ to that which he has allowed to gain a strong, +habitual, and enduring hold upon action, inclination, or involuntary +tendency, as to a habit or indulgence. A man may be _accustomed_ to +labor, _attached_ to his profession, _devoted_ to his religion, _given_ +to study or to gluttony (in the bad sense, _given over_, or _given up_, +is a stronger and more hopeless expression, as is _abandoned_). One +_inclined_ to luxury may become _habituated_ to poverty. One is _wedded_ +to that which has become a second nature; as, one is _wedded_ to science +or to art. _Prone_ is used only in a bad sense, and generally of natural +tendencies; as, our hearts are _prone_ to evil. _Abandoned_ tells of the +acquired viciousness of one who has given himself up to wickedness. +_Addicted_ may be used in a good, but more frequently a bad sense; as, +_addicted_ to study; _addicted_ to drink. _Devoted_ is used chiefly in +the good sense; as, a mother's _devoted_ affection. + + +Antonyms: + + averse, disinclined, indisposed, unaccustomed. + + +Preposition: + +Addicted _to_ vice. + + * * * * * + +ADDRESS, _v._ + + +Synonyms: + + cost, approach, hail, speak to, + apostrophize, court, salute, woo. + appeal, greet, + +To _accost_ is to speak first, to friend or stranger, generally with a +view to opening conversation; _greet_ is not so distinctly limited, +since one may return another's _greeting_; _greet_ and _hail_ may imply +but a passing word; _greeting_ may be altogether silent; to _hail_ is to +_greet_ in a loud-voiced and commonly hearty and joyous way, as appears +in the expression "_hail_ fellow, well met." To _salute_ is to _greet_ +with special token of respect, as a soldier his commander. To +_apostrophize_ is to solemnly _address_ some person or personified +attribute apart from the audience to whom one is speaking; as, a +preacher may _apostrophize_ virtue, the saints of old, or even the +Deity. To _appeal_ is strictly to call for some form of help or support. +_Address_ is slightly more formal than _accost_ or _greet_, though it +may often be interchanged with them. One may _address_ another at +considerable length or in writing; he _accosts_ orally and briefly. + + +Antonyms: + + avoid, elude, overlook, pass by, + cut, ignore, pass, shun. + + +Prepositions: + +Address the memorial _to_ the legislature; the president addressed the +people _in_ an eloquent speech; he addressed an intruder _with_ +indignation. + + * * * * * + +ADDRESS, _n._ + + +Synonyms: + + adroitness, discretion, manners, readiness, + courtesy, ingenuity, politeness, tact. + dexterity, + +_Address_ is that indefinable something which enables a man to gain his +object without seeming exertion or contest, and generally with the favor +and approval of those with whom he deals. It is a general power to +direct to the matter in hand whatever qualities are most needed for it +at the moment. It includes _adroitness_ and _discretion_ to know what to +do or say and what to avoid; _ingenuity_ to devise; _readiness_ to speak +or act; the _dexterity_ that comes of practise; and _tact_, which is the +power of fine touch as applied to human character and feeling. +_Courtesy_ and _politeness_ are indispensable elements of good +_address_. Compare SPEECH. + + +Antonyms: + + awkwardness, clumsiness, ill-breeding, stupidity, + boorishness, fatuity, ill manners, unmannerliness, + clownishness, folly, rudeness, unwisdom. + + +Prepositions: + +Address _in_ dealing with opponents; the address _of_ an accomplished +intriguer; an address _to_ the audience. + + * * * * * + +ADEQUATE. + + +Synonyms: + + able, competent, fitted, satisfactory, + adapted, equal, fitting, sufficient, + capable, fit, qualified, suitable. + commensurate, + +_Adequate_, _commensurate_, and _sufficient_ signify _equal_ to some +given occasion or work; as, a sum _sufficient_ to meet expenses; an +_adequate_ remedy for the disease. _Commensurate_ is the more precise +and learned word, signifying that which exactly measures the matter in +question. _Adapted_, _fit_, _suitable_, and _qualified_ refer to the +qualities which match or suit the occasion. A clergyman may have +strength _adequate_ to the work of a porter; but that would not be a +_fit_ or _suitable_ occupation for him. Work is _satisfactory_ if it +satisfies those for whom it is done, though it may be very poor work +judged by some higher standard. _Qualified_ refers to acquired +abilities; _competent_ to both natural and acquired; a _qualified_ +teacher may be no longer _competent_, by reason of ill health. _Able_ +and _capable_ suggest general ability and reserved power, _able_ being +the higher word of the two. An _able_ man will do something well in any +position. A _capable_ man will come up to any ordinary demand. We say an +_able_ orator, a _capable_ accountant. + + +Antonyms: + + disqualified, inferior, unequal, unsatisfactory, useless, + inadequate, insufficient, unfit, unsuitable, worthless. + incompetent, poor, unqualified, + + +Prepositions: + +Adequate _to_ the demand; _for_ the purpose. + + * * * * * + +ADHERENT. + + +Synonyms: + + aid, ally, disciple, partisan, supporter. + aider, backer, follower, + +An _adherent_ is one who is devoted or attached to a person, party, +principle, cause, creed, or the like. One may be an _aider_ and +_supporter_ of a party or church, while not an _adherent_ to all its +doctrines or claims. An _ally_ is more independent still, as he may +differ on every point except the specific ground of union. The _Allies_ +who overthrew Napoleon were united only against him. _Allies_ are +regarded as equals; _adherents_ and _disciples_ are followers. The +_adherent_ depends more on his individual judgment, the _disciple_ is +more subject to command and instruction; thus we say the _disciples_ +rather than the _adherents_ of Christ. _Partisan_ has the narrow and +odious sense of adhesion to a party, right or wrong. One may be an +_adherent_ or _supporter_ of a party and not a _partisan_. _Backer_ is a +sporting and theatrical word, personal in its application, and not in +the best usage. Compare ACCESSORY. + + +Antonyms: + + adversary, betrayer, enemy, opponent, traitor. + antagonist, deserter, hater, renegade, + + +Prepositions: + +Adherents _to_ principle; adherents _of_ Luther. + + * * * * * + +ADHESIVE. + + +Synonyms: + + cohesive, gummy, sticky, viscous. + glutinous, sticking, viscid, + +_Adhesive_ is the scientific, _sticking_ or _sticky_ the popular word. +That which is _adhesive_ tends to join itself to the surface of any +other body with which it is placed in contact; _cohesive_ expresses the +tendency of particles of the same substance to hold together. Polished +plate glass is not _adhesive_, but such plates packed together are +intensely _cohesive_. An _adhesive_ plaster is in popular language a +_sticking_-plaster. _Sticky_ expresses a more limited, and generally +annoying, degree of the same quality. _Glutinous_, _gummy_, _viscid_, +and _viscous_ are applied to fluid or semi-fluid substances, as pitch or +tar. + + +Antonyms: + + free, inadhesive, loose, separable. + + +Preposition: + +The stiff, wet clay, adhesive _to_ the foot, impeded progress. + + * * * * * + +ADJACENT. + + +Synonyms: + + abutting, bordering, contiguous, neighboring, + adjoining, close, coterminous, next, + attached, conterminous, near, nigh. + beside, + +_Adjacent_ farms may not be connected; if _adjoining_, they meet at the +boundary-line. _Conterminous_ would imply that their dimensions were +exactly equal on the side where they adjoin. _Contiguous_ may be used +for either _adjacent_ or _adjoining_. _Abutting_ refers rather to the +end of one building or estate than to the neighborhood of another. +Buildings may be _adjacent_ or _adjoining_ that are not _attached_. +_Near_ is a relative word, places being called _near_ upon the railroad +which would elsewhere be deemed remote. _Neighboring_ always implies +such proximity that the inhabitants may be neighbors. _Next_ views some +object as the nearest of several or many; _next_ neighbor implies a +neighborhood. + + +Antonyms: + + detached, disconnected, disjoined, distant, remote, separate. + + +Preposition: + +The farm was adjacent _to_ the village. + + * * * * * + +ADMIRE. + + +Synonyms: + + adore, delight in, extol, respect, venerate, + applaud, enjoy, honor, revere, wonder. + approve, esteem, love, + +In the old sense of _wonder_, _admire_ is practically obsolete; the word +now expresses a delight and approval, in which the element of wonder +unconsciously mingles. We _admire_ beauty in nature and art, _delight +in_ the innocent happiness of children, _enjoy_ books or society, a walk +or a dinner. We _approve_ what is excellent, _applaud_ heroic deeds, +_esteem_ the good, _love_ our friends. We _honor_ and _respect_ noble +character wherever found; we _revere_ and _venerate_ it in the aged. We +_extol_ the goodness and _adore_ the majesty and power of God. + + +Antonyms: + + abhor, contemn, detest, execrate, ridicule, + abominate, despise, dislike, hate, scorn. + + +Preposition: + +_Admire at_ may still very rarely be found in the old sense of _wonder +at_. + + * * * * * + +ADORN. + + +Synonyms: + + beautify, decorate, garnish, illustrate, + bedeck, embellish, gild, ornament. + deck, + +To _embellish_ is to brighten and enliven by adding something that is +not necessarily or very closely connected with that to which it is +added; to _illustrate_ is to add something so far like in kind as to +cast a side-light upon the principal matter. An author _embellishes_ his +narrative with fine descriptions, the artist _illustrates_ it with +beautiful engravings, the binder _gilds_ and _decorates_ the volume. +_Garnish_ is on a lower plane; as, the feast was _garnished_ with +flowers. _Deck_ and _bedeck_ are commonly said of apparel; as, a mother +_bedecks_ her daughter with silk and jewels. To _adorn_ and to +_ornament_ alike signify to add that which makes anything beautiful and +attractive, but _ornament_ is more exclusively on the material plane; +as, the gateway was _ornamented_ with delicate carving. _Adorn_ is more +lofty and spiritual, referring to a beauty which is not material, and +can not be put on by ornaments or decorations, but seems in perfect +harmony and unity with that to which it adds a grace; if we say, the +gateway was _adorned_ with beautiful carving, we imply a unity and +loftiness of design such as _ornamented_ can not express. We say of some +admirable scholar or statesman, "he touched nothing that he did not +_adorn_." + + At church, with meek and unaffected grace, + His looks _adorned_ the venerable place. + + GOLDSMITH _Deserted Village_, l. 178. + + +Antonyms: + + deface, deform, disfigure, mar, spoil. + + +Preposition: + +Adorn his temples _with_ a coronet. + + * * * * * + +AFFRONT. + + +Synonyms: + + aggravate, exasperate, offend, vex, + annoy, insult, provoke, wound. + displease, irritate, tease, + +One may be _annoyed_ by the well-meaning awkwardness of a servant, +_irritated_ by a tight shoe or a thoughtless remark, _vexed_ at some +careless neglect or needless misfortune, _wounded_ by the ingratitude of +child or friend. To _tease_ is to give some slight and perhaps playful +annoyance. _Aggravate_ in the sense of _offend_ is colloquial. To +_provoke_, literally to call out or challenge, is to begin a contest; +one _provokes_ another to violence. To _affront_ is to offer some +defiant offense or indignity, as it were, to one's face; it is somewhat +less than to _insult_. Compare PIQUE. + + +Antonyms: + + conciliate, content, gratify, honor, please. + + * * * * * + +AGENT. + + +Synonyms: + + actor, factor, means, operator, promoter. + doer, instrument, mover, performer, + +In strict philosophical usage, the prime _mover_ or _doer_ of an act is +the _agent_. Thus we speak of man as a voluntary _agent_, a free +_agent_. But in common usage, especially in business, an _agent_ is not +the prime _actor_, but only an _instrument_ or _factor_, acting under +orders or instructions. Compare CAUSE. + + +Antonyms: + + chief, inventor, originator, principal. + + +Prepositions: + +An agent _of_ the company _for_ selling, etc. + + * * * * * + +AGREE. + + +Synonyms: + + accede, admit, coincide, concur, + accept, approve, combine, consent, + accord, assent, comply, harmonize. + acquiesce, + +_Agree_ is the most general term of this group, signifying to have like +qualities, proportions, views, or inclinations, so as to be free from +jar, conflict, or contradiction in a given relation. To _concur_ is to +_agree_ in general; to _coincide_ is to _agree_ in every particular. +Whether in application to persons or things, _concur_ tends to +expression in action more than _coincide_; we may either _concur_ or +_coincide_ in an opinion, but _concur_ in a decision; views _coincide_, +causes _concur_. One _accepts_ another's terms, _complies_ with his +wishes, _admits_ his statement, _approves_ his plan, _conforms_ to his +views of doctrine or duty, _accedes_ or _consents_ to his proposal. +_Accede_ expresses the more formal agreement, _consent_ the more +complete. To _assent_ is an act of the understanding; to _consent_, of +the will. We may _concur_ or _agree_ with others, either in opinion or +decision. One may silently _acquiesce_ in that which does not meet his +views, but which he does not care to contest. He _admits_ the charge +brought, or the statement made, by another--_admit_ always carrying a +suggestion of reluctance. _Assent_ is sometimes used for a mild form of +_consent_, as if agreement in the opinion assured approval of the +decision. + + +Antonyms: + + contend, demur, disagree, oppose, + contradict, deny, dispute, protest, + decline, differ, dissent, refuse. + + +Prepositions: + +I agree _in_ opinion _with_ the speaker; _to_ the terms proposed; +persons agree _on_ or _upon_ a statement of principles, rules, etc.; we +must agree _among_ ourselves. + + * * * * * + +AGRICULTURE. + + +Synonyms: + + cultivation, gardening, kitchen-gardening, + culture, horticulture, market-gardening, + farming, husbandry, tillage. + floriculture, + +_Agriculture_ is the generic term, including at once the science, the +art, and the process of supplying human wants by raising the products of +the soil, and by the associated industries; _farming_ is the practise of +_agriculture_ as a business; there may be theoretical _agriculture_, but +not theoretical _farming_; we speak of the science of _agriculture_, the +business of _farming_; scientific _agriculture_ may be wholly in books; +scientific _farming_ is practised upon the land; we say an +_agricultural_ college rather than a college of _farming_. _Farming_ +refers to the _cultivation_ of considerable portions of land, and the +raising of the coarser crops; _gardening_ is the close _cultivation_ of +a small area for small fruits, flowers, vegetables, etc., and while it +may be done upon a farm is yet a distinct industry. _Gardening_ in +general, _kitchen-gardening_, the _cultivation_ of vegetables, etc., for +the household, _market-gardening_, the raising of the same for sale, +_floriculture_, the _culture_ of flowers, and _horticulture_, the +_culture_ of fruits, flowers, or vegetables, are all departments of +_agriculture_, but not strictly nor ordinarily of _farming_; _farming_ +is itself one department of _agriculture_. _Husbandry_ is a general word +for any form of practical _agriculture_, but is now chiefly poetical. +_Tillage_ refers directly to the work bestowed upon the land, as +plowing, manuring, etc.; _cultivation_ refers especially to the +processes that bring forward the crop; we speak of the _tillage_ of the +soil, the _cultivation_ of corn; we also speak of land as in a state of +_cultivation_, under _cultivation_, etc. _Culture_ is now applied to the +careful development of any product to a state of perfection, especially +by care through successive generations; the choice varieties of the +strawberry have been produced by wise and patient _culture_; a good crop +in any year is the result of good _cultivation_. + + * * * * * + +AIM. + + +Synonyms: + + aspiration, endeavor, intention, tendency. + design, goal, mark, + determination, inclination, object, + end, intent, purpose, + +The _aim_ is the direction in which one shoots, or sometimes that which +is aimed at. The _mark_ is that at which one shoots; the _goal_, that +toward which one runs. All alike indicate the direction of _endeavor_. +The _end_ is the point at which one expects or hopes to close his +labors; the _object_, that which he would grasp as the reward of his +labors. _Aspiration_, _design_, _endeavor_, _purpose_, referring to the +mental acts by which the _aim_ is attained, are often used as +interchangeable with _aim_. _Aspiration_ applies to what are viewed as +noble _aims_; _endeavor_, _design_, _intention_, _purpose_, +indifferently to the best or worst. _Aspiration_ has less of decision +than the other terms; one may aspire to an _object_, and yet lack the +fixedness of _purpose_ by which alone it can be attained. _Purpose_ is +stronger than _intention_. _Design_ especially denotes the adaptation +of means to an end; _endeavor_ refers to the exertions by which it is to +be attained. One whose _aims_ are worthy, whose _aspirations_ are high, +whose _designs_ are wise, and whose _purposes_ are steadfast, may hope +to reach the _goal_ of his ambition, and will surely win some _object_ +worthy of a life's _endeavor_. Compare AMBITION; DESIGN. + + +Antonyms: + + aimlessness, heedlessness, negligence, purposelessness, + avoidance, neglect, oversight, thoughtlessness. + carelessness, + + * * * * * + +AIR. + + +Synonyms: + + appearance, demeanor, manner, sort, + bearing, expression, mien, style, + behavior, fashion, port, way. + carriage, look, + +_Air_ is that combination of qualities which makes the entire impression +we receive in a person's presence; as, we say he has the _air_ of a +scholar, or the _air_ of a villain. _Appearance_ refers more to the +dress and other externals. We might say of a travel-soiled pedestrian, +he has the _appearance_ of a tramp, but the _air_ of a gentleman. +_Expression_ and _look_ especially refer to the face. _Expression_ is +oftenest applied to that which is habitual; as, he has a pleasant +_expression_ of countenance; _look_ may be momentary; as, a _look_ of +dismay passed over his face. We may, however, speak of the _look_ or +_looks_ as indicating all that we look at; as, he had the _look_ of an +adventurer; I did not like his _looks_. _Bearing_ is rather a lofty +word; as, he has a noble _bearing_; _port_ is practically identical in +meaning with _bearing_, but is more exclusively a literary word. +_Carriage_, too, is generally used in a good sense; as, that lady has a +good _carriage_. _Mien_ is closely synonymous with _air_, but less often +used in a bad sense. We say a rakish _air_ rather than a rakish _mien_. +_Mien_ may be used to express some prevailing feeling; as, "an indignant +_mien_." _Demeanor_ goes beyond _appearance_, including conduct, +behavior; as, a modest _demeanor_. _Manner_ and _style_ are, in large +part at least, acquired. Compare BEHAVIOR. + + * * * * * + +AIRY. + + +Synonyms: + + aerial, ethereal, frolicsome, joyous, lively, + animated, fairylike, gay, light, sprightly. + +_Aerial_ and _airy_ both signify of or belonging to the air, but _airy_ +also describes that which seems as if made of air; we speak of _airy_ +shapes, _airy_ nothings, where we could not well say _aerial_; +_ethereal_ describes its object as belonging to the upper air, the pure +ether, and so, often, heavenly. _Sprightly_, spiritlike, refers to +light, free, cheerful activity of mind and body. That which is _lively_ +or _animated_ may be agreeable or the reverse; as, an _animated_ +discussion; a _lively_ company. + + +Antonyms: + + clumsy, heavy, ponderous, sluggish, wooden. + dull, inert, slow, stony, + + * * * * * + +ALARM. + + +Synonyms: + + affright, disquietude, fright, solicitude, + apprehension, dread, misgiving, terror, + consternation, fear, panic, timidity. + dismay, + +_Alarm_, according to its derivation _all'arme_, "to arms," is an +arousing to meet and repel danger, and may be quite consistent with true +courage. _Affright_ and _fright_ express sudden _fear_ which, for the +time at least, overwhelms courage. The sentinel discovers with _alarm_ +the sudden approach of the enemy; the unarmed villagers view it with +_affright_. _Apprehension_, _disquietude_, _dread_, _misgiving_, and +_solicitude_ are in anticipation of danger; _consternation_, _dismay_, +and _terror_ are overwhelming _fear_, generally in the actual presence +of that which is terrible, though these words also may have an +anticipative force. _Timidity_ is a quality, habit, or condition, a +readiness to be affected with _fear_. A person of great _timidity_ is +constantly liable to needless _alarm_ and even _terror_. Compare FEAR. + + +Antonyms: + + assurance, calmness, confidence, repose, security. + + +Prepositions: + +Alarm was felt _in_ the camp, _among_ the soldiers, _at_ the news. + + * * * * * + +ALERT. + + +Synonyms: + + active, lively, prepared, vigilant, + brisk, nimble, prompt, watchful, + hustling, on the watch, ready, wide-awake. + +_Alert_, _ready_, and _wide-awake_ refer to a watchful promptness for +action. _Ready_ suggests thoughtful preparation; the wandering Indian is +_alert_, the trained soldier is _ready_. _Ready_ expresses more life and +vigor than _prepared_. The gun is _prepared_; the man is _ready_. +_Prompt_ expresses readiness for appointment or demand at the required +moment. The good general is _ready_ for emergencies, _alert_ to perceive +opportunity or peril, _prompt_ to seize occasion. The sense of _brisk_, +_nimble_ is the secondary and now less common signification of _alert_. +Compare ACTIVE; ALIVE; NIMBLE; VIGILANT. + + +Antonyms: + + drowsy, dull, heavy, inactive, slow, sluggish, stupid. + + * * * * * + +ALIEN, _a._ + + +Synonyms: + + conflicting, distant, inappropriate, strange, + contradictory, foreign, irrelevant, unconnected, + contrary, hostile, opposed, unlike. + contrasted, impertinent, remote, + +_Foreign_ refers to difference of birth, _alien_ to difference of +allegiance. In their figurative use, that is _foreign_ which is +_remote_, _unlike_, or _unconnected_; that is _alien_ which is +_conflicting_, _hostile_, or _opposed_. _Impertinent_ and _irrelevant_ +matters can not claim consideration in a certain connection; +_inappropriate_ matters could not properly be considered. Compare ALIEN, +_n._; CONTRAST, _v._ + + +Antonyms: + + akin, apropos, germane, proper, + appropriate, essential, pertinent, relevant. + + +Prepositions: + +Such a purpose was alien _to_ (or _from_) my thought: _to_ preferable. + + * * * * * + +ALIEN, _n._ + + +Synonyms: + + foreigner, stranger. + +A naturalized citizen is not an _alien_, though a _foreigner_ by birth, +and perhaps a _stranger_ in the place where he resides. A person of +foreign birth not naturalized is an _alien_, though he may have been +resident in the country a large part of a lifetime, and ceased to be a +_stranger_ to its people or institutions. He is an _alien_ in one +country if his allegiance is to another. The people of any country still +residing in their own land are, strictly speaking, _foreigners_ to the +people of all other countries, rather than _aliens_; but _alien_ and +_foreigner_ are often used synonymously. + + +Antonyms: + + citizen, fellow-countryman, native-born inhabitant, + countryman, native, naturalized person. + + +Prepositions: + +Aliens _to_ (more rarely _from_) our nation and laws; aliens _in_ our +land, _among_ our people. + + * * * * * + +ALIKE. + + +Synonyms: + + akin, equivalent, kindred, same, + analogous, homogeneous, like, similar, + equal, identical, resembling, uniform. + +_Alike_ is a comprehensive word, signifying as applied to two or more +objects that some or all qualities of one are the same as those of the +other or others; by modifiers _alike_ may be made to express more or +less resemblance; as, these houses are somewhat (_i. e._, partially) +_alike_; or, these houses are exactly (_i. e._, in all respects) +_alike_. Cotton and wool are _alike_ in this, that they can both be +woven into cloth. Substances are _homogeneous_ which are made up of +elements of the _same_ kind, or which are the _same_ in structure. Two +pieces of iron may be _homogeneous_ in material, while not _alike_ in +size or shape. In geometry, two triangles are _equal_ when they can be +laid over one another, and fit, line for line and angle for angle; they +are _equivalent_ when they simply contain the same amount of space. An +_identical_ proposition is one that says the same thing precisely in +subject and predicate. _Similar_ refers to close resemblance, which yet +leaves room for question or denial of complete likeness or identity. To +say "this is the _identical_ man," is to say not merely that he is +_similar_ to the one I have in mind, but that he is the very _same_ +person. Things are _analogous_ when they are _similar_ in idea, plan, +use, or character, tho perhaps quite unlike in appearance; as, the gills +of fishes are said to be _analogous_ to the lungs in terrestrial +animals. + + +Antonyms: + + different, dissimilar, distinct, heterogeneous, unlike. + + +Prepositions: + +The specimens are alike _in_ kind; they are all alike _to_ me. + + * * * * * + +ALIVE. + + +Synonyms: + + active, breathing, live, quick, + alert, brisk, lively, subsisting, + animate, existent, living, vivacious. + animated, existing, + +_Alive_ applies to all degrees of life, from that which shows one to be +barely _existing_ or _existent_ as a living thing, as when we say he is +just _alive_, to that which implies the very utmost of vitality and +power, as in the words "he is all _alive_," "thoroughly _alive_." So the +word _quick_, which began by signifying "having life," is now mostly +applied to energy of life as shown in swiftness of action. _Breathing_ +is capable of like contrast. We say of a dying man, he is still +_breathing_; or we speak of a _breathing_ statue, or "_breathing_ and +sounding, beauteous battle," TENNYSON _Princess_ can. v, l. 155, where +it means having, or seeming to have, full and vigorous breath, abundant +life. Compare ACTIVE; ALERT; NIMBLE. + + +Antonyms: + + dead, defunct, dull, lifeless, + deceased, dispirited, inanimate, spiritless. + + +Prepositions: + +Alive _in_ every nerve; alive _to_ every noble impulse; alive _with_ +fervor, hope, resolve; alive _through_ all his being. + + * * * * * + +ALLAY. + + +Synonyms: + + alleviate, compose, quiet, still, + appease, mollify, soothe, tranquilize. + calm, pacify, + +_Allay_ and _alleviate_ are closely kindred in signification, and have +been often interchanged in usage. But, in strictness, to _allay_ is to +lay to rest, _quiet_ or _soothe_ that which is excited; to _alleviate_, +on the other hand, is to lighten a burden. We _allay_ suffering by using +means to _soothe_ and _tranquilize_ the sufferer; we _alleviate_ +suffering by doing something toward removal of the cause, so that there +is less to suffer; where the trouble is wholly or chiefly in the +excitement, to _allay_ the excitement is virtually to remove the +trouble; as, to _allay_ rage or panic; we _alleviate_ poverty, but do +not _allay_ it. _Pacify_, directly from the Latin, and _appease_, from +the Latin through the French, signify to bring to peace; to _mollify_ is +to soften; to _calm_, _quiet_, or _tranquilize_ is to make still; +_compose_, to place together, unite, adjust to a calm and settled +condition; to _soothe_ (originally to assent to, humor) is to bring to +pleased quietude. We _allay_ excitement, _appease_ a tumult, _calm_ +agitation, _compose_ our feelings or countenance, _pacify_ the +quarrelsome, _quiet_ the boisterous or clamorous, _soothe_ grief or +distress. Compare ALLEVIATE. + + +Antonyms: + + agitate, excite, kindle, rouse, stir up. + arouse, fan, provoke, stir, + + * * * * * + +ALLEGE. + + +Synonyms: + + adduce, asseverate, claim, maintain, produce, + advance, assign, declare, offer, say, + affirm, aver, introduce, plead, state. + assert, cite, + +To _allege_ is formally to state as true or capable of proof, but +without proving. To _adduce_, literally to lead to, is to bring the +evidence up to what has been _alleged_. _Adduce_ is a secondary word; +nothing can be _adduced_ in evidence till something has been _stated_ or +_alleged_, which the evidence is to sustain. An _alleged_ fact stands +open to question or doubt. To speak of an _alleged_ document, an +_alleged_ will, an _alleged_ crime, is either to question, or at least +very carefully to refrain from admitting, that the document exists, that +the will is genuine, or that the crime has been committed. _Alleged_ is, +however, respectful; to speak of the "so-called" will or deed, etc., +would be to cast discredit upon the document, and imply that the speaker +was ready to brand it as unquestionably spurious; _alleged_ simply +concedes nothing and leaves the question open. To _produce_ is to bring +forward, as, for instance, papers or persons. _Adduce_ is not used of +persons; of them we say _introduce_ or _produce_. When an _alleged_ +criminal is brought to trial, the counsel on either side are accustomed +to _advance_ a theory, and _adduce_ the strongest possible evidence in +its support; they will _produce_ documents and witnesses, _cite_ +precedents, _assign_ reasons, _introduce_ suggestions, _offer_ pleas. +The accused will usually _assert_ his innocence. Compare STATE. + + * * * * * + +ALLEGIANCE. + + +Synonyms: + + devotion, fealty, loyalty, obedience, subjection. + faithfulness, homage, + +_Allegiance_ is the obligation of fidelity and obedience that an +individual owes to his government or sovereign, in return for the +protection he receives. The feudal uses of these words have mostly +passed away with the state of society that gave them birth; but their +origin still colors their present meaning. A patriotic American feels an +enthusiastic _loyalty_ to the republic; he takes, on occasion, an oath +of _allegiance_ to the government, but his _loyalty_ will lead him to do +more than mere _allegiance_ could demand; he pays _homage_ to God alone, +as the only king and lord, or to those principles of right that are +spiritually supreme; he acknowledges the duty of _obedience_ to all +rightful authority; he resents the idea of _subjection_. _Fealty_ is +becoming somewhat rare, except in elevated or poetic style. We prefer to +speak of the _faithfulness_ rather than the _fealty_ of citizen, wife, +or friend. + + +Antonyms: + + disaffection, disloyalty, rebellion, sedition, treason. + + +Prepositions: + +We honor the allegiance _of_ the citizen _to_ the government; the +government has a right to allegiance _from_ the citizen. + + * * * * * + +ALLEGORY. + + +Synonyms: + + fable, fiction, illustration, metaphor, parable, simile. + +In modern usage we may say that an _allegory_ is an extended _simile_, +while a _metaphor_ is an abbreviated _simile_ contained often in a +phrase, perhaps in a word. The _simile_ carries its comparison on the +surface, in the words _as_, _like_, or similar expressions; the +_metaphor_ is given directly without any note of comparison. The +_allegory_, _parable_, or _fable_ tells its story as if true, leaving +the reader or hearer to discover its fictitious character and learn its +lesson. All these are, in strict definition, _fictions_; but the word +_fiction_ is now applied almost exclusively to novels or romances. An +_allegory_ is a moral or religious tale, of which the moral lesson is +the substance, and all descriptions and incidents but accessories, as in +"The Pilgrim's Progress." A _fable_ is generally briefer, representing +animals as the speakers and actors, and commonly conveying some lesson +of practical wisdom or shrewdness, as "The _Fables_ of AEsop." A +_parable_ is exclusively moral or religious, briefer and less adorned +than an _allegory_, with its lesson more immediately discernible, given, +as it were, at a stroke. Any comparison, analogy, instance, example, +tale, anecdote, or the like which serves to let in light upon a subject +may be called an _illustration_, this word in its widest use including +all the rest. Compare FICTION; STORY. + + +Antonyms: + + chronicle, fact, history, narrative, record. + + * * * * * + +ALLEVIATE. + + +Synonyms: + + abate, lighten, reduce, remove, + assuage, mitigate, relieve, soften. + lessen, moderate, + +Etymologically, to _alleviate_ is to lift a burden toward oneself, and +so _lighten_ it for the bearer; to _relieve_ is to lift it back from the +bearer, nearly or quite away; to _remove_ is to take it away altogether. +_Alleviate_ is thus less than _relieve_; _relieve_, ordinarily, less +than _remove_. We _alleviate_, _relieve_ or _remove_ the trouble; we +_relieve_, not _alleviate_, the sufferer. _Assuage_ is, by derivation, +to sweeten; _mitigate_, to make mild; _moderate_, to bring within +measure; _abate_, to beat down, and so make less. We _abate_ a fever; +_lessen_ anxiety; _moderate_ passions or desires; _lighten_ burdens; +_mitigate_ or _alleviate_ pain; _reduce_ inflammation; _soften_, +_assuage_, or _moderate_ grief; we _lighten_ or _mitigate_ punishments; +we _relieve_ any suffering of body or mind that admits of help, comfort, +or remedy. _Alleviate_ has been often confused with _allay_. Compare +ALLAY. + + +Antonyms: + + aggravate, embitter, heighten, intensify, make worse. + augment, enhance, increase, magnify, + + * * * * * + +ALLIANCE. + + +Synonyms: + + coalition, confederation, fusion, partnership, + compact, federation, league, union. + confederacy, + +_Alliance_ is in its most common use a connection formed by treaty +between sovereign states as for mutual aid in war. _Partnership_ is a +mercantile word; _alliance_ chiefly political or matrimonial. +_Coalition_ is oftenest used of political parties; _fusion_ is now the +more common word in this sense. In an _alliance_ between nations there +is no surrender of sovereignty, and no _union_ except for a specified +time and purpose. _League_ and _alliance_ are used with scarcely +perceptible difference of meaning. In a _confederacy_ or _confederation_ +there is an attempt to unite separate states in a general government +without surrender of sovereignty. _Union_ implies so much concession as +to make the separate states substantially one. _Federation_ is mainly a +poetic and rhetorical word expressing something of the same thought, as +in Tennyson's "_federation_ of the world," _Locksley Hall_, l. 128. The +United States is not a _confederacy_ nor an _alliance_; the nation might +be called a _federation_, but prefers to be styled a federal _union_. + + +Antonyms: + + antagonism, disunion, enmity, schism, separation, + discord, divorce, hostility, secession, war. + + +Prepositions: + +Alliance _with_ a neighboring people; _against_ the common enemy; _for_ +offense and defense; alliance _of_, _between_, or _among_ nations. + + * * * * * + +ALLOT. + + +Synonyms: + + appoint, destine, give, portion out, + apportion, distribute, grant, select, + assign, divide, mete out, set apart. + award, + +_Allot_, originally to assign by lot, applies to the giving of a +definite thing to a certain person. A portion or extent of time is +_allotted_; as, I expect to live out my _allotted_ time. A definite +period is _appointed_; as, the audience assembled at the _appointed_ +hour. _Allot_ may also refer to space; as, to _allot_ a plot of ground +for a cemetery; but we now oftener use _select_, _set apart_, or +_assign_. _Allot_ is not now used of persons. _Appoint_ may be used of +time, space, or person; as, the _appointed_ day; the _appointed_ place; +an officer was _appointed_ to this station. _Destine_ may also refer to +time, place, or person, but it always has reference to what is +considerably in the future; a man _appoints_ to meet his friend in five +minutes; he _destines_ his son to follow his own profession. _Assign_ is +rarely used of time, but rather of places, persons, or things. We +_assign_ a work to be done and _assign_ a man to do it, who, if he +fails, must _assign_ a reason for not doing it. That which is +_allotted_, _appointed_, or _assigned_ is more or less arbitrary; that +which is _awarded_ is the due requital of something the receiver has +done, and he has right and claim to it; as, the medal was _awarded_ for +valor. Compare APPORTION. + + +Antonyms: + + appropriate, deny, resume, seize, + confiscate, refuse, retain, withhold. + + +Prepositions: + +Allot _to_ a company _for_ a purpose. + + * * * * * + +ALLOW. + + +Synonyms: + + admit, consent to, let, sanction, tolerate, + concede, grant, permit, suffer, yield. + +We _allow_ that which we do not attempt to hinder; we _permit_ that to +which we give some express authorization. When this is given verbally it +is called permission; when in writing it is commonly called a permit. +There are establishments that any one will be _allowed_ to visit without +challenge or hindrance; there are others that no one is _allowed_ to +visit without a permit from the manager; there are others to which +visitors are _admitted_ at specified times, without a formal permit. We +_allow_ a child's innocent intrusion; we _concede_ a right; _grant_ a +request; _consent_ to a sale of property; _permit_ an inspection of +accounts; _sanction_ a marriage; _tolerate_ the rudeness of a +well-meaning servant; _submit_ to a surgical operation; _yield_ to a +demand or necessity against our wish or will, or _yield_ something under +compulsion; as, the sheriff _yielded_ the keys at the muzzle of a +revolver, and _allowed_ the mob to enter. _Suffer_, in the sense of mild +concession, is now becoming rare, its place being taken by _allow_, +_permit_, or _tolerate_. Compare PERMISSION. + + +Antonyms: + + deny, disapprove, protest, reject, withstand. + disallow, forbid, refuse, resist, + +See also synonyms for PROHIBIT. + + +Prepositions: + +To allow _of_ (in best recent usage, simply to _allow_) such an action; +allow one _in_ such a course; allow _for_ spending-money. + + * * * * * + +ALLOY. + + +Synonyms: + + admixture, adulteration, debasement, deterioration. + +_Alloy_ may be either some admixture of baser with precious metal, as +for giving hardness to coin or the like, or it may be a compound or +mixture of two or more metals. _Adulteration_, _debasement_, and +_deterioration_ are always used in the bad sense; _admixture_ is +neutral, and may be good or bad; _alloy_ is commonly good in the literal +sense. An excess of _alloy_ virtually amounts to _adulteration_; but +_adulteration_ is now mostly restricted to articles used for food, +drink, medicine, and kindred uses. In the figurative sense, as applied +to character, etc., _alloy_ is unfavorable, because there the only +standard is perfection. + + * * * * * + +ALLUDE. + + +Synonyms: + + advert, indicate, intimate, point, signify, + hint, insinuate, mention, refer, suggest. + imply, + +_Advert_, _mention_, and _refer_ are used of language that more or less +distinctly utters a certain thought; the others of language from which +it may be inferred. We _allude_ to a matter slightly, perhaps by a word +or phrase, as it were in byplay; we _advert_ to it when we turn from our +path to treat it; we _refer_ to it by any clear utterance that +distinctly turns the mind or attention to it; as, marginal figures +_refer_ to a parallel passage; we _mention_ a thing by explicit word, as +by naming it. The speaker _adverted_ to the recent disturbances and the +remissness of certain public officers; tho he _mentioned_ no name, it +was easy to see to whom he _alluded_. One may _hint_ at a thing in a +friendly way, but what is _insinuated_ is always unfavorable, generally +both hostile and cowardly. One may _indicate_ his wishes, _intimate_ his +plans, _imply_ his opinion, _signify_ his will, _suggest_ a course of +action. Compare SUGGESTION. + + +Preposition: + +The passage evidently alludes _to_ the Jewish Passover. + + * * * * * + +ALLURE. + + +Synonyms: + + attract, captivate, decoy, entice, lure, tempt, + cajole, coax, draw, inveigle, seduce, win. + +To _allure_ is to _draw_ as with a lure by some charm or some prospect +of pleasure or advantage. We may _attract_ others to a certain thing +without intent; as, the good unconsciously _attract_ others to virtue. +We may _allure_ either to that which is evil or to that which is good +and noble, by purpose and endeavor, as in the familiar line, "_Allured_ +to brighter worlds, and led the way," GOLDSMITH _Deserted Village_, l. +170. _Lure_ is rather more akin to the physical nature. It is the word +we would use of drawing on an animal. _Coax_ expresses the attraction of +the person, not of the thing. A man may be _coaxed_ to that which is by +no means _alluring_. _Cajole_ and _decoy_ carry the idea of deceiving +and ensnaring. To _inveigle_ is to lead one blindly in. To _tempt_ is to +endeavor to lead one wrong; to _seduce_ is to succeed in _winning_ one +from good to ill. _Win_ may be used in either a bad or a good sense, in +which latter it surpasses the highest sense of _allure_, because it +succeeds in that which _allure_ attempts; as, "He that _winneth_ souls +is wise," _Prov._ xi, 30. + + +Antonyms: + + chill, damp, deter, dissuade, drive away, repel, warn. + + +Prepositions: + +Allure _to_ a course; allure _by_ hopes; allure _from_ evil _to_ good. + + * * * * * + +ALSO. + + +Synonyms: + + as well, in addition, likewise, too, + as well as, in like manner, similarly, withal. + besides, + +While some distinctions between these words and phrases will appear to +the careful student, yet in practise the choice between them is largely +to secure euphony and avoid repetition. The words fall into two groups; +_as well as_, _besides_, _in addition_, _too_, _withal_, simply add a +fact or thought; _also_ (all so), _in like manner_, _likewise_, +_similarly_, affirm that what is added is like that to which it is +added. _As well_ follows the word or phrase to which it is joined. We +can say the singers _as well as_ the players, or the players, and the +singers _as well_. + + +Antonyms: + + but, nevertheless, on the contrary, yet. + in spite of, notwithstanding, on the other hand, + + * * * * * + +ALTERNATIVE. + + +Synonyms: + + choice, election, option, pick, preference, resource. + +A _choice_ may be among many things; an _alternative_ is in the +strictest sense a _choice_ between two things; oftener it is one of two +things between which a _choice_ is to be made, and either of which is +the _alternative_ of the other; as, the _alternative_ of surrender is +death; or the two things between which there is a _choice_ may be called +the _alternatives_; both Mill and Gladstone are quoted as extending the +meaning of _alternative_ to include several particulars, Gladstone even +speaking of "the fourth and last of these _alternatives_." _Option_ is +the right or privilege of choosing; _choice_ may be either the right to +choose, the act of choosing, or the thing chosen. A person of ability +and readiness will commonly have many _resources_. _Pick_, from the +Saxon, and _election_, from the Latin, picture the objects before one, +with freedom and power to choose which he will; as, there were twelve +horses, among which I could take my _pick_. A _choice_, _pick_, +_election_, or _preference_ is that which suits one best; an +_alternative_ is that to which one is restricted; a _resource_, that to +which one is glad to betake oneself. + + +Antonyms: + + compulsion, necessity. + + * * * * * + +AMASS. + + +Synonyms: + + accumulate, collect, heap up, hoard up, store up. + aggregate, gather, hoard, pile up, + +To _amass_ is to bring together materials that make a mass, a great bulk +or quantity. With some occasional exceptions, _accumulate_ is applied to +the more gradual, _amass_ to the more rapid gathering of money or +materials, _amass_ referring to the general result or bulk, _accumulate_ +to the particular process or rate of gain. We say interest is +_accumulated_ (or _accumulates_) rather than is _amassed_; he +_accumulated_ a fortune in the course of years; he rapidly _amassed_ a +fortune by shrewd speculations. Goods or money for immediate +distribution are said to be _collected_ rather than _amassed_. They may +be _stored up_ for a longer or shorter time; but to _hoard_ is always +with a view of permanent retention, generally selfish. _Aggregate_ is +now most commonly used of numbers and amounts; as, the expenses will +_aggregate_ a round million. + + +Antonyms: + + disperse, divide, portion, spend, waste. + dissipate, parcel, scatter, squander, + + +Prepositions: + +Amass _for_ oneself; _for_ a purpose; _from_ a distance; _with_ great +labor; _by_ industry. + + * * * * * + +AMATEUR. + + +Synonyms: + + connoisseur, critic, dilettante, novice, tyro. + +Etymologically, the _amateur_ is one who loves, the _connoisseur_ one +who knows. In usage, the term _amateur_ is applied to one who pursues +any study or art simply from the love of it; the word carries a natural +implication of superficialness, tho marked excellence is at times +attained by _amateurs_. A _connoisseur_ is supposed to be so thoroughly +informed regarding any art or work as to be able to criticize or select +intelligently and authoritatively; there are many incompetent _critics_, +but there can not, in the true sense, be an incompetent _connoisseur_. +The _amateur_ practises to some extent that in regard to which he may +not be well informed; the _connoisseur_ is well informed in regard to +that which he may not practise at all. A _novice_ or _tyro_ may be a +_professional_; an _amateur_ never is; the _amateur_ may be skilled and +experienced as the _novice_ or _tyro_ never is. _Dilettante_, which had +originally the sense of _amateur_, has to some extent come to denote one +who is superficial, pretentious, and affected, whether in theory or +practise. + + +Preposition: + +An amateur _in_ art. + + * * * * * + +AMAZEMENT. + + +Synonyms: + + admiration, awe, confusion, surprise, + astonishment, bewilderment, perplexity, wonder. + +_Amazement_ and _astonishment_ both express the momentary overwhelming +of the mind by that which is beyond expectation. _Astonishment_ +especially affects the emotions, _amazement_ the intellect. _Awe_ is the +yielding of the mind to something supremely grand in character or +formidable in power, and ranges from apprehension or dread to reverent +worship. _Admiration_ includes delight and regard. _Surprise_ lies +midway between _astonishment_ and _amazement_, and usually respects +matters of lighter consequence or such as are less startling in +character. _Amazement_ may be either pleasing or painful, as when +induced by the grandeur of the mountains, or by the fury of the storm. +We can say pleased _surprise_, but scarcely pleased _astonishment_. +_Amazement_ has in it something of _confusion_ or _bewilderment_; but +_confusion_ and _bewilderment_ may occur without _amazement_, as when a +multitude of details require instant attention. _Astonishment_ may be +without _bewilderment_ or _confusion_. _Wonder_ is often pleasing, and +may be continuous in view of that which surpasses our comprehension; as, +the magnitude, order, and beauty of the heavens fill us with increasing +_wonder_. Compare PERPLEXITY. + + +Antonyms: + + anticipation, composure, expectation, preparation, steadiness, + calmness, coolness, indifference, self-possession, stoicism. + + +Preposition: + +I was filled with amazement _at_ such reckless daring. + + * * * * * + +AMBITION. + + +Synonyms: + + aspiration, competition, emulation, opposition, rivalry. + +_Aspiration_ is the desire for excellence, pure and simple. _Ambition_, +literally a going around to solicit votes, has primary reference to the +award or approval of others, and is the eager desire of power, fame, or +something deemed great and eminent, and viewed as a worthy prize. The +prizes of _aspiration_ are virtue, nobility, skill, or other high +qualities. The prizes of _ambition_ are advancement, fame, honor, and +the like. There is a noble and wise or an ignoble, selfish, and harmful +_ambition_. _Emulation_ is not so much to win any excellence or success +for itself as to equal or surpass other persons. There is such a thing +as a noble _emulation_, when those we would equal or surpass are noble, +and the means we would use worthy. But, at the highest, _emulation_ is +inferior as a motive to _aspiration_, which seeks the high quality or +character for its own sake, not with reference to another. _Competition_ +is the striving for something that is sought by another at the same +time. _Emulation_ regards the abstract, _competition_ the concrete; +_rivalry_ is the same in essential meaning with _competition_, but +differs in the nature of the objects contested for, which, in the case +of _rivalry_, are usually of the nobler sort and less subject to direct +gaging, measurement, and rule. We speak of _competition_ in business, +_emulation_ in scholarship, _rivalry_ in love, politics, etc.; +_emulation_ of excellence, success, achievement; _competition_ for a +prize; _rivalry_ between persons or nations. _Competition_ may be +friendly, _rivalry_ is commonly hostile. _Opposition_ is becoming a +frequent substitute for _competition_ in business language; it implies +that the competitor is an opponent and hinderer. + + +Antonyms: + + carelessness, contentment, humility, indifference, satisfaction. + + * * * * * + +AMEND. + + +Synonyms: + + advance, correct, meliorate, rectify, + ameliorate, emend, mend, reform, + better, improve, mitigate, repair. + cleanse, make better, purify, + +To _amend_ is to change for the better by removing faults, errors, or +defects, and always refers to that which at some point falls short of a +standard of excellence. _Advance_, _better_, and _improve_ may refer +either to what is quite imperfect or to what has reached a high degree +of excellence; we _advance_ the kingdom of God, _improve_ the minds of +our children, _better_ the morals of the people. But for matters below +the point of ordinary approval we seldom use these words; we do not +speak of _bettering_ a wretched alley, or _improving_ a foul sewer. +There we use _cleanse_, _purify_, or similar words. We _correct_ evils, +_reform_ abuses, _rectify_ incidental conditions of evil or error; we +_ameliorate_ poverty and misery, which we can not wholly remove. We +_mend_ a tool, _repair_ a building, _correct_ proof; we _amend_ +character or conduct that is faulty, or a statement or law that is +defective. A text, writing, or statement is _amended_ by the author or +by some adequate authority; it is often _emended_ by conjecture. A +motion is _amended_ by the mover or by the assembly; a constitution is +_amended_ by the people; an ancient text is _emended_ by a critic who +believes that what seems to him the better reading is what the author +wrote. Compare ALLEVIATE. + + +Antonyms: + + aggravate, debase, harm, mar, tarnish, + blemish, depress, impair, spoil, vitiate. + corrupt, deteriorate, injure, + + * * * * * + +AMIABLE. + + +Synonyms: + + agreeable, engaging, lovable, pleasing, + attractive, gentle, lovely, sweet, + benignant, good-natured, loving, winning, + harming, kind, pleasant, winsome. + +_Amiable_ combines the senses of _lovable_ or _lovely_ and _loving_; the +_amiable_ character has ready affection and kindliness for others, with +the qualities that are adapted to win their love; _amiable_ is a higher +and stronger word than _good-natured_ or _agreeable_. _Lovely_ is often +applied to externals; as, a _lovely_ face. _Amiable_ denotes a +disposition desirous to cheer, please, and make happy. A selfish man of +the world may have the art to be _agreeable_; a handsome, brilliant, and +witty person may be _charming_ or even _attractive_, while by no means +_amiable_. The _engaging_, _winning_, and _winsome_ add to amiability +something of beauty, accomplishments, and grace. The _benignant_ are +calmly kind, as from a height and a distance. _Kind_, _good-natured_ +people may be coarse and rude, and so fail to be _agreeable_ or +_pleasing_; the really _amiable_ are likely to avoid such faults by +their earnest desire to please. The _good-natured_ have an easy +disposition to get along comfortably with every one in all +circumstances. A _sweet_ disposition is very sure to be _amiable_, the +_loving_ heart bringing out all that is _lovable_ and _lovely_ in +character. + + +Antonyms: + + acrimonious, crusty, hateful, ill-tempered, surly, + churlish, disagreeable, ill-conditioned, morose, unamiable, + crabbed, dogged, ill-humored, sour, unlovely, + cruel, gruff, ill-natured, sullen, + + * * * * * + +AMID. + + +Synonyms: + + amidst, amongst, betwixt, mingled with, + among, between, in the midst of, surrounded by. + +_Amid_ or _amidst_ denotes _surrounded by_; _among_ or _amongst_ denotes +_mingled with_. _Between_ (archaic or poetic, _betwixt_) is said of two +persons or objects, or of two groups of persons or objects. "Let there +be no strife, I pray thee, _between_ me and thee, and _between_ my +herdmen and thy herdmen," _Gen._ xiii, 9; the reference being to two +bodies of herdmen. _Amid_ denotes mere position; _among_, some active +relation, as of companionship, hostility, etc. Lowell's "_Among_ my +Books" regards the books as companions; _amid_ my books would suggest +packing, storing, or some other incidental circumstance. We say _among_ +friends, or _among_ enemies, _amidst_ the woods, _amid_ the shadows. _In +the midst of_ may have merely the local meaning; as, I found myself _in +the midst of_ a crowd; or it may express even closer association than +_among_; as, "I found myself _in the midst of_ friends" suggests their +pressing up on every side, oneself the central object; so, "where two or +three are met together in my name, there am I _in the midst of_ them," +_Matt._ xviii, 20; in which case it would be feebler to say "_among_ +them," impossible to say "_amid_ them," not so well to say "_amidst_ +them." + + +Antonyms: + + afar from, away from, beyond, far from, outside, without. + + * * * * * + +AMPLIFY. + + +Synonyms: + + augment, dilate, expand, extend, unfold, + develop, enlarge, expatiate, increase, widen. + +_Amplify_ is now rarely used in the sense of _increase_, to add material +substance, bulk, volume, or the like; it is now almost wholly applied to +discourse or writing, signifying to make fuller in statement, whether +with or without adding matter of importance, as by stating fully what +was before only implied, or by adding illustrations to make the meaning +more readily apprehended, etc. The chief difficulty of very young +writers is to _amplify_, to get beyond the bare curt statement by +_developing_, _expanding_, _unfolding_ the thought. The chief difficulty +of those who have more material and experience is to condense +sufficiently. So, in the early days of our literature _amplify_ was used +in the favorable sense; but at present this word and most kindred words +are coming to share the derogatory meaning that has long attached to +_expatiate_. We may _develop_ a thought, _expand_ an illustration, +_extend_ a discussion, _expatiate_ on a hobby, _dilate_ on something +joyous or sad, _enlarge_ a volume, _unfold_ a scheme, _widen_ the range +of treatment. + + +Antonyms: + + abbreviate, amputate, condense, cut down, reduce, summarize, + abridge, "boil down," curtail, epitomize, retrench, sum up. + + +Prepositions: + +To amplify _on_ or _upon_ the subject is needless. Amplify this matter +_by_ illustrations. + + * * * * * + +ANALOGY. + + +Synonyms: + + affinity, likeness, relation, similarity, + coincidence, parity, resemblance, simile, + comparison, proportion, semblance, similitude. + +_Analogy_ is specifically a _resemblance_ of relations; a _resemblance_ +that may be reasoned from, so that from the _likeness_ in certain +respects we may infer that other and perhaps deeper relations exist. +_Affinity_ is a mutual attraction with or without seeming likeness; as, +the _affinity_ of iron for oxygen. _Coincidence_ is complete agreement +in some one or more respects; there may be a _coincidence_ in time of +most dissimilar events. _Parity_ of reasoning is said of an argument +equally conclusive on subjects not strictly analogous. _Similitude_ is a +rhetorical comparison of one thing to another with which it has some +points in common. _Resemblance_ and _similarity_ are external or +superficial, and may involve no deeper relation; as, the _resemblance_ +of a cloud to a distant mountain. Compare ALLEGORY. + + +Antonyms: + + disagreement, disproportion, dissimilarity, incongruity, unlikeness. + + +Prepositions: + +The analogy _between_ (or _of_) nature and revelation; the analogy _of_ +sound _to_ light; a family has some analogy _with_ (or _to_) a state. + + * * * * * + +ANGER. + + +Synonyms: + + animosity, fury, offense, rage, + choler, impatience, passion, resentment, + displeasure, indignation, peevishness, temper, + exasperation, ire, pettishness, vexation, + fretfulness, irritation, petulance, wrath. + +_Displeasure_ is the mildest and most general word. _Choler_ and _ire_, +now rare except in poetic or highly rhetorical language, denote a still, +and the latter a persistent, _anger_. _Temper_ used alone in the sense +of _anger_ is colloquial, tho we may correctly say a hot _temper_, a +fiery _temper_, etc. _Passion_, tho a word of far wider application, +may, in the singular, be employed to denote _anger_; "did put me in a +towering _passion_," SHAKESPEARE _Hamlet_ act v, sc. 2. _Anger_ is +violent and vindictive emotion, which is sharp, sudden, and, like all +violent passions, necessarily brief. _Resentment_ (a feeling back or +feeling over again) is persistent, the bitter brooding over injuries. +_Exasperation_, a roughening, is a hot, superficial intensity of +_anger_, demanding instant expression. _Rage_ drives one beyond the +bounds of prudence or discretion; _fury_ is stronger yet, and sweeps one +away into uncontrollable violence. _Anger_ is personal and usually +selfish, aroused by real or supposed wrong to oneself, and directed +specifically and intensely against the person who is viewed as +blameworthy. _Indignation_ is impersonal and unselfish _displeasure_ at +unworthy acts (L. _indigna_), _i. e._, at wrong as wrong. Pure +_indignation_ is not followed by regret, and needs no repentance; it is +also more self-controlled than _anger_. _Anger_ is commonly a sin; +_indignation_ is often a duty. _Wrath_ is deep and perhaps vengeful +_displeasure_, as when the people of Nazareth were "filled with _wrath_" +at the plain words of Jesus (_Luke_ iv, 28); it may, however, simply +express the culmination of righteous _indignation_ without malice in a +pure being; as, the _wrath_ of God. _Impatience_, _fretfulness_, +_irritation_, _peevishness_, _pettishness_, _petulance_, and _vexation_ +express the slighter forms of anger. _Irritation_, _petulance_, and +_vexation_ are temporary and for immediate cause. _Fretfulness_, +_pettishness_, and _peevishness_ are chronic states finding in any petty +matter an occasion for their exercise. Compare ACRIMONY; ENMITY; HATRED. + + +Antonyms: + + amiability, leniency, mildness, peacefulness, + charity, lenity, patience, self-control, + forbearance, long-suffering, peace, self-restraint. + gentleness, love, peaceableness, + +Prepositions: + +Anger _at_ the insult prompted the reply. Anger _toward_ the offender +exaggerates the offense. + + * * * * * + +ANIMAL. + + +Synonyms: + + beast, fauna, living organism, sentient being. + brute, living creature, + +An _animal_ is a _sentient being_, distinct from inanimate matter and +from vegetable life on the one side and from mental and spiritual +existence on the other. Thus man is properly classified as an _animal_. +But because the animal life is the lowest and rudest part of his being +and that which he shares with inferior _creatures_, to call any +individual man an _animal_ is to imply that the animal nature has undue +supremacy, and so is deep condemnation or utter insult. The _brute_ is +the _animal_ viewed as dull to all finer feeling; the _beast_ is looked +upon as a being of appetites. To call a man a _brute_ is to imply that +he is unfeeling and cruel; to call him a _beast_ is to indicate that he +is vilely sensual. We speak of the cruel father as a _brute_ to his +children; of the drunkard as making a _beast_ of himself. So firmly are +these figurative senses established that we now incline to avoid +applying _brute_ or _beast_ to any creature, as a horse or dog, for +which we have any affection; we prefer in such cases the word _animal_. +_Creature_ is a word of wide signification, including all the things +that God has created, whether inanimate objects, plants, animals, +angels, or men. The _animals_ of a region are collectively called its +_fauna_. + + +Antonyms: + + angel, man, mind, soul, substance (material), + inanimate object, matter, mineral, spirit, vegetable. + + * * * * * + +ANNOUNCE. + + +Synonyms: + + advertise, give notice (of), proclaim, reveal, + circulate, give out, promulgate, say, + communicate, herald, propound, spread abroad, + declare, make known, publish, state, + enunciate, notify, report, tell. + +To _announce_ is to give intelligence of in some formal or public way. +We may _announce_ that which has occurred or that which is to occur, tho +the word is chiefly used in the anticipative sense; we _announce_ a book +when it is in press, a guest when he arrives. We _advertise_ our +business, _communicate_ our intentions, _enunciate_ our views; we +_notify_ an individual, _give notice_ to the public. _Declare_ has often +an authoritative force; to _declare_ war is to cause war to be, where +before there may have been only hostilities; we say _declare_ war, +_proclaim_ peace. We _propound_ a question or an argument, _promulgate_ +the views of a sect or party, or the decision of a court, etc. We +_report_ an interview, _reveal_ a secret, _herald_ the coming of some +distinguished person or great event. _Publish_, in popular usage, is +becoming closely restricted to the sense of issuing through the press; +we _announce_ a book that is to be _published_. + + +Antonyms: + + bury, cover (up), hush, keep secret, suppress, + conceal, hide, keep back, secrete, withhold. + + +Prepositions: + +The event was announced _to_ the family _by_ telegraph. + + * * * * * + +ANSWER. + + +Synonyms: + + rejoinder, repartee, reply, response, retort. + +A verbal _answer_ is a return of words to something that seems to call +for them, and is made to a charge as well as to a question; an _answer_ +may be even made to an unspoken implication or manifestation; see _Luke_ +v, 22. In a wider sense, anything said or done in return for some word, +action, or suggestion of another may be called an _answer_. The blow of +an enraged man, the whinny of a horse, the howling of the wind, the +movement of a bolt in a lock, an echo, etc., may each be an _answer_ to +some word or movement. A _reply_ is an unfolding, and ordinarily +implies thought and intelligence. A _rejoinder_ is strictly an _answer_ +to a _reply_, tho often used in the general sense of _answer_, but +always with the implication of something more or less controversial or +opposed, tho lacking the conclusiveness implied in _answer_; an +_answer_, in the full sense, to a charge, an argument, or an objection +is adequate, and finally refutes and disposes of it; a _reply_ or +_rejoinder_ may be quite inadequate, so that one may say, "This _reply_ +is not an _answer_;" "I am ready with an _answer_" means far more than +"I am ready with a _reply_." A _response_ is accordant or harmonious, +designed or adapted to carry on the thought of the words that called it +forth, as the _responses_ in a liturgical service, or to meet the wish +of him who seeks it; as, the appeal for aid met a prompt and hearty +_response_. _Repartee_ is a prompt, witty, and commonly good-natured +_answer_ to some argument or attack; a _retort_ may also be witty, but +is severe and may be even savage in its intensity. + + +Prepositions: + +An answer _in_ writing, or _by_ word of mouth, _to_ the question. + + * * * * * + +ANTICIPATE. + + +Synonyms: + + apprehend, forecast, hope, + expect, foretaste, look forward to. + +To _anticipate_ may be either to take before in fact or to take before +in thought; in the former sense it is allied with _prevent_; in the +latter, with the synonyms above given. This is coming to be the +prevalent and favorite use. We _expect_ that which we have good reason +to believe will happen; as, a boy _expects_ to grow to manhood. We +_hope_ for that which we much desire and somewhat _expect_. We +_apprehend_ what we both _expect_ and fear. _Anticipate_ is commonly +used now, like _foretaste_, of that which we _expect_ both with +confidence and pleasure. In this use it is a stronger word than _hope_, +where often "the wish is father to the thought." I _hope_ for a visit +from my friend, tho I have no word from him; I _expect_ it when he +writes that he is coming; and as the time draws near I _anticipate_ it +with pleasure. Compare ABIDE; PREVENT. + + +Antonyms: + + despair of, doubt, dread, fear, recall, recollect, remember. + distrust, + + * * * * * + +ANTICIPATION. + + +Synonyms: + + antepast, expectation, foresight, hope, + apprehension, foreboding, foretaste, presentiment, + expectancy, forecast, forethought, prevision. + +_Expectation_ may be either of good or evil; _presentiment_ almost +always, _apprehension_ and _foreboding_ always, of evil; _anticipation_ +and _antepast_, commonly of good. Thus, we speak of the pleasures of +_anticipation_. A _foretaste_ may be of good or evil, and is more than +imaginary; it is a part actually received in advance. _Foresight_ and +_forethought_ prevent future evil and secure future good by timely +looking forward, and acting upon what is foreseen. Compare ANTICIPATE. + + +Antonyms: + + astonishment, despair, dread, fear, surprise, + consummation, doubt, enjoyment, realization, wonder. + + * * * * * + +ANTIPATHY. + + +Synonyms: + + abhorrence, disgust, hatred, repugnance, + antagonism, dislike, hostility, repulsion, + aversion, distaste, opposition, uncongeniality. + detestation, + +_Antipathy_, _repugnance_, and _uncongeniality_ are instinctive; other +forms of _dislike_ may be acquired or cherished for cause. +_Uncongeniality_ is negative, a want of touch or sympathy. An +_antipathy_ to a person or thing is an instinctive recoil from +connection or association with that person or thing, and may be physical +or mental, or both. _Antagonism_ may result from the necessity of +circumstances; _opposition_ may spring from conflicting views or +interests; _abhorrence_ and _detestation_ may be the result of religious +and moral training; _distaste_ and _disgust_ may be acquired; _aversion_ +is a deep and permanent _dislike_. A natural _antipathy_ may give rise +to _opposition_ which may result in _hatred_ and _hostility_. Compare +ACRIMONY; ANGER; ENMITY; HATRED. + + +Antonyms: + + affinity, attraction, fellow-feeling, kindliness, sympathy. + agreement, congeniality, harmony, regard, + + +Prepositions: + +Antipathy _to_ (less frequently _for_ or _against_) a person or thing; +antipathy _between_ or _betwixt_ two persons or things. + + * * * * * + +ANTIQUE. + + +Synonyms: + + ancient, old-fashioned, quaint, superannuated. + antiquated, + +_Antique_ refers to an _ancient_, _antiquated_ to a discarded style. +_Antique_ is that which is either _ancient_ in fact or _ancient_ in +style. The reference is to the style rather than to the age. We can +speak of the _antique_ architecture of a church just built. The +difference between _antiquated_ and _antique_ is not in the age, for a +Puritan style may be scorned as _antiquated_, while a Roman or +Renaissance style may be prized as _antique_. The _antiquated_ is not so +much out of date as out of vogue. _Old-fashioned_ may be used +approvingly or contemptuously. In the latter case it becomes a synonym +for _antiquated_; in the good sense it approaches the meaning of +_antique_, but indicates less duration. We call a wide New England +fireplace _old-fashioned_; a coin of the Caesars, _antique_. _Quaint_ +combines the idea of age with a pleasing oddity; as, a _quaint_ +gambrel-roofed house. _Antiquated_ is sometimes used of persons in a +sense akin to _superannuated_. The _antiquated_ person is out of style +and out of sympathy with the present generation by reason of age; the +_superannuated_ person is incapacitated for present activities by reason +of age. Compare OLD. + + +Antonyms: + + fashionable, fresh, modern, modish, new, recent, stylish. + + * * * * * + +ANXIETY. + + +Synonyms: + + anguish, disquiet, foreboding, perplexity, + apprehension, disturbance, fretfulness, solicitude, + care, dread, fretting, trouble, + concern, fear, misgiving, worry. + +_Anxiety_ is, according to its derivation, a choking _disquiet_, akin to +_anguish_; _anxiety_ is mental; _anguish_ may be mental or physical; +_anguish_ is in regard to the known, _anxiety_ in regard to the unknown; +_anguish_ is because of what has happened, _anxiety_ because of what may +happen. _Anxiety_ refers to some future event, always suggesting hopeful +possibility, and thus differing from _apprehension_, _fear_, _dread_, +_foreboding_, _terror_, all of which may be quite despairing. In matters +within our reach, _anxiety_ always stirs the question whether something +can not be done, and is thus a valuable spur to doing; in this respect +it is allied to _care_. _Foreboding_, _dread_, etc., commonly +incapacitate for all helpful thought or endeavor. _Worry_ is a more +petty, restless, and manifest _anxiety_; _anxiety_ may be quiet and +silent; _worry_ is communicated to all around. _Solicitude_ is a milder +_anxiety_. _Fretting_ or _fretfulness_ is a weak complaining without +thought of accomplishing or changing anything, but merely as a relief +to one's own _disquiet_. _Perplexity_ often involves _anxiety_, but +may be quite free from it. A student may be _perplexed_ regarding a +translation, yet, if he has time enough, not at all anxious regarding +it. + + +Antonyms: + + apathy, calmness, confidence, light-heartedness, satisfaction, + assurance, carelessness, ease, nonchalance, tranquillity. + + +Prepositions: + +Anxiety _for_ a friend's return; anxiety _about_, _in regard to_, or +_concerning_ the future. + + * * * * * + +APATHY. + + +Synonyms: + + calmness, indifference, quietness, stoicism, + composure, insensibility, quietude, tranquillity, + immobility, lethargy, sluggishness, unconcern, + impassibility, phlegm, stillness, unfeelingness. + +_Apathy_, according to its Greek derivation, is a simple absence of +feeling or emotion. There are persons to whom a certain degree of +_apathy_ is natural, an innate _sluggishness_ of the emotional nature. +In the _apathy_ of despair, a person gives up, without resistance or +sensibility, to what he has fiercely struggled to avoid. While _apathy_ +is want of feeling, _calmness_ is feeling without agitation. _Calmness_ +is the result of strength, courage, or trust; _apathy_ is the result of +dulness or weakness. _Composure_ is freedom from agitation or +disturbance, resulting ordinarily from force of will, or from perfect +confidence in one's own resources. _Impassibility_ is a philosophical +term applied to the Deity, as infinitely exalted above all stir of +passion or emotion. _Unfeelingness_, the Saxon word that should be the +exact equivalent of _apathy_, really means more, a lack of the feeling +one ought to have, a censurable hardness of heart. _Indifference_ and +_insensibility_ designate the absence of feeling toward certain persons +or things; _apathy_, entire absence of feeling. _Indifference_ is a want +of interest; _insensibility_ is a want of feeling; _unconcern_ has +reference to consequences. We speak of _insensibility_ of heart, +_immobility_ of countenance. _Stoicism_ is an intentional suppression of +feeling and deadening of sensibilities, while _apathy_ is involuntary. +Compare CALM; REST; STUPOR. + + +Antonyms: + + agitation, disturbance, feeling, sensibility, sympathy, + alarm, eagerness, frenzy, sensitiveness, turbulence, + anxiety, emotion, fury, storm, vehemence, + care, excitement, passion, susceptibility, violence. + distress, + + +Prepositions: + +The apathy _of_ monastic life; apathy _toward_ good. + + * * * * * + +APIECE. + + +Synonyms: + + distributively, each, individually, separately, severally. + +There is no discernible difference in sense between so much _apiece_ and +so much _each_; the former is the more common and popular, the latter +the more elegant expression. _Distributively_ is generally used of +numbers and abstract relations. _Individually_ emphasizes the +independence of the individuals; _separately_ and _severally_ still more +emphatically hold them apart. The signers of a note may become jointly +and _severally_ responsible, that is, _each_ liable for the entire +amount, as if he had signed it alone. Witnesses are often brought +_separately_ into court, in order that no one may be influenced by the +testimony of another. If a company of laborers demand a dollar _apiece_, +that is a demand that _each_ shall receive that sum; if they +_individually_ demand a dollar, _each_ individual makes the demand. + + +Antonyms: + + accumulatively, confusedly, indiscriminately, together, unitedly. + collectively, _en masse_, synthetically, + + * * * * * + +APOLOGY. + + +Synonyms: + + acknowledgment, defense, excuse, plea, + confession, exculpation, justification, vindication. + +All these words express one's answer to a charge of wrong or error that +is or might be made. _Apology_ has undergone a remarkable change from +its old sense of a valiant _defense_--as in Justin Martyr's _Apologies_ +for the Christian faith--to its present meaning of humble _confession_ +and concession. He who offers an _apology_ admits himself, at least +technically and seemingly, in the wrong. An _apology_ is for what one +has done or left undone; an _excuse_ may be for what one proposes to do +or leave undone as well; as, one sends beforehand his _excuse_ for not +accepting an invitation; if he should fail either to be present or to +excuse himself, an _apology_ would be in order. An _excuse_ for a fault +is an attempt at partial justification; as, one alleges haste as an +_excuse_ for carelessness. _Confession_ is a full _acknowledgment_ of +wrong, generally of a grave wrong, with or without _apology_ or +_excuse_. _Plea_ ranges in sense from a prayer for favor or pardon to an +attempt at full _vindication_. _Defense_, _exculpation_, +_justification_, and _vindication_ are more properly antonyms than +synonyms of _apology_ in its modern sense, and should be so given, but +for their connection with its historic usage. Compare CONFESS; DEFENSE. + + +Antonyms: + + accusation, charge, condemnation, injury, offense, + censure, complaint, imputation, insult, wrong. + + +Prepositions: + +An apology _to_ the guest _for_ the oversight would be fitting. + + * * * * * + +APPARENT. + + +Synonyms: + + likely, presumable, probable, seeming. + +The _apparent_ is that which appears; the word has two contrasted +senses, either of that which is manifest, visible, certain, or of that +which merely seems to be and may be very different from what is; as, the +_apparent_ motion of the sun around the earth. _Apparent_ kindness casts +a doubt on the reality of the kindness; _apparent_ neglect implies that +more care and pains may have been bestowed than we are aware of. +_Presumable_ implies that a thing may be reasonably supposed beforehand +without any full knowledge of the facts. _Probable_ implies that we know +facts enough to make us moderately confident of it. _Seeming_ expresses +great doubt of the reality; _seeming_ innocence comes very near in +meaning to _probable_ guilt. _Apparent_ indicates less assurance than +_probable_, and more than _seeming_. A man's _probable_ intent we +believe will prove to be his real intent; his _seeming_ intent we +believe to be a sham; his _apparent_ intent may be the true one, tho we +have not yet evidence on which to pronounce with certainty or even with +confidence. _Likely_ is a word with a wide range of usage, but always +implying the belief that the thing is, or will be, true; it is often +used with the infinitive, as the other words of this list can not be; +as, it is _likely_ to happen. Compare EVIDENT. + + +Antonyms: + + doubtful, dubious, improbable, unimaginable, unlikely. + + +Prepositions: + +(When _apparent_ is used in the sense of evident): His guilt is apparent +_in_ every act _to_ all observers. + + * * * * * + +APPEAR. + + +Synonyms: + + have the appearance _or_ semblance, look, seem. + +_Appear_ and _look_ refer to what manifests itself to the senses; to a +semblance or probability presented directly to the mind. _Seem_ applies +to what is manifest to the mind on reflection. It suddenly _appears_ to +me that there is smoke in the distance; as I watch, it _looks_ like a +fire; from my knowledge of the locality and observation of particulars, +it _seems_ to me a farmhouse must be burning. + + +Antonyms: + + be, be certain, real, _or_ true, be the fact, exist. + + +Prepositions: + +Appear _at_ the front; _among_ the first; _on_ or _upon_ the surface; +_to_ the eye; _in_ evidence, _in_ print; _from_ reports; _near_ the +harbor; _before_ the public; _in_ appropriate dress; _with_ the insignia +of his rank; _above_ the clouds; _below_ the surface; _under_ the lee; +_over_ the sea; _through_ the mist; appear _for_, _in behalf of_, or +_against_ one in court. + + * * * * * + +APPENDAGE. + + +Synonyms: + + accessory, addition, appurtenance, concomitant, + accompaniment, adjunct, attachment, extension, + addendum, appendix, auxiliary, supplement. + +An _adjunct_ (something joined to) constitutes no real part of the thing +or system to which it is joined, tho perhaps a valuable _addition_; an +_appendage_ is commonly a real, tho not an essential or necessary part +of that with which it is connected; an _appurtenance_ belongs +subordinately to something by which it is employed, especially as an +instrument to accomplish some purpose. A horse's tail is at once an +ornamental _appendage_ and a useful _appurtenance_; we could not call it +an _adjunct_, tho we might use that word of his iron shoes. An +_attachment_ in machinery is some mechanism that can be brought into +optional connection with the principal movement; a hemmer is a valuable +_attachment_ of a sewing-machine. An _extension_, as of a railroad or of +a franchise, carries out further something already existing. We add an +_appendix_ to a book, to contain names, dates, lists, etc., which would +encumber the text; we add a _supplement_ to supply omissions, as, for +instance, to bring it up to date. An _appendix_ may be called an +_addendum_; but _addendum_ may be used of a brief note, which would not +be dignified by the name of _appendix_; such notes are often grouped as +_addenda_. An _addition_ might be matter interwoven in the body of the +work, an index, plates, editorial notes, etc., which might be valuable +_additions_, but not within the meaning of _appendix_ or _supplement_. +Compare ACCESSORY; AUXILIARY. + + +Antonyms: + + main body, original, total, whole. + + +Prepositions: + +That which is thought of as added we call an appendage _to_; that which +is looked upon as an integral part is called an appendage _of_. + + * * * * * + +APPETITE. + + +Synonyms: + + appetency, impulse, lust, propensity, + craving, inclination, passion, relish, + desire, liking, proclivity, thirst, + disposition, longing, proneness, zest. + +_Appetite_ is used only of the demands of the physical system, unless +otherwise expressly stated, as when we say an _appetite_ for knowledge; +_passion_ includes all excitable impulses of our nature, as anger, fear, +love, hatred, etc. _Appetite_ is thus more animal than _passion_; and +when we speak of _passions_ and _appetites_ as conjoined or contrasted, +we think of the _appetites_ as wholly physical and of the _passions_ as, +in part at least, mental or spiritual. We say an _appetite_ for food, a +_passion_ for fame. Compare DESIRE. + + +Antonyms: + + antipathy, disgust, distaste, indifference, repugnance, + aversion, dislike, hatred, loathing, repulsion. + detestation, disrelish, + +Compare ANTIPATHY. + + +Preposition: + +He had an insatiable appetite _for_ the marvellous. + + * * * * * + +APPORTION. + + +Synonyms: + + allot, appropriate, deal, distribute, grant, + appoint, assign, dispense, divide, share. + +To _allot_ or _assign_ may be to make an arbitrary division; the same is +true of _distribute_ or _divide_. That which is _apportioned_ is given +by some fixed rule, which is meant to be uniform and fair; as, +representatives are _apportioned_ among the States according to +population. To _dispense_ is to give out freely; as, the sun _dispenses_ +light and heat. A thing is _appropriated_ to or for a specific purpose +(to which it thus becomes _proper_, in the original sense of being its +own); money _appropriated_ by Congress for one purpose can not be +expended for any other. One may _apportion_ what he only holds in trust; +he _shares_ what is his own. Compare ALLOT. + + +Antonyms: + + cling to, consolidate, gather together, receive, + collect, divide arbitrarily, keep together, retain. + + +Prepositions: + +Apportion _to_ each a fair amount; apportion the property _among_ the +heirs, _between_ two claimants; apportion _according to_ numbers, etc. + + * * * * * + +APPROXIMATION. + + +Synonyms: + + approach, likeness, neighborhood, resemblance, + contiguity, nearness, propinquity, similarity. + +In mathematics, _approximation_ is not guesswork, not looseness, and not +error. The process of _approximation_ is as exact and correct at every +point as that by which an absolute result is secured; the result only +fails of exactness because of some inherent difficulty in the problem. +The attempt to "square the circle" gives only an _approximate_ result, +because of the impossibility of expressing the circumference in terms of +the radius. But the limits of error on either side are known, and the +_approximation_ has practical value. Outside of mathematics, the correct +use of _approximation_ (and the kindred words _approximate_ and +_approximately_) is to express as near an approach to accuracy and +certainty as the conditions of human thought or action in any given case +make possible. _Resemblance_ and _similarity_ may be but superficial and +apparent; _approximation_ is real. _Approach_ is a relative term, +indicating that one has come nearer than before, tho the distance may +yet be considerable; an _approximation_ brings one really near. +_Nearness_, _neighborhood_, and _propinquity_ are commonly used of +place; _approximation_, of mathematical calculations and abstract +reasoning; we speak of _approach_ to the shore, _nearness_ to the town, +_approximation_ to the truth. + + +Antonyms: + + difference, distance, error, remoteness, unlikeness, variation. + + +Prepositions: + +The approximation _of_ the vegetable _to_ the animal type. + + * * * * * + +ARMS. + + +Synonyms: + + accouterments, armor, harness, mail, weapons. + +_Arms_ are implements of attack; _armor_ is a defensive covering. The +knight put on his _armor_; he grasped his _arms_. With the disuse of +defensive _armor_ the word has practically gone out of military use, but +it is still employed in the navy, where the distinction is clearly +preserved; any vessel provided with cannon is an _armed_ vessel; an +_armored_ ship is an ironclad. Anything that can be wielded in fight may +become a _weapon_, as a pitchfork or a paving-stone; _arms_ are +especially made and designed for conflict. + + * * * * * + +ARMY. + + +Synonyms: + + armament, forces, military, soldiers, + array, host, multitude, soldiery, + force, legions, phalanx, troops. + +An _army_ is an organized body of men armed for war, ordinarily +considerable in numbers, always independent in organization so far as +not to be a constituent part of any other command. Organization, unity, +and independence, rather than numbers are the essentials of an _army_. +We speak of the invading _army_ of Cortes or Pizarro, tho either body +was contemptible in numbers from a modern military standpoint. We may +have a little _army_, a large _army_, or a vast _army_. _Host_ is used +for any vast and orderly assemblage; as, the stars are called the +heavenly _host_. _Multitude_ expresses number without order or +organization; a _multitude_ of armed men is not an _army_, but a mob. +_Legion_ (from the Latin) and _phalanx_ (from the Greek) are applied by +a kind of poetic license to modern _forces_; the plural _legions_ is +preferred to the singular. _Military_ is a general word for +land-_forces_; the _military_ may include all the armed _soldiery_ of a +nation, or the term may be applied to any small detached company, as at +a fort, in distinction from civilians. Any organized body of men by whom +the law or will of a people is executed is a _force_; the word is a +usual term for the police of any locality. + + * * * * * + +ARRAIGN. + + +Synonyms: + + accuse, charge, impeach, prosecute, + censure, cite, indict, summon. + +_Arraign_ is an official word; a person accused of crime is _arraigned_ +when he is formally called into court, the indictment read to him, and +the demand made of him to plead guilty or not guilty; in more extended +use, to _arraign_ is to call in question for fault in any formal, +public, or official way. One may _charge_ another with any fault, great +or trifling, privately or publicly, formally or informally. _Accuse_ is +stronger than _charge_, suggesting more of the formal and criminal; a +person may _charge_ a friend with unkindness or neglect; he may +_accuse_ a tramp of stealing. _Censure_ carries the idea of fault, but +not of crime; it may be private and individual, or public and official. +A judge, a president, or other officer of high rank may be _impeached_ +before the appropriate tribunal for high crimes; the veracity of a +witness may be _impeached_ by damaging evidence. A person of the highest +character may be _summoned_ as defendant in a civil suit; or he may be +_cited_ to answer as administrator, etc. _Indict_ and _arraign_ apply +strictly to criminal proceedings, and only an alleged criminal is +_indicted_ or _arraigned_. One is _indicted_ by the grand jury, and +_arraigned_ before the appropriate court. + + +Antonyms: + + acquit, discharge, exonerate, overlook, release, + condone, excuse, forgive, pardon, set free. + + +Prepositions: + +Arraign _at_ the bar, _before_ the tribunal, _of_ or _for_ a crime; _on_ +or _upon_ an indictment. + + * * * * * + +ARRAY. + + +Synonyms: + + army, collection, line of battle, parade, + arrangement, disposition, order, show, + battle array, exhibition, order of battle, sight. + +The phrase _battle array_ or _array of battle_ is archaic and poetic; we +now say in _line_ or _order of battle_. The _parade_ is for _exhibition_ +and oversight, and partial rehearsal of military manual and maneuvers. +_Array_ refers to a continuous _arrangement_ of men, so that all may be +seen or reviewed at once. This is practically impossible with the vast +_armies_ of our day. We say rather the _disposition_ of troops, which +expresses their location so as to sustain and support, though unable to +see or readily communicate with each other. Compare DRESS. + + * * * * * + +ARREST. + + +Synonyms: + + apprehend, detain, restrain, stop, + capture, hold, secure, take into custody, + catch, make prisoner, seize, take prisoner. + +The legal term _arrest_ carries always the implication of a legal +offense; this is true even of _arresting_ for debt. But one may be +_detained_ by process of law when no offense is alleged against him, as +in the case of a witness who is _held_ in a house of detention till a +case comes to trial. One may be _restrained_ of his liberty without +arrest, as in an insane asylum; an individual or corporation may be +_restrained_ by injunction from selling certain property. In case of an +arrest, an officer may _secure_ his prisoner by fetters, by a locked +door, or other means effectually to prevent escape. _Capture_ is +commonly used of seizure by armed force; as, to _capture_ a ship, a +fort, etc. Compare HINDER; OBSTRUCT. + + +Antonyms: + + discharge, dismiss, free, liberate, release, set free. + + +Prepositions: + +Arrested _for_ crime, _on_ suspicion, _by_ the sheriff; _on_, _upon_, or +_by virtue of_ a warrant; _on_ final process; _in_ execution. + + * * * * * + +ARTIFICE. + + +Synonyms: + + art, craft, finesse, invention, stratagem, + blind, cunning, fraud, machination, subterfuge, + cheat, device, guile, maneuver, trick, + contrivance, dodge, imposture, ruse, wile. + +A _contrivance_ or _device_ may be either good or bad. A _cheat_ is a +mean advantage in a bargain; a _fraud_, any form of covert robbery or +injury. _Imposture_ is a deceitful _contrivance_ for securing charity, +credit, or consideration. A _stratagem_ or _maneuver_ may be of the good +against the bad, as it were a skilful movement of war. A _wile_ is +usually but not necessarily evil. + + E'en children followed with endearing _wile_. + + GOLDSMITH _Deserted Village_, l. 184. + +A _trick_ is often low, injurious, and malicious; we say a mean _trick_; +the word is sometimes used playfully with less than its full meaning. A +_ruse_ or a _blind_ may be quite innocent and harmless. An _artifice_ is +a carefully and delicately prepared _contrivance_ for doing indirectly +what one could not well do directly. A _device_ is something studied out +for promoting an end, as in a mechanism; the word is used of indirect +action, often, but not necessarily directed to an evil, selfish, or +injurious end. _Finesse_ is especially subtle _contrivance_, delicate +_artifice_, whether for good or evil. Compare FRAUD. + + +Antonyms: + + artlessness, frankness, ingenuousness, openness, sincerity, + candor, guilelessness, innocence, simplicity, truth. + fairness, honesty, + + * * * * * + +ARTIST. + + +Synonyms: + + artificer, artisan, mechanic, operative, workman. + +_Artist_, _artificer_ and _artisan_ are all from the root of _art_, but +_artist_ holds to the esthetic sense, while _artificer_ and _artisan_ +follow the mechanical or industrial sense of the word (see ART under +SCIENCE). _Artist_ thus comes only into accidental association with the +other words of this group, not being a synonym of any one of them and +having practically no synonym of its own. The work of the _artist_ is +creative; that of the _artisan_ mechanical. The man who paints a +beautiful picture is an _artist_; the man who makes pin-heads all day is +an _artisan_. The _artificer_ is between the two, putting more thought, +intelligence, and taste into his work than the _artisan_, but less of +the idealizing, creative power than the _artist_. The sculptor, shaping +his model in clay, is _artificer_, as well as _artist_; patient +_artisans_, working simply by rule and scale, chisel and polish the +stone. The man who constructs anything by mere routine and rule is a +_mechanic_. The man whose work involves thought, skill, and constructive +power is an _artificer_. The hod-carrier is a _laborer_; the bricklayer +is a _mechanic_; the master mason is an _artificer_. Those who operate +machinery nearly self-acting are _operatives_. + + * * * * * + +ASK. + + +Synonyms: + + beg, crave, entreat, petition, request, solicit, + beseech, demand, implore, pray, require, supplicate. + +One _asks_ what he feels that he may fairly claim and reasonably expect; +"if a son shall _ask_ bread of any of you that is a father," _Luke_ xi, +11; he _begs_ for that to which he advances no claim but pity. _Demand_ +is a determined and often an arrogant word; one may rightfully _demand_ +what is his own or his due, when it is withheld or denied; or he may +wrongfully _demand_ that to which he has no claim but power. _Require_ +is less arrogant and obtrusive than _demand_, but is exceedingly +strenuous; as, the court _requires_ the attendance of witnesses. +_Entreat_ implies a special earnestness of asking, and _beseech_, a +still added and more humble intensity; _beseech_ was formerly often used +as a polite intensive for _beg_ or _pray_; as, I _beseech_ you to tell +me. To _implore_ is to _ask_ with weeping and lamentation; to +_supplicate_ is to _ask_, as it were, on bended knees. _Crave_ and +_request_ are somewhat formal terms; _crave_ has almost disappeared from +conversation; _request_ would seem distant between parent and child. +_Pray_ is now used chiefly of address to the Supreme Being; _petition_ +is used of written request to persons in authority; as, to _petition_ +the legislature to pass an act, or the governor to pardon an offender. + + +Antonyms: + + claim, deny, enforce, exact, extort, insist, refuse, reject. + command, + + +Prepositions: + +Ask a person _for_ a thing; ask a thing _of_ or _from_ a person; ask +_after_ or _about_ one's health, welfare, friends, etc. + + * * * * * + +ASSOCIATE. + + +Synonyms: + + accomplice, coadjutor, comrade, fellow, mate, + ally, colleague, confederate, friend, partner, + chum, companion, consort, helpmate, peer. + +An _associate_ as used officially implies a chief, leader, or principal, +to whom the _associate_ is not fully equal in rank. _Associate_ is +popularly used of mere friendly relations, but oftener implies some +work, enterprise, or pursuit in which the associated persons unite. We +rarely speak of _associates_ in crime or wrong, using _confederates_ or +_accomplices_ instead. _Companion_ gives itself with equal readiness to +the good or evil sense, as also does _comrade_. One may be a _companion_ +in travel who would not readily become an _associate_ at home. A lady +advertises for a _companion_; she would not advertise for an +_associate_. _Peer_ implies equality rather than companionship; as, a +jury of his _peers_. _Comrade_ expresses more fellowship and good +feeling than _companion_. _Fellow_ has almost gone out of use in this +connection, except in an inferior or patronizing sense. _Consort_ is a +word of equality and dignity, as applied especially to the marriage +relation. Compare ACCESSORY; ACQUAINTANCE; FRIENDSHIP. + + +Antonyms: + + antagonist, foe, hinderer, opponent, opposer, rival, stranger. + enemy, + + +Prepositions: + +These were the associates _of_ the leader _in_ the enterprise. + + * * * * * + +ASSOCIATION. + + +Synonyms: + + alliance, confederacy, familiarity, lodge, + club, confederation, federation, participation, + community, conjunction, fellowship, partnership, + companionship, connection, fraternity, society, + company, corporation, friendship, union. + +We speak of an _alliance_ of nations, a _club_ of pleasure-seekers, a +_community_ of Shakers, a _company_ of soldiers or of friends, a +_confederacy_, _confederation_, _federation_, or _union_ of separate +states under one general government, a _partnership_ or _company_ of +business men, a _conjunction_ of planets. The whole body of Freemasons +constitute a _fraternity_; one of their local organizations is called a +_lodge_. A _corporation_ or _company_ is formed for purposes of +business; an _association_ or _society_ (tho also incorporated) is for +learning, literature, benevolence, religion, etc. Compare ASSOCIATE; +ACQUAINTANCE; FRIENDSHIP. + + +Antonyms: + + disintegration, independence, isolation, separation, solitude. + + +Prepositions: + +An association _of_ scholars _for_ the advancement of knowledge; +association _with_ the good is ennobling. + + * * * * * + +ASSUME. + + +Synonyms: + + accept, arrogate, postulate, put on, + affect, claim, presume, take, + appropriate, feign, pretend, usurp. + +The distinctive idea of _assume_ is to _take_ by one's own independent +volition, whether well or ill, rightfully or wrongfully. One may +_accept_ an obligation or _assume_ an authority that properly belongs to +him, or he may _assume_ an obligation or indebtedness that could not be +required of him. He may _assume_ authority or office that is his right; +if he _assumes_ what does not belong to him, he is said to _arrogate_ or +_usurp_ it. A man may _usurp_ the substance of power in the most +unpretending way; what he _arrogates_ to himself he _assumes_ with a +haughty and overbearing manner. One _assumes_ the robes or insignia of +office by _putting_ them _on_, with or without right. If he _takes_ to +himself the credit and appearance of qualities he does not possess, he +is said to _affect_ or _feign_, or to _pretend_ to, the character he +thus _assumes_. What a debater _postulates_ he openly states and _takes_ +for granted without proof; what he _assumes_ he may take for granted +without mention. A favorite trick of the sophist is quietly to _assume_ +as true what would at once be challenged if expressly stated. What a man +_claims_ he asserts his right to _take_; what he _assumes_ he _takes_. + + * * * * * + +ASSURANCE. + + +Synonyms: + + arrogance, boldness, impudence, self-confidence, + assertion, confidence, presumption, self-reliance, + assumption, effrontery, self-assertion, trust. + +_Assurance_ may have the good sense of a high, sustained _confidence_ +and _trust_; as, the saint's _assurance_ of heaven. _Confidence_ is +founded upon reasons; _assurance_ is largely a matter of feeling. In the +bad sense, _assurance_ is a vicious courage, with belief of one's +ability to outwit or defy others; the hardened criminal is remarkable +for habitual _assurance_. For the calm conviction of one's own rectitude +and ability, _self-confidence_ is a better word than _assurance_; +_self-reliance_ expresses confidence in one's own resources, +independently of others' aid. In the bad sense _assurance_ is less gross +than _impudence_, which is (according to its etymology) a shameless +_boldness_. _Assurance_ is in act or manner; _impudence_ may be in +speech. _Effrontery_ is _impudence_ defiantly displayed. Compare FAITH; +PRIDE. + + +Antonyms: + + bashfulness, consternation, distrust, hesitancy, shyness, + confusion, dismay, doubt, misgiving, timidity. + + * * * * * + +ASTUTE. + + +Synonyms: + + acute, discerning, penetrating, sharp, + clear-sighted, discriminating, penetrative, shrewd, + crafty, keen, perspicacious, subtile, + cunning, knowing, sagacious, subtle. + +_Acute_, from the Latin, suggests the sharpness of the needle's point; +_keen_, from the Saxon, the sharpness of the cutting edge. _Astute_, +from the Latin, with the original sense of _cunning_ has come to have a +meaning that combines the sense of _acute_ or _keen_ with that of +_sagacious_. The _astute_ mind adds to _acuteness_ and _keenness_ an +element of cunning or finesse. The _astute_ debater leads his opponents +into a snare by getting them to make admissions, or urge arguments, of +which he sees a result that they do not perceive. The _acute_, _keen_ +intellect may take no special advantage of these qualities; the _astute_ +mind has always a point to make for itself, and seldom fails to make it. +A _knowing_ look, air, etc., in general indicates practical knowledge +with a touch of shrewdness, and perhaps of cunning; in regard to some +special matter, it indicates the possession of reserved knowledge which +the person could impart if he chose. _Knowing_ has often a slightly +invidious sense. We speak of a _knowing_ rascal, meaning _cunning_ or +_shrewd_ within a narrow range, but of a _knowing_ horse or dog, in the +sense of _sagacious_, implying that he knows more than could be expected +of such an animal. A _knowing_ child has more knowledge than would be +looked for at his years, perhaps more than is quite desirable, while to +speak of a child as _intelligent_ is altogether complimentary. + + +Antonyms: + + blind, idiotic, shallow, stolid, undiscerning, + dull, imbecile, short-sighted, stupid, unintelligent. + + * * * * * + +ATTACHMENT. + + +Synonyms: + + adherence, devotion, friendship, regard, + adhesion, esteem, inclination, tenderness, + affection, estimation, love, union. + +An _attachment_ is a feeling that binds a person by ties of heart to +another person or thing; we speak of a man's _adherence_ to his purpose, +his _adhesion_ to his party, or to anything to which he clings +tenaciously, tho with no special tenderness; of his _attachment_ to his +church, to the old homestead, or to any persons or objects that he may +hold dear. _Affection_ expresses more warmth of feeling; we should not +speak of a mother's _attachment_ to her babe, but of her _affection_ or +of her _devotion_. _Inclination_ expresses simply a tendency, which may +be good or bad, yielded to or overcome; as, an _inclination_ to study; +an _inclination_ to drink. _Regard_ is more distant than _affection_ or +_attachment_, but closer and warmer than _esteem_; we speak of high +_esteem_, kind _regard_. Compare ACQUAINTANCE; APPENDAGE; FRIENDSHIP; +LOVE; UNION. + + +Antonyms: + + alienation, aversion, distance, estrangement, repugnance, + animosity, coolness, divorce, indifference, separation, + antipathy, dislike, enmity, opposition, severance. + + +Prepositions: + +Attachment _of_ a true man _to_ his friends; attachment _to_ a leader +_for_ his nobility of character; the attachments _between_ two persons +or things; attachment _by_ muscular fibers, or _by_ a rope, etc. + + * * * * * + +ATTACK, _v._ + + +Synonyms: + + assail, beset, combat, invade, + assault, besiege, encounter, set upon, + beleaguer, charge, fall upon, storm. + +To _attack_ is to begin hostilities of any kind. A general _invades_ a +country by marching in troops; he _attacks_ a city by drawing up an army +against it; he _assaults_ it by hurling his troops directly upon its +defenses. _Assail_ and _assault_, tho of the same original etymology, +have diverged in meaning, so that _assault_ alone retains the meaning of +direct personal violence. One may _assail_ another with reproaches; he +_assaults_ him with a blow, a brandished weapon, etc. Armies or +squadrons _charge_; _combat_ and _encounter_ may be said of individual +contests. To _beset_ is to set around, or, so to speak, to stud one's +path, with menaces, attacks, or persuasions. To _besiege_ and +_beleaguer_ are the acts of armies. To _encounter_ is to meet face to +face, and may be said either of the _attacking_ or of the resisting +force or person, or of both. + + +Antonyms: + + aid, cover, protect, shelter, support, uphold, + befriend, defend, resist, shield, sustain, withstand. + + +Prepositions: + +We were attacked _by_ the enemy _with_ cannon and musketry. + + * * * * * + +ATTACK, _n._ + + +Synonyms: + + aggression, incursion, invasion, onslaught, + assault, infringement, onset, trespass. + encroachment, intrusion, + +An _attack_ may be by word; an _aggression_ is always by deed. An +_assault_ may be upon the person, an _aggression_ is upon rights, +possessions, etc. An _invasion_ of a nation's territories is an act of +_aggression_; an _intrusion_ upon a neighboring estate is a _trespass_. +_Onslaught_ signifies intensely violent _assault_, as by an army or a +desperado, tho it is sometimes used of violent speech. + + +Antonyms: + + defense, repulsion, resistance, retreat, submission, surrender. + + +Prepositions: + +The enemy made an attack _upon_ (or _on_) our works. + + * * * * * + +ATTAIN. + + +Synonyms: + + accomplish, arrive at, gain, master, reach, + achieve, compass, get, obtain, secure, + acquire, earn, grasp, procure, win. + +A person may _obtain_ a situation by the intercession of friends, he +_procures_ a dinner by paying for it. _Attain_ is a lofty word, pointing +to some high or desirable result; a man _attains_ the mountain summit, +he _attains_ honor or learning as the result of strenuous and earnest +labor. Even that usage of _attain_ which has been thought to refer to +mere progress of time carries the thought of a result desired; as, to +_attain_ to old age; the man desires to live to a good old age; we +should not speak of his _attaining_ his dotage. One may _attain_ an +object that will prove not worth his labor, but what he _achieves_ is in +itself great and splendid; as, the Greeks at Marathon _achieved_ a +glorious victory. Compare DO; GET; REACH. + + +Antonyms: + + abandon, fail, forfeit, give up, let go, lose, miss. + + * * * * * + +ATTITUDE. + + +Synonyms: + + pose, position, posture. + +_Position_ as applied to the arrangement or situation of the human body +or limbs may denote that which is conscious or unconscious, of the +living or the dead; but we do not speak of the _attitude_, _pose_, or +_posture_ of a corpse; unless, in some rare case, we might say the body +was found in a sitting _posture_, where the _posture_ is thought of as +assumed in life, or as, at first glance, suggesting life. A _posture_ is +assumed without any special reference to expression of feeling; as, an +erect _posture_, a reclining _posture_; _attitude_ is the _position_ +appropriate to the expression of some feeling; the _attitude_ may be +unconsciously taken through the strength of the feeling; as, an +_attitude_ of defiance; or it may be consciously assumed in the attempt +to express the feeling; as, he assumed an _attitude_ of humility. A +_pose_ is a _position_ studied for artistic effect, or considered with +reference to such effect; the unconscious _posture_ of a spectator or +listener may be an admirable _pose_ from an artist's standpoint. + + * * * * * + +ATTRIBUTE, _v._ + + +Synonyms: + + ascribe, associate, connect, impute, refer. + assign, charge, + +We may _attribute_ to a person either that which belongs to him or that +which we merely suppose to be his. We _attribute_ to God infinite power. +We may _attribute_ a wrong intent to an innocent person. We may +_attribute_ a result, rightly or wrongly, to a certain cause; in such +case, however, _attribute_ carries always a concession of uncertainty or +possible error. Where we are quite sure, we simply _refer_ a matter to +the cause or class to which it belongs or _ascribe_ to one what is +surely his, etc. Many diseases formerly _attributed_ to witchcraft are +now _referred_ to the action of micro-organisms. We may _attribute_ a +matter in silent thought; we _ascribe_ anything openly in speech or +writing; King Saul said of the singing women, "They have _ascribed_ unto +David ten thousands, and to me they have _ascribed_ but thousands." We +_associate_ things which may have no necessary or causal relation; as, +we may _associate_ the striking of a clock with the serving of dinner, +tho the two are not necessarily connected. We _charge_ a person with +what we deem blameworthy. We may _impute_ good or evil, but more +commonly evil. + + +Antonyms: + + deny, disconnect, dissociate, separate, sever, sunder. + + +Prepositions: + +It is uncharitable to attribute evil motives _to_ (archaic _unto_) +others. + + * * * * * + +ATTRIBUTE, _n._ + + +Synonyms: + + property, quality. + +A _quality_ (L. _qualis_, such)--the "suchness" of anything, according +to the German idiom--denotes what a thing really is in some one respect; +an _attribute_ is what we conceive a thing to be in some one respect; +thus, while _attribute_ may, _quality_ must, express something of the +real nature of that to which it is ascribed; we speak of the +_attributes_ of God, the _qualities_ of matter. "Originally 'the +_attributes_ of God' was preferred, probably, because men assumed no +knowledge of the actual _qualities_ of the Deity, but only of those more +or less fitly attributed to him." J. A. H. MURRAY. [M.] Holiness is an +_attribute_ of God; the _attributes_ of many heathen deities have been +only the _qualities_ of wicked men joined to superhuman power. A +_property_ (L. _proprius_, one's own) is what belongs especially to one +thing as its own peculiar possession, in distinction from all other +things; when we speak of the _qualities_ or the _properties_ of matter, +_quality_ is the more general, _property_ the more limited term. A +_quality_ is inherent; a _property_ may be transient; physicists now, +however, prefer to term those _qualities_ manifested by all bodies (such +as impenetrability, extension, etc.), _general properties_ of matter, +while those peculiar to certain substances or to certain states of those +substances (as fluidity, malleability, etc.) are termed _specific +properties_; in this wider use of the word _property_, it becomes +strictly synonymous with _quality_. Compare CHARACTERISTIC; EMBLEM. + + +Antonyms: + + being, essence, nature, substance. + + * * * * * + +AUGUR. + + +Synonyms: + + betoken, divine, foretell, predict, prognosticate, + bode, forebode, portend, presage, prophesy. + +"Persons or things _augur_; persons only _forebode_ or _presage_; things +only _betoken_ or _portend_." CRABB _English Synonymes_. We _augur_ well +for a voyage from past good fortune and a good start; we _presage_ +success from the stanchness of the ship and the skill of the captain. +We _forebode_ misfortune either from circumstances that _betoken_ +failure, or from gloomy fancies for which we could not give a reason. +Dissipation among the officers and mutiny among the crew _portend_ +disaster. _Divine_ has reference to the ancient soothsayers' arts (as in +_Gen._ xliv, 5, 15), and refers rather to reading hearts than to reading +the future. We say I could not _divine_ his motive, or his intention. + + +Antonyms: + + assure, demonstrate, establish, make sure, settle, + calculate, determine, insure, prove, warrant. + + +Prepositions: + +I augur _from_ all circumstances a prosperous result; I augur ill _of_ +the enterprise; "augurs ill _to_ the rights of the people," THOMAS +JEFFERSON _Writings_ vol. ii, p. 506. [T. & M. '53.] I augur well, or +this augurs well, _for_ your cause. + + * * * * * + +AUTHENTIC. + + +Synonyms: + + accepted, certain, original, sure, + accredited, current, real, true, + authoritative, genuine, received, trustworthy, + authorized, legitimate, reliable, veritable. + +That is _authentic_ which is true to the facts; that is _genuine_ which +is true to its own claims; as, _authentic_ history; _genuine_ money. + + A '_genuine_' work is one written by the author whose name it bears; + an '_authentic_' work is one which relates truthfully the matters of + which it treats. For example, the apocryphal Gospel of St. Thomas is + neither '_genuine_' nor '_authentic_.' It is not '_genuine_,' for + St. Thomas did not write it; it is not '_authentic_,' for its + contents are mainly fables and lies. + + TRENCH _On the Study of Words_ lect. vi, p. 189. [W. J. W.] + +_Authentic_ is, however, used by reputable writers as synonymous with +_genuine_, tho usually where genuineness carries a certain authority. We +speak of _accepted_ conclusions, _certain_ evidence, _current_ money, +_genuine_ letters, a _legitimate_ conclusion or _legitimate_ authority, +_original_ manuscripts, _real_ value, _received_ interpretation, _sure_ +proof, a _true_ statement, a _trustworthy_ witness, a _veritable_ +discovery. + + +Antonyms: + + apocryphal, counterfeit, exploded, false, spurious, + baseless, disputed, fabulous, fictitious, unauthorized. + + * * * * * + +AUXILIARY. + + +Synonyms: + + accessory, ally, coadjutor, helper, promoter, + aid, assistant, confederate, mercenary, subordinate. + +An _auxiliary_ is a person or thing that helps in a subordinate +capacity. _Allies_ unite as equals; _auxiliaries_ are, at least +technically, inferiors or subordinates. Yet the _auxiliary_ is more than +a mere _assistant_. The word is oftenest found in the plural, and in the +military sense; _auxiliaries_ are troops of one nation uniting with the +armies, and acting under the orders, of another. _Mercenaries_ serve +only for pay; _auxiliaries_ often for reasons of state, policy, or +patriotism as well. Compare ACCESSORY; APPENDAGE. + + +Antonyms: + + antagonist, hinderer, opponent, opposer. + + +Prepositions: + +The auxiliaries _of_ the Romans; an auxiliary _in_ a good cause; an +auxiliary _to_ learning. + + * * * * * + +AVARICIOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + close, greedy, niggardly, penurious, sordid, + covetous, miserly, parsimonious, rapacious, stingy. + +_Avaricious_ and _covetous_ refer especially to acquisition, _miserly_, +_niggardly_, _parsimonious_, and _penurious_ to expenditure. The +_avaricious_ man has an eager craving for money, and ordinarily desires +both to get and to keep, the _covetous_ man to get something away from +its possessor; tho one may be made _avaricious_ by the pressure of great +expenditures. _Miserly_ and _niggardly_ persons seek to gain by mean and +petty savings; the _miserly_ by stinting themselves, the _niggardly_ by +stinting others. _Parsimonious_ and _penurious_ may apply to one's +outlay either for himself or for others; in the latter use, they are +somewhat less harsh and reproachful terms than _niggardly_. The _close_ +man holds like a vise all that he gets. _Near_ and _nigh_ are provincial +words of similar import. The _rapacious_ have the robber instinct, and +put it in practise in some form, as far as they dare. The _avaricious_ +and _rapacious_ are ready to reach out for gain; the _parsimonious_, +_miserly_, and _niggardly_ prefer the safer and less adventurous way of +avoiding expenditure. _Greedy_ and _stingy_ are used not only of money, +but often of other things, as food, etc. The _greedy_ child wishes to +enjoy everything himself; the _stingy_ child, to keep others from +getting it. + + +Antonyms: + + bountiful, free, generous, liberal, munificent, prodigal, wasteful. + + +Preposition: + +The monarch was avaricious _of_ power. + + * * * * * + +AVENGE. + + +Synonyms: + + punish, retaliate, revenge, vindicate, visit. + +_Avenge_ and _revenge_, once close synonyms, are now far apart in +meaning. To _avenge_ is to _visit_ some offense with punishment, in +order to _vindicate_ the righteous, or to uphold and illustrate the +right by the suffering or destruction of the wicked. "And seeing one of +them suffer wrong, he _avenged_ him that was oppressed, and smote the +Egyptian," _Acts_ vii, 24. To _revenge_ is to inflict harm or suffering +upon another through personal anger and resentment at something done to +ourselves. _Avenge_ is unselfish; _revenge_ is selfish. _Revenge_, +according to present usage, could not be said of God. To _retaliate_ may +be necessary for self-defense, without the idea of _revenge_. Compare +REVENGE. + + +Prepositions: + +Avenge _on_ or _upon_ (rarely, avenge oneself _of_) a wrong-doer. + + * * * * * + +AVOW. + + +Synonyms: + + knowledge, aver, confess, own, profess, testify, + admit, avouch, declare, proclaim, protest, witness. + +_Acknowledge_, _admit_, and _declare_ refer either to oneself or to +others; all the other words refer only to one's own knowledge or action. +To _avow_ is to declare boldly and openly, commonly as something one is +ready to justify, maintain, or defend. A man _acknowledges_ another's +claim or his own promise; he _admits_ an opponent's advantage or his own +error; he _declares_ either what he has seen or experienced or what he +has received from another; he _avers_ what he is sure of from his own +knowledge or consciousness; he gives his assurance as the voucher for +what he _avouches_; he _avows_ openly a belief or intention that he has +silently held. _Avow_ and _avouch_ take a direct object; _aver_ is +followed by a conjunction: a man _avows_ his faith, _avouches_ a deed, +_avers_ that he was present. _Avow_ has usually a good sense; what a +person _avows_ he at least does not treat as blameworthy, criminal, or +shameful; if he did, he would be said to _confess_ it; yet there is +always the suggestion that some will be ready to challenge or censure +what one _avows_; as, the clergyman _avowed_ his dissent from the +doctrine of his church. _Own_ applies to all things, good or bad, great +or small, which one takes as his own. Compare CONFESS; STATE. + + +Antonyms: + + contradict, deny, disavow, disclaim, disown, ignore, repudiate. + + * * * * * + +AWFUL. + + +Synonyms: + + alarming, direful, frightful, majestic, solemn, + appalling, dread, grand, noble, stately, + august, dreadful, horrible, portentous, terrible, + dire, fearful, imposing, shocking, terrific. + +_Awful_ should not be used of things which are merely disagreeable or +annoying, nor of all that are _alarming_ and _terrible_, but only of +such as bring a solemn awe upon the soul, as in the presence of a +superior power; as, the _awful_ hush before the battle. That which is +_awful_ arouses an oppressive, that which is _august_ an admiring +reverence; we speak of the _august_ presence of a mighty monarch, the +_awful_ presence of death. We speak of an _exalted_ station, a _grand_ +mountain, an _imposing_ presence, a _majestic_ cathedral, a _noble_ +mien, a _solemn_ litany, a _stately_ march, an _august_ assembly, the +_awful_ scene of the Judgment Day. + + +Antonyms: + + base, contemptible, inferior, paltry, + beggarly, despicable, lowly, undignified, + commonplace, humble, mean, vulgar. + + * * * * * + +AWKWARD. + + +Synonyms: + + boorish, clumsy, rough, unhandy, + bungling, gawky, uncouth, unskilful. + clownish, maladroit, ungainly, + +_Awkward_, from _awk_ (kindred with _off_, from the Norwegian), is +_off-ward_, turned the wrong way; it was anciently used of a back-handed +or left-handed blow in battle, of squinting eyes, etc. _Clumsy_, on the +other hand (from _clumse_, also through the Norwegian), signifies +benumbed, stiffened with cold; this is the original meaning of _clumsy_ +fingers, _clumsy_ limbs. Thus, _awkward_ primarily refers to action, +_clumsy_ to condition. A tool, a vehicle, or the human frame may be +_clumsy_ in shape or build, _awkward_ in motion. The _clumsy_ man is +almost of necessity _awkward_, but the _awkward_ man may not be +naturally _clumsy_. The finest untrained colt is _awkward_ in harness; a +horse that is _clumsy_ in build can never be trained out of awkwardness. +An _awkward_ statement has an uncomfortable, and perhaps recoiling +force; a statement that contains ill-assorted and incongruous material +in ill-chosen language is _clumsy_. We speak of an _awkward_ +predicament, an _awkward_ scrape. An _awkward_ excuse commonly reflects +on the one who offers it. We say the admitted facts have an _awkward_ +appearance. In none of these cases could _clumsy_ be used. _Clumsy_ is, +however, applied to movements that seem as unsuitable as those of +benumbed and stiffened limbs. A dancing bear is both _clumsy_ and +_awkward_. + + +Antonyms: + + adroit, clever, dexterous, handy, skilful. + + +Prepositions: + +The raw recruit is awkward _in_ action; _at_ the business. + + * * * * * + +AXIOM. + + +Synonym: + + truism. + +Both the _axiom_ and the _truism_ are instantly seen to be true, and +need no proof; but in an _axiom_ there is progress of thought, while the +_truism_ simply says the same thing over again, or says what is too +manifest to need saying. The _axiom_ that "things which are equal to the +same thing are equal to one another" unfolds in the latter part of the +sentence the truth implied in the first part, which might have been +overlooked if not stated. In the _truism_ that "a man can do all he is +capable of," the former and the latter part of the sentence are simply +identical, and the mind is left just where it started. Hence the _axiom_ +is valuable and useful, while the _truism_ is weak and flat, unless the +form of statement makes it striking or racy, as "all fools are out of +their wits." Compare PROVERB. + + +Antonyms: + + absurdity, contradiction, demonstration, nonsense, paradox, sophism. + + * * * * * + +BABBLE. + + +Synonyms: + + blab, cackle, gabble, murmur, prattle, + blurt, chat, gossip, palaver, tattle, + blurt out, chatter, jabber, prate, twaddle. + +Most of these words are onomatopoetic. The _cackle_ of a hen, the +_gabble_ of a goose, the _chatter_ of a magpie, the _babble_ of a +running stream, as applied to human speech, indicate a rapid succession +of what are to the listener meaningless sounds. _Blab_ and _blurt_ +(commonly _blurt out_) refer to the letting out of what the lips can no +longer keep in; _blab_, of a secret; _blurt out_, of passionate feeling. +To _chat_ is to talk in an easy, pleasant way, not without sense, but +without special purpose. _Chatting_ is the practise of adults, +_prattling_ that of children. To _prate_ is to talk idly, +presumptuously, or foolishly, but not necessarily incoherently. To +_jabber_ is to utter a rapid succession of unintelligible sounds, +generally more noisy than _chattering_. To _gossip_ is to talk of petty +personal matters, as for pastime or mischief. To _twaddle_ is to talk +feeble nonsense. To _murmur_ is to utter suppressed or even inarticulate +sounds, suggesting the notes of a dove, or the sound of a running +stream, and is used figuratively of the half suppressed utterances of +affection or pity, or of complaint, resentment, etc. Compare SPEAK. + + +Prepositions: + +Babies babble _for_ the moon; the crowd babbles _of_ a hero; the sick +man babbles _of_ home. + + * * * * * + +BANISH. + + +Synonyms: + + ban, dismiss, evict, expatriate, ostracize, + discharge, drive out, exile, expel, oust. + dislodge, eject, + +_Banish_, primarily to put under _ban_, to compel by authority to leave +a place or country, perhaps with restriction to some other place or +country. From a country, a person may be _banished_, _exiled_, or +_expatriated_; _banished_ from any country where he may happen to be, +but _expatriated_ or _exiled_ only from his own. One may _expatriate_ or +_exile_ himself; he is _banished_ by others. _Banish_ is a word of wide +import; one may _banish_ disturbing thoughts; care may _banish_ sleep. +To _expel_ is to _drive out_ with violence or rudeness, and so often +with disgrace. + + +Prepositions: + +Cataline was banished _from_ Rome; John the Apostle was banished _to_ +Patmos. + + * * * * * + +BANK. + + +Synonyms: + + beach, bound, brink, edge, margin, shore, + border, brim, coast, marge, rim, strand. + +_Bank_ is a general term for the land along the edge of a water course; +it may also denote a raised portion of the bed of a river, lake, or +ocean; as, the _Banks_ of Newfoundland. A _beach_ is a strip or expanse +of incoherent wave-worn sand, which is often pebbly or full of boulders; +we speak of the _beach_ of a lake or ocean; a _beach_ is sometimes found +in the bend of a river. _Strand_ is a more poetic term for a wave-washed +shore, especially as a place for landing or embarking; as, the keel +grates on the _strand_. The whole line of a country or continent that +borders the sea is a _coast_. _Shore_ is any land, whether cliff, or +sand, or marsh, bordering water. We do not speak of the _coast_ of a +river, nor of the _banks_ of the ocean, tho there may be _banks_ by or +under the sea. _Edge_ is the line where land and water meet; as, the +water's _edge_. _Brink_ is the place from which one may fall; as, the +river's _brink_; the _brink_ of a precipice; the _brink_ of ruin. + + * * * * * + +BANTER. + + +Synonyms: + + badinage, derision, jeering, raillery, sarcasm, + chaff, irony, mockery, ridicule, satire. + +_Banter_ is the touching upon some fault, weakness, or fancied secret of +another in a way half to pique and half to please; _badinage_ is +delicate, refined _banter_. _Raillery_ has more sharpness, but is +usually good-humored and well meant. _Irony_, the saying one thing that +the reverse may be understood, may be either mild or bitter. All the +other words have a hostile intent. _Ridicule_ makes a person or thing +the subject of contemptuous merriment; _derision_ seeks to make the +object derided seem utterly despicable--to laugh it to scorn. _Chaff_ is +the coarse witticism of the streets, perhaps merry, oftener malicious; +_jeering_ is loud, rude _ridicule_, as of a hostile crowd or mob. +_Mockery_ is more studied, and may include mimicry and personal +violence, as well as scornful speech. A _satire_ is a formal +composition; a _sarcasm_ may be an impromptu sentence. The _satire_ +shows up follies to keep people from them; the _sarcasm_ hits them +because they are foolish, without inquiring whether it will do good or +harm; the _satire_ is plainly uttered; the _sarcasm_ is covert. + + * * * * * + +BARBAROUS. + + +Synonyms: + + atrocious, brutal, merciless, uncivilized, + barbarian, cruel, rude, uncouth, + barbaric, inhuman, savage, untamed. + +Whatever is not civilized is _barbarian_; _barbaric_ indicates rude +magnificence, uncultured richness; as, _barbaric_ splendor, a _barbaric_ +melody. _Barbarous_ refers to the worst side of _barbarian_ life, and to +revolting acts, especially of cruelty, such as a civilized man would not +be expected to do; as, a _barbarous_ deed. We may, however, say +_barbarous_ nations, _barbarous_ tribes, without implying anything more +than want of civilization and culture. _Savage_ is more distinctly +bloodthirsty than _barbarous_. In this sense we speak of a _savage_ +beast and of _barbarous_ usage. + + +Antonyms: + + civilized, cultured, elegant, humane, polite, tender, + courtly, delicate, graceful, nice, refined, urbane. + + * * * * * + +BARRIER. + + +Synonyms: + + bar, bulwark, obstruction, rampart, + barricade, hindrance, parapet, restraint, + breastwork, obstacle, prohibition, restriction. + +A _bar_ is something that is or may be firmly fixed, ordinarily with +intent to prevent entrance or egress; as, the _bars_ of a prison cell; +the _bars_ of a wood-lot. A _barrier_ obstructs, but is not necessarily +impassable. _Barrier_ is used of objects more extensive than those to +which _bar_ is ordinarily applied. A mountain range may be a _barrier_ +to exploration; but a mass of sand across the entrance to a harbor is +called a _bar_. Discovered falsehood is a _bar_ to confidence. +_Barricade_ has become practically a technical name for an improvised +street fortification, and, unless in some way modified, is usually so +understood. A _parapet_ is a low or breast-high wall, as about the edge +of a roof, terrace, etc., especially, in military use, such a wall for +the protection of troops; a _rampart_ is the embankment surrounding a +fort, on which the _parapet_ is raised; the word _rampart_ is often used +as including the _parapet_. _Bulwark_ is a general word for any +defensive wall or _rampart_; its only technical use at present is in +nautical language, where it signifies the raised side of a ship above +the upper deck, topped by the rail. Compare BOUNDARY; IMPEDIMENT. + + +Antonyms: + + admittance, opening, road, transit, + entrance, passage, thoroughfare, way. + + +Prepositions: + +A barrier _to_ progress, _against_ invasion; a barrier _between_ +nations. + + * * * * * + +BATTLE. + + +Synonyms: + + action, combat, encounter, passage of arms, + affair, conflict, engagement, skirmish, + bout, contest, fight, strife. + +_Conflict_ is a general word which describes opponents, whether +individuals or hosts, as dashed together. One continuous _conflict_ +between entire armies is a _battle_. Another _battle_ may be fought upon +the same field after a considerable interval; or a new _battle_ may +follow immediately, the armies meeting upon a new field. An _action_ is +brief and partial; a _battle_ may last for days. _Engagement_ is a +somewhat formal expression for _battle_; as, it was the commander's +purpose to avoid a general _engagement_. A protracted war, including +many _battles_, may be a stubborn _contest_. _Combat_, originally a +hostile _encounter_ between individuals, is now used also for extensive +_engagements_. A _skirmish_ is between small detachments or scattered +troops. An _encounter_ may be either purposed or accidental, between +individuals or armed forces. _Fight_ is a word of less dignity than +_battle_; we should not ordinarily speak of Waterloo as a _fight_, +unless where the word is used in the sense of fighting; as, I was in the +thick of the _fight_. + + +Antonyms: + + armistice, concord, peace, suspension of hostilities, truce. + + +Prepositions: + +A battle _of_ giants; battle _between_ armies; a battle _for_ life, +_against_ invaders; a battle _to_ the death; the battle _of_ (more +rarely _at_) Marathon. + + * * * * * + +BEAT. + + +Synonyms: + + bastinado, chastise, overcome, spank, thrash, + batter, conquer, pommel, strike, vanquish, + belabor, cudgel, pound, surpass, whip, + bruise, defeat, scourge, switch, worst. + castigate, flog, smite, + +_Strike_ is the word for a single blow; to _beat_ is to _strike_ +repeatedly, as a bird _beats_ the air with its wings. Others of the +above words describe the manner of _beating_, as _bastinado_, to _beat_ +on the soles of the feet; _belabor_, to inflict a comprehensive and +exhaustive _beating_; _cudgel_, to _beat_ with a stick; _thrash_, as +wheat was _beaten_ out with the old hand-flail; to _pound_ (akin to L. +_pondus_, a weight) is to _beat_ with a heavy, and _pommel_ with a +blunt, instrument. To _batter_ and to _bruise_ refer to the results of +_beating_; that is _battered_ which is broken or defaced by repeated +blows on the surface (compare synonyms for SHATTER); that is _bruised_ +which has suffered even one severe contusion. The metaphorical sense of +_beat_, however, so far preponderates that one may be very badly +_bruised_ and _battered_, and yet not be said to be _beaten_, unless he +has got the worst of the _beating_. To _beat_ a combatant is to disable +or dishearten him for further fighting. Hence _beat_ becomes the +synonym for every word which implies getting the advantage of another. +Compare CONQUER. + + +Antonyms: + + fail, fall, get the worst of, go down, go under, surrender. + +Almost all antonyms in this class are passive, and can be formed +indefinitely from the conquering words by the use of the auxiliary _be_; +as, be beaten, be defeated, be conquered, etc. + + +Prepositions: + +Beat _with_ a stick _over_ the head; beat _by_ a trick; _out of_ town; +beat _to_ the ground; _into_ submission. + + * * * * * + +BEAUTIFUL. + + +Synonyms: + + attractive, charming, exquisite, handsome, + beauteous, comely, fair, lovely, + bewitching, delightful, fine, picturesque, + bonny, elegant, graceful, pretty. + +The definition of beauty, "perfection of form," is a good key to the +meaning of _beautiful_, if we understand "form" in its widest sense. +There must also be harmony and unity, and in human beings spiritual +loveliness, to constitute an object or a person really _beautiful_. +Thus, we speak of a _beautiful_ landscape, a _beautiful_ poem. But +_beautiful_ implies also, in concrete objects, softness of outline and +delicacy of mold; it is opposed to all that is hard and rugged, hence we +say a _beautiful_ woman, but not a _beautiful_ man. _Beautiful_ has the +further limit of not transcending our powers of appreciation. _Pretty_ +expresses in a far less degree that which is pleasing to a refined taste +in objects comparatively small, slight, and dainty; as, a _pretty_ +bonnet; a _pretty_ girl. That is _handsome_ which is not only +superficially pleasing, but well and harmoniously proportioned, with +usually the added idea that it is made so by art, breeding, or training; +as, a _handsome_ horse; a _handsome_ house. _Handsome_ is a term far +inferior to _beautiful_; we may even say a _handsome_ villain. _Fair_ +denotes what is bright, smooth, clear, and without blemish; as, a _fair_ +face. The word applies wholly to what is superficial; we can say +"_fair_, yet false." In a specific sense, _fair_ has the sense of blond, +as opposed to dark or brunette. One who possesses vivacity, wit, good +nature, or other pleasing qualities may be _attractive_ without beauty. +_Comely_ denotes an aspect that is smooth, genial, and wholesome, with a +certain fulness of contour and pleasing symmetry, tho falling short of +the _beautiful_; as, a _comely_ matron. That is _picturesque_ which +would make a striking picture. + + +Antonyms: + + awkward, frightful, grotesque, repulsive, uncouth, + clumsy, ghastly, hideous, shocking, ungainly, + deformed, grim, horrid, ugly, unlovely, + disgusting, grisly, odious, unattractive, unpleasant. + + +Prepositions: + +Beautiful _to_ the eye; beautiful _in_ appearance, _in_ spirit; +"beautiful _for_ situation," _Ps._ xlviii, 2; beautiful _of_ aspect, +_of_ its kind. + + * * * * * + +BECAUSE. + + +Synonyms: + + as, for, inasmuch as, since. + +_Because_, literally _by_-cause, is the most direct and complete word +for giving the reason of a thing. _Since_, originally denoting +succession in time, signifies a succession in a chain of reasoning, a +natural inference or result. _As_ indicates something like, coordinate, +parallel. _Since_ is weaker than _because_; _as_ is weaker than _since_; +either may introduce the reason before the main statement; thus, _since_ +or _as_ you are going, I will accompany you. Often the weaker word is +the more courteous, implying less constraint; for example, _as_ you +request it, I will come, rather than I will come _because_ you request +it. _Inasmuch as_ is a formal and qualified expression, implying by just +so much, and no more; thus, _inasmuch as_ the debtor has no property, I +abandon the claim. _For_ is a loose connective, giving often mere +suggestion or indication rather than reason or cause; as, it is morning, +_for_ (not _because_) the birds are singing. + + +Antonyms: + + altho, however, nevertheless, notwithstanding, yet. + +Compare synonyms for BUT; NOTWITHSTANDING. + + * * * * * + +BECOMING. + + +Synonyms: + + befitting, congruous, fit, meet, seemly, + beseeming, decent, fitting, neat, suitable, + comely, decorous, graceful, proper, worthy. + +That is _becoming_ in dress which suits the complexion, figure, and +other qualities of the wearer, so as to produce on the whole a pleasing +effect. That is _decent_ which does not offend modesty or propriety. +That is _suitable_ which is adapted to the age, station, situation, and +other circumstances of the wearer; coarse, heavy boots are _suitable_ +for farm-work; a juvenile style of dress is not _suitable_ for an old +lady. In conduct much the same rules apply. The dignity and gravity of a +patriarch would not be _becoming_ to a child; at a funeral lively, +cheery sociability would not be _decorous_, while noisy hilarity would +not be _decent_; sumptuous display would not be _suitable_ for a poor +person. _Fit_ is a compendious term for whatever fits the person, time, +place, occasion, etc.; as, a _fit_ person; a _fit_ abode; a _fit_ place. +_Fitting_, or _befitting_, is somewhat more elegant, implying a nicer +adaptation. _Meet_, a somewhat archaic word, expresses a moral fitness; +as, _meet_ for heaven. Compare BEAUTIFUL. + + +Antonyms: + + awkward, ill-fitting, indecent, unbecoming, unseemly, + ill-becoming, improper, indecorous, unfit, unsuitable. + + +Prepositions: + +The dress was becoming _to_ the wearer. Such conduct was becoming _in_ +him. + + * * * * * + +BEGINNING. + + +Synonyms: + + arising, inauguration, origin, source, + commencement, inception, outset, spring, + fount, initiation, rise, start. + fountain, opening, + +The Latin _commencement_ is more formal than the Saxon _beginning_, as +the verb _commence_, is more formal than _begin_. _Commencement_ is for +the most part restricted to some form of action, while _beginning_ has +no restriction, but may be applied to action, state, material, extent, +enumeration, or to whatever else may be conceived of as having a first +part, point, degree, etc. The letter A is at the _beginning_ (not the +_commencement_) of every alphabet. If we were to speak of the +_commencement_ of the Pacific Railroad, we should be understood to refer +to the enterprise and its initiatory act; if we were to refer to the +roadway we should say "Here is the _beginning_ of the Pacific Railroad." +In the great majority of cases _begin_ and _beginning_ are preferable to +_commence_ and _commencement_ as the simple, idiomatic English words, +always accurate and expressive. "In the _beginning_ was the word," +_John_ i, 1. An _origin_ is the point from which something starts or +sets out, often involving, and always suggesting causal connection; as, +the _origin_ of evil; the _origin_ of a nation, a government, or a +family. A _source_ is that which furnishes a first and continuous +supply, that which flows forth freely or may be readily recurred to; as, +the _source_ of a river; a _source_ of knowledge; a _source_ of +inspiration; fertile land is a _source_ (not an _origin_) of wealth. A +_rise_ is thought of as in an action; we say that a lake is the _source_ +of a certain river, or that the river takes its _rise_ from the lake. +Motley wrote of "The _Rise_ of the Dutch Republic." _Fount_, _fountain_, +and _spring_, in their figurative senses, keep close to their literal +meaning. Compare CAUSE. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for END. + + * * * * * + +BEHAVIOR. + + +Synonyms: + + action, breeding, conduct, deportment, manner, + bearing, carriage, demeanor, life, manners. + +_Behavior_ is our _action_ in the presence of others; _conduct_ includes +also that which is known only to ourselves and our Maker. _Carriage_ +expresses simply the manner of holding the body, especially in sitting +or walking, as when it is said of a lady "she has a fine _carriage_." +_Bearing_ refers to the bodily expression of feeling or disposition; as, +a haughty _bearing_; a noble _bearing_. _Demeanor_ is the bodily +expression, not only of feelings, but of moral states; as, a devout +_demeanor_. _Breeding_, unless with some adverse limitation, denotes +that _manner_ and _conduct_ which result from good birth and training. +_Deportment_ is _behavior_ as related to a set of rules; as, the pupil's +_deportment_ was faultless. A person's _manner_ may be that of a moment, +or toward a single person; his _manners_ are his habitual style of +_behavior_ toward or before others, especially in matters of etiquette +and politeness; as, good _manners_ are always pleasing. + + +Prepositions: + +The behavior _of_ the pastor _to_ or _toward_ his people, _on_ or _upon_ +the streets, _before_ the multitude, or _in_ the church, _with_ the +godly, or _with_ the worldly, was alike faultless. + + * * * * * + +BEND. + + +Synonyms: + + bias, curve, diverge, mold, submit, twist, + bow, deflect, incline, persuade, turn, warp, + crook, deviate, influence, stoop, twine, yield. + +In some cases a thing is spoken of as _bent_ where the parts make an +angle; but oftener to _bend_ is understood to be to draw to or through a +curve; as, to _bend_ a bow. To _submit_ or _yield_ is to _bend_ the mind +humbly to another's wishes. To _incline_ or _influence_ is to _bend_ +another's wishes toward our own; to _persuade_ is to draw them quite +over. To _warp_ is to _bend_ silently through the whole fiber, as a +board in the sun. To _crook_ is to _bend_ irregularly, as a _crooked_ +stick. _Deflect_, _deviate_, and _diverge_ are said of any turning away; +_deviate_ commonly of a slight and gradual movement, _diverge_ of a more +sharp and decided one. To _bias_ is to cut across the texture, or +incline to one side; in figurative use always with an unfavorable +import. _Mold_ is a stronger work than _bend_; we may _bend_ by a +superior force that which still resists the constraint; as, a _bent_ +bow; we _mold_ something plastic entirely to some desired form. + + * * * * * + +BENEVOLENCE. + + +Synonyms: + + almsgiving, charity, kind-heartedness, munificence, + beneficence, generosity, kindliness, philanthropy, + benignity, good-will, kindness, sympathy, + bounty, humanity, liberality, unselfishness. + +According to the etymology and original usage, _beneficence_ is the +doing well, _benevolence_ the wishing or willing well to others; but +_benevolence_ has come to include _beneficence_, and to displace it. We +should not now speak of _benevolence_ which did not help, unless where +there was no power to help; even then we should rather say _good-will_ +or _sympathy_. _Charity_, which originally meant the purest love for God +and man (as in _1 Cor._ xiii), is now almost universally applied to some +form of _almsgiving_, and is much more limited in meaning than +_benevolence_. _Benignity_ suggests some occult power of blessing, such +as was formerly ascribed to the stars; we may say a good man has an air +of _benignity_. _Kindness_ and _tenderness_ are personal; _benevolence_ +and _charity_ are general. _Kindness_ extends to all sentient beings, +whether men or animals, in prosperity or in distress. _Tenderness_ +especially goes out toward the young, feeble, and needy, or even to the +dead. _Humanity_ is so much _kindness_ and _tenderness_ toward man or +beast as it would be inhuman not to have; we say of some act of care or +_kindness_, "common _humanity_ requires it." _Generosity_ is +self-forgetful _kindness_ in disposition or action; it includes much +besides giving; as, the _generosity_ of forgiveness. _Bounty_ applies to +ample giving, which on a larger scale is expressed by _munificence_. +_Liberality_ indicates broad, genial kindly views, whether manifested in +gifts or otherwise. We speak of the _bounty_ of a generous host, the +_liberality_ or _munificence_ of the founder of a college, or of the +_liberality_ of a theologian toward the holders of conflicting beliefs. +_Philanthropy_ applies to wide schemes for human welfare, often, but not +always, involving large expenditures in _charity_ or _benevolence_. +Compare MERCY. + + +Antonyms: + + barbarity, greediness, ill-will, malignity, self-seeking, + brutality, harshness, inhumanity, niggardliness, stinginess, + churlishness, illiberality, malevolence, selfishness, unkindness. + + +Prepositions: + +Benevolence _of_, _on the part of_, or _from_ the wealthy, _to_ or +_toward_ the poor. + + * * * * * + +BIND. + + +Synonyms: + + compel, fetter, oblige, restrict, shackle, + engage, fix, restrain, secure, tie. + fasten, + +_Binding_ is primarily by something flexible, as a cord or bandage drawn +closely around an object or group of objects, as when we _bind_ up a +wounded limb. We _bind_ a sheaf of wheat with a cord; we _tie_ the cord +in a knot; we _fasten_ by any means that will make things hold together, +as a board by nails, or a door by a lock. The verbs _tie_ and _fasten_ +are scarcely used in the figurative sense, tho, using the noun, we speak +of the _ties_ of affection. _Bind_ has an extensive figurative use. One +is _bound_ by conscience or honor; he is _obliged_ by some imperious +necessity; _engaged_ by his own promise; _compelled_ by physical force +or its moral equivalent. + + +Antonyms: + + free, loose, set free, unbind, unfasten, unloose, untie. + + +Prepositions: + +Bind _to_ a pillar; _unto_ an altar; _to_ a service; bind one _with_ +chains or _in_ chains; one is bound _by_ a contract; a splint is bound +_upon_ a limb; the arms may be bound _to_ the sides or _behind_ the +back; bind a wreath _about_, _around_, or _round_ the head; twigs are +bound _in_ or _into_ fagots; for military purposes, they are bound _at_ +both ends and _in_ the middle; one is bound _by_ a contract, or bound +_under_ a penalty to fulfil a contract. + + * * * * * + +BITTER. + + +Synonyms: + + acerb, acidulous, caustic, pungent, stinging, + acetous, acrid, cutting, savage, tart, + acid, acrimonious, harsh, sharp, vinegarish, + acidulated, biting, irate, sour, virulent. + +_Acid_, _sour_, and _bitter_ agree in being contrasted with _sweet_, +but the two former are sharply distinguished from the latter. _Acid_ or +_sour_ is the taste of vinegar or lemon-juice; _bitter_ that of quassia, +quinine, or strychnine. _Acrid_ is nearly allied to _bitter_. _Pungent_ +suggests the effect of pepper or snuff on the organs of taste or smell; +as, a _pungent_ odor. _Caustic_ indicates the corroding effect of some +strong chemical, as nitrate of silver. In a figurative sense, as applied +to language or character, these words are very closely allied. We say a +_sour_ face, _sharp_ words, _bitter_ complaints, _caustic_ wit, +_cutting_ irony, _biting_ sarcasm, a _stinging_ taunt, _harsh_ judgment, +a _tart_ reply. _Harsh_ carries the idea of intentional and severe +unkindness, _bitter_ of a severity that arises from real or supposed ill +treatment. The _bitter_ speech springs from the sore heart. _Tart_ and +_sharp_ utterances may not proceed from an intention to wound, but +merely from a wit recklessly keen; _cutting_, _stinging_, and _biting_ +speech indicates more or less of hostile intent, the latter being the +more deeply malicious. The _caustic_ utterance is meant to burn, perhaps +wholesomely, as in the satire of Juvenal or Cervantes. Compare MOROSE. + + +Antonyms: + + dulcet, honeyed, luscious, nectared, saccharine, sweet. + + * * * * * + +BLEACH, _v._ + + +Synonyms: + + blanch, make white, whiten, whitewash. + +To _whiten_ is to _make white_ in general, but commonly it means to +overspread with white coloring-matter. _Bleach_ and _blanch_ both +signify to _whiten_ by depriving of color, the former permanently, as +linen; the latter either permanently (as, to _blanch_ celery) or +temporarily (as, to _blanch_ the cheek with fear). To _whitewash_ is to +_whiten_ superficially, especially by false approval. + + +Antonyms: + + blacken, color, darken, dye, soil, stain. + + * * * * * + +BLEMISH. + + +Synonyms: + + blot, defacement, disgrace, injury, spot, + blur, defect, dishonor, reproach, stain, + brand, deformity, fault, smirch, stigma, + crack, dent, flaw, soil, taint, + daub, disfigurement, imperfection, speck, tarnish. + +Whatever mars the beauty or completeness of an object is a _blemish_, +whether original, as squinting eyes, or the result of accident or +disease, etc., as the pits of smallpox. A _blemish_ is superficial; a +_flaw_ or _taint_ is in structure or substance. In the moral sense, we +speak of a _blot_ or _stain_ upon reputation; a _flaw_ or _taint_ in +character. A _defect_ is the want or lack of something; _fault_, +primarily a failing, is something that fails of an apparent intent or +disappoints a natural expectation; thus a sudden dislocation or +displacement of geological strata is called a _fault_. Figuratively, a +_blemish_ comes from one's own ill-doing; a _brand_ or _stigma_ is +inflicted by others; as, the _brand_ of infamy. + + * * * * * + +BLOW. + + +Synonyms: + + box, concussion, disaster, misfortune, stripe, + buffet, cuff, knock, rap, stroke, + calamity, cut, lash, shock, thump. + +A _blow_ is a sudden impact, as of a fist or a club; a _stroke_ is a +sweeping movement; as, the _stroke_ of a sword, of an oar, of the arm in +swimming. A _shock_ is the sudden encounter with some heavy body; as, +colliding railway-trains meet with a _shock_; the _shock_ of battle. A +_slap_ is given with the open hand, a _lash_ with a whip, thong, or the +like; we speak also of the _cut_ of a whip. A _buffet_ or _cuff_ is +given only with the hand; a _blow_ either with hand or weapon. A _cuff_ +is a somewhat sidelong _blow_, generally with the open hand; as, a +_cuff_ or _box_ on the ear. A _stripe_ is the effect or mark of a +_stroke_. In the metaphorical sense, _blow_ is used for sudden, +stunning, staggering _calamity_ or sorrow; _stroke_ for sweeping +_disaster_, and also for sweeping achievement and success. We say a +_stroke_ of paralysis, or a _stroke_ of genius. We speak of the +_buffets_ of adverse fortune. _Shock_ is used of that which is at once +sudden, violent, and prostrating; we speak of a _shock_ of electricity, +the _shock_ of an amputation, a _shock_ of surprise. Compare BEAT. + + * * * * * + +BLUFF. + + +Synonyms: + + abrupt, brusk, impolite, rough, + blunt, coarse, inconsiderate, rude, + blustering, discourteous, open, uncivil, + bold, frank, plain-spoken, unmannerly. + +_Bluff_ is a word of good meaning, as are _frank_ and _open_. The +_bluff_ man talks and laughs loudly and freely, says and does whatever +he pleases with fearless good nature, and with no thought of annoying or +giving pain to others. The _blunt_ man says things which he is perfectly +aware are disagreeable, either from a defiant indifference to others' +feelings, or from the pleasure of tormenting. + + +Antonyms: + + bland, genial, polished, polite, refined, reserved, urbane. + courteous, + + * * * * * + +BODY. + + +Synonyms: + + ashes, clay, dust, frame, system, + carcass, corpse, form, remains, trunk. + +_Body_ denotes the entire physical structure, considered as a whole, of +man or animal; _form_ looks upon it as a thing of shape and outline, +perhaps of beauty; _frame_ regards it as supported by its bony +framework; _system_ views it as an assemblage of many related and +harmonious organs. _Body_, _form_, _frame_, and _system_ may be either +dead or living; _clay_ and _dust_ are sometimes so used in religious or +poetic style, tho ordinarily these words are used only of the dead. +_Corpse_ and _remains_ are used only of the dead. _Corpse_ is the plain +technical word for a dead body still retaining its unity; _remains_ may +be used after any lapse of time; the latter is also the more refined and +less ghastly term; as, friends are invited to view the _remains_. +_Carcass_ applies only to the _body_ of an animal, or of a human being +regarded with contempt and loathing. Compare COMPANY. + + +Antonyms: + + intellect, intelligence, mind, soul, spirit. + + * * * * * + +BOTH. + + +Synonyms: + + twain, two. + +_Both_ refers to _two_ objects previously _mentioned_, or had in mind, +viewed or acting in connection; as, _both_ men fired at once; "_two_ men +fired" might mean any two, out of any number, and without reference to +any previous thought or mention. _Twain_ is a nearly obsolete form of +_two_. _The two_, or _the twain_, is practically equivalent to _both_; +_both_, however, expresses a closer unity. We would say _both_ men +rushed against the enemy; the _two_ men flew at each other. Compare +EVERY. + + +Antonyms: + + each, either, every, neither, none, no one, not any. + + * * * * * + +BOUNDARY. + + +Synonyms: + + barrier, confines, limit, margin, + border, edge, line, term, + bound, enclosure, marches, termination, + bourn, frontier, marge, verge. + bourne, landmark, + +The _boundary_ was originally the _landmark_, that which marked off one +piece of territory from another. The _bound_ is the _limit_, marked or +unmarked. Now, however, the difference between the two words has come to +be simply one of usage. As regards territory, we speak of the +_boundaries_ of a nation or of an estate; the _bounds_ of a college, a +ball-ground, etc. _Bounds_ may be used for all within the _limits_, +_boundary_ for the limiting line only. _Boundary_ looks to that which is +without; _bound_ only to that which is within. Hence we speak of the +_bounds_, not the _boundaries_, of a subject, of the universe, etc.; we +say the students were forbidden to go beyond the _bounds_. A _barrier_ +is something that bars ingress or egress. A _barrier_ may be a +_boundary_, as was the Great Wall of China. _Bourn_, or _bourne_, is a +poetical expression for _bound_ or _boundary_. A _border_ is a strip of +land along the _boundary_. _Edge_ is a sharp terminal line, as where +river or ocean meets the land. _Limit_ is now used almost wholly in the +figurative sense; as, the _limit_ of discussion, of time, of +jurisdiction. _Line_ is a military term; as, within the _lines_, or +through the _lines_, of an army. Compare BARRIER; END. + + +Antonyms: + + center, citadel, estate, inside, interior, land, region, territory. + + +Prepositions: + +The boundaries _of_ an estate; the boundary _between_ neighboring +territories. + + * * * * * + +BRAVE. + + +Synonyms: + + adventurous, courageous, fearless, undaunted, + bold, daring, gallant, undismayed, + chivalric, dauntless, heroic, valiant, + chivalrous, doughty, intrepid, venturesome. + +The _adventurous_ man goes in quest of danger; the _bold_ man stands out +and faces danger or censure; the _brave_ man combines confidence with +resolution in presence of danger; the _chivalrous_ man puts himself in +peril for others' protection. The _daring_ step out to defy danger; the +_dauntless_ will not flinch before anything that may come to them; the +_doughty_ will give and take limitless hard knocks. The _adventurous_ +find something romantic in dangerous enterprises; the _venturesome_ may +be simply heedless, reckless, or ignorant. All great explorers have been +_adventurous_; children, fools, and criminals are _venturesome_. The +_fearless_ and _intrepid_ possess unshaken nerves in any place of +danger. _Courageous_ is more than _brave_, adding a moral element: the +_courageous_ man steadily encounters perils to which he may be keenly +sensitive, at the call of duty; the _gallant_ are _brave_ in a dashing, +showy, and splendid way; the _valiant_ not only dare great dangers, but +achieve great results; the _heroic_ are nobly _daring_ and _dauntless_, +truly _chivalrous_, sublimely _courageous_. Compare FORTITUDE. + + +Antonyms: + + afraid, cringing, fearful, pusillanimous, timid, + cowardly, faint-hearted, frightened, shrinking, timorous. + + * * * * * + +BREAK. + + +Synonyms: + + bankrupt, crack, destroy, rive, shatter, split, + burst, crush, fracture, rupture, shiver, sunder, + cashier, demolish, rend, sever, smash, transgress. + +To _break_ is to divide sharply, with severance of particles, as by a +blow or strain. To _burst_ is to _break_ by pressure from within, as a +bombshell, but it is used also for the result of violent force otherwise +exerted; as, to _burst_ in a door, where the door yields as if to an +explosion. To _crush_ is to _break_ by pressure from without, as an +egg-shell. To _crack_ is to _break_ without complete severance of parts; +a _cracked_ cup or mirror may still hold together. _Fracture_ has a +somewhat similar sense. In a _fractured_ limb, the ends of the _broken_ +bone may be separated, tho both portions are still retained within the +common muscular tissue. A _shattered_ object is _broken_ suddenly and in +numerous directions; as, a vase is _shattered_ by a blow, a building by +an earthquake. A _shivered_ glass is _broken_ into numerous minute, +needle-like fragments. To _smash_ is to _break_ thoroughly to pieces +with a crashing sound by some sudden act of violence; a watch once +_smashed_ will scarcely be worth repair. To _split_ is to cause wood to +crack or part in the way of the grain, and is applied to any other case +where a natural tendency to separation is enforced by an external cause; +as, to _split_ a convention or a party. To _demolish_ is to beat down, +as a mound, building, fortress, etc.; to _destroy_ is to put by any +process beyond restoration physically, mentally, or morally; to +_destroy_ an army is so to _shatter_ and scatter it that it can not be +rallied or reassembled as a fighting force. Compare REND. + + +Antonyms: + + attach, bind, fasten, join, mend, secure, solder, unite, weld. + + +Prepositions: + +Break _to_ pieces, or _in_ pieces, _into_ several pieces (when the +object is thought of as divided rather than shattered); break _with_ a +friend; _from_ or _away from_ a suppliant; break _into_ a house; _out +of_ prison; break _across_ one's knee; break _through_ a hedge; break +_in upon_ one's retirement; break _over_ the rules; break _on_ or _upon_ +the shore, _against_ the rocks. + + * * * * * + +BRUTISH. + + +Synonyms: + + animal, brutal, ignorant, sensual, swinish, + base, brute, imbruted, sottish, unintellectual, + beastly, carnal, insensible, stolid, unspiritual, + bestial, coarse, lascivious, stupid, vile. + +A _brutish_ man simply follows his _animal_ instincts, without special +inclination to do harm; the _brutal_ have always a spirit of malice and +cruelty. _Brute_ has no special character, except as indicating what a +brute might possess; much the same is true of _animal_, except that +_animal_ leans more to the side of sensuality, _brute_ to that of force, +as appears in the familiar phrase "_brute_ force." Hunger is an _animal_ +appetite; a _brute_ impulse suddenly prompts one to strike a blow in +anger. _Bestial_, in modern usage, implies an intensified and degrading +animalism. Any supremacy of the _animal_ or _brute_ instincts over the +intellectual and spiritual in man is _base_ and _vile_. _Beastly_ refers +largely to the outward and visible consequences of excess; as, _beastly_ +drunkenness. Compare ANIMAL. + + +Antonyms: + + elevated, exalted, great, intellectual, noble, + enlightened, grand, humane, intelligent, refined. + + * * * * * + +BURN. + + +Synonyms: + + blaze, char, flame, incinerate, set fire to, + brand, consume, flash, kindle, set on fire, + cauterize, cremate, ignite, scorch, singe. + +To _burn_ is to subject to the action of fire, or of intense heat so as +to effect either partial change or complete combustion; as, to _burn_ +wood in the fire; to _burn_ one's hand on a hot stove; the sun _burns_ +the face. One _brands_ with a hot iron, but _cauterizes_ with some +corrosive substance, as silver nitrate. _Cremate_ is now used +specifically for _consuming_ a dead body by intense heat. To +_incinerate_ is to reduce to ashes; the sense differs little from that +of _cremate_, but it is in less popular use. To _kindle_ is to _set on +fire_, as if with a candle; _ignite_ is the more learned and scientific +word for the same thing, extending even to the heating of metals to a +state of incandescence without burning. To _scorch_ and to _singe_ are +superficial, and to _char_ usually so. Both _kindle_ and _burn_ have an +extensive figurative use; as, to _kindle_ strife; to _burn_ with wrath, +love, devotion, curiosity. Compare LIGHT. + + +Antonyms: + + cool, extinguish, put out, smother, stifle, subdue. + + +Prepositions: + +To burn _in_ the fire, burn _with_ fire; burn _to_ the ground, burn _to_ +ashes; burn _through_ the skin, or the roof; burn _into_ the soil, etc. + + * * * * * + +BUSINESS. + + +Synonyms: + + affair, commerce, handicraft, trading, + art, concern, job, traffic, + avocation, craft, occupation, transaction, + barter, duty, profession, vocation, + calling, employment, trade, work. + +A _business_ is what one follows regularly; an _occupation_ is what he +happens at any time to be engaged in; trout-fishing may be one's +_occupation_ for a time, as a relief from _business_; _business_ is +ordinarily for profit, while the _occupation_ may be a matter of +learning, philanthropy, or religion. A _profession_ implies scholarship; +as, the learned _professions_. _Pursuit_ is an _occupation_ which one +follows with ardor. An _avocation_ is what calls one away from other +work; a _vocation_ or _calling_, that to which one is called by some +special fitness or sense of duty; thus, we speak of the gospel ministry +as a _vocation_ or _calling_, rather than a _business_. _Trade_ or +_trading_ is, in general, the exchanging of one thing for another; in +the special sense, a _trade_ is an _occupation_ involving manual +training and skilled labor; as, the ancient Jews held that every boy +should learn a _trade_. A _transaction_ is a single action, whether in +_business_, diplomacy, or otherwise; _affair_ has a similar, but lighter +meaning; as, this little _affair_; an important _transaction_. The +plural _affairs_ has a distinctive meaning, including all activities +where men deal with one another on any considerable scale; as, a man of +_affairs_. A _job_ is a piece of work viewed as a single undertaking, +and ordinarily paid for as such. _Trade_ and _commerce_ may be used as +equivalents, but _trade_ is capable of a more limited application; we +speak of the _trade_ of a village, the _commerce_ of a nation. _Barter_ +is the direct exchange of commodities; _business_, _trade_, and +_commerce_ are chiefly transacted by means of money, bills of exchange, +etc. _Business_, _occupation_, etc., may be what one does independently; +_employment_ may be in the service of another. _Work_ is any application +of energy to secure a result, or the result thus secured; thus, we speak +of the _work_ of God. _Art_ in the industrial sense is a system of rules +and accepted methods for the accomplishment of some practical result; +as, the _art_ of printing; collectively, the _arts_. A _craft_ is some +occupation requiring technical skill or manual dexterity, or the +persons, collectively, engaged in its exercise; as, the weaver's +_craft_. + + +Prepositions: + +The business _of_ a druggist; in business _with_ his father; doing +business _for_ his father; have you business _with_ me? business _in_ +New York; business _about_, _concerning_, or _in regard to_ certain +property. + + * * * * * + +BUT. + + +Synonyms: + + and, however, notwithstanding, that, + barely, just, only, tho, + besides, merely, provided, unless, + except, moreover, save, yet. + further, nevertheless, still, + +_But_ ranges from the faintest contrast to absolute negation; as, I am +willing to go, _but_ (on the other hand) content to stay; he is not an +honest man, _but_ (on the contrary) a villain. The contrast may be with +a silent thought; as, _but_ let us go (it being understood that we might +stay longer). In restrictive use, _except_ and _excepting_ are slightly +more emphatic than _but_; we say, no injury _but_ a scratch; or, no +injury _except_ some painful bruises. Such expressions as "words are +_but_ breath" (nothing _but_) may be referred to the restrictive use by +ellipsis. So may the use of _but_ in the sense of _unless_; as, "it +never rains _but_ it pours." To the same head must be referred the +conditional use; as, "you may go, _but_ with your father's consent" (_i. +e._, "_provided_ you have," "_except_ that you must have," etc.). "Doubt +_but_" is now less used than the more logical "doubt _that_." _But_ +never becomes a full synonym for _and_; _and_ adds something like, _but_ +adds something different; "brave _and_ tender" implies that tenderness +is natural to the brave; "brave _but_ tender" implies that bravery and +tenderness are rarely combined. For the concessive use, compare +NOTWITHSTANDING. + + * * * * * + +BY. + + +Synonyms: + + by dint of, by means of, through, with. + +_By_ refers to the agent; _through_, to the means, cause, or condition; +_with_, to the instrument. _By_ commonly refers to persons; _with_, to +things; _through_ may refer to either. The road having become impassable +_through_ long disuse, a way was opened _by_ pioneers _with_ axes. _By_ +may, however, be applied to any object which is viewed as partaking of +action and agency; as, the metal was corroded _by_ the acid; skill is +gained _by_ practise. We speak of communicating _with_ a person _by_ +letter. _Through_ implies a more distant connection than _by_ or _with_, +and more intervening elements. Material objects are perceived _by_ the +mind _through_ the senses. + + * * * * * + +CABAL. + + +Synonyms: + + combination, confederacy, crew, gang, + conclave, conspiracy, faction, junto. + +A _conspiracy_ is a _combination_ of persons for an evil purpose, or the +act of so combining. _Conspiracy_ is a distinct crime under common, and +generally under statutory, law. A _faction_ is more extensive than a +_conspiracy_, less formal in organization, less definite in plan. +_Faction_ and its adjective, _factious_, have always an unfavorable +sense. _Cabal_ commonly denotes a _conspiracy_ of leaders. A _gang_ is a +company of workmen all doing the same work under one leader; the word is +used figuratively only of _combinations_ which it is meant to stigmatize +as rude and mercenary; _crew_ is used in a closely similar sense. A +_conclave_ is secret, but of larger numbers, ordinarily, than a _cabal_, +and may have honorable use; as, the _conclave_ of cardinals. + + * * * * * + +CALCULATE. + + +Synonyms: + + account, consider, enumerate, rate, + cast, count, estimate, reckon, + compute, deem, number, sum up. + +_Number_ is the generic term. To _count_ is to _number_ one by one. To +_calculate_ is to use more complicated processes, as multiplication, +division, etc., more rapid but not less exact. _Compute_ allows more of +the element of probability, which is still more strongly expressed by +_estimate_. We _compute_ the slain in a great war from the number known +to have fallen in certain great battles; _compute_ refers to the present +or the past, _estimate_ more frequently to the future; as, to _estimate_ +the cost of a proposed building. To _enumerate_ is to mention item by +item; as, to _enumerate_ one's grievances. To _rate_ is to _estimate_ by +comparison, as if the object were one of a series. We _count_ upon a +desired future; we do not _count_ upon the undesired. As applied to the +present, we _reckon_ or _count_ a thing precious or worthless. Compare +ESTEEM. + + +Prepositions: + +It is vain to calculate _on_ or _upon_ an uncertain result. + + * * * * * + +CALL, _v._ + + +Synonyms: + + bawl, cry (out), roar, shriek, + bellow, ejaculate, scream, vociferate, + clamor, exclaim, shout, yell. + +To _call_ is to send out the voice in order to attract another's +attention, either by word or by inarticulate utterance. Animals _call_ +their mates, or their young; a man _calls_ his dog, his horse, etc. The +sense is extended to include summons by bell, or any signal. To _shout_ +is to _call_ or _exclaim_ with the fullest volume of sustained voice; to +_scream_ is to utter a shriller cry; to _shriek_ or to _yell_ refers to +that which is louder and wilder still. We _shout_ words; in _screaming_, +_shrieking_, or _yelling_ there is often no attempt at articulation. To +_bawl_ is to utter senseless, noisy cries, as of a child in pain or +anger. _Bellow_ and _roar_ are applied to the utterances of animals, and +only contemptuously to those of persons. To _clamor_ is to utter with +noisy iteration; it applies also to the confused cries of a multitude. +To _vociferate_ is commonly applied to loud and excited speech where +there is little besides the exertion of voice. In _exclaiming_, the +utterance may not be strikingly, tho somewhat, above the ordinary tone +and pitch; we may _exclaim_ by mere interjections, or by connected +words, but always by some articulate utterance. To _ejaculate_ is to +throw out brief, disconnected, but coherent utterances of joy, regret, +and especially of appeal, petition, prayer; the use of such devotional +utterances has received the special name of "ejaculatory prayer." To +_cry out_ is to give forth a louder and more excited utterance than in +_exclaiming_ or _calling_; one often _exclaims_ with sudden joy as well +as sorrow; if he _cries out_, it is oftener in grief or agony. In the +most common colloquial usage, to _cry_ is to express grief or pain by +weeping or sobbing. One may _exclaim_, _cry out_, or _ejaculate_ with no +thought of others' presence; when he _calls_, it is to attract another's +attention. + + +Antonyms: + + be silent, be still, hark, hearken, hush, list, listen. + + * * * * * + +CALM. + + +Synonyms: + + collected, imperturbable, sedate, still, + composed, peaceful, self-possessed, tranquil, + cool, placid, serene, undisturbed, + dispassionate, quiet, smooth, unruffled. + +That is _calm_ which is free from disturbance or agitation; in the +physical sense, free from violent motion or action; in the mental or +spiritual realm, free from excited or disturbing emotion or passion. We +speak of a _calm_ sea, a _placid_ lake, a _serene_ sky, a _still_ night, +a _quiet_ day, a _quiet_ home. We speak, also, of "_still_ waters," +"_smooth_ sailing," which are different modes of expressing freedom from +manifest agitation. Of mental conditions, one is _calm_ who triumphs +over a tendency to excitement; _cool_, if he scarcely feels the +tendency. One may be _calm_ by the very reaction from excitement, or by +the oppression of overpowering emotion, as we speak of the calmness of +despair. One is _composed_ who has subdued excited feeling; he is +_collected_ when he has every thought, feeling, or perception awake and +at command. _Tranquil_ refers to a present state, _placid_, to a +prevailing tendency. We speak of a _tranquil_ mind, a _placid_ +disposition. The _serene_ spirit dwells as if in the clear upper air, +above all storm and shadow. + + The star of the unconquered will, + He rises in my breast, + _Serene_, and resolute, and _still_, + And _calm_, and _self-possessed_. + + LONGFELLOW _Light of Stars_ st. 7. + + +Antonyms: + + agitated, excited, frenzied, passionate, ruffled, violent, + boisterous, fierce, furious, raging, stormy, wild, + disturbed, frantic, heated, roused, turbulent, wrathful. + + * * * * * + +CANCEL. + + +Synonyms: + + abolish, discharge, nullify, rescind, + abrogate, efface, obliterate, revoke, + annul, erase, quash, rub off _or_ out, + blot out, expunge, remove, scratch out, + cross off _or_ out, make void, repeal, vacate. + +_Cancel_, _efface_, _erase_, _expunge_, and _obliterate_ have as their +first meaning the removal of written characters or other forms of +record. To _cancel_ is, literally, to make a lattice by cross-lines, +exactly our English _cross out_; to _efface_ is to _rub off_, smooth +away the face, as of an inscription; to _erase_ is to _scratch out_, +commonly for the purpose of writing something else in the same space; to +_expunge_, is to punch out with some sharp instrument, so as to show +that the words are no longer part of the writing; to _obliterate_ is to +cover over or remove, as a letter, as was done by reversing the Roman +stylus, and _rubbing out_ with the rounded end what had been written +with the point on the waxen tablet. What has been _canceled_, _erased_, +_expunged_, may perhaps still be traced; what is _obliterated_ is gone +forever, as if it had never been. In many establishments, when a debt +is _discharged_ by payment, the record is _canceled_. The figurative use +of the words keeps close to the primary sense. Compare ABOLISH. + + +Antonyms: + + approve, enact, establish, perpetuate, reenact, uphold, + confirm, enforce, maintain, record, sustain, write. + + * * * * * + +CANDID. + + +Synonyms: + + aboveboard, honest, open, truthful, + artless, impartial, simple, unbiased, + fair, ingenuous, sincere, unprejudiced, + frank, innocent, straightforward, unreserved, + guileless, naive, transparent, unsophisticated. + +A _candid_ statement is meant to be true to the real facts and just to +all parties; a _fair_ statement is really so. _Fair_ is applied to the +conduct; _candid_ is not; as, _fair_ treatment, "a _fair_ field, and no +favor." One who is _frank_ has a fearless and unconstrained +truthfulness. _Honest_ and _ingenuous_ unite in expressing contempt for +deceit. On the other hand, _artless_, _guileless_, _naive_, _simple_, +and _unsophisticated_ express the goodness which comes from want of the +knowledge or thought of evil. As truth is not always agreeable or +timely, _candid_ and _frank_ have often an objectionable sense; "to be +_candid_ with you," "to be perfectly _frank_," are regarded as sure +preludes to something disagreeable. _Open_ and _unreserved_ may imply +unstudied truthfulness or defiant recklessness; as, _open_ admiration, +_open_ robbery. There may be _transparent_ integrity or _transparent_ +fraud. _Sincere_ applies to the feelings, as being all that one's words +would imply. + + +Antonyms: + + adroit, cunning, diplomatic, intriguing, sharp, subtle, + artful, deceitful, foxy, knowing, shrewd, tricky, + crafty, designing, insincere, maneuvering, sly, wily. + + +Prepositions: + +Candid _in_ debate; candid _to_ or _toward_ opponents; candid _with_ +friend or foe; to be candid _about_ or _in regard to_ the matter. + + * * * * * + +CAPARISON. + + +Synonyms: + + accouterments, harness, housings, trappings. + +_Harness_ was formerly used of the armor of a knight as well as of a +horse; it is now used almost exclusively of the straps and appurtenances +worn by a horse when attached to a vehicle; the animal is said to be +"kind in _harness_." The other words apply to the ornamental outfit of a +horse, especially under saddle. We speak also of the _accouterments_ of +a soldier. _Caparison_ is used rarely and somewhat slightingly, and +_trappings_ quite contemptuously, for showy human apparel. Compare ARMS; +DRESS. + + * * * * * + +CAPITAL. + + +Synonyms: + + chief city, metropolis, seat of government. + +The _metropolis_ is the chief city in the commercial, the _capital_ in +the political sense. The _capital_ of an American State is rarely its +_metropolis_. + + * * * * * + +CARE. + + +Synonyms: + + anxiety, concern, oversight, trouble, + attention, direction, perplexity, vigilance, + caution, forethought, precaution, wariness, + charge, heed, prudence, watchfulness, + circumspection, management, solicitude, worry. + +_Care_ concerns what we possess; _anxiety_, often, what we do not; +riches bring many _cares_; poverty brings many _anxieties_. _Care_ also +signifies watchful _attention_, in view of possible harm; as, "This side +up with _care_;" "Take _care_ of yourself;" or, as a sharp warning, +"Take _care_!" _Caution_ has a sense of possible harm and risk only to +be escaped, if at all, by careful deliberation and observation. _Care_ +inclines to the positive, _caution_ to the negative; _care_ is shown in +doing, _caution_ largely in not doing. _Precaution_ is allied with +_care_, _prudence_ with _caution_; a man rides a dangerous horse with +_care_; _caution_ will keep him from mounting the horse; _precaution_ +looks to the saddle-girths, bit and bridle, and all that may make the +rider secure. _Circumspection_ is watchful observation and calculation, +but without the timidity implied in _caution_. _Concern_ denotes a +serious interest, milder than _anxiety_; as, _concern_ for the safety of +a ship at sea. _Heed_ implies _attention_ without disquiet; it is now +largely displaced by _attention_ and _care_. _Solicitude_ involves +especially the element of desire, not expressed in _anxiety_, and of +hopefulness, not implied in _care_. A parent feels constant _solicitude_ +for his children's welfare, _anxiety_ as to dangers that threaten it, +with _care_ to guard against them. _Watchfulness_ recognizes the +possibility of danger, _wariness_ the probability. A man who is not +influenced by _caution_ to keep out of danger may display great +_wariness_ in the midst of it. _Care_ has also the sense of +responsibility, with possible control, as expressed in _charge_, +_management_, _oversight_; as, these children are under my _care_; send +the money to me in _care_ of the firm. Compare ALARM; ANXIETY; PRUDENCE. + + +Antonyms: + + carelessness, inattention, negligence, oversight, remissness, + disregard, indifference, omission, recklessness, slight. + heedlessness, neglect, + + +Prepositions: + +Take care _of_ the house; _for_ the future; _about_ the matter. + + * * * * * + +CAREER. + + +Synonyms: + + charge, flight, passage, race, + course, line of achievement, public life, rush. + +A _career_ was originally the ground for a race, or, especially, for a +knight's _charge_ in tournament or battle; whence _career_ was early +applied to the _charge_ itself. + + If you will use the lance, take ground for your _career_.... The + four horsemen met in full _career_. + + SCOTT _Quentin Durward_ ch. 14, p. 194. [D. F. & CO.] + +In its figurative use _career_ signifies some continuous and conspicuous +work, usually a life-work, and most frequently one of honorable +achievement. Compare BUSINESS. + + * * * * * + +CARESS. + + +Synonyms: + + coddle, embrace, fondle, pamper, + court, flatter, kiss, pet. + +To _caress_ is less than to _embrace_; more dignified and less familiar +than to _fondle_. A visitor _caresses_ a friend's child; a mother +_fondles_ her babe. _Fondling_ is always by touch; _caressing_ may be +also by words, or other tender and pleasing attentions. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for AFFRONT. + + +Prepositions: + +Caressed _by_ or _with_ the hand; caressed _by_ admirers, _at_ court. + + * * * * * + +CARICATURE. + + +Synonyms: + + burlesque, extravaganza, mimicry, take-off, + exaggeration, imitation, parody, travesty. + +A _caricature_ is a grotesque _exaggeration_ of striking features or +peculiarities, generally of a person; a _burlesque_ treats any subject +in an absurd or incongruous manner. A _burlesque_ is written or acted; a +_caricature_ is more commonly in sketch or picture. A _parody_ changes +the subject, but keeps the style; a _travesty_ keeps the subject, but +changes the style; a _burlesque_ does not hold itself to either subject +or style; but is content with a general resemblance to what it may +imitate. A _caricature_, _parody_, or _travesty_ must have an original; +a _burlesque_ may be an independent composition. An account of a +schoolboys' quarrel after the general manner of Homer's Iliad would be a +_burlesque_; the real story of the Iliad told in newspaper style would +be a _travesty_. An _extravaganza_ is a fantastic composition, musical, +dramatic, or narrative. _Imitation_ is serious; _mimicry_ is either +intentionally or unintentionally comical. + + * * * * * + +CARRY. + + +Synonyms: + + bear, convey, move, sustain, transmit, + bring, lift, remove, take, transport. + +A person may _bear_ a load either when in motion or at rest; he +_carries_ it only when in motion. The stooping Atlas _bears_ the world +on his shoulders; swiftly moving Time _carries_ the hour-glass and +scythe; a person may be said either to _bear_ or to _carry_ a scar, +since it is upon him whether in motion or at rest. If an object is to be +_moved_ from the place we occupy, we say _carry_; if to the place we +occupy, we say _bring_. A messenger _carries_ a letter to a +correspondent, and _brings_ an answer. _Take_ is often used in this +sense in place of _carry_; as, _take_ that letter to the office. _Carry_ +often signifies to _transport_ by personal strength, without reference +to the direction; as, that is more than he can _carry_; yet, even so, it +would not be admissible to say _carry_ it to me, or _carry_ it here; in +such case we must say _bring_. To _lift_ is simply to raise from the +ground, tho but for an instant, with no reference to holding or moving; +one may be able to _lift_ what he could not _carry_. The figurative uses +of _carry_ are very numerous; as, to _carry_ an election, _carry_ the +country, _carry_ (in the sense of _capture_) a fort, _carry_ an +audience, _carry_ a stock of goods, etc. Compare CONVEY; KEEP; SUPPORT. + + +Antonyms: + + drop, fall under, give up, let go, shake off, throw down, throw off. + + +Prepositions: + +To carry coals _to_ Newcastle; carry nothing _from_, or _out of_, this +house; he carried these qualities _into_ all he did; carry _across_ the +street, _over_ the bridge, _through_ the woods, _around_ or _round_ the +corner; _beyond_ the river; the cable was carried _under_ the sea. + + * * * * * + +CATASTROPHE. + + +Synonyms: + + calamity, denouement, mischance, mishap, + cataclysm, disaster, misfortune, sequel. + +A _cataclysm_ or _catastrophe_ is some great convulsion or momentous +event that may or may not be a cause of misery to man. In _calamity_, or +_disaster_, the thought of human suffering is always present. It has +been held by many geologists that numerous _catastrophes_ or +_cataclysms_ antedated the existence of man. In literature, the final +event of a drama is the _catastrophe_, or _denouement_. _Misfortune_ +ordinarily suggests less of suddenness and violence than _calamity_ or +_disaster_, and is especially applied to that which is lingering or +enduring in its effects. In history, the end of every great war or the +fall of a nation is a _catastrophe_, tho it may not be a _calamity_. Yet +such an event, if not a _calamity_ to the race, will always involve much +individual _disaster_ and _misfortune_. Pestilence is a _calamity_; a +defeat in battle, a shipwreck, or a failure in business is a _disaster_; +sickness or loss of property is a _misfortune_; failure to meet a friend +is a _mischance_; the breaking of a teacup is a _mishap_. + + +Antonyms: + + benefit, boon, favor, pleasure, prosperity, + blessing, comfort, help, privilege, success. + + +Preposition: + +The catastrophe _of_ a play; _of_ a siege; rarely, _to_ a person, etc. + + * * * * * + +CATCH. + + +Synonyms: + + apprehend, comprehend, grasp, overtake, snatch, + capture, discover, grip, secure, take, + clasp, ensnare, gripe, seize, take hold of. + clutch, entrap, lay hold of (on, upon), + +To _catch_ is to come up with or take possession of something departing, +fugitive, or illusive. We _catch_ a runaway horse, a flying ball, a +mouse in a trap. We _clutch_ with a swift, tenacious movement of the +fingers; we _grasp_ with a firm but moderate closure of the whole hand; +we _grip_ or _gripe_ with the strongest muscular closure of the whole +hand possible to exert. We _clasp_ in the arms. We _snatch_ with a +quick, sudden, and usually a surprising motion. In the figurative sense, +_catch_ is used of any act that brings a person or thing into our power +or possession; as, to _catch_ a criminal in the act; to _catch_ an idea, +in the sense of _apprehend_ or _comprehend_. Compare ARREST. + + +Antonyms: + + fail of, give up, lose, release, throw aside, + fall short of, let go, miss, restore, throw away. + + +Prepositions: + +To catch _at_ a straw; to catch a fugitive _by_ the collar; to catch a +ball _with_ the left hand; he caught the disease _from_ the patient; the +thief was caught _in_ the act; the bird _in_ the snare. + + * * * * * + +CAUSE. + + +Synonyms: + + actor, causality, designer, occasion, precedent, + agent, causation, former, origin, reason, + antecedent, condition, fountain, originator, source, + author, creator, motive, power, spring. + +The efficient _cause_, that which makes anything to be or be done, is +the common meaning of the word, as in the saying "There is no effect +without a _cause_." Every man instinctively recognizes himself acting +through will as the _cause_ of his own actions. The _Creator_ is the +Great First _Cause_ of all things. A _condition_ is something that +necessarily precedes a result, but does not produce it. An _antecedent_ +simply precedes a result, with or without any agency in producing it; +as, Monday is the invariable _antecedent_ of Tuesday, but not the +_cause_ of it. The direct antonym of _cause_ is _effect_, while that of +_antecedent_ is _consequent_. An _occasion_ is some event which brings a +_cause_ into action at a particular moment; gravitation and heat are the +_causes_ of an avalanche; the steep incline of the mountain-side is a +necessary _condition_, and the shout of the traveler may be the +_occasion_ of its fall. _Causality_ is the doctrine or principle of +causes, _causation_ the action or working of causes. Compare DESIGN; +REASON. + + +Antonyms: + + consequence, development, end, fruit, outcome, product, + creation, effect, event, issue, outgrowth, result. + + +Prepositions: + +The cause _of_ the disaster; cause _for_ interference. + + * * * * * + +CEASE. + + +Synonyms: + + abstain, desist, give over, quit, + bring to an end, discontinue, intermit, refrain, + come to an end, end, leave off, stop, + conclude, finish, pause, terminate. + +Strains of music may gradually or suddenly _cease_. A man _quits_ work +on the instant; he may _discontinue_ a practise gradually; he _quits_ +suddenly and completely; he _stops_ short in what he may or may not +resume; he _pauses_ in what he will probably resume. What _intermits_ or +is _intermitted_ returns again, as a fever that _intermits_. Compare +ABANDON; DIE; END; REST. + + +Antonyms: + + begin, inaugurate, originate, set going, set on foot, + commence, initiate, set about, set in operation, start. + enter upon, institute, + + +Preposition: + +Cease _from_ anger. + + * * * * * + +CELEBRATE. + + +Synonyms: + + commemorate, keep, observe, solemnize. + +To _celebrate_ any event or occasion is to make some demonstration of +respect or rejoicing because of or in memory of it, or to perform such +public rites or ceremonies as it properly demands. We _celebrate_ the +birth, _commemorate_ the death of one beloved or honored. We _celebrate_ +a national anniversary with music and song, with firing of guns and +ringing of bells; we _commemorate_ by any solemn and thoughtful service, +or by a monument or other enduring memorial. We _keep_ the Sabbath, +_solemnize_ a marriage, _observe_ an anniversary; we _celebrate_ or +_observe_ the Lord's Supper in which believers _commemorate_ the +sufferings and death of Christ. + + +Antonyms: + + contemn, dishonor, forget, neglect, profane, + despise, disregard, ignore, overlook, violate. + + +Prepositions: + +We celebrate the day _with_ appropriate ceremonies; the victory was +celebrated _by_ the people, _with_ rejoicing. + + * * * * * + +CENTER. + + +Synonyms: + + middle, midst. + +We speak of the _center_ of a circle, the _middle_ of a room, the +_middle_ of the street, the _midst_ of a forest. The _center_ is equally +distant from every point of the circumference of a circle, or from the +opposite boundaries on each axis of a parallelogram, etc.; the _middle_ +is more general and less definite. The _center_ is a point; the _middle_ +may be a line or a space. We say _at_ the _center_; _in_ the _middle_. +_Midst_ commonly implies a group or multitude of surrounding objects. +Compare synonyms for AMID. + + +Antonyms: + + bound, boundary, circumference, perimeter, rim. + + * * * * * + +CHAGRIN. + + +Synonyms: + + confusion, discomposure, humiliation, shame, + disappointment, dismay, mortification, vexation. + +_Chagrin_ unites _disappointment_ with some degree of _humiliation_. A +rainy day may bring _disappointment_; needless failure in some +enterprise brings _chagrin_. _Shame_ involves the consciousness of +fault, guilt, or impropriety; _chagrin_ of failure of judgment, or harm +to reputation. A consciousness that one has displayed his own ignorance +will cause him _mortification_, however worthy his intent; if there was +a design to deceive, the exposure will cover him with _shame_. + + +Antonyms: + + delight, exultation, glory, rejoicing, triumph. + + +Prepositions: + +He felt deep chagrin _at_ (_because of_, _on account of_) failure. + + * * * * * + +CHANGE, _v._ + + +Synonyms: + + alter, exchange, shift, transmute, + commute, metamorphose, substitute, turn, + convert, modify, transfigure, vary, + diversify, qualify, transform, veer. + +To _change_ is distinctively to make a thing other than it has been, in +some respect at least; to _exchange_ to put or take something else in +its place; to _alter_ is ordinarily to _change_ partially, to make +different in one or more particulars. To _exchange_ is often to transfer +ownership; as, to _exchange_ city for country property. _Change_ is +often used in the sense of _exchange_; as, to _change_ horses. To +_transmute_ is to _change_ the qualities while the substance remains the +same; as, to _transmute_ the baser metals into gold. To _transform_ is +to _change_ form or appearance, with or without deeper and more +essential change; it is less absolute than _transmute_, tho sometimes +used for that word, and is often used in a spiritual sense as +_transmute_ could not be; "Be ye _transformed_ by the renewing of your +mind," _Rom._ xii, 2. _Transfigure_ is, as in its Scriptural use, to +change in an exalted and glorious spiritual way; "Jesus ... was +_transfigured_ before them, and his face did shine as the sun, and his +raiment was white as the light," _Matt._ xvii, 1, 2. To _metamorphose_ +is to make some remarkable change, ordinarily in external qualities, but +often in structure, use, or chemical constitution, as of a caterpillar +into a butterfly, of the stamens of a plant into petals, or of the +crystalline structure of rocks, hence called "metamorphic rocks," as +when a limestone is _metamorphosed_ into a marble. To _vary_ is to +_change_ from time to time, often capriciously. To _commute_ is to put +something easier, lighter, milder, or in some way more favorable in +place of that which is _commuted_; as, to _commute_ capital punishment +to imprisonment for life; to _commute_ daily fares on a railway to a +monthly payment. To _convert_ (L. _con_, with, and _verto_, turn) is to +primarily _turn_ about, and signifies to _change_ in form, character, +use, etc., through a wide range of relations; iron is _converted_ into +steel, joy into grief, a sinner into a saint. To _turn_ is a popular +word for _change_ in any sense short of the meaning of _exchange_, being +often equivalent to _alter_, _convert_, _transform_, _transmute_, etc. +We _modify_ or _qualify_ a statement which might seem too strong; we +_modify_ it by some limitation, _qualify_ it by some addition. + + +Antonyms: + + abide, continue, hold, persist, retain, + bide, endure, keep, remain, stay. + + +Prepositions: + +To change a home toilet _for_ a street dress; to change _from_ a +caterpillar _to_ or _into_ a butterfly; to change clothes _with_ a +beggar. + + * * * * * + +CHANGE, _n._ + + +Synonyms: + + alteration, mutation, renewing, transmutation, + conversion, novelty, revolution, variation, + diversity, regeneration, transformation, variety, + innovation, renewal, transition, vicissitude. + +A _change_ is a passing from one state or form to another, any act or +process by which a thing becomes unlike what it was before, or the +unlikeness so produced; we say a _change_ was taking place, or the +_change_ that had taken place was manifest. _Mutation_ is a more formal +word for _change_, often suggesting repeated or continual _change_; as, +the _mutations_ of fortune. _Novelty_ is a _change_ to what is new, or +the newness of that to which a change is made; as, he was perpetually +desirous of _novelty_. _Revolution_ is specifically and most commonly a +_change_ of government. _Variation_ is a partial _change_ in form, +qualities, etc., but especially in position or action; as, the +_variation_ of the magnetic needle or of the pulse. _Variety_ is a +succession of _changes_ or an intermixture of different things, and is +always thought of as agreeable. _Vicissitude_ is sharp, sudden, or +violent _change_, always thought of as surprising and often as +disturbing or distressing; as, the _vicissitudes_ of politics. +_Transition_ is _change_ by passing from one place or state to another, +especially in a natural, regular, or orderly way; as, the _transition_ +from spring to summer, or from youth to manhood. An _innovation_ is a +_change_ that breaks in upon an established order or custom; as, an +_innovation_ in religion or politics. For the distinctions between the +other words compare the synonyms for CHANGE, _v._ In the religious sense +_regeneration_ is the vital _renewing_ of the soul by the power of the +divine Spirit; _conversion_ is the conscious and manifest _change_ from +evil to good, or from a lower to a higher spiritual state; as, in _Luke_ +xxii, 32, "when thou art _converted_, strengthen thy brethren." In +popular use _conversion_ is the most common word to express the idea of +_regeneration_. + + +Antonyms: + + constancy, fixedness, invariability, steadiness, + continuance, fixity, permanence, unchangeableness, + firmness, identity, persistence, uniformity. + + +Prepositions: + +We have made a change _for_ the better; the change _from_ winter to +spring; the change _of_ a liquid _to_ or _into_ a gas; a change _in_ +quality; a change _by_ absorption or oxidation. + + * * * * * + +CHARACTER. + + +Synonyms: + + constitution, genius, personality, reputation, temper, + disposition, nature, record, spirit, temperament. + +_Character_ is what one is; _reputation_, what he is thought to be; his +_record_ is the total of his known action or inaction. As a rule, a +man's _record_ will substantially express his _character_; his +_reputation_ may be higher or lower than his _character_ or _record_ +will justify. _Repute_ is a somewhat formal word, with the same general +sense as _reputation_. One's _nature_ includes all his original +endowments or propensities; _character_ includes both natural and +acquired traits. We speak of one's physical _constitution_ as strong or +weak, etc., and figuratively, always with the adjective, of his mental +or moral _constitution_. Compare CHARACTERISTIC. + + +Prepositions: + +The witness has a character _for_ veracity; his character is _above_ +suspicion; the character _of_ the applicant. + + * * * * * + +CHARACTERISTIC. + + +Synonyms: + + attribute, feature, peculiarity, sign, trace, + character, indication, property, singularity, trait. + distinction, mark, quality, + +A _characteristic_ belongs to the nature or _character_ of the person, +thing, or class, and serves to identify an object; as, a copper-colored +skin, high cheek-bones, and straight, black hair are _characteristics_ +of the American Indian. A _sign_ is manifest to an observer; a _mark_ or +a _characteristic_ may be more difficult to discover; an insensible +person may show _signs_ of life, while sometimes only close examination +will disclose _marks_ of violence. Pallor is ordinarily a _mark_ of +fear; but in some brave natures it is simply a _characteristic_ of +intense earnestness. _Mark_ is sometimes used in a good, but often in a +bad sense; we speak of the _characteristic_ of a gentleman, the _mark_ +of a villain. Compare ATTRIBUTE; CHARACTER. + + * * * * * + +CHARMING. + + +Synonyms: + + bewitching, delightful, enrapturing, fascinating, + captivating, enchanting, entrancing, winning. + +That is _charming_ or _bewitching_ which is adapted to win others as by +a magic spell. _Enchanting_, _enrapturing_, _entrancing_ represent the +influence as not only supernatural, but irresistible and _delightful_. +That which is _fascinating_ may win without delighting, drawing by some +unseen power, as a serpent its prey; we can speak of horrible +_fascination_. _Charming_ applies only to what is external to oneself; +_delightful_ may apply to personal experiences or emotions as well; we +speak of a _charming_ manner, a _charming_ dress, but of _delightful_ +anticipations. Compare AMIABLE; BEAUTIFUL. + + * * * * * + +CHASTEN. + + +Synonyms: + + afflict, chastise, discipline, punish, refine, subdue, + castigate, correct, humble, purify, soften, try. + +_Castigate_ and _chastise_ refer strictly to corporal punishment, tho +both are somewhat archaic; _correct_ and _punish_ are often used as +euphemisms in preference to either. _Punish_ is distinctly retributive +in sense; _chastise_, partly retributive, and partly corrective; +_chasten_, wholly corrective. _Chasten_ is used exclusively in the +spiritual sense, and chiefly of the visitation of God. + + +Prepositions: + +"We are chastened _of_ the Lord," _1 Cor._ xi, 32; "they ... chastened +us _after_ their own pleasure, but He _for_ our profit," _Heb._ xii, 10; +"chasten _in_ thy hot displeasure," _Ps._ iv, 7; chasten _with_ pain; +_by_ trials and sorrows. + + * * * * * + +CHERISH. + + +Synonyms: + + cheer, encourage, harbor, nurse, shelter, + cling to, entertain, hold dear, nurture, treasure, + comfort, foster, nourish, protect, value. + +To _cherish_ is both to _hold dear_ and to treat as dear. Mere +unexpressed esteem would not be _cherishing_. In the marriage vow, "to +love, honor, and _cherish_," the word _cherish_ implies all that each +can do by love and tenderness for the welfare and happiness of the +other, as by support, protection, care in sickness, comfort in sorrow, +sympathy, and help of every kind. To _nurse_ is to tend the helpless or +feeble, as infants, or the sick or wounded. To _nourish_ is strictly to +sustain and build up by food; to _nurture_ includes careful mental and +spiritual training, with something of love and tenderness; to _foster_ +is simply to maintain and care for, to bring up; a _foster_-child will +be _nourished_, but may not be as tenderly _nurtured_ or as lovingly +_cherished_ as if one's own. In the figurative sense, the opinion one +_cherishes_ he holds, not with mere cold conviction, but with loving +devotion. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for ABANDON; CHASTEN. + + * * * * * + +CHOOSE. + + +Synonyms: + + cull, elect, pick, pick out, prefer, select. + +_Prefer_ indicates a state of desire and approval; _choose_, an act of +will. Prudence or generosity may lead one to _choose_ what he does not +_prefer_. _Select_ implies a careful consideration of the reasons for +preference and choice. Among objects so nearly alike that we have no +reason to _prefer_ any one to another we may simply _choose_ the +nearest, but we could not be said to _select_ it. Aside from theology, +_elect_ is popularly confined to the political sense; as, a free people +_elect_ their own rulers. _Cull_, from the Latin _colligere_, commonly +means to collect, as well as to _select_. In a garden we _cull_ the +choicest flowers. + + +Antonyms: + + cast away, decline, dismiss, refuse, repudiate, + cast out, disclaim, leave, reject, throw aside. + + +Prepositions: + +Choose _from_ or _from among_ the number; choose _out of_ the army; +choose _between_ (or _betwixt_) two; _among_ many; choose _for_ the +purpose. + + * * * * * + +CIRCUMLOCUTION. + + +Synonyms: + + diffuseness, prolixity, surplusage, verbiage, + periphrasis, redundance, tautology, verbosity, + pleonasm, redundancy, tediousness, wordiness. + +_Circumlocution_ and _periphrasis_ are roundabout ways of expressing +thought; _circumlocution_ is the more common, _periphrasis_ the more +technical word. Constant _circumlocution_ produces an affected and heavy +style; occasionally, skilful _periphrasis_ conduces both to beauty and +to simplicity. Etymologically, _diffuseness_ is a scattering, both of +words and thought; _redundancy_ is an overflow. _Prolixity_ goes into +endless petty details, without selection or perspective. _Pleonasm_ is +the expression of an idea already plainly implied; _tautology_ is the +restatement in other words of an idea already stated, or a useless +repetition of a word or words. _Pleonasm_ may add emphasis; _tautology_ +is always a fault. "I saw it with my eyes" is a _pleonasm_; "all the +members agreed unanimously" is _tautology_. _Verbiage_ is the use of +mere words without thought. _Verbosity_ and _wordiness_ denote an excess +of words in proportion to the thought. _Tediousness_ is the sure result +of any of these faults of style. + + +Antonyms: + + brevity, compression, condensation, plainness, succinctness, + compactness, conciseness, directness, shortness, terseness. + + * * * * * + +CIRCUMSTANCE. + + +Synonyms: + + accompaniment, fact, item, point, + concomitant, feature, occurrence, position, + detail, incident, particular, situation. + event, + +A _circumstance_ (L. _circum_, around, and _sto_, stand), is something +existing or occurring in connection with or relation to some other fact +or event, modifying or throwing light upon the principal matter without +affecting its essential character; an _accompaniment_ is something that +unites with the principal matter, tho not necessary to it; as, the piano +_accompaniment_ to a song; a _concomitant_ goes with a thing in natural +connection, but in a subordinate capacity, or perhaps in contrast; as, +cheerfulness is a _concomitant_ of virtue. A _circumstance_ is not +strictly, nor usually, an occasion, condition, effect, or result. (See +these words under CAUSE.) Nor is the _circumstance_ properly an +_incident_. (See under ACCIDENT.) We say, "My decision will depend upon +_circumstances_"--not "upon _incidents_." That a man wore a blue necktie +would not probably be the cause, occasion, condition, or _concomitant_ +of his committing murder; but it might be a very important +_circumstance_ in identifying him as the murderer. All the +_circumstances_ make up the _situation_. A certain disease is the cause +of a man's death; his suffering is an _incident_; that he is in his own +home, that he has good medical attendance, careful nursing, etc., are +consolatory _circumstances_. With the same idea of subordination, we +often say, "This is not a _circumstance_ to that." So a person is said +to be in easy _circumstances_. Compare EVENT. + + +Prepositions: + +"Mere situation is expressed by '_in_ the circumstances'; action +affected is performed '_under_ the circumstances.'" [M.] + + * * * * * + +CLASS. + + +Synonyms: + + association, circle, clique, company, grade, rank, + caste, clan, club, coterie, order, set. + +A _class_ is a number or body of persons or objects having common +pursuits, purposes, attributes, or characteristics. A _caste_ is +hereditary; a _class_ may be independent of lineage or descent; +membership in a _caste_ is supposed to be for life; membership in a +_class_ may be very transient; a religious and ceremonial sacredness +attaches to the _caste_, as not to the _class_. The rich and the poor +form separate _classes_; yet individuals are constantly passing from +each to the other; the _classes_ in a college remain the same, but their +membership changes every year. We speak of _rank_ among hereditary +nobility or military officers; of various _orders_ of the priesthood; by +accommodation, we may refer in a general way to the higher _ranks_, the +lower _orders_ of any society. _Grade_ implies some regular scale of +valuation, and some inherent qualities for which a person or thing is +placed higher or lower in the scale; as, the coarser and finer _grades_ +of wool; a man of an inferior _grade_. A _coterie_ is a small company of +persons of similar tastes, who meet frequently in an informal way, +rather for social enjoyment than for any serious purpose. _Clique_ has +always an unfavorable meaning. A _clique_ is always fractional, implying +some greater gathering of which it is a part; the association breaks up +into _cliques_. Persons unite in a _coterie_ through simple liking for +one another; they withdraw into a _clique_ largely through aversion to +outsiders. A _set_, while exclusive, is more extensive than a _clique_, +and chiefly of persons who are united by common social station, etc. +_Circle_ is similar in meaning to _set_, but of wider application; we +speak of scientific and religious as well as of social _circles_. + + +Prepositions: + +A class _of_ merchants; the senior class _at_ (sometimes _of_) Harvard; +the classes _in_ college. + + * * * * * + +CLEANSE. + + +Synonyms: + + brush, dust, purify, scour, sponge, wash, + clean, lave, rinse, scrub, sweep, wipe. + disinfect, mop, + +To _clean_ is to make clean by removing dirt, impurities, or soil of any +kind. _Cleanse_ implies a worse condition to start from, and more to do, +than _clean_. Hercules _cleansed_ the Augean stables. _Cleanse_ is +especially applied to purifying processes where liquid is used, as in +the flushing of a street, etc. We _brush_ clothing if dusty, _sponge_ +it, or _sponge_ it off, if soiled; or _sponge_ off a spot. Furniture, +books, etc., are _dusted_; floors are _mopped_ or _scrubbed_; metallic +utensils are _scoured_; a room is _swept_; soiled garments are _washed_; +foul air or water is _purified_. _Cleanse_ and _purify_ are used +extensively in a moral sense; _wash_ in that sense is archaic. Compare +AMEND. + + +Antonyms: + + befoul, bespatter, debase, deprave, soil, stain, taint, + besmear, contaminate, defile, pollute, spoil, sully, vitiate. + besmirch, corrupt, + + +Prepositions: + +Cleanse _of_ or _from_ physical or moral defilement; cleanse _with_ an +instrument; _by_ an agent; the room was cleansed _by_ the attendants +_with_ soap and water. + + * * * * * + +CLEAR. + + +Synonyms: + + apparent, intelligible, pellucid, transparent, + diaphanous, limpid, perspicuous, unadorned, + distinct, lucid, plain, unambiguous, + evident, manifest, straightforward, unequivocal, + explicit, obvious, translucent, unmistakable. + +_Clear_ (L. _clarus_, bright, brilliant) primarily refers to that which +shines, and impresses the mind through the eye with a sense of luster +or splendor. A substance is said to be _clear_ that offers no impediment +to vision--is not dim, dark, or obscure. _Transparent_ refers to the +medium through which a substance is seen, _clear_ to the substance +itself, without reference to anything to be seen through it; we speak of +a stream as _clear_ when we think of the water itself; we speak of it as +_transparent_ with reference to the ease with which we see the pebbles +at the bottom. _Clear_ is also said of that which comes to the senses +without dimness, dulness, obstruction, or obscurity, so that there is no +uncertainty as to its exact form, character, or meaning, with something +of the brightness or brilliancy implied in the primary meaning of the +word _clear_; as, the outlines of the ship were _clear_ against the sky; +a _clear_ view; a _clear_ note; "_clear_ as a bell;" a _clear_, frosty +air; a _clear_ sky; a _clear_ statement; hence, the word is used for +that which is free from any kind of obstruction; as, a _clear_ field. +_Lucid_ and _pellucid_ refer to a shining clearness, as of crystal. A +_transparent_ body allows the forms and colors of objects beyond to be +seen through it; a _translucent_ body allows light to pass through, but +may not permit forms and colors to be distinguished; plate glass is +_transparent_, ground glass is _translucent_. _Limpid_ refers to a +liquid clearness, or that which suggests it; as, _limpid_ streams. That +which is _distinct_ is well defined, especially in outline, each part or +object standing or seeming apart from any other, not confused, +indefinite, or blurred; _distinct_ enunciation enables the hearer to +catch every word or vocal sound without perplexity or confusion; a +_distinct_ statement is free from indefiniteness or ambiguity; a +_distinct_ apprehension of a thought leaves the mind in no doubt or +uncertainty regarding it. That is _plain_, in the sense here considered, +which is, as it were, level to the thought, so that one goes straight on +without difficulty or hindrance; as, _plain_ language; a _plain_ +statement; a _clear_ explanation. _Perspicuous_ is often equivalent to +_plain_, but _plain_ never wholly loses the meaning of _unadorned_, so +that we can say the style is _perspicuous_ tho highly ornate, when we +could not call it at once ornate and _plain_. Compare EVIDENT. + + +Antonyms: + + ambiguous, dim, foggy, mysterious, opaque, unintelligible, + cloudy, dubious, indistinct, obscure, turbid, vague. + + +Prepositions: + +Clear _to_ the mind; clear _in_ argument; clear _of_ or _from_ +annoyances. + + * * * * * + +CLEVER. + + +Synonyms: + + able, capable, happy, keen, sharp, + adroit, dexterous, ingenious, knowing, skilful, + apt, expert, intellectual, quick, smart, + bright, gifted, intelligent, quick-witted, talented. + +_Clever_, as used in England, especially implies an aptitude for study +or learning, and for excellent tho not preeminent mental achievement. +The early New England usage as implying simple and weak good nature has +largely affected the use of the word throughout the United States, where +it has never been much in favor. _Smart_, indicating dashing ability, is +now coming to have a suggestion of unscrupulousness, similar to that of +the word _sharp_, which makes its use a doubtful compliment. The +discriminating use of such words as _able_, _gifted_, _talented_, etc., +is greatly preferable to an excessive use of the word _clever_. Compare +ACUMEN; ASTUTE; POWER. + + +Antonyms: + + awkward, clumsy, foolish, ignorant, slow, thick-headed, + bungling, dull, idiotic, senseless, stupid, witless. + + * * * * * + +COLLISION. + + +Synonyms: + + clash, concussion, contact, impact, opposition, + clashing, conflict, encounter, meeting, shock. + +_Collision_, the act or fact of striking violently together, is the +result of motion or action, and is sudden and momentary; _contact_ may +be a condition of rest, and be continuous and permanent; _collision_ is +sudden and violent _contact_. _Concussion_ is often by transmitted force +rather than by direct _impact_; two railway-trains come into +_collision_; an explosion of dynamite shatters neighboring windows by +_concussion_. _Impact_ is the blow given by the striking body; as, the +_impact_ of the cannon-shot upon the target. An _encounter_ is always +violent, and generally hostile. _Meeting_ is neutral, and may be of the +dearest friends or of the bitterest foes; of objects, of persons, or of +opinions; of two or of a multitude. _Shock_ is the result of +_collision_. In the figurative use, we speak of _clashing_ of views, +_collision_ of persons. _Opposition_ is used chiefly of persons, more +rarely of opinions or interests; _conflict_ is used indifferently of +all. + + +Antonyms: + + agreement, coincidence, concord, conformity, unison, + amity, concert, concurrence, harmony, unity. + + +Prepositions: + +Collision _of_ one object _with_ another; _of_ or _between_ opposing +objects. + + * * * * * + +COMFORTABLE. + + +Synonyms: + + agreeable, cheery, genial, snug, + at ease, commodious, pleasant, well-off, + at rest, contented, satisfactory, well-provided, + cheerful, convenient, satisfied, well-to-do. + +A person is _comfortable_ in mind when _contented_ and measurably +_satisfied_. A little additional brightness makes him _cheerful_. He is +_comfortable_ in body when free from pain, quiet, _at ease_, _at rest_. +He is _comfortable_ in circumstances, or in _comfortable_ circumstances, +when things about him are generally _agreeable_ and _satisfactory_, +usually with the suggestion of sufficient means to secure that result. + + +Antonyms: + + cheerless, discontented, distressed, forlorn, uncomfortable, + disagreeable, dissatisfied, dreary, miserable, wretched. + + * * * * * + +COMMIT. + + +Synonyms: + + assign, confide, consign, entrust, relegate, trust. + +_Commit_, in the sense here considered, is to give in charge, put into +care or keeping; to _confide_ or _entrust_ is to _commit_ especially to +one's fidelity, _confide_ being used chiefly of mental or spiritual, +_entrust_ also of material things; we _assign_ a duty, _confide_ a +secret, _entrust_ a treasure; we _commit_ thoughts to writing; _commit_ +a paper to the flames, a body to the earth; a prisoner is _committed_ to +jail. _Consign_ is a formal word in mercantile use; as, to _consign_ +goods to an agent. Religiously, we _consign_ the body to the grave, +_commit_ the soul to God. Compare DO. + + +Prepositions: + +Commit _to_ a friend _for_ safe-keeping; in law, commit _to_ prison; +_for_ trial; _without_ bail; in default _of_ bail; _on_ suspicion. + + * * * * * + +COMPANY. + + +Synonyms: + + assemblage, concourse, convocation, host, + assembly, conference, crowd, meeting, + collection, congregation, gathering, multitude, + conclave, convention, group, throng. + +_Company_, from the Latin _cum_, with, and _panis_, bread, denotes +primarily the association of those who eat at a common table, or the +persons so associated, table-companions, messmates, friends, and hence +is widely extended to include any association of those united +permanently or temporarily, for business, pleasure, festivity, travel, +etc., or by sorrow, misfortune, or wrong; _company_ may denote an +indefinite number (ordinarily more than two), but less than a +_multitude_; in the military sense a _company_ is a limited and definite +number of men; _company_ implies more unity of feeling and purpose than +_crowd_, and is a less formal and more familiar word than _assemblage_ +or _assembly_. An _assemblage_ may be of persons or of objects; an +_assembly_ is always of persons. An _assemblage_ is promiscuous and +unorganized; an _assembly_ is organized and united in some common +purpose. A _conclave_ is a secret _assembly_. A _convocation_ is an +_assembly_ called by authority for a special purpose; the term +_convention_ suggests less dependence upon any superior authority or +summons. A _group_ is small in number and distinct in outline, clearly +marked off from all else in space or time. _Collection_, _crowd_, +_gathering_, _group_, and _multitude_ have the unorganized and +promiscuous character of the _assemblage_; the other terms come under +the general idea of _assembly_. _Congregation_ is now almost exclusively +religious; _meeting_ is often so used, but is less restricted, as we may +speak of a _meeting_ of armed men. _Gathering_ refers to a coming +together, commonly of numbers, from far and near; as, the _gathering_ of +the Scottish clans. + + +Antonyms: + + dispersion, loneliness, privacy, retirement, seclusion, solitude. + + * * * * * + +COMPEL. + + +Synonyms: + + coerce, drive, make, oblige. + constrain, force, necessitate, + +To _compel_ one to an act is to secure its performance by the use of +irresistible physical or moral force. _Force_ implies primarily an +actual physical process, absolutely subduing all resistance. _Coerce_ +implies the actual or potential use of so much force as may be necessary +to secure the surrender of the will; the American secessionists +contended that the Federal government had no right to _coerce_ a State. +_Constrain_ implies the yielding of judgment and will, and in some cases +of inclination or affection, to an overmastering power; as, "the love of +Christ _constraineth_ us," _2 Cor._ v, 14. Compare DRIVE; INFLUENCE. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for HINDER. + + +Prepositions: + +The soldiers were compelled _to_ desertion: preferably with the +infinitive, compelled _to_ desert. + + * * * * * + +COMPLAIN. + + +Synonyms: + + croak, growl, grunt, remonstrate, + find fault, grumble, murmur, repine. + +To _complain_ is to give utterance to dissatisfaction or objection, +express a sense of wrong or ill treatment. One _complains_ of a real or +assumed grievance; he may _murmur_ through mere peevishness or ill +temper; he _repines_, with vain distress, at the irrevocable or the +inevitable. _Complaining_ is by speech or writing; _murmuring_ is +commonly said of half-repressed utterance; _repining_ of the mental act +alone. One may _complain_ of an offense to the offender or to others; he +_remonstrates_ with the offender only. _Complain_ has a formal and legal +meaning, which the other words have not, signifying to make a formal +accusation, present a specific charge; the same is true of the noun +_complaint_. + + +Antonyms: + + applaud, approve, commend, eulogize, laud, praise. + + +Prepositions: + +Complain _of_ a thing _to_ a person; _of_ one person _to_ another, _of_ +or _against_ a person _for_ an act; _to_ an officer; _before_ the court; +_about_ a thing. + + * * * * * + +COMPLEX. + + +Synonyms: + + abstruse, confused, intricate, mixed, + complicated, conglomerate, involved, multiform, + composite, entangled, manifold, obscure, + compound, heterogeneous, mingled, tangled. + +That is _complex_ which is made up of several connected parts. That is +_compound_ in which the parts are not merely connected, but fused, or +otherwise combined into a single substance. In a _composite_ object the +different parts have less of unity than in that which is _complex_ or +_compound_, but maintain their distinct individuality. In a +_heterogeneous_ body unlike parts or particles are intermingled, often +without apparent order or plan. _Conglomerate_ (literally, globed +together) is said of a _confused_ mingling of masses or lumps of various +substances. The New England pudding-stone is a _conglomerate_ rock. In a +_complex_ object the arrangement and relation of parts may be perfectly +clear; in a _complicated_ mechanism the parts are so numerous, or so +combined, that the mind can not readily grasp their mutual relations; in +an _intricate_ arrangement the parts are so intertwined that it is +difficult to follow their windings; things are _involved_ which are +rolled together so as not to be easily separated, either in thought or +in fact; things which are _tangled_ or _entangled_ mutually hold and +draw upon each other. The conception of a material object is usually +_complex_, involving form, color, size, and other elements; a clock is a +_complicated_ mechanism; the Gordian knot was _intricate_; the twining +serpents of the Laocoon are _involved_. We speak of an _abstruse_ +statement, a _complex_ conception, a _confused_ heap, a _heterogeneous_ +mass, a _tangled_ skein, an _intricate_ problem; of _composite_ +architecture, an _involved_ sentence; of the _complicated_ or +_intricate_ accounts of a great business, the _entangled_ accounts of an +incompetent or dishonest bookkeeper. + + +Antonyms: + + clear, homogeneous, plain, uncombined, uniform, + direct, obvious, simple, uncompounded, unraveled. + + * * * * * + +CONDEMN. + + +Synonyms: + + blame, convict, doom, reprove, + censure, denounce, reprobate, sentence. + +To _condemn_ is to pass judicial sentence or render judgment or decision +against. We may _censure_ silently; we _condemn_ ordinarily by open and +formal utterance. _Condemn_ is more final than _blame_ or _censure_; a +_condemned_ criminal has had his trial; a _condemned_ building can not +stand; a _condemned_ ship can not sail. A person is _convicted_ when his +guilt is made clearly manifest to others; in somewhat archaic use, a +person is said to be _convicted_ when guilt is brought clearly home to +his own conscience (_convict_ in this sense being allied with +_convince_, which see under PERSUADE); in legal usage one is said to be +_convicted_ only by the verdict of a jury. In stating the penalty of an +offense, the legal word _sentence_ is now more common than _condemn_; +as, he was _sentenced_ to imprisonment; but it is good usage to say, he +was _condemned_ to imprisonment. To _denounce_ is to make public or +official declaration against, especially in a violent and threatening +manner. + + From the pulpits in the northern States Burr was _denounced_ as an + assassin. + + COFFIN _Building the Nation_ ch. 10, p. 137. [H. '83.] + +To _doom_ is to _condemn_ solemnly and consign to evil or destruction or +to predetermine to an evil destiny; an inferior race in presence of a +superior is _doomed_ to subjugation or extinction. Compare ARRAIGN; +REPROVE. + + +Antonyms: + + absolve, applaud, exonerate, pardon, + acquit, approve, justify, praise. + + +Prepositions: + +The bandit was condemned _to_ death _for_ his crime. + + * * * * * + +CONFESS. + + +Synonyms: + + accept, allow, concede, grant, + acknowledge, avow, disclose, own, + admit, certify, endorse, recognize. + +We _accept_ another's statement; _admit_ any point made against us; +_acknowledge_ what we have said or done, good or bad; _avow_ our +individual beliefs or feelings; _certify_ to facts within our knowledge; +_confess_ our own faults; _endorse_ a friend's note or statement; +_grant_ a request; _own_ our faults or obligations; _recognize_ lawful +authority; _concede_ a claim. _Confess_ has a high and sacred use in the +religious sense; as, to _confess_ Christ before men. It may have also a +playful sense (often with _to_); as, one _confesses to_ a weakness for +confectionery. The chief present use of the word, however, is in the +sense of making known to others one's own wrong-doing; in this sense +_confess_ is stronger than _acknowledge_ or _admit_, and more specific +than _own_; a person _admits_ a mistake; _acknowledges_ a fault; +_confesses_ sin or crime. Compare APOLOGY; AVOW. + + +Antonyms: + + cloak, deny, disown, hide, screen, + conceal, disavow, dissemble, mask, secrete, + cover, disguise, dissimulate, repudiate, veil. + + * * * * * + +CONFIRM. + + +Synonyms: + + assure, fix, sanction, substantiate, + corroborate, prove, settle, sustain, + establish, ratify, strengthen, uphold. + +_Confirm_ (L. _con_, together, and _firmus_, firm) is to add firmness or +give stability to. Both _confirm_ and _corroborate_ presuppose something +already existing to which the confirmation or corroboration is added. +Testimony is _corroborated_ by concurrent testimony or by circumstances; +_confirmed_ by _established_ facts. That which is thoroughly _proved_ is +said to be _established_; so is that which is official and has adequate +power behind it; as, the _established_ government; the _established_ +church. The continents are _fixed_. A treaty is _ratified_; an +appointment _confirmed_. An act is _sanctioned_ by any person or +authority that passes upon it approvingly. A statement is +_substantiated_; a report _confirmed_; a controversy _settled_; the +decision of a lower court _sustained_ by a higher. Just government +should be _upheld_. The beneficent results of Christianity _confirm_ our +faith in it as a divine revelation. + + +Antonyms: + + abrogate, cancel, overthrow, shatter, upset, + annul, destroy, shake, unsettle, weaken. + + +Prepositions: + +Confirm a statement _by_ testimony; confirm a person _in_ a belief. + + * * * * * + +CONGRATULATE. + + +Synonym: + + felicitate. + +To _felicitate_ is to pronounce one happy or wish one joy; to +_congratulate_ is to express hearty sympathy in his joys or hopes. +_Felicitate_ is cold and formal. We say one _felicitates_ himself; tho +to _congratulate_ oneself, which is less natural, is becoming prevalent. + + +Antonyms: + + condole with, console. + + +Prepositions: + +Congratulate one _on_ or _upon_ his success. + + * * * * * + +CONQUER. + + +Synonyms: + + beat, humble, overthrow, subject, + checkmate, master, prevail over, subjugate, + crush, overcome, put down, surmount, + defeat, overmaster, reduce, vanquish, + discomfit, overmatch, rout, win, + down, overpower, subdue, worst. + +To _defeat_ an enemy is to gain an advantage for the time; to _vanquish_ +is to win a signal victory; to _conquer_ is to _overcome_ so effectually +that the victory is regarded as final. _Conquer_, in many cases, carries +the idea of possession; as, to _conquer_ respect, affection, peace, etc. +A country is _conquered_ when its armies are defeated and its territory +is occupied by the enemy; it may be _subjected_ to indemnity or to +various disabilities; it is _subjugated_ when it is held helplessly and +continuously under military control; it is _subdued_ when all resistance +has died out. An army is _defeated_ when forcibly driven back; it is +_routed_ when it is converted into a mob of fugitives. Compare BEAT. + + +Antonyms: + + capitulate, fail, fly, lose, retire, submit, surrender, + cede, fall, forfeit, resign, retreat, succumb, yield. + + * * * * * + +CONSCIOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + advised, assured, certain, cognizant, sensible, + apprised, aware, certified, informed, sure. + +One is _aware_ of that which exists without him; he is _conscious_ of +the inner workings of his own mind. _Sensible_ may be used in the exact +sense of _conscious_, or it may partake of both the senses mentioned +above. One may be _sensible_ of his own or another's error; he is +_conscious_ only of his own. A person may feel _assured_ or _sure_ of +something false or non-existent; what he is _aware_ of, still more what +he is _conscious_ of, must be fact. _Sensible_ has often a reference to +the emotions where _conscious_ might apply only to the intellect; to say +a culprit is _sensible_ of his degradation is more forcible than to say +he is _conscious_ of it. + + +Antonyms: + + cold, dead, deaf, ignorant, insensible, unaware, unconscious. + + +Preposition: + +On the stormy sea, man is conscious _of_ the limitation of human power. + + * * * * * + +CONSEQUENCE. + + +Synonyms: + + consequent, end, issue, outgrowth, sequel, + effect, event, outcome, result, upshot. + +_Effect_ is the strongest of these words; it is that which is directly +produced by the action of an efficient cause; we say, "Every _effect_ +must have an adequate cause" (compare CAUSE). In regard to human +actions, _effect_ commonly relates to intention; as, the shot took +_effect_, _i. e._, the _effect_ intended. A _consequence_ is that which +follows an act naturally, but less directly than the _effect_. The +motion of the piston is the _effect_, and the agitation of the water +under the paddle-wheels a _consequence_ of the expansion of steam in the +cylinder. The _result_ is, literally, the rebound of an act, depending +on many elements; the _issue_ is that which flows forth directly; we say +the _issue_ of a battle, the _result_ of a campaign. A _consequent_ +commonly is that which follows simply in order of time, or by logical +inference. The _end_ is the actual _outcome_ without determination of +its relation to what has gone before; it is ordinarily viewed as either +the necessary, natural, or logical _outcome_, any _effect_, +_consequence_, or _result_ being termed an _end_; as, the _end_ of such +a course must be ruin. The _event_ (L. _e_, out, and _venio_, come) is +primarily exactly the same in meaning as _outcome_; but in use it is +more nearly equivalent to _upshot_ signifying the sum and substance of +all _effects_, _consequences_, and _results_ of a course of action. +Compare ACCIDENT; CAUSE; CIRCUMSTANCE; END; EVENT. + + * * * * * + +CONSOLE. + + +Synonyms: + + comfort, condole with, encourage, sympathize with. + +One _condoles with_ another by the expression of kindly sympathy in his +trouble; he _consoles_ him by considerations adapted to soothe and +sustain the spirit, as by the assurances and promises of the gospel; he +_encourages_ him by the hope of some relief or deliverance; he +_comforts_ him by whatever act or word tends to bring mind or body to a +state of rest and cheer. We _sympathize with_ others, not only in +sorrow, but in joy. Compare ALLEVIATE; PITY. + + +Antonyms: + + annoy, distress, disturb, grieve, hurt, sadden, trouble, wound. + + * * * * * + +CONTAGION. + + +Synonym: + + infection. + +_Infection_ is frequently confused with _contagion_, even by medical +men. The best usage now limits _contagion_ to diseases that are +transmitted by contact with the diseased person, either directly by +touch or indirectly by use of the same articles, by breath, effluvia, +etc. _Infection_ is applied to diseases produced by no known or +definable influence of one person upon another, but where common +climatic, malarious, or other wide-spread conditions are believed to be +chiefly instrumental. + + * * * * * + +CONTINUAL. + + +Synonyms: + + ceaseless, incessant, regular, uninterrupted, + constant, invariable, unbroken, unremitting, + continuous, perpetual, unceasing, unvarying. + +_Continuous_ describes that which is absolutely without pause or break; +_continual_, that which often intermits, but as regularly begins again. +A _continuous_ beach is exposed to the _continual_ beating of the waves. +A similar distinction is made between _incessant_ and _ceaseless_. The +_incessant_ discharge of firearms makes the _ceaseless_ roar of battle. +_Constant_ is sometimes used in the sense of _continual_; but its chief +uses are mental and moral. + + * * * * * + +CONTRACT. + + +Synonyms: + + agreement, cartel, engagement, pledge, + arrangement, compact, obligation, promise, + bargain, covenant, pact, stipulation. + +All these words involve at least two parties, tho an _engagement_ or +_promise_ may be the act of but one. A _contract_ is a formal agreement +between two or more parties for the doing or leaving undone some +specified act or acts, and is ordinarily in writing. Mutual _promises_ +may have the force of a _contract_. A consideration, or compensation, is +essential to convert an _agreement_ into a _contract_. A _contract_ may +be oral or written. A _covenant_ in law is a written _contract_ under +seal. _Covenant_ is frequent in religious usage, as _contract_ is in law +and business. _Compact_ is essentially the same as _contract_, but is +applied to international _agreements_, treaties, etc. A _bargain_ is a +mutual _agreement_ for an exchange of values, without the formality of a +_contract_. A _stipulation_ is a single item in an _agreement_ or +_contract_. A _cartel_ is a military _agreement_ for the exchange of +prisoners or the like. + + * * * * * + +CONTRAST. + + +Synonyms: + + compare, differentiate, discriminate, oppose. + +To _compare_ (L. _con_, together, and _par_, equal) is to place together +in order to show likeness or unlikeness; to _contrast_ (L. _contra_, +against, and _sto_, stand) is to set in opposition in order to show +unlikeness. We _contrast_ objects that have been already _compared_. We +must _compare_ them, at least momentarily, even to know that they are +different. We _contrast_ them when we observe their unlikeness in a +general way; we _differentiate_ them when we note the difference exactly +and point by point. We distinguish objects when we note a difference +that may fall short of _contrast_; we _discriminate_ them when we +classify or place them according to their differences. + + +Preposition: + +We contrast one object _with_ another. + + * * * * * + +CONVERSATION. + + +Synonyms: + + chat, communion, converse, intercourse, + colloquy, confabulation, dialogue, parley, + communication, conference, discourse, talk. + +_Conversation_ (Latin _con_, with) is, etymologically, an interchange of +ideas with some other person or persons. _Talk_ may be wholly +one-sided. Many brilliant talkers have been incapable of _conversation_. +There may be _intercourse_ without _conversation_, as by looks, signs, +etc.; _communion_ is of hearts, with or without words; _communication_ +is often by writing, and may be uninvited and unreciprocated. _Talk_ may +denote the mere utterance of words with little thought; thus, we say +idle _talk_, empty _talk_, rather than idle or empty _conversation_. +_Discourse_ is now applied chiefly to public addresses. A _conference_ +is more formal than a _conversation_. _Dialog_ denotes ordinarily an +artificial or imaginary _conversation_, generally of two persons, but +sometimes of more. A _colloquy_ is indefinite as to number, and +generally somewhat informal. Compare BEHAVIOR. + + +Prepositions: + +Conversation _with_ friends; _between_ or _among_ the guests; _about_ a +matter. + + * * * * * + +CONVERT. + + +Synonyms: + + disciple, neophyte, proselyte. + +The name _disciple_ is given to the follower of a certain faith, without +reference to any previous belief or allegiance; a _convert_ is a person +who has come to one faith from a different belief or from unbelief. A +_proselyte_ is one who has been led to accept a religious system, +whether with or without true faith; a _convert_ is always understood to +be a believer. A _neophyte_ is a new _convert_, not yet fully +indoctrinated, or not admitted to full privileges. The antonyms +_apostate_, _pervert_, and _renegade_ are condemnatory names applied to +the _convert_ by those whose faith he forsakes. + + * * * * * + +CONVEY. + + +Synonyms: + + carry, give, remove, shift, transmit, + change, move, sell, transfer, transport. + +_Convey_, _transmit_, and _transport_ all imply delivery at a +destination; as, I will _convey_ the information to your friend; air +_conveys_ sound (to a listener); _carry_ does not necessarily imply +delivery, and often does not admit of it. A man _carries_ an appearance, +_conveys_ an impression, the appearance remaining his own, the +impression being given to another; I will _transmit_ the letter; +_transport_ the goods. A horse _carries_ his mane and tail, but does not +_convey_ them. _Transfer_ may or may not imply delivery to another +person; as, items may be _transferred_ from one account to another or a +word _transferred_ to the following line. In law, real estate, which can +not be moved, is _conveyed_ by simply _transferring_ title and +possession. _Transport_ usually refers to material, _transfer_, +_transmit_, and _convey_ may refer to immaterial objects; we _transfer_ +possession, _transmit_ intelligence, _convey_ ideas, but do not +_transport_ them. In the case of _convey_ the figurative sense now +predominates. Compare CARRY. + + +Antonyms: + + cling to, hold, keep, possess, preserve, retain. + + +Prepositions: + +Convey _to_ a friend, a purchaser, etc.; convey _from_ the house _to_ +the station; convey _by_ express, _by_ hand, etc. + + * * * * * + +CONVOKE. + + +Synonyms: + + assemble, call together, convene, muster, + call, collect, gather, summon. + +A convention is _called_ by some officer or officers, as by its +president, its executive committee, or some eminent leaders; the +delegates are _assembled_ or _convened_ in a certain place, at a certain +hour. _Convoke_ implies an organized body and a superior authority; +_assemble_ and _convene_ express more independent action; Parliament is +_convoked_; Congress _assembles_. Troops are _mustered_; witnesses and +jurymen are _summoned_. + + +Antonyms: + + adjourn, disband, dismiss, dissolve, scatter, + break up, discharge, disperse, prorogue, separate. + + * * * * * + +CRIMINAL. + + +Synonyms: + + abominable, flagitious, immoral, sinful, vile, + culpable, guilty, iniquitous, unlawful, wicked, + felonious, illegal, nefarious, vicious, wrong. + +Every _criminal_ act is _illegal_ or _unlawful_, but _illegal_ or +_unlawful_ acts may not be _criminal_. Offenses against public law are +_criminal_; offenses against private rights are merely _illegal_ or +_unlawful_. As a general rule, all acts punishable by fine or +imprisonment or both, are _criminal_ in view of the law. It is _illegal_ +for a man to trespass on another's land, but it is not _criminal_; the +trespasser is liable to a civil suit for damages, but not to indictment, +fine, or imprisonment. A _felonious_ act is a _criminal_ act of an +aggravated kind, which is punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary +or by death. A _flagitious_ crime is one that brings public odium. +_Vicious_ refers to the indulgence of evil appetites, habits, or +passions; _vicious_ acts are not necessarily _criminal_, or even +_illegal_; we speak of a _vicious_ horse. That which is _iniquitous_, +_i. e._, contrary to equity, may sometimes be done under the forms of +law. Ingratitude is _sinful_, hypocrisy is _wicked_, but neither is +punishable by human law; hence, neither is _criminal_ or _illegal_. +Compare SIN. + + +Antonyms: + + innocent, lawful, meritorious, right, + just, legal, moral, virtuous. + + * * * * * + +DAILY. + + +Synonym: + + diurnal. + +_Daily_ is the Saxon and popular, _diurnal_ the Latin and scientific +term. In strict usage, _daily_ is the antonym of _nightly_ as _diurnal_ +is of _nocturnal_. _Daily_ is not, however, held strictly to this use; a +physician makes _daily_ visits if he calls at some time within each +period of twenty-four hours. _Diurnal_ is more exact in all its uses; a +_diurnal_ flower opens or blooms only in daylight; a _diurnal_ bird or +animal flies or ranges only by day: in contradistinction to _nocturnal_ +flowers, birds, etc. A _diurnal_ motion exactly fills an astronomical +day or the time of one rotation of a planet on its axis, while a _daily_ +motion is much less definite. + + +Antonyms: + + nightly, nocturnal. + + * * * * * + +DANGER. + + +Synonyms: + + hazard, insecurity, jeopardy, peril, risk. + +_Danger_ is exposure to possible evil, which may be either near and +probable or remote and doubtful; _peril_ is exposure to imminent and +sharply threatening evil, especially to such as results from violence. +An invalid may be in _danger_ of consumption; a disarmed soldier is in +_peril_ of death. _Jeopardy_ is nearly the same as _peril_, but +involves, like _risk_, more of the element of chance or uncertainty; a +man tried upon a capital charge is said to be put in _jeopardy_ of life. +_Insecurity_ is a feeble word, but exceedingly broad, applying to the +placing of a dish, or the possibilities of a life, a fortune, or a +government. Compare HAZARD. + + +Antonyms: + + defense, immunity, protection, safeguard, safety, security, shelter. + + * * * * * + +DARK. + + +Synonyms: + + black, dusky, mysterious, sable, somber, + dim, gloomy, obscure, shadowy, swart, + dismal, murky, opaque, shady, swarthy. + +Strictly, that which is _black_ is absolutely destitute of color; that +which is _dark_ is absolutely destitute of light. In common speech, +however, a coat is _black_, tho not optically colorless; the night is +_dark_, tho the stars shine. That is _obscure_, _shadowy_, or _shady_ +from which the light is more or less cut off. _Dusky_ is applied to +objects which appear as if viewed in fading light; the word is often +used, as are _swart_ and _swarthy_, of the human skin when quite _dark_, +or even verging toward _black_. _Dim_ refers to imperfection of outline, +from distance, darkness, mist, etc., or from some defect of vision. +_Opaque_ objects, as smoked glass, are impervious to light. _Murky_ is +said of that which is at once _dark_, _obscure_, and _gloomy_; as, a +_murky_ den; a _murky_ sky. Figuratively, _dark_ is emblematic of +sadness, agreeing with _somber_, _dismal_, _gloomy_, also of moral evil; +as, a _dark_ deed. Of intellectual matters, _dark_ is now rarely used in +the old sense of a _dark_ saying, etc. See MYSTERIOUS; OBSCURE. + + +Antonyms: + + bright, crystalline, glowing, lucid, shining, + brilliant, dazzling, illumined, luminous, transparent, + clear, gleaming, light, radiant, white. + +Compare synonyms for LIGHT. + + * * * * * + +DECAY. + + +Synonyms: + + corrupt, decompose, molder, putrefy, rot, spoil. + +_Rot_ is a strong word, ordinarily esteemed coarse, but on occasion +capable of approved emphatic use; as, "the name of the wicked shall +_rot_," _Prov._ x, 7; _decay_ and _decompose_ are now common euphemisms. +A substance is _decomposed_ when resolved into its original elements by +any process; it is _decayed_ when resolved into its original elements by +natural processes; it _decays_ gradually, but may be instantly +_decomposed_, as water into oxygen and hydrogen; to say that a thing is +_decayed_ may denote only a partial result, but to say it is +_decomposed_ ordinarily implies that the change is complete or nearly +so. _Putrefy_ and the adjectives _putrid_ and _putrescent_, and the +nouns _putridity_ and _putrescence_, are used almost exclusively of +animal matter in a state of decomposition, the more general word _decay_ +being used of either animal or vegetable substances. + + * * * * * + +DECEPTION. + + +Synonyms: + + craft, dissimulation, finesse, lie, + cunning, double-dealing, fraud, lying, + deceit, duplicity, guile, prevarication, + deceitfulness, fabrication, hypocrisy, trickery, + delusion, falsehood, imposition, untruth. + +_Deceit_ is the habit, _deception_ the act; _guile_ applies to the +disposition out of which _deceit_ and _deception_ grow, and also to +their actual practise. A _lie_, _lying_, or _falsehood_, is the uttering +of what one knows to be false with intent to deceive. The novel or drama +is not a _lie_, because not meant to deceive; the ancient teaching that +the earth was flat was not a _lie_, because not then known to be false. +_Untruth_ is more than lack of accuracy, implying always lack of +veracity; but it is a somewhat milder and more dignified word than +_lie_. _Falsehood_ and _lying_ are in utterance; _deceit_ and +_deception_ may be merely in act or implication. _Deception_ may be +innocent, and even unintentional, as in the case of an optical illusion; +_deceit_ always involves injurious intent. _Craft_ and _cunning_ have +not necessarily any moral quality; they are common traits of animals, +but stand rather low in the human scale. _Duplicity_ is the habitual +speaking or acting with intent to appear to mean what one does not. +_Dissimulation_ is rather a concealing of what is than a pretense of +what is not. _Finesse_ is simply an adroit and delicate management of a +matter for one's own side, not necessarily involving _deceit_. Compare +ARTIFICE; FICTION; FRAUD; HYPOCRISY. + + +Antonyms: + + candor, frankness, honesty, simplicity, truth, + fair dealing, guilelessness, openness, sincerity, veracity. + + * * * * * + +DEFENSE. + + +Synonyms: + + apology, guard, rampart, shelter, + bulwark, justification, resistance, shield, + fortress, protection, safeguard, vindication. + +The weak may speak or act in _defense_ of the strong; none but the +powerful can assure others of _protection_. A _defense_ is ordinarily +against actual attack; _protection_ is against possible as well as +actual dangers. We speak of _defense_ against an assault, _protection_ +from the cold. _Vindication_ is a triumphant _defense_ of character and +conduct against charges of error or wrong. Compare APOLOGY. + + +Antonyms: + + abandonment, betrayal, capitulation, desertion, flight, surrender. + + +Prepositions: + +Defense _against_ assault or assailants; in law, defense _to_ an action, +_from_ the testimony. + + * * * * * + +DEFILE. + + +Synonyms: + + befoul, corrupt, pollute, spoil, sully, tarnish, + contaminate, infect, soil, stain, taint, vitiate. + +The hand may be _defiled_ by a touch of pitch; swine that have been +wallowing in the mud are _befouled_. _Contaminate_ and _infect_ refer to +something evil that deeply pervades and permeates, as the human body or +mind. _Pollute_ is used chiefly of liquids; as, water _polluted_ with +sewage. _Tainted_ meat is repulsive; _infected_ meat contains germs of +disease. A _soiled_ garment may be cleansed by washing; a _spoiled_ +garment is beyond cleansing or repair. Bright metal is _tarnished_ by +exposure; a fair sheet is _sullied_ by a dirty hand. In figurative use, +_defile_ may be used merely in the ceremonial sense; "they themselves +went not into the judgment hall, lest they should be _defiled_," _John_ +xviii, 28; _contaminate_ refers to deep spiritual injury. _Pollute_ has +also a reference to sacrilege; as, to _pollute_ a sanctuary, an altar, +or an ordinance. The innocent are often _contaminated_ by association +with the wicked; the vicious are more and more _corrupted_ by their own +excesses. We speak of a _vitiated_ taste or style; fraud _vitiates_ a +title or a contract. + + +Antonyms: + + clean, cleanse, disinfect, hallow, purify, sanctify, wash. + + +Prepositions: + +The temple was defiled _with_ blood; defiled _by_ sacrilegious deeds. + + * * * * * + +DEFINITION. + + +Synonyms: + + comment, description, exposition, rendering, + commentary, explanation, interpretation, translation. + +A _definition_ is exact, an _explanation_ general; a _definition_ is +formal, a _description_ pictorial. A _definition_ must include all that +belongs to the object defined, and exclude all that does not; a +_description_ may include only some general features; an _explanation_ +may simply throw light upon some point of special difficulty. An +_exposition_ undertakes to state more fully what is compactly given or +only implied in the text; as, an _exposition_ of Scripture. +_Interpretation_ is ordinarily from one language into another, or from +the language of one period into that of another; it may also be a +statement giving the doubtful or hidden meaning of that which is +recondite or perplexing; as, the _interpretation_ of a dream, a riddle, +or of some difficult passage. _Definition_, _explanation_, _exposition_, +and _interpretation_ are ordinarily blended in a _commentary_, which may +also include _description_. A _comment_ is upon a single passage; a +_commentary_ may be the same, but is usually understood to be a volume +of _comments_. + + * * * * * + +DELEGATE. + + +Synonyms: + + deputy, legate, proxy, representative, substitute. + +These words agree in designating one who acts in the place of some other +or others. The _legate_ is an ecclesiastical officer representing the +Pope. In strict usage the _deputy_ or _delegate_ is more limited in +functions and more closely bound by instructions than a +_representative_. A single officer may have a _deputy_; many persons +combine to choose a _delegate_ or _representative_. In the United States +informal assemblies send _delegates_ to nominating conventions with no +legislative authority; _representatives_ are legally elected to Congress +and the various legislatures, with lawmaking power. + + * * * * * + +DELIBERATE. + + +Synonyms: + + confer, consult, meditate, reflect, + consider, debate, ponder, weigh. + +An individual _considers_, _meditates_, _ponders_, _reflects_, by +himself; he _weighs_ a matter in his own mind, and is sometimes said +even to _debate_ with himself. _Consult_ and _confer_ always imply two +or more persons, as does _debate_, unless expressly limited as above. +_Confer_ suggests the interchange of counsel, advice, or information; +_consult_ indicates almost exclusively the receiving of it. A man +_confers_ with his associates about a new investment; he _consults_ his +physician about his health; he may _confer_ with him on matters of +general interest. He _consults_ a dictionary, but does not _confer_ with +it. _Deliberate_, which can be applied to a single individual, is also +the word for a great number, while _consult_ is ordinarily limited to a +few; a committee _consults_; an assembly _deliberates_. _Deliberating_ +always carries the idea of slowness; _consulting_ is compatible with +haste; we can speak of a hasty consultation, not of a hasty +deliberation. _Debate_ implies opposing views; _deliberate_, simply a +gathering and balancing of all facts and reasons. We _consider_ or +_deliberate_ with a view to action, while _meditation_ may be quite +purposeless. + + +Prepositions: + +We deliberate _on_ or _upon_, also _about_ or _concerning_ a matter: the +first two are preferable. + + * * * * * + +DELICIOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + dainty, delightful, exquisite, luscious, savory. + +That is _delicious_ which affords a gratification at once vivid and +delicate to the senses, especially to those of taste and smell; as, +_delicious_ fruit; a _delicious_ odor; _luscious_ has a kindred but more +fulsome meaning, inclining toward a cloying excess of sweetness or +richness. _Savory_ is applied chiefly to cooked food made palatable by +spices and condiments. _Delightful_ may be applied to the higher +gratifications of sense, as _delightful_ music, but is chiefly used for +that which is mental and spiritual. _Delicious_ has a limited use in +this way; as, a _delicious_ bit of poetry; the word is sometimes used +ironically for some pleasing absurdity; as, this is _delicious_! Compare +DELIGHTFUL. + + +Antonyms: + + acrid, loathsome, nauseous, repulsive, unpalatable, unsavory. + bitter, + + * * * * * + +DELIGHTFUL. + + +Synonyms: + + acceptable, delicious, pleasant, refreshing, + agreeable, grateful, pleasing, satisfying, + congenial, gratifying, pleasurable, welcome. + +_Agreeable_ refers to whatever gives a mild degree of pleasure; as, an +_agreeable_ perfume. _Acceptable_ indicates a thing to be worthy of +acceptance; as, an _acceptable_ offering. _Grateful_ is stronger than +_agreeable_ or _gratifying_, indicating whatever awakens a feeling akin +to gratitude. A _pleasant_ face and _pleasing_ manners arouse +_pleasurable_ sensations, and make the possessor an _agreeable_ +companion; if possessed of intelligence, vivacity, and goodness, such a +person's society will be _delightful_. Criminals may find each other's +company _congenial_, but scarcely _delightful_. _Satisfying_ denotes +anything that is received with calm acquiescence, as substantial food, +or established truth. That is _welcome_ which is received with joyful +heartiness; as, _welcome_ tidings. Compare BEAUTIFUL; CHARMING; +DELICIOUS. + + +Antonyms: + + depressing, hateful, miserable, painful, woful, + disappointing, horrible, mournful, saddening, wretched. + distressing, melancholy, + + * * * * * + +DELUSION. + + +Synonyms: + + error, fallacy, hallucination, illusion, phantasm. + +A _delusion_ is a mistaken conviction, an _illusion_ a mistaken +perception or inference. An _illusion_ may be wholly of the senses; a +_delusion_ always involves some mental error. In an optical _illusion_ +the observer sees either what does not exist, or what exists otherwise +than as he sees it, as when in a mirage distant springs and trees appear +close at hand. We speak of the _illusions_ of fancy or of hope, but of +the _delusions_ of the insane. A _hallucination_ is a false image or +belief which has nothing, outside of the disordered mind, to suggest it; +as, the _hallucinations_ of delirium tremens. Compare DECEPTION; +INSANITY. + + +Antonyms: + + actuality, certainty, fact, reality, truth, verity. + + * * * * * + +DEMOLISH. + + +Synonyms: + + destroy, overthrow, overturn, raze, ruin. + +A building, monument, or other structure is _demolished_ when reduced to +a shapeless mass; it is _razed_ when leveled with the ground; it is +_destroyed_ when its structural unity is gone, whether or not its +component parts remain. An edifice is _destroyed_ by fire or earthquake; +it is _demolished_ by bombardment; it is _ruined_ when, by violence or +neglect, it has become unfit for human habitation. Compare ABOLISH; +BREAK. + + +Antonyms: + + build, construct, create, make, repair, restore. + + * * * * * + +DEMONSTRATION. + + +Synonyms: + + certainty, consequence, evidence, inference, + conclusion, deduction, induction, proof. + +_Demonstration_, in the strict and proper sense, is the highest form of +_proof_, and gives the most absolute _certainty_, but can not be applied +outside of pure mathematics or other strictly deductive reasoning; there +can be _proof_ and _certainty_, however, in matters that do not admit of +_demonstration_. A _conclusion_ is the absolute and necessary result of +the admission of certain premises; an _inference_ is a probable +_conclusion_ toward which known facts, statements, or admissions point, +but which they do not absolutely establish; sound premises, together +with their necessary _conclusion_, constitute a _demonstration_. +_Evidence_ is that which tends to show a thing to be true; in the +widest sense, as including self-_evidence_ or consciousness, it is the +basis of all knowledge. _Proof_ in the strict sense is complete, +irresistible _evidence_; as, there was much _evidence_ against the +accused, but not amounting to _proof_ of guilt. Moral _certainty_ is a +conviction resting on such _evidence_ as puts a matter beyond reasonable +doubt, while not so irresistible as _demonstration_. Compare HYPOTHESIS; +INDUCTION. + + * * * * * + +DESIGN. + + +Synonyms: + + aim, final cause, object, proposal, + device, intent, plan, purpose, + end, intention, project, scheme. + +_Design_ refers to the adaptation of means to an _end_, the +correspondence and coordination of parts, or of separate acts, to +produce a result; _intent_ and _purpose_ overleap all particulars, and +fasten on the _end_ itself. _Intention_ is simply the more familiar form +of the legal and philosophical _intent_. _Plan_ relates to details of +form, structure, and action, in themselves; _design_ considers these +same details all as a means to an _end_. The _plan_ of a campaign may be +for a series of sharp attacks, with the _design_ of thus surprising and +overpowering the enemy. A man comes to a fixed _intention_ to kill his +enemy; he forms a _plan_ to entrap him into his power, with the _design_ +of then compassing his death; as the law can not read the heart, it can +only infer the _intent_ from the evidences of _design_. _Intent_ denotes +a straining, stretching forth toward an _object_; _purpose_ simply the +placing it before oneself; hence, we speak of the _purpose_ rather than +the _intent_ or _intention_ of God. We hold that the marks of _design_ +in nature prove it the work of a great Designer. _Intention_ +contemplates the possibility of failure; _purpose_ looks to assured +success; _intent_ or _intention_ refers especially to the state of mind +of the actor; _purpose_ to the result of the action. Compare AIM; CAUSE; +IDEA; MODEL. + + +Prepositions: + +The design _of_ defrauding; the design _of_ a building; a design _for_ a +statue. + + * * * * * + +DESIRE. + + +Synonyms: + + appetency, concupiscence, hankering, proclivity, + appetite, coveting, inclination, propensity, + aspiration, craving, longing, wish. + +_Inclination_ is the mildest of these terms; it is a quiet, or even a +vague or unconscious, tendency. Even when we speak of a strong or +decided _inclination_ we do not express the intensity of _desire_. +_Desire_ has a wide range, from the highest objects to the lowest; +_desire_ is for an object near at hand, or near in thought, and viewed +as attainable; a _wish_ may be for what is remote or uncertain, or even +for what is recognized as impossible. _Craving_ is stronger than +_hankering_; _hankering_ may be the result of a fitful and capricious +_appetite_; _craving_ may be the imperious and reasonable demand of the +whole nature. _Longing_ is a reaching out with deep and persistent +demand for that which is viewed as now distant but at some time +attainable; as, the captive's _longing_ for release. _Coveting_ +ordinarily denotes wrong _desire_ for that which is another's. Compare +APPETITE. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for ANTIPATHY. + + +Prepositions: + +The desire _of_ fame; a desire _for_ excellence. + + * * * * * + +DESPAIR. + + +Synonyms: + + desperation, despondency, discouragement, hopelessness. + +_Discouragement_ is the result of so much repulse or failure as wears +out courage. _Discouragements_ too frequent and long continued may +produce a settled _hopelessness_. _Hopelessness_ is negative, and may +result from simple apathy; _despondency_ and _despair_ are more emphatic +and decided. _Despondency_ is an incapacity for the present exercise of +hope; _despair_ is the utter abandonment of hope. _Despondency_ relaxes +energy and effort and is always attended with sadness or distress; +_despair_ may produce a stony calmness, or it may lead to _desperation_. +_Desperation_ is energized _despair_, vigorous in action, reckless of +consequences. + + +Antonyms: + + anticipation, confidence, encouragement, expectation, hopefulness, + assurance, courage, expectancy, hope, trust. + cheer, elation, + + * * * * * + +DEXTERITY. + + +Synonyms: + + adroitness, aptitude, cleverness, expertness, readiness, skill. + +_Adroitness_ (F. _a_, to, and _droit_, right) and _dexterity_ (L. +_dexter_, right, right-hand) might each be rendered "right-handedness;" +but _adroitness_ carries more of the idea of eluding, parrying, or +checking some hostile movement, or taking advantage of another in +controversy; _dexterity_ conveys the idea of doing, accomplishing +something readily and well, without reference to any action of others. +We speak of _adroitness_ in fencing, boxing, or debate; of _dexterity_ +in horsemanship, in the use of tools, weapons, etc. _Aptitude_ (L. +_aptus_, fit, fitted) is a natural _readiness_, which by practise may be +developed into _dexterity_. _Skill_ is more exact to line, rule, and +method than _dexterity_. _Dexterity_ can not be communicated, and, +oftentimes can not even be explained by its possessor; _skill_ to a very +great extent can be imparted; "_skilled_ workmen" in various trades are +numbered by thousands. Compare ADDRESS; CLEVER; POWER; SKILFUL. + + +Prepositions: + +Dexterity _of_ hand, _of_ movement, _of_ management; _with_ the pen; +_in_ action, _in_ manipulating men; _at_ cards. + + * * * * * + +DICTION. + + +Synonyms: + + expression, phrase, style, vocabulary, + language, phraseology, verbiage, wording. + +An author's _diction_ is strictly his choice and use of words, with no +special reference to thought; _expression_ regards the words simply as +the vehicle of the thought. _Phrase_ and _phraseology_ apply to words or +combinations of words which are somewhat technical; as, in legal +_phraseology_; in military _phrase_. _Diction_ is general; _wording_ is +limited; we speak of the _diction_ of an author or of a work, the +_wording_ of a proposition, of a resolution, etc. _Verbiage_ never bears +this sense (see CIRCUMLOCUTION.) The _language_ of a writer or speaker +may be the national speech he employs; as, the English or French +_language_; or the word may denote his use of that _language_; as, the +author's _language_ is well (or ill) chosen. _Style_ includes _diction_, +_expression_, rhetorical figures such as metaphor and simile, the effect +of an author's prevailing tone of thought, of his personal traits--in +short, all that makes up the clothing of thought in words; thus, we +speak of a figurative _style_, a frigid or an argumentative _style_, +etc., or of the _style_ of Macaulay, Prescott, or others. An author's +_vocabulary_ is the range of words which he brings into his use. Compare +LANGUAGE. + + * * * * * + +DIE. + + +Synonyms: + + cease, decline, expire, perish, + decease, depart, fade, wither. + +_Die_, to go out of life, become destitute of vital power and action, +is figuratively applied to anything which has the appearance of life. + + Where the _dying_ night-lamp flickers. + + TENNYSON _Locksley Hall_ st. 40. + +An echo, a strain of music, a tempest, a topic, an issue, _dies_. +_Expire_ (literally, to breathe out) is a softer word for _die_; it is +used figuratively of things that _cease_ to exist by reaching a natural +limit; as, a lease _expires_; the time has _expired_. To _perish_ +(literally, in Latin, to go through, as in English we say, "the fire +goes out") is oftenest used of death by privation or exposure; as, "I +_perish_ with hunger," _Luke_ xv, 17; sometimes, of death by violence. +Knowledge and fame, art and empires, may be said to _perish_; the word +denotes utter destruction and decay. + + +Antonyms: + + be born, come into being, flourish, rise again, + begin, come to life, grow, rise from the dead, + be immortal, exist, live, survive. + + +Prepositions: + +To die _of_ fever; _by_ violence; rarely, _with_ the sword, famine, etc. +(_Ezek._ vii, 15); to die _for_ one's country; to die _at_ sea; _in_ +one's bed; _in_ agony; die _to_ the world. + + * * * * * + +DIFFERENCE. + + +Synonyms: + + contrariety, discrimination, distinction, inequality, + contrast, disparity, divergence, unlikeness, + disagreement, dissimilarity, diversity, variation, + discrepancy, dissimilitude, inconsistency, variety. + +_Difference_ is the state or quality of being unlike or the amount of +such unlikeness. A _difference_ is in the things compared; a +_discrimination_ is in our judgment of them; a _distinction_ is in our +definition or description or mental image of them. Careful +_discrimination_ of real _differences_ results in clear _distinctions_. +_Disparity_ is stronger than _inequality_, implying that one thing falls +far below another; as, the _disparity_ of our achievements when compared +with our ideals. _Dissimilarity_ is between things sharply contrasted; +there may be a _difference_ between those almost alike. There is a +_discrepancy_ in accounts that fail to balance. _Variety_ involves more +than two objects; so, in general, does _diversity_; _variation_ is a +_difference_ in the condition or action of the same object at different +times. _Disagreement_ is not merely the lack, but the opposite, of +agreement; it is a mild word for opposition and conflict; _difference_ +is sometimes used in the same sense. + + +Antonyms: + + agreement, harmony, likeness, sameness, uniformity, + consonance, identity, resemblance, similarity, unity. + + +Prepositions: + +Difference _between_ the old and the new; differences _among_ men; a +difference _in_ character; _of_ action; _of_ style; (less frequently) a +difference (controversy) _with_ a person; a difference _of_ one thing +_from_ (incorrectly _to_) another. + + * * * * * + +DIFFICULT. + + +Synonyms: + + arduous, hard, onerous, toilsome, + exhausting, laborious, severe, trying. + +_Arduous_ (L. _arduus_, steep) signifies primarily so steep and lofty as +to be difficult of ascent, and hence applies to that which involves +great and sustained exertion and ordinarily for a lofty aim; great +learning can only be won by _arduous_ toil. _Hard_ applies to anything +that resists our endeavors as a scarcely penetrable mass resists our +physical force. Anything is _hard_ that involves tax and strain whether +of the physical or mental powers. _Difficult_ is not used of that which +merely taxes physical force; a dead lift is called _hard_ rather than +_difficult_; breaking stone on the road would be called _hard_ rather +than _difficult_ work; that is _difficult_ which involves skill, +sagacity, or address, with or without a considerable expenditure of +physical force; a geometrical problem may be _difficult_ to solve, a +tangled skein to unravel; a mountain _difficult_ to ascend. _Hard_ may +be active or passive; a thing may be _hard_ to do or _hard_ to bear. +_Arduous_ is always active. That which is _laborious_ or _toilsome_ +simply requires the steady application of labor or toil till +accomplished; _toilsome_ is the stronger word. That which is _onerous_ +(L. _onus_, a burden) is mentally burdensome or oppressive. +Responsibility may be _onerous_ even when it involves no special +exertion. + + +Antonyms: + + easy, facile, light, pleasant, slight, trifling, trivial. + + * * * * * + +DIRECTION. + + +Synonyms: + + aim, bearing, course, inclination, tendency, way. + +The _direction_ of an object is the line of motion or of vision toward +it, or the line in which the object is moving, considered from our own +actual or mental standpoint. _Way_, literally the road or path, comes +naturally to mean the _direction_ of the road or path; conversationally, +_way_ is almost a perfect synonym of _direction_; as, which _way_ did he +go? or, in which _direction_? _Bearing_ is the _direction_ in which an +object is seen with reference to another, and especially with reference +to the points of the compass. _Course_ is the _direction_ of a moving +object; _inclination_, that toward which a stationary object leans; +_tendency_, the _direction_ toward which anything stretches or reaches +out; _tendency_ is stronger and more active than _inclination_. Compare +AIM; CARE; ORDER; OVERSIGHT. + + * * * * * + +DISCERN. + + +Synonyms: + + behold, discriminate, observe, recognize, + descry, distinguish, perceive, see. + +What we _discern_ we _see_ apart from all other objects; what we +_discriminate_ we judge apart; what we _distinguish_ we mark apart, or +recognize by some special mark or manifest difference. We _discriminate_ +by real differences; we _distinguish_ by outward signs; an officer is +readily _distinguished_ from a common soldier by his uniform. Objects +may be dimly _discerned_ at twilight, when yet we can not clearly +_distinguish_ one from another. We _descry_ (originally _espy_) what is +difficult to discover. Compare DISCOVER; LOOK. + + * * * * * + +DISCOVER. + + +Synonyms: + + ascertain, detect, disclose, ferret out, find out, + descry, discern, expose, find, invent. + +Of human actions or character, _detect_ is used, almost without +exception, in a bad sense; _discover_ may be used in either the good or +the bad sense, oftener in the good; he was _detected_ in a fraud; real +merit is sure to be _discovered_. In scientific language, _detect_ is +used of delicate indications that appear in course of careful watching; +as, a slight fluttering of the pulse could be _detected_. We _discover_ +what has existed but has not been known to us; we _invent_ combinations +or arrangements not before in use; Columbus _discovered_ America; Morse +_invented_ the electric telegraph. _Find_ is the most general word for +every means of coming to know what was not before certainly known. A man +_finds_ in the road some stranger's purse, or _finds_ his own which he +is searching for. The expert _discovers_ or _detects_ an error in an +account; the auditor _finds_ the account to be correct. Compare DISCERN. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for HIDE. + + * * * * * + +DISEASE. + + +Synonyms: + + affection, disorder, indisposition, sickness, + ailment, distemper, infirmity, unhealthiness, + complaint, illness, malady, unsoundness. + +_Disease_ is the general term for any deviation from health; in a more +limited sense it denotes some definite morbid condition; _disorder_ and +_affection_ are rather partial and limited; as, a nervous _affection_; a +_disorder_ of the digestive system. _Sickness_ was generally used in +English speech and literature, till the close of the eighteenth century +at least, for every form of physical _disorder_, as abundantly appears +in the English Bible: "Jesus went about ... healing all manner of +_sickness_ and all manner of _disease_ among the people," _Matt._ iv, +23; "Elisha was fallen _sick_ of his _sickness_ whereof he died," _2 +Kings_ xiii, 14. There is now, in England, a tendency to restrict the +words _sick_ and _sickness_ to nausea, or "_sickness_ at the stomach," +and to hold _ill_ and _illness_ as the only proper words to use in a +general sense. This distinction has received but a very limited +acceptance in the United States, where _sick_ and _sickness_ have the +earlier and wider usage. We speak of trifling _ailments_, a slight +_indisposition_, a serious or a deadly _disease_; a slight or severe +_illness_; a painful _sickness_. _Complaint_ is a popular term, which +may be applied to any degree of ill health, slight or severe. +_Infirmity_ denotes a chronic or lingering weakness or disability, as +blindness or lameness. + + +Antonyms: + + health, robustness, soundness, strength, sturdiness, vigor. + + * * * * * + +DISPARAGE. + + +Synonyms: + + belittle, depreciate, discredit, underestimate, + carp at, derogate from, dishonor, underrate, + decry, detract from, lower, undervalue. + +To _decry_ is to cry down, in some noisy, public, or conspicuous manner. +A witness or a statement is _discredited_; the currency is +_depreciated_; a good name is _dishonored_ by unworthy conduct; we +_underestimate_ in our own minds; we may _underrate_ or _undervalue_ in +statement to others. These words are used, with few exceptions, of +things such as qualities, merits, attainments, etc. To _disparage_ is to +_belittle_ by damaging comparison or suggestion; it is used only of +things. A man's achievements are _disparaged_, his motives +_depreciated_, his professions _discredited_; he himself is calumniated, +slandered, etc. Compare SLANDER. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for PRAISE. + + * * * * * + +DISPLACE. + + +Synonyms: + + confuse, derange, disturb, mislay, remove, + crowd out, disarrange, jumble, misplace, unsettle. + +Objects are _displaced_ when moved out of the place they have occupied; +they are _misplaced_ when put into a place where they should not be. One +may know where to find what he has _misplaced_; what he has _mislaid_ he +can not locate. + + +Antonyms: + + adjust, assort, dispose, order, put in order, set in order, + array, classify, group, place, put in place, sort. + + * * * * * + +DO. + + +Synonyms: + + accomplish, carry out, discharge, perform, + achieve, carry through, effect, perpetrate, + actualize, commit, execute, realize, + bring about, complete, finish, transact, + bring to pass, consummate, fulfil, work out. + +_Do_ is the one comprehensive word which includes this whole class. We +may say of the least item of daily work, "It is _done_," and of the +grandest human achievement, "Well _done_!" _Finish_ and _complete_ +signify to bring to an end what was previously begun; there is +frequently the difference in usage that _finish_ is applied to the fine +details and is superficial, while _complete_ is comprehensive, being +applied to the whole ideal, plan, and execution; as, to _finish_ a +statue; to _complete_ a scheme of philosophy. To _discharge_ is to _do_ +what is given in charge, expected, or required; as, to _discharge_ the +duties of the office. To _fulfil_ is to _do_ or to be what has been +promised, expected, hoped, or desired; as, a son _fulfils_ a father's +hopes. _Realize_, _effect_, _execute_, and _consummate_ all signify to +embody in fact what was before in thought. One may _realize_ that which +he has done nothing to _bring about_; he may _realize_ the dreams of +youth by inheriting a fortune; but he can not _effect_ his early designs +except by _doing_ the utmost that is necessary to make them fact. +_Effect_ includes all that is _done_ to _accomplish_ the intent; +_execute_ refers rather to the final steps; _consummate_ is limited +quite sharply to the concluding act. An officer _executes_ the law when +he proceeds against its violators; a purchase is _consummated_ when the +money is paid and the property delivered. _Execute_ refers more commonly +to the commands of another, _effect_ and _consummate_ to one's own +designs; as, the commander _effected_ the capture of the fort, because +his officers and men promptly _executed_ his commands. _Achieve_--to +_do_ something worthy of a chief--signifies always to _perform_ some +great and generally some worthy exploit. _Perform_ and _accomplish_ both +imply working toward the end; but _perform_ always allows a possibility +of not attaining, while _accomplish_ carries the thought of full +completion. In Longfellow's lines, "Patience; _accomplish_ thy labor," +etc., _perform_ could not be substituted without great loss. As between +_complete_ and _accomplish_, _complete_ considers rather the thing as +_done_; _accomplish_, the whole process of doing it. _Commit_, as +applied to actions, is used only of those that are bad, whether grave or +trivial; _perpetrate_ is used chiefly of aggravated crimes or, somewhat +humorously, of blunders. A man may _commit_ a sin, a trespass, or a +murder; _perpetrate_ an outrage or a felony. We _finish_ a garment or a +letter, _complete_ an edifice or a life-work, _consummate_ a bargain or +a crime, _discharge_ a duty, _effect_ a purpose, _execute_ a command, +_fulfil_ a promise, _perform_ our daily tasks, _realize_ an ideal, +_accomplish_ a design, _achieve_ a victory. Compare TRANSACT; +TRANSACTION. + + +Antonyms: + + baffle, defeat, fail, mar, miss, ruin, + come short, destroy, frustrate, miscarry, neglect, spoil. + + * * * * * + +DOCILE. + + +Synonyms: + + amenable, manageable, pliant, teachable, + compliant, obedient, submissive, tractable, + gentle, pliable, tame, yielding. + +One who is _docile_ is easily taught; one who is _tractable_ is easily +led; one who is _pliant_ is easily bent in any direction; _compliant_ +represents one as inclined or persuaded to agreement with another's +will. Compare DUTY. + + +Antonyms: + + determined, inflexible, opinionated, self-willed, wilful, + dogged, intractable, resolute, stubborn, unyielding. + firm, obstinate, + + * * * * * + +DOCTRINE. + + +Synonyms: + + article of belief, belief, precept, teaching, + article of faith, dogma, principle, tenet. + +_Doctrine_ primarily signifies that which is taught; _principle_, the +fundamental basis on which the _teaching_ rests. A _doctrine_ is +reasoned out, and may be defended by reasoning; a _dogma_ rests on +authority, as of direct revelation, the decision of the church, etc. A +_doctrine_ or _dogma_ is a statement of some one item of _belief_; a +_creed_ is a summary of _doctrines_ or _dogmas_. _Dogma_ has commonly, +at the present day, an offensive signification, as of a _belief_ +arrogantly asserted. _Tenet_ is simply that which is held, and is +applied to a single item of _belief_; it is a neutral word, neither +approving nor condemning; we speak of the _doctrines_ of our own church; +of the _tenets_ of others. A _precept_ relates not to _belief_, but to +conduct. Compare FAITH; LAW. + + * * * * * + +DOGMATIC. + + +Synonyms: + + arrogant, doctrinal, magisterial, positive, + authoritative, domineering, opinionated, self-opinionated, + dictatorial, imperious, overbearing, systematic. + +_Dogmatic_ is technically applied in a good sense to that which is +formally enunciated by adequate authority; _doctrinal_ to that which is +stated in the form of doctrine to be taught or defended. _Dogmatic_ +theology, called also "dogmatics," gives definite propositions, which it +holds to be delivered by authority; _systematic_ theology considers the +same propositions in their logical connection and order as parts of a +system; a _doctrinal_ statement is less absolute in its claims than a +_dogmatic_ treatise, and may be more partial than the term _systematic_ +would imply. Outside of theology, _dogmatic_ has generally an offensive +sense; a _dogmatic_ statement is one for which the author does not +trouble himself to give a reason, either because of the strength of his +convictions, or because of his contempt for those whom he addresses; +thus _dogmatic_ is, in common use, allied with _arrogant_ and kindred +words. + + * * * * * + +DOUBT, _v._ + + +Synonyms: + + distrust, mistrust, surmise, suspect. + +To _doubt_ is to lack conviction. Incompleteness of evidence may compel +one to _doubt_, or some perverse bias of mind may incline him to. +_Distrust_ may express simply a lack of confidence; as, I _distrust_ my +own judgment; or it may be nearly equivalent to _suspect_; as, I +_distrusted_ that man from the start. _Mistrust_ and _suspect_ imply +that one is almost assured of positive evil; one may _distrust_ himself +or others; he _suspects_ others. _Mistrust_ is now rarely, if ever, used +of persons, but only of motives, intentions, etc. _Distrust_ is always +serious; _mistrust_ is often used playfully. Compare SUPPOSE. Compare +synonyms for DOUBT, _n._ + + +Antonyms: + + believe, depend on, depend upon, rely on, rely upon, trust. + confide in, + + * * * * * + +DOUBT, _n._ + + +Synonyms: + + disbelief, incredulity, perplexity, suspense, + distrust, indecision, question, suspicion, + hesitancy, irresolution, scruple, unbelief, + hesitation, misgiving, skepticism, uncertainty. + +_Doubt_ is a lack of conviction that may refer either to matters of +belief or to matters of practise. As regards belief, while _doubt_ is +lack of conviction, _disbelief_ is conviction, to the contrary; +_unbelief_ refers to a settled state of mind, generally accompanied with +opposition of heart. _Perplexity_ is active and painful; _doubt_ may be +quiescent. _Perplexity_ presses toward a solution; _doubt_ may be +content to linger unresolved. Any improbable statement awakens +_incredulity_. In theological usage _unbelief_ and _skepticism_ have a +condemnatory force, as implying wilful rejection of manifest truth. As +regards practical matters, _uncertainty_ applies to the unknown or +undecided; _doubt_ implies some negative evidence. _Suspense_ regards +the future, and is eager and anxious; _uncertainty_ may relate to any +period, and be quite indifferent. _Misgiving_ is ordinarily in regard to +the outcome of something already done or decided; _hesitation_, +_indecision_, and _irresolution_ have reference to something that +remains to be decided or done, and are due oftener to infirmity of will +than to lack of knowledge. _Distrust_ and _suspicion_ apply especially +to the motives, character, etc., of others, and are more decidedly +adverse than _doubt_. _Scruple_ relates to matters of conscience and +duty. + + +Antonyms: + + assurance, certainty, conviction, determination, resolution, + belief, confidence, decision, persuasion, resolve. + + * * * * * + +DRAW. + + +Synonyms: + + allure, drag, haul, induce, lure, tow, + attract, entice, incline, lead, pull, tug. + +One object _draws_ another when it moves it toward itself or in the +direction of its own motion by the exertion of adequate force, whether +slight or powerful. To _attract_ is to exert a force that tends to +_draw_, tho it may produce no actual motion; all objects are _attracted_ +toward the earth, tho they may be sustained from falling. To _drag_ is +to _draw_ against strong resistance; as, to _drag_ a sled over bare +ground, or a carriage up a steep hill. To _pull_ is to exert a _drawing_ +force, whether adequate or inadequate; as, the fish _pulls_ on the +line; a dentist _pulls_ a tooth. To _tug_ is to _draw_, or try to +_draw_, a resisting object with a continuous straining motion; as, to +_tug_ at the oar. To _haul_ is to _draw_ somewhat slowly a heavy object; +as, to _haul_ a seine; to _haul_ logs. One vessel _tows_ another. In the +figurative sense, _attract_ is more nearly akin to _incline_, _draw_ to +_induce_. We are _attracted_ by one's appearance, _drawn_ to his side. +Compare ALLURE; ARRAY; INFLUENCE. + + +Antonyms: + + alienate, estrange, rebuff, reject, repel, repulse. + +See synonyms for DRIVE. + + +Prepositions: + +To draw water _from_ or _out of_ the well; draw the boat _through_ the +water, _to_ the shore; draw air _into_ the lungs; draw _with_ cords of +love; the wagon is drawn _by_ horses, _along_ the road, _across_ the +field, _over_ the stones, _through_ the woods, _to_ the barn. + + * * * * * + +DREAM. + + +Synonyms: + + day-dream, fantasy, reverie, trance, + fancy, hallucination, romance, vision. + +A _dream_ is strictly a train of thoughts, fantasies, and images passing +through the mind during sleep; a _vision_ may occur when one is awake, +and in clear exercise of the senses and mental powers; _vision_ is often +applied to something seen by the mind through supernatural agency, +whether in sleep or wakefulness, conceived as more real and +authoritative than a _dream_; a _trance_ is an abnormal state, which is +different from normal sleep or wakefulness. A _reverie_ is a purposeless +drifting of the mind when awake, under the influence of mental images; a +_day-dream_ that which passes before the mind in such condition. A +_fancy_ is some image presented to the mind, often in the fullest +exercise of its powers. _Hallucination_ is the seeming perception of +non-existent objects, as in insanity or delirium. In the figurative +sense, we speak of _dreams_ of fortune, _visions_ of glory, with little +difference of meaning except that the _vision_ is thought of as fuller +and more vivid. We speak of a _trance_ of delight when the emotion +almost sweeps one away from the normal exercise of the faculties. + + +Antonyms: + + certainty, fact, reality, realization, substance, verity. + + * * * * * + +DRESS. + + +Synonyms: + + apparel, clothes, garb, habit, uniform, + array, clothing, garments, raiment, vestments, + attire, costume, habiliments, robes, vesture. + +_Clothing_ denotes the entire covering of the body, taken as a whole; +_clothes_ and _garments_ view it as composed of separate parts. +_Clothes_, _clothing_, and _garments_ may be used of inner or outer +covering; all the other words in the list (with possible rare exceptions +in the case of _raiment_) refer to the outer _garments_. _Array_, +_raiment_, and _vesture_ are archaic or poetic; so, too, is _habit_, +except in technical use to denote a lady's riding-_dress_. The word +_vestments_ is now rare, except in ecclesiastical use. _Apparel_ and +_attire_ are most frequently used of somewhat complete and elegant outer +_clothing_, tho Shakespeare speaks of "poor and mean _attire_." _Dress_ +may be used, specifically, for a woman's gown, and in that sense may be +either rich or shabby; but in the general sense it denotes outer +_clothing_ which is meant to be elegant, complete, and appropriate to +some social or public occasion; as, full _dress_, court _dress_, evening +_dress_, etc. _Dress_ has now largely displaced _apparel_ and _attire_. +_Garb_ denotes the _clothing_ characteristic of some class, profession, +or the like; as, the _garb_ of a priest. _Costume_ is chiefly used for +that which befits an assumed character; as, a theatrical _costume_; we +sometimes speak of a national _costume_, etc. + + +Antonyms: + + bareness, dishabille, exposure, nakedness, nudity, undress. + disarray, + + * * * * * + +DRIVE. + + +Synonyms: + + compel, propel, repel, resist, thrust, + impel, push, repulse, ride, urge on. + +To _drive_ is to move an object with some force or violence before or +away from oneself; it is the direct reverse of _draw_, _lead_, etc. A +man leads a horse by the halter, _drives_ him with whip and rein. One +may be _driven_ to a thing or from it; hence, _drive_ is a synonym +equally for _compel_ or for _repel_ or _repulse_. _Repulse_ is stronger +and more conclusive than _repel_; one may be _repelled_ by the very +aspect of the person whose favor he seeks, but is not _repulsed_ except +by the direct refusal or ignoring of his suit. A certain conventional +modern usage, especially in England, requires us to say that we _drive_ +in a carriage, _ride_ upon a horse; tho in Scripture we read of _riding_ +in a chariot (_2 Kings_ ix, 16; _Jer._ xvii, 25, etc.); good examples of +the same usage may be found abundantly in the older English. The +propriety of a person's saying that he is going to _drive_ when he is +simply to be conveyed in a carriage, where some one else, as the +coachman, does all the _driving_, is exceedingly questionable. Many good +authorities prefer to use _ride_ in the older and broader sense as +signifying to be supported and borne along by any means of conveyance. +Compare BANISH; COMPEL; INFLUENCE. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for DRAW. + + +Prepositions: + +Drive _to_ market; _to_ despair; drive _into_ exile; _from_ one's +presence; _out of_ the city; drive _by_, _with_, or _under_ the lash; +drive _by_ or _past_ beautiful estates; _along_ the beach; _beside_ the +river; _through_ the park; _across_ the field; _around_ the square; _to_ +the door; _into_ the barn; _out of_ the sunshine. + + * * * * * + +DUPLICATE. + + +Synonyms: + + copy, facsimile, likeness, reproduction, + counterpart, imitation, replica, transcript. + +A _copy_ is as nearly like the original as the copyist has power to make +it; a _duplicate_ is exactly like the original; a carbon _copy_ of a +typewritten document must be a _duplicate_; we may have an inaccurate +_copy_, but never an inaccurate _duplicate_. A _facsimile_ is like the +original in appearance; a _duplicate_ is the same as the original in +substance and effect; a _facsimile_ of the Declaration of Independence +is not a _duplicate_. A _facsimile_ of a key might be quite useless; a +_duplicate_ will open the lock. A _counterpart_ exactly corresponds to +another object, but perhaps without design, while a _copy_ is +intentional. An _imitation_ is always thought of as inferior to the +original; as, an _imitation_ of Milton. A _replica_ is a _copy_ of a +work of art by the maker of the original. In law, a _copy_ of an +instrument has in itself no authority; the signatures, as well as other +matters, may be copied; a _duplicate_ is really an original, containing +the same provisions and signed by the same persons, so that it may have +in all respects the same force and effect; a _transcript_ is an official +_copy_, authenticated by the signature of the proper officer, and by the +seal of the appropriate court. While strictly there could be but one +_duplicate_, the word is now extended to an indefinite number of exact +_copies_. _Reproduction_ is chiefly applied to living organisms. + + +Antonyms: + + archetype, model, original, pattern, prototype. + + * * * * * + +DUTY. + + +Synonyms: + + accountability, function, office, right, + business, obligation, responsibility, righteousness. + +Etymologically, _duty_ is that which is owed or due; _obligation_, that +to or by which one is bound; _right_, that which is correct, straight, +or in the direct line of truth and goodness; _responsibility_, that for +which one must answer. _Duty_ and _responsibility_ are thought of as to +some person or persons; _right_ is impersonal. One's _duty_ may be to +others or to himself; his _obligations_ and _responsibilities_ are to +others. _Duty_ arises from the nature of things; _obligation_ and +_responsibility_ may be created by circumstances, as by one's own +promise, or by the acceptance of a trust, etc. We speak of a parent's +_duty_, a debtor's _obligation_; or of a child's _duty_ of obedience, +and a parent's _responsibility_ for the child's welfare. _Right_ is that +which accords with the moral system of the universe. _Righteousness_ is +_right_ incarnated in action. In a more limited sense, _right_ may be +used of what one may rightly claim, and so be the converse of _duty_. It +is the creditor's _right_ to demand payment, and the debtor's _duty_ to +pay. Compare BUSINESS. + + * * * * * + +EAGER. + + +Synonyms: + + animated, desirous, glowing, importunate, longing, + anxious, earnest, hot, intense, vehement, + ardent, enthusiastic, impatient, intent, yearning, + burning, fervent, impetuous, keen, zealous. + +One is _eager_ who impatiently desires to accomplish some end; one is +_earnest_ with a desire that is less impatient, but more deep, resolute, +and constant; one is _anxious_ with a desire that foresees rather the +pain of disappointment than the delight of attainment. One is _eager_ +for the gratification of any appetite or passion; he is _earnest_ in +conviction, purpose, or character. _Eager_ usually refers to some +specific and immediate satisfaction, _earnest_ to something permanent +and enduring; the patriotic soldier is _earnest_ in his devotion to his +country, _eager_ for a decisive battle. + + +Antonyms: + + apathetic, cool, indifferent, regardless, unconcerned, + calm, dispassionate, negligent, stolid, uninterested, + careless, frigid, phlegmatic, stony, unmindful, + cold, heedless, purposeless, stupid, unmoved. + + +Prepositions: + +Eager _for_ (more rarely _after_) favor, honor, etc.; eager _in_ +pursuit. + + * * * * * + +EASE. + + +Synonyms: + + easiness, expertness, facility, knack, readiness. + +_Ease_ in the sense here considered denotes freedom from conscious or +apparent effort, tax, or strain. _Ease_ may be either of condition or of +action; _facility_ is always of action; _readiness_ is of action or of +expected action. One lives at _ease_ who has no pressing cares; one +stands at _ease_, moves or speaks with _ease_, when wholly without +constraint. _Facility_ is always active; _readiness_ may be active or +passive; the speaker has _facility_ of expression, _readiness_ of wit; +any appliance is in _readiness_ for use. _Ease_ of action may imply +merely the possession of ample power; _facility_ always implies practise +and skill; any one can press down the keys of a typewriter with _ease_; +only the skilled operator works the machine with _facility_. _Readiness_ +in the active sense includes much of the meaning of _ease_ with the +added idea of promptness or alertness. _Easiness_ applies to the thing +done, rather than to the doer. _Expertness_ applies to the more +mechanical processes of body and mind; we speak of the _readiness_ of an +orator, but of the _expertness_ of a gymnast. Compare COMFORTABLE; +DEXTERITY; POWER. + + +Antonyms: + + annoyance, difficulty, irritation, trouble, vexation, + awkwardness, discomfort, perplexity, uneasiness, worry. + constraint, disquiet, + + * * * * * + +EDUCATION. + + +Synonyms: + + breeding, discipline, learning, study, + cultivation, information, nurture, teaching, + culture, instruction, reading, training, + development, knowledge, schooling, tuition. + +_Education_ (L. _educere_, to lead or draw out) is the systematic +development and cultivation of the mind and other natural powers. +"_Education_ is the harmonious development of all our faculties. It +begins in the nursery, and goes on at school, but does not end there. It +continues through life, whether we will or not.... 'Every person,' says +Gibbon, 'has two educations, one which he receives from others, and one +more important, which he gives himself.'" JOHN LUBBOCK _The Use of Life_ +ch. vii, p. 111. [MACM. '94.] _Instruction_, the impartation of +_knowledge_ by others (L. _instruere_, to build in or into) is but a +part of education, often the smallest part. _Teaching_ is the more +familiar and less formal word for _instruction_. _Training_ refers not +merely to the impartation of _knowledge_, but to the exercising of one +in actions with the design to form habits. _Discipline_ is systematic +and rigorous _training_, with the idea of subjection to authority and +perhaps of punishment. _Tuition_ is the technical term for _teaching_ as +the business of an instructor or as in the routine of a school; +_tuition_ is narrower than _teaching_, not, like the latter word, +including _training_. _Study_ is emphatically what one does for himself. +We speak of the _teaching_, _training_, or _discipline_, but not of the +_education_ or _tuition_ of a dog or a horse. _Breeding_ and _nurture_ +include _teaching_ and _training_, especially as directed by and +dependent upon home life and personal association; _breeding_ having +reference largely to manners with such qualities as are deemed +distinctively characteristic of high birth; _nurture_ (literally +_nourishing_) having more direct reference to moral qualities, not +overlooking the physical and mental. _Knowledge_ and _learning_ tell +nothing of mental development apart from the capacity to acquire and +remember, and nothing whatever of that moral development which is +included in _education_ in its fullest and noblest sense; _learning_, +too, may be acquired by one's unaided industry, but any full _education_ +must be the result in great part of _instruction_, _training_, and +personal association. _Study_ is emphatically what one does for himself, +and in which _instruction_ and _tuition_ can only point the way, +encourage the student to advance, and remove obstacles; vigorous, +persevering _study_ is one of the best elements of _training_. _Study_ +is also used in the sense of the thing studied, a subject to be mastered +by _study_, a studious pursuit. Compare KNOWLEDGE; REFINEMENT; WISDOM. + + +Antonyms: + + ignorance, illiteracy. + +Compare synonyms for IGNORANT. + + * * * * * + +EFFRONTERY. + + +Synonyms: + + assurance, boldness, hardihood, insolence, + audacity, brass, impudence, shamelessness. + +_Audacity_, in the sense here considered, is a reckless defiance of law, +decency, public opinion, or personal rights, claims, or views, +approaching the meaning of _impudence_ or _shamelessness_, but always +carrying the thought of the personal risk that one disregards in such +defiance; the merely _impudent_ or _shameless_ person may take no +thought of consequences; the _audacious_ person recognizes and +recklessly braves them. _Hardihood_ defies and disregards the rational +judgment of men. _Effrontery_ (L. _effrons_, barefaced, shameless) adds +to _audacity_ and _hardihood_ the special element of defiance of +considerations of propriety, duty, and respect for others, yet not to +the extent implied in _impudence_ or _shamelessness_. _Impudence_ +disregards what is due to superiors; _shamelessness_ defies decency. +_Boldness_ is forward-stepping courage, spoken of with reference to the +presence and observation of others; _boldness_, in the good sense, is +courage viewed from the outside; but the word is frequently used in an +unfavorable sense to indicate a lack of proper sensitiveness and +modesty. Compare ASSURANCE; BRAVE. + + +Antonyms: + + bashfulness, diffidence, sensitiveness, shyness, + coyness, modesty, shrinking, timidity. + + * * * * * + +EGOTISM. + + +Synonyms: + + conceit, self-assertion, self-confidence, self-esteem, + egoism, self-conceit, self-consciousness, vanity. + +_Egoism_ is giving the "I" undue supremacy in thought; _egotism_ is +giving the "I" undue prominence in speech. _Egotism_ is sometimes used +in the sense of _egoism_, or supreme regard for oneself. +_Self-assertion_ is the claim by word, act, or manner of what one +believes to be his due; _self-conceit_ is an overestimate of one's own +powers or deserts. _Conceit_ is a briefer expression for _self-conceit_, +with always an offensive implication; _self-conceit_ is ridiculous or +pitiable; _conceit_ arouses resentment. There is a worthy +_self-confidence_ which springs from consciousness of rectitude and of +power equal to demands. _Self-assertion_ at times becomes a duty; but +_self-conceit_ is always a weakness. _Self-consciousness_ is the keeping +of one's thoughts upon oneself, with the constant anxious question of +what others will think. _Vanity_ is an overweening admiration of self, +craving equal admiration from others; _self-consciousness_ is commonly +painful to its possessor, _vanity_ always a source of satisfaction, +except as it fails to receive its supposed due. _Self-esteem_ is more +solid and better founded than _self-conceit_; but is ordinarily a +weakness, and never has the worthy sense of _self-confidence_. Compare +ASSURANCE; PRIDE. + + +Antonyms: + + bashfulness, humility, self-forgetfulness, unobtrusiveness, + deference, modesty, shyness, unostentatiousness. + diffidence, self-distrust, + + * * * * * + +EMBLEM. + + +Synonyms: + + attribute, figure, image, sign, symbol, token, type. + +_Emblem_ is the English form of _emblema_, a Latin word of Greek origin, +signifying a figure beaten out on a metallic vessel by blows from +within; also, a figure inlaid in wood, stone, or other material as a +copy of some natural object. The Greek word _symbolon_ denoted a +victor's wreath, a check, or any object that might be compared with, or +found to correspond with another, whether there was or was not anything +in the objects compared to suggest the comparison. Thus an _emblem_ +resembles, a _symbol_ represents. An _emblem_ has some natural fitness +to suggest that for which it stands; a _symbol_ has been chosen or +agreed upon to suggest something else, with or without natural fitness; +a _sign_ does actually suggest the thing with or without reason, and +with or without intention or choice. A _symbol_ may be also an _emblem_; +thus the elements of bread and wine in the Lord's Supper are both +appropriate _emblems_ and his own chosen _symbols_ of suffering and +death. A statement of doctrine is often called a _symbol_ of faith; but +it is not an _emblem_. On the other hand, the same thing may be both a +_sign_ and a _symbol_; a letter of the alphabet is a _sign_ which +indicates a sound; but letters are often used as mathematical, chemical, +or astronomical _symbols_. A _token_ is something given or done as a +pledge or expression of feeling or intent; while the _sign_ may be +unintentional, the _token_ is voluntary; kind looks may be _signs_ of +regard; a gift is a _token_; a ring, which is a natural _emblem_ of +eternity, and also its accepted _symbol_, is frequently given as a +_token_ of friendship or love. A _figure_ in the sense here considered +is something that represents an idea to the mind somewhat as a form is +represented to the eye, as in drawing, painting, or sculpture; as +representing a future reality, a _figure_ may be practically the same as +a _type_. An _image_ is a visible representation, especially in +sculpture, having or supposed to have a close resemblance to that which +it represents. A _type_ is in religion a representation of a greater +reality to come; we speak of one object as the _type_ of the class whose +characteristics it exhibits, as in the case of animal or vegetable +_types_. An _attribute_ in art is some accessory used to characterize a +_figure_ or scene; the _attribute_ is often an _emblem_ or _symbol_; +thus the eagle is the _attribute_ of St. John as an _emblem_ of lofty +spiritual vision. Compare SIGN. + + * * * * * + +EMIGRATE. + + +Synonyms: + + immigrate, migrate. + +To _migrate_ is to change one's dwelling-place, usually with the idea of +repeated change, or of periodical return; it applies to wandering tribes +of men, and to many birds and animals. _Emigrate_ and _immigrate_ carry +the idea of a permanent change of residence to some other country or +some distant region; the two words are used distinctively of human +beings, and apply to the same person and the same act, according to the +side from which the action is viewed. + + +Prepositions: + +A person emigrates _from_ the land he leaves, and immigrates _to_ the +land where he takes up his abode. + + * * * * * + +EMPLOY. + + +Synonyms: + + call, engage, engross, hire, make use of, use, use up. + +In general terms it may be said that to _employ_ is to devote to one's +purpose, to _use_ is to render subservient to one's purpose; what is +_used_ is viewed as more absolutely an instrument than what is +_employed_; a merchant _employs_ a clerk; he _uses_ pen and paper; as a +rule, _use_ is not said of persons, except in a degrading sense; as, the +conspirators _used_ him as a go-between. Hence the expression common in +some religious circles "that God would _use_ me" is not to be commended; +it has also the fault of representing the human worker as absolutely a +passive and helpless instrument; the phrase is altogether unscriptural; +the Scripture says, "We are laborers together with (co-workers with) +God." That which is _used_ is often consumed in the _using_, or in +familiar phrase _used up_; as, we _used_ twenty tons of coal last +winter; in such cases we could not substitute _employ_. A person may be +_employed_ in his own work or in that of another; in the latter case the +service is always understood to be for pay. In this connection _employ_ +is a word of more dignity than _hire_; a general is _employed_ in his +country's service; a mercenary adventurer is _hired_ to fight a tyrant's +battles. It is unsuitable, according to present usage, to speak of +_hiring_ a pastor; the Scripture, indeed, says of the preacher, "The +laborer is worthy of his hire;" but this sense is archaic, and _hire_ +now implies that the one _hired_ works directly and primarily for the +pay, as expressed in the noun "hireling;" a Pastor is properly said to +be _called_, or when the business side of the transaction is referred +to, _engaged_, or possibly _employed_, at a certain salary. + + +Prepositions: + +Employ _in_, _on_, _upon_, or _about_ a work, business, etc.; _for_ a +purpose; _at_ a stipulated salary. + + * * * * * + +END, _v._ + + +Synonyms: + + break off, close, conclude, expire, quit, terminate, + cease, complete, desist, finish, stop, wind up. + +That _ends_, or is _ended_, of which there is no more, whether or not +more was intended or needed; that is _closed_, _completed_, _concluded_, +or _finished_ which has come to an expected or appropriate end. A speech +may be _ended_ almost as soon as begun, because of the speaker's +illness, or of tumult in the audience; in such a case, the speech is +neither _closed_, _completed_, nor _finished_, nor, in the strict sense, +_concluded_. An argument may be _closed_ with nothing proved; when an +argument is _concluded_ all that is deemed necessary to prove the point +has been stated. To _finish_ is to do the last thing there is to do; as, +"I have _finished_ my course," _2 Tim._ iv, 7. _Finish_ has come to +mean, not merely to _complete_ in the essentials, but to perfect in all +the minute details, as in the expression "to add the _finishing_ +touches." The enumeration is _completed_; the poem, the picture, the +statue is _finished_. To _terminate_ may be either to bring to an +arbitrary or to an appropriate end; as, he _terminated_ his remarks +abruptly; the spire _terminates_ in a cross. A thing _stops_ that comes +to rest from motion; or the motion _stops_ or _ceases_ when the object +comes to rest; _stop_ frequently signifies to bring or come to a sudden +and decided cessation of motion, progress, or action of any kind. +Compare DO; TRANSACT. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for BEGIN. + + * * * * * + +END, _n._ + + +Synonyms: + + accomplishment, effect, limit, + achievement, expiration, outcome, + bound, extent, period, + boundary, extremity, point, + cessation, finale, purpose, + close, finis, result, + completion, finish, termination, + conclusion, fulfilment, terminus, + consequence, goal, tip, + consummation, intent, utmost, + design, issue, uttermost. + +The _end_ is the terminal part of a material object that has length; the +_extremity_ is distinctively the terminal _point_, and may thus be but +part of the _end_ in the general sense of that word; the _extremity_ is +viewed as that which is most remote from some center, or some mean or +standard position; the southern _end_ of South America includes all +Patagonia, the southern _extremity_ or _point_ is Cape Horn. _Tip_ has +nearly the same meaning as _extremity_, but is said of small or slight +and tapering objects; as, the _tip_ of the finger; _point_ in such +connections is said of that which is drawn out to exceeding fineness or +sharpness, as the _point_ of a needle, a fork, or a sword; _extremity_ +is said of something considerable; we do not speak of the _extremity_ of +a needle. _Terminus_ is chiefly used to designate the _end_ of a line of +travel or transportation: specifically, the furthermost station in any +direction on a railway, or by extension the town or village where it is +situated. _Termination_ is the Latin and more formal word for the Saxon +_end_, but is chiefly used of time, words, undertakings, or abstractions +of any kind. _Expiration_ signifies the coming to an _end_ in the +natural course of things; as, the _expiration_ of a year, or of a lease; +it is used of things of some consequence; we do not ordinarily speak of +the _expiration_ of an hour or of a day. _Limit_ implies some check to +or restraint upon further advance, right, or privilege; as, the _limits_ +of an estate (compare BOUNDARY). A _goal_ is an _end_ sought or striven +for, as in a race. For the figurative senses of _end_ and its associated +words, compare the synonyms for the verb END; also for AIM; CONSEQUENCE; +DESIGN. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for BEGINNING. + + * * * * * + +ENDEAVOR, _v._ + + +Synonyms: + + attempt, essay, strive, try, undertake. + +To _attempt_ is to take action somewhat experimentally with the hope and +purpose of accomplishing a certain result; to _endeavor_ is to _attempt_ +strenuously and with firm and enduring purpose. To _attempt_ expresses a +single act; to _endeavor_, a continuous exertion; we say I will +_endeavor_ (not I will _attempt_) while I live. To _attempt_ is with the +view of accomplishing; to _essay_, with a view of testing our own +powers. To _undertake_ is to accept or take upon oneself as an +obligation, as some business, labor, or trust; the word often implies +complete assurance of success; as, I will _undertake_ to produce the +witness. To _strive_ suggests little of the result, much of toil, +strain, and contest, in seeking it; I will _strive_ to fulfil your +wishes, _i. e._, I will spare no labor and exertion to do it. _Try_ is +the most comprehensive of these words. The original idea of testing or +experimenting is not thought of when a man says "I will _try_." To +_attempt_ suggests giving up, if the thing is not accomplished at a +stroke; to _try_ implies using other means and studying out other ways +if not at first successful. _Endeavor_ is more mild and formal; the +pilot in the burning pilot-house does not say "I will _endeavor_" or "I +will _attempt_ to hold the ship to her course," but "I'll _try_, sir!" + + +Antonyms: + + abandon, give up, omit, throw away, + dismiss, let go, overlook, throw over, + drop, neglect, pass by, throw up. + + * * * * * + +ENDEAVOR, _n._ + + +Synonyms: + + attempt, effort, essay, exertion, struggle, trial. + +_Effort_ denotes the voluntary putting forth of power to attain or +accomplish some specific thing; it reaches toward a definite end; +_exertion_ is a putting forth of power without special reference to an +object. Every _effort_ is an _exertion_, but not every _exertion_ is an +_effort_. _Attempt_ is more experimental than _effort_, _endeavor_ less +strenuous but more continuous. An _effort_ is a single act, an +_endeavor_ a continued series of acts; an _endeavor_ is sustained and +enduring, and may be lifelong; we do not have a society of Christian +_Attempt_, or of Christian _Effort_, but of Christian _Endeavor_. A +_struggle_ is a violent _effort_ or strenuous _exertion_. An _essay_ is +an _attempt_, _effort_, or _endeavor_ made as a test of the powers of +the one who makes it. Compare ENDEAVOR, _v._ + + * * * * * + +ENDURE. + + +Synonyms: + + abide, bear, brook, submit to, sustain, + afford, bear up under, permit, suffer, tolerate, + allow, bear with, put up with, support, undergo. + +_Bear_ is the most general of these words; it is metaphorically to hold +up or keep up a burden of care, pain, grief, annoyance, or the like, +without sinking, lamenting, or repining. _Allow_ and _permit_ involve +large concession of the will; _put up with_ and _tolerate_ imply decided +aversion and reluctant withholding of opposition or interference; +whispering is _allowed_ by the school-teacher who does not forbid nor +censure it; one _puts up with_ the presence of a disagreeable visitor; a +state _tolerates_ a religion which it would be glad to suppress. To +_endure_ is to _bear with_ strain and resistance, but with conscious +power; _endure_ conveys a fuller suggestion of contest and conquest than +_bear_. One may choose to _endure_ the pain of a surgical operation +rather than take anesthetics; he _permits_ the thing to come which he +must brace himself to _endure_ when it comes. To _afford_ is to be equal +to a pecuniary demand, _i. e._, to be able to _bear_ it. To _brook_ is +quietly to _put up with_ provocation or insult. _Abide_ combines the +senses of await and _endure_; as, I will _abide_ the result. Compare +ABIDE; SUPPORT. + + +Antonyms: + + break, despair, fail, fall, give out, sink, surrender, + break down, droop, faint, falter, give up, succumb, yield. + + * * * * * + +ENEMY. + + +Synonyms: + + adversary, antagonist, competitor, foe, opponent, rival. + +An _enemy_ in private life is one who is moved by hostile feeling with +active disposition to injure; but in military language all who fight on +the opposite side are called _enemies_ or collectively "the _enemy_," +where no personal animosity may be implied; _foe_, which is rather a +poetical and literary word, implies intensely hostile spirit and +purpose. An _antagonist_ is one who opposes and is opposed actively and +with intensity of effort; an _opponent_, one in whom the attitude of +resistance is the more prominent; a _competitor_, one who seeks the same +object for which another is striving; _antagonists_ in wrestling, +_competitors_ in business, _opponents_ in debate may contend with no +personal ill will; _rivals_ in love, ambition, etc., rarely avoid +inimical feeling. _Adversary_ was formerly much used in the general +sense of _antagonist_ or _opponent_, but is now less common, and largely +restricted to the hostile sense; an _adversary_ is ordinarily one who +not only opposes another in fact, but does so with hostile spirit, or +perhaps out of pure malignity; as, the great _Adversary_. Compare +synonyms for AMBITION. + + +Antonyms: + + abettor, accessory, accomplice, ally, friend, helper, supporter. + + +Prepositions: + +He was the enemy _of_ my friend _in_ the contest. + + * * * * * + +ENMITY. + + +Synonyms: + + acrimony, bitterness, ill will, malignity, + animosity, hatred, malevolence, rancor, + antagonism, hostility, malice, spite. + +_Enmity_ is the state of being an enemy or the feeling and disposition +characterizing an enemy (compare ENEMY). _Animosity_ denotes a feeling +more active and vehement, but often less enduring and determined, than +_enmity_. _Enmity_ distinctly recognizes its object as an enemy, to be +met or dealt with accordingly. _Hostility_ is _enmity_ in action; the +term _hostilities_ between nations denotes actual armed collision. +_Bitterness_ is a resentful feeling arising from a belief that one has +been wronged; _acrimony_ is a kindred feeling, but deeper and more +persistent, and may arise from the crossing of one's wishes or plans by +another, where no injustice or wrong is felt. _Antagonism_, as between +two competing authors or merchants, does not necessarily imply _enmity_, +but ordinarily suggests a shade, at least, of hostile feeling. _Malice_ +is a disposition or intent to injure others, for the gratification of +some evil passion; _malignity_ is intense and violent _enmity_, +_hatred_, or _malice_. Compare synonyms for ACRIMONY; ANGER; HATRED. + + +Antonyms: + + agreement, amity, friendship, kindliness, regard, + alliance, concord, harmony, kindness, sympathy. + + * * * * * + +ENTERTAIN. + + +Synonyms: + + amuse, cheer, disport, enliven, interest, please, + beguile, delight, divert, gratify, occupy, recreate. + +To _entertain_, in the sense here considered, is to engage and +pleasantly occupy the attention; to _amuse_ is to occupy the attention +in an especially bright and cheerful way, often with that which excites +merriment or laughter; as, he _entertained_ us with an _amusing_ story. +To _divert_ is to turn from serious thoughts or laborious pursuits to +something that lightly and agreeably occupies the mind; one may be +_entertained_ or _amused_ who has nothing serious or laborious from +which to be _diverted_. To _recreate_, literally to re-create, is to +engage mind or body in some pleasing activity that restores strength and +energy for serious work. To _beguile_ is, as it were, to cheat into +cheer and comfort by something that insensibly draws thought or feeling +away from pain or disquiet. We _beguile_ a weary hour, _cheer_ the +despondent, _divert_ the preoccupied, _enliven_ a dull evening or +company, _gratify_ our friends' wishes, _entertain_, _interest_, +_please_ a listening audience, _occupy_ idle time, _disport_ ourselves +when merry, _recreate_ when worn with toil; we _amuse_ ourselves or +others with whatever pleasantly passes the time without special +exertion, each according to his taste. + + +Antonyms: + + annoy, bore, busy, disquiet, distract, disturb, tire, weary. + + * * * * * + +ENTERTAINMENT. + + +Synonyms: + + amusement, diversion, fun, pleasure, + cheer, enjoyment, merriment, recreation, + delight, frolic, pastime, sport. + +_Entertainment_ and _recreation_ imply thought and mental occupation, +tho in an agreeable, refreshing way; they are therefore words of a high +order. _Entertainment_, apart from its special senses of a public +performance or a social party, and predominantly even there, is used of +somewhat mirthful mental delight; _recreation_ may, and usually does, +combine the mental with the physical. _Amusement_ and _pastime_ are +nearly equivalent, the latter probably the lighter word; many slight +things may be _pastimes_ which we should hardly dignify by the name of +_amusements_. _Sports_ are almost wholly on the physical plane, tho +involving a certain grade of mental action; fox-hunting, horse-racing, +and baseball are _sports_. Certain _sports_ may afford _entertainment_ +or _recreation_ to certain persons, according to their individual +tastes; but _entertainment_ and _recreation_ are capable of a meaning so +high as never to be approached by any meaning of _sport_. _Cheer_ may be +very quiet, as the _cheer_ of a bright fire to an aged traveler; +_merriment_ is with liveliness and laughter; _fun_ and _frolic_ are apt +to be boisterous. _Amusement_ is a form of _enjoyment_, but _enjoyment_ +may be too keen to be called _amusement_. Compare synonyms for +ENTERTAIN. + + +Antonyms: + + ennui, fatigue, labor, lassitude, toil, weariness, work. + + * * * * * + +ENTHUSIASM. + + +Synonyms: + + ardor, excitement, frenzy, transport, + devotion, extravagance, inspiration, vehemence, + eagerness, fanaticism, intensity, warmth, + earnestness, fervency, passion, zeal. + ecstasy, fervor, rapture, + +The old meaning of _enthusiasm_ implies a pseudo-_inspiration_, an +almost frantic _extravagance_ in behalf of something supposed to be an +expression of the divine will. This sense remains as the controlling one +in the kindred noun _enthusiast_. _Enthusiasm_ has now chiefly the +meaning of an earnest and commendable _devotion_, an intense and eager +interest. Against the hindrances of the world, nothing great and good +can be carried without a certain _fervor_, _intensity_, and _vehemence_; +these joined with faith, courage, and hopefulness make _enthusiasm_. +_Zeal_ is burning _earnestness_, always tending to vigorous action with +all the _devotion_ of _enthusiasm_, tho often without its hopefulness. +Compare EAGER. + + +Antonyms: + + calculation, caution, deadness, indifference, policy, timidity, + calmness, coldness, dulness, lukewarmness, prudence, wariness. + + * * * * * + +ENTRANCE. + + +Synonyms: + + access, approach, gate, introduction, + accession, door, gateway, opening, + adit, doorway, ingress, penetration, + admission, entree, inlet, portal. + admittance, entry, + +_Entrance_, the act of entering, refers merely to the fact of passing +from without to within some enclosure; _admission_ and _admittance_ +refer to entering by or with some one's consent, or at least to +opportunity afforded by some one's act or neglect. We may effect or +force an _entrance_, but not _admittance_ or _admission_; those we gain, +procure, obtain, secure, win. _Admittance_ refers to place, _admission_ +refers also to position, privilege, favor, friendship, etc. An intruder +may gain _admittance_ to the hall of a society who would not be allowed +_admission_ to its membership. _Approach_ is a movement toward another; +_access_ is coming all the way to his presence, recognition, and +consideration. An unworthy favorite may prevent even those who gain +_admittance_ to a king's audience from obtaining any real _access_ to +the king. _Entrance_ is also used figuratively for setting out upon some +career, or becoming a member of some organization; as, we speak of one's +_entrance_ upon college life, or of _entrance_ into the ministry. + + +Antonyms: + + departure, ejection, exit, refusal, withdrawal. + egress, exclusion, expulsion, rejection, + + +Prepositions: + +Entrance _into_ a place; _on_ or _upon_ a work or course of action; +_into_ or _upon_ office; _into_ battle; _by_ or _through_ the door; +_within_ the gates; _into_ or _among_ the company. + + * * * * * + +ENVIOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + jealous, suspicious. + +One is _envious_ who cherishes selfish ill will toward another because +of his superior success, endowments, possessions, or the like. A person +is _envious_ of that which is another's, and to which he himself has no +right or claim; he is _jealous_ of intrusion upon that which is his own, +or to which he maintains a right or claim. An _envious_ spirit is always +bad; a _jealous_ spirit may be good or bad, according to its object and +tendency. A free people must be _jealous_ of their liberties if they +would retain them. One is _suspicious_ of another from unfavorable +indications or from a knowledge of wrong in his previous conduct, or +even without reason. Compare DOUBT. + + +Antonyms: + + contented, friendly, kindly, satisfied, trustful, well-disposed. + + +Prepositions: + +Envious _of_ (formerly _at_ or _against_) a person; envious _of_ his +wealth or power; envious _of_ him _for_, _because of_, _on account of_ +his wealth or power. + + * * * * * + +EQUIVOCAL. + + +Synonyms: + + ambiguous, enigmatical, indistinct, questionable, + doubtful, indefinite, obscure, suspicious, + dubious, indeterminate, perplexing, uncertain. + enigmatic, + +_Equivocal_ (L. _equus_, equal, and _vox_, voice, word) denotes that +which may equally well be understood in either of two or more ways. +_Ambiguous_ (L. _ambi_, around, and _ago_, drive, lead) signifies +lacking in distinctness or certainty, obscure or doubtful through +indefiniteness of expression. _Ambiguous_ is applied only to spoken or +written statements; _equivocal_ has other applications. A statement is +_ambiguous_ when it leaves the mind of the reader or hearer to fluctuate +between two meanings, which would fit the language equally well; it is +_equivocal_ when it would naturally be understood in one way, but is +capable of a different interpretation; an _equivocal_ expression is, as +a rule, intentionally deceptive, while an _ambiguous_ utterance may be +simply the result of a want either of clear thought or of adequate +expression. That which is _enigmatical_ must be guessed like a riddle; a +statement may be purposely made _enigmatical_ in order to provoke +thought and study. That is _doubtful_ which is fairly open to doubt; +that is _dubious_ which has become the subject of doubts so grave as +scarcely to fall short of condemnation; as, a _dubious_ reputation. +_Questionable_ may be used nearly in the sense either of _dubious_ or of +_doubtful_; a _questionable_ statement is one that must be proved before +it can be accepted. To say that one's honesty is _questionable_ is a +mild way of saying that in the opinion of the speaker he is likely to +prove dishonest. _Equivocal_ is sometimes, tho more rarely, used in this +sense. A _suspicious_ character gives manifest reason to be suspected; a +_suspicious_ temper is inclined to suspect the motives and intentions of +others, with or without reason. Compare CLEAR. + + +Antonyms: + + certain, evident, lucid, perspicuous, unequivocal, + clear, indisputable, manifest, plain, unquestionable, + distinct, indubitable, obvious, unambiguous, unquestioned. + + * * * * * + +ESTEEM, _v._ + + +Synonyms: + + appreciate, consider, estimate, prize, think, + calculate, deem, hold, regard, value. + +_Esteem_ and _estimate_ alike imply to set a certain mental value upon, +but _esteem_ is less precise and mercantile than _calculate_ or +_estimate_. We _esteem_ a jewel precious; we _estimate_ it to be worth +so much money. This sense of _esteem_ is now chiefly found in literary +or oratorical style, and in certain conventional phrases; as, I _esteem_ +it an honor, a favor. In popular usage _esteem_, as said of persons, +denotes a union of respect and kindly feeling and, in the highest sense, +of moral approbation; as, one whom I highly _esteem_; the word may be +used in a similar sense of material things or abstractions; as, one +whose friendship I _esteem_; a shell greatly _esteemed_ for inlaid work. +To _appreciate_ anything is to be deeply or keenly sensible of or +sensitive to its qualities or influence, to see its full import, be +alive to its value, importance, or worth; as, to _appreciate_ beauty or +harmony; to _appreciate_ one's services in a cause; the word is +similarly, tho rarely, used of persons. To _prize_ is to set a high +value on for something more than merely commercial reasons. One may +_value_ some object, as a picture, beyond all price, as a family +heirloom, or may _prize_ it as the gift of an _esteemed_ friend, without +at all _appreciating_ its artistic merit or commercial value. To +_regard_ (F. _regarder_, look at, observe) is to have a certain mental +view favorable or unfavorable; as, I _regard_ him as a friend; or, I +_regard_ him as a villain; _regard_ has a distinctively favorable sense +as applied to institutions, proprieties, duties, etc., but does not +share the use of the noun _regard_ as applied to persons; we _regard_ +the Sabbath; we _regard_ a person's feelings; we have a _regard_ for the +person. Compare ESTEEM, _n._ + + * * * * * + +ESTEEM, _n._ + + +Synonyms: + + estimate, estimation, favor, regard, respect. + +_Esteem_ for a person is a favorable opinion on the basis of worth, +especially of moral worth, joined with a feeling of interest in and +attraction toward the person. _Regard_ for a person is the mental view +or feeling that springs from a sense of his value, excellence, or +superiority, with a cordial and hearty friendliness. _Regard_ is more +personal and less distant than _esteem_, and adds a special kindliness; +_respect_ is a more distant word than _esteem_. _Respect_ may be wholly +on one side, while _regard_ is more often mutual; _respect_ in the +fullest sense is given to what is lofty, worthy, and honorable, or to a +person of such qualities; we may pay an external _respect_ to one of +lofty station, regardless of personal qualities, showing _respect_ for +the office. _Estimate_ has more of calculation; as, my _estimate_ of the +man, or of his abilities, is very high. _Estimation_ involves the idea +of calculation or appraisal with that of _esteem_ or _regard_, and is +especially used of the feeling entertained by numbers of people; as, he +stood high in public _estimation_. Compare ESTEEM, _v._; FRIENDSHIP; +LOVE. + + +Antonyms: + + abhorrence, aversion, dislike, loathing, + antipathy, contempt, hatred, repugnance. + + * * * * * + +ETERNAL. + + +Synonyms: + + deathless, fadeless, never-failing, undying, + endless, immortal, perennial, unending, + eonian, imperishable, perpetual, unfading, + everlasting, interminable, timeless, unfailing, + ever-living, never-ending, unceasing, without end. + +_Eternal_ strictly signifies without beginning or end, in which sense it +applies to God alone; _everlasting_ applies to that which may or may not +have beginning, but will never cease; _eternal_ is also used in this +more limited sense; _endless_, without end, in its utmost reach, is not +distinguishable from _everlasting_; but _endless_ is constantly used in +inferior senses, especially in mechanics, as in the phrases an _endless_ +screw, an _endless_ chain. _Everlasting_ and _endless_ are both used in +a limited sense of protracted, indefinite, but not infinite duration; +as, the _everlasting_ hills; _endless_ debates; so we speak of +_interminable_ quarrels. _Eternal_ holds quite strictly to the vast and +sacred meaning in which it is applied to the Divine Being and the future +state. _Everlasting_, _endless_, and _eternal_ may be applied to that +which has no life; as, _everlasting_ chains, _endless_ night, _eternal_ +death; _immortal_ applies to that which now has life, and is forever +exempt from death. _Timeless_ carries, perhaps, the fullest idea of +_eternal_, as above and beyond time, and not to be measured by it. + + * * * * * + +EVENT. + + +Synonyms: + + case, contingency, fortune, outcome, + chance, end, incident, possibility, + circumstance, episode, issue, result, + consequence, fact, occurrence, sequel. + +Etymologically, the _incident_ is that which falls in, the _event_ that +which comes out; _event_ is thus greater and more signal than +_incident_; we speak of trifling _incidents_, great _events_; +_incidents_ of daily life, _events_ of history. _Circumstance_ agrees +with _incident_ in denoting a matter of relatively slight importance, +but implies a more direct connection with the principal matter; +"circumstantial evidence" is evidence from seemingly minor matters +directly connected with a case; "incidental evidence" would be some +evidence that happened unexpectedly to touch it. An _occurrence_ is, +etymologically, that which we run against, without thought of its +origin, connection or tendency. An _episode_ is connected with the main +course of _events_, like an _incident_ or _circumstance_, but is of more +independent interest and importance. _Outcome_ is the Saxon, and _event_ +the Latin for expressing the same original idea. _Consequence_ or +_result_ would express more of logical connection, and be more +comprehensive. The _end_ may be simple cessation; the _event_ is what +has been accomplished; the _event_ of a war is victory or defeat; the +_end_ of the war is reached when a treaty of peace is signed. Since the +future is contingent, _event_ comes to have the meaning of a +_contingency_; as, in the _event_ of his death, the policy will at once +fall due. Compare CIRCUMSTANCE; CONSEQUENCE; END. + + * * * * * + +EVERY. + + +Synonyms: + + all, any, both, each, either. + +_All_ and _both_ are collective; _any_, _each_, and _every_ are +distributive. _Any_ makes no selection and may not reach to the full +limits of _all_; _each_ and _every_ make no exception or omission, and +must extend to _all_; _all_ sweeps in the units as part of a total, +_each_ and _every_ proceed through the units to the total. A promise +made to _all_ omits none; a promise made to _any_ may not reach _all_; a +promise made to _every_ one is so made that no individual shall fail to +be aware of it; a promise made to _each_ is made to the individuals +personally, one by one. _Each_ is thus more individual and specific than +_every_; _every_ classifies, _each_ individualizes. _Each_ divides, +_both_ unites; if a certain sum is given to _each_ of two persons, +_both_ (together) must receive twice the amount; _both_ must be aware of +what has been separately communicated to _each_; a man may fire _both_ +barrels of a gun by a single movement; if he fires _each_ barrel, he +discharges them separately. _Either_ properly denotes one of two, +indefinitely, to the exclusion of the other. The use of _either_ in the +sense of _each_ or _both_, tho sustained by good authority, is +objectionable because ambiguous. His friends sat on _either_ side of the +room would naturally mean on one side or the other; if the meaning is on +_both_ sides, it would be better to say so. + + * * * * * + +EVIDENT. + + +Synonyms: + + apparent, glaring, overt, tangible, + clear, indubitable, palpable, transparent, + conspicuous, manifest, patent, unmistakable, + discernible, obvious, perceptible, visible. + distinct, open, plain, + +That is _apparent_ which clearly appears to the senses or to the mind as +soon as the attention is directed toward it; that is _evident_ of which +the mind is made sure by some inference that supplements the facts of +perception; the marks of a struggle were _apparent_ in broken shrubbery +and trampled ground, and the finding of a mutilated body and a rifled +purse made it _evident_ that robbery and murder had been committed. That +is _manifest_ which we can lay the hand upon; _manifest_ is thus +stronger than _evident_, as touch is more absolute than sight; that the +picture was a modern copy of an ancient work was _evident_, and on +comparison with the original its inferiority was _manifest_. That is +_obvious_ which is directly in the way so that it can not be missed; as, +the application of the remark was _obvious_. _Visible_ applies to all +that can be perceived by the sense of sight, whether the noonday sun, a +ship on the horizon, or a microscopic object. _Discernible_ applies to +that which is dimly or faintly _visible_, requiring strain and effort in +order to be seen; as, the ship was _discernible_ through the mist. That +is _conspicuous_ which stands out so as necessarily or strikingly to +attract the attention. _Palpable_ and _tangible_ express more +emphatically the thought of _manifest_. + + +Antonyms: + + concealed, impalpable, latent, secret, unknown, + covert, impenetrable, obscure, undiscovered, unseen, + dark, imperceptible, occult, unimagined, unthought-of. + hidden, invisible, + + * * * * * + +EXAMPLE. + + +Synonyms: + + archetype, ideal, prototype, type, + ensample, model, sample, warning. + exemplar, pattern, specimen, + exemplification, precedent, standard, + +From its original sense of _sample_ or _specimen_ (L. _exemplum_) +_example_ derives the seemingly contradictory meanings, on the one hand +of a _pattern_ or _model_, and on the other hand of a _warning_--a +_sample_ or _specimen_ of what is to be followed, or of what is to be +shunned. An _example_, however, may be more than a _sample_ or +_specimen_ of any class; it may be the very _archetype_ or _prototype_ +to which the whole class must conform, as when Christ is spoken of as +being an _example_ or leaving an _example_ for his disciples. _Example_ +comes nearer to the possible freedom of the _model_ than to the +necessary exactness of the _pattern_; often we can not, in a given case, +exactly imitate the best _example_, but only adapt its teachings to +altered circumstances. In its application to a person or thing, +_exemplar_ can scarcely be distinguished from _example_; but _example_ +is most frequently used for an act, or course of action, for which +_exemplar_ is not used; as, one sets a good (or a bad) _example_. An +_exemplification_ is an illustrative working out in action of a +principle or law, without any reference to its being copied or repeated; +an _example_ guides, an _exemplification_ illustrates or explains. +_Ensample_ is the same as _example_, but is practically obsolete outside +of Scriptural or theological language. Compare MODEL; SAMPLE. + + * * * * * + +EXCESS. + + +Synonyms: + + dissipation, lavishness, redundance, surplus, + exorbitance, overplus, redundancy, waste, + extravagance, prodigality, superabundance, wastefulness. + intemperance, profusion, superfluity, + +_Excess_ is more than enough of anything, and, since this in very many +cases indicates a lack either of judgment or of self-control, the word +is used frequently in an unfavorable sense. Careless expenditure in +_excess_ of income is _extravagance_; we may have also _extravagance_ of +language, professions, etc. As _extravagance_ is _excess_ in outlay, +_exorbitance_ is _excess_ in demands, and especially in pecuniary +demands upon others. _Overplus_ and _superabundance_ denote in the main +a satisfactory, and _superfluity_ an undesirable, _excess_; _lavishness_ +and _profusion_, a generous, bountiful, or amiable _excess_; as, a +_profusion_ of fair hair; _lavishness_ of hospitality. _Surplus_ is +neutral, having none of the unfavorable meaning that often attaches to +_excess_; a _surplus_ is that which remains over after all demands are +met. _Redundance_ or _redundancy_ refers chiefly to literary style, +denoting an _excess_ of words or matter. _Excess_ in the moral sense is +expressed by _dissipation_, _prodigality_, _intemperance_, etc. + + +Antonyms: + + dearth, destitution, frugality, lack, scantiness, + defect, economy, inadequacy, need, shortcoming, + deficiency, failure, insufficiency, poverty, want. + + * * * * * + +EXECUTE. + + +Synonyms: + + administer, carry out, do, enforce, perform. + +To _execute_ is to follow through to the end, put into absolute and +final effect in action; to _administer_ is to conduct as one holding a +trust, as a minister and not an originator; the sheriff _executes_ a +writ; the trustee _administers_ an estate, a charity, etc.; to _enforce_ +is to put into effect by force, actual or potential. To _administer_ the +laws is the province of a court of justice; to _execute_ the laws is the +province of a sheriff, marshal, constable, or other executive officer; +to _administer_ the law is to declare or apply it; to _execute_ the law +is to put it in force; for this _enforce_ is the more general word, +_execute_ the more specific. From signifying to superintend officially +some application or infliction, _administer_ passes by a natural +transition to signify _inflict_, _mete out_, _dispense_, and blows, +medicine, etc., are said to be _administered_: a usage thoroughly +established and reputable in spite of pedantic objections. _Enforce_ +signifies also to present and urge home by intellectual and moral force; +as, to _enforce_ a precept or a duty. Compare DO; KILL; MAKE. + + * * * * * + +EXERCISE. + + +Synonyms: + + act, application, exertion, performance, + action, drill, occupation, practise, + activity, employment, operation, use. + +_Exercise_, in the ordinary sense, is the easy natural action of any +power; _exertion_ is the putting of any power to strain and tax. An +_exercise_-drive for a horse is so much as will develop strength and +health and not appreciably weary. But by qualifying adjectives we may +bring _exercise_ up to the full sense of _exertion_; as, violent +_exercise_. _Exercise_ is action taken at any time with a view to +employing, maintaining, or increasing power, or merely for enjoyment; +_practise_ is systematic _exercise_ with a view to the acquirement of +facility and skill in some pursuit; a person takes a walk for +_exercise_, or takes time for _practise_ on the piano. _Practise_ is +also used of putting into action and effect what one has learned or +holds as a theory; as, the _practise_ of law or medicine; a profession +of religion is good, but the _practise_ of it is better. _Drill_ is +systematic, rigorous, and commonly enforced _practise_ under a teacher +or commander. Compare HABIT. + + +Antonyms: + + idleness, inaction, inactivity, relaxation, rest. + + * * * * * + +EXPENSE. + + +Synonyms: + + cost, expenditure, outgo, outlay. + +The _cost_ of a thing is whatever one surrenders or gives up for it, +intentionally or unintentionally, or even unconsciously; _expense_ is +what is laid out by calculation or intention. We say, "he won his fame +at the _cost_ of his life;" "I know it to my _cost_;" we speak of a joke +at another's _expense_; at another's _cost_ would seem to make it a more +serious matter. There is a tendency to use _cost_ of what we pay for a +possession, _expense_ of what we pay for a service; we speak of the +_cost_ of goods, the _expense_ of making up. _Outlay_ is used of some +definite _expenditure_, as for the purchase of supplies; _outgo_ of a +steady drain or of incidental _expenses_. See PRICE. + + +Antonyms: + + gain, proceeds, profit, receipt, return, + income, product, profits, receipts, returns. + + * * * * * + +EXPLICIT. + + +Synonym: + + express. + +Both _explicit_ and _express_ are opposed to what is merely implicit or +implied. That which is _explicit_ is unfolded, so that it may not be +obscure, doubtful, or ambiguous; that which is _express_ is uttered or +stated so decidedly that it may not be forgotten nor overlooked. An +_explicit_ statement is too clear to be misunderstood; an _express_ +command is too emphatic to be disregarded. Compare CLEAR. + + +Antonyms: + + ambiguous, implicit, indefinite, uncertain, + doubtful, implied, indeterminate, vague. + + * * * * * + +EXTEMPORANEOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + extemporary, impromptu, offhand, + extempore, improvised, unpremeditated. + +_Extemporaneous_, originally signifying _of_ or _from the time_ or +_occasion_, has come to mean done or made with but little (if any) +preparation, and is now chiefly applied to addresses of which the +thought has been prepared, and only the language and incidental +treatment left to the suggestion of the moment, so that an +_extemporaneous_ speech is understood to be any one that is not read or +recited; _impromptu_ keeps its original sense, denoting something that +springs from the instant; the _impromptu_ utterance is generally brief, +direct, and vigorous; the _extemporaneous_ speech may chance to be +prosy. _Offhand_ is still more emphatic as to the readiness and freedom +of the utterance. _Unpremeditated_ is graver and more formal, denoting +absolute want of preparation, but is rather too heavy a word to be +applied to such apt, ready utterance as is generally designated by +_impromptu_. + + +Antonyms: + + elaborated, premeditated, prepared, read, recited, studied, written. + + * * * * * + +EXTERMINATE. + + +Synonyms: + + annihilate, eradicate, overthrow, uproot, + banish, expel, remove, wipe out. + destroy, extirpate, root out, + +_Exterminate_ (L. _ex_, out, and _terminus_, a boundary) signified +primarily to drive beyond the bounds or limits of a country; the word is +applied to races of men or animals, and is now almost exclusively used +for removal by death; individuals are now said to be _banished_ or +_expelled_. _Eradicate_ (L. _e_, out, and _radix_, root) is primarily +applied to numbers or groups of plants which it is desired to remove +effectually from the soil; a single tree may be _uprooted_, but is not +said to be _eradicated_; we labor to _eradicate_ or _root out_ noxious +weeds. To _extirpate_ (L. _ex_, out, and _stirps_, stem, stock) is not +only to _destroy_ the individuals of any race of plants or animals, but +the very stock, so that the race can never be restored; we speak of +_eradicating_ a disease, of _extirpating_ a cancer, _exterminating_ wild +beasts or hostile tribes; we seek to _eradicate_ or _extirpate_ all +vices and evils. Compare ABOLISH. + + +Antonyms: + + augment, build up, develop, increase, populate, replenish, + beget, cherish, foster, plant, propagate, settle. + breed, colonize, + + * * * * * + +FAINT. + + +Synonyms: + + dim, fatigued, irresolute, weak, + exhausted, feeble, languid, wearied, + faded, half-hearted, listless, worn, + faint-hearted, ill-defined, purposeless, worn down, + faltering, indistinct, timid, worn out. + +_Faint_, with the general sense of lacking strength or effectiveness, +covers a wide range of meaning, signifying overcome with physical +weakness or exhaustion, or lacking in purpose, courage, or energy, as +said of persons; or lacking definiteness or distinctness of color or +sound, as said of written characters, voices, or musical notes. A person +may be _faint_ when physically _wearied_, or when overcome with fear; he +may be a _faint_ adherent because naturally _feeble_ or _purposeless_, +or because _half-hearted_ in the cause; he may be a _faltering_ +supporter because naturally _irresolute_ or because _faint-hearted_ and +_timid_ in view of perils that threaten, a _listless_ worker, through +want of mental energy and purpose. Written characters may be _faint_ or +_dim_, either because originally written with poor ink, or because they +have become _faded_ by time and exposure. + + +Antonyms: + + bright, clear, daring, fresh, resolute, sturdy, + brilliant, conspicuous, energetic, hearty, strong, vigorous. + + +Prepositions: + +Faint _with_ hunger; faint _in_ color. + + * * * * * + +FAITH. + + +Synonyms: + + assent, confidence, credit, opinion, + assurance, conviction, creed, reliance, + belief, credence, doctrine, trust. + +_Belief_, as an intellectual process, is the acceptance of some thing +as true on other grounds than personal observation and experience. We +give _credence_ to a report, _assent_ to a proposition or to a proposal. +_Belief_ is stronger than _credence_; _credence_ might be described as a +prima facie _belief_; _credence_ is a more formal word than _belief_, +and seems to imply somewhat more of volition; we speak of giving +_credence_ to a report, but not of giving _belief_. Goods are sold on +_credit_; we give one _credit_ for good intentions. _Conviction_ is a +_belief_ established by argument or evidence; _assurance_ is _belief_ +beyond the reach of argument; as, the Christian's _assurance_ of +salvation. An _opinion_ is a general conclusion held as probable, tho +without full certainty; a _persuasion_ is a more confident _opinion_, +involving the heart as well as the intellect. In religion, a _doctrine_ +is a statement of _belief_ regarding a single point; a _creed_ is a +summary statement of _doctrines_. _Confidence_ is a firm dependence upon +a statement as true, or upon a person as worthy. _Reliance_ is +_confidence_ on which we act or are ready to act unquestioningly; we +have a calm _reliance_ upon the uniformity of nature. _Trust_ is a +practical and tranquil resting of the mind upon the integrity, kindness, +friendship, or promises of a person; we have _trust_ in God. _Faith_ is +a union of _belief_ and _trust_. _Faith_ is chiefly personal; _belief_ +may be quite impersonal; we speak of _belief_ of a proposition, _faith_ +in a promise, because the promise emanates from a person. But _belief_ +in a person is often used with no appreciable difference from _faith_. +In religion it is common to distinguish between intellectual _belief_ of +religious truth, as any other truth might be believed, and _belief_ of +the heart, or saving _faith_. + + +Antonyms: + + denial, dissent, doubt, infidelity, rejection, suspicion, + disbelief, distrust, incredulity, misgiving, skepticism, unbelief. + + +Prepositions: + +Have faith _in_ God; the faith _of_ the gospel. + + * * * * * + +FAITHFUL. + + +Synonyms: + + devoted, incorruptible, stanch, true, trusty, + firm, loyal, sure, trustworthy, unwavering. + +A person is _faithful_ who will keep faith, whether with or without +power to aid or serve; a person or thing is _trusty_ that possesses such +qualities as to justify the fullest confidence and dependence. We may +speak of a _faithful_ but feeble friend; we say a _trusty_ agent, a +_trusty_ steed, a _trusty_ sword. + + +Antonyms: + + capricious, false, unfaithful, untrustworthy, + faithless, fickle, untrue, wavering. + + +Prepositions: + +Faithful _in_ service; _to_ duty; _to_ comrade or commander; faithful +_among_ the faithless. + + * * * * * + +FAME. + + +Synonyms: + + celebrity, eminence, honor, notoriety, reputation, + credit, glory, laurels, renown, repute. + distinction, + +_Fame_ is the widely disseminated report of a person's character, deeds, +or abilities, and is oftenest used in the favorable sense. _Reputation_ +and _repute_ are more limited than _fame_, and may be either good or +bad. _Notoriety_ is evil _repute_ or a dishonorable counterfeit of +_fame_. _Eminence_ and _distinction_ may result from rank, station, or +character. _Celebrity_ is limited in range; we speak of local +_celebrity_, or world-wide _fame_. _Fame_ in its best sense may be +defined as the applause of numbers; _renown_, as such applause worthily +won; we speak of the conqueror's _fame_, the patriot's _renown_. _Glory_ +and _honor_ are of good import; _honor_ may be given for qualities or +acts that should not win it, but it is always given as something good +and worthy; we can speak of an evil _fame_, but not of evil _honor_; +_glory_ has a more exalted and often a sacred sense. + + +Antonyms: + + contempt, discredit, dishonor, humiliation, infamy, obscurity, + contumely, disgrace, disrepute, ignominy, oblivion, shame. + + * * * * * + +FANATICISM. + + +Synonyms: + + bigotry, credulity, intolerance, superstition. + +_Fanaticism_ is extravagant or even frenzied zeal; _bigotry_ is +obstinate and unreasoning attachment to a cause or creed; _fanaticism_ +and _bigotry_ usually include _intolerance_, which is unwillingness to +tolerate beliefs or opinions contrary to one's own; _superstition_ is +ignorant and irrational religious belief. _Credulity_ is not +distinctively religious, but is a general readiness to believe without +sufficient evidence, with a proneness to accept the marvellous. +_Bigotry_ is narrow, _fanaticism_ is fierce, _superstition_ is ignorant, +_credulity_ is weak, _intolerance_ is severe. _Bigotry_ has not the +capacity to reason fairly, _fanaticism_ has not the patience, +_superstition_ has not the knowledge and mental discipline, +_intolerance_ has not the disposition. _Bigotry_, _fanaticism_, and +_superstition_ are perversions of the religious sentiment; _credulity_ +and _intolerance_ often accompany skepticism or atheism. + + +Antonyms: + + cynicism, free-thinking, indifference, latitudinarianism. + + * * * * * + +FANCIFUL. + + +Synonyms: + + chimerical, fantastic, grotesque, imaginative, visionary. + +That is _fanciful_ which is dictated or suggested by fancy independently +of more serious considerations; the _fantastic_ is the _fanciful_ with +the added elements of whimsicalness and extravagance. The _fanciful_ +swings away from the real or the ordinary lightly and pleasantly, the +_fantastic_ extravagantly, the _grotesque_ ridiculously. A _fanciful_ +arrangement of objects is commonly pleasing, a _fantastic_ arrangement +is striking, a _grotesque_ arrangement is laughable. A _fanciful_ theory +or suggestion may be clearly recognized as such; a _visionary_ scheme is +erroneously supposed to have a basis in fact. Compare synonyms for +DREAM; IDEA; IMAGINATION. + + +Antonyms: + + accurate, commonplace, prosaic, regular, sound, + calculable, literal, real, sensible, sure, + calculated, ordinary, reasonable, solid, true. + + * * * * * + +FANCY. + + +Synonyms: + + belief, desire, imagination, predilection, + caprice, humor, inclination, supposition, + conceit, idea, liking, vagary, + conception, image, mood, whim. + +An intellectual _fancy_ is a mental _image_ or picture founded upon +slight or whimsical association or resemblance; a _conceit_ has less of +the picturesque and more of the theoretic than a _fancy_; a _conceit_ is +somewhat aside from the common laws of reasoning, as a _fancy_ is +lighter and more airy than the common mode of thought. A _conceit_ or +_fancy_ may be wholly unfounded, while a _conception_ always has, or is +believed to have, some answering reality. (Compare REASON.) An +intellectual _fancy_ or _conceit_ may be pleasing or amusing, but is +never worth serious discussion; we speak of a mere _fancy_, a droll or +odd _conceit_. An emotional or personal _fancy_ is a capricious _liking_ +formed with slight reason and no exercise of judgment, and liable to +fade as lightly as it was formed. In a broader sense, the _fancy_ +signifies the faculty by which _fancies_ or mental images are formed, +associated, or combined. Compare synonyms for DREAM; IDEA; IMAGINATION. + + +Antonyms: + + actuality, certainty, fact, reality, truth, verity. + + +Prepositions: + +To have a fancy _for_ or take a fancy _to_ a person or thing. + + * * * * * + +FAREWELL. + + +Synonyms: + + adieu, good-by, parting salutation, valedictory. + conge, leave-taking, valediction, + +_Good-by_ is the homely and hearty, _farewell_ the formal English word +at parting. _Adieu_, from the French, is still more ceremonious than +_farewell_; _conge_, also from the French, is commonly contemptuous or +supercilious, and equivalent to dismissal. _Valediction_ is a learned +word never in popular use. A _valedictory_ is a public farewell to a +company or assembly. + + +Prepositions: + +I bade farewell _to_ my comrades, or (without preposition) I bade my +comrades farewell; I took a sad farewell _of_ my friends. + + * * * * * + +FEAR. + + +Synonyms: + + affright, dismay, horror, timidity, + apprehension, disquietude, misgiving, trembling, + awe, dread, panic, tremor, + consternation, fright, terror, trepidation. + +_Fear_ is the generic term denoting an emotion excited by threatening +evil with a desire to avoid or escape it; _fear_ may be sudden or +lingering, in view of present, of imminent, or of distant and only +possible danger; in the latter sense _dread_ is oftener used. _Horror_ +(etymologically a shivering or shuddering) denotes a shuddering _fear_ +accompanied with abhorrence or such a shock to the feelings and +sensibilities as may exist without _fear_, as when one suddenly +encounters some ghastly spectacle; we say of a desperate but fettered +criminal, "I looked upon him with _horror_." Where _horror_ includes +_fear_, it is _fear_ mingled with abhorrence. (See ABHOR.) _Affright_, +_fright_, and _terror_ are always sudden, and in actual presence of that +which is terrible. _Fear_ may overwhelm, or may nerve one to desperate +defense; _fright_ and _terror_ render one incapable of defense; _fear_ +may be controlled by force of will; _fright_ and _terror_ overwhelm the +will; _terror_ paralyzes, _fright_ may cause one to fly, to scream, or +to swoon. _Fright_ is largely a matter of the nerves; _fear_ of the +intellect and the imagination; _terror_ of all the faculties, bodily and +mental. _Panic_ is a sudden _fear_ or _fright_, affecting numbers at +once; vast armies or crowded audiences are liable to _panic_ upon slight +occasion. In a like sense we speak of a financial _panic_. _Dismay_ is a +helpless sinking of heart in view of some overwhelming peril or sorrow. +_Dismay_ is more reflective, enduring, and despairing than _fright_; a +horse is subject to _fright_ or _terror_, but not to _dismay_. _Awe_ is +a reverential _fear_. Compare ALARM. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for FORTITUDE. + + * * * * * + +FEMININE. + + +Synonyms: + + effeminate, female, womanish, womanly. + +We apply _female_ to the sex, _feminine_ to the qualities, especially +the finer physical or mental qualities that distinguish the _female_ sex +in the human family, or to the objects appropriate for or especially +employed by them. A _female_ voice is the voice of a woman; a _feminine_ +voice may belong to a man. _Womanish_ denotes the undesirable, _womanly_ +the admirable or lovely qualities of woman. _Womanly_ tears would +suggest respect and sympathy, _womanish_ tears a touch of contempt. The +word _effeminate_ is always used reproachfully, and only of men as +possessing _womanly_ traits such as are inconsistent with true +manliness. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for MASCULINE. + + * * * * * + +FETTER. + + +Synonyms: + + bondage, custody, gyves, irons, + bonds, durance, handcuffs, manacles, + chains, duress, imprisonment, shackles. + +_Bonds_ may be of cord, leather, or any other substance that can bind; +_chains_ are of linked metal. _Manacles_ and _handcuffs_ are for the +hands, _fetters_ are primarily chains or jointed iron fastenings for the +feet; _gyves_ may be for either. A _shackle_ is a metallic ring, clasp, +or bracelet-like fastening for encircling and restraining a limb: +commonly one of a pair, used either for hands or feet. _Bonds_, +_fetters_, and _chains_ are used in a general way for almost any form +of restraint. _Gyves_ is now wholly poetic, and the other words are +mostly restricted to the literary style; _handcuffs_ is the specific and +_irons_ the general term in popular usage; as, the prisoner was put in +_irons_. _Bonds_, _chains_, and _shackles_ are frequently used in the +metaphorical sense. + + * * * * * + +FEUD. + + +Synonyms: + + affray, brawl, contest, dissension, hostility, + animosity, broil, controversy, enmity, quarrel, + bitterness, contention, dispute, fray, strife. + +A _feud_ is _enmity_ between families, clans, or parties, with acts of +_hostility_ mutually retaliated and avenged; _feud_ is rarely used of +individuals, never of nations. While all the other words of the group +may refer to that which is transient, a _feud_ is long-enduring, and +often hereditary. _Dissension_ is used of a number of persons, of a +party or other organization. _Bitterness_ is in feeling only; _enmity_ +and _hostility_ involve will and purpose to oppose or injure. A +_quarrel_ is in word or act, or both, and is commonly slight and +transient, as we speak of childish _quarrels_; _contention_ and _strife_ +may be in word or deed; _contest_ ordinarily involves some form of +action. _Contest_ is often used in a good sense, _contention_ and +_strife_ very rarely so. _Controversy_ is commonly in words; _strife_ +extends from verbal _controversy_ to the _contests_ of armies. _Affray_, +_brawl_, and _broil_, like _quarrel_, are words of inferior dignity. An +_affray_ or _broil_ may arise at a street corner; the _affray_ always +involves physical force; the _brawl_ or _broil_ may be confined to +violent language. + + * * * * * + +FICTION. + + +Synonyms: + + allegory, fabrication, invention, myth, romance, + apologue, falsehood, legend, novel, story. + fable, figment, + +_Fiction_ is now chiefly used of a prose work in narrative form in which +the characters are partly or wholly imaginary, and which is designed to +portray human life, with or without a practical lesson; a _romance_ +portrays what is picturesque or striking, as a mere _fiction_ may not +do; _novel_ is a general name for any continuous fictitious narrative, +especially a love-story; _fiction_ and _novel_ are used with little +difference of meaning, except that _novel_ characterizes a work in which +the emotional element is especially prominent. The moral of the _fable_ +is expressed formally; the lesson of the _fiction_, if any, is +inwrought. A _fiction_ is studied; a _myth_ grows up without intent. A +_legend_ may be true, but can not be historically verified; a _myth_ has +been received as true at some time, but is now known to be false. A +_fabrication_ is designed to deceive; it is a less odious word than +_falsehood_, but is really stronger, as a _falsehood_ may be a sudden +unpremeditated statement, while a _fabrication_ is a series of +statements carefully studied and fitted together in order to deceive; +the _falsehood_ is all false; the _fabrication_ may mingle the true with +the false. A _figment_ is something imaginary which the one who utters +it may or may not believe to be true; we say, "That statement is a +_figment_ of his imagination." The _story_ may be either true or false, +and covers the various senses of all the words in the group. _Apologue_, +a word simply transferred from Greek into English, is the same as +_fable_. Compare ALLEGORY. + + +Antonyms: + + certainty, fact, history, literalness, reality, truth, verity. + + * * * * * + +FIERCE. + + +Synonyms: + + ferocious, furious, raging, uncultivated, violent, + fiery, impetuous, savage, untrained, wild. + +_Fierce_ signifies having a _furious_ and cruel nature, or being in a +_furious_ and cruel mood, more commonly the latter. It applies to that +which is now intensely excited, or liable to intense and sudden +excitement. _Ferocious_ refers to a state or disposition; that which is +_fierce_ flashes or blazes; that which is _ferocious_ steadily burns; we +speak of a _ferocious_ animal, a _fierce_ passion. A _fiery_ spirit with +a good disposition is quickly excitable in a good cause, but may not be +_fierce_ or _ferocious_. _Savage_ signifies _untrained_, _uncultivated_. +_Ferocious_ always denotes a tendency to violence; it is more distinctly +bloodthirsty than the other words; a person may be deeply, intensely +cruel, and not at all _ferocious_; a _ferocious_ countenance expresses +habitual ferocity; a _fierce_ countenance may express habitual +fierceness, or only the sudden anger of the moment. That which is _wild_ +is simply unrestrained; the word may imply no anger or harshness; as, +_wild_ delight, _wild_ alarm. + + +Antonyms: + + affectionate, gentle, kind, patient, submissive, tame, + docile, harmless, mild, peaceful, sweet, tender. + + * * * * * + +FINANCIAL. + + +Synonyms: + + fiscal, monetary, pecuniary. + +These words all relate to money, receipts, or expenditures. _Monetary_ +relates to actual money, coin, currency; as, the _monetary_ system; a +_monetary_ transaction is one in which money is transferred. _Pecuniary_ +refers to that in which money is involved, but less directly; we speak +of one's _pecuniary_ affairs or interests, with no special reference to +the handling of cash. _Financial_ applies especially to governmental +revenues or expenditures, or to private transactions of considerable +moment; we speak of a _pecuniary_ reward, a _financial_ enterprise; we +give a needy person _pecuniary_ (not _financial_) assistance. It is +common to speak of the _fiscal_ rather than the _financial_ year. + + * * * * * + +FINE. + + +Synonyms: + + beautiful, excellent, polished, small, + clarified, exquisite, pure, smooth, + clear, gauzy, refined, splendid, + comminuted, handsome, sensitive, subtile, + dainty, keen, sharp, subtle, + delicate, minute, slender, tenuous, + elegant, nice, slight, thin. + +_Fine_ (L. _finis_, end) denotes that which has been brought to a full +end, finished. From this root-sense many derived meanings branch out, +causing words quite remote from each other to be alike synonyms of +_fine_. That which is truly finished, brought to an ideal end, is +_excellent_ of its kind, and _beautiful_, if a thing that admits of +beauty; as, a _fine_ house, _fine_ trees, a _fine_ woman, a _fine_ +morning; if a thing that admits of the removal of impurities, it is not +finished till these are removed, and hence _fine_ signifies _clarified_, +_clear_, _pure_, _refined_; as, _fine_ gold. That which is finished is +apt to be _polished_, smooth to the touch, minutely exact in outline; +hence _fine_ comes to be a synonym for all words like _dainty_, +_delicate_, _exquisite_; as, _fine_ manners, a _fine_ touch, _fine_ +perceptions. As that which is _delicate_ is apt to be small, by an easy +extension of meaning _fine_ becomes a synonym for _slender_, _slight_, +_minute_, _comminuted_; as, a _fine_ thread, _fine_ sand; or for +_filmy_, _tenuous_, _thin_; as, a _fine_ lace, _fine_ wire; and as a +_thin_ edge is _keen_, _sharp_, _fine_ becomes also a synonym for these +words; as, a _fine_ point, a _fine_ edge. Compare BEAUTIFUL; MINUTE. + + +Antonyms: + + big, clumsy, great, huge, large, stout, + blunt, coarse, heavy, immense, rude, thick. + + * * * * * + +FIRE. + + +Synonyms: + + blaze, burning, combustion, conflagration, flame. + +_Combustion_ is the essential fact which is at the basis of that +assemblage of visible phenomenon which we call _fire_; _combustion_ +being the continuous chemical combination of a substance with some +element, as oxygen, evolving heat, and extending from slow processes, +such as those by which the heat of the human body is maintained, to the +processes producing the most intense light also, as in a blast-furnace, +or on the surface of the sun. _Fire_ is always attended with light, as +well as heat; _blaze_, _flame_, etc., designate the mingled light and +heat of a _fire_. _Combustion_ is the scientific, _fire_ the popular +term. A _conflagration_ is an extensive _fire_. Compare LIGHT. + + * * * * * + +FLOCK. + + +Synonyms: + + bevy, covey, group, herd, lot, set, + brood, drove, hatch, litter, pack, swarm. + +_Group_ is the general word for any gathering of a small number of +objects, whether of persons, animals, or inanimate things. The +individuals in a _brood_ or _litter_ are related to each other; those in +the other _groups_ may not be. _Brood_ is used chiefly of fowls and +birds, _litter_ of certain quadrupeds which bring forth many young at a +birth; we speak of a _brood_ of chickens, a _litter_ of puppies; _brood_ +is sometimes applied to a family of young children. _Bevy_ is used of +birds, and figuratively of any bright and lively _group_ of women or +children, but rarely of men. _Flock_ is applied to birds and to some of +the smaller animals; _herd_ is confined to the larger animals; we speak +of a _bevy_ of quail, a _covey_ of partridges, a _flock_ of blackbirds, +or a _flock_ of sheep, a _herd_ of cattle, horses, buffaloes, or +elephants, a _pack_ of wolves, a _pack_ of hounds, a _swarm_ of bees. A +collection of animals driven or gathered for driving is called a +_drove_. + + * * * * * + +FLUCTUATE. + + +Synonyms: + + hesitate, swerve, vacillate, veer, + oscillate, undulate, vary, waver. + +To _fluctuate_ (L. _fluctus_, a wave) is to move like a wave with +alternate rise and fall. A pendulum _oscillates_; waves _fluctuate_ or +_undulate_; a light or a flame _wavers_; a frightened steed _swerves_ +from his course; a tool or weapon _swerves_ from the mark or line; the +temperature _varies_; the wind _veers_ when it suddenly changes its +direction. That which _veers_ may steadily hold the new direction; that +which _oscillates_, _fluctuates_, _undulates_, or _wavers_ returns upon +its way. As regards mental states, he who _hesitates_ sticks (L. +_haerere_) on the verge of decision; he who _wavers_ does not stick to a +decision; he who _vacillates_ decides now one way, and now another; one +_vacillates_ between contrasted decisions or actions; he may _waver_ +between decision and indecision, or between action and inaction. Persons +_hesitate_, _vacillate_, _waver_; feelings _fluctuate_ or _vary_. +Compare SHAKE. + + +Antonyms: + + abide, adhere, hold fast, persist, stand fast, stay, stick. + + * * * * * + +FLUID. + + +Synonyms: + + gas, liquid. + +A _fluid_ is a substance that, like air or water, yields to any force +that tends to change its form; a _liquid_ is a body in that state in +which the particles move freely among themselves, but remain in one +mass, keeping the same volume, but taking always the form of the +containing vessel; a _liquid_ is an inelastic _fluid_; a _gas_ is an +elastic _fluid_ that tends to expand to the utmost limits of the +containing space. All _liquids_ are _fluids_, but not all _fluids_ are +_liquids_; air and all the _gases_ are _fluids_, but they are not +_liquids_ under ordinary circumstances, tho capable of being reduced to +a _liquid_ form by special means, as by cold and pressure. Water at the +ordinary temperature is at once a _fluid_ and a _liquid_. + + * * * * * + +FOLLOW. + + +Synonyms: + + accompany, come after, go after, obey, pursue, + attend, copy, heed, observe, result, + chase, ensue, imitate, practise, succeed. + +Anything that _comes after_ or _goes after_ another, either in space or +in time, is said to _follow_ it. A servant _follows_ or _attends_ his +master; a victorious general may _follow_ the retiring enemy merely to +watch and hold him in check; he _chases_ or _pursues_ with intent to +overtake and attack; the chase is closer and hotter than the pursuit. +(Compare synonyms for HUNT.) One event may _follow_ another either with +or without special connection; if it _ensues_, there is some orderly +connection; as, the _ensuing_ year; if it _results_ from another, there +is some relation of effect, consequence, or inference. A clerk +_observes_ his employer's directions. A child _obeys_ his parent's +commands, _follows_ or _copies_ his example, _imitates_ his speech and +manners. The compositor _follows_ copy; the incoming _succeeds_ the +outgoing official. + + * * * * * + +FOOD. + + +Synonyms: + + aliment, feed, nourishment, pabulum, sustenance, + diet, fodder, nutriment, provender, viands, + fare, forage, nutrition, regimen, victuals. + +_Food_ is, in the popular sense, whatever one eats in contradistinction +to what one drinks. Thus, we speak of _food_ and drink, of wholesome, +unwholesome, or indigestible _food_; but in a more scientific sense +whatever, when taken into the digestive organs, serves to build up +structure or supply waste may be termed _food_; the word is extended to +plants to signify whatever taken in any way into the organism serves +similar purposes; thus, we speak of liquid _food_, plant _food_, etc.; +in this wider sense _food_ is closely synonymous with _nutriment_, +_nourishment_, and _sustenance_. _Diet_ refers to the quantity and +quality of _food_ habitually taken, with reference to preservation of +health. _Victuals_ is a plain, homely word for whatever may be eaten; we +speak of choice _viands_, cold _victuals_. _Nourishment_ and +_sustenance_ apply to whatever can be introduced into the system as a +means of sustaining life; we say of a convalescent, he is taking +_nourishment_. _Nutriment_ and _nutrition_ have more of scientific +reference to the vitalizing principles of various _foods_; thus, wheat +is said to contain a great amount of _nutriment_. _Regimen_ considers +_food_ as taken by strict rule, but applies more widely to the whole +ordering of life. _Fare_ is a general word for all table supplies, good +or bad; as, sumptuous _fare_; wretched _fare_. _Feed_, _fodder_, and +_provender_ are used only of the food of the lower animals, _feed_ +denoting anything consumed, but more commonly grain, _fodder_ denoting +hay, cornstalks, or the like, sometimes called "long _feed_;" +_provender_ is dry _feed_, whether grain or hay, straw, etc. _Forage_ +denotes any kind of _food_ suitable for horses and cattle, primarily as +obtained by a military force in scouring the country, especially an +enemy's country. + + * * * * * + +FORMIDABLE. + + +Synonyms: + + dangerous, redoubted, terrible, tremendous. + +That which is _formidable_ is worthy of fear if encountered or opposed; +as, a _formidable_ array of troops, or of evidence. _Formidable_ is a +word of more dignity than _dangerous_, and suggests more calm and +collected power than _terrible_; _formidable_ is less overwhelming than +_tremendous_. A loaded gun is _dangerous_; a park of artillery is +_formidable_; a charge of cavalry is _terrible_; the full shock of great +armies is _tremendous_. A _dangerous_ man is likely to do mischief, and +needs watching; a _formidable_ man may not be _dangerous_ if not +attacked; an enraged maniac is _terrible_; the force of ocean waves in a +storm, and the silent pressure in the ocean depths, are _tremendous_. + + +Antonyms: + + contemptible, feeble, harmless, helpless, powerless, weak. + despicable, + + +Prepositions: + +Formidable _by_ or _in_ numbers; _in_ strength; formidable _to_ the +enemy. + + * * * * * + +FORTIFICATION. + + +Synonyms: + + castle, citadel, fastness, fort, fortress, stronghold. + +_Fortification_ is the general word for any artificial defensive work; a +_fortress_ is a _fortification_ of especial size and strength; a +_fortress_ is regarded as permanent, and is ordinarily an independent +work; a _fort_ or _fortification_ may be temporary; a _fortification_ +may be but part of a defensive system; we speak of the _fortifications_ +of a city. A _citadel_ is a _fortification_ within a city, or the +fortified inner part of a city or _fortress_, within which a garrison +may be placed to overawe the citizens, or to which the defenders may +retire if the outer works are captured; the medieval _castle_ was the +fortified residence of a king or baron. _Fort_ is the common military +term for a detached fortified building or enclosure of moderate size +occupied or designed to be occupied by troops. The _fortifications_ of a +modern city usually consist of a chain of _forts_. Any defensible place, +whether made so by nature or by art, is a _fastness_ or _stronghold_. + + * * * * * + +FORTITUDE. + + +Synonyms: + + courage, endurance, heroism, resolution. + +_Fortitude_ (L. _fortis_, strong) is the strength or firmness of mind +or soul to endure pain or adversity patiently and determinedly. +_Fortitude_ has been defined as "passive _courage_," which is a good +definition, but not complete. _Fortitude_ might be termed "still +_courage_," or "enduring _courage_;" it is that quality which is able +not merely to endure pain or trial, but steadily to confront dangers +that can not be actively opposed, or against which one has no adequate +defense; it takes _courage_ to charge a battery, _fortitude_ to stand +still under an enemy's fire. _Resolution_ is of the mind; _endurance_ is +partly physical; it requires _resolution_ to resist temptation, +_endurance_ to resist hunger and cold. Compare BRAVE; PATIENCE. + + * * * * * + +FORTUNATE. + + +Synonyms: + + favored, lucky, prospered, prosperous, successful. + happy, + +A man is _successful_ in any case if he achieves or gains what he seeks; +he is known as a _successful_ man if he has achieved or gained worthy +objects of endeavor; he is _fortunate_ or _lucky_ if advantages have +come to him without or beyond his direct planning or achieving. _Lucky_ +is the more common and colloquial, _fortunate_ the more elegant word; +_fortunate_ is more naturally applied to the graver matters, as we speak +of the _fortunate_, rather than the _lucky_, issue of a great battle; +_lucky_ more strongly emphasizes the element of chance, as when we speak +of a _lucky_ hit, a _lucky_ guess, or of one as "born under a _lucky_ +star." _Favored_ is used in a religious sense, implying that one is the +object of divine favor. _Happy_, in this connection, signifies possessed +of the means of happiness. One is said to be _happy_ or _prosperous_ +whether his prosperity be the result of fortune or of achievement; +_prospered_ rather denotes the action of a superintending Providence. + + +Antonyms: + + broken, fallen, miserable, unhappy, woful, + crushed, ill-starred, unfortunate, unlucky, wretched. + + * * * * * + +FRAUD. + + +Synonyms: + + artifice, deceit, duplicity, swindle, treason, + cheat, deception, imposition, swindling, trick. + cheating, dishonesty, imposture, treachery, + +A _fraud_ is an act of deliberate _deception_ with the design of +securing something by taking unfair advantage of another. A _deceit_ or +_deception_ may be designed merely to gain some end of one's own, with +no intent of harming another; an _imposition_, to take some small +advantage of another, or simply to make another ridiculous. An +_imposture_ is designed to obtain money, credit, or position to which +one is not entitled, and may be practised by a street beggar or by the +pretender to a throne. All action that is not honest is _dishonesty_, +but the term _dishonesty_ is generally applied in business, politics, +etc., to deceitful practises which are not directly criminal. _Fraud_ +includes _deceit_, but _deceit_ may not reach the gravity of _fraud_; a +_cheat_ is of the nature of _fraud_, but of a petty sort; a _swindle_ is +more serious than a _cheat_, involving larger values and more flagrant +_dishonesty_. _Fraud_ is commonly actionable at law; _cheating_ and +_swindling_ are for the most part out of the reach of legal proceedings. +_Treachery_ is chiefly used of _dishonesty_ in matters of friendship, +social relations, government, or war; _treachery_ may be more harmful +than _fraud_, but is not so gross, and is not ordinarily open to legal +redress. _Treason_ is a specific form of _treachery_ of a subject to the +government to which he owes allegiance, and is definable and punishable +at law. Compare ARTIFICE; DECEPTION. + + +Antonyms: + + fairness, good faith, honesty, integrity, truth, uprightness. + + * * * * * + +FRIENDLY. + + +Synonyms: + + accessible, companionable, genial, neighborly, + affable, complaisant, hearty, sociable, + affectionate, cordial, kind, social, + amicable, favorable, kindly, tender, + brotherly, fond, loving, well-disposed. + +_Friendly_, as said of persons, signifies having the disposition of a +friend; as said of acts, it signifies befitting or worthy of a friend. +The adjective _friendly_ does not reach the full significance of the +nouns "friend" and "friendship;" one may be _friendly_ to those who are +not his friends, and to be in _friendly_ relations often signifies +little more than not to be hostile. In its application to persons, +_accessible_ is used of public and eminent persons, who might, if +disposed, hold themselves at a distance from others. _Companionable_ and +_sociable_ refer to manner and behavior, _cordial_ and _genial_ express +genuine kindliness of heart. We speak of a _cordial_ greeting, a +_favorable_ reception, a _neighborly_ call, a _sociable_ visitor, an +_amicable_ settlement, a _kind_ interest, a _friendly_ regard, a +_hearty_ welcome. The Saxon _friendly_ is stronger than the Latin +_amicable_; the _amicable_ may be merely formal; the _friendly_ is from +the heart. _Fond_ is commonly applied to an affection that becomes, or +at least appears, excessive. _Affectionate_, _devoted_, and _tender_ are +almost always used in a high and good sense; as, an _affectionate_ son; +a _devoted_ friend; "the _tender_ mercy of our God," _Luke_ i, 78. +Compare FRIENDSHIP. + + +Antonyms: + + adverse, belligerent, distant, ill-disposed, unfriendly, + alienated, cold, estranged, indifferent, unkind, + antagonistic, contentious, frigid, inimical, warlike. + bellicose, disaffected, hostile, + + * * * * * + +FRIENDSHIP. + + +Synonyms: + + affection, comity, esteem, good will, + amity, consideration, favor, love, + attachment, devotion, friendliness, regard. + +_Friendship_ is a deep, quiet, enduring _affection_, founded upon mutual +respect and _esteem_. _Friendship_ is always mutual; there may be +unreciprocated _affection_ or _attachment_, unrequited _love_, or even +unrecognized and unappreciated _devotion_, but never unreciprocated or +unrequited _friendship_; one may have friendly feelings toward an enemy, +but while there is hostility or coldness on one side there can not be +_friendship_ between the two. _Friendliness_ is a quality of friendly +feeling, without the deep and settled _attachment_ implied in the state +of _friendship_. _Comity_ is mutual kindly courtesy, with care of each +other's right, and _amity_ a friendly feeling and relation, not +necessarily implying special _friendliness_; as, the _comity_ of +nations, or _amity_ between neighboring countries. _Affection_ may be +purely natural; _friendship_ is a growth. _Friendship_ is more +intellectual and less emotional than _love_; it is easier to give +reasons for _friendship_ than for _love_; _friendship_ is more calm and +quiet, _love_ more fervent; _love_ often rises to intensest passion; we +can not speak of the passion of _friendship_. _Friendship_ implies some +degree of equality, while _love_ does not; we can speak of man's _love_ +toward God, not of his _friendship_ for God. (There is more latitude in +the use of the concrete noun _friend_; Abraham was called "the friend of +God;" Christ was called "the friend of sinners.") Compare ACQUAINTANCE; +LOVE. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for BATTLE; ENMITY; FEUD; HATRED. + + +Prepositions: + +The friendship _of_ one person _for_ or _toward_ another, or the +friendship _between_ them. + + * * * * * + +FRIGHTEN. + + +Synonyms: + + affright, appal, cow, dismay, scare, + alarm, browbeat, daunt, intimidate, terrify. + +One is _frightened_ by a cause of fear addressed directly and suddenly +to the senses; he is _intimidated_ by an apprehension of contingent +consequences dependent on some act of his own to be done or forborne; +the means of intimidation may act through the senses, or may appeal only +to the intellect or the sensibilities. The sudden rush of an armed +madman may _frighten_; the quiet leveling of a highwayman's pistol +_intimidates_. A savage beast is _intimidated_ by the keeper's whip. +Employers may _intimidate_ their employees from voting contrary to their +will by threat of discharge; a mother may be _intimidated_ through fear +for her child. To _browbeat_ or _cow_ is to bring into a state of +submissive fear; to _daunt_ is to give pause or check to a violent, +threatening, or even a brave spirit. To _scare_ is to cause sudden, +unnerving fear; to _terrify_ is to awaken fear that is overwhelming. +Compare ALARM. + + * * * * * + +FRUGALITY. + + +Synonyms: + + economy, parsimony, saving, sparing, + miserliness, providence, scrimping, thrift. + parsimoniousness, prudence, + +_Economy_ is a wise and careful administration of the means at one's +disposal; _frugality_ is a withholding of expenditure, or _sparing_ of +supplies or provision, to a noticeable and often to a painful degree; +_parsimony_ is excessive and unreasonable _saving_ for the sake of +_saving_. _Frugality_ exalted into a virtue to be practised for its own +sake, instead of as a means to an end, becomes the vice of _parsimony_. +_Miserliness_ is the denying oneself and others the ordinary comforts or +even necessaries of life, for the mere sake of hoarding money. +_Prudence_ and _providence_ look far ahead, and sacrifice the present to +the future, saving as much as may be necessary for that end. (See +PRUDENCE.) _Thrift_ seeks not merely to save, but to earn. _Economy_ +manages, _frugality_ saves, _providence_ plans, _thrift_ at once earns +and saves, with a view to wholesome and profitable expenditure at a +fitting time. See ABSTINENCE. + + +Antonyms: + + abundance, bounty, liberality, opulence, waste, + affluence, extravagance, luxury, riches, wealth. + + * * * * * + +GARRULOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + chattering, loquacious, talkative, verbose. + +_Garrulous_ signifies given to constant trivial talking. _Chattering_ +signifies uttering rapid, noisy, and unintelligible, or scarcely +intelligible, sounds, whether articulate words or such as resemble them; +_chattering_ is often used of vocal sounds that may be intelligible by +themselves but are ill understood owing to confusion of many voices or +other cause. The _talkative_ person has a strong disposition to talk, +with or without an abundance of words, or many ideas; the _loquacious_ +person has an abundant flow of language and much to say on any subject +suggested; either may be lively and for a time entertaining; the +_garrulous_ person is tedious, repetitious, petty, and self-absorbed. +_Verbose_ is applied to utterances more formal than conversation, as to +writings or public addresses. We speak of a _chattering_ monkey or a +_chattering_ idiot, a _talkative_ child, a _talkative_ or _loquacious_ +woman, a _garrulous_ old man, a _verbose_ writer. Compare +CIRCUMLOCUTION. + + +Antonyms: + + laconic, reserved, reticent, silent, speechless, taciturn. + + * * * * * + +GENDER. + + +Synonym: + + sex. + +_Sex_ is a distinction among living beings; it is also the +characteristic by which most living beings are distinguished from +inanimate things, which are of no _sex_; _gender_ is a distinction in +language partially corresponding to this distinction in nature; while +there are but two _sexes_, there are in some languages, as in English +and German, three _genders_. The French language has but two _genders_ +and makes the names of all inanimate objects either masculine or +feminine; some languages are without the distinction of _gender_, and +those that maintain it are often quite arbitrary in its application. We +speak of the masculine or feminine _gender_, the male or female _sex_. + + * * * * * + +GENERAL. + + +Synonyms: + + common, familiar, ordinary, universal, + commonplace, frequent, popular, usual. + customary, habitual, prevalent, + everyday, normal, public, + +_Common_ signifies frequently occurring, not out of the regular course, +not exceptional; hence, not above the average, not excellent or +distinguished, inferior, or even low; _common_ also signifies pertaining +to or participated in by two or more persons or things; as, sorrow is +_common_ to the race. _General_ may signify pertaining equally to all of +a class, race, etc., but very commonly signifies pertaining to the +greater number, but not necessarily to all. _Universal_ applies to all +without exception; _general_ applies to all with possible or +comparatively slight exceptions; _common_ applies to very many without +deciding whether they are even a majority. A _common_ remark is one we +often hear; a _general_ experience is one that comes to the majority of +people; a _universal_ experience is one from which no human being is +exempt. It is dangerous for a debater to affirm a _universal_ +proposition, since that can be negatived by a single exception, while a +_general_ statement is not invalidated even by adducing many exceptions. +We say a _common_ opinion, _common_ experience, a _general_ rule, +_general_ truth, a _universal_ law. Compare synonyms for NORMAL; USUAL. + + +Antonyms: + + exceptional, infrequent, rare, singular, uncommon, unknown, unusual. + + * * * * * + +GENEROUS. + + +Synonyms: + + bountiful, free, liberal, noble, + chivalrous, free-handed, magnanimous, open-handed, + disinterested, free-hearted, munificent, open-hearted. + +_Generous_ (L. _genus_, a race) primarily signifies having the qualities +worthy of noble or honorable birth; hence, free and abundant in giving, +giving freely, heartily, and self-sacrificingly. As regards giving, +_generous_ refers rather to the self-sacrificing heartiness of the +giver, _liberal_ to the amount of the gift; a child may show himself +_generous_ in the gift of an apple, a millionaire makes a _liberal_ +donation; a _generous_ gift, however, is commonly thought of as both +ample and hearty. A _munificent_ gift is vast in amount, whatever the +motive of its bestowal. One may be _free_ with another's money; he can +be _generous_ only with his own. _Disinterested_ suggests rather the +thought of one's own self-denial; _generous_, of one's hearty interest +in another's welfare or happiness. One is _magnanimous_ by a greatness +of soul (L. _magnus_, great, and _animus_, soul) that rises above all +that is poor, mean, or weak, especially above every petty or ignoble +motive or feeling pertaining to one's self, and thus above resentment +of injury or insult; one is _generous_ by a kindness of heart that would +rejoice in the welfare rather than in the punishment of the offender. + + +Antonyms: + + avaricious, greedy, mean, niggardly, penurious, rapacious, + close, ignoble, miserly, parsimonious, petty, stingy. + covetous, illiberal, + + * * * * * + +GENIUS. + + +Synonyms: + + talent, talents. + +_Genius_ is exalted intellectual power capable of operating +independently of tuition and training, and marked by an extraordinary +faculty for original creation, invention, discovery, expression, etc. +_Talent_ is marked mental ability, and in a special sense, a particular +and uncommon aptitude for some special mental work or attainment. +_Genius_ is higher than _talent_, more spontaneous, less dependent upon +instruction, less amenable to training; _talent_ is largely the capacity +to learn, acquire, appropriate, adapt oneself to demand. Yet the +_genius_ that has won the largest and most enduring success has been +joined with tireless industry and painstaking. Compare synonyms for +MIND; POWER. + + +Antonyms: + + dulness, folly, imbecility, obtuseness, senselessness, stupidity. + + * * * * * + +GET. + + +Synonyms: + + achieve, attain, gain, procure, secure, + acquire, earn, obtain, receive, win. + +_Get_ is a most comprehensive word. A person _gets_ whatever he comes to +possess or experience, whether with or without endeavor, expectation, or +desire; he _gets_ a bargain, a blow, a fall, a fever; he _gains_ what he +comes to by effort or striving; the swimmer _gains_ the shore; a man +_acquires_ by continuous and ordinarily by slow process; as, one +_acquires_ a foreign language. A person is sometimes said to _gain_ and +often to _acquire_ what has not been an object of direct endeavor; in +the pursuits of trade, he incidentally _gains_ some knowledge of foreign +countries; he _acquires_ by association with others a correct or +incorrect accent; he _acquires_ a bronzed complexion by exposure to a +tropical sun; in such use, what he _gains_ is viewed as desirable, what +he _acquires_ as slowly and gradually resulting. A person _earns_ what +he gives an equivalent of labor for, tho he may not _get_ it. On the +other hand, he may _get_ what he has not _earned_; the temptation to +all dishonesty is the desire to _get_ a living or a fortune without +_earning_ it. When one _gets_ the object of his desire, he is said to +_obtain_ it, whether he has _gained_ or _earned_ it or not. _Win_ +denotes contest, with a suggestion of chance or hazard; in popular +language, a person is often said to _win_ a lawsuit, or to _win_ in a +suit at law, but in legal phrase he is said to _gain_ his suit, case, or +cause. In _receiving_, one is strictly passive; he may _get_ an estate +by his own exertions or by inheritance; in the latter case he is said to +_receive_ it. One _obtains_ a thing commonly by some direct effort of +his own; he _procures_ it commonly by the intervention of some one else; +he _procures_ a dinner or an interview; he _secures_ what has seemed +uncertain or elusive, when he _gets_ it firmly into his possession or +under his control. Compare synonyms for ATTAIN; MAKE; REACH. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for ABANDON. + + * * * * * + +GIFT. + + +Synonyms: + + benefaction, boon, bribe, grant, largess, + bequest, bounty, donation, gratuity, present. + +A _gift_ is in the popular, and also in the legal sense that which is +voluntarily bestowed without expectation of return or compensation. +_Gift_ is now almost always used in the good sense, _bribe_ always in +the evil sense to signify payment for a dishonorable service under the +semblance of a _gift_. In Scriptural language _gift_ is often used for +_bribe_. "The king by judgment establisheth the land; but he that +receiveth _gifts_ overthroweth it." _Prov._ xxix, 4. A _benefaction_ is +a charitable _gift_, generally of large amount, and viewed as of +enduring value, as an endowment for a college. A _donation_ is +something, perhaps of great, never of trivial value, given usually on +some public ground, as to a cause or to a person representing a cause, +but not necessarily of value beyond the immediate present; as, a +_donation_ to a pastor. A _gratuity_ is usually something of moderate +value and is always given as to an inferior, and as of favor, not of +right; as, a _gratuity_ to a waiter. _Largess_ is archaic for a +bountiful _gratuity_, usually to be distributed among many, as among the +heralds at ancient tournaments. A _present_ is a _gift_ of friendship, +or conciliation, and given as to an equal or a superior; no one's pride +is hurt by accepting what is viewed as strictly a _present_. A _boon_ is +a _gift_ that has been desired or craved or perhaps asked, or something +freely given that meets some great desire. A _grant_ is commonly +considerable in amount and given by public authority; as, a _grant_ of +public lands for a college. + + +Antonyms: + + compensation, earnings, guerdon, penalty, remuneration, wages. + + * * * * * + +GIVE. + + +Synonyms: + + bestow, communicate, deliver, grant, supply. + cede, confer, furnish, impart, + +To _give_ is primarily to transfer to another's possession or ownership +without compensation; in its secondary sense in popular use, it is to +put into another's possession by any means and on any terms whatever; a +buyer may say "_Give_ me the goods, and I will _give_ you the money;" we +speak of _giving_ answers, information, etc., and often of _giving_ what +is not agreeable to the recipient, as blows, medicine, reproof; but when +there is nothing in the context to indicate the contrary, _give_ is +always understood in its primary sense; as, this book was _given_ me. +_Give_ thus becomes, like _get_, a term of such general import as to be +a synonym for a wide variety of words. To _grant_ is to put into one's +possession in some formal way, or by authoritative act; as, Congress +_grants_ lands to a railroad corporation. To speak of _granting_ a favor +carries a claim or concession of superiority on the part of the one by +whom the _grant_ may be made; to _confer_ has a similar sense; as, to +_confer_ a degree or an honor; we _grant_ a request or petition, but do +not _confer_ it. To _impart_ is to _give_ of that which one still, to a +greater or less degree, retains; the teacher _imparts_ instruction. To +_bestow_ is to _give_ that of which the receiver stands in especial +need; we _bestow_ alms. + + +Prepositions: + +We give money _to_ a person _for_ a thing, _for_ a purpose, etc. (or +without proposition, _give_ a person a sum of money); we give a thing +_to_ or _into_ one's care or keeping; the weary fugitive gave himself up +_to_ his pursuers. + + * * * * * + +GOVERN. + + +Synonyms: + + command, curb, influence, mold, reign over, rule, + control, direct, manage, reign, restrain, sway. + +_Govern_ carries the idea of authoritative administration or some +exercise of authority that is at once effective and continuous; +_control_ is effective, but may be momentary or occasional. One +_controls_ what he holds or can hold at will absolutely in check; as, a +skilful horseman _controls_ a spirited horse; a person _controls_ his +temper; we say to one who is excited, "_control_ yourself." A person +_commands_ another when he has, or claims, the right to make that other +do his will, with power of inflicting penalty if not obeyed; he +_controls_ another whom he can effectually prevent from doing anything +contrary to his will; he _governs_ one whom he actually does cause, +regularly or constantly, to obey his will; a parent may _command_ a +child whom he can not _govern_ or _control_. The best teachers are not +greatly prone to _command_, but _govern_ or _control_ their pupils +largely by other means. _Command_ is, however, often used in the sense +of securing, as well as requiring, submission or obedience, as when we +speak of a _commanding_ influence; a man _commands_ the situation when +he can shape events as he pleases; a fortress _commands_ the region when +no enemy can pass against its resistance. _Govern_ implies the exercise +of knowledge and judgment as well as power. To _rule_ is more absolute +and autocratic than to _govern_; to _sway_ is to move by quiet but +effectual influence; to _mold_ is not only to influence feeling and +action, but to shape character; to _manage_ is to secure by skilful +contrivance the doing of one's will by those whom one can not directly +_control_; a wise mother, by gentle means, _sways_ the feelings and +_molds_ the lives of her children; to be able to _manage_ servants is an +important element of good housekeeping. The word _reign_, once so +absolute, now simply denotes that one holds the official station of +sovereign in a monarchy, with or without effective power; the Queen of +England _reigns_; the Czar of Russia both _reigns_ and _rules_. + + +Antonyms: + + be in subjection, be subject, comply, obey, submit, yield. + + * * * * * + +GRACEFUL. + + +Synonym: + + beautiful. + +That which is _graceful_ is marked by elegance and harmony, with ease of +action, attitude, or posture, or delicacy of form. _Graceful_ commonly +suggests motion or the possibility of motion; _beautiful_ may apply to +absolute fixity; a landscape or a blue sky is _beautiful_, but neither +is _graceful_. _Graceful_ commonly applies to beauty as addressed to +the eye, tho we often speak of a _graceful_ poem or a _graceful_ +compliment. _Graceful_ applies to the perfection of motion, especially +of the lighter motions, which convey no suggestion of stress or strain, +and are in harmonious curves. Apart from the thought of motion, +_graceful_ denotes a pleasing harmony of outline, proportion, etc., with +a certain degree of delicacy; a Hercules is massive, an Apollo is +_graceful_. We speak of a _graceful_ attitude, _graceful_ drapery. +Compare BEAUTIFUL; BECOMING. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for AWKWARD. + + * * * * * + +GRIEF. + + +Synonyms: + + affliction, melancholy, regret, sorrow, trouble, + distress, mourning, sadness, tribulation, wo. + +_Grief_ is acute mental pain resulting from loss, misfortune, or deep +disappointment. _Grief_ is more acute and less enduring than _sorrow_. +_Sorrow_ and _grief_ are for definite cause; _sadness_ and _melancholy_ +may arise from a vague sense of want or loss, from a low state of +health, or other ill-defined cause; _sadness_ may be momentary; +_melancholy_ is more enduring, and may become chronic. _Affliction_ +expresses a deep heart-sorrow and is applied also to the misfortune +producing such _sorrow_; _mourning_ most frequently denotes sorrow +publicly expressed, or the public expression of such _sorrow_ as may +reasonably be expected; as, it is common to observe thirty days of +_mourning_ on the death of an officer of state. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for HAPPINESS. + + +Prepositions: + +Grief _at_ a loss; _for_ a friend. + + * * * * * + +HABIT. + + +Synonyms: + + custom, habitude, routine, system, use, + fashion, practise, rule, usage, wont. + +_Habit_ is a tendency or inclination toward an action or condition, +which by repetition has become easy, spontaneous, or even unconscious, +or an action or regular series of actions, or a condition so induced. +_Custom_ is the uniform doing of the same act in the same circumstance +for a definite reason; _routine_ is the doing of customary acts in a +regular and uniform sequence and is more mechanical than _custom_. It is +the _custom_ of tradesmen to open at a uniform hour, and to follow a +regular _routine_ of business until closing-time. _Habit_ always +includes an involuntary tendency, natural or acquired, greatly +strengthened by frequent repetition of the act, and may be +uncontrollable, or even unconscious. _Habitude_ is habitual relation or +association. _Custom_ is chiefly used of the action of many; _habit_ of +the action of one; we speak of the _customs_ of society, the _habits_ of +an individual. _Fashion_ is the generally recognized _custom_ in the +smaller matters, especially in dress. A _rule_ is prescribed either by +some external authority or by one's own will; as, it is the _rule_ of +the house; or, I make it my invariable _rule_. _System_ is the +coordination of many acts or things into a unity, and is more and better +than _routine_. _Use_ and _usage_ denote the manner of using something; +we speak of one person's _use_ of language, but of the _usage_ of many; +a _use_ or _usage_ is almost always a _habit_. _Practise_ is the active +doing of something in a systematic way; we do not speak of the +_practise_, but of the _habit_ of going to sleep; we speak of a +tradesman's _custom_, a lawyer's or a physician's _practise_. +Educationally, _practise_ is the voluntary and persistent attempt to +make skill a _habit_; as, _practise_ in penmanship. _Wont_ is blind and +instinctive _habit_ like that which attaches an animal to a locality: +the word is now almost wholly poetic. Compare DRESS. + + * * * * * + +HAPPEN. + + +Synonyms: + + bechance, chance, fall out, supervene, + befall, come to pass, occur, take place. + betide, fall, + +A thing is said to _happen_ when no design is manifest, or none +especially thought of; it is said to _chance_ when it appears to be the +result of accident (compare synonyms for ACCIDENT). An incident +_happens_ or _occurs_; something external or actual _happens_ to one; a +thought or fancy _occurs_ to him. _Befall_ and _betide_ are transitive; +_happen_ is intransitive; something _befalls_ or _betides_ a person or +_happens_ to him. _Betide_ is especially used for anticipated evil, +thought of as waiting and coming at its appointed time; as, wo _betide_ +him! One event _supervenes_ upon another event, one disease upon +another, etc. ["Transpire," in the sense of _happen_, is not authorized +by good usage: a thing that has _happened_ is properly said to +_transpire_ when it becomes known.] + + +Prepositions: + +An event happens _to_ a person; a person happens _on_ or _upon_ a fact, +discovery, etc. + + * * * * * + +HAPPINESS. + + +Synonyms: + + blessedness, delight, gladness, pleasure, + bliss, ecstasy, gratification, rapture, + cheer, enjoyment, joy, rejoicing, + comfort, felicity, merriment, satisfaction, + contentment, gaiety, mirth, triumph. + +_Gratification_ is the giving any mental or physical desire something +that it craves; _satisfaction_ is the giving such a desire all that it +craves. _Happiness_ is the positively agreeable experience that springs +from the possession of good, the _gratification_ or _satisfaction_ of +the desires or the relief from pain and evil. _Comfort_ may be almost +wholly negative, being found in security or relief from that which pains +or annoys; there is _comfort_ by a warm fireside on a wintry night; the +sympathy of a true friend affords _comfort_ in sorrow. _Enjoyment_ is +more positive, always implying something to be definitely and +consciously delighted in; a sick person finds _comfort_ in relief from +pain, while he may be far from a state of _enjoyment_. _Pleasure_ is +still more vivid, being an arousing of the faculties to an intensely +agreeable activity; _satisfaction_ is more tranquil than _pleasure_, +being the agreeable consciousness of having all that our faculties +demand or crave; when a worthy _pleasure_ is past, a worthy +_satisfaction_ remains. As referring to a mental state, _gratification_ +is used to denote a mild form of _happiness_ resulting from some +incident not of very great importance; _satisfaction_ should properly +express a _happiness_ deeper, more complete, and more abiding; but as +intellect or sensibilities of a low order may find _satisfaction_ in +that which is very poor or unworthy, the word has come to be feeble and +tame in ordinary use. _Happiness_ is more positive than _comfort_, +_enjoyment_, or _satisfaction_, more serene and rational than +_pleasure_; _pleasure_ is of necessity transient; _happiness_ is +abiding, and may be eternal; thus, we speak of _pleasures_, but the +plural of _happiness_ is scarcely used. _Happiness_, in the full sense, +is mental or spiritual or both, and is viewed as resulting from some +worthy _gratification_ or _satisfaction_; we may speak of a brute as +experiencing _comfort_ or _pleasure_, but scarcely as in possession of +_happiness_; we speak of vicious _pleasure_, _delight_, or _joy_, but +not of vicious _happiness_. _Felicity_ is a philosophical term, colder +and more formal than _happiness_. _Gladness_ is _happiness_ that +overflows, expressing itself in countenance, voice, manner, and action. +_Joy_ is more intense than _happiness_, deeper than _gladness_, to which +it is akin, nobler and more enduring than _pleasure_. _Gaiety_ is more +superficial than _joy_, more demonstrative than _gladness_. _Rejoicing_ +is _happiness_ or _joy_ that finds utterance in word, song, festivity, +etc. _Delight_ is vivid, overflowing _happiness_ of a somewhat transient +kind; _ecstasy_ is a state of extreme or extravagant _delight_ so that +the one affected by it seems almost beside himself with _joy_; _rapture_ +is closely allied to _ecstasy_, but is more serene, exalted, and +enduring. _Triumph_ is such _joy_ as results from victory, success, +achievement. _Blessedness_ is at once the state and the sense of being +divinely blessed; as, the _blessedness_ of the righteous. _Bliss_ is +ecstatic, perfected _happiness_; as, the _bliss_ of heaven. Compare +COMFORT. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for GRIEF. + + * * * * * + +HAPPY. + + +Synonyms: + + blessed, cheering, gay, lucky, rejoiced, + blissful, cheery, glad, merry, rejoicing, + blithe, delighted, jocund, mirthful, smiling, + blithesome, delightful, jolly, pleased, sprightly, + bright, dexterous, joyful, prosperous, successful, + buoyant, felicitous, joyous, rapturous, sunny. + cheerful, fortunate, + +_Happy_ primarily refers to something that comes "by good hap," a chance +that brings prosperity, benefit, or success. + + And grasps the skirts of _happy_ chance. + + TENNYSON _In Memoriam_ lxiii, st. 2. + +In this sense _happy_ is closely allied to _fortunate_ and _lucky_. (See +FORTUNATE.) _Happy_ has, however, so far diverged from this original +sense as to apply to advantages where chance is not recognized, or is +even excluded by direct reference to the divine will, when it becomes +almost equivalent to _blessed_. + + Behold, _happy_ is the man whom God correcteth. + + _Job_ v, 17. + +_Happy_ is also applied to the ready dexterity or skill by which +favorable results (usually in minor matters) are secured, when it +becomes a synonym for _dexterous_, _felicitous_, and the associated +words; as, he has a _happy_ wit; _happy_ at retort (compare CLEVER). In +its most frequent present use, _happy_ is applied to the state of one +enjoying happiness, or to that by which happiness is expressed; as, a +_happy_ heart; a _happy_ face; _happy_ laughter; _happy_ tears (compare +synonyms for HAPPINESS). _Cheerful_ applies to the possession or +expression of a moderate and tranquil happiness. A _cheery_ word +spontaneously gives cheer to others; a _cheering_ word is more +distinctly planned to cheer and encourage. _Gay_ applies to an effusive +and superficial happiness (often not really worthy of that name) perhaps +resulting largely from abundant animal spirits: we speak of _gay_ +revelers or a _gay_ horse. A _buoyant_ spirit is, as it were, borne up +by joy and hope. A _sunny_ disposition has a constant tranquil +brightness that irradiates all who come within its influence. + + +Antonyms: + +Compare synonyms for GRIEF. + + +Prepositions: + +A happy event _for_ him; happy _at_ a reply; happy _in_ his home, _with_ +his friends, _among_ his children; happy _at_ the discovery, _over_ his +success. + + * * * * * + +HARMONY. + + +Synonyms: + + accord, concurrence, consistency, uniformity, + accordance, conformity, consonance, union, + agreement, congruity, symmetry, unison, + amity, consent, unanimity, unity. + concord, + +When tones, thoughts, or feelings, individually different, combine to +form a consistent and pleasing whole, there is _harmony_. _Harmony_ is +deeper and more essential than _agreement_; we may have a superficial, +forced, or patched-up _agreement_, but never a superficial, forced, or +patched-up _harmony_. _Concord_ is less full and spiritual than +_harmony_. _Concord_ implies more volition than _accord_; as, their +views were found to be in perfect _accord_; or, by conference _concord_ +was secured; we do not secure _accord_, but discover it. We may speak of +being in _accord_ with a person on one point, but _harmony_ is wider in +range. _Conformity_ is correspondence in form, manner, or use; the word +often signifies submission to authority or necessity, and may be as far +as possible from _harmony_; as, the attempt to secure _conformity_ to an +established religion. _Congruity_ involves the element of suitableness; +_consistency_ implies the absence of conflict or contradiction in views, +statements, or acts which are brought into comparison, as in the +different statements of the same person or the different periods of one +man's life; _unanimity_ is the complete hearty _agreement_ of many; +_consent_ and _concurrence_ refer to decision or action, but _consent_ +is more passive than _concurrence_; one speaks by general _consent_ when +no one in the assembly cares to make formal objection; a decision of the +Supreme Court depends upon the _concurrence_ of a majority of the +judges. Compare AGREE; FRIENDSHIP; MELODY. + + +Antonyms: + + antagonism, contest, discord, hostility, schism, + battle, controversy, disproportion, incongruity, separation, + conflict, difference, dissension, inconsistency, variance, + contention, disagreement, disunion, opposition, warfare. + + * * * * * + +HARVEST. + + +Synonyms: + + crop, harvest-home, ingathering, result, + fruit, harvesting, proceeds, return, + growth, harvest-tide, produce, yield. + harvest-feast, harvest-time, product, + harvest-festival, increase, reaping, + +_Harvest_, from the Anglo-Saxon, signified originally "autumn," and as +that is the usual season of gathering ripened _crops_ in Northern lands, +the word came to its present meaning of the season of gathering ripened +grain or _fruits_, whether summer or autumn, and hence a _crop_ gathered +or ready for gathering; also, the act or process of gathering a _crop_ +or _crops_. "The _harvest_ truly is great, but the laborers are few," +_Luke_ x, 2. "Lift up your eyes and look on the fields, for they are +white already to _harvest_," _John_ iv, 35. _Harvest_ is the elegant and +literary word; _crop_ is the common and commercial expression; we say a +man sells his _crop_, but we should not speak of his selling his +_harvest_; we speak of an ample or abundant _harvest_, a good _crop_. +_Harvest_ is applied almost wholly to grain; _crop_ applies to almost +anything that is gathered in; we speak of the potato-_crop_, not the +potato-_harvest_; we may say either the wheat-_crop_ or the +wheat-_harvest_. _Produce_ is a collective word for all that is produced +in farming or gardening, and is, in modern usage, almost wholly +restricted to this sense; we speak of _produce_ collectively, but of a +_product_ or various _products_; vegetables, _fruits_, eggs, butter, +etc., may be termed farm-_produce_, or the _products_ of the farm. +_Product_ is a word of wider application than _produce_; we speak of the +_products_ of manufacturing, the _products_ of thought, or the _product_ +obtained by multiplying one number by another. The word _proceeds_ is +chiefly used of the _return_ from an investment: we speak of the +_produce_ of a farm, but of the _proceeds_ of the money invested in +farming. The _yield_ is what the land gives up to the farmer's demand; +we speak of the _return_ from an expenditure of money or labor, but of +the _yield_ of corn or oats. _Harvest_ has also a figurative use, such +as _crop_ more rarely permits; we term a religious revival a _harvest_ +of souls; the _result_ of lax enforcement of law is a _harvest_ of +crime. As regards time, _harvest_, _harvest-tide_, and _harvest-time_ +alike denote the period or season when the crops are or should be +gathered (_tide_ being simply the old Saxon word for _time_). +_Harvest-home_ ordinarily denotes the _festival_ of _harvest_, and when +used to denote simply the season always gives a suggestion of festivity +and rejoicing, such as _harvest_ and _harvest-time_ by themselves do not +express. + + * * * * * + +HATRED. + + +Synonyms: + + abhorrence, detestation, hostility, rancor, + anger, dislike, ill will, repugnance, + animosity, enmity, malevolence, resentment, + antipathy, grudge, malice, revenge, + aversion, hate, malignity, spite. + +_Repugnance_ applies to that which one feels himself summoned or +impelled to do or to endure, and from which he instinctively draws back. +_Aversion_ is the turning away of the mind or feelings from some person +or thing, or from some course of action, etc. _Hate_, or _hatred_, as +applied to persons, is intense and continued _aversion_, usually with +disposition to injure; _anger_ is sudden and brief, _hatred_ is +lingering and enduring; "Her wrath became a _hate_," TENNYSON _Pelleas +and Ettarre_ st. 16. As applied to things, _hatred_ is intense +_aversion_, with desire to destroy or remove; _hatred_ of evil is a +righteous passion, akin to _abhorrence_, but more vehement. _Malice_ +involves the active intent to injure; in the legal sense, _malice_ is +the intent to injure, even tho with no personal _ill will_; as, a +highwayman would be said to entertain _malice_ toward the unknown +traveler whom he attacks. _Malice_ is direct, pressing toward a result; +_malignity_ is deep, lingering, and venomous, tho often impotent to act; +_rancor_ (akin to _rancid_) is cherished _malignity_ that has soured and +festered and is virulent and implacable. _Spite_ is petty _malice_ that +delights to inflict stinging pain; _grudge_ is deeper than _spite_; it +is sinister and bitter; _grudge_, _resentment_, and _revenge_ are all +retaliatory, _grudge_ being the disposition, _revenge_ the determination +to repay real or supposed offense with injury; _revenge_ may denote also +the retaliatory act; _resentment_, the best word of the three, always +holds itself to be justifiable, but looks less certainly to action than +_grudge_ or _revenge_. Simple goodness may arouse the _hatred_ of the +wicked; they will be moved to _revenge_ only by what they deem an injury +or affront. Compare ABOMINATION; ANGER; ANTIPATHY; ENMITY. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for FRIENDSHIP; LOVE. + + * * * * * + +HAVE. + + +Synonyms: + + be in possession of, hold, occupy, own, possess. + be possessed of, + +_Have_ is the most general word, and is applied to whatever belongs to +or is connected with one; a man _has_ a head or a head-ache, a fortune +or an opinion, a friend or an enemy; he _has_ time, or _has_ need; he +may be said to _have_ what is his own, what he has borrowed, what has +been entrusted to him, or what he has stolen. To _possess_ a thing is to +_have_ the ownership with control and enjoyment of it. To _hold_ is to +_have_ in one's hand, or securely in one's control; a man _holds_ his +friend's coat for a moment, or he _holds_ a struggling horse; he _holds_ +a promissory note, or _holds_ an office. To _own_ is to _have_ the right +of property in; to _possess_ is to _have_ that right in actual exercise; +to _occupy_ is to _have_ possession and use, with some degree of +permanency, with or without ownership. A man _occupies_ his own house or +a room in a hotel; a man may _own_ a farm of which he is not in +possession because a tenant _occupies_ it and is determined to _hold_ +it; the proprietor _owns_ the property, but the tenant _is in +possession_. To _be in possession_ differs from _possess_ in that to +_possess_ denotes both right and fact, while to _be in possession_ +denotes simply the fact with no affirmation as to the right. To _have_ +reason is to be endowed with the faculty; to _be in possession of_ one's +reason denotes that the faculty is in actual present exercise. + + * * * * * + +HAZARD. + + +Synonyms: + + accident, chance, danger, jeopardy, risk, + casualty, contingency, fortuity, peril, venture. + +_Hazard_ is the incurring the possibility of loss or harm for the +possibility of benefit; _danger_ may have no compensating alternative. +In _hazard_ the possibilities of gain or loss are nearly balanced; in +_risk_ the possibility of loss is the chief thought; the foolhardy take +great _risks_ in mere wantonness; in _chance_ and _venture_ the hope of +good predominates; we speak of a merchant's _venture_, but of an +insurance company's _risk_; one may be driven by circumstances to run a +_risk_; he freely seeks a _venture_; we speak of the _chance_ of +winning, the _hazard_ or _risk_ of losing. _Accidents_ are incalculable; +_casualties_ may be to a certain extent anticipated; death and wounds +are _casualties_ of battle, certain to happen to some, but uncertain as +to whom or how many. A _contingency_ is simply an indeterminable future +event, which may or may not be attended with _danger_ or _risk_. See +ACCIDENT; DANGER. + + +Antonyms: + + assurance, necessity, protection, safety, surety. + certainty, plan, safeguard, security, + + * * * * * + +HEALTHY. + + +Synonyms: + + hale, hygienic, sanitary, vigorous, + healthful, salubrious, sound, well, + hearty, salutary, strong, wholesome. + +_Healthy_ is most correctly used to signify possessing or enjoying +health or its results; as, a _healthy_ person; a _healthy_ condition. +_Healthful_ signifies promotive of health, tending or adapted to confer, +preserve, or promote health; as, a _healthful_ climate. _Wholesome_ food +in a _healthful_ climate makes a _healthy_ man. With _healthful_ are +ranged the words _hygienic_, _salubrious_, _salutary_, _sanitary_, and +_wholesome_, while the other words are associated with _healthy_. +_Salubrious_ is always used in the physical sense, and is chiefly +applied to air or climate. _Salutary_ is now chiefly used in the moral +sense; as, a _salutary_ lesson. + + +Antonyms: + + delicate, failing, ill, unsound, worn, + diseased, fainting, sick, wasted, worn down, + emaciated, fragile, unhealthy, weak, worn out. + exhausted, frail, + + * * * * * + +HELP. + + +Synonyms: + + abet, befriend, foster, succor, uphold. + aid, cooperate, second, support, + assist, encourage, stand by, sustain, + +_Help_ expresses greater dependence and deeper need than _aid_. In +extremity we say "God _help_ me!" rather than "God _aid_ me!" In time of +danger we cry "_help! help!_" rather than "_aid! aid!_" To _aid_ is to +_second_ another's own exertions. We can speak of _helping_ the +helpless, but not of _aiding_ them. _Help_ includes _aid_, but _aid_ may +fall short of the meaning of _help_. In law to _aid_ or _abet_ makes one +a principal. (Compare synonyms for ACCESSORY.) To _cooperate_ is to +_aid_ as an equal; to _assist_ implies a subordinate and secondary +relation. One _assists_ a fallen friend to rise; he _cooperates_ with +him in helping others. _Encourage_ refers to mental _aid_, as _uphold_ +now usually does; _succor_ and _support_, oftenest to material +assistance. We _encourage_ the timid or despondent, _succor_ the +endangered, _support_ the weak, _uphold_ those who else might be shaken +or cast down. Compare ABET; PROMOTE. + + +Antonyms: + + counteract, discourage, oppose, resist, thwart, withstand. + + +Prepositions: + +Help _in_ an enterprise _with_ money; help _to_ success; _against_ the +enemy. + + * * * * * + +HERETIC. + + +Synonyms: + + dissenter, heresiarch, non-conformist, schismatic. + +Etymologically, a _heretic_ is one who takes or chooses his own belief, +instead of the belief of his church; hence, a _heretic_ is one who +denies commonly accepted views, or who holds opinions contrary to the +recognized standard or tenets of any established religious, +philosophical, or other system, school, or party; the religious sense of +the word is the predominant one; a _schismatic_ is primarily one who +produces a split or rent in the church. A _heretic_ differs in doctrine +from the religious body with which he is connected; a _schismatic_ +differs in doctrine or practise, or in both. A _heretic_ may be +reticent, or even silent; a _schismatic_ introduces divisions. A +_heresiarch_ is the author of a heresy or the leader of a heretical +party, and is thus at once a _heretic_ and a _schismatic_. With +advancing ideas of religious liberty, the odious sense once attached to +these words is largely modified, and _heretic_ is often used playfully. +_Dissenter_ and _non-conformist_ are terms specifically applied to +English subjects who hold themselves aloof from the Church of England; +the former term is extended to non-adherents of the established church +in some other countries, as Russia. + + * * * * * + +HETEROGENEOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + confused, mingled, unhomogeneous, + conglomerate, miscellaneous, unlike, + discordant, mixed, variant, + dissimilar, non-homogeneous, various. + +Substances quite _unlike_ are _heterogeneous_ as regards each other. A +_heterogeneous_ mixture is one whose constituents are not only unlike +in kind, but unevenly distributed; cement is composed of substances such +as lime, sand, and clay, which are _heterogeneous_ as regards each +other, but the cement is said to be homogeneous if the different +constituents are evenly mixed throughout, so that any one portion of the +mixture is exactly like any other. A substance may fail of being +homogeneous and yet not be _heterogeneous_, in which case it is said to +be _non-homogeneous_ or _unhomogeneous_; a bar of iron that contains +flaws, air-bubbles, etc., or for any other reason is not of uniform +structure and density throughout, tho no foreign substance be mixed with +the iron, is said to be _non-homogeneous_. A _miscellaneous_ mixture may +or may not be _heterogeneous_; if the objects are alike in kind, but +different in size, form, quality, use, etc., and without special order +or relation, the collection is _miscellaneous_; if the objects differ in +kind, such a mixture is also, and more strictly, _heterogeneous_; a pile +of unassorted lumber is _miscellaneous_; the contents of a school-boy's +pocket are commonly _miscellaneous_ and might usually be termed +_heterogeneous_ as well. See COMPLEX. + + +Antonyms: + + alike, homogeneous, identical, like, pure, same, similar, uniform. + + * * * * * + +HIDE. + + +Synonyms: + + bury, cover, entomb, overwhelm, suppress, + cloak, disguise, inter, screen, veil. + conceal, dissemble, mask, secrete. + +_Hide_ is the general term, including all the rest, signifying to put +out of sight or beyond ready observation or approach; a thing may be +_hidden_ by intention, by accident, or by the imperfection of the +faculties of the one from whom it is _hidden_; in their games, children +_hide_ the slipper, or _hide_ themselves from each other; a man +unconsciously _hides_ a picture from another by standing before it, or +_hides_ a thing from himself by laying something else over it. Even an +unconscious object may _hide_ another; as, a cloud _hides_ the sun, or a +building _hides_ some part of the prospect by intervening between it and +the observer's position. As an act of persons, to _conceal_ is always +intentional; one may _hide_ his face in anger, grief, or abstraction; he +_conceals_ his face when he fears recognition. A house is _hidden_ by +foliage; the bird's nest is artfully _concealed_. _Secrete_ is a +stronger word than _conceal_, and is used chiefly of such material +objects as may be separated from the person, or from their ordinary +surroundings, and put in unlooked-for places; a man _conceals_ a scar +on his face, but does not _secrete_ it; a thief _secretes_ stolen goods; +an officer may also be said to _secrete_ himself to watch the thief. A +thing is _covered_ by putting something over or around it, whether by +accident or design; it is _screened_ by putting something before it, +always with some purpose of protection from observation, inconvenience, +attack, censure, etc. In the figurative use, a person may _hide_ +honorable feelings; he _conceals_ an evil or hostile intent. Anything +which is effectually _covered_ and _hidden_ under any mass or +accumulation is _buried_. Money is _buried_ in the ground; a body is +_buried_ in the sea; a paper is _buried_ under other documents. Whatever +is _buried_ is _hidden_ or _concealed_; but there are many ways of +_hiding_ or _concealing_ a thing without _burying_ it. So a person may +be _covered_ with wraps, and not _buried_ under them. _Bury_ may be used +of any object, _entomb_ and _inter_ only of a dead body. Figuratively, +one may be said to be _buried_ in business, in study, etc. Compare +IMMERSE; PALLIATE. + + +Antonyms: + + admit, disclose, exhume, manifest, show, + advertise, discover, expose, promulgate, tell, + avow, disinter, lay bare, publish, uncover, + betray, divulge, lay open, raise, unmask, + confess, exhibit, make known, reveal, unveil. + + * * * * * + +HIGH. + + +Synonyms: + + elevated, exalted, noble, steep, towering, + eminent, lofty, proud, tall, uplifted. + +_Deep_, while an antonym of _high_ in usage, may apply to the very same +distance simply measured in an opposite direction, _high_ applying to +vertical distance measured from below upward, and _deep_ to vertical +distance measured from above downward; as, a _deep_ valley nestling +between _high_ mountains. _High_ is a relative term signifying greatly +raised above any object, base, or surface, in comparison with what is +usual, or with some standard; a table is _high_ if it exceeds thirty +inches; a hill is not _high_ at a hundred feet. That is _tall_ whose +height is greatly in excess of its breadth or diameter, and whose actual +height is great for an object of its kind; as, a _tall_ tree; a _tall_ +man; _tall_ grass. That is _lofty_ which is imposing or majestic in +height; we term a spire _tall_ with reference to its altitude, or +_lofty_ with reference to its majestic appearance. That is _elevated_ +which is raised somewhat above its surroundings; that is _eminent_ which +is far above them; as, an _elevated_ platform; an _eminent_ promontory. +In the figurative sense, _elevated_ is less than _eminent_, and this +less than _exalted_; we speak of _high_, _lofty_, or _elevated_ +thoughts, aims, etc., in the good sense, but sometimes of _high_ +feelings, looks, words, etc., in the invidious sense of haughty or +arrogant. A _high_ ambition may be merely selfish; a _lofty_ ambition is +worthy and _noble_. _Towering_, in the literal sense compares with +_lofty_ and majestic; but in the figurative sense, its use is almost +always invidious; as, a _towering_ passion; a _towering_ ambition +disregards and crushes all opposing considerations, however rational, +lovely, or holy. Compare STEEP. + + +Antonyms: + + base, degraded, dwarfed, inferior, low, mean, short, stunted. + deep, depressed, + + * * * * * + +HINDER. + + +Synonyms: + + baffle, clog, foil, obstruct, retard, + balk, counteract, frustrate, oppose, stay, + bar, delay, hamper, prevent, stop, + block, embarrass, impede, resist, thwart. + check, encumber, interrupt, + +To _hinder_ is to keep from action, progress, motion, or growth, or to +make such action, progress, motion, or growth later in beginning or +completion than it would otherwise have been. An action is _prevented_ +by anything that comes in before it to make it impossible; it is +_hindered_ by anything that keeps it from either beginning or ending so +soon as it otherwise would, or as expected or intended. It is more +common, however, to say that the start is _delayed_, the progress +_hindered_. An action that is _hindered_ does not take place at the +appointed or appropriate time; that which is _prevented_ does not take +place at all; to _hinder_ a thing long enough may amount to _preventing_ +it. A railroad-train may be _hindered_ by a snow-storm from arriving on +time; it may by special order be _prevented_ from starting. To _retard_ +is simply to make slow by any means whatever. To _obstruct_ is to +_hinder_, or possibly to _prevent_ advance or passage by putting +something in the way; to _oppose_ or _resist_ is to _hinder_, or +possibly to _prevent_ by directly contrary or hostile action, _resist_ +being the stronger term and having more suggestion of physical force; +_obstructed_ roads _hinder_ the march of an enemy, tho there may be no +force strong enough to _oppose_ it; one _opposes_ a measure, a motion, +an amendment, or the like; it is a criminal offense to _resist_ an +officer in the discharge of his duty; the physical system may _resist_ +the attack of disease or the action of a remedy. Compare CONQUER; +IMPEDIMENT; OBSTRUCT. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for QUICKEN. + + +Prepositions: + +Hinder one _in_ his progress; _from_ acting promptly; _by_ opposition. + + * * * * * + +HISTORY. + + +Synonyms: + + account, biography, muniment, record, + annals, chronicle, narration, register, + archives, memoir, narrative, story. + autobiography, memorial, recital, + +_History_ is a systematic record of past events. _Annals_ and +_chronicles_ relate events with little regard to their relative +importance, and with complete subserviency to their succession in time. +_Annals_ are yearly records; _chronicles_ follow the order of time. Both +necessarily lack emphasis, selection, and perspective. _Archives_ are +public _records_, which may be _annals_, or _chronicles_, or deeds of +property, etc. _Memoirs_ generally record the lives of individuals or +facts pertaining to individual lives. A _biography_ is distinctively a +written _account_ of one person's life and actions; an _autobiography_ +is a _biography_ written by the person whose life it records. _Annals_, +_archives_, _chronicles_, _biographies_, and _memoirs_ and other +_records_ furnish the materials of _history_. _History_ recounts events +with careful attention to their importance, their mutual relations, +their causes and consequences, selecting and grouping events on the +ground of interest or importance. _History_ is usually applied to such +an _account_ of events affecting communities and nations, tho sometimes +we speak of the _history_ of a single eminent life. Compare RECORD. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for FICTION. + + * * * * * + +HOLY. + + +Synonyms: + + blessed, devoted, hallowed, saintly, + consecrated, divine, sacred, set apart. + +_Sacred_ is applied to that which is to be regarded as inviolable on any +account, and so is not restricted to divine things; therefore in its +lower applications it is less than _holy_. That which is _sacred_ may +be made so by institution, decree, or association; that which is _holy_ +is so by its own nature, possessing intrinsic moral purity, and, in the +highest sense, absolute moral perfection. God is _holy_; his commands +are _sacred_. _Holy_ may be applied also to that which is _hallowed_; +as, "the place whereon thou standest is _holy_ ground," _Ex._ iii, 5. In +such use _holy_ is more than _sacred_, as if the very qualities of a +spiritual or divine presence were imparted to the place or object. +_Divine_ has been used with great looseness, as applying to anything +eminent or admirable, in the line either of goodness or of mere power, +as to eloquence, music, etc., but there is a commendable tendency to +restrict the word to its higher sense, as designating that which belongs +to or is worthy of the Divine Being. Compare PERFECT; PURE. + + +Antonyms: + + abominable, cursed, polluted, unconsecrated, unholy, wicked, + common, impure, secular, unhallowed, unsanctified, worldly. + + * * * * * + +HOME. + + +Synonyms: + + abode, dwelling, habitation, hearthstone, ingleside, + domicil, fireside, hearth, house, residence. + +_Abode_, _dwelling_, and _habitation_ are used with little difference of +meaning to denote the place where one habitually lives; _abode_ and +_habitation_ belong to the poetic or elevated style. Even _dwelling_ is +not used in familiar speech; a person says "my _house_," "my _home_," or +more formally "my _residence_." _Home_, from the Anglo-Saxon, denoting +originally a _dwelling_, came to mean an endeared _dwelling_ as the +scene of domestic love and happy and cherished family life, a sense to +which there is an increasing tendency to restrict the word--desirably +so, since we have other words to denote the mere dwelling-place; we say +"The wretched tenement could not be called _home_," or "The humble cabin +was dear to him as the _home_ of his childhood." + + _Home_'s not merely four square walls, + Tho with pictures hung and gilded; + _Home_ is where affection calls-- + Where its shrine the heart has builded. + +Thus the word comes to signify any place of rest and peace, and +especially heaven, as the soul's peaceful and eternal dwelling-place. + + * * * * * + +HONEST. + + +Synonyms: + + candid, frank, ingenuous, true, + equitable, genuine, just, trustworthy, + fair, good, sincere, trusty, + faithful, honorable, straightforward, upright. + +One who is _honest_ in the ordinary sense acts or is always disposed to +act with careful regard for the rights of others, especially in matters +of business or property; one who is _honorable_ scrupulously observes +the dictates of a personal honor that is higher than any demands of +mercantile law or public opinion, and will do nothing unworthy of his +own inherent nobility of soul. The _honest_ man does not steal, cheat, +or defraud; the _honorable_ man will not take an unfair advantage that +would be allowed him, or will make a sacrifice which no one could +require of him, when his own sense of right demands it. One who is +_honest_ in the highest and fullest sense is scrupulously careful to +adhere to all known truth and right even in thought. In this sense +_honest_ differs from _honorable_ as having regard rather to absolute +truth and right than to even the highest personal honor. Compare CANDID; +JUSTICE. + + +Antonyms: + + deceitful, faithless, hypocritical, perfidious, unfaithful, + dishonest, false, lying, traitorous, unscrupulous, + disingenuous, fraudulent, mendacious, treacherous, untrue. + + * * * * * + +HORIZONTAL. + + +Synonyms: + + even, flat, level, plain, plane. + +_Horizontal_ signifies in the direction of or parallel to the horizon. +For practical purposes _level_ and _horizontal_ are identical, tho +_level_, as the more popular word, is more loosely used of that which +has no especially noticeable elevations or inequalities; as, a _level_ +road. _Flat_, according to its derivation from the Anglo-Saxon _flet_, a +floor, applies to a surface only, and, in the first and most usual +sense, to a surface that is _horizontal_ or _level_ in all directions; a +line may be _level_, a floor is _flat_; _flat_ is also applied in a +derived sense to any _plane_ surface without irregularities or +elevations, as a picture may be painted on the _flat_ surface of a +perpendicular wall. _Plane_ applies only to a surface, and is used with +more mathematical exactness than _flat_. The adjective _plain_, +originally the same word as _plane_, is now rarely used except in the +figurative senses, but the original sense appears in the noun, as we +speak of "a wide _plain_." We speak of a _horizontal_ line, a _flat_ +morass, a _level_ road, a _plain_ country, a _plane_ surface +(especially in the scientific sense). That which is _level_ may not be +_even_, and that which is _even_ may not be _level_; a _level_ road may +be very rough; a slope may be _even_. + + +Antonyms: + + broken, inclined, rolling, rugged, sloping, + hilly, irregular, rough, slanting, uneven. + + * * * * * + +HUMANE. + + +Synonyms: + + benevolent, compassionate, human, pitying, + benignant, forgiving, kind, sympathetic, + charitable, gentle, kind-hearted, tender, + clement, gracious, merciful, tender-hearted. + +_Human_ denotes what pertains to mankind, with no suggestion as to its +being good or evil; as, the _human_ race; _human_ qualities; we speak of +_human_ achievements, virtues, or excellences, _human_ follies, vices, +or crimes. _Humane_ denotes what may rightly be expected of mankind at +its best in the treatment of sentient beings; a _humane_ enterprise or +endeavor is one that is intended to prevent or relieve suffering. The +_humane_ man will not needlessly inflict pain upon the meanest thing +that lives; a _merciful_ man is disposed to withhold or mitigate the +suffering even of the guilty. The _compassionate_ man sympathizes with +and desires to relieve actual suffering, while one who is _humane_ would +forestall and prevent the suffering which he sees to be possible. +Compare MERCY; PITIFUL; PITY. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for BARBAROUS. + + * * * * * + +HUNT. + + +Synonyms: + + chase, hunting, inquisition, pursuit, search. + +A _hunt_ may be either the act of pursuing or the act of seeking, or a +combination of the two. A _chase_ or _pursuit_ is after that which is +fleeing or departing; a _search_ is for that which is hidden; a _hunt_ +may be for that which is either hidden or fleeing; a _search_ is a +minute and careful seeking, and is especially applied to a locality; we +make a _search_ of or through a house, for an object, in which +connection it would be colloquial to say a _hunt_. _Hunt_ never quite +loses its association with field-sports, where it includes both _search_ +and _chase_; the _search_ till the game is hunted out, and the _chase_ +till it is hunted down. Figuratively, we speak of literary _pursuits_, +or of the _pursuit_ of knowledge; a _search_ for reasons; the _chase_ +of fame or honor; _hunt_, in figurative use, inclines to the unfavorable +sense of _inquisition_, but with more of dash and aggressiveness; as, a +_hunt_ for heresy. + + * * * * * + +HYPOCRISY. + + +Synonyms: + + affectation, formalism, pretense, sanctimony, + cant, pharisaism, sanctimoniousness, sham. + dissimulation, pietism, + +_Pretense_ (L. _praetendo_) primarily signifies the holding something +forward as having certain rights or claims, whether truly or falsely; in +the good sense, it is now rarely used except with a negative; as, there +can be no _pretense_ that this is due; a false _pretense_ implies the +possibility of a true _pretense_; but, alone and unlimited, _pretense_ +commonly signifies the offering of something for what it is not. +_Hypocrisy_ is the false _pretense_ of moral excellence, either as a +cover for actual wrong, or for the sake of the credit and advantage +attaching to virtue. _Cant_ (L. _cantus_, a song), primarily the +singsong iteration of the language of any party, school, or sect, +denotes the mechanical and pretentious use of religious phraseology, +without corresponding feeling or character; _sanctimoniousness_ is the +assumption of a saintly manner without a saintly character. As _cant_ is +_hypocrisy_ in utterance, so _sanctimoniousness_ is _hypocrisy_ in +appearance, as in looks, tones, etc. _Pietism_, originally a word of +good import, is now chiefly used for an unregulated emotionalism; +_formalism_ is an exaggerated devotion to forms, rites, and ceremonies, +without corresponding earnestness of heart; _sham_ (identical in origin +with _shame_) is a trick or device that puts one to shame, or that +shamefully disappoints expectation or falsifies appearance. +_Affectation_ is in matters of intellect, taste, etc., much what +_hypocrisy_ is in morals and religion; _affectation_ might be termed +petty _hypocrisy_. Compare DECEPTION. + + +Antonyms: + + candor, genuineness, ingenuousness, sincerity, truth, + frankness, honesty, openness, transparency, truthfulness. + + * * * * * + +HYPOCRITE. + + +Synonyms: + + cheat, deceiver, dissembler, impostor, pretender. + +A _hypocrite_ (Gr. _hypokrites_, one who answers on the stage, an actor, +especially a mimic actor) is one who acts a false part, or assumes a +character other than the real. _Deceiver_ is the most comprehensive +term, including all the other words of the group. The _deceiver_ seeks +to give false impressions of any matter where he has an end to gain; the +_dissembler_ or _hypocrite_ seeks to give false impressions in regard to +himself. The _dissembler_ is content if he can keep some base conduct or +evil purpose from being discovered; the _hypocrite_ seeks not merely to +cover his vices, but to gain credit for virtue. The _cheat_ and +_impostor_ endeavor to make something out of those they may deceive. The +_cheat_ is the inferior and more mercenary, as the thimble-rig gambler; +the _impostor_ may aspire to a fortune or a throne. Compare HYPOCRISY. + + +Antonyms: + +The antonyms of _hypocrite_ are to be found only in phrases embodying +the adjectives candid, honest, ingenuous, sincere, true, etc. + + * * * * * + +HYPOTHESIS. + + +Synonyms: + + conjecture, scheme, supposition, system, + guess, speculation, surmise, theory. + +A _hypothesis_ is a statement of what is deemed possibly true, assumed +and reasoned upon as if certainly true, with a view of reaching truth +not yet surely known; especially, in the sciences, a _hypothesis_ is a +comprehensive tentative explanation of certain phenomena, which is meant +to include all other facts of the same class, and which is assumed as +true till there has been opportunity to bring all related facts into +comparison; if the _hypothesis_ explains all the facts, it is regarded +as verified; till then it is regarded as a working _hypothesis_, that +is, one that may answer for present practical purposes. A _hypothesis_ +may be termed a comprehensive _guess_. A _guess_ is a swift conclusion +from data directly at hand, and held as probable or tentative, while one +confessedly lacks material for absolute certainty. A _conjecture_ is +more methodical than a _guess_, while a _supposition_ is still slower +and more settled; a _conjecture_, like a _guess_, is preliminary and +tentative; a _supposition_ is more nearly final; a _surmise_ is more +floating and visionary, and often sinister; as, a _surmise_ that a +stranger may be a pickpocket. _Theory_ is used of the mental +coordination of facts and principles, that may or may not prove correct; +a machine may be perfect in _theory_, but useless in fact. _Scheme_ may +be used as nearly equivalent to _theory_, but is more frequently applied +to proposed action, and in the sense of a somewhat visionary plan. A +_speculation_ may be wholly of the brain, resting upon no facts worthy +of consideration; _system_ is the highest of these terms, having most of +assurance and fixity; a _system_ unites many facts, phenomena, or +doctrines into an orderly and consistent whole; we speak of a _system_ +of theology, of the Copernican _system_ of the universe. Compare SYSTEM. + + +Antonyms: + + certainty, demonstration, discovery, evidence, fact, proof. + + * * * * * + +IDEA. + + +Synonyms: + + apprehension, design, impression, plan, + archetype, fancy, judgment, purpose, + belief, fantasy, model, sentiment, + conceit, ideal, notion, supposition, + concept, image, opinion, theory, + conception, imagination, pattern, thought. + +_Idea_ is in Greek a _form_ or an _image_. The word signified in early +philosophical use the _archetype_ or primal _image_ which the Platonic +philosophy supposed to be the _model_ or _pattern_ that existing objects +imperfectly embody. This high sense has nearly disappeared from the word +_idea_, and has been largely appropriated by _ideal_, tho something of +the original meaning still appears when in theological or philosophical +language we speak of the _ideas_ of God. The present popular use of +_idea_ makes it to signify any product of mental _apprehension_ or +activity, considered as an object of knowledge or thought; this +coincides with the primitive sense at but a single point--that an _idea_ +is mental as opposed to anything substantial or physical; thus, almost +any mental product, as a _belief_, _conception_, _design_, _opinion_, +etc., may now be called an _idea_. Compare FANCY; IDEAL. + + +Antonyms: + + actuality, fact, reality, substance. + + * * * * * + +IDEAL. + + +Synonyms: + + archetype, model, pattern, prototype, standard. + idea, original, + +An _ideal_ is that which is conceived or taken as the highest type of +excellence or ultimate object of attainment. The _archetype_ is the +primal form, actual or imaginary, according to which any existing thing +is constructed; the _prototype_ has or has had actual existence; in the +derived sense, as in metrology, a _prototype_ may not be the original +form, but one having equal authority with that as a _standard_. An +_ideal_ may be primal, or may be slowly developed even from failures and +by negations; an _ideal_ is meant to be perfect, not merely the thing +that has been attained or is to be attained, but the best conceivable +thing that could by possibility be attained. The artist's _ideal_ is his +own mental image, of which his finished work is but an imperfect +expression. The _original_ is the first specimen, good or bad; the +_original_ of a master is superior to all copies. The _standard_ may be +below the _ideal_. The _ideal_ is imaginary, and ordinarily +unattainable; the _standard_ is concrete, and ordinarily attainable, +being a measure to which all else of its kind must conform; as, the +_standard_ of weights and measures, of corn, or of cotton. The _idea_ of +virtue is the mental concept or image of virtue in general; the _ideal_ +of virtue is the mental concept or image of virtue in its highest +conceivable perfection. Compare EXAMPLE; IDEA. + + +Antonyms: + + accomplishment, action, doing, fact, practise, + achievement, attainment, embodiment, incarnation, reality, + act, development, execution, performance, realization. + + * * * * * + +IDIOCY. + + +Synonyms: + + fatuity, foolishness, incapacity, stupidity. + folly, imbecility, senselessness, + +_Idiocy_ is a state of mental unsoundness amounting almost or quite to +total absence of understanding. _Imbecility_ is a condition of mental +weakness, which may or may not be as complete as that of _idiocy_, but +is at least such as to incapacitate for the serious duties of life. +_Incapacity_, or lack of legal qualification for certain acts, +necessarily results from _imbecility_, but may also result from other +causes, as from insanity or from age, sex, etc.; as, the _incapacity_ of +a minor to make a contract. _Idiocy_ or _imbecility_ is weakness of +mind, while insanity is disorder or abnormal action of mind. _Folly_ and +_foolishness_ denote a want of mental and often of moral balance. +_Fatuity_ is sometimes used as equivalent to _idiocy_, but more +frequently signifies conceited and excessive _foolishness_ or _folly_. +_Stupidity_ is dulness and slowness of mental action which may range all +the way from lack of normal readiness to absolute _imbecility_. Compare +INSANITY. + + +Antonyms: + + acuteness, brilliancy, common sense, sagacity, soundness, + astuteness, capacity, intelligence, sense, wisdom. + + * * * * * + +IDLE. + + +Synonyms: + + inactive, inert, slothful, trifling, unoccupied, + indolent, lazy, sluggish, unemployed, vacant. + +_Idle_ in all uses rests upon its root meaning, as derived from the +Anglo-Saxon _idel_, which signifies vain, empty, useless. _Idle_ thus +denotes not primarily the absence of action, but vain action--the +absence of useful, effective action; the _idle_ schoolboy may be very +actively whittling his desk or tormenting his neighbors. Doing nothing +whatever is the secondary meaning of _idle_. One may be temporarily +_idle_ of necessity; if he is habitually _idle_, it is his own fault. +_Lazy_ signifies indisposed to exertion, averse to labor; idleness is in +fact; laziness is in disposition or inclination. A _lazy_ person may +chance to be employed in useful work, but he acts without energy or +impetus. We speak figuratively of a _lazy_ stream. The _inert_ person +seems like dead matter (characterized by inertia), powerless to move; +the _sluggish_ moves heavily and toilsomely; the most active person may +sometimes find the bodily or mental powers _sluggish_. _Slothful_ +belongs in the moral realm, denoting a self-indulgent aversion to +exertion. "The _slothful_ hideth his hand in his bosom; it grieveth him +to bring it again to his mouth," _Prov._ xxvi, 15. _Indolent_ is a +milder term for the same quality; the _slothful_ man hates action; the +_indolent_ man loves inaction. Compare VAIN. + + +Antonyms: + + active, busy, diligent, employed, industrious, occupied, working. + + * * * * * + +IGNORANT. + + +Synonyms: + + ill-informed, unenlightened, unlearned, untaught, + illiterate, uninformed, unlettered, untutored. + uneducated, uninstructed, unskilled, + +_Ignorant_ signifies destitute of education or knowledge, or lacking +knowledge or information; it is thus a relative term. The most learned +man is still _ignorant_ of many things; persons are spoken of as +_ignorant_ who have not the knowledge that has become generally diffused +in the world; the _ignorant_ savage may be well instructed in matters of +the field and the chase, and is thus more properly _untutored_ than +_ignorant_. _Illiterate_ is without letters and the knowledge that comes +through reading. _Unlettered_ is similar in meaning to _illiterate_, but +less absolute; the _unlettered_ man may have acquired the art of reading +and writing and some elementary knowledge; the _uneducated_ man has +never taken any systematic course of mental training. _Ignorance_ is +relative; _illiteracy_ is absolute; we have statistics of _illiteracy_; +no statistics of _ignorance_ are possible. + + +Antonyms: + + educated, learned, sage, skilled, trained, well-informed, wise. + instructed, + + * * * * * + +IMAGINATION. + + +Synonyms: + + fancy, fantasy, phantasy. + +The old psychology treated of the _Reproductive Imagination_, which +simply reproduces the images that the mind has in any way acquired, and +the _Productive Imagination_ which modifies and combines mental images +so as to produce what is virtually new. To this _Reproductive +Imagination_ President Noah Porter and others have given the name of +_phantasy_ or _fantasy_ (many psychologists preferring the former +spelling). _Phantasy_ or _fantasy_, so understood, presents numerous and +varied images, often combining them into new forms with exceeding +vividness, yet without any true constructive power, but with the mind +adrift, blindly and passively following the laws of association, and +with reason and will in torpor; the mental images being perhaps as +varied and as vivid, but also as purposeless and unsystematized as the +visual images in a kaleidoscope; such _fantasy_ (often loosely called +_imagination_) appears in dreaming, reverie, somnambulism, and +intoxication. _Fantasy_ in ordinary usage simply denotes capricious or +erratic _fancy_, as appears in the adjective _fantastic_. _Imagination_ +and _fancy_ differ from _fantasy_ in bringing the images and their +combinations under the control of the will; _imagination_ is the broader +and higher term, including _fancy_; _imagination_ is the act or power of +imaging or of reimaging objects of perception or thought, of combining +the products of knowledge in modified, new, or ideal forms--the creative +or constructive power of the mind; while _fancy_ is the act or power of +forming pleasing, graceful, whimsical, or odd mental images, or of +combining them with little regard to rational processes of construction; +_imagination_ in its lower form. Both _fancy_ and _imagination_ +recombine and modify mental images; either may work with the other's +materials; _imagination_ may glorify the tiniest flower; _fancy_ may +play around a mountain or a star; the one great distinction between them +is that _fancy_ is superficial, while _imagination_ is deep, essential, +spiritual. Wordsworth, who was the first clearly to draw the +distinction between the _fancy_ and the _imagination_, states it as +follows: + + To aggregate and to associate, to evoke and to combine, belong as + well to the _imagination_ as to the _fancy_; but either the + materials evoked and combined are different; or they are brought + together under a different law, and for a different purpose. _Fancy_ + does not require that the materials which she makes use of should be + susceptible of changes in their constitution from her touch; and + where they admit of modification, it is enough for her purpose if it + be slight, limited, and evanescent. Directly the reverse of these + are the desires and demands of the _imagination_. She recoils from + everything but the plastic, the pliant, and the indefinite. She + leaves it to _fancy_ to describe Queen Mab as coming: + + 'In shape no bigger than an agate stone + On the forefinger of an alderman.' + + Having to speak of stature, she does not tell you that her gigantic + angel was as tall as Pompey's Pillar; much less that he was twelve + cubits or twelve hundred cubits high; or that his dimensions + equalled those of Teneriffe or Atlas; because these, and if they + were a million times as high, it would be the same, are bounded. The + expression is, 'His stature reached the sky!' the illimitable + firmament!--When the _imagination_ frames a comparison, ... a sense + of the truth of the likeness from the moment that it is perceived + grows--and continues to grow--upon the mind; the resemblance + depending less upon outline of form and feature than upon expression + and effect, less upon casual and outstanding than upon inherent and + internal properties.[B] + + _Poetical Works, Pref. to Ed. of 1815_, p. 646, app. [T. & H. '51.] + +So far as actual images are concerned, both _fancy_ and _imagination_ +are limited to the materials furnished by the external world; it is +remarkable that among all the representations of gods or demigods, +fiends and demons, griffins and chimaeras, the human mind has never +invented one organ or attribute that is not presented in human or animal +life; the lion may have a human head and an eagle's wings and claws, but +in the various features, individually, there is absolutely nothing new. +But _imagination_ can transcend the work of _fancy_, and compare an +image drawn from the external world with some spiritual truth born in +the mind itself, or infuse a series of images with such a spiritual +truth, molding them as needed for its more vivid expression. + + The _imagination_ modifies images, and gives unity to variety; it + sees all things in one.... There is the epic _imagination_, the + perfection of which is in Milton; and the dramatic, of which + Shakspeare is the absolute master. + + COLERIDGE _Table Talk_ June 23, '34. + +_Fancy_ keeps the material image prominent and clear, and works not only +with it, but for it; _imagination_ always uses the material object as +the minister of something greater than itself, and often almost loses +the object in the spiritual idea with which she has associated it, and +for which alone she values it. _Fancy_ flits about the surface, and is +airy and playful, sometimes petty and sometimes false; _imagination_ +goes to the heart of things, and is deep, earnest, serious, and seeks +always and everywhere for essential truth. _Fancy_ sets off, variegates, +and decorates; _imagination_ transforms and exalts. _Fancy_ delights and +entertains; _imagination_ moves and thrills. _Imagination_ is not only +poetic or literary, but scientific, philosophical, and practical. By +_imagination_ the architect sees the unity of a building not yet begun, +and the inventor sees the unity and varied interactions of a machine +never yet constructed, even a unity that no human eye ever can see, +since when the machine is in actual motion, one part may hide the +connecting parts, and yet all keep the unity of the inventor's thought. +By _imagination_ a Newton sweeps sun, planets, and stars into unity with +the earth and the apple that is drawn irresistibly to its surface, and +sees them all within the circle of one grand law. Science, philosophy, +and mechanical invention have little use for _fancy_, but the creative, +penetrative power of _imagination_ is to them the breath of life, and +the condition of all advance and success. See also FANCY; IDEA. + +[B] The whole discussion from which the quotation is taken is worthy of, +and will well repay, careful study. + + * * * * * + +IMMEDIATELY. + + +Synonyms: + + at once, instanter, presently, straightway, + directly, instantly, right away, this instant, + forthwith, now, right off, without delay. + +The strong and general human tendency to procrastination is shown in the +progressive weakening of the various words in this group. _Immediately_ +primarily signifies without the intervention of anything as a medium, +hence without the intervention of any, even the briefest, interval or +lapse of time. _By and by_, which was once a synonym, has become an +antonym of _immediately_, meaning at some (perhaps remote) future time. +_Directly_, which once meant with no intervening time, now means after +some little while; _presently_ no longer means in this very present, but +before very long. Even _immediately_ is sliding from its +instantaneousness, so that we are fain to substitute _at once_, +_instantly_, etc., when we would make promptness emphatic. _Right away_ +and _right off_ are vigorous conversational expressions in the United +States. + + +Antonyms: + + after a while, by and by, hereafter, in the future, some time. + + * * * * * + +IMMERSE. + + +Synonyms: + + bury, dip, douse, duck, immerge, plunge, sink, submerge. + +_Dip_ is Saxon, while _immerse_ is Latin for the same initial act; _dip_ +is accordingly the more popular and commonplace, _immerse_ the more +elegant and dignified expression in many cases. To speak of baptism by +immersion as _dipping_ now seems rude; tho entirely proper and usual in +early English. Baptists now universally use the word _immerse_. To _dip_ +and to _immerse_ alike signify to _bury_ or _submerge_ some object in a +liquid; but _dip_ implies that the object _dipped_ is at once removed +from the liquid, while _immerse_ is wholly silent as to the removal. +_Immerse_ also suggests more absolute completeness of the action; one +may _dip_ his sleeve or _dip_ a sponge in a liquid, if he but touches +the edge; if he _immerses_ it, he completely _sinks_ it under, and +covers it with the liquid. _Submerge_ implies that the object can not +readily be removed, if at all; as, a _submerged_ wreck. To _plunge_ is +to _immerse_ suddenly and violently, for which _douse_ and _duck_ are +colloquial terms. _Dip_ is used, also, unlike the other words, to denote +the putting of a hollow vessel into a liquid in order to remove a +portion of it; in this sense we say _dip up_, _dip out_. Compare +synonyms for BURY. + + +Preposition: + +The object is immersed _in_ water. + + * * * * * + +IMMINENT. + + +Synonyms: + + impending, threatening. + +_Imminent_, from the Latin, with the sense of projecting over, signifies +liable to happen at once, as some calamity, dangerous and close at hand. +_Impending_, also from the Latin, with the sense of hanging over, is +closely akin to _imminent_, but somewhat less emphatic. _Imminent_ is +more immediate, _impending_ more remote, _threatening_ more contingent. +An _impending_ evil is almost sure to happen at some uncertain time, +perhaps very near; an _imminent_ peril is one liable to befall very +speedily; a _threatening_ peril may be near or remote, but always with +hope that it may be averted. + + +Antonyms: + + chimerical, doubtful, problematical, unexpected, unlikely. + contingent, improbable, + + * * * * * + +IMPEDIMENT. + + +Synonyms: + + bar, clog, encumbrance, obstacle, + barrier, difficulty, hindrance, obstruction. + +_Difficulty_ makes an undertaking otherwise than easy. That which rests +upon one as a burden is an _encumbrance_. An _impediment_ is primarily +something that checks the foot or in any way makes advance slow or +difficult; an _obstacle_ is something that stands across the way, an +_obstruction_ something that is built or placed across the way. An +_obstruction_ is always an _obstacle_, but an _obstacle_ may not always +be properly termed an _obstruction_; boxes and bales placed on the +sidewalk are _obstructions_ to travel; an ice-floe is an _obstacle_ to +navigation, and may become an _obstruction_ if it closes an inlet or +channel. A _hindrance_ (kindred with _hind_, _behind_) is anything that +makes one come behind or short of his purpose. An _impediment_ may be +either what one finds in his way or what he carries with him; +_impedimenta_ was the Latin name for the baggage of a soldier or of an +army. The tendency is to view an _impediment_ as something constant or, +at least for a time, continuous; as, an _impediment_ in one's speech. A +_difficulty_ or a _hindrance_ may be either within one or without; a +speaker may find _difficulty_ in expressing himself, or _difficulty_ in +holding the attention of restless children. An _encumbrance_ is always +what one carries with him; an _obstacle_ or an _obstruction_ is always +without. To a marching soldier the steepness of a mountain path is a +_difficulty_, loose stones are _impediments_, a fence is an +_obstruction_, a cliff or a boulder across the way is an _obstacle_; a +knapsack is an _encumbrance_. + + +Antonyms: + + advantage, aid, assistance, benefit, help, relief, succor. + + * * * * * + +IMPUDENCE. + + +Synonyms: + + assurance, impertinence, intrusiveness, presumption, + boldness, incivility, officiousness, rudeness, + effrontery, insolence, pertness, sauciness. + forwardness, + +_Impertinence_ primarily denotes what does not pertain or belong to the +occasion or the person, and hence comes to signify interference by word +or act not consistent with the age, position, or relation of the person +interfered with or of the one who interferes; especially, forward, +presumptuous, or meddlesome speech. _Impudence_ is shameless +_impertinence_. What would be arrogance in a superior becomes +_impertinence_ or _impudence_ in an inferior. _Impertinence_ has less of +intent and determination than _impudence_. We speak of thoughtless +_impertinence_, shameless _impudence_. _Insolence_ is literally that +which is against custom, _i. e._, the violation of customary respect and +courtesy. _Officiousness_ is thrusting upon others unasked and undesired +service, and is often as well-meant as it is annoying. _Rudeness_ is the +behavior that might be expected from a thoroughly uncultured person, and +may be either deliberate and insulting or unintentional and even +unconscious. Compare ARROGANCE; ASSURANCE; EFFRONTERY; PERTNESS. + + +Antonyms: + + bashfulness, diffidence, lowliness, modesty, + coyness, humility, meekness, submissiveness. + + +Prepositions: + +The impudence _of_, or impudence _from_, a subordinate _to_ a superior. + + * * * * * + +INCONGRUOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + absurd, ill-matched, inharmonious, + conflicting, inapposite, irreconcilable, + contradictory, inappropriate, mismatched, + contrary, incommensurable, mismated, + discordant, incompatible, repugnant, + discrepant, inconsistent, unsuitable. + +Two or more things that do not fit well together, or are not adapted to +each other, are said to be _incongruous_; a thing is said to be +_incongruous_ that is not adapted to the time, place, or occasion; the +term is also applied to a thing made up of ill-assorted parts or +_inharmonious_ elements. _Discordant_ is applied to all things that jar +in association like musical notes that are not in accord; _inharmonious_ +has the same original sense, but is a milder term. _Incompatible_ +primarily signifies unable to sympathize or feel alike; _inconsistent_ +means unable to stand together. Things are _incompatible_ which can not +exist together in harmonious relations, and whose action when associated +tends to ultimate extinction of one by the other. _Inconsistent_ applies +to things that can not be made to agree in thought with each other, or +with some standard of truth or right; slavery and freedom are +_inconsistent_ with each other in theory, and _incompatible_ in fact. +_Incongruous_ applies to relations, _unsuitable_ to purpose or use; two +colors are _incongruous_ which can not be agreeably associated; either +may be _unsuitable_ for a person, a room, or an occasion. +_Incommensurable_ is a mathematical term, applying to two or more +quantities that have no common measure or aliquot part. + + +Antonyms: + + accordant, agreeing, compatible, consistent, harmonious, suitable. + + +Preposition: + +The illustrations were incongruous _with_ the theme. + + * * * * * + +INDUCTION. + + +Synonyms: + + deduction, inference. + +_Deduction_ is reasoning from the general to the particular; _induction_ +is reasoning from the particular to the general. _Deduction_ proceeds +from a general principle through an admitted instance to a conclusion. +_Induction_, on the other hand, proceeds from a number of collated +instances, through some attribute common to them all, to a general +principle. The proof of an _induction_ is by using its conclusion as the +premise of a new _deduction_. Thus what is ordinarily known as +scientific _induction_ is a constant interchange of _induction_ and +_deduction_. In _deduction_, if the general rule is true, and the +special case falls under the rule, the conclusion is certain; +_induction_ can ordinarily give no more than a probable conclusion, +because we can never be sure that we have collated all instances. An +_induction_ is of the nature of an _inference_, but while an _inference_ +may be partial and hasty, an _induction_ is careful, and aims to be +complete. Compare DEMONSTRATION; HYPOTHESIS. + + * * * * * + +INDUSTRIOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + active, busy, employed, occupied, + assiduous, diligent, engaged, sedulous. + +_Industrious_ signifies zealously or habitually applying oneself to any +work or business. _Busy_ applies to an activity which may be temporary, +_industrious_ to a habit of life. We say a man is _busy_ just now; that +is, _occupied_ at the moment with something that takes his full +attention. It would be ridiculous or satirical to say, he is +_industrious_ just now. But _busy_ can be used in the sense of +_industrious_, as when we say he is a _busy_ man. _Diligent_ indicates +also a disposition, which is ordinarily habitual, and suggests more of +heartiness and volition than _industrious_. We say one is a _diligent_, +rather than an _industrious_, reader of the Bible. In the use of the +nouns, we speak of plodding _industry_, but not of plodding _diligence_. +Compare ACTIVE; INDUSTRY. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for IDLE. + + * * * * * + +INDUSTRY. + + +Synonyms: + + application, diligence, labor, persistence, + assiduity, effort, pains, sedulousness. + attention, exertion, patience, + constancy, intentness, perseverance, + +_Industry_ is the quality, action, or habit of earnest, steady, and +continued attention or devotion to any useful or productive work or +task, manual or mental. _Assiduity_ (L. _ad_, to, and _sedeo_, sit), as +the etymology suggests, sits down to a task until it is done. +_Diligence_ (L. _diligo_, love, choose) invests more effort and +exertion, with love of the work or deep interest in its accomplishment; +_application_ (L. _ad_, to, and _plico_, fold) bends to its work and +concentrates all one's powers upon it with utmost intensity; hence, +_application_ can hardly be as unremitting as _assiduity_. _Constancy_ +is a steady devotion of heart and principle. _Patience_ works on in +spite of annoyances; _perseverance_ overcomes hindrances and +difficulties; _persistence_ strives relentlessly against opposition; +_persistence_ has very frequently an unfavorable meaning, implying that +one persists in spite of considerations that should induce him to +desist. _Industry_ is _diligence_ applied to some avocation, business, +or profession. _Labor_ and _pains_ refer to the _exertions_ of the +worker and the tax upon him, while _assiduity_, _perseverance_, etc., +refer to his continuance in the work. + + +Antonyms: + + changeableness, idleness, inconstancy, neglect, remissness, + fickleness, inattention, indolence, negligence, sloth. + + * * * * * + +INFINITE. + + +Synonyms: + + absolute, illimitable, limitless, unconditioned, + boundless, immeasurable, measureless, unfathomable, + countless, innumerable, numberless, unlimited, + eternal, interminable, unbounded, unmeasured. + +_Infinite_ (L. _in_, not, and _finis_, limit) signifies without bounds +or limits in any way, and may be applied to space, time, quantity, or +number. _Countless_, _innumerable_, and _numberless_, which should be +the same as _infinite_, are in common usage vaguely employed to denote +what it is difficult or practically impossible to count or number, tho +perhaps falling far short of _infinite_; as, _countless_ leaves, the +_countless_ sands on the seashore, _numberless_ battles, _innumerable_ +delays. So, too, _boundless_, _illimitable_, _limitless_, _measureless_, +and _unlimited_ are loosely used in reference to what has no apparent or +readily determinable limits in space or time; as, we speak of the +_boundless_ ocean. _Infinite_ space is without bounds, not only in fact, +but in thought; _infinite_ time is truly _eternal_. Compare synonyms for +ETERNAL. + + +Antonyms: + + bounded, finite, measurable, restricted, small, + brief, limited, moderate, shallow, transient, + circumscribed, little, narrow, short, transitory. + evanescent, + + * * * * * + +INFLUENCE. + + +Synonyms: + + actuate, draw, impel, induce, move, stir, + compel, drive, incite, instigate, persuade, sway, + dispose, excite, incline, lead, prompt, urge. + +To _influence_ (L. _in_, in or into, and _fluo_, flow) is to affect, +modify, or act upon by physical, mental, or moral power, especially in +some gentle, subtle, and gradual way; as, vegetation is _influenced_ by +light; every one is _influenced_ to some extent by public opinion; +_influence_ is chiefly used of power acting from without, tho it may be +used of motives regarded as forces acting upon the will. _Actuate_ +refers solely to mental or moral power _impelling_ one from within. One +may _influence_, but can not directly _actuate_ another; but one may be +_actuated_ to cruelty by hatred which another's misrepresentation has +aroused. _Prompt_ and _stir_ are words of mere suggestion toward some +course of action; _dispose_, _draw_, _incline_, _influence_, and _lead_ +refer to the use of mild means to awaken in another a purpose or +disposition to act. To _excite_ is to arouse one from lethargy or +indifference to action. _Incite_ and _instigate_, to spur or goad one to +action, differ in the fact that _incite_ may be to good, while +_instigate_ is always to evil (compare ABET). To _urge_ and _impel_ +signify to produce strong excitation toward some act. We are _urged_ +from without, _impelled_ from within. _Drive_ and _compel_ imply +irresistible influence accomplishing its object. One may be _driven_ +either by his own passions or by external force or urgency; one is +_compelled_ only by some external power; as, the owner was _compelled_ +by his misfortunes to sell his estate. Compare COMPEL; DRIVE. + + +Antonyms: + + deter, dissuade, impede, prevent, restrain, retard. + discourage, hinder, inhibit, + + +Prepositions: + +Actuated _to_ crime _by_ revenge. + + * * * * * + +INHERENT. + + +Synonyms: + + congenital, indispensable, innate, native, + essential, indwelling, inseparable, natural, + immanent, infixed, internal, subjective. + inborn, ingrained, intrinsic, + inbred, inhering, inwrought, + +_Inherent_ signifies permanently united as an element or original +quality, naturally existent or incorporated in something so as to have +become an integral part. _Immanent_ is a philosophic word, to denote +that which dwells in or pervades any substance or spirit without +necessarily being a part of it, and without reference to any working out +(compare SUBJECTIVE). That which is _inherent_ is an _inseparable_ part +of that in which it inheres, and is usually thought of with reference to +some outworking or effect; as, an _inherent_ difficulty. God is said to +be _immanent_ (not _inherent_) in the universe. Frequently _intrinsic_ +and _inherent_ can be interchanged, but _inherent_ applies to qualities, +while _intrinsic_ applies to essence, so that to speak of _intrinsic_ +excellence conveys higher praise than if we say _inherent_ excellence. +_Inherent_ and _intrinsic_ may be said of persons or things; +_congenital_, _inborn_, _inbred_, _innate_, apply to living beings. +_Congenital_ is frequent in medical and legal use with special +application to defects; as, _congenital_ idiocy. _Innate_ and _inborn_ +are almost identical, but _innate_ is preferred in philosophic use, as +when we speak of _innate_ ideas; that which is _inborn_, _congenital_, +or _innate_ may be original with the individual, but that which is +_inbred_ is inherited. _Ingrained_ signifies dyed in the grain, and +denotes that which is deeply wrought into substance or character. + + +Antonyms: + + accidental, extrinsic, outward, superficial, supplemental, + casual, fortuitous, subsidiary, superfluous, transient, + external, incidental, superadded, superimposed, unconnected. + + * * * * * + +INJURY. + + +Synonyms: + + blemish, disadvantage, hurt, loss, prejudice, + damage, evil, impairment, mischief, wrong. + detriment, harm, injustice, outrage, + +_Injury_ (L. _in_, not, and _jus, juris_, right, law) signifies +primarily something done contrary to law or right; hence, something +contrary to some standard of right or good; whatever reduces the value, +utility, beauty, or desirableness of anything is an _injury_ to that +thing; of persons, whatever is so done as to operate adversely to one in +his person, rights, property, or reputation is an _injury_; the word is +especially used of whatever mars the integrity of the body or causes +pain; as, when rescued from the wreck his _injuries_ were found to be +very slight. _Injury_ is the general term including all the rest. +_Damage_ (L. _damnum_, loss) is that which occasions _loss_ to the +possessor; hence, any impairment of value, often with the suggestion of +fault on the part of the one causing it; _damage_ reduces value, +utility, or beauty; _detriment_ (L. _deterere_, to rub or wear away) is +similar in meaning, but far milder. _Detriment_ may affect value only; +_damage_ always affects real worth or utility; as a rule, the slightest +use of an article by a purchaser operates to its _detriment_ if again +offered for sale, tho the article may have received not the slightest +_damage_. _Damage_ is partial; _loss_ is properly absolute as far as it +is predicated at all; the _loss_ of a ship implies that it is gone +beyond recovery; the _loss_ of the rudder is a _damage_ to the ship; but +since the _loss_ of a part still leaves a part, we may speak of a +partial or a total _loss_. _Evil_ commonly suggests suffering or sin, or +both; as, the _evils_ of poverty, the social _evil_. _Harm_ is closely +synonymous with _injury_; it may apply to body, mind, or estate, but +always affects real worth, while _injury_ may concern only estimated +value. A _hurt_ is an _injury_ that causes pain, physical or mental; a +slight _hurt_ may be no real _harm_. _Mischief_ is disarrangement, +trouble, or _harm_ usually caused by some voluntary agent, with or +without injurious intent; a child's thoughtless sport may do great +_mischief_; _wrong_ is _harm_ done with _evil_ intent. An _outrage_ +combines insult and _injury_. Compare synonyms for BLEMISH; CRIMINAL; +INJUSTICE. + + +Antonyms: + + advantage, benefit, boon, improvement, service, + amelioration, blessing, help, remedy, utility. + + +Prepositions: + +The injury _of_ the cause; an injury _to_ the structure; injury _by_ +fire; _by_ or _from_ collision, interference, etc. + + * * * * * + +INJUSTICE. + + +Synonyms: + + grievance, injury, unfairness, unrighteousness, wrong. + iniquity, + +_Injustice_ is a violation or denial of justice, an act or omission that +is contrary to equity or justice; as, the _injustice_ of unequal taxes. +In legal usage a _wrong_ involves _injury_ to person, property, or +reputation, as the result of evil intent; _injustice_ applies to civil +damage or loss, not necessarily involving _injury_ to person or +property, as by misrepresentation of goods which does not amount to a +legal warranty. In popular usage, _injustice_ may involve no direct +_injury_ to person, property, interest, or character, and no harmful +intent, while _wrong_ always involves both; one who attributes another's +truly generous act to a selfish motive does him an _injustice_. +_Iniquity_, in the original sense, is a want of or a deviation from +equity; but it is now applied in the widest sense to any form of +ill-doing. Compare synonyms for CRIMINAL; SIN. + + +Antonyms: + + equity, faithfulness, impartiality, lawfulness, righteousness, + fairness, honesty, integrity, rectitude, uprightness. + fair play, honor, justice, right, + + * * * * * + +INNOCENT. + + +Synonyms: + + blameless, guiltless, inoffensive, spotless, + clean, harmless, pure, stainless, + clear, immaculate, right, upright, + faultless, innocuous, righteous, virtuous. + guileless, innoxious, sinless, + +_Innocent_, in the full sense, signifies not tainted with sin; not +having done wrong or violated legal or moral precept or duty; as, an +_innocent_ babe. _Innocent_ is a negative word, expressing less than +_righteous_, _upright_, or _virtuous_, which imply knowledge of good and +evil, with free choice of the good. A little child or a lamb is +_innocent_; a tried and faithful man is _righteous_, _upright_, +_virtuous_. _Immaculate_, _pure_, and _sinless_ may be used either of +one who has never known the possibility of evil or of one who has +perfectly and triumphantly resisted it. _Innocent_ is used of inanimate +substances in the sense of _harmless_; as, an _innocent_ remedy, that +is, one not dangerous, even if not helpful. _Innocent_, in a specific +case, signifies free from the guilt of a particular act, even tho the +total character may be very evil; as, the thief was found to be +_innocent_ of the murder. See CANDID; PURE. + + +Antonyms: + +Compare synonyms for CRIMINAL. + + * * * * * + +INQUISITIVE. + + +Synonyms: + + curious, meddlesome, peeping, scrutinizing, + inquiring, meddling, prying, searching. + intrusive, + +An _inquisitive_ person is one who is bent on finding out all that can +be found out by inquiry, especially of little and personal matters, and +hence is generally _meddlesome_ and _prying_. _Inquisitive_ may be used +in a good sense, tho in such connection _inquiring_ is to be preferred; +as, an _inquiring_ mind. As applied to a state of mind, _curious_ +denotes a keen and rather pleasurable desire to know fully something to +which one's attention has been called, but without the active tendency +that _inquisitive_ implies; a well-bred person may be _curious_ to know, +but will not be _inquisitive_ in trying to ascertain, what is of +interest in the affairs of another. + + +Antonyms: + + apathetic, heedless, indifferent, unconcerned, uninterested. + careless, inattentive, + + +Prepositions: + +Inquisitive _about_, _concerning_, _in regard to_, _regarding_ trifles. + + * * * * * + +INSANITY. + + +Synonyms: + + aberration, delirium, frenzy, madness, + alienation, dementia, hallucination, mania, + craziness, derangement, lunacy, monomania. + +Of these terms _insanity_ is the most exact and comprehensive, including +in its widest sense all morbid conditions of mind due to diseased action +of the brain or nervous system, but in its more frequent restricted use +applied to those forms in which the mental disorder is persistent, as +distinguished from those in which it is temporary or transient. +_Craziness_ is a vague popular term for any sort of disordered mental +action, or for conduct suggesting it. _Lunacy_ originally denoted +intermittent _insanity_, supposed to be dependent on the changes of the +moon (L. _luna_): the term is now applied in general and legal use to +any form of mental unsoundness except idiocy. _Madness_ is the old +popular term, now less common, for _insanity_ in its widest sense, but +with suggestion of excitement, akin to _mania_. In the derived sense, +_lunacy_ denotes what is insanely foolish, _madness_ what is insanely +desperate. _Derangement_ is a common euphemism for _insanity_. +_Delirium_ is always temporary, and is specifically the _insanity_ of +disease, as in acute fevers. _Dementia_ is a general weakening of the +mental powers: the word is specifically applied to senile _insanity_, +dotage. _Aberration_ is eccentricity of mental action due to an abnormal +state of the perceptive faculties, and is manifested by error in +perceptions and rambling thought. _Hallucination_ is the apparent +perception of that which does not exist or is not present to the senses, +as the seeing of specters or of reptiles in delirium tremens. +_Monomania_ is mental _derangement_ as to one subject or object. +_Frenzy_ and _mania_ are forms of raving and furious _insanity_. Compare +synonyms for DELUSION; IDIOCY. + + +Antonyms: + + clearness, good sense, lucidity, rationality, sanity. + + * * * * * + +INTERPOSE. + + +Synonyms: + + arbitrate, intercept, intermeddle, meddle, + intercede, interfere, interrupt, mediate. + +To _interpose_ is to place or come between other things or persons, +usually as a means of obstruction or prevention of some effect or result +that would otherwise occur, or be expected to take place. _Intercede_ +and _interpose_ are used in a good sense; _intermeddle_ always in a bad +sense, and _interfere_ frequently so. To _intercede_ is to come between +persons who are at variance, and plead with the stronger in behalf of +the weaker. One may _interpose_ with authority; he _intercedes_ by +petition. To _intermeddle_ is to thrust oneself into the concerns of +others with a petty officiousness; _meddling_ commonly arises from idle +curiosity; "every fool will be _meddling_," _Prov._ xx, 3; to +_interfere_ is to intrude into others' affairs with more serious +purpose, with or without acknowledged right or propriety. _Intercept_ is +applied to an object that may be seized or stopped while in transit; as, +to _intercept_ a letter or a messenger; _interrupt_ is applied to an +action which might or should be continuous, but is broken in upon (L. +_rumpere_, to break) by some disturbing power; as, the conversation was +_interrupted_. One who _arbitrates_ or _mediates_ must do so by the +request or at least with the consent of the contending parties; the +other words of the group imply that he steps in of his own accord. + + +Antonyms: + + avoid, keep aloof, keep out, retire, stand back, + hold aloof, keep away, let alone, stand aside, stand off, + hold off, keep clear, let be, stand away, withdraw. + + +Prepositions: + +Interpose _between_ the combatants; _in_ the matter. + + * * * * * + +INVOLVE. + + +Synonyms: + + complicate, embroil, implicate, include, + embarrass, entangle, imply, overwhelm. + +To _involve_ (L. _in_, in, and _volvo_, roll) is to roll or wind up with +or in so as to combine inextricably or inseparably, or nearly so; as, +the nation is _involved_ in war; the bookkeeper's accounts, or the +writer's sentences are _involved_. _Involve_ is a stronger word than +_implicate_, denoting more complete entanglement. As applied to persons, +_implicate_ is always used in an unfavorable sense, and _involve_ +ordinarily so; but _implicate_ applies only to that which is wrong, +while _involve_ is more commonly used of that which is unfortunate; one +is _implicated_ in a crime, _involved_ in embarrassments, misfortunes, +or perplexities. As regards logical connection that which is _included_ +is usually expressly stated; that which is _implied_ is not stated, but +is naturally to be inferred; that which is _involved_ is necessarily to +be inferred; as, a slate roof is _included_ in the contract; that the +roof shall be water-tight is _implied_; the contrary supposition +_involves_ an absurdity. See COMPLEX. + + +Antonyms: + + disconnect, distinguish, explicate, extricate, remove, separate. + disentangle, + + * * * * * + +JOURNEY. + + +Synonyms: + + excursion, pilgrimage, transit, trip, + expedition, tour, travel, voyage. + +A _journey_ (F. _journee_, from L. _diurnus_, daily) was primarily a +day's work; hence, a movement from place to place within one day, which +we now describe as "a day's _journey_;" in its extended modern use a +_journey_ is a direct going from a starting-point to a destination, +ordinarily over a considerable distance; we speak of a day's _journey_, +or the _journey_ of life. _Travel_ is a passing from place to place, not +necessarily in a direct line or with fixed destination; a _journey_ +through Europe would be a passage to some destination beyond or at the +farther boundary; _travel_ in Europe may be in no direct course, but may +include many _journeys_ in different directions. A _voyage_, which was +formerly a _journey_ of any kind, is now a going to a considerable +distance by water, especially by sea; as, a _voyage_ to India. A _trip_ +is a short and direct _journey_. A _tour_ is a _journey_ that returns to +the starting-point, generally over a considerable distance; as, a +bridal _tour_, or business _tour_. An _excursion_ is a brief _tour_ or +_journey_, taken for pleasure, often by many persons at once; as, an +_excursion_ to Chautauqua. _Passage_ is a general word for a _journey_ +by any conveyance, especially by water; as, a rough _passage_ across the +Atlantic; _transit_, literally the act of passing over or through, is +used specifically of the conveyance of passengers or merchandise; rapid +_transit_ is demanded for suburban residents or perishable goods. +_Pilgrimage_, once always of a sacred character, retains in derived uses +something of that sense; as, a _pilgrimage_ to Stratford-on-Avon. + + +Prepositions: + +A journey _from_ Naples _to_ Rome; _through_ Mexico; _across_ the +continent; _over_ the sea; a journey _into_ Asia; _among_ savages; _by_ +land, _by_ rail, _for_ health, _on_ foot, _on_ the cars, etc. + + * * * * * + +JUDGE. + + +Synonyms: + + arbiter, arbitrator, justice, referee, umpire. + +A _judge_, in the legal sense, is a judicial officer appointed or +elected to preside in courts of law, and to decide legal questions duly +brought before him; the name is sometimes given to other legally +constituted officers; as, the _judges_ of election; in other relations, +any person duly appointed to pass upon the merits of contestants or of +competing articles may be called a _judge_; as, the _judges_ at an +agricultural fair, or at a race-track; in the widest sense, any person +who has good capacity for judging is called a _judge_; as, a person is +said to be a _judge_ of pictures, or a good _judge_ of a horse, etc. In +most games the _judge_ is called an _umpire_; as, the _umpire_ of a game +of ball or cricket. A _referee_ is appointed by a court to decide +disputed matters between litigants; an _arbitrator_ is chosen by the +contending parties to decide matters in dispute without action by a +court. In certain cases an _umpire_ is appointed by a court to decide +where _arbitrators_ disagree. _Arbiter_, with its suggestion of final +and absolute decision, has come to be used only in a high or sacred +sense; as, war must now be the _arbiter_; the Supreme _Arbiter_ of our +destinies. The _judges_ of certain courts, as the United States Supreme +Court, are technically known as _justices_. + + * * * * * + +JUSTICE. + + +Synonyms: + + equity, impartiality, legality, rightfulness, + fairness, integrity, rectitude, truth, + fair play, justness, right, uprightness, + faithfulness, law, righteousness, virtue. + honor, lawfulness, + +In its governmental relations, human or divine, _justice_ is the giving +to every person exactly what he deserves, not necessarily involving any +consideration of what any other may deserve; _equity_ (the quality of +being equal) is giving every one as much advantage, privilege, or +consideration as is given to any other; it is that which is equally +right or just to all concerned; _equity_ is equal _justice_ and is thus +a close synonym for _fairness_ and _impartiality_, but it has a +philosophical and legal precision that those words have not. In legal +proceedings cases arise for which the _law_ has not adequately provided, +or in which general provisions, just in the main, would work individual +hardship. The system of _equity_, devised to supply the insufficiencies +of _law_, deals with cases "to which the _law_ by reason of its +universality can not apply." "_Equity_, then, ... is the soul and spirit +of all _law_; positive _law_ is construed and rational _law_ is made by +it." BLACKSTONE bk. iii, ch. 27, p. 429. In personal and social +relations _justice_ is the rendering to every one what is due or +merited, whether in act, word, or thought; in matters of reasoning, or +literary work of any kind, _justice_ is close, faithful, unprejudiced, +and unbiased adherence to essential truth or fact; we speak of the +_justice_ of a statement, or of doing _justice_ to a subject. +_Integrity_, _rectitude_, _right_, _righteousness_ and _virtue_ denote +conformity of personal conduct to the moral law, and thus necessarily +include _justice_, which is giving others that which is their due. +_Lawfulness_ is an ambiguous word, meaning in its narrower sense mere +_legality_, which may be very far from _justice_, but in its higher +sense signifying accordance with the supreme _law_ of _right_, and thus +including perfect _justice_. _Justness_ refers rather to logical +relations than to practical matters; as, we speak of the _justness_ of a +statement or of a criticism. See JUDGE, _n._ + + +Antonyms: + + dishonesty, inequity, partiality, unlawfulness, untruth, + favoritism, injustice, unfairness, unreasonableness, wrong. + + +Prepositions: + +The justice _of_ the king; _to_ or _for_ the oppressed. + + * * * * * + +KEEP. + + +Synonyms: + + carry, defend, hold, preserve, retain, + carry on, detain, maintain, protect, support, + celebrate, fulfil, obey, refrain, sustain, + conduct, guard, observe, restrain, withhold. + +_Keep_, signifying generally to have and retain in possession, is the +terse, strong Saxon term for many acts which are more exactly +discriminated by other words. We _keep_, _observe_, or _celebrate_ a +festival; we _keep_ or _hold_ a prisoner in custody; we _keep_ or +_preserve_ silence, _keep_ the peace, _preserve_ order--_preserve_ being +the more formal word; we _keep_ or _maintain_ a horse, a servant, etc.; +a man _supports_ his family; we _keep_ or _obey_ a commandment; _keep_ +or _fulfil_ a promise. In the expressions to _keep_ a secret, _keep_ +one's own counsel, _keep_ faith, or _keep_ the faith, such words as +_preserve_ or _maintain_ could not be substituted without loss. A person +_keeps_ a shop or store, _conducts_ or _carries on_ a business; he +_keeps_ or _carries_ a certain line of goods; we may _keep_ or +_restrain_ one from folly, crime, or violence; we _keep_ from or +_refrain_ from evil, ourselves. _Keep_ in the sense of _guard_ or +_defend_ implies that the defense is effectual. Compare CELEBRATE; +RESTRAIN. + + +Prepositions: + +Keep _in_ hand, _in_ mind, _in_ or _within_ the house; _from_ evil; _out +of_ mischief; keep _to_ the subject; keep _for_ a person, an occasion, +etc. + + * * * * * + +KILL. + + +Synonyms: + + assassinate, despatch, massacre, put to death, slay. + butcher, execute, murder, slaughter, + +To _kill_ is simply to deprive of life, human, animal, or vegetable, +with no suggestion of how or why. _Assassinate_, _execute_, _murder_, +apply only to the taking of human life; to _murder_ is to _kill_ with +premeditation and malicious intent; to _execute_ is to _kill_ in +fulfilment of a legal sentence; to _assassinate_ is to _kill_ by +assault; this word is chiefly applied to the _killing_ of public or +eminent persons through alleged political motives, whether secretly or +openly. To _slay_ is to _kill_ by a blow, or by a weapon. _Butcher_ and +_slaughter_ apply primarily to the _killing_ of cattle; _massacre_ is +applied primarily and almost exclusively to human beings, signifying to +_kill_ them indiscriminately in large numbers; to _massacre_ is said +when there is no chance of successful resistance; to _butcher_ when the +_killing_ is especially brutal; soldiers mown down in a hopeless charge +are said to be _slaughtered_ when no brutality on the enemy's part is +implied. To _despatch_ is to _kill_ swiftly and in general quietly, +always with intention, with or without right. + + +Prepositions: + +To kill _with_ or _by_ sword, famine, pestilence, care, grief, etc.; +killed _for_ his money, _by_ a robber, _with_ a dagger. + + * * * * * + +KIN. + + +Synonyms: + + affinity, blood, descent, kind, race, + alliance, consanguinity, family, kindred, relationship. + birth, + +_Kind_ is broader than _kin_, denoting the most general _relationship_, +as of the whole human species in man_kind_, human_kind_, etc.; _kin_ and +_kindred_ denote direct _relationship_ that can be traced through either +blood or marriage, preferably the former; either of these words may +signify collectively all persons of the same blood or members of the +same family, relatives or relations. _Affinity_ is _relationship_ by +marriage, _consanguinity_ is _relationship_ by blood. There are no true +antonyms of _kin_ or _kindred_, except those made by negatives, since +strangers, aliens, foreigners, and foes may still be _kin_ or _kindred_. + + * * * * * + +KNOWLEDGE. + + +Synonyms: + + acquaintance, erudition, learning, recognition, + apprehension, experience, light, scholarship, + cognition, information, lore, science, + cognizance, intelligence, perception, wisdom. + comprehension, intuition, + +_Knowledge_ is all that the mind knows, from whatever source derived or +obtained, or by whatever process; the aggregate of facts, truths, or +principles acquired or retained by the mind, including alike the +_intuitions_ native to the mind and all that has been learned respecting +phenomena, causes, laws, principles, literature, etc. There is a +tendency to regard _knowledge_ as accurate and systematic, and to a +certain degree complete. _Information_ is _knowledge_ of fact, real or +supposed, derived from persons, books, or observation, and is regarded +as casual and haphazard. We say of a studious man that he has a great +store of _knowledge_, or of an intelligent man of the world, that he has +a fund of varied _information_. _Lore_ is used only in poetic or +elevated style, for accumulated _knowledge_, as of a people or age, or +in a more limited sense for _learning_ or _erudition_. We speak of +_perception_ of external objects, _apprehension_ of intellectual truth. +Simple _perception_ gives a limited _knowledge_ of external objects, +merely as such; the _cognition_ of the same objects is a _knowledge_ of +them in some relation; _cognizance_ is the formal or official +_recognition_ of something as an object of _knowledge_; we take +_cognizance_ of it. _Intuition_ is primary _knowledge_ antecedent to all +teaching or reasoning, _experience_ is _knowledge_ that has entered +directly into one's own life; as, a child's _experience_ that fire will +burn. _Learning_ is much higher than _information_, being preeminently +wide and systematic _knowledge_, the result of long, assiduous study; +_erudition_ is recondite _learning_ secured only by extraordinary +industry, opportunity, and ability. Compare ACQUAINTANCE; EDUCATION; +SCIENCE; WISDOM. + + +Antonyms: + + ignorance, inexperience, misconception, rudeness, + illiteracy, misapprehension, misunderstanding, unfamiliarity. + + * * * * * + +LANGUAGE. + + +Synonyms: + + barbarism, expression, patois, vernacular, + dialect, idiom, speech, vocabulary. + diction, mother tongue, tongue, + +_Language_ (F. _langage_ < L. _lingua_, the tongue) signified originally +_expression_ of thought by spoken words, but now in its widest sense it +signifies _expression_ of thought by any means; as, the _language_ of +the eyes, the _language_ of flowers. As regards the use of words, +_language_ in its broadest sense denotes all the uttered sounds and +their combinations into words and sentences that human beings employ for +the communication of thought, and, in a more limited sense, the words or +combinations forming a means of communication among the members of a +single nation, people, or race. _Speech_ involves always the power of +articulate utterance; we can speak of the _language_ of animals, but not +of their _speech_. A _tongue_ is the _speech_ or _language_ of some one +people, country, or race. A _dialect_ is a special mode of speaking a +_language_ peculiar to some locality or class, not recognized as in +accordance with the best usage; a _barbarism_ is a perversion of a +_language_ by ignorant foreigners, or some usage akin to that. _Idiom_ +refers to the construction of phrases and sentences, and the way of +forming or using words; it is the peculiar mold in which each _language_ +casts its thought. The great difficulty of translation is to give the +thought expressed in one _language_ in the _idiom_ of another. A +_dialect_ may be used by the highest as well as the lowest within its +range; a _patois_ is distinctly illiterate, belonging to the lower +classes; those who speak a _patois_ understand the cultured form of +their own language, but speak only the degraded form, as in the case of +the Italian lazzaroni or the former negro slaves in the United States. +_Vernacular_, from the Latin, has the same general sense as the Saxon +_mother tongue_, of one's native _language_, or that of a people; as, +the Scriptures were translated into the _vernacular_. Compare DICTION. + + * * * * * + +LARGE. + + +Synonyms: + + abundant, coarse, gigantic, long, + ample, colossal, grand, massive, + big, commodious, great, spacious, + broad, considerable, huge, vast, + bulky, enormous, immense, wide. + capacious, extensive, + +_Large_ denotes extension in more than one direction, and beyond the +average of the class to which the object belongs; we speak of a _large_ +surface or a _large_ solid, but of a _long_ line; a _large_ field, a +_large_ room, a _large_ apple, etc. A _large_ man is a man of more than +ordinary size; a _great_ man is a man of remarkable mental power. _Big_ +is a more emphatic word than _large_, but of less dignity. We do not say +that George Washington was a _big_ man. + + +Antonyms: + + brief, limited, minute, scanty, small, + diminutive, little, narrow, short, tiny, + inconsiderable, mean, paltry, slender, trifling, + infinitesimal, microscopic, petty, slight, trivial. + insignificant, + + * * * * * + +LAW. + + +Synonyms: + + canon, economy, legislation, principle, + code, edict, mandate, regulation, + command, enactment, order, rule, + commandment, formula, ordinance, statute. + decree, jurisprudence, polity, + +_Law_, in its ideal, is the statement of a _principle_ of right in +mandatory form, by competent authority, with adequate penalty for +disobedience; in common use, the term is applied to any legislative act, +however imperfect or unjust. _Command_ and _commandment_ are personal +and particular; as, the _commands_ of a parent; the ten _commandments_. +An _edict_ is the act of an absolute sovereign or other authority; we +speak of the _edict_ of an emperor, the _decree_ of a court. A _mandate_ +is specific, for an occasion or a purpose; a superior court issues its +_mandate_ to an inferior court to send up its records. _Statute_ is the +recognized legal term for a specific _law_; _enactment_ is the more +vague and general expression. We speak of algebraic or chemical +_formulas_, municipal _ordinances_, military _orders_, army +_regulations_, ecclesiastical _canons_, the _rules_ of a business house. +_Law_ is often used, also, for a recognized _principle_, whose violation +is attended with injury or loss that acts like a penalty; as, the _laws_ +of business; the _laws_ of nature. In more strictly scientific use, a +natural _law_ is simply a recognized system of sequences or relations; +as, Kepler's _laws_ of planetary distances. A _code_ is a system of +_laws_; _jurisprudence_ is the science of _law_, or a system of _laws_ +scientifically considered, classed, and interpreted; _legislation_, +primarily the act of legislating, denotes also the body of _statutes_ +enacted by a legislative body. An _economy_ (Gr. _oikonomia_, primarily +the management of a house) is any comprehensive system of +administration; as, domestic _economy_; but the word is extended to the +administration or government of a state or people, signifying a body of +_laws_ and _regulations_, with the entire system, political or +religious, especially the latter, of which they form a part; as, the +_code_ of Draco, Roman _jurisprudence_, British _legislation_, the +Mosaic _economy_. _Law_ is also used as a collective noun for a system +of _laws_ or recognized _rules_ or _regulations_, including not only all +special _laws_, but the _principles_ on which they are based. The Mosaic +_economy_ is known also as the Mosaic _law_, and we speak of the English +common _law_, or the _law_ of nations. _Polity_ (Gr. _politeia_, from +_polis_, a city) signifies the form, constitution, or method of +government of a nation, state, church, or other institution; in usage it +differs from _economy_ as applying rather to the system, while _economy_ +applies especially to method, or to the system as administered; an +_economy_ might be termed a _polity_ considered with especial reference +to its practical administration, hence commonly with special reference +to details or particulars, while _polity_ has more reference to broad +_principles_. + + * * * * * + +LIBERTY. + + +Synonyms: + + emancipation, freedom, independence, license. + +In general terms, it may be said that _freedom_ is absolute, _liberty_ +relative; _freedom_ is the absence of restraint, _liberty_ is primarily +the removal or avoidance of restraint; in its broadest sense, it is the +state of being exempt from the domination of others or from restricting +circumstances. _Freedom_ and _liberty_ are constantly interchanged; the +slave is set at _liberty_, or gains his _freedom_; but _freedom_ is the +nobler word. _Independence_ is said of states or nations, _freedom_ and +_liberty_ of individuals; the _independence_ of the United States did +not secure _liberty_ or _freedom_ to its slaves. _Liberty_ keeps quite +strictly to the thought of being clear of restraint or compulsion; +_freedom_ takes a wider range, applying to other oppressive influences; +thus, we speak of _freedom_ from annoyance or intrusion. _License_ is, +in its limited sense, a permission or privilege granted by adequate +authority, a bounded _liberty_; in the wider sense, _license_ is an +ignoring and defiance of all that should restrain, and a reckless doing +of all that individual caprice or passion may choose to do--a base and +dangerous counterfeit of _freedom_. Compare ALLOW; PERMISSION. + + +Antonyms: + + captivity, imprisonment, oppression, slavery, + compulsion, necessity, serfdom, superstition, + constraint, obligation, servitude, thraldom. + + * * * * * + +LIGHT. + + +Synonyms: + + blaze, gleam, glow, shimmer, + flame, gleaming, illumination, shine, + flare, glimmer, incandescence, shining, + flash, glistening, luster, sparkle, + flicker, glistering, scintillation, twinkle, + glare, glitter, sheen, twinkling. + +_Light_, strictly denoting a form of radiant energy, is used as a +general term for any luminous effect discernible by the eye, from the +faintest phosphorescence to the _blaze_ of the noonday sun. A _flame_ is +both hot and luminous; if it contains few solid particles it will yield +little _light_, tho it may afford intense heat, as in the case of a +hydrogen-_flame_. A _blaze_ is an extensive, brilliant _flame_. A +_flare_ is a wavering _flame_ or _blaze_; a _flash_ is a _light_ that +appears and disappears in an instant; as, a _flash_ of lightning; the +_flash_ of gunpowder. The _glare_ and _glow_ are steady, the _glare_ +painfully bright, the _glow_ subdued; as, the _glare_ of torches; the +_glow_ of dying embers. _Shine_ and _shining_ refer to a steady or +continuous emission of _light_; _sheen_ is a faint _shining_, usually by +reflection. _Glimmer_, _glitter_, and _shimmer_ denote wavering _light_. +We speak of the _glimmer_ of distant lamps through the mist; of the +_shimmer_ of waves in sun_light_ or moon_light_. A _gleam_ is not +wavering, but transient or intermittent; a sudden _gleam_ of _light_ +came through the half-open door; a _glitter_ is a hard _light_; as, the +_glitter_ of burnished arms. A _sparkle_ is a sudden _light_, as of +sparks thrown out; _scintillation_ is the more exact and scientific term +for the actual emission of sparks, also the figurative term for what +suggests such emission; as, _scintillations_ of wit or of genius. +_Twinkle_ and _twinkling_ are used of the intermittent _light_ of the +fixed stars. _Glistening_ is a _shining_ as from a wet surface. +_Illumination_ is a wide-spread, brilliant _light_, as when all the +windows of a house or of a street are lighted. The _light_ of +_incandescence_ is intense and white like that from metal at a white +heat. + + +Antonyms: + + blackness, darkness, dusk, gloominess, shade, + dark, dimness, gloom, obscurity, shadow. + + * * * * * + +LIKELY. + + +Synonyms: + + apt, conceivable, liable, probable, + credible, conjectural, presumable, reasonable. + +_Apt_ implies a natural fitness or tendency; an impetuous person is +_apt_ to speak hastily. _Liable_ refers to a contingency regarded as +unfavorable; as, the ship was _liable_ to founder at any moment. +_Likely_ refers to a contingent event regarded as very probable, and +usually, tho not always, favorable; as, an industrious worker is +_likely_ to succeed. _Credible_ signifies readily to be believed; as, a +_credible_ narrative; _likely_ in such connection is used ironically to +signify the reverse; as, a _likely_ story! A thing is _conceivable_ of +which the mind can entertain the possibility; a thing is _conjectural_ +which is conjectured as possible or probable without other support than +a conjecture, or tentative judgment; a thing is _presumable_ which, from +what is antecedently known, may betaken for granted in advance of proof. +_Reasonable_ in this connection signifies such as the reason can be +satisfied with, independently of external grounds for belief or +disbelief; as, that seems a _reasonable_ supposition. Compare APPARENT. + + +Antonyms: + + doubtful, improbable, questionable, unreasonable. + dubious, incredible, unlikely, + + * * * * * + +LISTEN. + + +Synonyms: + + attend, hark, harken, hear, heed, list. + +Between _listen_ and _hear_ is a difference like that between the words +look and see. (Compare synonyms for LOOK.) To _hear_ is simply to +become conscious of sound, to _listen_ is to make a conscious effort or +endeavor to _hear_. We may _hear_ without _listening_, as words suddenly +uttered in an adjoining room; or we may _listen_ without _hearing_, as +to a distant speaker. In _listening_ the ear is intent upon the sound; +in _attending_ the mind is intent upon the thought, tho _listening_ +implies some attention to the meaning or import of the sound. To _heed_ +is not only to _attend_, but to remember and observe. _Harken_ is nearly +obsolete. + + +Antonyms: + + be deaf to, ignore, neglect, scorn, slight. + + +Prepositions: + +We listen _for_ what we expect or desire to hear; we listen _to_ what we +actually do hear; listen _for_ a step, a signal, a train; listen _to_ +the debate. + + * * * * * + +LITERATURE. + + +Synonyms: + + belles-lettres, literary productions, publications, + books, literary works, writings. + +_Literature_ is collective, including in the most general sense all the +written or printed productions of the human mind in all lands and ages, +or in a more limited sense, referring to all that has been published in +some land or age, or in some department of human knowledge; as, the +_literature_ of Greece; the _literature_ of the Augustan age; the +_literature_ of politics or of art. _Literature_, used absolutely, +denotes what has been called "polite _literature_" or _belles-lettres_, +_i. e._, the works collectively that embody taste, feeling, loftiness of +thought, and purity and beauty of style, as poetry, history, fiction, +and dramatic compositions, including also much of philosophical writing, +as the "Republic" of Plato, and oratorical productions, as the orations +of Demosthenes. In the broad sense, we can speak of the _literature_ of +science; in the narrower sense, we speak of _literature_ and science as +distinct departments of knowledge. _Literature_ is also used to signify +literary pursuits or occupations; as, to devote one's life to +_literature_. Compare KNOWLEDGE; SCIENCE. + + * * * * * + +LOAD, _n._ + + +Synonyms: + + burden, charge, encumbrance, incubus, pack, + cargo, clog, freight, lading, weight. + +A _burden_ (from the Anglo-Saxon _byrthen_, from the verb _beran_, bear) +is what one has to bear, and the word is used always of that which is +borne by a living agent. A _load_ (from the Anglo-Saxon _l[=a]d_, a +way, course, carrying, or carriage) is what is laid upon a person, +animal, or vehicle for conveyance, or what is customarily so imposed; +as, a two-horse _load_. _Weight_ measures the pressure due to gravity; +the same _weight_ that one finds a moderate _load_ when in his full +strength becomes a heavy _burden_ in weariness or weakness. A ship's +_load_ is called distinctively a _cargo_, or it may be known as +_freight_ or _lading_. _Freight_ denotes merchandise in or for +transportation and is used largely of transportation or of merchandise +transported by rail, which is, in commercial language, said to be +"shipped." A _load_ to be fastened upon a horse or mule is called a +_pack_, and the animal is known as a pack-horse or pack-mule. + + * * * * * + +LOCK. + + +Synonyms: + + bar, catch, fastening, hook, + bolt, clasp, hasp, latch. + +A _bar_ is a piece of wood or metal, usually of considerable size, by +which an opening is obstructed, a door held fast, etc. A _bar_ may be +movable or permanent; a _bolt_ is a movable rod or pin of metal, sliding +in a socket and adapted for securing a door or window. A _lock_ is an +arrangement by which an enclosed _bolt_ is shot forward or backward by a +key, or other device; the _bolt_ is the essential part of the _lock_. A +_latch_ or _catch_ is an accessible _fastening_ designed to be easily +movable, and simply to secure against accidental opening of the door, +cover, etc. A _hasp_ is a metallic strap that fits over a staple, +calculated to be secured by a padlock; a simple _hook_ that fits into a +staple is also called a _hasp_. A _clasp_ is a fastening that can be +sprung into place, to draw and hold the parts of some enclosing object +firmly together, as the _clasp_ of a book. + + * * * * * + +LOOK. + + +Synonyms: + + behold, discern, inspect, see, view, + contemplate, gaze, regard, stare, watch. + descry, glance, scan, survey, + +To _see_ is simply to become conscious of an object of vision; to _look_ +is to make a conscious and direct endeavor to _see_. To _behold_ is to +fix the sight and the mind with distinctness and consideration upon +something that has come to be clearly before the eyes. We may _look_ +without _seeing_, as in pitch-darkness, and we may _see_ without +_looking_, as in case of a flash of lightning. To _gaze_ is to _look_ +intently, long, and steadily upon an object. To _glance_ is to _look_ +casually or momentarily. To _stare_ is to _look_ with a fixed intensity +such as is the effect of surprise, alarm, or rudeness. To _scan_ is to +_look_ at minutely, to note every visible feature. To _inspect_ is to go +below the surface, uncover, study item by item. _View_ and _survey_ are +comprehensive, _survey_ expressing the greater exactness of measurement +or estimate. _Watch_ brings in the element of time and often of +wariness; we _watch_ for a movement or change, a signal, the approach of +an enemy, etc. Compare APPEAR. + + * * * * * + +LOVE. + + +Synonyms: + + affection, charity, friendship, regard, + attachment, devotion, liking, tenderness. + attraction, fondness, + +_Affection_ is kindly feeling, deep, tender, and constant, going out to +some person or object, being less fervent and ardent than _love_, +whether applied to persons or things. _Love_ is an intense and absorbing +emotion, drawing one toward a person or object and causing one to +appreciate, delight in, and crave the presence or possession of the +person or object loved, and to desire to please and benefit the person, +or to advance the cause, truth, or other object of _affection_; it is +the yearning or outgoing of soul toward something that is regarded as +excellent, beautiful, or desirable; _love_ may be briefly defined as +strong and absorbing _affection_ for and _attraction_ toward a person or +object. _Love_ may denote the sublimest and holiest spiritual +_affection_ as when we are taught that "God is _love_." _Charity_ has so +far swung aside from this original meaning that probably it never can be +recalled (compare BENEVOLENCE). The Revised Version uses _love_ in place +of _charity_ in _1 Cor._ xiii, and elsewhere. _Love_ is more intense, +absorbing, and tender than _friendship_, more intense, impulsive, and +perhaps passionate than _affection_; we speak of fervent _love_, but of +deep or tender _affection_, or of close, firm, strong _friendship_. +_Love_ is used specifically for personal _affection_ between the sexes +in the highest sense, the _love_ that normally leads to marriage, and +subsists throughout all happy wedded life. _Love_ can never properly +denote mere animal passion, which is expressed by such words as +appetite, desire, lust. One may properly be said to have _love_ for +animals, for inanimate objects, or for abstract qualities that enlist +the affections, as we speak of _love_ for a horse or a dog, for +mountains, woods, ocean, or of _love_ of nature, and _love_ of virtue. +_Love_ of articles of food is better expressed by _liking_, as _love_, +in its full sense, expresses something spiritual and reciprocal, such as +can have no place in connection with objects that minister merely to the +senses. Compare ATTACHMENT; FRIENDSHIP. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for ANTIPATHY; ENMITY; HATRED. + + +Prepositions: + +Love _of_ country; _for_ humanity; love _to_ God and man. + + * * * * * + +MAKE. + + +Synonyms: + + become, constrain, fabricate, manufacture, + bring about, construct, fashion, occasion, + bring into being, create, force, perform, + bring to pass, do, frame, reach, + cause, effect, get, render, + compel, establish, make out, require, + compose, execute, make up, shape. + constitute, + +_Make_ is essentially causative; to the idea of _cause_ all its various +senses may be traced (compare synonyms for CAUSE). To _make_ is to +_cause_ to exist, or to _cause_ to exist in a certain form or in certain +relations; the word thus includes the idea of _create_, as in _Gen._ i, +31, "And God saw everything that he had _made_, and, behold, it was very +good." _Make_ includes also the idea of _compose_, _constitute_; as, the +parts _make up_ the whole. Similarly, to _cause_ a voluntary agent to do +a certain act is to _make_ him do it, or _compel_ him to do it, _compel_ +fixing the attention more on the process, _make_ on the accomplished +fact. Compare COMPEL; DO; INFLUENCE; (make better) AMEND; (make haste) +QUICKEN; (make known) ANNOUNCE; AVOW; CONFESS; (make prisoner) ARREST; +(make up) ADD; (make void) CANCEL. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for ABOLISH; BREAK; DEMOLISH. + + +Prepositions: + +Make _of_, _out of_, or _from_ certain materials, _into_ a certain form, +_for_ a certain purpose or person; made _with_ hands, _by_ hand; made +_by_ a prisoner, _with_ a jack-knife. + + * * * * * + +MARRIAGE. + + +Synonyms: + + conjugal union, espousals, nuptials, spousals, wedding, + espousal, matrimony, spousal, union, wedlock. + +_Matrimony_ denotes the state of those who are united in the relation +of husband and wife; _marriage_ denotes primarily the act of so uniting, +but is extensively used for the state as well. _Wedlock_, a word of +specific legal use, is the Saxon term for the state or relation denoted +by _matrimony_. _Wedding_ denotes the ceremony, with any attendant +festivities, by which two persons are united as husband and wife, +_nuptials_ being the more formal and stately term to express the same +idea. + + +Antonyms: + + bachelorhood, celibacy, divorce, maidenhood, virginity, widowhood. + + +Prepositions: + +Marriage _of_ or _between_ two persons; _of_ one person _to_ or _with_ +another; _among_ the Greeks. + + * * * * * + +MASCULINE. + + +Synonyms: + + male, manful, manlike, manly, mannish, virile. + +We apply _male_ to the sex, _masculine_ to the qualities, especially to +the stronger, hardier, and more imperious qualities that distinguish the +_male_ sex; as applied to women, _masculine_ has often the depreciatory +sense of unwomanly, rude, or harsh; as, a _masculine_ face or voice, or +the like; tho one may say in a commendatory way, she acted with +_masculine_ courage or decision. _Manlike_ may mean only having the +outward appearance or semblance of a man, or may be closely equivalent +to _manly_. _Manly_ refers to all the qualities and traits worthy of a +man; _manful_, especially to the valor and prowess that become a man; we +speak of a _manful_ struggle, _manly_ decision; we say _manly_ +gentleness or tenderness; we could not say _manful_ tenderness. +_Mannish_ is a depreciatory word referring to the mimicry or parade of +some superficial qualities of manhood; as, a _mannish_ boy or woman. +_Masculine_ may apply to the distinctive qualities of the _male_ sex at +any age; _virile_ applies to the distinctive qualities of mature manhood +only, as opposed not only to _feminine_ or _womanly_ but to _childish_, +and is thus an emphatic word for _sturdy_, _intrepid_, etc. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for FEMININE. + + * * * * * + +MASSACRE. + + +Synonyms: + + butchery, carnage, havoc, slaughter. + +A _massacre_ is the indiscriminate killing in numbers of the +unresisting or defenseless; _butchery_ is the killing of men rudely and +ruthlessly as cattle are killed in the shambles. _Havoc_ may not be so +complete as _massacre_, nor so coldly brutal as _butchery_, but is more +widely spread and furious; it is destruction let loose, and may be +applied to organizations, interests, etc., as well as to human life; "as +for Saul, he made _havoc_ of the church," _Acts_ viii, 3. _Carnage_ +(Latin _caro, carnis_, flesh) refers to widely scattered or heaped up +corpses of the slain; _slaughter_ is similar in meaning, but refers more +to the process, as _carnage_ does to the result; these two words only of +the group may be used of great destruction of life in open and honorable +battle, as when we say the enemy was repulsed with great _slaughter_, or +the _carnage_ was terrible. + + * * * * * + +MEDDLESOME. + + +Synonyms: + + impertinent, intrusive, meddling, obtrusive, officious. + +The _meddlesome_ person interferes unasked in the affairs of others; the +_intrusive_ person thrusts himself uninvited into their company or +conversation; the _obtrusive_ person thrusts himself or his opinions +conceitedly and undesirably upon their notice; the _officious_ person +thrusts his services, unasked and undesired, upon others. _Obtrusive_ is +oftener applied to words, qualities, actions, etc., than to persons; +_intrusive_ is used chiefly of persons, as is _officious_, tho we speak +of _officious_ attentions, _intrusive_ remarks; _meddlesome_ is used +indifferently of persons, or of words, qualities, actions, etc. Compare +INQUISITIVE; INTERPOSE. + + +Antonyms: + + modest, reserved, retiring, shy, unassuming, unobtrusive. + + * * * * * + +MELODY. + + +Synonyms: + + harmony, music, symphony, unison. + +_Harmony_ is simultaneous; _melody_ is successive; _harmony_ is the +pleasing correspondence of two or more notes sounded at once, _melody_ +the pleasing succession of a number of notes continuously following one +another. A _melody_ may be wholly in one part; _harmony_ must be of two +or more parts. Accordant notes of different pitch sounded simultaneously +produce _harmony_; _unison_ is the simultaneous sounding of two or more +notes of the same pitch. When the pitch is the same, there may be +_unison_ between sounds of very different volume and quality, as a voice +and a bell may sound in _unison_. Tones sounded at the interval of an +octave are also said to be in _unison_, altho this is not literally +exact; this usage arises from the fact that bass and tenor voices in +attempting to sound the same note as the soprano and alto will in fact +sound a note an octave below. _Music_ may denote the simplest _melody_ +or the most complex and perfect _harmony_. A _symphony_ (apart from its +technical orchestral sense) is any pleasing consonance of musical +sounds, vocal or instrumental, as of many accordant voices or +instruments. + + * * * * * + +MEMORY. + + +Synonyms: + + recollection, reminiscence, retrospect, retrospection. + remembrance, + +_Memory_ is the faculty by which knowledge is retained or recalled; in a +more general sense, _memory_ is a retention of knowledge within the +grasp of the mind, while _remembrance_ is the having what is known +consciously before the mind. _Remembrance_ may be voluntary or +involuntary; a thing is brought to _remembrance_ or we call it to +_remembrance_; the same is true of _memory_. _Recollection_ involves +volition, the mind making a distinct effort to recall something, or +fixing the attention actively upon it when recalled. _Reminiscence_ is a +half-dreamy _memory_ of scenes or events long past; _retrospection_ is a +distinct turning of the mind back upon the past, bringing long periods +under survey. _Retrospection_ is to _reminiscence_ much what +_recollection_ is to _remembrance_. + + +Antonyms: + + forgetfulness, oblivion, obliviousness, oversight, unconsciousness. + + * * * * * + +MERCY. + + +Synonyms: + + benevolence, favor, kindness, mildness, + benignity, forbearance, lenience, pardon, + blessing, forgiveness, leniency, pity, + clemency, gentleness, lenity, tenderness. + compassion, grace, + +_Mercy_ is the exercise of less severity than one deserves, or in a more +extended sense, the granting of _kindness_ or _favor_ beyond what one +may rightly claim. _Grace_ is _favor_, _kindness_, or _blessing_ shown +to the undeserving; _forgiveness_, _mercy_, and _pardon_ are exercised +toward the ill-deserving. _Pardon_ remits the outward penalty which the +offender deserves; _forgiveness_ dismisses resentment or displeasure +from the heart of the one offended; _mercy_ seeks the highest possible +good of the offender. There may be _mercy_ without _pardon_, as in the +mitigation of sentence, or in all possible alleviation of necessary +severity; there may be cases where _pardon_ would not be _mercy_, since +it would encourage to repetition of the offense, from which timely +punishment might have saved. _Mercy_ is also used in the wider sense of +refraining from harshness or cruelty toward those who are in one's power +without fault of their own; as, they besought the robber to have +_mercy_. _Clemency_ is a colder word than _mercy_, and without its +religious associations, signifying _mildness_ and moderation in the use +of power where severity would have legal or military, rather than moral +sanction; it often denotes a habitual _mildness_ of disposition on the +part of the powerful, and is matter rather of good nature or policy than +of principle. _Leniency_ or _lenity_ denotes an easy-going avoidance of +severity; these words are more general and less magisterial than +_clemency_; we should speak of the _leniency_ of a parent, the +_clemency_ of a conqueror. Compare PITY. + + +Antonyms: + + cruelty, implacability, punishment, rigor, sternness, + hardness, justice, revenge, severity, vengeance. + harshness, penalty, + + +Prepositions: + +The mercy _of_ God _to_ or _toward_ sinners; have mercy _on_ or _upon_ +one. + + * * * * * + +METER. + + +Synonyms: + + euphony, measure, rhythm, verse. + +_Euphony_ is agreeable linguistic sound, however produced; _meter_, +_measure_, and _rhythm_ denote agreeable succession of sounds in the +utterance of connected words; _euphony_ may apply to a single word or +even a single syllable; the other words apply to lines, sentences, +paragraphs, etc.; _rhythm_ and _meter_ may be produced by accent only, +as in English, or by accent and quantity combined, as in Greek or +Italian; _rhythm_ or _measure_ may apply either to prose or to poetry, +or to music, dancing, etc.; _meter_ is more precise than _rhythm_, +applies only to poetry, and denotes a measured _rhythm_ with regular +divisions into _verses_, stanzas, strophes, etc. A _verse_ is strictly a +metrical line, but the word is often used as synonymous with stanza. +_Verse_, in the general sense, denotes metrical writing without +reference to the thought involved; as, prose and _verse_. Compare +MELODY; POETRY. + + * * * * * + +MIND. + + +Synonyms: + + brain, instinct, reason, spirit, + consciousness, intellect, sense, thought, + disposition, intelligence, soul, understanding. + +_Mind_, in a general sense, includes all the powers of sentient being +apart from the physical factors in bodily faculties and activities; in a +limited sense, _mind_ is nearly synonymous with _intellect_, but +includes _disposition_, or the tendency toward action, as appears in the +phrase "to have a _mind_ to work." As the seat of mental activity, +_brain_ (colloquially _brains_) is often used as a synonym for _mind_, +_intellect_, _intelligence_. _Thought_, the act, process, or power of +thinking, is often used to denote the thinking faculty, and especially +the _reason_. The _instinct_ of animals is now held by many philosophers +to be of the same nature as the _intellect_ of man, but inferior and +limited; yet the apparent difference is very great. + + An _instinct_ is a propensity prior to experience and independent of + instruction. + + PALEY _Natural Philosophy_ ch. 18. + +In this sense we speak of human _instincts_, thus denoting tendencies +independent of reasoning or instruction. The _soul_ includes the +_intellect_, sensibilities, and will; beyond what is expressed by the +word _mind_, the _soul_ denotes especially the moral, the immortal +nature; we say of a dead body, the _soul_ (not the _mind_) has fled. +_Spirit_ is used especially in contradistinction from matter; it may in +many cases be substituted for _soul_, but _soul_ has commonly a fuller +and more determinate meaning; we can conceive of _spirits_ as having no +moral nature; the fairies, elves, and brownies of mythology might be +termed _spirits_, but not _souls_. In the figurative sense, _spirit_ +denotes animation, excitability, perhaps impatience; as, a lad of +_spirit_; he sang with _spirit_; he replied with _spirit_. _Soul_ +denotes energy and depth of feeling, as when we speak of soulful eyes; +or it may denote the very life of anything; as, "the hidden _soul_ of +harmony," MILTON _L'Allegro_ l. 144. _Sense_ may be an antonym of +_intellect_, as when we speak of the _sense_ of hearing; but _sense_ is +used also as denoting clear mental action, good judgment, acumen; as, he +is a man of _sense_, or, he showed good _sense_; _sense_, even in its +material signification, must be reckoned among the activities of _mind_, +tho dependent on bodily functions; the _mind_, not the eye, really sees; +the _mind_, not the ear, really hears. _Consciousness_ includes all that +a sentient being perceives, knows, thinks, or feels, from whatever +source arising and of whatever character, kind, or degree, whether with +or without distinct thinking, feeling, or willing; we speak of the +_consciousness_ of the brute, of the savage, or of the sage. The +_intellect_ is that assemblage of faculties which is concerned with +knowledge, as distinguished from emotion and volition. _Understanding_ +is the Saxon word of the same general import, but is chiefly used of the +reasoning powers; the _understanding_, which Sir Wm. Hamilton has called +"the faculty of relations and comparisons," is distinguished by many +philosophers from _reason_ in that "_reason_ is the faculty of the +higher cognitions or a priori truth." + + +Antonyms: + + body, brawn, brute force, material substance, matter. + + * * * * * + +MINUTE. + + +Synonyms: + + circumstantial, diminutive, little, slender, + comminuted, exact, particular, small, + critical, fine, precise, tiny. + detailed, + +That is _minute_ which is of exceedingly limited dimensions, as a grain +of dust, or which attends to matters of exceedingly slight amount or +apparent importance; as, a _minute_ account; _minute_ observation. That +which is broken up into _minute_ particles is said to be _comminuted_; +things may be termed _fine_ which would not be termed _comminuted_; as, +_fine_ sand; _fine_ gravel; but, in using the adverb, we say a substance +is finely _comminuted_, _comminuted_ referring more to the process, +_fine_ to the result. An account extended to very _minute_ particulars +is _circumstantial_, _detailed_, _particular_; an examination so +extended is _critical_, _exact_, _precise_. Compare FINE. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for LARGE. + + * * * * * + +MISFORTUNE. + + +Synonyms: + + adversity, disappointment, ill fortune, ruin, + affliction, disaster, ill luck, sorrow, + bereavement, distress, misadventure, stroke, + blow, failure, mischance, trial, + calamity, hardship, misery, tribulation, + chastening, harm, mishap, trouble, + chastisement, ill, reverse, visitation. + +_Misfortune_ is adverse fortune or any instance thereof, any untoward +event, usually of lingering character or consequences, and such as the +sufferer is not deemed directly responsible for; as, he had the +_misfortune_ to be born blind. Any considerable _disappointment_, +_failure_, or _misfortune_, as regards outward circumstances, as loss of +fortune, position, and the like, when long continued or attended with +enduring consequences, constitutes _adversity_. For the loss of friends +by death we commonly use _affliction_ or _bereavement_. _Calamity_ and +_disaster_ are used of sudden and severe _misfortunes_, often +overwhelming; _ill fortune_ and _ill luck_, of lighter troubles and +failures. We speak of the _misery_ of the poor, the _hardships_ of the +soldier. _Affliction_, _chastening_, _trial_, and _tribulation_ have all +an especially religious bearing, suggesting some disciplinary purpose of +God with beneficent design. _Affliction_ may be keen and bitter, but +brief; _tribulation_ is long and wearing. We speak of an _affliction_, +but rarely of a _tribulation_, since _tribulation_ is viewed as a +continuous process, which may endure for years or for a lifetime; but we +speak of our daily _trials_. Compare CATASTROPHE. + + +Antonyms: + + blessing, consolation, gratification, pleasure, success, + boon, good fortune, happiness, prosperity, triumph. + comfort, good luck, joy, relief, + + * * * * * + +MOB. + + +Synonyms: + + canaille, dregs of the people, masses, rabble, + crowd, lower classes, populace, the vulgar. + +The _populace_ are poor and ignorant, but may be law-abiding; a _mob_ is +disorderly and lawless, but may be rich and influential. The _rabble_ is +despicable, worthless, purposeless; a _mob_ may have effective desperate +purpose. A _crowd_ may be drawn by mere curiosity; some strong, +pervading excitement is needed to make it a _mob_. Compare PEOPLE. + + * * * * * + +MODEL. + + +Synonyms: + + archetype, facsimile, original, representation, + copy, image, pattern, standard, + design, imitation, prototype, type. + example, mold, + +A _pattern_ is always, in modern use, that which is to be copied; a +_model_ may be either the thing to be copied or the _copy_ that has been +made from it; as, the _models_ in the Patent Office. A _pattern_ is +commonly superficial; a _model_ is usually in relief. A _pattern_ must +be closely followed in its minutest particulars by a faithful copyist; +a _model_ may allow a great degree of freedom. A sculptor may idealize +his living _model_; his workmen must exactly _copy_ in marble or metal +the _model_ he has made in clay. Compare EXAMPLE; IDEA; IDEAL. + + * * * * * + +MODESTY. + + +Synonyms: + + backwardness, constraint, reserve, timidity, + bashfulness, coyness, shyness, unobtrusiveness. + coldness, diffidence, + +_Bashfulness_ is a shrinking from notice without assignable reason. +_Coyness_ is a half encouragement, half avoidance of offered attention, +and may be real or affected. _Diffidence_ is self-distrust; _modesty_, a +humble estimate of oneself in comparison with others, or with the +demands of some undertaking. _Modesty_ has also the specific meaning of +a sensitive shrinking from anything indelicate. _Shyness_ is a tendency +to shrink from observation; _timidity_, a distinct fear of criticism, +error, or failure. _Reserve_ is the holding oneself aloof from others, +or holding back one's feelings from expression, or one's affairs from +communication to others. _Reserve_ may be the retreat of _shyness_, or, +on the other hand, the contemptuous withdrawal of pride and haughtiness. +Compare ABASH; PRIDE; TACITURN. + + +Antonyms: + + abandon, confidence, haughtiness, pertness, + arrogance, egotism, impudence, sauciness, + assumption, forwardness, indiscretion, self-conceit, + assurance, frankness, loquaciousness, self-sufficiency, + boldness, freedom, loquacity, sociability. + conceit, + + * * * * * + +MONEY. + + +Synonyms: + + bills, cash, funds, property, + bullion, coin, gold, silver, + capital, currency, notes, specie. + +_Money_ is the authorized medium of exchange; coined _money_ is called +_coin_ or _specie_. What are termed in England bank-_notes_ are in the +United States commonly called _bills_; as, a five-dollar _bill_. The +_notes_ of responsible men are readily transferable in commercial +circles, but they are not _money_; as, the stock was sold for $500 in +_money_ and the balance in merchantable paper. _Cash_ is _specie_ or +_money_ in hand, or paid in hand; as, the _cash_ account; the _cash_ +price. In the legal sense, _property_ is not _money_, and _money_ is not +_property_; for _property_ is that which has inherent value, while +_money_, as such, has but representative value, and may or may not have +intrinsic value. _Bullion_ is either _gold_ or _silver_ uncoined, or the +coined metal considered without reference to its coinage, but simply as +merchandise, when its value as _bullion_ may be very different from its +value as _money_. The word _capital_ is used chiefly of accumulated +_property_ or _money_ invested in productive enterprises or available +for such investment. + + * * * * * + +MOROSE. + + +Synonyms: + + acrimonious, dogged, ill-natured, splenetic, + churlish, gloomy, severe, sulky, + crabbed, gruff, snappish, sullen, + crusty, ill-humored, sour, surly. + +The _sullen_ and _sulky_ are discontented and resentful in regard to +that against which they are too proud to protest, or consider all +protest vain; _sullen_ denotes more of pride, _sulky_ more of resentful +obstinacy. The _morose_ are bitterly dissatisfied with the world in +general, and disposed to vent their ill nature upon others. The _sullen_ +and _sulky_ are for the most part silent; the _morose_ growl out bitter +speeches. A _surly_ person is in a state of latent anger, resenting +approach as intrusion, and ready to take offense at anything; thus we +speak of a _surly_ dog. _Sullen_ and _sulky_ moods may be transitory; +one who is _morose_ or _surly_ is commonly so by disposition or habit. + + +Antonyms: + + amiable, complaisant, gentle, kind, pleasant, + benignant, friendly, good-natured, loving, sympathetic, + bland, genial, indulgent, mild, tender. + + * * * * * + +MOTION. + + +Synonyms: + + act, change, movement, process, transition. + action, move, passage, transit, + +_Motion_ is _change_ of place or position in space; _transition_ is a +passing from one point or position in space to another. _Motion_ may be +either abstract or concrete, more frequently the former; _movement_ is +always concrete, that is, considered in connection with the thing that +moves or is moved; thus, we speak of the _movements_ of the planets, but +of the laws of planetary _motion_; of military _movements_, but of +perpetual _motion_. _Move_ is used chiefly of contests or competition, +as in chess or politics; as, it is your _move_; a shrewd _move_ of the +opposition. _Action_ is a more comprehensive word than _motion_. We now +rarely speak of mental or spiritual _motions_, but rather of mental or +spiritual _acts_ or _processes_, or of the laws of mental _action_, but +a formal proposal of _action_ in a deliberative assembly is termed a +_motion_. Compare ACT. + + +Antonyms: + + immobility, quiescence, quiet, repose, rest, stillness. + + * * * * * + +MOURN. + + +Synonyms: + + bemoan, deplore, lament, regret, rue, sorrow. + bewail, grieve, + +To _mourn_ is to feel or express sadness or distress because of some +loss, affliction, or misfortune; _mourning_ is thought of as prolonged, +_grief_ or _regret_ may be transient. One may _grieve_ or _mourn_, +_regret_, _rue_, or _sorrow_ without a sound; he _bemoans_ with +suppressed and often inarticulate sounds of grief; he _bewails_ with +passionate utterance, whether of inarticulate cries or of spoken words. +He _laments_ in plaintive or pathetic words, as the prophet Jeremiah in +his "Lamentations." One _deplores_ with settled sorrow which may or may +not find relief in words. One is made to _rue_ an act by some misfortune +resulting, or by some penalty or vengeance inflicted because of it. One +_regrets_ a slight misfortune or a hasty word; he _sorrows_ over the +death of a friend. + + +Antonyms: + + be joyful, exult, joy, make merry, rejoice, triumph. + + * * * * * + +MUTUAL. + + +Synonyms: + + common, correlative, interchangeable, joint, reciprocal. + +That is _common_ to which two or more persons have the same or equal +claims, or in which they have equal interest or participation; in the +strictest sense, that is _mutual_ (Latin _mutare_, to change) which is +freely interchanged; that is _reciprocal_ in respect to which one act or +movement is met by a corresponding act or movement in return; we speak +of our _common_ country, _mutual_ affection, _reciprocal_ obligations, +the _reciprocal_ action of cause and effect, where the effect becomes in +turn a cause. Many good writers hold it incorrect to say "a _mutual_ +friend," and insist that "a _common_ friend" would be more accurate; but +"_common_ friend" is practically never used, because of the disagreeable +suggestion that attaches to _common_, of ordinary or inferior. "_Mutual_ +friend" has high literary authority (of Burke, Scott, Dickens, and +others), and a considerable usage of good society in its favor, the +expression being quite naturally derived from the thoroughly correct +phrase _mutual_ friendship. + + +Antonyms: + + detached, distinct, separated, unconnected, unrequited, + disconnected, disunited, severed, unreciprocated, unshared. + dissociated, separate, sundered, + + * * * * * + +MYSTERIOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + abstruse, inexplicable, recondite, + cabalistic, inscrutable, secret, + dark, mystic, transcendental, + enigmatical, mystical, unfathomable, + hidden, obscure, unfathomed, + incomprehensible, occult, unknown. + +That is _mysterious_ in the true sense which is beyond human +comprehension, as the decrees of God or the origin of life. That is +_mystic_ or _mystical_ which has associated with it some _hidden_ or +_recondite_ meaning, especially of a religious kind; as, the _mystic_ +Babylon of the Apocalypse. That is _dark_ which we can not personally +see through, especially if sadly perplexing; as, a _dark_ providence. +That is _secret_ which is intentionally _hidden_. Compare DARK. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for CLEAR. + + * * * * * + +NAME. + + +Synonyms: + + agnomen, denomination, prenomen, surname, + appellation, designation, style, title. + cognomen, epithet, + +_Name_ in the most general sense, signifying the word by which a person +or thing is called or known, includes all other words of this group; in +this sense every noun is a _name_; in the more limited sense a _name_ is +personal, an _appellation_ is descriptive, a _title_ is official. In the +phrase William the Conqueror, King of England, William is the man's +_name_, which belongs to him personally, independently of any rank or +achievement; Conqueror is the _appellation_ which he won by his +acquisition of England; King is the _title_ denoting his royal rank. An +_epithet_ (Gr. _epitheton_, something added, from _epi_, on, and +_tithemi_, put) is something placed upon a person or thing; the +_epithet_ does not strictly belong to an object like a _name_, but is +given to mark some assumed characteristic, good or bad; an _epithet_ is +always an adjective, or a word or phrase used as an adjective, and is +properly used to emphasize a characteristic but not to add information, +as in the phrase "the _sounding_ sea;" the idea that an _epithet_ is +always opprobrious, and that any word used opprobriously is an _epithet_ +is a popular error. _Designation_ may be used much in the sense of +_appellation_, but is more distinctive or specific in meaning; a +_designation_ properly so called rests upon some inherent quality, while +an _appellation_ may be fanciful. Among the Romans the _prenomen_ was +the individual part of a man's _name_, the "nomen" designated the gens +to which he belonged, the _cognomen_ showed his family and was borne by +all patricians, and the _agnomen_ was added to refer to his achievements +or character. When scientists _name_ an animal or a plant, they give it +a binary or binomial technical _name_ comprising a generic and a +specific _appellation_. In modern use, a personal _name_, as John or +Mary, is given in infancy, and is often called the given _name_ or +Christian _name_, or simply the first _name_ (rarely the _prenomen_); +the _cognomen_ or _surname_ is the family _name_ which belongs to one by +right of birth or marriage. _Style_ is the legal _designation_ by which +a person or house is known in official or business relations; as, the +_name_ and _style_ of Baring Brothers. The term _denomination_ is +applied to a separate religious organization, without the opprobrious +meaning attaching to the word "sect;" also, to designate any class of +like objects collectively, especially money or notes of a certain value; +as, the sum was in notes of the _denomination_ of one thousand dollars. +Compare TERM. + + * * * * * + +NATIVE. + + +Synonyms: + + indigenous, innate, natal, natural, original. + +_Native_ denotes that which belongs to one by birth; _natal_ that which +pertains to the event of birth; _natural_ denotes that which rests upon +inherent qualities of character or being. We speak of one's _native_ +country, or of his _natal_ day; of _natural_ ability, _native_ genius. +Compare INHERENT; PRIMEVAL; RADICAL. + + +Antonyms: + + acquired, alien, artificial, assumed, foreign, unnatural. + + * * * * * + +NAUTICAL. + + +Synonyms: + + marine, maritime, naval, ocean, oceanic. + +_Marine_ (L. _mare_, sea) signifies belonging to the ocean, _maritime_, +a secondary derivative from the same root, bordering on or connected +with the _ocean_; as, _marine_ products; _marine_ animals; _maritime_ +nations; _maritime_ laws. _Nautical_ (Gr. _nautes_, a sailor) denotes +primarily anything connected with sailors, and hence with ships or +navigation; _naval_ (L. _navis_, Gr. _naus_, a ship) refers to the armed +force of a nation on the sea, and, by extension, to similar forces on +lakes and rivers; as, a _naval_ force; a _nautical_ almanac. _Ocean_, +used adjectively, is applied to that which belongs to or is part of the +_ocean_; _oceanic_ may be used in the same sense, but is especially +applied to that which borders on (or upon) or is connected with, or +which is similar to or suggestive of an _ocean_; we speak of _ocean_ +currents, _oceanic_ islands, or, perhaps, of an _oceanic_ intellect. + + * * * * * + +NEAT. + + +Synonyms: + + clean, dapper, nice, prim, tidy, + cleanly, natty, orderly, spruce, trim. + +That which is _clean_ is simply free from soil or defilement of any +kind. Things are _orderly_ when in due relation to other things; a room +or desk is _orderly_ when every article is in place; a person is +_orderly_ who habitually keeps things so. _Tidy_ denotes that which +conforms to propriety in general; an unlaced shoe may be perfectly +_clean_, but is not _tidy_. _Neat_ refers to that which is _clean_ and +_tidy_ with nothing superfluous, conspicuous, or showy, as when we speak +of plain but _neat_ attire; the same idea of freedom from the +superfluous appears in the phrases "a _neat_ speech," "a _neat_ turn," +"a _neat_ reply," etc. A _clean_ cut has no ragged edges; a _neat_ +stroke just does what is intended. _Nice_ is stronger than _neat_, +implying value and beauty; a _cheap_, coarse dress may be perfectly +_neat_, but would not be termed _nice_. _Spruce_ is applied to the show +and affectation of neatness with a touch of smartness, and is always a +term of mild contempt; as, a _spruce_ serving man. _Trim_ denotes a +certain shapely and elegant firmness, often with suppleness and grace; +as, a _trim_ suit; a _trim_ figure. _Prim_ applies to a precise, formal, +affected nicety. _Dapper_ is _spruce_ with the suggestion of smallness +and slightness; _natty_, a diminutive of _neat_, suggests minute +elegance, with a tendency toward the exquisite; as, a _dapper_ little +fellow in a _natty_ business suit. + + +Antonyms: + + dirty, negligent, slouchy, uncared for, + disorderly, rough, slovenly, unkempt, + dowdy, rude, soiled, untidy. + + * * * * * + +NECESSARY. + + +Synonyms: + + essential, infallible, required, unavoidable, + indispensable, needed, requisite, undeniable. + inevitable, needful, + +That is _necessary_ which must exist, occur, or be true; which in the +nature of things can not be otherwise. That which is _essential_ belongs +to the essence of a thing, so that the thing can not exist in its +completeness without it; that which is _indispensable_ may be only an +adjunct, but it is one that can not be spared; vigorous health is +_essential_ to an arctic explorer; warm clothing is _indispensable_. +That which is _requisite_ (or _required_) is so in the judgment of the +person requiring it, but may not be so absolutely; thus, the _requisite_ +is more a matter of personal feeling than the _indispensable_. +_Inevitable_ (L. _in_, not, and _evito_, shun) is primarily the exact +equivalent of the Saxon _unavoidable_; both words are applied to things +which some at least would escape or prevent, while that which is +_necessary_ may meet with no objection; food is _necessary_, death is +_inevitable_; a _necessary_ conclusion satisfies a thinker; an +_inevitable_ conclusion silences opposition. An _infallible_ proof is +one that necessarily leads the mind to a sound conclusion. _Needed_ and +_needful_ are more concrete than _necessary_, and respect an end to be +attained; we speak of a _necessary_ inference; _necessary_ food is what +one can not live without, while _needful_ food is that without which he +can not enjoy comfort, health, and strength. + + +Antonyms: + + casual, needless, optional, useless, + contingent, non-essential, unnecessary, worthless. + + +Prepositions: + +Necessary _to_ a sequence or a total; _for_ or _to_ a result or a +person; unity is necessary _to_ (to constitute) completeness; decision +is necessary _for_ command, or _for_ a commander. + + * * * * * + +NECESSITY. + + +Synonyms: + + compulsion, fatality, requisite, + destiny, fate, sine qua non, + emergency, indispensability, unavoidableness, + essential, indispensableness, urgency, + exigency, need, want. + extremity, requirement, + +_Necessity_ is the quality of being necessary, or the quality of that +which can not but be, become, or be true, or be accepted as true. _Need_ +and _want_ always imply a lack; _necessity_ may be used in this sense, +but in the higher philosophical sense _necessity_ simply denotes the +exclusion of any alternative either in thought or fact; righteousness is +a _necessity_ (not a _need_) of the divine nature. _Need_ suggests the +possibility of supplying the deficiency which _want_ expresses; to speak +of a person's _want_ of decision merely points out a weakness in his +character; to say that he has _need_ of decision implies that he can +exercise or attain it. As applied to a deficiency, _necessity_ is more +imperative than _need_; a weary person is in _need_ of rest; when rest +becomes a _necessity_ he has no choice but to stop work. An _essential_ +is something, as a quality, or element, that belongs to the essence of +something else so as to be inseparable from it in its normal condition, +or in any complete idea or statement of it. Compare NECESSARY; +PREDESTINATION. + + +Antonyms: + + choice, doubt, dubiousness, freedom, possibility, + contingency, doubtfulness, fortuity, option, uncertainty. + + +Prepositions: + +The necessity _of_ surrender; a necessity _for_ action; this is a +necessity _to_ me. + + * * * * * + +NEGLECT. + + +Synonyms: + + carelessness, heedlessness, negligence, scorn, + default, inadvertence, omission, slackness, + disregard, inattention, oversight, slight, + disrespect, indifference, remissness, thoughtlessness. + failure, neglectfulness, + +_Neglect_ (L. _nec_, not, and _lego_, gather) is the failing to take +such care, show such attention, pay such courtesy, etc., as may be +rightfully or reasonably expected. _Negligence_, which is the same in +origin, may be used in almost the same sense, but with a slighter force, +as when Whittier speaks of "the _negligence_ which friendship loves;" +but _negligence_ is often used to denote the quality or trait of +character of which the act is a manifestation, or to denote the habit of +neglecting that which ought to be done. _Neglect_ is transitive, +_negligence_ is intransitive; we speak of _neglect_ of his books, +friends, or duties, in which cases we could not use _negligence_; +_negligence_ in dress implies want of care as to its arrangement, +tidiness, etc.; _neglect_ of one's garments would imply leaving them +exposed to defacement or injury, as by dust, moths, etc. _Neglect_ has a +passive sense which _negligence_ has not; the child was suffering from +_neglect_, _i. e._, from being neglected by others; the child was +suffering from _negligence_ would imply that he himself was neglectful. +The distinction sometimes made that _neglect_ denotes the act, and +_negligence_ the habit, is but partially true; one may be guilty of +habitual _neglect_ of duty; the wife may suffer from her husband's +constant _neglect_, while the _negligence_ which causes a railroad +accident may be that of a moment, and on the part of one ordinarily +careful and attentive; in such cases the law provides punishment for +criminal _negligence_. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for CARE. + + +Prepositions: + +Neglect _of_ duty, _of_ the child _by_ the parent; there was neglect _on +the part of_ the teacher. + + * * * * * + +NEW. + + +Synonyms: + + fresh, modern, new-made, upstart, + juvenile, new-fangled, novel, young, + late, new-fashioned, recent, youthful. + +That which is _new_ has lately come into existence, possession, or use; +a _new_ house is just built, or in a more general sense is one that has +just come into the possession of the present owner or occupant. _Modern_ +denotes that which has begun to exist in the present age, and is still +existing; _recent_ denotes that which has come into existence within a +comparatively brief period, and may or may not be existing still. +_Modern_ history pertains to any period since the middle ages; _modern_ +literature, _modern_ architecture, etc., are not strikingly remote from +the styles and types prevalent to-day. That which is _late_ is somewhat +removed from the present, but not far enough to be called _old_. That +which is _recent_ is not quite so sharply distinguished from the past as +that which is _new_; _recent_ publications range over a longer time than +_new_ books. That which is _novel_ is either absolutely or relatively +unprecedented in kind; a _novel_ contrivance is one that has never +before been known; a _novel_ experience is one that has never before +occurred to the same person; that which is _new_ may be of a familiar or +even of an ancient sort, as a _new_ copy of an old book. _Young_ and +_youthful_ are applied to that which has life; that which is _young_ is +possessed of a comparatively _new_ existence as a living thing, +possessing actual youth; that which is _youthful_ manifests the +attributes of youth. (Compare YOUTHFUL.) _Fresh_ applies to that which +has the characteristics of newness or youth, while capable of +deterioration by lapse of time; that which is unworn, unspoiled, or +unfaded; as, a _fresh_ countenance, _fresh_ eggs, _fresh_ flowers. _New_ +is opposed to _old_, _modern_ to _ancient_, _recent_ to _remote_, +_young_ to _old_, _aged_, etc. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for OLD. + + * * * * * + +NIMBLE. + + +Synonyms: + + active, alert, bustling, prompt, speedy, spry, + agile, brisk, lively, quick, sprightly, swift. + +_Nimble_ refers to lightness, freedom, and quickness of motion within a +somewhat narrow range, with readiness to turn suddenly to any point; +_swift_ applies commonly to more sustained motion over greater +distances; a pickpocket is _nimble_-fingered, a dancer _nimble_-footed; +an arrow, a race-horse, or an ocean steamer is _swift_; Shakespeare's +"_nimble_ lightnings" is said of the visual appearance in sudden zigzag +flash across the sky. Figuratively, we speak of _nimble_ wit, _swift_ +intelligence, _swift_ destruction. _Alert_, which is strictly a synonym +for _ready_, comes sometimes near the meaning of _nimble_ or _quick_, +from the fact that the ready, wide-awake person is likely to be +_lively_, _quick_, _speedy_. Compare ACTIVE; ALERT. + + +Antonyms: + + clumsy, dull, heavy, inactive, inert, slow, sluggish, unready. + dilatory, + + * * * * * + +NORMAL. + + +Synonyms: + + common, natural, ordinary, regular, typical, usual. + +That which is _natural_ is according to nature; that which is _normal_ +is according to the standard or rule which is observed or claimed to +prevail in nature; a deformity may be _natural_, symmetry is _normal_; +the _normal_ color of the crow is black, while the _normal_ color of the +sparrow is gray, but one is as _natural_ as the other. _Typical_ refers +to such an assemblage of qualities as makes the specimen, genus, etc., a +type of some more comprehensive group, while _normal_ is more commonly +applied to the parts of a single object; the specimen was _typical_; +color, size, and other characteristics, _normal_. The _regular_ is +etymologically that which is according to rule, hence that which is +steady and constant, as opposed to that which is fitful and changeable; +the _normal_ action of the heart is _regular_. That which is _common_ is +shared by a great number of persons or things; disease is _common_, a +_normal_ state of health is rare. Compare GENERAL; USUAL. + + +Antonyms: + + abnormal, irregular, peculiar, singular, unprecedented, + exceptional, monstrous, rare, uncommon, unusual. + + * * * * * + +NOTWITHSTANDING, _conj._ + + +Synonyms: + + altho(ugh), howbeit, nevertheless, tho(ugh), + but, however, still, yet. + +_However_ simply waives discussion, and (like the archaic _howbeit_) +says "be that as it may, this is true;" _nevertheless_ concedes the +truth of what precedes, but claims that what follows is none the less +true; _notwithstanding_ marshals the two statements face to face, admits +the one and its seeming contradiction to the other, while insisting that +it can not, after all, withstand the other; as, _notwithstanding_ the +force of the enemy is superior, we shall conquer. _Yet_ and _still_ are +weaker than _notwithstanding_, while stronger than _but_. _Tho_ and +_altho_ make as little as possible of the concession, dropping it, as it +were, incidentally; as, "_tho_ we are guilty, thou art good;" to say "we +are guilty, _but_ thou art good," would make the concession of guilt +more emphatic. Compare BUT; YET. + + * * * * * + +NOTWITHSTANDING, _prep._ + + +Synonyms: + + despite, in spite of. + +_Notwithstanding_ simply states that circumstances shall not be or have +not been allowed to withstand; _despite_ and _in spite of_ refer +primarily to personal and perhaps spiteful opposition; as, he failed +_notwithstanding_ his good intentions; or, he persevered _in spite of_ +the most bitter hostility. When _despite_ and _in spite of_ are applied +to inanimate things, it is with something of personification; "_in spite +of_ the storm" is said as if the storm had a hostile purpose to oppose +the undertaking. + + * * * * * + +OATH. + + +Synonyms: + + adjuration, curse, profane swearing, + affidavit, cursing, profanity, + anathema, denunciation, reprobation, + ban, execration, swearing, + blaspheming, imprecation, sworn statement. + blasphemy, malediction, vow. + +In the highest sense, as in a court of justice, "an _oath_ is a +reverent appeal to God in corroboration of what one says," ABBOTT _Law +Dict._; an _affidavit_ is a _sworn statement_ made in writing in the +presence of a competent officer; an _adjuration_ is a solemn appeal to a +person in the name of God to speak the truth. An _oath_ is made to man +in the name of God; a _vow_, to God without the intervention, often +without the knowledge, of man. In the lower sense, an _oath_ may be mere +_blasphemy_ or _profane swearing_. _Anathema_, _curse_, _execration_, +and _imprecation_ are modes of invoking vengeance or retribution from a +superhuman power upon the person against whom they are uttered. +_Anathema_ is a solemn ecclesiastical condemnation of a person or of a +proposition. _Curse_ may be just and authoritative; as, the _curse_ of +God; or, it may be wanton and powerless: "so the _curse_ causeless shall +not come," _Prov._ xxvi, 2. _Execration_ expresses most of personal +bitterness and hatred; _imprecation_ refers especially to the coming of +the desired evil upon the person against whom it is uttered. +_Malediction_ is a general wish of evil, a less usual but very +expressive word. Compare TESTIMONY. + + +Antonyms: + + benediction, benison, blessing. + + * * * * * + +OBSCURE. + + +Synonyms: + + abstruse, darksome, dusky, involved, + ambiguous, deep, enigmatical, muddy, + cloudy, dense, hidden, mysterious, + complex, difficult, incomprehensible, profound, + complicated, dim, indistinct, turbid, + dark, doubtful, intricate, unintelligible. + +That is _obscure_ which the eye or the mind can not clearly discern or +see through, whether because of its own want of transparency, its depth +or intricacy, or because of mere defect of light. That which is +_complicated_ is likely to be _obscure_, but that may be _obscure_ which +is not at all _complicated_ and scarcely _complex_, as a _muddy_ pool. +In that which is _abstruse_ (L. _abs_, from, and _trudo_, push) as if +removed from the usual course of thought or out of the way of +apprehension or discovery, the thought is remote, _hidden_; in that +which is _obscure_ there may be nothing to hide; it is hard to see to +the bottom of the _profound_, because of its depth, but the most shallow +turbidness is _obscure_. Compare COMPLEX; DARK; DIFFICULT; MYSTERIOUS. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for CLEAR. + + * * * * * + +OBSOLETE. + + +Synonyms: + + ancient, archaic, obsolescent, out of date, + antiquated, disused, old, rare. + +Some of the _oldest_ or most _ancient_ words are not _obsolete_, as +father, mother, etc. A word is _obsolete_ which has quite gone out of +reputable use; a word is _archaic_ which is falling out of reputable +use, or, on the other hand, having been _obsolete_, is taken up +tentatively by writers or speakers of influence, so that it may perhaps +regain its position as a living word; a word is _rare_ if there are few +present instances of its reputable use. Compare OLD. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for NEW. + + * * * * * + +OBSTINATE. + + +Synonyms: + + contumacious, headstrong, mulish, resolute, + decided, heady, obdurate, resolved, + determined, immovable, opinionated, stubborn, + dogged, indomitable, persistent, unconquerable, + firm, inflexible, pertinacious, unflinching, + fixed, intractable, refractory, unyielding. + +The _headstrong_ person is not to be stopped in his own course of +action, while the _obstinate_ and _stubborn_ is not to be driven to +another's way. The _headstrong_ act; the _obstinate_ and _stubborn_ may +simply refuse to stir. The most amiable person may be _obstinate_ on +some one point; the _stubborn_ person is for the most part habitually +so; we speak of _obstinate_ determination, _stubborn_ resistance. +_Stubborn_ is the term most frequently applied to the lower animals and +inanimate things. _Refractory_ implies more activity of resistance; the +_stubborn_ horse balks; the _refractory_ animal plunges, rears, and +kicks; metals that resist ordinary processes of reduction are termed +_refractory_. One is _obdurate_ who adheres to his purpose in spite of +appeals that would move any tender-hearted or right-minded person. +_Contumacious_ refers to a proud and insolent defiance of authority, as +of the summons of a court. _Pertinacious_ demand is contrasted with +_obstinate_ refusal. The _unyielding_ conduct which we approve we call +_decided_, _firm_, _inflexible_, _resolute_; that which we condemn we +are apt to term _headstrong_, _obstinate_, _stubborn_. Compare PERVERSE. + + +Antonyms: + + amenable, dutiful, pliable, tractable, + complaisant, gentle, pliant, undecided, + compliant, irresolute, submissive, wavering, + docile, obedient, teachable, yielding. + + * * * * * + +OBSTRUCT. + + +Synonyms: + + arrest, check, embarrass, interrupt, stay, + bar, choke, hinder, oppose, stop. + barricade, clog, impede, retard, + +To _obstruct_ is literally to build up against; the road is _obstructed_ +by fallen trees; the passage of liquid through a tube is _obstructed_ by +solid deposits. We may _hinder_ one's advance by following and clinging +to him; we _obstruct_ his course by standing in his way or putting a +barrier across his path. Anything that makes one's progress slower, +whether from within or from without, _impedes_; an obstruction is always +from without. To _arrest_ is to cause to stop suddenly; _obstructing_ +the way may have the effect of _arresting_ progress. Compare HINDER; +IMPEDIMENT. + + +Antonyms: + + accelerate, aid, facilitate, free, open, promote. + advance, clear, forward, further, pave the way for, + + * * * * * + +OLD. + + +Synonyms: + + aged, decrepit, immemorial, senile, + ancient, elderly, olden, time-honored, + antiquated, gray, patriarchal, time-worn, + antique, hoary, remote, venerable. + +That is termed _old_ which has existed long, or which existed long ago. +_Ancient_, from the Latin, through the French, is the more stately, +_old_, from the Saxon, the more familiar word. Familiarity, on one side, +is near to contempt; thus we say, an _old_ coat, an _old_ hat. On the +other hand, familiarity is akin to tenderness, and thus _old_ is a word +of endearment; as, "the _old_ homestead," the "_old_ oaken bucket." +"Tell me the _old, old_ story!" has been sung feelingly by millions; +"tell me that _ancient_ story" would remove it out of all touch of human +sympathy. _Olden_ is a statelier form of _old_, and is applied almost +exclusively to time, not to places, buildings, persons, etc. As regards +periods of time, the familiar are also the near; thus, the _old_ times +are not too far away for familiar thought and reference; the _olden_ +times are more remote, _ancient_ times still further removed. _Gray_, +_hoary_, and _moldering_ refer to outward and visible tokens of age. +_Aged_ applies chiefly to long-extended human life. _Decrepit_, _gray_, +and _hoary_ refer to the effects of age on the body exclusively; +_senile_ upon the mind also; as, a _decrepit_ frame, _senile_ +garrulousness. One may be _aged_ and neither _decrepit_ nor _senile_. +_Elderly_ is applied to those who have passed middle life, but scarcely +reached _old_ age. _Remote_ (L. _re_, back or away, and _moveo_, move), +primarily refers to space, but is extended to that which is far off in +time; as, at some _remote_ period. _Venerable_ expresses the involuntary +reverence that we yield to the majestic and long-enduring, whether in +the material world or in human life and character. Compare ANTIQUE; +OBSOLETE; PRIMEVAL. + + +Antonyms: + +Compare synonyms for NEW; YOUTHFUL. + + * * * * * + +OPERATION. + + +Synonyms: + + action, effect, force, performance, result. + agency, execution, influence, procedure, + +_Operation_ is _action_ considered with reference to the thing acted +upon, and may apply to the _action_ of an intelligent agent or of a +material substance or _force_; as, the _operation_ of a medicine. +_Performance_ and _execution_ denote intelligent _action_, considered +with reference to the actor or to that which he accomplishes; +_performance_ accomplishing the will of the actor, _execution_ often the +will of another; we speak of the _performance_ of a duty, the +_execution_ of a sentence. Compare ACT. + + +Antonyms: + + failure, ineffectiveness, inutility, powerlessness, uselessness. + inaction, inefficiency, + + * * * * * + +ORDER. + + +Synonyms: + + command, injunction, mandate, requirement. + direction, instruction, prohibition, + +_Instruction_ implies superiority of knowledge, _direction_ of authority +on the part of the giver; a teacher gives _instructions_ to his pupils, +an employer gives _directions_ to his workmen. _Order_ is still more +authoritative than _direction_; soldiers, sailors, and railroad +employees have simply to obey the _orders_ of their superiors, without +explanation or question; an _order_ in the commercial sense has the +authority of the money which the one _ordering_ the goods pays or is to +pay. _Command_ is a loftier word, as well as highly authoritative, less +frequent in common life; we speak of the _commands_ of God, or +sometimes, by polite hyperbole, ask of a friend, "Have you any +_commands_ for me?" A _requirement_ is imperative, but not always +formal, nor made by a personal agent; it may be in the nature of things; +as, the _requirements_ of the position. _Prohibition_ is wholly +negative; it is a _command_ not to do; _injunction_ is now oftenest so +used, especially as the _requirement_ by legal authority that certain +action be suspended or refrained from, pending final legal decision. +Compare ARRAY; CLASS; LAW; PROHIBIT; SYSTEM. + + +Antonyms: + + allowance, consent, leave, liberty, license, permission, permit. + + * * * * * + +OSTENTATION. + + +Synonyms: + + boast, flourish, parade, pompousness, vaunt, + boasting, pageant, pomp, show, vaunting. + display, pageantry, pomposity, + +_Ostentation_ is an ambitious showing forth of whatever is thought +adapted to win admiration or praise; _ostentation_ may be without words; +as, the _ostentation_ of wealth in fine residences, rich clothing, +costly equipage, or the like; when in words, _ostentation_ is rather in +manner than in direct statement; as, the _ostentation_ of learning. +_Boasting_ is in direct statement, and is louder and more vulgar than +_ostentation_. There may be great _display_ or _show_ with little +substance; _ostentation_ suggests something substantial to be shown. +_Pageant_, _pageantry_, _parade_, and _pomp_ refer principally to +affairs of arms or state; as, a royal _pageant_; a military _parade_. +_Pomp_ is some material demonstration of wealth and power, as in grand +and stately ceremonial, rich furnishings, processions, etc., considered +as worthy of the person or occasion in whose behalf it is manifested; +_pomp_ is the noble side of that which as _ostentation_ is considered as +arrogant and vain. _Pageant_ and _pageantry_ are inferior to _pomp_, +denoting spectacular _display_ designed to impress the public mind, and +since the multitude is largely ignorant and thoughtless, the words +_pageant_ and _pageantry_ have a suggestion of the transient and +unsubstantial. _Parade_ (L. _paro_, prepare) is an exhibition as of +troops in camp going through the evolutions that are to be used in +battle, and suggests a lack of earnestness and direct or immediate +occasion or demand; hence, in the more general sense, a _parade_ is an +uncalled for exhibition, and so used is a more disparaging word than +_ostentation_; _ostentation_ may spring merely from undue +self-gratulation, _parade_ implies a desire to impress others with a +sense of one's abilities or resources, and is always offensive and +somewhat contemptible; as, a _parade_ of wealth or learning. _Pomposity_ +and _pompousness_ are the affectation of _pomp_. + + +Antonyms: + + diffidence, quietness, retirement, timidity, + modesty, reserve, shrinking, unobtrusiveness. + + * * * * * + +OUGHT. + + +Synonym: + + should. + +One _ought_ to do that which he is under moral obligation or in duty +bound to do. _Ought_ is the stronger word, holding most closely to the +sense of moral obligation, or sometimes of imperative logical necessity; +_should_ may have the sense of moral obligation or may apply merely to +propriety or expediency, as in the proverb, "The liar _should_ have a +good memory," _i. e._, he will need it. _Ought_ is sometimes used of +abstractions or inanimate things as indicating what the mind deems to be +imperative or logically necessary in view of all the conditions; as, +these goods _ought_ to go into that space; these arguments _ought_ to +convince him; _should_ in such connections would be correct, but less +emphatic. Compare DUTY. + + * * * * * + +OVERSIGHT. + + +Synonyms: + + care, control, management, surveillance, + charge, direction, superintendence, watch, + command, inspection, supervision, watchfulness. + +A person may look over a matter in order to survey it carefully in its +entirety, or he may look over it with no attention to the thing itself +because his gaze and thought are concentrated on something beyond; +_oversight_ has thus two contrasted senses, in the latter sense denoting +inadvertent error or omission, and in the former denoting watchful +_supervision_, commonly implying constant personal presence; +_superintendence_ requires only so much of presence or communication as +to know that the superintendent's wishes are carried out; the +superintendent of a railroad will personally oversee very few of its +operations; the railroad company has supreme _direction_ of all its +affairs without _superintendence_ or _oversight_. _Control_ is used +chiefly with reference to restraint or the power of restraint; a good +horseman has a restless horse under perfect _control_; there is no high +character without self-_control_. _Surveillance_ is an invidious term +signifying watching with something of suspicion. Compare CARE; NEGLECT. + + * * * * * + +PAIN. + + +Synonyms: + + ache, distress, suffering, torture, + agony, pang, throe, twinge, + anguish, paroxysm, torment, wo(e). + +_Pain_ is the most general term of this group, including all the others; +_pain_ is a disturbing sensation from which nature revolts, resulting +from some injurious external interference (as from a wound, a bruise, a +harsh word, etc.), or from some lack of what one needs, craves, or +cherishes (as, the _pain_ of hunger or bereavement), or from some +abnormal action of bodily or mental functions (as, the _pains_ of +disease, envy, or discontent). _Suffering_ is one of the severer forms +of _pain_. The prick of a needle causes _pain_, but we should scarcely +speak of it as _suffering_. _Distress_ is too strong a word for little +hurts, too feeble for the intensest _suffering_, but commonly applied to +some continuous or prolonged trouble or need; as, the _distress_ of a +shipwrecked crew, or of a destitute family. _Ache_ is lingering _pain_, +more or less severe; _pang_, a _pain_ short, sharp, intense, and perhaps +repeated. We speak of the _pangs_ of hunger or of remorse. _Throe_ is a +violent and thrilling _pain_. _Paroxysm_ applies to an alternately +recurring and receding _pain_, which comes as it were in waves; the +_paroxysm_ is the rising of the wave. _Torment_ and _torture_ are +intense and terrible _sufferings_. _Agony_ and _anguish_ express the +utmost _pain_ or _suffering_ of body or mind. _Agony_ of body is that +with which the system struggles; _anguish_ that by which it is crushed. + + +Antonyms: + + comfort, delight, ease, enjoyment, peace, rapture, relief, solace. + + * * * * * + +PALLIATE. + + +Synonyms: + + apologize for, conceal, extenuate, hide, screen, + cloak, cover, gloss over, mitigate, veil. + +_Cloak_, from the French, and _palliate_, from the Latin, are the same +in original signification, but have diverged in meaning; a _cloak_ may +be used to _hide_ completely the person or some object carried about the +person, or it may but partly _veil_ the figure, making the outlines less +distinct; _cloak_ is used in the former, _palliate_, in the latter +sense; to _cloak_ a sin is to attempt to _hide_ it from discovery; to +_palliate_ it is to attempt to _hide_ some part of its blameworthiness. +"When we _palliate_ our own or others' faults we do not seek to _cloke_ +them altogether, but only to _extenuate_ the guilt of them in part." +TRENCH _Study of Words_ lect. vi, p. 266. Either to _palliate_ or to +_extenuate_ is to admit the fault; but to _extenuate_ is rather to +_apologize_ for the offender, while to _palliate_ is to disguise the +fault; hence, we speak of _extenuating_ but not of _palliating_ +circumstances, since circumstances can not change the inherent wrong of +an act, tho they may lessen the blameworthiness of him who does it; +_palliating_ a bad thing by giving it a mild name does not make it less +evil. In reference to diseases, to _palliate_ is really to diminish +their violence, or partly to relieve the sufferer. Compare ALLEVIATE; +HIDE. + + * * * * * + +PARDON, _v._ + + +Synonyms: + + absolve, condone, forgive, pass by, remit. + acquit, excuse, overlook, pass over, + +To _pardon_ is to let pass, as a fault or sin, without resentment, +blame, or punishment. _Forgive_ has reference to feelings, _pardon_ to +consequences; hence, the executive may _pardon_, but has nothing to do +officially with _forgiving_. Personal injury may be _forgiven_ by the +person wronged; thus, God at once _forgives_ and _pardons_; the +_pardoned_ sinner is exempt from punishment; the _forgiven_ sinner is +restored to the divine favor. To _pardon_ is the act of a superior, +implying the right to punish; to _forgive_ is the privilege of the +humblest person who has been wronged or offended. In law, to _remit_ the +whole penalty is equivalent to _pardoning_ the offender; but a part of a +penalty may be _remitted_ and the remainder inflicted, as where the +penalty includes both fine and imprisonment. To _condone_ is to put +aside a recognized offense by some act which restores the offender to +forfeited right or privilege, and is the act of a private individual, +without legal formalities. To _excuse_ is to _overlook_ some slight +offense, error, or breach of etiquette; _pardon_ is often used by +courtesy in nearly the same sense. A person may speak of _excusing_ or +_forgiving_ himself, but not of _pardoning_ himself. Compare ABSOLVE; +PARDON, _n._ + + +Antonyms: + + castigate, chastise, convict, doom, recompense, sentence, + chasten, condemn, correct, punish, scourge, visit. + + * * * * * + +PARDON, _n._ + + +Synonyms: + + absolution, amnesty, forgiveness, oblivion, + acquittal, forbearance, mercy, remission. + +_Acquittal_ is a release from a charge, after trial, as not guilty. +_Pardon_ is a removal of penalty from one who has been adjudged guilty. +_Acquittal_ is by the decision of a court, commonly of a jury; _pardon_ +is the act of the executive. An innocent man may demand _acquittal_, and +need not plead for _pardon_. _Pardon_ supposes an offense; yet, as our +laws stand, to grant a _pardon_ is sometimes the only way to release one +who has been wrongly convicted. _Oblivion_, from the Latin, signifies +overlooking and virtually forgetting an offense, so that the offender +stands before the law in all respects as if it had never been committed. +_Amnesty_ brings the same idea through the Greek. _Pardon_ affects +individuals; _amnesty_ and _oblivion_ are said of great numbers. +_Pardon_ is oftenest applied to the ordinary administration of law; +_amnesty_, to national and military affairs. An _amnesty_ is issued +after war, insurrection, or rebellion; it is often granted by "an act of +_oblivion_," and includes a full _pardon_ of all offenders who come +within its provisions. _Absolution_ is a religious word (compare +synonyms for ABSOLVE). _Remission_ is a discharge from penalty; as, the +_remission_ of a fine. + + +Antonyms: + + penalty, punishment, retaliation, retribution, vengeance. + + +Prepositions: + +A pardon _to_ or _for_ the offenders; _for_ all offenses; the pardon +_of_ offenders or offenses. + + * * * * * + +PART, _v._ + + +Synonyms: + +Compare synonyms for PART, _n._ + + +Prepositions: + +Part _into_ shares; part _in_ the middle; part one _from_ another; part +_among_ the claimants; part _between_ contestants (archaic); in general, +to part _from_ is to relinquish companionship; to part _with_ is to +relinquish possession; we part _from_ a person or _from_ something +thought of with some sense of companionship; a traveler parts _from_ his +friends; he maybe said also to part _from_ his native shore; a man parts +_with_ an estate, a horse, a copyright; part _with_ may be applied to a +person thought of in any sense as a possession; an employer parts _with_ +a clerk or servant; but _part with_ is sometimes used by good writers as +meaning simply to separate from. + + * * * * * + +PART, _n._ + + +Synonyms: + + atom, fraction, member, section, + component, fragment, particle, segment, + constituent, ingredient, piece, share, + division, instalment, portion, subdivision. + element, + +_Part_, a substance, quantity, or amount that is the result of the +division of something greater, is the general word, including all the +others of this group. A _fragment_ is the result of breaking, rending, +or disruption of some kind, while a _piece_ may be smoothly or evenly +separated and have a certain completeness in itself. A _piece_ is often +taken for a sample; a _fragment_ scarcely would be. _Division_ and +_fraction_ are always regarded as in connection with the total; +_divisions_ may be equal or unequal; a _fraction_ is one of several +equal _parts_ into which the whole is supposed to be divided. A +_portion_ is a _part_ viewed with reference to some one who is to +receive it or some special purpose to which it is to be applied; in a +restaurant one _portion_ (_i. e._, the amount designed for one person) +is sometimes, by special order, served to two; a _share_ is a _part_ to +which one has or may acquire a right in connection with others; an +_instalment_ is one of a series of proportionate payments that are to be +continued till the entire claim is discharged; a _particle_ is an +exceedingly small _part_. A _component_, _constituent_, _ingredient_, or +_element_ is a _part_ of some compound or mixture; an _element_ is +necessary to the existence, as a _component_ or _constituent_ is +necessary to the completeness of that which it helps to compose; an +_ingredient_ may be foreign or accidental. A _subdivision_ is a +_division_ of a _division_. We speak of a _segment_ of a circle. Compare +PARTICLE; PORTION. + + * * * * * + +PARTICLE. + + +Synonyms: + + atom, grain, mite, scrap, whit. + corpuscle, iota, molecule, shred, + element, jot, scintilla, tittle, + +A _particle_ is a very small part of any material substance; as, a +_particle_ of sand or of dust; it is a general term, not accurately +determinate in meaning. _Atom_ (Gr. _a-_ privative, not, and _temno_, +cut) etymologically signifies that which can not be cut or divided, and +is the smallest conceivable _particle_ of matter, regarded as absolutely +homogeneous and as having but one set of properties; _atoms_ are the +ultimate _particles_ of matter. A _molecule_ is made up of _atoms_, and +is regarded as separable into its constituent parts; as used by +physicists, a _molecule_ is the smallest conceivable part which retains +all the characteristics of the substance; thus, a _molecule_ of water is +made up of two _atoms_ of hydrogen and one _atom_ of oxygen. _Element_ +in chemistry denotes, without reference to quantity, a substance +regarded as simple, _i. e._, one incapable of being resolved by any +known process into simpler substances; the _element_ gold may be +represented by an ingot or by a _particle_ of gold-dust. In popular +language, an _element_ is any essential constituent; the ancients +believed that the universe was made up of the four _elements_, earth, +air, fire, and water; a storm is spoken of as a manifestation of the +fury of the _elements_. We speak of _corpuscles_ of blood. Compare PART. + + +Antonyms: + + aggregate, entirety, mass, quantity, sum, sum total, total, whole. + + * * * * * + +PATIENCE. + + +Synonyms: + + calmness, forbearance, long-suffering, sufferance. + composure, fortitude, resignation, + endurance, leniency, submission, + +_Patience_ is the quality or habit of mind shown in bearing passively +and uncomplainingly any pain, evil, or hardship that may fall to one's +lot. _Endurance_ hardens itself against suffering, and may be merely +stubborn; _fortitude_ is _endurance_ animated by courage; _endurance_ +may by modifiers be made to have a passive force, as when we speak of +"passive endurance;" _patience_ is not so hard as _endurance_ nor so +self-effacing as _submission_. _Submission_ is ordinarily and +_resignation_ always applied to matters of great moment, while +_patience_ may apply to slight worries and annoyances. As regards our +relations to our fellow men, _forbearance_ is abstaining from +retaliation or revenge; _patience_ is keeping kindliness of heart under +vexatious conduct; _long-suffering_ is continued _patience_. _Patience_ +may also have an active force denoting uncomplaining steadiness in +doing, as in tilling the soil. Compare INDUSTRY. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for ANGER. + + +Prepositions: + +Patience _in_ or _amid_ sufferings; patience _with_ (rarely _toward_) +opposers or offenders; patience _under_ afflictions; (rarely) patience +_of_ heat or cold, etc. + + * * * * * + +PAY, _n._ + + +Synonyms: + + allowance, hire, recompense, salary, + compensation, honorarium, remuneration, stipend, + earnings, payment, requital, wages. + fee, + +An _allowance_ is a stipulated amount furnished at regular intervals as +a matter of discretion or gratuity, as of food to besieged soldiers, or +of money to a child or ward. _Compensation_ is a comprehensive word +signifying a return for a service done. _Remuneration_ is applied to +matters of great amount or importance. _Recompense_ is a still wider and +loftier word, with less suggestion of calculation and market value; +there are services for which affection and gratitude are the sole and +sufficient _recompense_; _earnings_, _fees_, _hire_, _pay_, _salary_, +and _wages_ are forms of _compensation_ and may be included in +_compensation_, _remuneration_, or _recompense_. _Pay_ is commercial and +strictly signifies an exact pecuniary equivalent for a thing or service, +except when the contrary is expressly stated, as when we speak of "high +_pay_" or "poor _pay_." _Wages_ denotes what a worker receives. +_Earnings_ is often used as exactly equivalent to _wages_, but may be +used with reference to the real value of work done or service rendered, +and even applied to inanimate things; as, the _earnings_ of capital. +_Hire_ is distinctly mercenary or menial, but as a noun has gone out of +popular use, tho the verb _to hire_ is common. _Salary_ is for literary +or professional work, _wages_ for handicraft or other comparatively +inferior service; a _salary_ is regarded as more permanent than _wages_; +an editor receives a _salary_, a compositor receives _wages_. _Stipend_ +has become exclusively a literary word. A _fee_ is given for a single +service or privilege, and is sometimes in the nature of a gratuity. +Compare REQUITE. + + * * * * * + +PEOPLE. + + +Synonyms: + + commonwealth, nation, race, state, tribe. + community, population, + +A _community_ is in general terms the aggregate of persons inhabiting +any territory in common and viewed as having common interests; a +_commonwealth_ is such a body of persons having a common government, +especially a republican government; as, the _commonwealth_ of +Massachusetts. A _community_ may be very small; a _commonwealth_ is +ordinarily of considerable extent. A _people_ is the aggregate of any +public _community_, either in distinction from their rulers or as +including them; a _race_ is a division of mankind in the line of origin +and ancestry; the _people_ of the United States includes members of +almost every _race_. The use of _people_ as signifying persons +collectively, as in the statement "The hall was full of _people_," has +been severely criticized, but is old and accepted English, and may fitly +be classed as idiomatic, and often better than _persons_, by reason of +its collectivism. As Dean Alford suggests, it would make a strange +transformation of the old hymn "All _people_ that on earth do dwell" to +sing "All _persons_ that on earth do dwell." A _state_ is an organized +political _community_ considered in its corporate capacity as "a body +politic and corporate;" as, a legislative act is the act of the _state_; +every citizen is entitled to the protection of the _state_. A _nation_ +is an organized political _community_ considered with reference to the +persons composing it as having certain definite boundaries, a definite +number of citizens, etc. The members of a _people_ are referred to as +persons or individuals; the individual members of a _state_ or _nation_ +are called citizens or subjects. The _population_ of a country is simply +the aggregate of persons residing within its borders, without reference +to _race_, organization, or allegiance; unnaturalized residents form +part of the _population_, but not of the _nation_, possessing none of +the rights and being subject to none of the duties of citizens. In +American usage _State_ signifies one _commonwealth_ of the federal union +known as the United _States_. _Tribe_ is now almost wholly applied to +rude _peoples_ with very imperfect political organization; as, the +Indian _tribes_; nomadic _tribes_. Compare MOB. + + * * * * * + +PERCEIVE. + + +Synonyms: + + apprehend, comprehend, conceive, understand. + +We _perceive_ what is presented through the senses. We _apprehend_ what +is presented to the mind, whether through the senses or by any other +means. Yet _perceive_ is used in the figurative sense of seeing through +to a conclusion, in a way for which usage would not allow us to +substitute _apprehend_; as, "Sir, I _perceive_ that thou art a prophet," +_John_ iv, 19. That which we _apprehend_ we catch, as with the hand; +that which we _conceive_ we are able to analyze and recompose in our +mind; that which we _comprehend_, we, as it were, grasp around, take +together, seize, embrace wholly within the mind. Many things may be +_apprehended_ which can not be _comprehended_; a child can _apprehend_ +the distinction between right and wrong, yet the philosopher can not +_comprehend_ it in its fulness. We can _apprehend_ the will of God as +revealed in conscience or the Scriptures; we can _conceive_ of certain +attributes of Deity, as his truth and justice; but no finite +intelligence can _comprehend_ the Divine Nature, in its majesty, power, +and perfection. Compare ANTICIPATE; ARREST; CATCH; KNOWLEDGE. + + +Antonyms: + + fail of, ignore, lose, misapprehend, misconceive, miss, overlook. + + * * * * * + +PERFECT. + + +Synonyms: + + absolute, consummate, holy, spotless, + accurate, correct, ideal, stainless, + blameless, entire, immaculate, unblemished, + complete, faultless, sinless, undefiled. + completed, finished, + +That is _perfect_ to which nothing can be added, and from which nothing +can be taken without impairing its excellence, marring its symmetry, or +detracting from its worth; in this fullest sense God alone is _perfect_, +but in a limited sense anything may be _perfect_ in its kind; as a +_perfect_ flower; a copy of a document is _perfect_ when it is +_accurate_ in every particular; a vase may be called _perfect_ when +_entire_ and _unblemished_, even tho not artistically _faultless_; the +best judges never pronounce a work of art _perfect_, because they see +always _ideal_ possibilities not yet attained; even the _ideal_ is not +_perfect_, by reason of the imperfection of the human mind; a human +character faultlessly _holy_ would be morally _perfect_ tho finite. That +which is _absolute_ is free from admixture (as _absolute_ alcohol) and +in the highest and fullest sense free from imperfection or limitation; +as, _absolute_ holiness and love are attributes of God alone. In +philosophical language, _absolute_ signifies free from all necessary, or +even from all possible relations, not dependent or limited, unrelated +and unconditioned; truth immediately known, as intuitive truth, is +_absolute_; God, as self-existent and free from all limitation or +dependence, is called the _absolute_ Being, or simply the _Absolute_. +Compare INNOCENT; INFINITE; RADICAL. + + +Antonyms: + + bad, defective, imperfect, meager, scant, + blemished, deficient, incomplete, perverted, short, + corrupt, deformed, inferior, poor, spoiled, + corrupted, fallible, insufficient, ruined, worthless. + defaced, faulty, marred, + + * * * * * + +PERMANENT. + + +Synonyms: + + abiding, enduring, lasting, steadfast, + changeless, fixed, perpetual, unchangeable, + constant, immutable, persistent, unchanging. + durable, invariable, stable, + +_Durable_ (L. _durus_, hard) is said almost wholly of material +substances that resist wear; _lasting_ is said of either material or +immaterial things. _Permanent_ is a word of wider meaning; a thing is +_permanent_ which is not liable to change; as, a _permanent_ color; +buildings upon a farm are called _permanent_ improvements. _Enduring_ is +a higher word, applied to that which resists both time and change; as, +_enduring_ fame. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for TRANSIENT. + + * * * * * + +PERMISSION. + + +Synonyms: + + allowance, authorization, leave, license, + authority, consent, liberty, permit. + +_Authority_ unites the right and power of control; age, wisdom, and +character give _authority_ to their possessor; a book of learned +research has _authority_, and is even called an _authority_. +_Permission_ justifies another in acting without interference or +censure, and usually implies some degree of approval. _Authority_ gives +a certain right of control over all that may be affected by the action. +There may be a failure to object, which constitutes an implied +_permission_, tho this is more properly expressed by _allowance_; we +_allow_ what we do not oppose, _permit_ what we expressly authorize. The +noun _permit_ implies a formal written _permission_. _License_ is a +formal _permission_ granted by competent _authority_ to an individual to +do some act or pursue some business which would be or is made to be +unlawful without such _permission_; as, a _license_ to preach, to +solemnize marriages, or to sell intoxicating liquors. A _license_ is +_permission_ granted rather than _authority_ conferred; the sheriff has +_authority_ (not _permission_ nor _license_) to make an arrest. +_Consent_ is _permission_ by the concurrence of wills in two or more +persons, a mutual approval or acceptance of something proposed. Compare +ALLOW. + + +Antonyms: + + denial, objection, prevention, refusal, resistance. + hindrance, opposition, prohibition, + + * * * * * + +PERNICIOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + bad, evil, mischievous, pestilential, + baneful, foul, noisome, poisonous, + deadly, harmful, noxious, ruinous, + deleterious, hurtful, perverting, unhealthful, + destructive, injurious, pestiferous, unwholesome. + detrimental, insalubrious, + +_Pernicious_ (L. _per_, through, and _neco_, kill) signifies having the +power of destroying or injuring, tending to hurt or kill. _Pernicious_ +is stronger than _injurious_; that which is _injurious_ is capable of +doing harm; that which is _pernicious_ is likely to be _destructive_. +_Noxious_ (L. _noceo_, hurt) is a stronger word than _noisome_, as +referring to that which is _injurious_ or _destructive_. _Noisome_ now +always denotes that which is extremely disagreeable or disgusting, +especially to the sense of smell; as, the _noisome_ stench proclaimed +the presence of _noxious_ gases. + + +Antonyms: + + advantageous, favorable, helpful, profitable, serviceable, + beneficent, good, invigorating, rejuvenating, useful, + beneficial, healthful, life-giving, salutary, wholesome. + + * * * * * + +PERPLEXITY. + + +Synonyms: + + amazement, bewilderment, distraction, doubt, + astonishment, confusion, disturbance, embarrassment. + +_Perplexity_ (L. _per_, through, and _plecto_, plait) is the drawing or +turning of the thoughts or faculties by turns in different directions or +toward contrasted or contradictory conclusions; _confusion_ (L. +_confusus_, from _confundo_, pour together) is a state in which the +mental faculties are, as it were, thrown into chaos, so that the clear +and distinct action of the different powers, as of perception, memory, +reason, and will is lost; _bewilderment_ is akin to _confusion_, but is +less overwhelming, and more readily recovered from; _perplexity_, +accordingly, has not the unsettling of the faculties implied in +_confusion_, nor the overwhelming of the faculties implied in +_amazement_ or _astonishment_; it is not the magnitude of the things to +be known, but the want of full and definite knowledge, that causes +_perplexity_. The dividing of a woodland path may cause the traveler the +greatest _perplexity_, which may become _bewilderment_ when he has tried +one path after another and lost his bearings completely. With an +excitable person _bewilderment_ may deepen into _confusion_ that will +make him unable to think clearly or even to see or hear distinctly. +_Amazement_ results from the sudden and unimagined occurrence of great +good or evil or the sudden awakening of the mind to unthought-of truth. +_Astonishment_ often produces _bewilderment_, which the word was +formerly understood to imply. Compare AMAZEMENT; ANXIETY; DOUBT. + + * * * * * + +PERSUADE. + + +Synonyms: + + allure, dispose, incline, move, + bring over, entice, induce, prevail on _or_ upon, + coax, impel, influence, urge, + convince, incite, lead, win over. + +Of these words _convince_ alone has no direct reference to moving the +will, denoting an effect upon the understanding only; one may be +_convinced_ of his duty without doing it, or he may be _convinced_ of +truth that has no manifest connection with duty or action, as of a +mathematical proposition. To _persuade_ is to bring the will of another +to a desired decision by some influence exerted upon it short of +compulsion; one may be _convinced_ that the earth is round; he may be +_persuaded_ to travel round it; but persuasion is so largely dependent +upon conviction that it is commonly held to be the orator's work first +to _convince_ in order that he may _persuade_. _Coax_ is a slighter word +than _persuade_, seeking the same end by shallower methods, largely by +appeal to personal feeling, with or without success; as, a child +_coaxes_ a parent to buy him a toy. One may be _brought over_, +_induced_, or _prevailed upon_ by means not properly included in +persuasion, as by bribery or intimidation; he is _won over_ chiefly by +personal influence. Compare INFLUENCE. + + +Antonyms: + + deter, discourage, dissuade, hinder, hold back, repel, restrain. + + * * * * * + +PERTNESS. + + +Synonyms: + + boldness, forwardness, liveliness, sprightliness. + briskness, impertinence, sauciness, + flippancy, impudence, smartness, + +_Liveliness_ and _sprightliness_ are pleasant and commendable; +_smartness_ is a limited and showy acuteness or shrewdness, usually with +unfavorable suggestion; _pertness_ and _sauciness_ are these qualities +overdone, and regardless of the respect due to superiors. _Impertinence_ +and _impudence_ may be gross and stupid; _pertness_ and _sauciness_ are +always vivid and keen. Compare IMPUDENCE. + + +Antonyms: + + bashfulness, demureness, diffidence, humility, modesty, shyness. + + * * * * * + +PERVERSE. + + +Synonyms: + + contrary, froward, petulant, untoward, + factious, intractable, stubborn, wayward, + fractious, obstinate, ungovernable, wilful. + +_Perverse_ (L. _perversus_, turned the wrong way) signifies wilfully +wrong or erring, unreasonably set against right, reason, or authority. +The _stubborn_ or _obstinate_ person will not do what another desires or +requires; the _perverse_ person will do anything contrary to what is +desired or required of him. The _petulant_ person frets, but may comply; +the _perverse_ individual may be smooth or silent, but is wilfully +_intractable_. _Wayward_ refers to a _perverse_ disregard of morality +and duty; _froward_ is practically obsolete; _untoward_ is rarely heard +except in certain phrases; as, _untoward_ circumstances. Compare +OBSTINATE. + + +Antonyms: + + accommodating, complaisant, genial, kind, + amenable, compliant, governable, obliging. + + * * * * * + +PHYSICAL. + + +Synonyms: + + bodily, corporeal, natural, tangible, + corporal, material, sensible, visible. + +Whatever is composed of or pertains to matter may be termed _material_; +_physical_ (Gr. _physis_, nature) applies to _material_ things +considered as parts of a system or organic whole; hence, we speak of +_material_ substances, _physical_ forces, _physical_ laws. _Bodily_, +_corporal_, and _corporeal_ apply primarily to the human body; _bodily_ +and _corporal_ both denote pertaining or relating to the body; +_corporeal_ signifies of the nature of or like the body; _corporal_ is +now almost wholly restricted to signify applied to or inflicted upon the +body; we speak of _bodily_ sufferings, _bodily_ presence, _corporal_ +punishment, the _corporeal_ frame. + + +Antonyms: + + hyperphysical, intangible, invisible, moral, unreal, + immaterial, intellectual, mental, spiritual, unsubstantial. + + * * * * * + +PIQUE. + + +Synonyms: + + displeasure, irritation, offense, resentment, umbrage. + grudge, + +_Pique_, from the French, signifies primarily a prick or a sting, as of +a nettle; the word denotes a sudden feeling of mingled pain and anger, +but slight and usually transient, arising from some neglect or +_offense_, real or imaginary. _Umbrage_ is a deeper and more persistent +_displeasure_ at being overshadowed (L. _umbra_, a shadow) or subjected +to any treatment that one deems unworthy of him. It may be said, as a +general statement, that _pique_ arises from wounded vanity or +sensitiveness, _umbrage_ from wounded pride or sometimes from suspicion. +_Resentment_ rests on more solid grounds, and is deep and persistent. +Compare ANGER. + + +Antonyms: + + approval, contentment, gratification, pleasure, satisfaction. + complacency, delight, + + * * * * * + +PITIFUL. + + +Synonyms: + + abject, lamentable, paltry, sorrowful, + base, miserable, pathetic, touching, + contemptible, mournful, piteous, woful, + despicable, moving, pitiable, wretched. + +_Pitiful_ originally signified full of pity; as, "the Lord is very +_pitiful_ and of tender mercy," _James_ v, 11; but this usage is now +archaic, and the meaning in question is appropriated by such words as +merciful and compassionate. _Pitiful_ and _pitiable_ now refer to what +may be deserving of pity, _pitiful_ being used chiefly for that which is +merely an object of thought, _pitiable_ for that which is brought +directly before the senses; as, a _pitiful_ story; a _pitiable_ object; +a _pitiable_ condition. Since pity, however, always implies weakness or +inferiority in that which is pitied, _pitiful_ and _pitiable_ are often +used, by an easy transition, for what might awaken pity, but does awaken +contempt; as, a _pitiful_ excuse; he presented a _pitiable_ appearance. +_Piteous_ is now rarely used in its earlier sense of feeling pity, but +in its derived sense applies to what really excites the emotion; as, a +_piteous_ cry. Compare HUMANE; MERCY; PITY. + + +Antonyms: + + august, dignified, grand, lofty, sublime, + beneficent, exalted, great, mighty, superb, + commanding, glorious, helpful, noble, superior. + + * * * * * + +PITY. + + +Synonyms: + + commiseration, condolence, sympathy, tenderness. + compassion, mercy, + +_Pity_ is a feeling of grief or pain aroused by the weakness, +misfortunes, or distresses of others, joined with a desire to help or +relieve. _Sympathy_ (feeling or suffering with) implies some degree of +equality, kindred, or union; _pity_ is for what is weak or unfortunate, +and so far, at least, inferior to ourselves; hence, _pity_ is often +resented where _sympathy_ would be welcome. We have _sympathy_ with one +in joy or grief, in pleasure or pain, _pity_ only for those in suffering +or need; we may have _sympathy_ with the struggles of a giant or the +triumphs of a conqueror; we are moved with _pity_ for the captive or the +slave. _Pity_ may be only in the mind, but _mercy_ does something for +those who are its objects. _Compassion_, like _pity_, is exercised only +with respect to the suffering or unfortunate, but combines with the +tenderness of _pity_ the dignity of _sympathy_ and the active quality of +_mercy_. _Commiseration_ is as tender as _compassion_, but more remote +and hopeless; we have _commiseration_ for sufferers whom we can not +reach or can not relieve. _Condolence_ is the expression of _sympathy_. +Compare MERCY. + + +Antonyms: + + barbarity, ferocity, harshness, pitilessness, severity, + brutality, hard-heartedness, inhumanity, rigor, sternness, + cruelty, hardness, mercilessness, ruthlessness, truculence. + + +Prepositions: + +Pity _on_ or _upon_ that which we help or spare; pity _for_ that which +we merely contemplate; "have pity _upon_ me, O ye my friends," _Job_ +xix, 21; "pity _for_ a horse o'erdriven," TENNYSON _In Memoriam_ lxii, +st. 1. + + * * * * * + +PLANT. + + +Synonyms: + + seed, seed down, set, set out, sow. + +We _set_ or _set out_ slips, cuttings, young trees, etc., tho we may +also be said to _plant_ them; we _plant_ corn, potatoes, etc., which we +put in definite places, as in hills, with some care; we _sow_ wheat or +other small grains and seeds which are scattered in the process. Tho by +modern agricultural machinery the smaller grains are almost as precisely +_planted_ as corn, the old word for broadcast scattering is retained. +Land is _seeded_ or _seeded down_ to grass. + + +Antonyms: + + eradicate, extirpate, root up, uproot, weed out. + + * * * * * + +PLEAD. + + +Synonyms: + + advocate, ask, beseech, implore, solicit, + argue, beg, entreat, press, urge. + +To _plead_ for one is to employ argument or persuasion, or both in his +behalf, usually with earnestness or importunity; similarly one may be +said to _plead_ for himself or for a cause, etc., or with direct object, +to _plead_ a case; in legal usage, _pleading_ is argumentative, but in +popular usage, _pleading_ always implies some appeal to the feelings. +One _argues_ a case solely on rational grounds and supposably with fair +consideration of both sides; he _advocates_ one side for the purpose of +carrying it, and under the influence of motives that may range all the +way from cold self-interest to the highest and noblest impulses; he +_pleads_ a cause, or _pleads_ for a person with still more intense +feeling. _Beseech_, _entreat_, and _implore_ imply impassioned +earnestness, with direct and tender appeal to personal considerations. +_Press_ and _urge_ imply more determined or perhaps authoritative +insistence. _Solicit_ is a weak word denoting merely an attempt to +secure one's consent or cooperation, sometimes by sordid or corrupt +motives. + + +Prepositions: + +Plead _with_ the tyrant _for_ the captive; plead _against_ the +oppression or the oppressor; plead _to_ the indictment; _at_ the bar; +_before_ the court; _in_ open court. + + * * * * * + +PLEASANT. + + +Synonyms: + + agreeable, good-natured, kindly, pleasing, + attractive, kind, obliging, pleasurable. + +That is _pleasing_ from which pleasure is received, or may readily be +received, without reference to any action or intent in that which +confers it; as, a _pleasing_ picture; a _pleasing_ landscape. Whatever +has active qualities adapted to give pleasure is _pleasant_; as, a +_pleasant_ breeze; a _pleasant_ (not a _pleasing_) day. As applied to +persons, _pleasant_ always refers to a disposition ready and desirous to +please; one is _pleasant_, or in a _pleasant_ mood, when inclined to +make happy those with whom he is dealing, to show kindness and do any +reasonable favor. In this sense _pleasant_ is nearly akin to _kind_, but +_kind_ refers to act or intent, while _pleasant_ stops with the +disposition; many persons are no longer in a _pleasant_ mood if asked to +do a troublesome kindness. _Pleasant_ keeps always something of the +sense of actually giving pleasure, and thus surpasses the meaning of +_good-natured_; there are _good-natured_ people who by reason of +rudeness and ill-breeding are not _pleasant_ companions. A _pleasing_ +face has good features, complexion, expression, etc.; a _pleasant_ face +indicates a _kind_ heart and an _obliging_ disposition, as well as +_kindly_ feelings in actual exercise; we can say of one usually +_good-natured_, "on that occasion he did not meet me with a _pleasant_ +face." _Pleasant_, in the sense of gay, merry, jocose (the sense still +retained in _pleasantry_), is now rare, and would not be understood +outside of literary circles. Compare AMIABLE; COMFORTABLE; DELIGHTFUL. + + +Antonyms: + + arrogant, displeasing, glum, ill-humored, repelling, + austere, dreary, grim, ill-natured, repulsive, + crabbed, forbidding, harsh, offensive, unkind, + disagreeable, gloomy, hateful, repellent, unpleasant. + + +Prepositions: + +Pleasant _to_, _with_, or _toward_ persons, _about_ a matter. + + * * * * * + +PLENTIFUL. + + +Synonyms: + + abounding, bountiful, generous, plenteous, + abundant, complete, large, profuse, + adequate, copious, lavish, replete, + affluent, enough, liberal, rich, + ample, exuberant, luxuriant, sufficient, + bounteous, full, overflowing, teeming. + +_Enough_ is relative, denoting a supply equal to a given demand. A +temperature of 70 deg. Fahrenheit is _enough_ for a living-room; of 212 deg. +_enough_ to boil water; neither is _enough_ to melt iron. _Sufficient_, +from the Latin, is an equivalent of the Saxon _enough_, with no +perceptible difference of meaning, but only of usage, _enough_ being the +more blunt, homely, and forcible word, while _sufficient_ is in many +cases the more elegant or polite. _Sufficient_ usually precedes its +noun; _enough_ usually and preferably follows. That is _ample_ which +gives a safe, but not a large, margin beyond a given demand; that is +_abundant_, _affluent_, _bountiful_, _liberal_, _plentiful_, which is +largely in excess of manifest need. _Plentiful_ is used of supplies, as +of food, water, etc.; as, "a _plentiful_ rain," _Ps._ lxviii, 9. We may +also say a _copious_ rain; but _copious_ can be applied to thought, +language, etc., where _plentiful_ can not well be used. _Affluent_ and +_liberal_ both apply to riches, resources; _liberal_, with especial +reference to giving or expending. (Compare synonyms for ADEQUATE.) +_Affluent_, referring especially to riches, may be used of thought, +feeling, etc. Neither _affluent_, _copious_, nor _plentiful_ can be used +of time or space; a field is sometimes called _plentiful_, not with +reference to its extent, but to its productiveness. _Complete_ expresses +not excess or overplus, and yet not mere sufficiency, but harmony, +proportion, fitness to a design, or ideal. _Ample_ and _abundant_ may be +applied to any subject. We have time _enough_, means that we can reach +our destination without haste, but also without delay; if we have +_ample_ time, we may move leisurely, and note what is by the way; if we +have _abundant_ time, we may pause to converse with a friend, to view +the scenery, or to rest when weary. _Lavish_ and _profuse_ imply a +decided excess, oftenest in the ill sense. We rejoice in _abundant_ +resources, and honor _generous_ hospitality; _lavish_ or _profuse_ +expenditure suggests extravagance and wastefulness. _Luxuriant_ is used +especially of that which is _abundant_ in growth; as, a _luxuriant_ +crop. + + +Antonyms: + + deficient, inadequate, narrow, scanty, small, + drained, insufficient, niggardly, scarce, sparing, + exhausted, mean, poor, scrimped, stingy, + impoverished, miserly, scant, short, straitened. + + +Preposition: + +Plentiful _in_ resources. + + * * * * * + +POETRY. + + +Synonyms: + + meter, numbers, poesy, song, + metrical composition, poem, rime, verse. + +_Poetry_ is that form of literature that embodies beautiful thought, +feeling, or action in melodious, rhythmical, and (usually) metrical +language, in imaginative and artistic constructions. _Poetry_ in a very +wide sense may be anything that pleasingly addresses the imagination; +as, the _poetry_ of motion. In ordinary usage, _poetry_ is both +imaginative and metrical. There may be _poetry_ without _rime_, but +hardly without _meter_, or what in some languages takes its place, as +the Hebrew parallelism; but _poetry_ involves, besides the artistic +form, the exercise of the fancy or imagination in a way always +beautiful, often lofty or even sublime. Failing this, there may be +_verse_, _rime_, and _meter_, but not _poetry_. There is much in +literature that is beautiful and sublime in thought and artistic in +construction, which is yet not _poetry_, because quite devoid of the +element of _song_, whereby _poetry_ differs from the most lofty, +beautiful, or impassioned prose. Compare METER. + + +Antonyms: + + prosaic speech, prosaic writing, prose. + + * * * * * + +POLITE. + + +Synonyms: + + accomplished, courtly, genteel, urbane, + civil, cultivated, gracious, well-behaved, + complaisant, cultured, obliging, well-bred, + courteous, elegant, polished, well-mannered. + +A _civil_ person observes such propriety of speech and manner as to +avoid being rude; one who is _polite_ (literally _polished_) observes +more than the necessary proprieties, conforming to all that is graceful, +becoming, and thoughtful in the intercourse of refined society. A man +may be _civil_ with no consideration for others, simply because +self-respect forbids him to be rude; but one who is _polite_ has at +least some care for the opinions of others, and if _polite_ in the +highest and truest sense, which is coming to be the prevailing one, he +cares for the comfort and happiness of others in the smallest matters. +_Civil_ is a colder and more distant word than _polite_; _courteous_ is +fuller and richer, dealing often with greater matters, and is used only +in the good sense. _Courtly_ suggests that which befits a royal court, +and is used of external grace and stateliness without reference to the +prompting feeling; as, the _courtly_ manners of the ambassador. +_Genteel_ refers to an external elegance, which may be showy and +superficial, and the word is thus inferior to _polite_ or _courteous_. +_Urbane_ refers to a politeness that is genial and successful in giving +others a sense of ease and cheer. _Polished_ refers to external +elegancies of speech and manner without reference to spirit or purpose; +as, a _polished_ gentleman or a _polished_ scoundrel; _cultured_ refers +to a real and high development of mind and soul, of which the external +manifestation is the smallest part. _Complaisant_ denotes a disposition +to please or favor beyond what _politeness_ would necessarily require. + + +Antonyms: + + awkward, clownish, ill-mannered, insulting, uncouth, + bluff, coarse, impertinent, raw, unmannerly, + blunt, discourteous, impolite, rude, unpolished, + boorish, ill-behaved, impudent, rustic, untaught, + brusk, ill-bred, insolent, uncivil, untutored. + + * * * * * + +POLITY. + + +Synonyms: + + constitution, policy, form _or_ system of government. + +_Polity_ is the permanent system of government of a state, a church, or +a society; _policy_ is the method of management with reference to the +attainment of certain ends; the national _polity_ of the United States +is republican; each administration has a _policy_ of its own. _Policy_ +is often used as equivalent to expediency; as, many think honesty to be +good _policy_. _Polity_ used in ecclesiastical use serves a valuable +purpose in distinguishing that which relates to administration and +government from that which relates to faith and doctrine; two churches +identical in faith may differ in _polity_, or those agreeing in _polity_ +may differ in faith. Compare LAW. + + * * * * * + +PORTION. + + +Synonyms: + + lot, parcel, part, proportion, share. + +When any whole is divided into _parts_, any _part_ that is allotted to +some person, thing, subject or purpose is called a _portion_, tho the +division may be by no fixed rule or relation; a father may divide his +estate by will among his children so as to make their several _portions_ +great or small, according to his arbitrary and unreasonable caprice. +When we speak of a _part_ as a _proportion_, we think of the whole as +divided according to some rule or scale, so that the different _parts_ +bear a contemplated and intended relation or ratio to one another; thus, +the _portion_ allotted to a child by will may not be a fair _proportion_ +of the estate. _Proportion_ is often used where _part_ or _portion_ +would be more appropriate. Compare PART. + + * * * * * + +POVERTY. + + +Synonyms: + + beggary, distress, mendicancy, pauperism, privation, + destitution, indigence, need, penury, want. + +_Poverty_ denotes strictly lack of property or adequate means of +support, but in common use is a relative term denoting any condition +below that of easy, comfortable living; _privation_ denotes a condition +of painful lack of what is useful or desirable, tho not to the extent of +absolute _distress_; _indigence_ is lack of ordinary means of +subsistence; _destitution_ is lack of the comforts, and in part even of +the necessaries of life; _penury_ is especially cramping _poverty_, +possibly not so sharp as _destitution_, but continuous, while that may +be temporary; _pauperism_ is such _destitution_ as throws one upon +organized public charity for support; _beggary_ and _mendicancy_ denote +_poverty_ that appeals for indiscriminate private charity. + + * * * * * + +POWER. + + +Synonyms: + + ability, competency, expertness, readiness, + aptitude, dexterity, faculty, skill, + capability, efficacy, force, strength, + capacity, efficiency, might, susceptibility, + cleverness, energy, qualification, talent. + cogency, + +_Power_ is the most general term of this group, including every quality, +property, or _faculty_ by which any change, effect, or result is, or may +be, produced; as, the _power_ of the legislature to enact laws, or of +the executive to enforce them; the _power_ of an acid to corrode a +metal; the _power_ of a polished surface to reflect light. _Ability_ is +nearly coextensive with _power_, but does not reach the positiveness and +vigor that may be included in the meaning of _power_, _ability_ often +implying latent, as distinguished from active _power_; we speak of an +exertion of _power_, but not of an exertion of _ability_. _Power_ and +_ability_ include _capacity_, which is _power_ to receive; but _ability_ +is often distinguished from _capacity_, as power that may be manifested +in doing, as _capacity_ is in receiving; one may have great _capacity_ +for acquiring knowledge, and yet not possess _ability_ to teach. +_Efficiency_ is active _power_ to effect a definite result, the _power_ +that actually does, as distinguished from that which may do. +_Competency_ is equal to the occasion, _readiness_ prompt for the +occasion. _Faculty_ is an inherent quality of mind or body; _talent_, +some special mental _ability_. _Dexterity_ and _skill_ are readiness and +facility in action, having a special end; _talent_ is innate, +_dexterity_ and _skill_ are largely acquired. Our _abilities_ include +our natural _capacity_, _faculties_, and _talents_, with all the +_dexterity_, _skill_, and _readiness_ that can be acquired. _Efficacy_ +is the power to produce an intended effect as shown in the production of +it; as, the _efficacy_ of a drug. _Efficiency_ is effectual agency, +competent _power_; _efficiency_ is applied in mechanics as denoting the +ratio of the effect produced to the _power_ expended in producing it; +but this word is chiefly used of intelligent agents as denoting the +quality that brings all one's _power_ to bear promptly and to the best +purpose on the thing to be done. Compare ADDRESS; DEXTERITY; SKILFUL. + + +Antonyms: + + awkwardness, helplessness, inability, incompetence, stupidity, + dulness, imbecility, inaptitude, inefficiency, unskilfulness, + feebleness, impotence, incapacity, maladroitness, weakness. + + * * * * * + +PRAISE. + + +Synonyms: + + acclaim, approbation, compliment, laudation, + acclamation, approval, encomium, panegyric, + adulation, cheering, eulogy, plaudit, + applause, cheers, flattery, sycophancy. + +_Praise_ is the hearty approval of an individual, or of a number or +multitude considered individually, and is expressed by spoken or written +words; _applause_, the spontaneous outburst of many at once. _Applause_ +is expressed in any way, by stamping of feet, clapping of hands, waving +of handkerchiefs, etc., as well as by the voice; _acclamation_ is the +spontaneous and hearty approval of many at once, and strictly by the +voice alone. Thus one is chosen moderator by _acclamation_ when he +receives a unanimous _viva voce_ vote; we could not say he was nominated +by _applause_. _Acclaim_ is the more poetic term for _acclamation_, +commonly understood in a loftier sense; as, a nation's _acclaim_. +_Plaudit_ is a shout of _applause_, and is commonly used in the plural; +as, the _plaudits_ of a throng. _Applause_ is also used in the general +sense of _praise_. _Approbation_ is a milder and more qualified word +than _praise_; while _praise_ is always uttered, _approbation_ may be +silent. "_Approbation_ speaks of the thing or action.... _Praise_ is +always personal." A. W. AND J. C. HARE _Guesses at Truth_ first series, +p. 549. [MACM. '66.] _Acceptance_ refers to an object or action; +_approbation_ may refer to character or natural traits. _Approval_ +always supposes a testing or careful examination, and frequently implies +official sanction; _approbation_ may be upon a general view. The +industry and intelligence of a clerk win his employer's _approbation_; +his decision in a special instance receives his _approval_. _Praise_ is +always understood as genuine and sincere, unless the contrary is +expressly stated; _compliment_ is a light form of _praise_ that may or +may not be sincere; _flattery_ is insincere and ordinarily fulsome +_praise_. + + +Antonyms: + + abuse, contempt, hissing, repudiation, + animadversion, denunciation, ignominy, scorn, + blame, disapprobation, obloquy, slander, + censure, disapproval, reproach, vilification, + condemnation, disparagement, reproof, vituperation. + + * * * * * + +PRAY. + + +Synonyms: + + ask, bid, entreat, invoke, request, + beg, call upon, implore, petition, supplicate. + beseech, conjure, importune, plead, + +To _pray_, in the religious sense, is devoutly to address the Supreme +Being with reverent petition for divine grace or any favor or blessing, +and in the fullest sense with thanksgiving and praise for the divine +goodness and mercy; the once common use of the word to express any +earnest _request_, as "I _pray_ you to come in," is now rare, unless in +writings molded on older literature, or in certain phrases, as "_Pray_ +sit down;" even in these "please" is more common; "I _beg_ you" is also +frequently used, as expressing a polite humility of _request_. _Beseech_ +and _entreat_ express great earnestness of _petition_; _implore_ and +_supplicate_ denote the utmost fervency and intensity, _supplicate_ +implying also humility. Compare ASK; PLEAD. + + * * * * * + +PRECARIOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + doubtful, hazardous, risky, unsettled, + dubious, insecure, unassured, unstable, + equivocal, perilous, uncertain, unsteady. + +_Uncertain_ is applied to things that human knowledge can not certainly +determine or that human power can not certainly control; _precarious_ +originally meant dependent on the will of another, and now, by extension +of meaning, dependent on chance or hazard, with manifest unfavorable +possibility verging toward probability; as, one holds office by a +_precarious_ tenure, or land by a _precarious_ title; the strong man's +hold on life is _uncertain_, the invalid's is _precarious_. + + +Antonyms: + + actual, immutable, real, steady, undeniable, + assured, incontestable, settled, strong, undoubted, + certain, infallible, stable, sure, unquestionable. + firm, + + * * * * * + +PRECEDENT. + + +Synonyms: + + antecedent, case, instance, pattern, + authority, example, obiter dictum, warrant. + +A _precedent_ is an authoritative _case_, _example_, or _instance_. The +communism of the early Christians in Jerusalem is a wonderful _example_ +or _instance_ of Christian liberality, but not a _precedent_ for the +universal church through all time. _Cases_ decided by irregular or +unauthorized tribunals are not _precedents_ for the regular +administration of law. An _obiter dictum_ is an opinion outside of the +_case_ in hand, which can not be quoted as an authoritative _precedent_. +Compare CAUSE; EXAMPLE. + + * * * * * + +PREDESTINATION. + + +Synonyms: + + fate, foreknowledge, foreordination, necessity. + +_Predestination_ is a previous determination or decision, which, in the +divine action, reaches on from eternity. _Fate_ is heathen, an +irresistible, irrational power determining all events with no manifest +connection with reason or righteousness; _necessity_ is philosophical, a +blind something in the nature of things binding the slightest action or +motion in the chain of inevitable, eternal sequence; _foreordination_ +and _predestination_ are Christian, denoting the rational and righteous +order or decree of the supreme and all-wise God. _Foreknowledge_ is +simply God's antecedent knowledge of all events, which some hold to be +entirely separable from his _foreordination_, while others hold +_foreordination_ to be inseparably involved in _foreknowledge_. + + +Antonyms: + + accident, choice, freedom, independence, + chance, free agency, free will, uncertainty. + + +Prepositions: + +Predestination _of_ believers _to_ eternal life. + + * * * * * + +PREJUDICE. + + +Synonyms: + + bias, preconception, presumption, + partiality, prepossession, unfairness. + +A _presumption_ (literally, a taking beforehand) is a partial decision +formed in advance of argument or evidence, usually grounded on some +general principle, and always held subject to revision upon fuller +information. A _prejudice_ or _prepossession_ is grounded often on +feeling, fancy, associations, etc. A _prejudice_ against foreigners is +very common in retired communities. There is always a _presumption_ in +favor of what exists, so that the burden of proof is upon one who +advocates a change. A _prepossession_ is always favorable, a _prejudice_ +always unfavorable, unless the contrary is expressly stated. Compare +INJURY. + + +Antonyms: + + certainty, conviction, evidence, reason, + conclusion, demonstration, proof, reasoning. + + +Prepositions: + +_Against_; rarely, _in favor of_, _in one's favor_. + + * * * * * + +PRETENSE. + + +Synonyms: + + affectation, disguise, pretext, simulation, + air, dissimulation, ruse, subterfuge, + assumption, excuse, seeming, trick, + cloak, mask, semblance, wile. + color, pretension, show, + +A _pretense_, in the unfavorable, which is also the usual sense, is +something advanced or displayed for the purpose of concealing the +reality. A person makes a _pretense_ of something for the credit or +advantage to be gained by it; he makes what is allowed or approved a +_pretext_ for doing what would be opposed or condemned; a tricky +schoolboy makes a _pretense_ of doing an errand which he does not do, or +he makes the actual doing of an errand a _pretext_ for playing truant. A +_ruse_ is something (especially something slight or petty) employed to +blind or deceive so as to mask an ulterior design, and enable a person +to gain some end that he would not be allowed to approach directly. A +_pretension_ is a claim that is or may be contested; the word is now +commonly used in an unfavorable sense. Compare ARTIFICE; HYPOCRISY. + + +Antonyms: + + actuality, frankness, ingenuousness, reality, sincerity, + candor, guilelessness, openness, simplicity, truth. + fact, honesty, + + * * * * * + +PREVENT. + + +Synonyms: + + anticipate, forestall, obviate, preclude. + +The original sense of _prevent_, to come before, act in advance of, +which is now practically obsolete, was still in good use when the +authorized version of the Bible was made, as appears in such passages +as, "When Peter was come into the house, Jesus _prevented_ him" (_i. +e._, addressed him first), _Matt._ xvii, 25; "Thou _preventest_ him with +the blessings of goodness" (_i. e._, by sending the blessings before the +desire is formulated or expressed), _Ps._ xxi, 3. _Anticipate_ is now +the only single word usable in this sense; to _forestall_ is to take or +act in advance in one's own behalf and to the prejudice of another or +others, as in the phrase "to _forestall_ the market." But to +_anticipate_ is very frequently used in the favorable sense; as, his +thoughtful kindness _anticipated_ my wish (_i. e._, met the wish before +it was expressed): or we say, "I was about to accost him when he +_anticipated_ me" (by speaking first); or one _anticipates_ a payment +(by making it before the time); in neither of these cases could we use +_forestall_ or _prevent_. To _obviate_ (literally, to stop the way of or +remove from the way), is to _prevent_ by interception, so that something +that would naturally withstand or disturb may be kept from doing so; to +_preclude_, (literally, to close or shut in advance) is to _prevent_ by +anticipation or by logical necessity; walls and bars _precluded_ the +possibility of escape; a supposition is _precluded_; a necessity or +difficulty is _obviated_. _Prevent_, which at first had only the +anticipatory meaning, has come to apply to the stopping of an action at +any stage, the completion or conclusion only being thought of as +negatived by anticipation; the enemy passed the outworks and were barely +_prevented_ from capturing the fortress. Compare HINDER; PROHIBIT. + + +Preposition: + +He was prevented by illness _from_ joining the expedition. + + * * * * * + +PREVIOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + antecedent, foregoing, front, preceding, + anterior, former, introductory, preliminary, + earlier, forward, precedent, prior. + +_Antecedent_ may denote simple priority in time, implying no direct +connection between that which goes before and that which follows; as, +the striking of one clock may be always _antecedent_ to the striking of +another with no causal connection between them. _Antecedent_ and +_previous_ may refer to that which goes or happens at any distance in +advance, _preceding_ is limited to that which is immediately or next +before; an _antecedent_ event may have happened at any time before; the +_preceding_ transaction is the one completed just before the one with +which it is compared; a _previous_ statement or chapter may be in any +part of the book that has gone before; the _preceding_ statement or +chapter comes next before without an interval. _Previous_ often +signifies first by right; as, a _previous_ engagement. _Foregoing_ is +used only of that which is spoken or written; as, the _foregoing_ +statements. _Anterior_, while it can be used of time, is coming to be +employed chiefly with reference to place; as the _anterior_ lobes of the +brain. _Prior_ bears exclusive reference to time, and commonly where +that which is first in time is first also in right; as, a _prior_ +demand. _Former_ is used of time, or of position in written or printed +matter, not of space in general. We can say _former_ times, a _former_ +chapter, etc., but not the _former_ part of a garden; we should say the +_front_ part of the garden, the _forward_ car of a train. _Former_ has a +close relation, or sharp contrast, with something following; the +_former_ always implies the latter, even when not fully expressed, as in +_Acts_ i, 1, and _Eccles._ vii, 10. + + +Antonyms: + + after, consequent, hind, hindmost, latter, subsequent, + concluding, following, hinder, later, posterior, succeeding. + + +Preposition: + +Such was the state of things previous _to_ the revolution. [_Previous +to_ is often used adverbially, in constructions where _previously to_ +would be more strictly correct; as, these arrangements were made +_previous to_ my departure.] + + * * * * * + +PRICE. + + +Synonyms: + + charge, cost, expenditure, expense, outlay, value, worth. + +The _cost_ of a thing is all that has been expended upon it, whether in +discovery, production, refinement, decoration, transportation, or +otherwise, to bring it to its present condition in the hands of its +present possessor; the _price_ of a thing is what the seller asks for +it. In regular business, as a rule, the seller's _price_ on his wares +must be more than their _cost_ to him; when goods are sold, the _price_ +the buyer has paid becomes their _cost_ to himself. In exceptional +cases, when goods are sold at _cost_, the seller's _price_ is made the +same as the _cost_ of the goods to him, the _cost_ to the seller and the +_cost_ to the buyer becoming then identical. _Price_ always implies that +an article is for sale; what a man will not sell he declines to put a +_price_ on; hence the significance of the taunting proverb that "every +man has his _price_." _Value_ is the estimated equivalent for an +article, whether the article is for sale or not; the market _value_ is +what it would bring if exposed for sale in the open market; the +intrinsic _value_ is the inherent utility of the article considered by +itself alone; the market _value_ of an old and rare volume may be very +great, while its intrinsic _value_ may be practically nothing. _Value_ +has always more reference to others' estimation (literally, what the +thing will avail with others) than _worth_, which regards the thing in +and by itself; thus, intrinsic _value_ is a weaker expression than +intrinsic _worth_. _Charge_ has especial reference to services, +_expense_ to minor outlays; as, the _charges_ of a lawyer or physician; +traveling _expenses_; household _expenses_. + + * * * * * + +PRIDE. + + +Synonyms: + + arrogance, ostentation, self-exaltation, + assumption, presumption, self-respect, + conceit, reserve, superciliousness, + disdain, self-complacency, vainglory, + haughtiness, self-conceit, vanity. + insolence, self-esteem, + +_Haughtiness_ thinks highly of itself and poorly of others. _Arrogance_ +claims much for itself and concedes little to others. _Pride_ is an +absorbing sense of one's own greatness; _haughtiness_ feels one's own +superiority to others; _disdain_ sees contemptuously the inferiority of +others to oneself. _Presumption_ claims place or privilege above one's +right; _pride_ deems nothing too high. _Insolence_ is open and rude +expression of contempt and hostility, generally from an inferior to a +superior, as from a servant to a master or mistress. In the presence of +superiors overweening _pride_ manifests itself in _presumption_ or +_insolence_; in the presence of inferiors, or those supposed to be +inferior, _pride_ manifests itself by _arrogance_, _disdain_, +_haughtiness_, _superciliousness_, or in either case often by cold +_reserve_. (See RESERVE under MODESTY.) _Pride_ is too self-satisfied to +care for praise; _vanity_ intensely craves admiration and applause. +_Superciliousness_, as if by the uplifted eyebrow, as its etymology +suggests (L. _supercilium_, eyebrow, from _super_, over and _cilium_, +eyelid), silently manifests mingled _haughtiness_ and _disdain_. +_Assumption_ quietly takes for granted superiority and privilege which +others would be slow to concede. _Conceit_ and _vanity_ are associated +with weakness, _pride_ with strength. _Conceit_ may be founded upon +nothing; _pride_ is founded upon something that one is, or has, or has +done; _vanity_, too, is commonly founded on something real, tho far +slighter than would afford foundation for _pride_. _Vanity_ is eager for +admiration and praise, is elated if they are rendered, and pained if +they are withheld, and seeks them; _pride_ could never solicit +admiration or praise. _Conceit_ is somewhat stronger than +_self-conceit_. _Self-conceit_ is ridiculous; _conceit_ is offensive. +_Self-respect_ is a thoroughly worthy feeling; _self-esteem_ is a more +generous estimate of one's own character and abilities than the rest of +the world are ready to allow. _Vainglory_ is more pompous and boastful +than _vanity_. Compare EGOTISM; OSTENTATION. + + +Antonyms: + + humility, meekness, modesty, self-abasement, self-distrust. + lowliness, + + * * * * * + +PRIMEVAL. + + +Synonyms: + + aboriginal, indigenous, patriarchal, primitive, + ancient, native, primal, primordial, + autochthonic, old, primary, pristine, + immemorial, original, prime, uncreated. + +_Aboriginal_ (L. _ab_, from, _origo_, origin) signifies pertaining to +the _aborigines_ or earliest known inhabitants of a country in the +widest sense, including not merely human beings but inferior animals and +plants as well. _Autochthonic_ (Gr. _autos_, self, and _chth[=o]n_, +earth) signifies sprung from the earth, especially from the soil of +one's native land. _Primeval_ (L. _primum_, first, and _aevum_, age), +signifies strictly belonging to the first ages, earliest in time, but +often only the earliest of which man knows or conceives, _immemorial_. +_Aboriginal_, _autochthonic_, and _primeval_ combine the meanings of +_ancient_ and _original_; _aboriginal_ inhabitants, _autochthonic_ +races, _primeval_ forests. _Prime_ and _primary_ may signify either +first in time, or more frequently first in importance; _primary_ has +also the sense of elementary or preparatory; we speak of a _prime_ +minister, a _primary_ school. _Primal_ is chiefly poetic, in the sense +of _prime_; as, the _primal_ curse. _Primordial_ is first in an order of +succession or development; as, a _primordial_ leaf. _Primitive_ +frequently signifies having the original characteristics of that which +it represents, as well as standing first in time; as, the _primitive_ +church. _Primitive_ also very frequently signifies having the original +or early characteristics without remoteness in time. _Primeval_ +simplicity is the simplicity of the earliest ages; _primitive_ +simplicity may be found in retired villages now. _Pristine_ is an +elegant word, used almost exclusively in a good sense of that which is +_original_ and perhaps _ancient_; as, _pristine_ purity, innocence, +vigor. That which is both an _original_ and natural product of a soil or +country is said to be _indigenous_; that which is actually produced +there is said to be _native_, though it may be of foreign extraction; +humming-birds are _indigenous_ to America; canaries may be _native_, but +are not _indigenous_. _Immemorial_ refers solely to time, independently +of quality, denoting, in legal phrase, "that whereof the memory of man +runneth not to the contrary;" as, an _immemorial_ custom; an +_immemorial_ abuse. Compare OLD. + + +Antonyms: + + adventitious, foreign, late, new, recent. + exotic, fresh, modern, novel, + +Compare synonyms for NEW. + + * * * * * + +PROFIT. + + +Synonyms: + + advantage, expediency, proceeds, service, + avail, gain, receipts, usefulness, + benefit, good, return, utility, + emolument, improvement, returns, value. + +The _returns_ or _receipts_ include all that is received from an outlay +or investment; the _profit_ is the excess (if any) of the _receipts_ +over the outlay; hence, in government, morals, etc., the _profit_ is +what is really good, helpful, useful, valuable. _Utility_ is chiefly +used in the sense of some immediate or personal and generally some +material _good_. _Advantage_ is that which gives one a vantage-ground, +either for coping with competitors or with difficulties, needs, or +demands; as to have the _advantage_ of a good education; it is +frequently used of what one has beyond another or secures at the +expense of another; as, to have the _advantage_ of another in an +argument, or to take _advantage_ of another in a bargain. _Gain_ is what +one secures beyond what he previously possessed. _Benefit_ is anything +that does one good. _Emolument_ is _profit_, _return_, or _value_ +accruing through official position. _Expediency_ has respect to _profit_ +or _advantage_, real or supposed, considered apart from or perhaps in +opposition to right, in actions having a moral character. Compare +UTILITY. + + +Antonyms: + + damage, detriment, harm, injury, ruin, + destruction, disadvantage, hurt, loss, waste. + + +Prepositions: + +The profit _of_ labor; _on_ capital; _in_ business. + + * * * * * + +PROGRESS. + + +Synonyms: + + advance, development, improvement, proficiency, + advancement, growth, increase, progression. + attainment, + +_Progress_ (L. _pro_, forward, _gradior_, go) is a moving onward or +forward, whether in space or in the mental or moral realm, and may be +either mechanical, individual, or social. _Attainment_, _development_, +and _proficiency_ are more absolute than the other words of the group, +denoting some point of advantage or of comparative perfection reached by +forward or onward movement; we speak of _attainments_ in virtue or +scholarship, _proficiency_ in music or languages, the _development_ of +new powers or organs; _proficiency_ includes the idea of skill. +_Advance_ may denote either a forward movement or the point gained by +forward movement, but always relatively with reference to the point from +which the movement started; as, this is a great _advance_. _Advance_ +admits the possibility of retreat; _progress_ (L. _progredi_, to walk +forward) is steady and constant forward movement, admitting of pause, +but not of retreat; _advance_ suggests more clearly a point to be +reached, while _progress_ lays the emphasis upon the forward movement; +we may speak of slow or rapid _progress_, but more naturally of swift +_advance_. _Progress_ is more frequently used of abstractions; as, the +_progress_ of ideas; _progression_ fixes the attention chiefly upon the +act of moving forward. In a thing good in itself all _advance_ or +_progress_ is _improvement_; there is a growing tendency to restrict the +words to this favorable sense, using _increase_ indifferently of good or +evil; one may say without limitation, "I am an advocate of _progress_." + + +Antonyms: + + check, delay, falling off, retrogression, stop, + decline, falling back, relapse, stay, stoppage. + + +Prepositions: + +The progress _of_ truth; progress _in_ virtue; _toward_ perfection; +_from_ a lower _to_ a higher state. + + * * * * * + +PROHIBIT. + + +Synonyms: + + debar, forbid, inhibit, preclude, + disallow, hinder, interdict, prevent. + +To _prohibit_ is to give some formal command against, and especially to +make some authoritative legal enactment against. _Debar_ is said of +persons, _disallow_ of acts; one is _debarred_ from anything when shut +off, as by some irresistible authority or necessity; one is _prohibited_ +from an act in express terms; he may be _debarred_ by silent necessity. +An act is _disallowed_ by the authority that might have allowed it; the +word is especially applied to acts which are done before they are +pronounced upon; thus, a government may _disallow_ the act of its +commander in the field or its admiral on the high seas. _Inhibit_ and +_interdict_ are chiefly known by their ecclesiastical use. As between +_forbid_ and _prohibit_, _forbid_ is less formal and more personal, +_prohibit_ more official and judicial, with the implication of readiness +to use such force as may be needed to give effect to the enactment; a +parent _forbids_ a child to take part in some game or to associate with +certain companions; the slave-trade is now _prohibited_ by the leading +nations of the world. Many things are _prohibited_ by law which can not +be wholly _prevented_, as gambling and prostitution; on the other hand, +things may be _prevented_ which are not _prohibited_, as the services of +religion, the payment of debts, or military conquest. That which is +_precluded_ need not be _prohibited_. Compare ABOLISH; HINDER; PREVENT. + + +Antonyms: + + allow, empower, let, require, + authorize, enjoin, license, sanction, + command, give consent, order, suffer, + consent to, give leave, permit, tolerate, + direct, give permission, put up with, warrant. + + +Prepositions: + +An act is prohibited _by_ law; a person is prohibited _by_ law _from_ +doing a certain act. _Prohibit_ was formerly construed, as _forbid_ +still is, with the infinitive, but the construction with _from_ and the +verbal noun has now entirely superseded the older usage. + + * * * * * + +PROMOTE. + + +Synonyms: + + advance, encourage, forward, prefer, raise, + aid, exalt, foster, push, urge forward, + assist, excite, further, push on, urge on. + elevate, foment, help, + +To _promote_ (L. _pro_, forward, and _moveo_, move) is to cause to move +forward toward some desired end or to raise to some higher position, +rank, or dignity. We _promote_ a person by _advancing_, _elevating_, or +_exalting_ him to a higher position or dignity. A person _promotes_ a +scheme or an enterprise which others have projected or begun, and which +he _encourages_, _forwards_, _furthers_, _pushes_, or _urges on_, +especially when he acts as the agent of the prime movers and supporters +of the enterprise. One who _excites_ a quarrel originates it; to +_promote_ a quarrel is strictly to _foment_ and _urge_ it _on_, the one +who _promotes_ keeping himself in the background. Compare ABET; QUICKEN. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for ABASE; ALLAY. + + * * * * * + +PROPITIATION. + + +Synonyms: + + atonement, expiation, reconciliation, satisfaction. + +_Atonement_ (at-one-ment), originally denoting _reconciliation_, or the +bringing into agreement of those who have been estranged, is now chiefly +used, as in theology, in the sense of some offering, sacrifice, or +suffering sufficient to win forgiveness or make up for an offense; +especially and distinctively of the sacrificial work of Christ in his +humiliation, suffering and death. _Expiation_ is the enduring of the +full penalty of a wrong or crime. _Propitiation_ is an offering, action, +or sacrifice that makes the governing power propitious toward the +offender. _Satisfaction_ in this connection denotes the rendering a full +legal equivalent for the wrong done. _Propitiation_ appeases the +lawgiver; _satisfaction_ meets the requirements of the law. + + +Antonyms: + + alienation, curse, penalty, reprobation, vengeance, + chastisement, estrangement, punishment, retribution, wrath. + condemnation, offense, + + * * * * * + +PROPITIOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + auspicious, benignant, favorable, gracious, kindly, + benign, clement, friendly, kind, merciful. + +That which is _auspicious_ is of _favorable_ omen; that which is +_propitious_ is of favoring influence or tendency; as, an _auspicious_ +morning; a _propitious_ breeze. _Propitious_ applies to persons, +implying _kind_ disposition and _favorable_ inclinations, especially +toward the suppliant; _auspicious_ is not used of persons. + + +Antonyms: + + adverse, forbidding, ill-disposed, repellent, unfriendly, + antagonistic, hostile, inauspicious, unfavorable, unpropitious. + + +Preposition: + +May heaven be propitious _to_ the enterprise. + + * * * * * + +PROPOSAL. + + +Synonyms: + + bid, offer, overture, proposition. + +An _offer_ or _proposal_ puts something before one for acceptance or +rejection, _proposal_ being the more formal word; a _proposition_ sets +forth truth (or what is claimed to be truth) in formal statement. The +_proposition_ is for consideration, the _proposal_ for action; as, a +_proposition_ in geometry, a _proposal_ of marriage; but _proposition_ +is often used nearly in the sense of _proposal_ when it concerns a +matter for deliberation; as, a _proposition_ for the surrender of a +fort. A _bid_ is commercial and often verbal; as, a _bid_ at an auction; +_proposal_ is used in nearly the same sense, but is more formal. An +_overture_ opens negotiation or conference, and the word is especially +used of some movement toward reconciliation; as, _overtures_ of peace. + + +Antonyms: + + acceptance, denial, disapproval, refusal, rejection, repulse. + + * * * * * + +PROPOSE. + + +Synonym: + + purpose. + +In its most frequent use, _propose_ differs from _purpose_ in that what +we _purpose_ lies in our own mind, as a decisive act of will, a +determination; what we _propose_ is offered or stated to others. In this +use of the word, what we _propose_ is open to deliberation, as what we +_purpose_ is not. In another use of the word, one _proposes_ something +to or by himself which may or may not be stated to others. In this +latter sense _propose_ is nearly identical with _purpose_, and the two +words have often been used interchangeably. But in the majority of cases +what we _purpose_ is more general, what we _propose_ more formal and +definite; I _purpose_ to do right; I _propose_ to do this specific thing +because it is right. In the historic sentence, "I _propose_ to move +immediately on your works," _purpose_ would not have the same sharp +directness. + + * * * * * + +PROTRACT. + + +Synonyms: + + continue, delay, elongate, lengthen, procrastinate, + defer, draw out, extend, postpone, prolong. + +To _protract_ is to cause to occupy a longer time than is usual, +expected, or desirable. We _defer_ a negotiation which we are slow to +enter upon; we _protract_ a negotiation which we are slow to conclude; +_delay_ may be used of any stage in the proceedings; we may _delay_ a +person as well as an action, but _defer_ and _protract_ are not used of +persons. _Elongate_ is not used of actions or abstractions, but only of +material objects or extension in space; _protract_ is very rarely used +of concrete objects or extension in space; we _elongate_ a line, +_protract_ a discussion. _Protract_ has usually an unfavorable sense, +implying that the matter referred to is already unduly long, or would be +so if longer _continued_; _continue_ is neutral, applying equally to the +desirable or the undesirable. _Postpone_ implies a definite intention to +resume, as _defer_ also does, though less decidedly; both are often used +with some definite limitation of time; as, to _postpone_ till, until, or +to a certain day or hour. One may _defer_, _delay_, or _postpone_ a +matter intelligently and for good reason; he _procrastinates_ through +indolence and irresolution. Compare HINDER. + + +Antonyms: + + abbreviate, conclude, curtail, hurry, reduce, + abridge, contract, hasten, limit, shorten. + + +Prepositions: + +To protract a speech _by_ verbosity, _through_ an unreasonable time, +_to_, _till_, or _until_ a late hour. + + * * * * * + +PROVERB. + + +Synonyms: + + adage, axiom, maxim, saw, + aphorism, byword, motto, saying, + apothegm, dictum, precept, truism. + +The _proverb_ or _adage_ gives homely truth in condensed, practical +form, the _adage_ often pictorial. "Hope deferred maketh the heart sick" +is a _proverb_; "The cat loves fish, but dares not wet her feet," is an +_adage_. Both the _proverb_ and the _adage_, but especially the latter, +are thought of as ancient and widely known. An _aphorism_ partakes of +the character of a definition; it is a summary statement of what the +author sees and believes to be true. An _apothegm_ is a terse statement +of what is plain or easily proved. The _aphorism_ is philosophical, the +_apothegm_ practical. A _dictum_ is a statement of some person or +school, on whom it depends for authority; as, a _dictum_ of Aristotle. A +_saying_ is impersonal, current among the common people, deriving its +authority from its manifest truth or good sense; as, it is an old +_saying_, "the more haste, the worse speed." A _saw_ is a _saying_ that +is old, but somewhat worn and tiresome. _Precept_ is a command to duty; +_motto_ or _maxim_ is a brief statement of cherished truth, the _maxim_ +being more uniformly and directly practical; "God is love" may be a +_motto_, "Fear God and fear naught," a _maxim_. The _precepts_ of the +Sermon on the Mount will furnish the Christian with invaluable _maxims_ +or _mottoes_. A _byword_ is a phrase or _saying_ used reproachfully or +contemptuously. + + * * * * * + +PROWESS. + + +Synonyms: + + bravery, gallantry, intrepidity, + courage, heroism, valor. + +_Bravery_, _courage_, _heroism_, and _intrepidity_ may be silent, +spiritual, or passive; they may be exhibited by a martyr at the stake. +_Prowess_ and _valor_ imply both daring and doing; we do not speak of +the _prowess_ of a martyr, a child, or a passive sufferer. _Valor_ meets +odds or perils with courageous action, doing its utmost to conquer at +any risk or cost; _prowess_ has power adapted to the need; dauntless +_valor_ is often vain against superior _prowess_. _Courage_ is a nobler +word than _bravery_, involving more of the deep, spiritual, and enduring +elements of character; such an appreciation of peril as would extinguish +_bravery_ may only intensify _courage_, which is resistant and +self-conquering; _courage_ applies to matters in regard to which _valor_ +and _prowess_ can have no place, as submission to a surgical operation, +or the facing of censure or detraction for conscience' sake. Compare +BRAVE; FORTITUDE. + + +Antonyms: + + cowardice, cowardliness, effeminacy, fear, pusillanimity, timidity. + + * * * * * + +PRUDENCE. + + +Synonyms: + + care, discretion, judgment, + carefulness, forecast, judiciousness, + caution, foresight, providence, + circumspection, forethought, wisdom. + consideration, frugality, + +_Prudence_ may be briefly defined as good _judgment_ and _foresight_, +inclining to _caution_ and _frugality_ in practical affairs. _Care_ may +respect only the present; _prudence_ and _providence_ look far ahead and +sacrifice the present to the future, _prudence_ watching, saving, +guarding, _providence_ planning, doing, preparing, and perhaps expending +largely to meet the future demand. _Frugality_ is in many cases one form +of _prudence_. In a besieged city _prudence_ will reduce the rations, +_providence_ will strain every nerve to introduce supplies and to raise +the siege. _Foresight_ merely sees the future, and may even lead to the +recklessness and desperation to which _prudence_ and _providence_ are so +strongly opposed. _Forethought_ is thinking in accordance with wise +views of the future, and is nearly equivalent to _providence_, but it is +a more popular and less comprehensive term; we speak of man's +_forethought_, God's _providence_. Compare CARE; FRUGALITY; WISDOM. + + +Antonyms: + + folly, imprudence, rashness, thoughtlessness, + heedlessness, indiscretion, recklessness, wastefulness. + improvidence, prodigality, + + * * * * * + +PURCHASE. + + +Synonyms: + + acquire, barter for, get, procure, secure. + bargain for, buy, obtain, + +_Buy_ and _purchase_ are close synonyms, signifying to _obtain_ or +_secure_ as one's own by paying or promising to pay a price; in numerous +cases the two words are freely interchangeable, but with the difference +usually found between words of Saxon and those of French or Latin +origin. The Saxon _buy_ is used for all the homely and petty concerns of +common life, the French _purchase_ is often restricted to transactions +of more dignity; yet the Saxon word _buy_ is commonly more emphatic, and +in the higher ranges of thought appeals more strongly to the feelings. +One may either _buy_ or _purchase_ fame, favor, honor, pleasure, etc., +but when our feelings are stirred we speak of victory or freedom as +dearly _bought_. "_Buy_ the truth, and sell it not" (_Prov._ xxiii, 23) +would be greatly weakened by the rendering "_Purchase_ the truth, and do +not dispose of it." Compare BUSINESS; GET; PRICE; SALE. + + +Antonyms: + + barter, dispose of, exchange, put to sale, sell. + + +Prepositions: + +Purchase _at_ a price; _at_ a public sale; _of_ or _from_ a person; +_for_ cash; _with_ money; _on_ time. + + * * * * * + +PURE. + + +Synonyms: + + absolute, guiltless, simple, unmixed, + chaste, holy, spotless, unpolluted, + classic, immaculate, stainless, unspotted, + classical, incorrupt, true, unstained, + clean, innocent, unadulterated, unsullied, + clear, mere, unblemished, untainted, + continent, perfect, uncorrupted, untarnished, + genuine, real, undefiled, upright, + guileless, sheer, unmingled, virtuous. + +That is _pure_ which is free from mixture or contact with anything that +weakens, impairs, or pollutes. Material substances are called _pure_ in +the strict sense when free from foreign admixture of any kind; as, +_pure_ oxygen; the word is often used to signify free from any defiling +or objectionable admixture (the original sense); we speak of water as +_pure_ when it is bright, clear, and refreshing, tho it may contain +mineral salts in solution; in the medical and chemical sense, only +distilled water (_aqua pura_) is _pure_. In moral and religious use +_pure_ is a strong word, denoting positive excellence of a high order; +one is _innocent_ who knows nothing of evil, and has experienced no +touch of temptation; one is _pure_ who, with knowledge of evil and +exposure to temptation, keeps heart and soul _unstained_. _Virtuous_ +refers primarily to right action; _pure_ to right feeling and motives; +as, "Blessed are the _pure_ in heart: for they shall see God," _Matt._ +v, 8. Compare FINE; INNOCENT. + + +Antonyms: + + adulterated, foul, indecent, obscene, tainted, + defiled, gross, indelicate, polluted, tarnished, + dirty, immodest, lewd, stained, unchaste, + filthy, impure, mixed, sullied, unclean. + + * * * * * + +PUT. + + +Synonyms: + + deposit, lay, place, set. + +_Put_ is the most general term for bringing an object to some point or +within some space, however exactly or loosely; we may _put_ a horse in a +pasture, or _put_ a bullet in a rifle or into an enemy. _Place_ denotes +more careful movement and more exact location; as, to _place_ a crown on +one's head, or a garrison in a city. To _lay_ is to _place_ in a +horizontal position; to _set_ is to _place_ in an upright position; we +_lay_ a cloth, and _set_ a dish upon a table. To _deposit_ is to _put_ +in a place of security for future use; as, to _deposit_ money in a bank; +the original sense, to _lay_ down or let down (quietly), is also common; +as, the stream _deposits_ sediment. + + * * * * * + +QUEER. + + +Synonyms: + + anomalous, erratic, odd, strange, + bizarre, extraordinary, peculiar, uncommon, + comical, fantastic, preposterous, unique, + crotchety, funny, quaint, unmatched, + curious, grotesque, ridiculous, unusual, + droll, laughable, singular, whimsical. + eccentric, ludicrous, + +_Odd_ is unmated, as an _odd_ shoe, and so uneven, as an _odd_ number. +_Singular_ is alone of its kind; as, the _singular_ number. What is +_singular_ is _odd_, but what is _odd_ may not be _singular_; as, a +drawerful of _odd_ gloves. A _strange_ thing is something hitherto +unknown in fact or in cause. A _singular_ coincidence is one the +happening of which is unusual; a _strange_ coincidence is one the cause +of which is hard to explain. That which is _peculiar_ belongs especially +to a person as his own; as, Israel was called Jehovah's "_peculiar_ +people," _i. e._, especially chosen and cherished by him; in its +ordinary use there is the implication that the thing _peculiar_ to one +is not common to the majority nor quite approved by them, though it may +be shared by many; as, the Shakers are _peculiar_. _Eccentric_ is off or +aside from the center, and so off or aside from the ordinary and what is +considered the normal course; as, genius is commonly _eccentric_. +_Eccentric_ is a higher and more respectful word than _odd_ or _queer_. +_Erratic_ signifies wandering, a stronger and more censorious term than +_eccentric_. _Queer_ is transverse or oblique, aside from the common in +a way that is _comical_ or perhaps slightly _ridiculous_. _Quaint_ +denotes that which is pleasingly _odd_ and fanciful, often with +something of the antique; as, the _quaint_ architecture of medieval +towns. That which is _funny_ is calculated to provoke laughter; that +which is _droll_ is more quietly amusing. That which is _grotesque_ in +the material sense is irregular or misshapen in form or outline or +ill-proportioned so as to be somewhat _ridiculous_; the French _bizarre_ +is practically equivalent to _grotesque_. + + +Antonyms: + + common, familiar, normal, regular, + customary, natural, ordinary, usual. + + * * * * * + +QUICKEN. + + +Synonyms: + + accelerate, drive on, hasten, promote, + advance, expedite, hurry, speed, + despatch, facilitate, make haste, urge, + drive, further, press forward, urge on. + +To _quicken_, in the sense here considered, is to increase speed, move +or cause to move more rapidly, as through more space or with, a greater +number of motions in the same time. To _accelerate_ is to increase the +speed of action or of motion. A motion whose speed increases upon itself +is said to be _accelerated_, as the motion of a falling body, which +becomes swifter with every second of time. To _accelerate_ any work is +to _hasten_ it toward a finish, commonly by _quickening_ all its +operations in orderly unity toward the result. To _despatch_ is to do +and be done with, to get a thing off one's hands. To _despatch_ an enemy +is to kill him outright and quickly; to _despatch_ a messenger is to +send him in haste; to _despatch_ a business is to bring it quickly to an +end. _Despatch_ is commonly used of single items. To _promote_ a cause +is in any way to bring it forward, _advance_ it in power, prominence, +etc. To _speed_ is really to secure swiftness; to _hasten_ is to attempt +it, whether successfully or unsuccessfully. _Hurry_ always indicates +something of confusion. The _hurried_ man forgets dignity, appearance, +comfort, courtesy, everything but speed; he may forget something vital +to the matter in hand; yet, because reckless haste may attain the great +object of speed, _hurry_ has come to be the colloquial and popular word +for acting quickly. To _facilitate_ is to _quicken_ by making easy; to +_expedite_ is to _quicken_ by removing hindrances. A good general will +improve roads to _facilitate_ the movements of troops, _hasten_ supplies +and perfect discipline to _promote_ the general efficiency of the force, +_despatch_ details of business, _expedite_ all preparations, in order to +_accelerate_ the advance and victory of his army. + + +Antonyms: + + check, clog, delay, drag, hinder, impede, obstruct, retard. + + * * * * * + +QUOTE. + + +Synonyms: + + cite, extract, plagiarize, repeat. + excerpt, paraphrase, recite, + +To _quote_ is to give an author's words, either exactly, as in direct +quotation, or in substance, as in indirect quotation; to _cite_ is, +etymologically, to call up a passage, as a witness is summoned. In +_citing_ a passage its exact location by chapter, page, or otherwise, +must be given, so that it can be promptly called into evidence; in +_quoting_, the location may or may not be given, but the words or +substance of the passage must be given. In _citing_, neither the +author's words nor his thought may be given, but simply the reference to +the location where they may be found. To _quote_, in the proper sense, +is to give credit to the author whose words are employed. To +_paraphrase_ is to state an author's thought more freely than in +indirect quotation, keeping the substance of thought and the order of +statement, but changing the language, and commonly interweaving more or +less explanatory matter as if part of the original writing. One may +_paraphrase_ a work with worthy motive for homiletic, devotional, or +other purposes (as in the metrical versions of the Psalms), or he may +_plagiarize_ atrociously in the form of _paraphrase_, appropriating all +that is valuable in another's thought, with the hope of escaping +detection by change of phrase. To _plagiarize_ is to _quote_ without +credit, appropriating another's words or thought as one's own. To +_recite_ or _repeat_ is usually to _quote_ orally, tho _recite_ is +applied in legal phrase to a particular statement of facts which is not +a quotation; a kindred use obtains in ordinary speech; as, to _recite_ +one's misfortunes. + + * * * * * + +RACY. + + +Synonyms: + + flavorous, lively, pungent, spicy, + forcible, piquant, rich, spirited. + +_Racy_ applies in the first instance to the pleasing flavor +characteristic of certain wines, often attributed to the soil from which +they come. _Pungent_ denotes something sharply irritating to the organs +of taste or smell, as pepper, vinegar, ammonia; _piquant_ denotes a +quality similar in kind to _pungent_ but less in degree, stimulating and +agreeable; _pungent_ spices may be deftly compounded into a _piquant_ +sauce. As applied to literary products, _racy_ refers to that which has +a striking, vigorous, pleasing originality; _spicy_ to that which is +stimulating to the mental taste, as spice is to the physical; _piquant_ +and _pungent_ in their figurative use keep very close to their literal +sense. + + +Antonyms: + + cold, flat, insipid, stale, tasteless, + dull, flavorless, prosy, stupid, vapid. + + * * * * * + +RADICAL. + + +Synonyms: + + complete, ingrained, perfect, + constitutional, innate, positive, + entire, native, primitive, + essential, natural, thorough, + extreme, organic, thoroughgoing, + fundamental, original, total. + +The widely divergent senses in which the word _radical_ is used, by +which it can be at some time interchanged with any word in the above +list, are all formed upon the one primary sense of having to do with or +proceeding from the root (L. _radix_); a _radical_ difference is one +that springs from the root, and is thus _constitutional_, _essential_, +_fundamental_, _organic_, _original_; a _radical_ change is one that +does not stop at the surface, but reaches down to the very root, and is +_entire_, _thorough_, _total_; since the majority find superficial +treatment of any matter the easiest and most comfortable, _radical_ +measures, which strike at the root of evil or need, are apt to be looked +upon as _extreme_. + + +Antonyms: + + conservative, incomplete, palliative, slight, tentative, + inadequate, moderate, partial, superficial, trial. + + * * * * * + +RARE. + + +Synonyms: + + curious, odd, scarce, unique, + extraordinary, peculiar, singular, unparalleled, + incomparable, precious, strange, unprecedented, + infrequent, remarkable, uncommon, unusual. + +_Unique_ is alone of its kind; _rare_ is _infrequent_ of its kind; great +poems are _rare_; "Paradise Lost" is _unique_. To say of a thing that it +is _rare_ is simply to affirm that it is now seldom found, whether +previously common or not; as, a _rare_ old book; a _rare_ word; to call +a thing _scarce_ implies that it was at some time more plenty, as when +we say food or money is _scarce_. A particular fruit or coin may be +_rare_; _scarce_ applies to demand and use, and almost always to +concrete things; to speak of virtue, genius, or heroism as _scarce_ +would be somewhat ludicrous. _Rare_ has the added sense of _precious_, +which is sometimes, but not necessarily, blended with that above given; +as, a _rare_ gem. _Extraordinary_, signifying greatly beyond the +ordinary, is a neutral word, capable of a high and good sense or of an +invidious, opprobrious, or contemptuous signification; as, +_extraordinary_ genius; _extraordinary_ wickedness; an _extraordinary_ +assumption of power; _extraordinary_ antics; an _extraordinary_ +statement is incredible without overwhelming proof. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for GENERAL; NORMAL; USUAL. + + * * * * * + +REACH. + + +Synonyms: + + arrive, attain, come to, enter, gain, get to, land. + +To _reach_, in the sense here considered, is to _come to_ by motion or +progress. _Attain_ is now oftenest used of abstract relations; as, to +_attain_ success. When applied to concrete matters, it commonly +signifies the overcoming of hindrance and difficulty; as, the +storm-beaten ship at length _attained_ the harbor. _Come_ is the general +word for moving to or toward the place where the speaker or writer is or +supposes himself to be. To _reach_ is to _come to_ from a distance that +is actually or relatively considerable; to stretch the journey, so to +speak, across the distance, as, in its original meaning, one _reaches_ +an object by stretching out the hand. To _gain_ is to _reach_ or +_attain_ something eagerly sought; the wearied swimmer _reaches_ or +_gains_ the shore. One _comes_ in from his garden; he _reaches_ home +from a journey. To _arrive_ is to _come to_ a destination, to _reach_ a +point intended or proposed. The European steamer _arrives_ in port, or +_reaches_ the harbor; the dismantled wreck drifts ashore, or _comes to_ +land. Compare ATTAIN. + + +Antonyms: + + depart, go, go away, leave, set out, set sail, start, weigh anchor. + embark, + + * * * * * + +REAL. + + +Synonyms: + + actual, demonstrable, genuine, true, + authentic, developed, positive, unquestionable, + certain, essential, substantial, veritable. + +_Real_ (L. _res_, a thing) signifies having existence, not merely in +thought, but in fact, or being in fact according to appearance or claim; +denoting the thing as distinguished from the name, or the existent as +opposed to the non-existent. _Actual_ has respect to a thing +accomplished by doing, _real_ to a thing as existing by whatever means +or from whatever cause, _positive_ to that which is fixed or +established, _developed_ to that which has reached completion by a +natural process of unfolding. _Actual_ is in opposition to the supposed, +conceived, or reported, and furnishes the proof of its existence in +itself; _real_ is opposed to feigned or imaginary, and is capable of +demonstration; _positive_, to the uncertain or doubtful; _developed_, to +that which is undeveloped or incomplete. The _developed_ is susceptible +of proof; the _positive_ precludes the necessity for proof. The present +condition of a thing is its _actual_ condition; ills are _real_ that +have a substantial reason; proofs are _positive_ when they give the mind +certainty; a plant is _developed_ when it has reached its completed +stage. _Real_ estate is land, together with trees, water, minerals, or +other natural accompaniments, and any permanent structures that man has +built upon it. Compare AUTHENTIC. + + +Antonyms: + + conceived, feigned, illusory, supposed, unreal, + fabulous, fictitious, imaginary, supposititious, untrue, + fanciful, hypothetical, reported, theoretical, visionary. + + * * * * * + +REASON, _v._ + + +Synonyms: + + argue, debate, discuss, establish, question, + contend, demonstrate, dispute, prove, wrangle. + controvert, + +To _reason_ is to examine by means of the reason, to prove by reasoning, +or to influence or seek to influence others by reasoning or reasons. +Persons may _contend_ either from mere ill will or self-interest, or +from the highest motives; "That ye should earnestly _contend_ for the +faith which was once delivered to the saints," _Jude_ 3. To _argue_ (L. +_arguo_, show) is to make a matter clear by reasoning; to _discuss_ (L. +_dis_, apart, and _quatio_, shake) is, etymologically, to shake it apart +for examination and analysis. _Demonstrate_ strictly applies to +mathematical or exact reasoning; _prove_ may be used in the same sense, +but is often applied to reasoning upon matters of fact by what is called +probable evidence, which can give only moral and not absolute or +mathematical certainty. To _demonstrate_ is to force the mind to a +conclusion by irresistible reasoning; to _prove_ is rather to +_establish_ a fact by evidence; as, to _prove_ one innocent or guilty. +That which has been either _demonstrated_ or _proved_ so as to secure +general acceptance is said to be _established_. _Reason_ is a neutral +word, not, like _argue_, _debate_, _discuss_, etc., naturally or +necessarily implying contest. We _reason_ about a matter by bringing up +all that reason can give us on any side. A _dispute_ may be personal, +fractious, and petty; a _debate_ is formal and orderly; if otherwise, it +becomes a mere _wrangle_. + + +Prepositions: + +We reason _with_ a person _about_ a subject, _for_ or _against_ an +opinion; we reason a person _into_ or _out of_ a course of action; or we +may reason _down_ an opponent or opposition; one reasons _from_ a cause +_to_ an effect. + + * * * * * + +REASON, _n._ + + +Synonyms: + + account, cause, end, motive, principle, + aim, consideration, ground, object, purpose. + argument, design, + +While the _cause_ of any event, act, or fact, as commonly understood, +is the power that makes it to be, the _reason_ of or for it is the +explanation given by the human mind; but _reason_ is, in popular +language, often used as equivalent to _cause_, especially in the sense +of _final cause_. In the statement of any reasoning, the _argument_ may +be an entire syllogism, or the premises considered together apart from +the conclusion, or in logical strictness the middle term only by which +the particular conclusion is connected with the general statement. But +when the _reasoning_ is not in strict logical form, the middle term +following the conclusion is called the _reason_; thus in the statement +"All tyrants deserve death; Caesar was a tyrant; Therefore Caesar deserved +death," "Caesar was a tyrant" would in the strictest sense be called the +_argument_; but if we say "Caesar deserved death because he was a +tyrant," the latter clause would be termed the _reason_. Compare CAUSE; +REASON, _v._; MIND; REASONING. + + +Prepositions: + +The reason _of_ a thing that is to be explained; the reason _for_ a +thing that is to be done. + + * * * * * + +REASONING. + + +Synonyms: + + argument, argumentation, debate, ratiocination. + +_Argumentation_ and _debate_, in the ordinary use of the words, suppose +two parties alleging reasons for and against a proposition; the same +idea appears figuratively when we speak of a _debate_ or an _argument_ +with oneself, or of a _debate_ between reason and conscience. +_Reasoning_ may be the act of one alone, as it is simply the orderly +setting forth of reasons, whether for the instruction of inquirers, the +confuting of opponents, or the clear establishment of truth for oneself. +_Reasoning_ may be either deductive or inductive. _Argument_ or +_argumentation_ was formerly used of deductive _reasoning_ only. With +the rise of the inductive philosophy these words have come to be applied +to inductive processes also; but while _reasoning_ may be informal or +even (as far as tracing its processes is concerned) unconscious, +_argument_ and _argumentation_ strictly imply logical form. _Reasoning_, +as denoting a process, is a broader term than _reason_ or _argument_; +many _arguments_ or _reasons_ may be included in a single chain of +_reasoning_. + + * * * * * + +REBELLIOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + contumacious, mutinous, uncontrollable, + disobedient, refractory, ungovernable, + insubordinate, seditious, unmanageable. + intractable, + +_Rebellious_ signifies being in a state of rebellion (see REBELLION +under REVOLUTION), and is even extended to inanimate things that resist +control or adaptation to human use. _Ungovernable_ applies to that which +successfully defies authority and power; _unmanageable_ to that which +resists the utmost exercise of skill or of skill and power combined; +_rebellious_, to that which is defiant of authority, whether +successfully or unsuccessfully; _seditious_, to that which partakes of +or tends to excite a _rebellious_ spirit, _seditious_ suggesting more of +covert plan, scheming, or conspiracy, _rebellious_ more of overt act or +open violence. While the _unmanageable_ or _ungovernable_ defies +control, the _rebellious_ or _seditious_ may be forced to submission; +as, the man has an _ungovernable_ temper; the horses became +_unmanageable_; he tamed his _rebellious_ spirit. _Insubordinate_ +applies to the disposition to resist and resent control as such; +_mutinous_, to open defiance of authority, especially in the army, navy, +or merchant marine. A _contumacious_ act or spirit is contemptuous as +well as defiant. Compare OBSTINATE; REVOLUTION. + + +Antonyms: + + compliant, docile, manageable, subservient, + controllable, dutiful, obedient, tractable, + deferential, gentle, submissive, yielding. + + +Prepositions: + +Rebellious _to_ or _against_ lawful authority. + + * * * * * + +RECORD. + + +Synonyms: + + account, enrolment, instrument, register, + archive, entry, inventory, roll, + catalogue, enumeration, memorandum, schedule, + chronicle, history, memorial, scroll. + document, inscription, muniment, + +A _memorial_ is any object, whether a writing, a monument, or other +permanent thing that is designed or adapted to keep something in +remembrance. _Record_ is a word of wide signification, applying to any +writing, mark, or trace that serves as a _memorial_ giving enduring +attestation of an event or fact; an extended _account_, _chronicle_, or +_history_ is a _record_; so, too, may be a brief _inventory_ or +_memorandum_; the _inscription_ on a tombstone is a _record_ of the +dead; the striae on a rock-surface are the _record_ of a glacier's +passage. A _register_ is a formal or official written _record_, +especially a series of entries made for preservation or reference; as, a +_register_ of births and deaths. _Archives_, in the sense here +considered, are _documents_ or _records_, often legal _records_, +preserved in a public or official depository; the word _archives_ is +also applied to the place where such _documents_ are regularly deposited +and preserved. _Muniments_ (L. _munio_, fortify) are _records_ that +enable one to defend his title. Compare HISTORY; STORY. + + * * * * * + +RECOVER. + + +Synonyms: + + be cured _or_ healed, heal, recuperate, restore, + be restored, reanimate, regain, resume, + cure, recruit, repossess, retrieve. + +The transitive use of _recover_ in the sense of _cure_, _heal_, etc., as +in _2 Kings_ v, 6, "That thou mayest _recover_ him of his leprosy," is +now practically obsolete. The chief transitive use of _recover_ is in +the sense to obtain again after losing, _regain_, _repossess_, etc.; as, +to _recover_ stolen goods; to _recover_ health. The intransitive sense, +_be cured_, _be restored_, etc., is very common; as, to _recover_ from +sickness, terror, or misfortune. + + +Antonyms: + + die, fail, grow worse, relapse, sink. + + +Prepositions: + +_From_; rarely _of_; (_Law_) to recover judgment _against_, to recover +damages _of_ or _from_ a person. + + * * * * * + +REFINEMENT. + + +Synonyms: + + civilization, cultivation, culture, elegance, politeness. + +_Civilization_ applies to nations, denoting the sum of those civil, +social, economic, and political attainments by which a community is +removed from barbarism; a people may be civilized while still far from +_refinement_ or _culture_, but _civilization_ is susceptible of various +degrees and of continued progress. _Refinement_ applies either to +nations or individuals, denoting the removal of what is coarse and rude, +and a corresponding attainment of what is delicate, elegant, and +beautiful. _Cultivation_, denoting primarily the process of cultivating +the soil or growing crops, then the improved condition of either which +is the result, is applied in similar sense to the human mind and +character, but in this usage is now largely superseded by the term +_culture_, which denotes a high development of the best qualities of +man's mental and spiritual nature, with especial reference to the +esthetic faculties and to graces of speech and manner, regarded as the +expression of a refined nature. _Culture_ in the fullest sense denotes +that degree of _refinement_ and development which results from continued +_cultivation_ through successive generations; a man's faculties may be +brought to a high degree of _cultivation_ in some specialty, while he +himself remains uncultured even to the extent of coarseness and +rudeness. Compare HUMANE; POLITE. + + +Antonyms: + + barbarism, brutality, coarseness, rudeness, savagery, + boorishness, clownishness, grossness, rusticity, vulgarity. + + * * * * * + +REFUTE. + + +Synonyms: + + confound, confute, disprove, overthrow, repel. + +To _refute_ and to _confute_ are to answer so as to admit of no reply. +To _refute_ a statement is to demonstrate its falsity by argument or +countervailing proof; _confute_ is substantially the same in meaning, +tho differing in usage. _Refute_ applies either to arguments and +opinions or to accusations; _confute_ is not applied to accusations and +charges, but to arguments or opinions. _Refute_ is not now applied to +persons, but _confute_ is in good use in this application; a person is +_confuted_ when his arguments are _refuted_. + + * * * * * + +RELIABLE. + + +Synonyms: + + trustworthy, trusty. + +The word _reliable_ has been sharply challenged, but seems to have +established its place in the language. The objection to its use on the +ground that the suffix _-able_ can not properly be added to an +intransitive verb is answered by the citation of such words as +"available," "conversable," "laughable," and the like, while, in the +matter of usage, _reliable_ has the authority of Coleridge, Martineau, +Mill, Irving, Newman, Gladstone, and others of the foremost of recent +English writers. The objection to the application of _reliable_ to +persons is not sustained by the use of the verb "rely," which is applied +to persons in the authorized version of the Scriptures, in the writings +of Shakespeare and Bacon, and in the usage of good speakers and writers. +_Trusty_ and _trustworthy_ refer to inherent qualities of a high order, +_trustworthy_ being especially applied to persons, and denoting moral +integrity and truthfulness; we speak of a _trusty_ sword, a _trusty_ +servant; we say the man is thoroughly _trustworthy_. _Reliable_ is +inferior in meaning, denoting merely the possession of such qualities as +are needed for safe reliance; as, a _reliable_ pledge; _reliable_ +information. A man is said to be _reliable_ with reference not only to +moral qualities, but to judgment, knowledge, skill, habit, or perhaps +pecuniary ability; a thoroughly _trustworthy_ person might not be +_reliable_ as a witness on account of unconscious sympathy, or as a +security by reason of insufficient means. A _reliable_ messenger is one +who may be depended on to do his errand correctly and promptly; a +_trusty_ or _trustworthy_ messenger is one who may be admitted to +knowledge of the views and purposes of those who employ him, and who +will be faithful beyond the mere letter of his commission. We can speak +of a railroad-train as _reliable_ when it can be depended on to arrive +on time; but to speak of a _reliable_ friend would be cold, and to speak +of a warrior girding on his _reliable_ sword would be ludicrous. + + * * * * * + +RELIGION. + + +Synonyms: + + devotion, godliness, morality, piety, theology, + faith, holiness, pietism, righteousness, worship. + +_Piety_ is primarily filial duty, as of children to parents, and hence, +in its highest sense, a loving obedience and service to God as the +Heavenly Father; _pietism_ often denotes a mystical, sometimes an +affected _piety_; _religion_ is the reverent acknowledgment both in +heart and in act of a divine being. _Religion_, in the fullest and +highest sense, includes all the other words of this group. _Worship_ may +be external and formal, or it may be the adoring reverence of the human +spirit for the divine, seeking outward expression. _Devotion_, which in +its fullest sense is self-consecration, is often used to denote an act +of _worship_, especially prayer or adoration; as, he is engaged in his +_devotions_. _Morality_ is the system and practise of duty as required +by the moral law, consisting chiefly in outward acts, and thus may be +observed without spiritual rectitude of heart; _morality_ is of +necessity included in all true _religion_, which involves both outward +act and spiritual service. _Godliness_ (primarily godlikeness) is a +character and spirit like that of God. _Holiness_ is the highest, +sinless perfection of any spirit, whether divine or human, tho often +used for purity or for consecration. _Theology_ is the science of +_religion_, or the study and scientific statement of all that the human +mind can know of God. _Faith_, strictly the belief and trust which the +soul exercises toward God, is often used as a comprehensive word for a +whole system of _religion_ considered as the object of _faith_; as, the +Christian _faith_; the Mohammedan _faith_. + + +Antonyms: + + atheism, godlessness, irreligion, sacrilege, ungodliness, + blasphemy, impiety, profanity, unbelief, wickedness. + + * * * * * + +RELUCTANT. + + +Synonyms: + + averse, disinclined, loath, slow, + backward, indisposed, opposed, unwilling. + +_Reluctant_ (L. _re_, back, and _lucto_, strive, struggle) signifies +struggling against what one is urged or impelled to do, or is actually +doing; _averse_ (L. _a_, from, and _verto_, turn) signifies turned away +as with dislike or repugnance; _loath_ (AS. _lath_, evil, hateful) +signifies having a repugnance, disgust, or loathing for, tho the +adjective _loath_ is not so strong as the verb _loathe_. A dunce is +always _averse_ to study; a good student is _disinclined_ to it when a +fine morning tempts him out; he is _indisposed_ to it in some hour of +weariness. A man may be _slow_ or _backward_ in entering upon that to +which he is by no means _averse_. A man is _loath_ to believe evil of +his friend, _reluctant_ to speak of it, absolutely _unwilling_ to use it +to his injury. A legislator may be _opposed_ to a certain measure, while +not _averse_ to what it aims to accomplish. Compare ANTIPATHY. + + +Antonyms: + + desirous, disposed, eager, favorable, inclined, willing. + + * * * * * + +REMARK. + + +Synonyms: + + annotation, comment, note, observation, utterance. + +A _remark_ is a saying or brief statement, oral or written, commonly +made without much premeditation; a _comment_ is an explanatory or +critical _remark_, as upon some passage in a literary work or some act +or speech in common life. A _note_ is something to call attention, hence +a brief written statement; in correspondence, a _note_ is briefer than a +letter. A _note_ upon some passage in a book is briefer and less +elaborate than a _comment_. _Annotations_ are especially brief _notes_, +commonly marginal, and closely following the text. _Comments_, +_observations_, or _remarks_ may be oral or written, _comments_ being +oftenest written, and _remarks_ oftenest oral. An _observation_ is +properly the result of fixed attention and reflection; a _remark_ may +be the suggestion of the instant. _Remarks_ are more informal than a +speech. + + * * * * * + +REND. + + +Synonyms: + + break, cleave, mangle, rive, sever, sunder, + burst, lacerate, rip, rupture, slit, tear. + +_Rend_ and _tear_ are applied to the separating of textile substances +into parts by force violently applied (_rend_ also to frangible +substances), _tear_ being the milder, _rend_ the stronger word. _Rive_ +is a wood-workers' word for parting wood in the way of the grain without +a clean cut. To _lacerate_ is to _tear_ roughly the flesh or animal +tissue, as by the teeth of a wild beast; a _lacerated_ wound is +distinguished from a wound made by a clean cut or incision. _Mangle_ is +a stronger word than _lacerate_; _lacerate_ is more superficial, +_mangle_ more complete. To _burst_ or _rupture_ is to _tear_ or _rend_ +by force from within, _burst_ denoting the greater violence; as, to +_burst_ a gun; to _rupture_ a blood-vessel; a steam-boiler may be +_ruptured_ when its substance is made to divide by internal pressure +without explosion. To _rip_, as usually applied to garments or other +articles made by sewing or stitching, is to divide along the line of a +seam by cutting or breaking the stitches; the other senses bear some +resemblance or analogy to this; as, to _rip_ open a wound. Compare +BREAK. + + +Antonyms: + + heal, mend, reunite, secure, sew, solder, stitch, unite, weld. + join, + + * * * * * + +RENOUNCE. + + +Synonyms: + + abandon, disavow, disown, recant, repudiate, + abjure, discard, forswear, refuse, retract, + deny, disclaim, recall, reject, revoke. + +_Abjure_, _discard_, _forswear_, _recall_, _recant_, _renounce_, +_retract_, and _revoke_, like _abandon_, imply some previous connection. +_Renounce_ (L. _re_, back, and _nuntio_, bear a message) is to declare +against and give up formally and definitively; as, to _renounce_ the +pomps and vanities of the world. _Recant_ (L. _re_, back, and _canto_, +sing) is to take back or _deny_ formally and publicly, as a belief that +one has held or professed. _Retract_ (L. _re_, back, and _traho_, draw) +is to take back something that one has said as not true or as what one +is not ready to maintain; as, to _retract_ a charge or accusation; one +_recants_ what was especially his own, he _retracts_ what was directed +against another. _Repudiate_ (L. _re_, back, or away, and _pudeo_, feel +shame) is primarily to _renounce_ as shameful, hence to divorce, as a +wife; thus in general to put away with emphatic and determined +repulsion; as, to _repudiate_ a debt. To _deny_ is to affirm to be not +true or not binding; as, to _deny_ a statement or a relationship; or to +refuse to grant as something requested; as, his mother could not _deny_ +him what he desired. To _discard_ is to cast away as useless or +worthless; thus, one _discards_ a worn garment; a coquette _discards_ a +lover. _Revoke_ (L. _re_, back, and _voco_, call), etymologically the +exact equivalent of the English _recall_, is to take back something +given or granted; as, to _revoke_ a command, a will, or a grant; +_recall_ may be used in the exact sense of _revoke_, but is often +applied to persons, as _revoke_ is not; we _recall_ a messenger and +_revoke_ the order with which he was charged. _Abjure_ (L. _ab_, away, +and _juro_, swear) is etymologically the exact equivalent of the Saxon +_forswear_, signifying to put away formally and under oath, as an error, +heresy, or evil practise, or a condemned and detested person. A man +_abjures_ his religion, _recants_ his belief, _abjures_ or _renounces_ +his allegiance, _repudiates_ another's claim, _renounces_ his own, +_retracts_ a false statement. A person may _deny_, _disavow_, +_disclaim_, _disown_ what has been truly or falsely imputed to him or +supposed to be his. He may _deny_ his signature, _disavow_ the act of +his agent, _disown_ his child; he may _repudiate_ a just claim or a base +suggestion. A native of the United States can not _abjure_ or _renounce_ +allegiance to the Queen of England, but will promptly _deny_ or +_repudiate_ it. Compare ABANDON. + + +Antonyms: + + acknowledge, assert, cherish, defend, maintain, proclaim, uphold, + advocate, avow, claim, hold, own, retain, vindicate. + + * * * * * + +REPENTANCE. + + +Synonyms: + + compunction, contriteness, regret, self-condemnation, + contrition, penitence, remorse, sorrow. + +_Regret_ is _sorrow_ for any painful or annoying matter. One is moved +with _penitence_ for wrong-doing. To speak of _regret_ for a fault of +our own marks it as slighter than one regarding which we should express +_penitence_. _Repentance_ is _sorrow_ for sin with _self-condemnation_, +and complete turning from the sin. _Penitence_ is transient, and may +involve no change of character or conduct. There may be _sorrow_ without +_repentance_, as for consequences only, but not _repentance_ without +_sorrow_. _Compunction_ is a momentary sting of conscience, in view +either of a past or of a contemplated act. _Contrition_ is a subduing +_sorrow_ for sin, as against the divine holiness and love. _Remorse_ is, +as its derivation indicates, a biting or gnawing back of guilt upon the +heart, with no turning of heart from the sin, and no suggestion of +divine forgiveness. + + +Antonyms: + + approval, content, obduracy, self-complacency, + comfort, hardness, obstinacy, self-congratulation, + complacency, impenitence, self-approval, stubbornness. + + +Prepositions: + +Repentance _of_ or _in_ heart, or _from_ the heart; repentance _for_ +sins; _before_ or _toward_ God; _unto_ life. + + * * * * * + +REPORT. + + +Synonyms: + + account, narrative, rehearsal, rumor, story, + description, recital, relation, statement, tale. + narration, record, + +_Account_ carries the idea of a commercial summary. A _statement_ is +definite, confined to essentials and properly to matters within the +personal knowledge of the one who states them; as, an ante-mortem +_statement_. A _narrative_ is a somewhat extended and embellished +_account_ of events in order of time, ordinarily with a view to please +or entertain. A _description_ gives especial scope to the pictorial +element. A _report_ (L. _re_, back, and _porto_, bring), as its +etymology implies, is something brought back, as by one sent to obtain +information, and may be concise and formal or highly descriptive and +dramatic. Compare ALLEGORY; HISTORY; RECORD. + + * * * * * + +REPROOF. + + +Synonyms: + + admonition, chiding, disapproval, reprimand, + animadversion, comment, objurgation, reproach, + blame, condemnation, rebuke, reproval, + censure, criticism, reflection, upbraiding. + check, denunciation, reprehension, + +_Blame_, _censure_, and _disapproval_ may either be felt or uttered; +_comment_, _criticism_, _rebuke_, _reflection_, _reprehension_, and +_reproof_ are always expressed. The same is true of _admonition_ and +_animadversion_. _Comment_ and _criticism_ may be favorable as well as +censorious; they imply no superiority or authority on the part of him +who utters them; nor do _reflection_ or _reprehension_, which are +simply turning the mind back upon what is disapproved. _Reprehension_ is +supposed to be calm and just, and with good intent; it is therefore a +serious matter, however mild, and is capable of great force, as +expressed in the phrase severe _reprehension_. _Reflection_ is often +from mere ill feeling, and is likely to be more personal and less +impartial than _reprehension_; we often speak of unkind or unjust +_reflections_. _Rebuke_, literally a stopping of the mouth, is +administered to a forward or hasty person; _reproof_ is administered to +one intentionally or deliberately wrong; both words imply authority in +the reprover, and direct expression of _disapproval_ to the face of the +person _rebuked_ or _reproved_. _Reprimand_ is official _censure_ +formally administered by a superior to one under his command. +_Animadversion_ is _censure_ of a high, authoritative, and somewhat +formal kind. _Rebuke_ may be given at the outset, or in the midst of an +action; _animadversion_, _reflection_, _reprehension_, _reproof_, always +follow the act; _admonition_ is anticipatory, and meant to be +preventive. _Check_ is allied to _rebuke_, and given before or during +action; _chiding_ is nearer to _reproof_, but with more of personal +bitterness and less of authority. Compare CONDEMN; REPROVE. + + +Antonyms: + + applause, approval, encomium, eulogy, panegyric, praise. + approbation, commendation, + + * * * * * + +REPROVE. + + +Synonyms: + + admonish, condemn, reprimand, + blame, expostulate with, reproach, + censure, find fault with, take to task, + chasten, rebuke, upbraid, + check, remonstrate with, warn. + chide, reprehend, + +To _censure_ is to pronounce an adverse judgment that may or may not be +expressed to the person _censured_; to _reprove_ is to _censure_ +authoritatively, openly, and directly to the face of the person +_reproved_; to _rebuke_ is to _reprove_ with sharpness, and often with +abruptness, usually in the midst of some action or course of action +deemed censurable; to _reprimand_ is to _reprove_ officially; to _blame_ +is a familiar word signifying to pass _censure_ upon, make answerable, +as for a fault; _blame_ and _censure_ apply either to persons or acts; +_reprove_ and _rebuke_ are applied chiefly, and _reprimand_ exclusively +to persons. To _reproach_ is to _censure_ openly and vehemently, and +with intense personal feeling as of grief or anger; as, to _reproach_ +one for ingratitude; _reproach_ knows no distinction of rank or +character; a subject may _reproach_ a king or a criminal judge. To +_expostulate_ or _remonstrate with_ is to mingle reasoning and appeal +with _censure_ in the hope of winning one from his evil way, +_expostulate_ being the gentler, _remonstrate_ the severer word. +_Admonish_ is the mildest of _reproving_ words, and may even be used of +giving a caution or warning where no wrong is implied, or of simply +reminding of duty which might be forgotten. _Censure_, _rebuke_, and +_reprove_ apply to wrong that has been done; _warn_ and _admonish_ refer +to anticipated error or fault. When one is _admonished_ because of wrong +already done, the view is still future, that he may not repeat or +continue in the wrong. Compare CONDEMN; REPROOF. + + +Antonyms: + + abet, approve, countenance, impel, instigate, + applaud, cheer, encourage, incite, urge on. + + * * * * * + +REQUITE. + + +Synonyms: + + avenge, punish, remunerate, revenge, + compensate, quit, repay, reward, + pay, reciprocate, retaliate, satisfy, + pay off, recompense, return, settle with. + +To _repay_ or to _retaliate_, to _punish_ or to _reward_, may be to make +some return very inadequate to the benefit or injury received, or the +right or wrong done; but to _requite_ (according to its etymology) is to +make so full and adequate a _return_ as to _quit_ oneself of all +obligation of favor or hostility, of punishment or _reward_. _Requite_ +is often used in the more general sense of _recompense_ or _repay_, but +always with the suggestion, at least, of the original idea of full +equivalent; when one speaks of _requiting_ kindness with ingratitude, +the expression gains force from the comparison of the actual with the +proper and appropriate _return_. Compare PAY. + + +Antonyms: + + absolve, excuse, forgive, overlook, pass over, + acquit, forget, neglect, pardon, slight. + + +Preposition: + +To requite injury _with_ injury is human, but not Christian. + + * * * * * + +REST. + + +Synonyms: + + calm, pause, quietness, slumber, + calmness, peace, quietude, stay, + cessation, peacefulness, recreation, stillness, + ease, quiescence, repose, stop, + intermission, quiet, sleep, tranquillity. + +_Ease_ denotes freedom from cause of disturbance, whether external or +internal. _Quiet_ denotes freedom from agitation, or especially from +annoying sounds. _Rest_ is a _cessation_ of activity especially of +wearying or painful activity. _Recreation_ is some pleasing activity of +certain organs or faculties that affords _rest_ to other parts of our +nature that have become weary. _Repose_ is a laying down, primarily of +the body, and figuratively a similar freedom from toil or strain of +mind. _Repose_ is more complete than _rest_; a _pause_ is a momentary +_cessation_ of activity; a black-smith finds a temporary _rest_ while +the iron is heating, but he does not yield to _repose_; in a _pause_ of +battle a soldier _rests_ on his arms; after the battle the victor +_reposes_ on his laurels. _Sleep_ is the perfection of _repose_, the +most complete _rest_; _slumber_ is a light and ordinarily pleasant form +of _sleep_. In the figurative sense, _rest_ of mind, soul, conscience, +is not mere _cessation_ of activity, but a pleasing, tranquil relief +from all painful and wearying activity; _repose_ is even more deep, +tranquil, and complete. + + +Antonyms: + + agitation, disturbance, movement, stir, tumult, + commotion, excitement, restlessness, strain, unrest, + disquiet, motion, rush, toil, work. + + * * * * * + +RESTIVE. + + +Synonyms: + + balky, impatient, rebellious, restless, + fidgety, intractable, recalcitrant, skittish, + fractious, mulish, refractory, stubborn, + fretful, mutinous, resentful, unruly, + frisky, obstinate, restiff, vicious. + +_Balky_, _mulish_, _obstinate_, and _stubborn_ are synonyms of _restive_ +only in an infrequent if not obsolete use; the supposed sense of +"tending to rest," "standing stubbornly still," is scarcely supported by +any examples, and those cited to support that meaning often fail to do +so. The disposition to offer active resistance to control by any means +whatever is what is commonly indicated by _restive_ in the best English +speech and literature. Dryden speaks of "the pampered colt" as +"_restiff_ to the rein;" but the rein is not used to propel a horse +forward, but to hold him in, and it is against this that he is +"_restiff_." A horse may be made _restless_ by flies or by martial +music, but with no refractoriness; the _restive_ animal impatiently +resists or struggles to break from control, as by bolting, flinging his +rider, or otherwise. With this the metaphorical use of the word agrees, +which is always in the sense of such terms as _impatient_, +_intractable_, _rebellious_, and the like; a people _restive_ under +despotism are not disposed to "rest" under it, but to resist it and +fling it off. + + +Antonyms: + + docile, manageable, passive, quiet, tractable, + gentle, obedient, peaceable, submissive, yielding. + + * * * * * + +RESTRAIN. + + +Synonyms: + + abridge, constrain, hold in, keep under, + bridle, curb, keep, repress, + check, hinder, keep back, restrict, + circumscribe, hold, keep down, suppress, + confine, hold back, keep in, withhold. + +To _restrain_ is to _hold back_ from acting, proceeding, or advancing, +either by physical or moral force. _Constrain_ is positive; _restrain_ +is negative; one is _constrained_ to an action; he is _restrained_ from +an action. _Constrain_ refers almost exclusively to moral force, +_restrain_ frequently to physical force, as when we speak of putting one +under restraint. To _restrain_ an action is to hold it partially or +wholly in check, so that it is under pressure even while it acts; to +_restrict_ an action is to fix a limit or boundary which it may not +pass, but within which it is free. To _repress_, literally to press +back, is to hold in check, and perhaps only temporarily, that which is +still very active; it is a feebler word than _restrain_; to _suppress_ +is finally and effectually to put down; _suppress_ is a much stronger +word than _restrain_; as, to _suppress_ a rebellion. Compare ARREST; +BIND; KEEP. + + +Antonyms: + + aid, arouse, encourage, free, incite, release, + animate, emancipate, excite, impel, let loose, set free. + + * * * * * + +RETIREMENT. + + +Synonyms: + + loneliness, privacy, seclusion, solitude. + +In _retirement_ one withdraws from association he has had with others; +we speak of the _retirement_ of a public man to private life, tho he may +still be much in company. In _seclusion_ one shuts himself away from the +society of all except intimate friends or attendants; in _solitude_ no +other person is present. While _seclusion_ is ordinarily voluntary, +_solitude_ may be enforced; we speak of the _solitude_ rather than the +_seclusion_ of a prisoner. As "private" denotes what concerns ourselves +individually, _privacy_ denotes freedom from the presence or observation +of those not concerned or whom we desire not to have concerned in our +affairs; _privacy_ is more commonly temporary than _seclusion_; we +speak of a moment's _privacy_. There may be _loneliness_ without +_solitude_, as amid an unsympathizing crowd, and _solitude_ without +_loneliness_, as when one is glad to be alone. + + +Antonyms: + + association, companionship, company, converse, fellowship, society. + + * * * * * + +REVELATION. + + +Synonyms: + + apocalypse, disclosure, manifestation. + +_Revelation_ (L. _re_, back, and _velum_, veil), literally an unveiling, +is the act or process of making known what was before secret or hidden, +or what may still be future. _Apocalypse_ (Gr. _apo_, from, and +_kalypto_, cover), literally an uncovering, comes into English as the +name of the closing book of the Bible. The _Apocalypse_ unveils the +future, as if to the very gaze of the seer; the whole gospel is a +_disclosure_ of the mercy of God; the character of Christ is a +_manifestation_ of the divine holiness and love; all Scripture is a +_revelation_ of the divine will. Or we might say that nature is a +_manifestation_ of the divine character and will, of which Scripture is +the fuller and more express _revelation_. + + +Antonyms: + + cloud, concealment, mystery, shrouding, + cloudiness, hiding, obscuration, veiling. + + * * * * * + +REVENGE. + + +Synonyms: + + avenging, retaliation, retribution, vengeance. + requital, + +_Revenge_ is the act of making return for an injury done to oneself by +doing injury to another person. _Retaliation_ and _revenge_ are personal +and often bitter. _Retaliation_ may be partial; _revenge_ is meant to be +complete, and may be excessive. _Vengeance_, which once meant an +indignant vindication of justice, now signifies the most furious and +unsparing _revenge_. _Revenge_ emphasizes more the personal injury in +return for which it is inflicted, _vengeance_ the ill desert of those +upon whom it is inflicted. A _requital_ is strictly an even return, such +as to quit one of obligation for what has been received, and even if +poor or unworthy is given as complete and adequate. _Avenging_ and +_retribution_ give a solemn sense of exact justice, _avenging_ being +more personal in its infliction, whether by God or man, and +_retribution_ the impersonal visitation of the doom of righteous law. +Compare AVENGE; HATRED; REQUITE. + + +Antonyms: + + compassion, forgiveness, mercy, pardon, pity, reconciliation. + excuse, grace, + + +Prepositions: + +To take revenge _upon_ the enemy, _for_ the injury. + + * * * * * + +REVOLUTION. + + +Synonyms: + + anarchy, insurrection, revolt, + confusion, lawlessness, riot, + disintegration, mutiny, sedition, + disorder, rebellion, tumult. + insubordination, + +The essential idea of _revolution_ is a change in the form of government +or constitution, or a change of rulers, otherwise than as provided by +the laws of succession, election, etc.; while such change is apt to +involve armed hostilities, these make no necessary part of the +_revolution_. The _revolution_ by which Dom Pedro was dethroned, and +Brazil changed from an empire to a republic, was accomplished without a +battle, and almost without a shot. _Anarchy_ refers to the condition of +a state when human government is superseded or destroyed by factions or +other causes. _Lawlessness_ is a temper of mind or condition of the +community which may result in _anarchy_. _Confusion_, _disorder_, +_riot_, and _tumult_ are incidental and temporary outbreaks of +_lawlessness_, but may not be _anarchy_. _Insubordination_ is individual +disobedience. _Sedition_ is the plotting, _rebellion_ the fighting, +against the existing government, but always with the purpose of +establishing some other government in its place. When _rebellion_ is +successful it is called _revolution_; but there may be _revolution_ +without _rebellion_; as, the English _Revolution_ of 1688. A _revolt_ is +an uprising against existing authority without the comprehensive views +of change in the form or administration of government that are involved +in _revolution_. _Anarchy_, when more than temporary _disorder_, is a +proposed _disintegration_ of society, in which it is imagined that +social order might exist without government. Slaves make _insurrection_; +soldiers or sailors break out in _mutiny_; subject provinces rise in +_revolt_. Compare SOCIALISM. + + +Antonyms: + + authority, domination, government, obedience, sovereignty, + command, dominion, law, order, submission, + control, empire, loyalty, rule, supremacy. + + * * * * * + +REVOLVE. + + +Synonyms: + + roll, rotate, turn. + +Any round body _rolls_ which continuously touches with successive +portions of its surface successive portions of another surface; a +wagon-wheel _rolls_ along the ground. To _rotate_ is said of a body that +has a circular motion about its own center or axis; to _revolve_ is said +of a body that moves in a curving path, as a circle or an ellipse, about +a center outside of itself, so as to return periodically to the same +relative position that it held at some previous time. A _revolving_ body +may also either _rotate_ or _roll_ at the same time; the earth +_revolves_ around the sun, and _rotates_ on its own axis; in popular +usage, the earth is often said to _revolve_ about its own axis, or to +have a daily "revolution," but _rotate_ and "rotation" are the more +accurate terms. A cylinder over which an endless belt is drawn is said +to _roll_ as regards the belt, tho it _rotates_ as regards its own axis. +Any object that is in contact with or connected with a _rolling_ body is +often said to _roll_; as, the car _rolls_ smoothly along the track. +Objects whose motion approximates or suggests a rotary motion along a +supporting surface are also said to _roll_; as, ocean waves _roll_ in +upon the shore, or the ship _rolls_ in the trough of the sea. _Turn_ is +a conversational and popular word often used vaguely for _rotate_ or +_revolve_, or for any motion about a fixed point, especially for a +motion less than a complete "rotation" or "revolution;" a man _turns_ +his head or _turns_ on his heel; the gate _turns_ on its hinges. + + +Antonyms: + + bind, chafe, grind, slide, slip, stand, stick. + + * * * * * + +RIDDLE, _n._ + + +Synonyms: + + conundrum, enigma, paradox, problem, puzzle. + +_Conundrum_, a word of unknown origin, signifies some question or +statement in which some hidden and fanciful resemblance is involved, the +answer often depending upon a pun; an _enigma_ is a dark saying; a +_paradox_ is a true statement that at first appears absurd or +contradictory; a _problem_ is something thrown out for solution; +_puzzle_ (from _oppose_) referred originally to the intricate arguments +by which disputants opposed each other in the old philosophic schools. +The _riddle_ is an ambiguous or paradoxical statement with a hidden +meaning to be guessed by the mental acuteness of the one to whom it is +proposed; the _riddle_ is not so petty as the _conundrum_, and may +require much acuteness for its answer; a _problem_ may require simply +study and scholarship, as a _problem_ in mathematics; a _puzzle_ may be +in something other than verbal statement, as a dissected map or any +perplexing mechanical contrivance. Both _enigma_ and _puzzle_ may be +applied to any matter difficult of answer or solution, _enigma_ +conveying an idea of greater dignity, _puzzle_ applying to something +more commonplace and mechanical; there are many dark _enigmas_ in human +life and in the course of providence; the location of a missing object +is often a _puzzle_. + + +Antonyms: + + answer, axiom, explanation, proposition, solution. + + * * * * * + +RIGHT, _n._ + + +Synonyms: + + claim, franchise, liberty, prerogative, + exemption, immunity, license, privilege. + +A _right_ is that which one may properly demand upon considerations of +justice, morality, equity, or of natural or positive law. A _right_ may +be either general or special, natural or artificial. "Life, liberty, and +the pursuit of happiness" are the natural and inalienable _rights_ of +all men; _rights_ of property, inheritance, etc., are individual and +special, and often artificial, as the _right_ of inheritance by +primogeniture. A _privilege_ is always special, exceptional, and +artificial; it is something not enjoyed by all, or only to be enjoyed on +certain special conditions, a peculiar benefit, favor, advantage, etc. A +_privilege_ may be of doing or avoiding; in the latter case it is an +_exemption_ or _immunity_; as, a _privilege_ of hunting or fishing; +_exemption_ from military service; _immunity_ from arrest. A _franchise_ +is a specific _right_ or _privilege_ granted by the government or +established as such by governmental authority; as, the elective +_franchise_; a railroad _franchise_. A _prerogative_ is an official +_right_ or _privilege_, especially one inherent in the royal or +sovereign power; in a wider sense it is an exclusive and peculiar +_privilege_ which one possesses by reason of being what he is; as, +reason is the _prerogative_ of man; kings and nobles have often claimed +_prerogatives_ and _privileges_ opposed to the inherent _rights_ of the +people. Compare DUTY; JUSTICE. + + * * * * * + +RISE. + + +Synonyms: + + arise, ascend, emanate, flow, issue, proceed, spring. + +To _rise_ is to move up or upward whether slowly or quickly, whether +through the least or greatest distance; the waves _rise_; the mists +_rise_; the river _rises_ after heavy rains; as said of persons, to +_rise_ is to come to an erect position after kneeling, sitting, +reclining, or lying down; as, to _rise_ from a sick-bed; my friend +_rose_ as I entered; the guests _rose_ to depart; so a deliberative +assembly or a committee is said to _rise_ when it breaks up a session; a +sun or star _rises_ when to our apprehension it comes above the horizon +and begins to go up the sky. To _ascend_ is to go far upward, and is +often used in a stately sense; as, Christ _ascended_ to heaven. The +shorter form _rise_ is now generally preferred to the longer form +_arise_, except in poetic or elevated style. The sun _rises_ or +_arises_; the river _springs_ at a bound from the foot of the glacier +and _flows_ through the lands to the ocean. Smoke _issues_ from a +chimney and _ascends_ toward the sky. Light and heat _emanate_ from the +sun. + + +Antonyms: + + decline, descend, drop, fall, go down, set, settle, sink. + + +Prepositions: + +Rise _from_ slumber; rise _to_ duty; rise _at_ the summons; we rose +_with_ the lark. + + * * * * * + +ROBBER. + + +Synonyms: + + bandit, depredator, freebooter, pirate, + brigand, despoiler, highwayman, plunderer, + buccaneer, footpad, marauder, raider, + burglar, forager, pillager, thief. + +A _robber_ seeks to obtain the property of others by force or +intimidation; a _thief_ by stealth and secrecy. In early English _thief_ +was freely used in both senses, as in Shakespeare and the Authorized +Version of the English Bible, which has "two _thieves_" (_Matt._ xxvii, +38), where the Revised Version more correctly substitutes "two +_robbers_." + + * * * * * + +ROYAL. + + +Synonyms: + + august, kingly, majestic, princely, + kinglike, magnificent, munificent, regal. + +_Royal_ denotes that which actually belongs or pertains to a monarch; +the _royal_ residence is that which the king occupies, _royal_ raiment +that which the king wears. _Regal_ denotes that which in outward state +is appropriate for a king; a subject may assume _regal_ magnificence in +residence, dress, and equipage. _Kingly_ denotes that which is worthy of +a king in personal qualities, especially of character and conduct; as, +a _kingly_ bearing; a _kingly_ resolve. _Princely_ is especially used of +treasure, expenditure, gifts, etc., as _princely_ munificence, a +_princely_ fortune, where _regal_ could not so well be used and _royal_ +would change the sense. The distinctions between these words are not +absolute, but the tendency of the best usage is as here suggested. + + +Antonyms: + + beggarly, contemptible, mean, poor, servile, slavish, vile. + + * * * * * + +RUSTIC. + + +Synonyms: + + agricultural, coarse, pastoral, uncouth, + artless, countrified, plain, unpolished, + awkward, country, rude, unsophisticated, + boorish, hoidenish, rural, untaught, + bucolic, inelegant, sylvan, verdant. + clownish, outlandish, + +_Rural_ and _rustic_ are alike derived from the Latin _rus_, country, +and may be alike defined as pertaining to, characteristic of, or +dwelling in the country; but in usage _rural_ refers especially to +scenes or objects in the country, considered as the work of nature; +_rustic_ refers to their effect upon man or to their condition as +affected by human agency; as, a _rural_ scene; a _rustic_ party; a +_rustic_ lass. We speak, however, of the _rural_ population, _rural_ +simplicity, etc. _Rural_ has always a favorable sense; _rustic_ +frequently an unfavorable one, as denoting a lack of culture and +refinement; thus, _rustic_ politeness expresses that which is +well-meant, but awkward; similar ideas are suggested by a _rustic_ +feast, _rustic_ garb, etc. _Rustic_ is, however, often used of a studied +simplicity, an artistic rudeness, which is pleasing and perhaps +beautiful; as, a _rustic_ cottage; a _rustic_ chair. _Pastoral_ refers +to the care of flocks, and to the shepherd's life with the pleasing +associations suggested by the old poetic ideal of that life; as, +_pastoral_ poetry. _Bucolic_ is kindred to _pastoral_, but is a less +elevated term, and sometimes slightly contemptuous. + + +Antonyms: + + accomplished, cultured, polished, refined, urbane, + city-like, elegant, polite, urban, well-bred. + + * * * * * + +SACRAMENT. + + +Synonyms: + + ceremony, eucharist, observance, rite, solemnity. + communion, Lord's Supper, ordinance, service, + +Any religious act, especially a public act, viewed as a means of +serving God is called a _service_; the word commonly includes the entire +series of exercises of a single occasion of public worship. A religious +_service_ ordained as an outward and visible sign of an inward and +spiritual grace is called a _sacrament_. _Ceremony_ is a form expressing +reverence, or at least respect; we may speak of religious _ceremonies_, +the _ceremonies_ of polite society, the _ceremonies_ of a coronation, an +inauguration, etc. An _observance_ has more than a formal obligation, +reaching or approaching a religious sacredness; a stated religious +_observance_, viewed as established by authority, is called an +_ordinance_; viewed as an established custom, it is a _rite_. The terms +_sacrament_ and _ordinance_, in the religious sense, are often used +interchangeably; the _ordinance_ derives its sacredness from the +authority that ordained it, while the _sacrament_ possesses a sacredness +due to something in itself, even when viewed simply as a representation +or memorial. The Lord's Supper is the Scriptural name for the +_observance_ commemorating the death of Christ; the word _communion_ is +once applied to it (_1 Cor._ x, 16), but not as a distinctive name; at +an early period, however, the name _communion_ was so applied, as +denoting the communing of Christians with their Lord, or with one +another. The term _eucharist_ describes the Lord's Supper as a +thanksgiving _service_; it is also called by preeminence _the +sacrament_, as the ratifying of a solemn vow of consecration to Christ. + + * * * * * + +SAGACIOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + able, intelligent, perspicacious, sensible, + acute, keen, quick of scent, sharp, + apt, keen-sighted, quick-scented, sharp-witted, + clear-sighted, keen-witted, rational, shrewd, + discerning, judicious, sage, wise. + +_Sagacious_ refers to a power of tracing the hidden or recondite by +slight indications, as by instinct or intuition; it is not now applied +to mere keenness of sense-perception. We do not call a hound _sagacious_ +in following a clear trail; but if he loses the scent, as at the edge of +a stream, and circles around till he strikes it again, his conduct is +said to be _sagacious_. In human affairs _sagacious_ refers to a power +of ready, far-reaching, and accurate inference from observed facts +perhaps in themselves very slight, that seems like a special sense; or +to a similar readiness to foresee the results of any action, especially +upon human motives or conduct--a kind of prophetic common sense. +_Sagacious_ is a broader and nobler word than _shrewd_, and not capable +of the invidious sense which the latter word often bears; on the other +hand, _sagacious_ is less lofty and comprehensive than _wise_ in its +full sense, and more limited to matters of direct practical moment. +Compare ASTUTE; WISDOM. + + +Antonyms: + + absurd, futile, obtuse, silly, sottish, undiscerning, + dull, ignorant, senseless, simple, stupid, unintelligent. + foolish, irrational, + + * * * * * + +SALE. + + +Synonyms: + + bargain, barter, change, deal, exchange, trade. + +A _bargain_ is strictly an agreement or contract to buy and sell, tho +the word is often used to denote the entire transaction and also as a +designation for the thing sold or purchased. _Change_ and _exchange_ are +words of wider signification, applying only incidentally to the transfer +of property or value; a _change_ secures something different in any way +or by any means; an _exchange_ secures something as an equivalent or +return, tho not necessarily as payment for what is given. _Barter_ is +the _exchange_ of one commodity for another, the word being used +generally with reference to portable commodities. _Trade_ in the broad +sense may apply to vast businesses (as the book-_trade_), but as +denoting a single transaction is used chiefly in regard to things of +moderate value, when it becomes nearly synonymous with _barter_. _Sale_ +is commonly, and with increasing strictness, limited to the transfer of +property for money, or for something estimated at a money value or +considered as equivalent to so much money in hand or to be paid. A +_deal_ in the political sense is a _bargain_, substitution, or transfer +for the benefit of certain persons or parties against all others; as, +the nomination was the result of a _deal_; in business it may have a +similar meaning, but it frequently signifies simply a _sale_ or +_exchange_, a dealing; as, a heavy _deal_ in stocks. + + * * * * * + +SAMPLE. + + +Synonyms: + + case, exemplification, instance, + example, illustration, specimen. + +A _sample_ is a portion taken at random out of a quantity supposed to be +homogeneous, so that the qualities found in the _sample_ may reasonably +be expected to be found in the whole; as, a _sample_ of sugar; a +_sample_ of cloth. A _specimen_ is one unit of a series, or a fragment +of a mass, all of which is supposed to possess the same essential +qualities; as, a _specimen_ of coinage, or of architecture, or a +_specimen_ of quartz. No other unit or portion may be exactly like the +_specimen_, while all the rest is supposed to be exactly like the +_sample_. An _instance_ is a _sample_ or _specimen_ of action. Compare +EXAMPLE. + + +Antonyms: + + abnormality, aggregate, exception, monstrosity, total, whole. + + * * * * * + +SATISFY. + + +Synonyms: + + cloy, fill, sate, suffice, + content, glut, satiate, surfeit. + +To _satisfy_ is to furnish just enough to meet physical, mental, or +spiritual desire. To _sate_ or _satiate_ is to gratify desire so fully +as for a time to extinguish it. To _cloy_ or _surfeit_ is to gratify to +the point of revulsion or disgust. _Glut_ is a strong but somewhat +coarse word applied to the utmost satisfaction of vehement appetites and +passions; as, to _glut_ a vengeful spirit with slaughter; we speak of +_glutting_ the market with a supply so excessive as to extinguish the +demand. Much less than is needed to _satisfy_ may _suffice_ a frugal or +abstemious person; less than a sufficiency may _content_ one of a +patient and submissive spirit. Compare PAY; REQUITE. + + +Antonyms: + + check, disappoint, restrain, starve, straiten, + deny, refuse, restrict, stint, tantalize. + + +Prepositions: + +Satisfy _with_ food, _with_ gifts, etc.; satisfy one (in the sense of +make satisfaction) _for_ labors and sacrifices; satisfy oneself _by_ or +_upon_ inquiry. + + * * * * * + +SCHOLAR. + + +Synonyms: + + disciple, learner, pupil, savant, student. + +The primary sense of a _scholar_ is one who is being schooled; thence +the word passes to denote one who is apt in school work, and finally one +who is thoroughly schooled, master of what the schools can teach, an +erudite, accomplished person: when used without qualification, the word +is generally understood in this latter sense; as, he is manifestly a +_scholar_. _Pupil_ signifies one under the close personal supervision or +instruction of a teacher or tutor. Those under instruction in schools +below the academic grade are technically and officially termed +_pupils_. The word _pupil_ is uniformly so used in the Reports of the +Commissioner of Education of the United States, but popular American +usage prefers _scholar_ in the original sense; as, teachers and +_scholars_ enjoyed a holiday. Those under instruction in Sunday-schools +are uniformly designated as Sunday-school _scholars_. _Student_ is +applied to those in the higher grades or courses of study, as the +academic, collegiate, scientific, etc. _Student_ suggests less +proficiency than _scholar_ in the highest sense, the _student_ being one +who is learning, the _scholar_ one who has learned. On the other hand, +_student_ suggests less of personal supervision than _pupil_; thus, the +college _student_ often becomes the private _pupil_ of some instructor +in special studies. For _disciple_, etc., compare synonyms for ADHERENT. + + +Antonyms: + + dunce, fool, idiot, idler, ignoramus, illiterate person. + + * * * * * + +SCIENCE. + + +Synonyms: + + art, knowledge. + +_Knowledge_ of a single fact, not known as related to any other, or of +many facts not known as having any mutual relations or as comprehended +under any general law, does not reach the meaning of _science_; +_science_ is _knowledge_ reduced to law and embodied in system. The +_knowledge_ of various countries gathered by an observant traveler may +be a heterogeneous medley of facts, which gain real value only when +coordinated and arranged by the man of _science_. _Art_ always relates +to something to be done, _science_ to something to be known. Not only +must _art_ be discriminated from _science_, but _art_ in the industrial +or mechanical sense must be distinguished from _art_ in the esthetic +sense; the former aims chiefly at utility, the latter at beauty. The +mechanic _arts_ are the province of the artisan, the esthetic or fine +_arts_ are the province of the artist; all the industrial _arts_, as of +weaving or printing, arithmetic or navigation, are governed by exact +rules. _Art_ in the highest esthetic sense, while it makes use of rules, +transcends all rule; no rules can be given for the production of a +painting like Raffael's "Transfiguration," a statue like the Apollo +Belvedere, or a poem like the Iliad. _Science_ does not, like the +mechanic _arts_, make production its direct aim, yet its possible +productive application in the _arts_ is a constant stimulus to +scientific investigation; the _science_, as in the case of chemistry or +electricity, is urged on to higher development by the demands of the +_art_, while the _art_ is perfected by the advance of the _science_. +Creative _art_ seeking beauty for its own sake is closely akin to pure +_science_ seeking _knowledge_ for its own sake. Compare KNOWLEDGE; +LITERATURE. + + * * * * * + +SECURITY. + + +Synonyms: + + bail, earnest, gage, pledge, surety. + +The first four words agree in denoting something given or deposited as +an assurance of something to be given, paid, or done. An _earnest_ is of +the same kind as that to be given, a portion of it delivered in advance, +as when part of the purchase-money is paid, according to the common +expression, "to bind the bargain." A _pledge_ or _security_ may be +wholly different in kind from that to be given or paid, and may greatly +exceed it in value. _Security_ may be of real or personal +property--anything of sufficient value to make the creditor secure; a +_pledge_ is always of personal property or chattels. Every pawnshop +contains unredeemed _pledges_; land, merchandise, bonds, etc., are +frequently offered and accepted as _security_. A person may become +_security_ or _surety_ for another's payment of a debt, appearance in +court, etc.; in the latter case, he is said to become _bail_ for that +person; the person accused gives _bail_ for himself. _Gage_ survives +only as a literary word, chiefly in certain phrases; as, "the _gage_ of +battle." + + +Prepositions: + +Security _for_ the payment of a debt; security _to_ the state, _for_ the +prisoner, _in_ the sum of a thousand dollars. + + * * * * * + +SELF-ABNEGATION. + + +Synonyms: + + self-control, self-devotion, self-renunciation, + self-denial, self-immolation, self-sacrifice. + +_Self-control_ is holding oneself within due limits in pleasures and +duties, as in all things else; _self-denial_, the giving up of pleasures +for the sake of duty. _Self-renunciation_ surrenders conscious rights +and claims; _self-abnegation_ forgets that there is anything to +surrender. There have been devotees who practised very little +_self-denial_ with very much _self-renunciation_. A mother will care for +a sick child with complete _self-abnegation_, but without a thought of +_self-denial_. _Self-devotion_ is heart-consecration of self to a +person or cause with readiness for any needed sacrifice. +_Self-sacrifice_ is the strongest and completest term of all, and +contemplates the gift of self as actually made. We speak of the +_self-sacrifice_ of Christ, where any other of the above terms would be +feeble or inappropriate. + + +Antonyms: + + self-gratification, selfishness, self-seeking, self-will. + self-indulgence, + + * * * * * + +SEND. + + +Synonyms: + + cast, despatch, emit, impel, propel, + dart, discharge, fling, lance, sling, + delegate, dismiss, forward, launch, throw, + depute, drive, hurl, project, transmit. + +To _send_ is to cause to go or pass from one place to another, and +always in fact or thought away from the agent or agency that controls +the act. _Send_ in its most common use involves personal agency without +personal presence; according to the adage, "If you want your business +done, go; if not, _send_;" one _sends_ a letter or a bullet, a messenger +or a message. In all the derived uses this same idea controls; if one +_sends_ a ball into his own heart, the action is away from the directing +hand, and he is viewed as the passive recipient of his own act; it is +with an approach to personification that we speak of the bow _sending_ +the arrow, or the gun the shot. To _despatch_ is to _send_ hastily or +very promptly, ordinarily with a destination in view; to _dismiss_ is to +_send_ away from oneself without reference to a destination; as, to +_dismiss_ a clerk, an application, or an annoying subject. To +_discharge_ is to _send_ away so as to relieve a person or thing of a +load; we _discharge_ a gun or _discharge_ the contents; as applied to +persons, _discharge_ is a harsher term than _dismiss_. To _emit_ is to +_send_ forth from within, with no reference to a destination; as, the +sun _emits_ light and heat. _Transmit_, from the Latin, is a dignified +term, often less vigorous than the Saxon _send_, but preferable at times +in literary or scientific use; as, to _transmit_ the crown, or the feud, +from generation to generation; to _transmit_ a charge of electricity. +_Transmit_ fixes the attention more on the intervening agency, as _send_ +does upon the points of departure and destination. + + +Antonyms: + + bring, convey, give, hold, receive, + carry, get, hand, keep, retain. + + +Prepositions: + +To send _from_ the hand _to_ or _toward_ (rarely _at_) a mark; send +_to_ a friend _by_ a messenger or _by_ mail; send a person _into_ +banishment; send a shell _among_ the enemy. + + * * * * * + +SENSATION. + + +Synonyms: + + emotion, feeling, perception, sense. + +_Sensation_ is the mind's consciousness due to a bodily affection, as of +heat or cold; _perception_ is the cognition of some external object +which is the cause or occasion of the _sensation_; the _sensation_ of +heat may be connected with the _perception_ of a fire. While +_sensations_ are connected with the body, _emotions_, as joy, grief, +etc., are wholly of the mind. "As the most of them [the _sensations_] +are positively agreeable or the opposite, they are nearly akin to those +_emotions_, as hope or terror, or those passions, as anger and envy, +which are acknowledged by all to belong exclusively to the spirit, and +to involve no relation whatever to matter or the bodily organism. Such +_feelings_ are not infrequently styled _sensations_, though improperly." +PORTER _Human Intellect_ Sec. 112, p. 128. [S. '90.] _Feeling_ is a general +term popularly denoting what is felt, whether through the body or by the +mind alone, and includes both _sensation_ and _emotion_. A _sense_ is an +organ or faculty of _sensation_ or of _perception_. + + * * * * * + +SENSIBILITY. + + +Synonyms: + + feeling, impressibility, sensitiveness, susceptibility. + +_Sensibility_ in the philosophical sense, denotes the capacity of +emotion or feeling, as distinguished from the intellect and the will. +(Compare synonyms for SENSATION.) In popular use _sensibility_ denotes +sometimes capacity of feeling of any kind; as, _sensibility_ to heat or +cold; sometimes, a peculiar readiness to be the subject of feeling, +especially of the higher feelings; as, the _sensibility_ of the artist +or the poet; a person of great or fine _sensibility_. _Sensitiveness_ +denotes an especial delicacy of _sensibility_, ready to be excited by +the slightest cause, as displayed, for instance, in the +"sensitive-plant." _Susceptibility_ is rather a capacity to take up, +receive, and, as it were, to contain feeling, so that a person of great +_susceptibility_ is capable of being not only readily but deeply moved; +_sensitiveness_ is more superficial, _susceptibility_ more pervading. +Thus, in physics, the _sensitiveness_ of a magnetic needle is the ease +with which it may be deflected, as by another magnet; its +_susceptibility_ is the degree to which it can be magnetized by a given +magnetic force or the amount of magnetism it will hold. So a person of +great _sensitiveness_ is quickly and keenly affected by any external +influence, as by music, pathos, or ridicule, while a person of great +_susceptibility_ is not only touched, but moved to his inmost soul. + + +Antonyms: + + coldness, hardness, insensibility, numbness, unconsciousness. + deadness, + + +Prepositions: + +The sensibility _of_ the organism _to_ atmospheric changes. + + * * * * * + +SEVERE. + + +Synonyms: + + austere, inflexible, rigorous, uncompromising, + hard, morose, stern, unmitigated, + harsh, relentless, stiff, unrelenting, + inexorable, rigid, strict, unyielding. + +That is _severe_ which is devoid of all softness, mildness, tenderness, +indulgence or levity, or (in literature and art) devoid of unnecessary +ornament, amplification, or embellishment of any kind; as, a _severe_ +style; as said of anything painful, _severe_ signifies such as heavily +taxes endurance or resisting power; as, a _severe_ pain, fever, or +winter. _Rigid_ signifies primarily _stiff_, resisting any effort to +change its shape; a corpse is said to be _rigid_ in death; hence, in +metaphorical sense, a _rigid_ person or character is one that resists +all efforts to change the will or course of conduct; a _rigid_ rule or +statement is one that admits of no deviation. _Rigorous_ is nearly akin +to _rigid_, but is a stronger word, having reference to action or active +qualities, as _rigid_ does to state or character; a _rigid_ rule may be +_rigorously_ enforced. _Strict_ (L. _stringo_, bind) signifies bound or +stretched tight, tense, strenuously exact. _Stern_ unites harshness and +authority with strictness or severity; _stern_, as said even of +inanimate objects, suggests something authoritative or forbidding. +_Austere_ signifies severely simple or temperate, _strict_ in +self-restraint or discipline, and similarly _unrelenting_ toward others. +We speak of _austere_ morality, _rigid_ rules, _rigorous_ discipline, +_stern_ commands, _severe_ punishment, _harsh_ speech or a _harsh_ +voice, _hard_ requirements, _strict_ injunctions, and _strict_ +obedience. _Strict_ discipline holds one exactly and unflinchingly to +the rule; _rigorous_ discipline punishes severely any infraction of it. +The _austere_ character is seldom lovely, but it is always strong and +may be grand, commanding, and estimable. + + +Antonyms: + + affable, easy, gentle, lenient, pliable, sweet, tractable, + bland, genial, indulgent, mild, soft, tender, yielding. + + * * * * * + +SHAKE. + + +Synonyms: + + agitate, jar, quake, shiver, totter, + brandish, joggle, quaver, shudder, tremble, + flap, jolt, quiver, sway, vibrate, + fluctuate, jounce, reel, swing, wave, + flutter, oscillate, rock, thrill, waver. + +A thing is _shaken_ which is subjected to short and abruptly checked +movements, as forward and backward, up and down, from side to side, etc. +A tree is "_shaken_ with a mighty wind;" a man slowly _shakes_ his head. +A thing _rocks_ that is sustained from below; it _swings_ if suspended +from above, as a pendulum, or pivoted at the side, as a crane or a +bridge-draw; to _oscillate_ is to _swing_ with a smooth and regular +returning motion; a _vibrating_ motion may be tremulous or _jarring_. +The pendulum of a clock may be said to _swing_, _vibrate_, or +_oscillate_; a steel bridge _vibrates_ under the passage of a heavy +train; the term _vibrate_ is also applied to molecular movements. +_Jolting_ is a lifting from and letting down suddenly upon an unyielding +surface; as, a carriage _jolts_ over a rough road. A _jarring_ motion is +abruptly and very rapidly repeated through an exceedingly limited space; +the _jolting_ of the carriage _jars_ the windows. _Rattling_ refers +directly to the sound produced by _shaking_. To _joggle_ is to _shake_ +slightly; as, a passing touch _joggles_ the desk on which one is +writing. A thing _trembles_ that _shakes_ perceptibly and with an +appearance of uncertainty and instability, as a person under the +influence of fear; a thing _shivers_ when all its particles are stirred +with a slight but pervading tremulous motion, as a human body under the +influence of cold; _shuddering_ is a more pronounced movement of a +similar kind, in human beings often the effect of emotional or moral +recoil; hence, the word is applied by extension to such feelings even +when they have no such outward manifestation; as, one says, "I _shudder_ +at the thought." To _quiver_ is to have slight and often spasmodic +contractile motions, as the flesh under the surgeon's knife. _Thrill_ is +applied to a pervasive movement felt rather than seen; as, the nerves +_thrill_ with delight; _quiver_ is similarly used, but suggests somewhat +more of outward manifestation. To _agitate_ in its literal use is nearly +the same as to _shake_, tho we speak of the sea as _agitated_ when we +could not say it is _shaken_; the Latin _agitate_ is preferred in +scientific or technical use to the Saxon _shake_, and especially as +applied to the action of mechanical contrivances; in the metaphorical +use _agitate_ is more transitory and superficial, _shake_ more +fundamental and enduring; a person's feelings are _agitated_ by +distressing news; his courage, his faith, his credit, or his testimony +is _shaken_. _Sway_ applies to the movement of a body suspended from +above or not firmly sustained from below, and the motion of which is +less pronounced than _swinging_, smoother than _vibrating_, and not +necessarily constant as _oscillating_; as, the _swaying_ of a reed in +the wind. _Sway_ used transitively especially applies to motions of +grace or dignity; _brandish_ denotes a threatening or hostile motion; a +monarch _sways_ the scepter; the ruffian _brandishes_ a club. To _reel_ +or _totter_ always implies liability to fall; _reeling_ is more violent +than _swaying_, _tottering_ more irregular; a drunken man _reels_; we +speak of the _tottering_ step of age or infancy. An extended mass which +seems to lack solidity or cohesion is said to _quake_; as, a _quaking_ +bog. _Quaver_ is applied almost exclusively to tremulous sounds of the +human voice. _Flap_, _flutter_, and _fluctuate_ refer to wave-like +movements, _flap_ generally to such as produce a sharp sound; a cock +_flaps_ his wings; _flutter_ applies to a less pronounced and more +irregular motion; a captive bird or a feeble pulse _flutters_. Compare +FLUCTUATE. + + * * * * * + +SHELTER. + + +Synonyms: + + cover, guard, protect, shield, + defend, harbor, screen, ward. + +Anything is _covered_ over which something is completely extended; a +vessel is _covered_ with a lid; the head is _covered_ with a hat. That +which _covers_ may also _defend_ or _protect_; thus, troops interposed +between some portion of their own army and the enemy are often called a +_covering_ party. To _shelter_ is to _cover_ so as to _protect_ from +injury or annoyance; as, the roof _shelters_ from the storm; woods +_shelter_ from the heat. To _defend_ (L. _defendere_, to strike away) +implies the actual, _protect_ (L. _protegere_, to cover before) implies +the possible use of force or resisting power; _guard_ implies sustained +vigilance with readiness for conflict; we _defend_ a person or thing +against actual attack; we _guard_ or _protect_ against possible assault +or injury. A powerful person may _protect_ one who is weak by simply +declaring himself his friend; he _defends_ him by some form of active +championship. An inanimate object may _protect_, as a garment from cold; +_defend_ is used but rarely, and by somewhat violent metaphor, in such +connection. _Protect_ is more complete than _guard_ or _defend_; an +object may be faithfully _guarded_ or bravely _defended_ in vain, but +that which is _protected_ is secure. To _shield_ is to interpose +something over or before that which is assailed, so as to save from +harm, and has a comparatively passive sense; one may _guard_ another by +standing armed at his side, _defend_ him by fighting for him, or +_shield_ him from a missile or a blow by interposing his own person. +_Harbor_ is generally used in an unfavorable sense; confederates or +sympathizers _harbor_ a criminal; a person _harbors_ evil thoughts or +designs. See CHERISH. Compare synonyms for HIDE; DEFENSE. + + +Antonyms: + + betray, expel, expose, give up, refuse, reject, surrender. + cast out, + + +Prepositions: + +Shelter _under_ a roof _from_ the storm; _in_ the fortress, _behind_ or +_within_ the walls, _from_ attack. + + * * * * * + +SIGN. + + +Synonyms: + + emblem, mark, presage, symbol, token, + indication, note, prognostic, symptom, type. + manifestation, omen, signal, + +A _sign_ (L. _signum_) is any distinctive _mark_ by which a thing may be +recognized or its presence known, and may be intentional or accidental, +natural or artificial, suggestive, descriptive, or wholly arbitrary; +thus, a blush may be a _sign_ of shame; the footprint of an animal is a +_sign_ that it has passed; the _sign_ of a business house now usually +declares what is done or kept within, but formerly might be an object +having no connection with the business, as "the _sign_ of the trout;" +the letters of the alphabet are _signs_ of certain sounds. While a +_sign_ may be involuntary, and even unconscious, a _signal_ is always +voluntary, and is usually concerted; a ship may show _signs_ of distress +to the casual observer, but _signals_ of distress are a distinct appeal +for aid. A _symptom_ is a vital phenomenon resulting from a diseased +condition; in medical language a _sign_ is an _indication_ of any +physical condition, whether morbid or healthy; thus, a hot skin and +rapid pulse are _symptoms_ of pneumonia; dulness of some portion of the +lungs under percussion is one of the physical _signs_. Compare AUGUR; +CHARACTERISTIC; EMBLEM. + + * * * * * + +SIN. + + +Synonyms: + + crime, fault, misdeed, vice, + criminality, guilt, offense, viciousness, + delinquency, ill-doing, transgression, wickedness, + depravity, immorality, ungodliness, wrong, + evil, iniquity, unrighteousness, wrong-doing. + +_Sin_ is any lack of holiness, any defect of moral purity and truth, +whether in heart or life, whether of commission or omission. "All +_unrighteousness_ is _sin_," _1 John_ v, 17. _Transgression_, as its +etymology indicates, is the stepping over a specific enactment, whether +of God or man, ordinarily by overt act, but in the broadest sense, in +volition or desire. _Sin_ may be either act or state; _transgression_ is +always an act, mental or physical. _Crime_ is often used for a flagrant +violation of right, but in the technical sense denotes specific +violation of human law. _Guilt_ is desert of and exposure to punishment +because of _sin_. _Depravity_ denotes not any action, but a perverted +moral condition from which any act of _sin_ may proceed. _Sin_ in the +generic sense, as denoting a state of heart, is synonymous with +_depravity_; in the specific sense, as in the expression a _sin_, the +term may be synonymous with _transgression_, _crime_, _offense_, +_misdeed_, etc., or may denote some moral activity that could not be +characterized by terms so positive. _Immorality_ denotes outward +violation of the moral law. _Sin_ is thus the broadest word, and +_immorality_ next in scope; all _crimes_, properly so called, and all +_immoralities_, are _sins_; but there may be _sin_, as ingratitude, +which is neither _crime_, _transgression_, nor _immorality_; and there +may be _immorality_ which is not _crime_, as falsehood. Compare +CRIMINAL. + + +Antonyms: + + blamelessness, goodness, integrity, rectitude, sinlessness, + excellence, holiness, morality, right, uprightness, + godliness, innocence, purity, righteousness, virtue. + +Compare synonyms for VIRTUE. + + * * * * * + +SING. + + +Synonyms: + + carol, chant, chirp, chirrup, hum, warble. + +To _sing_ is primarily and ordinarily to utter a succession of +articulate musical sounds with the human voice. The word has come to +include any succession of musical sounds; we say the bird or the rivulet +_sings_; we speak of "the _singing_ quality" of an instrument, and by +still wider extension of meaning we say the teakettle or the cricket +_sings_. To _chant_ is to _sing_ in solemn and somewhat uniform cadence; +_chant_ is ordinarily applied to non-metrical religious compositions. To +_carol_ is to _sing_ joyously, and to _warble_ (kindred with _whirl_) is +to _sing_ with trills or quavers, usually also with the idea of joy. +_Carol_ and _warble_ are especially applied to the _singing_ of birds. +To _chirp_ is to utter a brief musical sound, perhaps often repeated in +the same key, as by certain small birds, insects, etc. To _chirrup_ is +to utter a somewhat similar sound; the word is often used of a brief, +sharp sound uttered as a signal to animate or rouse a horse or other +animal. To _hum_ is to utter murmuring sounds with somewhat monotonous +musical cadence, usually with closed lips; we speak also of the _hum_ of +machinery, etc. + + * * * * * + +SKEPTIC. + + +Synonyms: + + agnostic, deist, doubter, infidel, unbeliever. + atheist, disbeliever, freethinker, + +The _skeptic_ doubts divine revelation; the _disbeliever_ and the +_unbeliever_ reject it, the _disbeliever_ with more of intellectual +dissent, the _unbeliever_ (in the common acceptation) with indifference +or with opposition of heart as well as of intellect. _Infidel_ is an +opprobrious term that might once almost have been said to be +geographical in its range. The Crusaders called all Mohammedans +_infidels_, and were so called by them in return; the word is commonly +applied to any decided opponent of an accepted religion. The _atheist_ +denies that there is a God; the _deist_ admits the existence of God, but +denies that the Christian Scriptures are a revelation from him; the +_agnostic_ denies either that we do know or that we can know whether +there is a God. + + +Antonyms: + + believer, Christian. + + * * * * * + +SKETCH. + + +Synonyms: + + brief, draft, outline, plan, + design, drawing, picture, skeleton. + +A _sketch_ is a rough, suggestive presentation of anything, whether +graphic or literary, commonly intended to be preliminary to a more +complete or extended treatment. An _outline_ gives only the bounding or +determining lines of a figure or a scene; a _sketch_ may give not only +lines, but shading and color, but is hasty and incomplete. The lines of +a _sketch_ are seldom so full and continuous as those of an _outline_, +being, like the shading or color, little more than indications or +suggestions according to which a finished _picture_ may be made; the +artist's first representation of a sunset, the hues of which change so +rapidly, must of necessity be a _sketch_. _Draft_ and _plan_ apply +especially to mechanical drawing, of which _outline_, _sketch_, and +_drawing_ are also used; a _plan_ is strictly a view from above, as of a +building or machine, giving the lines of a horizontal section, +originally at the level of the ground, now in a wider sense at any +height; as, a _plan_ of the cellar; a _plan_ of the attic. A mechanical +_drawing_ is always understood to be in full detail; a _draft_ is an +incomplete or unfinished _drawing_; a _design_ is such a preliminary +_sketch_ as indicates the object to be accomplished or the result to be +attained, and is understood to be original. One may make a _drawing_ of +any well-known mechanism, or a _drawing_ from another man's _design_; +but if he says, "The _design_ is mine," he claims it as his own +invention or composition. In written composition an _outline_ gives +simply the main divisions, and in the case of a sermon is often called a +_skeleton_; a somewhat fuller suggestion of illustration, treatment, and +style is given in a _sketch_. A lawyer's _brief_ is a succinct statement +of the main facts involved in a case, and of the main heads of his +argument on points of law, with reference to authorities cited; the +_brief_ has none of the vagueness of a _sketch_, being sufficiently +exact and complete to form, on occasion, the basis for the decision of +the court without oral argument, when the case is said to be "submitted +on _brief_." Compare DESIGN. + + * * * * * + +SKILFUL. + + +Synonyms: + + accomplished, apt, dexterous, happy, proficient, + adept, clever, expert, ingenious, skilled, + adroit, deft, handy, practised, trained. + +_Skilful_ signifies possessing and using readily practical knowledge and +ability, having alert and well-trained faculties with reference to a +given work. One is _adept_ in that for which he has a natural gift +improved by practise; he is _expert_ in that of which training, +experience, and study have given him a thorough mastery; he is +_dexterous_ in that which he can do effectively, with or without +training, especially in work of the hand or bodily activities. In the +case of the noun, "an expert" denotes one who is "experienced" in the +fullest sense, a master of his branch of knowledge. A _skilled_ workman +is one who has thoroughly learned his trade, though he may be naturally +quite dull; a _skilful_ workman has some natural brightness, ability, +and power of adaptation, in addition to his acquired knowledge and +dexterity. Compare CLEVER; DEXTERITY; POWER. + + +Antonyms: + + awkward, clumsy, inexpert, shiftless, unskilled, untrained. + bungling, helpless, maladroit, unhandy, untaught, + + +Prepositions: + +Skilful _at_ or _in_ a work, _with_ a pen or tool of any kind. + + * * * * * + +SLANDER. + + +Synonyms: + + asperse, decry, disparage, revile, + backbite, defame, libel, traduce, + calumniate, depreciate, malign, vilify. + +To _slander_ a person is to utter a false and injurious report +concerning him; to _defame_ is specifically and directly to attack one's +reputation; to _defame_ by spoken words is to _slander_, by written +words, to _libel_. To _asperse_ is, as it were, to bespatter with +injurious charges; to _malign_ is to circulate studied and malicious +attacks upon character; to _traduce_ is to exhibit one's real or assumed +traits in an odious light; to _revile_ or _vilify_ is to attack with +vile abuse. To _disparage_ is to represent one's admitted good traits or +acts as less praiseworthy than they would naturally be thought to be, as +for instance, by ascribing a man's benevolence to a desire for +popularity or display. To _libel_ or _slander_ is to make an assault +upon character and repute that comes within the scope of law; the +_slander_ is uttered, the _libel_ written, printed, or pictured. To +_backbite_ is to speak something secretly to one's injury; to +_calumniate_ is to invent as well as utter the injurious charge. One may +"abuse," "assail," or _vilify_ another to his face; he _asperses_, +_calumniates_, _slanders_, or _traduces_ him behind his back. + + +Antonyms: + + defend, eulogize, extol, laud, praise, vindicate. + + * * * * * + +SLANG. + + +Synonyms: + + cant, colloquialism, vulgarism, vulgarity. + +A _colloquialism_ is an expression not coarse or low, and perhaps not +incorrect, but below the literary grade; educated persons are apt to +allow themselves some _colloquialisms_ in familiar conversation, which +they would avoid in writing or public speaking. _Slang_, in the primary +sense, denotes expressions that are either coarse and rude in themselves +or chiefly current among the coarser and ruder part of the community; +there are also many expressions current in special senses in certain +communities that may be characterized as _slang_; as, college _slang_; +club _slang_; racing _slang_. In the evolution of language many words +originally _slang_ are adopted by good writers and speakers, and +ultimately take their place as accepted English. A _vulgarism_ is an +expression decidedly incorrect, and the use of which is a mark of +ignorance or low breeding. _Cant_, as used in this connection, denotes +the barbarous jargon used as a secret language by thieves, tramps, etc. +Compare DICTION; LANGUAGE. + + * * * * * + +SLOW. + + +Synonyms: + + dawdling, dilatory, gradual, lingering, slack, + delaying, drowsy, inactive, moderate, sluggish, + deliberate, dull, inert, procrastinating, tardy. + +_Slow_ signifies moving through a relatively short distance, or with a +relatively small number of motions in a given time; _slow_ also applies +to that which is a relatively long while in beginning or accomplishing +something; a watch or a clock is said to be _slow_ when its indications +are behind those of the standard time. _Tardy_ is applied to that which +is behind the proper or desired time, especially in doing a work or +arriving at a place. _Deliberate_ and _dilatory_ are used of persons, +tho the latter may be used also of things, as of a stream; a person is +_deliberate_ who takes a noticeably long time to consider and decide +before acting or who acts or speaks as if he were deliberating at every +point; a person is _dilatory_ who lays aside, or puts off as long as +possible, necessary or required action; both words may be applied either +to undertaking or to doing. _Gradual_ (L. _gradus_, a step) signifies +advancing by steps, and refers to _slow_ but regular and sure +progression. _Slack_ refers to action that seems to indicate a lack of +tension, as of muscle or of will, _sluggish_ to action that seems as if +reluctant to advance. + + +Antonyms: + +See synonyms for NIMBLE. + + * * * * * + +SNEER. + + +Synonyms: + + fling, gibe, jeer, mock, scoff, taunt. + +A _sneer_ may be simply a contemptuous facial contortion, or it may be +some brief satirical utterance that throws a contemptuous side-light on +what it attacks without attempting to prove or disprove; a depreciatory +implication may be given in a _sneer_ such as could only be answered by +elaborate argument or proof, which would seem to give the attack undue +importance: + + Who can refute a _sneer_? + + PALEY _Moral Philosophy_ bk. v, ch. ix. + +A _fling_ is careless and commonly pettish; a _taunt_ is intentionally +insulting and provoking; the _sneer_ is supercilious; the _taunt_ is +defiant. The _jeer_ and _gibe_ are uttered; the _gibe_ is bitter, and +often sly or covert; the _jeer_ is rude and open. A _scoff_ may be in +act or word, and is commonly directed against that which claims honor, +reverence, or worship. Compare BANTER. + + +Preposition: + +Only an essentially vicious mind is capable of a sneer _at_ virtue. + + * * * * * + +SOCIALISM. + + +Synonyms: + + collectivism, communism, fabianism. + +_Socialism_, as defined by its advocates, is a theory of civil polity +that aims to secure the reconstruction of society, increase of wealth, +and a more equal distribution of the products of labor through the +public collective ownership of land and capital (as distinguished from +property), and the public collective management of all industries. Its +aim is extended industrial cooperation; _socialism_ is a purely economic +term, applying to landownership and productive capital. Many socialists +call themselves _collectivists_, and their system _collectivism_. +_Communism_ would divide all things, including the profits of individual +labor, among members of the community; many of its advocates would +abolish marriage and the family relation. _Anarchism_ is properly an +antonym of _socialism_, as it would destroy, by violence if necessary, +all existing government and social order, leaving the future to +determine what, if anything, should be raised upon their ruins. + + * * * * * + +SOUND. + + +Synonyms: + + noise, note, tone. + +_Sound_ is the sensation produced through the organs of hearing or the +physical cause of this sensation. _Sound_ is the most comprehensive word +of this group, applying to anything that is audible. _Tone_ is _sound_ +considered as having some musical quality or as expressive of some +feeling; _noise_ is _sound_ considered without reference to musical +quality or as distinctly unmusical or discordant. Thus, in the most +general sense _noise_ and _sound_ scarcely differ, and we say almost +indifferently, "I heard a _sound_," or "I heard a _noise_." We speak of +a fine, musical, or pleasing _sound_, but never thus of a _noise_. In +music, _tone_ may denote either a musical _sound_ or the interval +between two such _sounds_, but in the most careful usage the latter is +now distinguished as the "interval," leaving _tone_ to stand only for +the _sound_. _Note_ in music strictly denotes the character representing +a _sound_, but in loose popular usage it denotes the _sound_ also, and +becomes practically equivalent to _tone_. Aside from its musical use, +_tone_ is chiefly applied to that quality of the human voice by which +feeling is expressed; as, he spoke in a cheery _tone_; the word is +similarly applied to the voices of birds and other animals, and +sometimes to inanimate objects. As used of a musical instrument, _tone_ +denotes the general quality of its sounds collectively considered. + + * * * * * + +SPEAK. + + +Synonyms: + + announce, converse, discourse, say, + articulate, declaim, enunciate, talk, + chat, declare, express, tell, + chatter, deliver, pronounce, utter. + +To _utter_ is to give forth as an audible sound, articulate or not. To +_talk_ is to _utter_ a succession of connected words, ordinarily with +the expectation of being listened to. To _speak_ is to give articulate +utterance even to a single word; the officer _speaks_ the word of +command, but does not _talk_ it. To _speak_ is also to _utter_ words +with the ordinary intonation, as distinguished from singing. To _chat_ +is ordinarily to _utter_ in a familiar, conversational way; to _chatter_ +is to _talk_ in an empty, ceaseless way like a magpie. + + +Prepositions: + +Speak _to_ (address) a person; speak _with_ a person (converse with +him); speak _of_ or _about_ a thing (make it the subject of remark); +speak _on_ or _upon_ a subject; in parliamentary language, speak _to_ +the question. + + * * * * * + +SPEECH. + + +Synonyms: + + address, dissertation, oration, speaking, + discourse, harangue, oratory, talk, + disquisition, language, sermon, utterance. + +_Speech_ is the general word for _utterance_ of thought in _language_. A +_speech_ may be the delivering of one's sentiments in the simplest way; +an _oration_ is an elaborate and prepared _speech_; a _harangue_ is a +vehement appeal to passion, or a _speech_ that has something +disputatious and combative in it. A _discourse_ is a set _speech_ on a +definite subject, intended to convey instruction. Compare CONVERSATION; +DICTION; LANGUAGE. + + +Antonyms: + + hush, silence, speechlessness, stillness, taciturnity. + + * * * * * + +SPONTANEOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + automatic, impulsive, involuntary, voluntary, + free, instinctive, unbidden, willing. + +That is _spontaneous_ which is freely done, with no external compulsion +and, in human actions, without special premeditation or distinct +determination of the will; that is _voluntary_ which is freely done with +distinct act of will; that is _involuntary_ which is independent of the +will, and perhaps in opposition to it; a _willing_ act is not only in +accordance with will, but with desire. Thus _voluntary_ and +_involuntary_, which are antonyms of each other, are both partial +synonyms of _spontaneous_. We speak of _spontaneous_ generation, +_spontaneous_ combustion, _spontaneous_ sympathy, an _involuntary_ +start, an _unbidden_ tear, _voluntary_ agreement, _willing_ submission. +A babe's smile in answer to that of its mother is _spontaneous_; the +smile of a pouting child wheedled into good humor is _involuntary_. In +physiology the action of the heart and lungs is called _involuntary_; +the growth of the hair and nails is _spontaneous_; the action of +swallowing is _voluntary_ up to a certain point, beyond which it becomes +_involuntary_ or _automatic_. In the fullest sense of that which is not +only without the will but distinctly in opposition to it, or compulsory, +_involuntary_ becomes an antonym, not only of _voluntary_ but of +_spontaneous_; as, _involuntary_ servitude. A _spontaneous_ outburst of +applause is of necessity an act of volition, but so completely dependent +on sympathetic impulse that it would seem frigid to call it _voluntary_, +while to call it _involuntary_ would imply some previous purpose or +inclination not to applaud. + + * * * * * + +SPY. + + +Synonyms: + + detective, emissary, scout. + +The _scout_ and the _spy_ are both employed to obtain information of the +numbers, movements, etc., of an enemy. The _scout_ lurks on the +outskirts of the hostile army with such concealment as the case admits +of, but without disguise; a _spy_ enters in disguise within the enemy's +lines. A _scout_, if captured, has the rights of a prisoner of war; a +_spy_ is held to have forfeited all rights, and is liable, in case of +capture, to capital punishment. An _emissary_ is rather political than +military; sent rather to secretly influence opponents than to bring +information concerning them; so far as he does the latter, he is not +only an _emissary_, but a _spy_. + + * * * * * + +STAIN. + + +Synonyms: + + blot, discolor, dishonor, soil, sully, tinge, + color, disgrace, dye, spot, tarnish, tint. + +To _color_ is to impart a color desired or undesired, temporary or +permanent, or, in the intransitive use, to assume a color in any way; +as, he _colored_ with shame and vexation. To _dye_ is to impart a color +intentionally and with a view to permanence, and especially so as to +pervade the substance or fiber of that to which it is applied. To +_stain_ is primarily to _discolor_, to impart a color undesired and +perhaps unintended, and which may or may not be permanent. Thus, a +character "_dyed_ in the wool" is one that has received some early, +permanent, and pervading influence; a character _stained_ with crime or +guilt is debased and perverted. _Stain_ is, however, used of giving an +intended and perhaps pleasing color to wood, glass, etc., by an +application of coloring-matter which enters the substance a little below +the surface, in distinction from painting, in which coloring-matter is +spread upon the surface; _dyeing_ is generally said of wool, yarn, +cloth, or similar materials which are dipped into the _coloring_ liquid. +Figuratively, a standard or a garment may be _dyed_ with blood in +honorable warfare; an assassin's weapon is _stained_ with the blood of +his victim. To _tinge_ is to _color_ slightly, and may also be used of +giving a slight flavor, or a slight admixture of one ingredient or +quality with another that is more pronounced. + + * * * * * + +STATE. + + +Synonyms: + + affirm, aver, declare, predicate, set forth, + allege, avouch, depose, pronounce, specify, + assert, avow, express, propound, swear, + asseverate, certify, inform, protest, tell, + assure, claim, maintain, say, testify. + +To _state_ (L. _sto_, stand) is to _set forth_ explicitly, formally, or +particularly in speech or writing. _Assert_ (L. _ad_, to, and _sero_, +bind) is strongly personal, signifying to _state_ boldly and positively +what the one making the statement has not attempted and may not attempt +to prove. _Affirm_ has less of egotism than _assert_ (as seen in the +word _self-assertion_), coming nearer to _aver_. It has more solemnity +than _declare_, and more composure and dignity than _asseverate_, which +is to _assert_ excitedly. In legal usage, _affirm_ has a general +agreement with _depose_ and _testify_; it differs from _swear_ in not +invoking the name of God. To _assure_ is to _state_ with such authority +and confidence as the speaker feels ought to make the hearer sure. +_Certify_ is more formal, and applies rather to written documents or +legal processes. _Assure_, _certify_, _inform_, apply to the person; +_affirm_, etc., to the thing. _Assert_ is combative; _assure_ is +conciliatory. I _assert_ my right to cross the river; I _assure_ my +friend it is perfectly safe. To _aver_ is to _state_ positively what is +within one's own knowledge or matter of deep conviction. One may +_assert_ himself, or _assert_ his right to what he is willing to contend +for; or he may _assert_ in discussion what he is ready to maintain by +argument or evidence. To _assert_ without proof is always to lay oneself +open to the suspicion of having no proof to offer, and seems to arrogate +too much to one's personal authority, and hence in such cases both the +verb _assert_ and its noun _assertion_ have an unfavorable sense; we say +a mere _assertion_, a bare _assertion_, his unsupported _assertion_; he +_asserted_ his innocence has less force than he _affirmed_ or +_maintained_ his innocence. _Affirm_, _state_, and _tell_ have not the +controversial sense of _assert_, but are simply declarative. To +_vindicate_ is to defend successfully what is assailed. Almost every +criminal will _assert_ his innocence; the honest man will seldom lack +means to _vindicate_ his integrity. + + +Antonyms: + + contradict, controvert, disprove, gainsay, refute, retract, + contravene, deny, dispute, oppose, repudiate, waive. + + * * * * * + +STEEP. + + +Synonyms: + + abrupt, high, precipitous, sharp, sheer. + +_High_ is used of simple elevation; _steep_ is said only of an incline +where the vertical measurement is sufficiently great in proportion to +the horizontal to make it difficult of ascent. _Steep_ is relative; an +ascent of 100 feet to the mile on a railway is a _steep_ grade; a rise +of 500 feet to the mile makes a _steep_ wagon-road; a roof is _steep_ +when it makes with the horizontal line an angle of more than 45 deg.. A +_high_ mountain may be climbed by a winding road nowhere _steep_, while +a little hill may be accessible only by a _steep_ path. A _sharp_ +ascent or descent is one that makes a sudden, decided angle with the +plane from which it starts; a _sheer_ ascent or descent is +perpendicular, or nearly so; _precipitous_ applies to that which is of +the nature of a precipice, and is used especially of a descent; _abrupt_ +is as if broken sharply off, and applies to either acclivity or +declivity. Compare HIGH. + + +Antonyms: + + easy, flat, gentle, gradual, horizontal, level, low, slight. + + * * * * * + +STORM. + + +Synonyms: + + agitation, disturbance, tempest. + +A _storm_ is properly a _disturbance_ of the atmosphere, with or without +rain, snow, hail, or thunder and lightning. Thus we have rain-_storm_, +snow-_storm_, etc., and by extension, magnetic _storm_. A _tempest_ is a +_storm_ of extreme violence, always attended with some precipitation, as +of rain, from the atmosphere. In the moral and figurative use, _storm_ +and _tempest_ are not closely discriminated, except that _tempest_ +commonly implies greater intensity. We speak of _agitation_ of feeling, +_disturbance_ of mind, a _storm_ of passion, a _tempest_ of rage. + + +Antonyms: + + calm, fair weather, hush, peace, serenity, stillness, tranquillity. + + * * * * * + +STORY. + + +Synonyms: + + account, legend, narrative, recital, relation, + anecdote, myth, novel, record, tale. + incident, narration, + +A _story_ is the telling of some series of connected incidents or +events, whether real or fictitious, in prose or verse, orally or in +writing; or the series of incidents or events thus related may be termed +a _story_. In children's talk, a _story_ is a common euphemism for a +falsehood. _Tale_ is nearly synonymous with _story_, but is somewhat +archaic; it is used for an imaginative, legendary, or fictitious +_recital_, especially if of ancient date; as, a fairy _tale_; also, for +an idle or malicious report; as, do not tell _tales_; "where there is no +_tale_-bearer, the strife ceaseth." _Prov._ xxvi, 20. An _anecdote_ +tells briefly some _incident_, assumed to be fact. If it passes close +limits of brevity, it ceases to be an _anecdote_, and becomes a +_narrative_ or _narration_. A traditional or mythical _story_ of ancient +times is a _legend_. A history is often somewhat poetically called a +_story_; as, the _story_ of the American civil war. Compare ALLEGORY; +FICTION; HISTORY. + + +Antonyms: + + annals, biography, chronicle, history, memoir. + + * * * * * + +STUPIDITY. + + +Synonyms: + + apathy, insensibility, slowness, stupefaction, + dulness, obtuseness, sluggishness, stupor. + +_Stupidity_ is sometimes loosely used for temporary _dulness_ or partial +_stupor_, but chiefly for innate and chronic _dulness_ and +_sluggishness_ of mental action, _obtuseness_ of apprehension, etc. +_Apathy_ may be temporary, and be dispelled by appeal to the feelings or +by the presentation of an adequate motive, but _stupidity_ is inveterate +and commonly incurable. Compare APATHY; IDIOCY; STUPOR. + + +Antonyms: + + acuteness, brilliancy, keenness, sagacity, + alertness, cleverness, quickness, sense, + animation, intelligence, readiness, sensibility. + + * * * * * + +STUPOR. + + +Synonyms: + + apathy, fainting, stupefaction, syncope, + asphyxia, insensibility, swoon, torpor, + coma, lethargy, swooning, unconsciousness. + +_Stupor_ is a condition of the body in which the action of the senses +and faculties is suspended or greatly dulled--weakness or loss of +sensibility. The _apathy_ of disease is a mental affection, a state of +morbid indifference; _lethargy_ is a morbid tendency to heavy and +continued sleep, from which the patient may perhaps be momentarily +aroused. _Coma_ is a deep, abnormal sleep, from which the patient can +not be aroused, or is aroused only with difficulty, a state of profound +_insensibility_, perhaps with full pulse and deep, stertorous breathing, +and is due to brain-oppression. _Syncope_ or _swooning_ is a sudden loss +of sensation and of power of motion, with suspension of pulse and of +respiration, and is due to failure of heart-action, as from sudden +nervous shock or intense mental emotion. _Insensibility_ is a general +term denoting loss of feeling from any cause, as from cold, +intoxication, or injury. _Stupor_ is especially profound and confirmed +_insensibility_, properly comatose. _Asphyxia_ is a special form of +_syncope_ resulting from partial or total suspension of respiration, as +in strangulation, drowning, or inhalation of noxious gases. + + * * * * * + +SUBJECTIVE. + + +Synonym: + + objective. + +_Subjective_ and _objective_ are synonyms in but one point of view, +being, for the most part, strictly antonyms. _Subjective_ signifies +relating to the subject of mental states, that is, to the person who +experiences them; _objective_ signifies relating to the object of mental +states, that is, to something outside the perceiving mind; in brief +phrase it may be said that _subjective_ relates to something within the +mind, _objective_ to something without. A mountain, as a mass of a +certain size, contour, color, etc., is an _objective_ fact; the +impression our mind receives, the mental picture it forms of the +mountain, is _subjective_. But this _subjective_ impression may become +itself the object of thought (called "subject-object"), as when we +compare our mental picture of the mountain with our idea of a plain or +river. The direct experiences of the soul, as joy, grief, hope, fear, +are purely _subjective_; the outward causes of these experiences, as +prosperity, bereavement, disappointment, are _objective_. That which has +independent existence or authority apart from our experience or thought +is said to have _objective_ existence or authority; thus we speak of the +_objective_ authority of the moral law. Different individuals may +receive different _subjective_ impressions from the same _objective_ +fact, that which to one is a cause of hope being to another a cause of +fear, etc. The style of a writer is called _objective_ when it derives +its materials mainly from or reaches out toward external objects; it is +called _subjective_ when it derives its materials mainly from or +constantly tends to revert to the personal experience of the author. +Compare INHERENT. + + * * * * * + +SUBSIDY. + + +Synonyms: + + aid, bounty, indemnity, reward, support, + allowance, gift, pension, subvention, tribute. + bonus, grant, premium, + +A _subsidy_ is pecuniary aid directly granted by government to an +individual or commercial enterprise, or money furnished by one nation to +another to aid it in carrying on war against a common enemy. A nation +grants a _subsidy_ to an ally, pays a _tribute_ to a conqueror. An +_indemnity_ is in the nature of things limited and temporary, while a +_tribute_ might be exacted indefinitely. A nation may also grant a +_subsidy_ to its own citizens as a means of promoting the public +welfare; as, a _subsidy_ to a steamship company. The somewhat rare term +_subvention_ is especially applied to a _grant_ of governmental aid to a +literary or artistic enterprise. Governmental _aid_ to a commercial or +industrial enterprise other than a transportation company is more +frequently called a _bounty_ than a _subsidy_; as, the sugar _bounty_. +The word _bounty_ may be applied to almost any regular or stipulated +_allowance_ by a government to a citizen or citizens; as, a _bounty_ for +enlisting in the army; a _bounty_ for killing wolves. A _bounty_ is +offered for something to be done; a _pension_ is granted for something +that has been done. + + * * * * * + +SUBVERT. + + +Synonyms: + + destroy, overthrow, ruin, supplant, + extinguish, overturn, supersede, suppress. + +To _subvert_ is to overthrow from or as from the very foundation; +utterly destroy; bring to ruin. The word is now generally figurative, as +of moral or political ruin. To _supersede_ implies the putting of +something that is wisely or unwisely preferred in the place of that +which is removed; to _subvert_ does not imply substitution. To +_supplant_ is more often personal, signifying to take the place of +another, usually by underhanded means; one is _superseded_ by authority, +_supplanted_ by a rival. Compare ABOLISH. + + +Antonyms: + + conserve, keep, perpetuate, preserve, sustain, uphold. + + * * * * * + +SUCCEED. + + +Synonyms: + + achieve, attain, flourish, prevail, prosper, thrive, win. + +A person _succeeds_ when he accomplishes what he attempts, or _attains_ +a desired object or result; an enterprise or undertaking _succeeds_ that +has a prosperous result. To _win_ implies that some one loses, but one +may _succeed_ where no one fails. A solitary swimmer _succeeds_ in +reaching the shore; if we say he _wins_ the shore we contrast him with +himself as a possible loser. Many students may _succeed_ in study; a few +_win_ the special prizes, for which all compete. Compare FOLLOW. + + +Antonyms: + + be defeated, come short, fail, fall short, lose, miss, miscarry. + + * * * * * + +SUGGESTION. + + +Synonyms: + + hint, implication, innuendo, insinuation, intimation. + +A _suggestion_ (L. _sub_, under, and _gero_, bring) brings something +before the mind less directly than by formal or explicit statement, as +by a partial statement, an incidental allusion, an illustration, a +question, or the like. _Suggestion_ is often used of an unobtrusive +statement of one's views or wishes to another, leaving consideration and +any consequent action entirely to his judgment, and is hence, in many +cases, the most respectful way in which one can convey his views to a +superior or a stranger. A _suggestion_ may be given unintentionally, and +even unconsciously, as when we say an author has "a _suggestive_ style." +An _intimation_ is a _suggestion_ in brief utterance, or sometimes by +significant act, gesture, or token, of one's meaning or wishes; in the +latter case it is often the act of a superior; as, God in his providence +gives us _intimations_ of his will. A _hint_ is still more limited in +expression, and is always covert, but frequently with good intent; as, +to give one a _hint_ of danger or of opportunity. _Insinuation_ and +_innuendo_ are used in the bad sense; an _insinuation_ is a covert or +partly veiled injurious utterance, sometimes to the very person +attacked; an _innuendo_ is commonly secret as well as sly, as if +pointing one out by a significant nod (L. _in_, in, to, and _nuo_, nod). + + * * * * * + +SUPERNATURAL. + + +Synonyms: + + miraculous, preternatural, superhuman. + +The _supernatural_ (_super_, above) is above or superior to the +recognized powers of nature; the _preternatural_ (_preter_, beyond) is +aside from or beyond the recognized results or operations of natural +law, often in the sense of inauspicious; as, a _preternatural_ gloom. +_Miraculous_ is more emphatic and specific than _supernatural_, as +referring to the direct personal intervention of divine power. Some hold +that a miracle, as the raising of the dead, is a direct suspension and +even violation of natural laws by the fiat of the Creator, and hence is, +in the strictest sense, _supernatural_; others hold that the miracle is +simply the calling forth of a power residing in the laws of nature, but +not within their ordinary operation, and dependent on a distinct act of +God, so that the _miraculous_ might be termed "extranatural," rather +than _supernatural_. All that is beyond human power is _superhuman_; as, +prophecy gives evidence of _superhuman_ knowledge; the word is +sometimes applied to remarkable manifestations of human power, +surpassing all that is ordinary. + + +Antonyms: + + common, commonplace, everyday, natural, ordinary, usual. + + * * * * * + +SUPPORT. + + +Synonyms: + + bear, cherish, keep, maintain, sustain, + carry, hold up, keep up, prop, uphold. + +_Support_ and _sustain_ alike signify to _hold up_ or _keep up_, to +prevent from falling or sinking; but _sustain_ has a special sense of +continuous exertion or of great strength continuously exerted, as when +we speak of _sustained_ endeavor or a _sustained_ note; a flower is +_supported_ by the stem or a temple-roof by arches; the foundations of a +great building _sustain_ an enormous pressure; to _sustain_ life implies +a greater exigency and need than to _support_ life; to say one is +_sustained_ under affliction is to say more both of the severity of the +trial and the completeness of the _upholding_ than if we say he is +_supported_. To _bear_ is the most general word, denoting all _holding +up_ or _keeping up_ of any object, whether in rest or motion; in the +derived senses it refers to something that is a tax upon strength or +endurance; as, to _bear_ a strain; to _bear_ pain or grief. To +_maintain_ is to _keep_ in a state or condition, especially in an +excellent and desirable condition; as, to _maintain_ health or +reputation; to _maintain_ one's position; to _maintain_ a cause or +proposition is to hold it against opposition or difficulty. To _support_ +may be partial, to _maintain_ is complete; _maintain_ is a word of more +dignity than _support_; a man _supports_ his family; a state _maintains_ +an army or navy. To _prop_ is always partial, signifying to add +_support_ to something that is insecure. Compare ABET; ENDURE; KEEP. + + +Antonyms: + + abandon, break down, demolish, destroy, let go, throw down, + betray, cast down, desert, drop, overthrow, wreck. + + +Prepositions: + +The roof is supported _by_, _on_, or _upon_ pillars; the family was +supported _on_ or _upon_ a pittance, or _by_ charity. + + * * * * * + +SUPPOSE. + + +Synonyms: + + conjecture, deem, guess, imagine, surmise, think. + +To _suppose_ is temporarily to assume a thing as true, either with the +expectation of finding it so or for the purpose of ascertaining what +would follow if it were so. To _suppose_ is also to think a thing to be +true while aware or conceding that the belief does not rest upon any +sure ground, and may not accord with fact; or yet again, to _suppose_ is +to imply as true or involved as a necessary inference; as, design +_supposes_ the existence of a designer. To _conjecture_ is to put +together the nearest available materials for a provisional opinion, +always with some expectation of finding the facts to be as +_conjectured_. To _imagine_ is to form a mental image of something as +existing, tho its actual existence may be unknown, or even impossible. +To _think_, in this application, is to hold as the result of thought +what is admitted not to be matter of exact or certain knowledge; as, I +do not know, but I _think_ this to be the fact: a more conclusive +statement than would be made by the use of _conjecture_ or _suppose_. +Compare DOUBT; HYPOTHESIS. + + +Antonyms: + + ascertain, be sure, conclude, discover, know, prove. + + * * * * * + +SURRENDER. + + +Synonyms: + + abandon, cede, give over, relinquish, + alienate, give, give up, sacrifice, + capitulate, give oneself up, let go, yield. + +To _surrender_ is to _give up_ upon compulsion, as to an enemy in war, +hence to _give up_ to any person, passion, influence, or power. To +_yield_ is to give place or give way under pressure, and hence under +compulsion. _Yield_ implies more softness or concession than +_surrender_; the most determined men may _surrender_ to overwhelming +force; when one _yields_, his spirit is at least somewhat subdued. A +monarch or a state _cedes_ territory perhaps for a consideration; +_surrenders_ an army, a navy, or a fortified place to a conqueror; a +military commander _abandons_ an untenable position or unavailable +stores. We _sacrifice_ something precious through error, friendship, or +duty, _yield_ to convincing reasons, a stronger will, winsome +persuasion, or superior force. Compare ABANDON. + + * * * * * + +SYNONYMOUS. + + +Synonyms: + + alike, equivalent, like, similar, + correspondent, identical, same, synonymic. + corresponding, interchangeable, + +_Synonymous_ (Gr. _syn_, together, and _onyma_, name) strictly signifies +being _interchangeable_ names for the same thing, or being one of two +or more _interchangeable_ names for the same thing; to say that two +words are _synonymous_ is strictly to say they are _alike_, +_equivalent_, _identical_, or the _same_ in meaning; but the use of +_synonymous_ in this strict sense is somewhat rare, and rather with +reference to statements than to words. + + To say that we are morally developed is _synonymous_ with saying + that we have reaped what some one has suffered for us. + + H. W. BEECHER _Royal Truths_ p. 294. [T. & F. '66.] + +In the strictest sense, _synonymous_ words scarcely exist; rarely, if +ever, are any two words in any language _equivalent_ or _identical_ in +meaning; where a difference in meaning can not easily be shown, a +difference in usage commonly exists, so that the words are not +_interchangeable_. By _synonymous_ words (or _synonyms_) we usually +understand words that coincide or nearly coincide in some part of their +meaning, and may hence within certain limits be used interchangeably, +while outside of those limits they may differ very greatly in meaning +and use. It is the office of a work on synonyms to point out these +correspondences and differences, that language may have the flexibility +that comes from freedom of selection within the common limits, with the +perspicuity and precision that result from exact choice of the fittest +words to express each shade of meaning outside of the common limits. To +consider _synonymous_ words _identical_ is fatal to accuracy; to forget +that they are _similar_, to some extent _equivalent_, and sometimes +_interchangeable_, is destructive of freedom and variety. + + * * * * * + +SYSTEM. + + +Synonyms: + + manner, method, mode, order, regularity, rule. + +_Order_ in this connection denotes the fact or result of proper +arrangement according to the due relation or sequence of the matters +arranged; as, these papers are in _order_; in alphabetical _order_. +_Method_ denotes a process, a general or established way of doing or +proceeding in anything; _rule_, an authoritative requirement or an +established course of things; _system_, not merely a law of action or +procedure, but a comprehensive plan in which all the parts are related +to each other and to the whole; as, a _system_ of theology; a railroad +_system_; the digestive _system_; _manner_ refers to the external +qualities of actions, and to those often as settled and characteristic; +we speak of a _system_ of taxation, a _method_ of collecting taxes, the +_rules_ by which assessments are made; or we say, as a _rule_ the +payments are heaviest at a certain time of year; a just tax may be made +odious by the _manner_ of its collection. _Regularity_ applies to the +even disposition of objects or uniform recurrence of acts in a series. +There may be _regularity_ without _order_, as in the recurrence of +paroxysms of disease or insanity; there may be _order_ without +_regularity_, as in the arrangement of furniture in a room, where the +objects are placed at varying distances. _Order_ commonly implies the +design of an intelligent agent or the appearance or suggestion of such +design; _regularity_ applies to an actual uniform disposition or +recurrence with no suggestion of purpose, and as applied to human +affairs is less intelligent and more mechanical than _order_. The most +perfect _order_ is often secured with least _regularity_, as in a fine +essay or oration. The same may be said of _system_. There is a +_regularity_ of dividing a treatise into topics, paragraphs, and +sentences, that is destructive of true rhetorical _system_. Compare +HABIT; HYPOTHESIS. + + +Antonyms: + + chaos, derangement, disarrangement, disorder, irregularity. + confusion, + + * * * * * + +TACITURN. + + +Synonyms: + + close, mute, reticent, speechless, + dumb, reserved, silent, uncommunicative. + +_Dumb_, _mute_, _silent_ and _speechless_ refer to fact or state; +_taciturn_ refers to habit and disposition. The talkative person may be +stricken _dumb_ with surprise or terror; the obstinate may remain +_mute_; one may be _silent_ through preoccupation of mind or of set +purpose; but the _taciturn_ person is averse to the utterance of thought +or feeling and to communication with others, either from natural +disposition or for the occasion. One who is _silent_ does not speak at +all; one who is _taciturn_ speaks when compelled, but in a grudging way +that repels further approach. _Reserved_ suggests more of method and +intention than _taciturn_, applying often to some special time or topic; +one who is communicative regarding all else may be _reserved_ about his +business. _Reserved_ is thus closely equivalent to _uncommunicative_, +but is a somewhat stronger word, often suggesting pride or haughtiness, +as when we say one is _reserved_ toward inferiors. Compare PRIDE. + + +Antonyms: + + communicative, free, garrulous, loquacious, talkative, unreserved. + + * * * * * + +TASTEFUL. + + +Synonyms: + + artistic, delicate, esthetic, fastidious, nice, + chaste, delicious, esthetical, fine, tasty. + dainty, elegant, exquisite, + +_Elegant_ (L. _elegans_, select) refers to that assemblage of qualities +which makes anything choice to persons of culture and refinement; it +refers to the lighter, finer elements of beauty in form or motion, +especially denoting that which exhibits faultless taste and perfection +of finish. That which is _elegant_ is made so not merely by nature, but +by art and culture; a woodland dell may be beautiful or picturesque, but +would not ordinarily be termed _elegant_. _Tasteful_ refers to that in +which the element of taste is more prominent, standing, as it were, more +by itself, while in _elegant_ it is blended as part of the whole. +_Tasty_ is an inferior word, used colloquially in a similar sense. +_Chaste_ (primarily _pure_), denotes in literature and art that which is +true to the higher and finer feelings and free from all excess or +meretricious ornament. _Dainty_ and _delicate_ refer to the lighter and +finer elements of taste and beauty, _dainty_ tending in personal use to +an excessive scrupulousness which is more fully expressed by +_fastidious_. _Nice_ and _delicate_ both refer to exact adaptation to +some standard; the bar of a balance can be said to be nicely or +delicately poised; as regards matters of taste and beauty, _delicate_ is +a higher and more discriminating word than _nice_, and is always used in +a favorable sense; a _delicate_ distinction is one worth observing; a +_nice_ distinction may be so, or may be overstrained and unduly subtle; +_fine_ in such use, is closely similar to _delicate_ and _nice_, but +(tho capable of an unfavorable sense) has commonly a suggestion of +positive excellence or admirableness; a _fine_ touch does something; +_fine_ perceptions are to some purpose; _delicate_ is capable of the +single unfavorable sense of frail or fragile; as, a _delicate_ +constitution. _Esthetic_ or _esthetical_ refers to beauty or the +appreciation of the beautiful, especially from the philosophic point of +view. _Exquisite_ denotes the utmost perfection of the _elegant_ in +minute details; we speak of an _elegant_ garment, an _exquisite_ lace. +_Exquisite_ is also applied to intense keenness of any feeling; as, +_exquisite_ delight; _exquisite_ pain. See BEAUTIFUL; DELICIOUS; FINE. + + +Antonyms: + + clumsy, displeasing, grotesque, inartistic, rough, + coarse, distasteful, harsh, inharmonious, rude, + deformed, fulsome, hideous, meretricious, rugged, + disgusting, gaudy, horrid, offensive, tawdry. + + * * * * * + +TEACH. + + +Synonyms: + + discipline, give instruction, inform, nurture, + drill, give lessons, initiate, school, + educate, inculcate, instill, train, + enlighten, indoctrinate, instruct, tutor. + +To _teach_ is simply to communicate knowledge; to _instruct_ +(originally, to build in or into, put in order) is to impart knowledge +with special method and completeness; _instruct_ has also an +authoritative sense nearly equivalent to command. To _educate_ is to +draw out or develop harmoniously the mental powers, and, in the fullest +sense, the moral powers as well. To _train_ is to direct to a certain +result powers already existing. _Train_ is used in preference to +_educate_ when the reference is to the inferior animals or to the +physical powers of man; as, to _train_ a horse; to _train_ the hand or +eye. To _discipline_ is to bring into habitual and complete subjection +to authority; _discipline_ is a severe word, and is often used as a +euphemism for _punish_; to be thoroughly effective in war, soldiers must +be _disciplined_ as well as _trained_. To _nurture_ is to furnish the +care and sustenance necessary for physical, mental, and moral growth; +_nurture_ is a more tender and homelike word than _educate_. Compare +EDUCATION. + + * * * * * + +TEMERITY. + + +Synonyms: + + audacity, heedlessness, presumption, + foolhardiness, over-confidence, rashness, + hardihood, precipitancy, recklessness, + hastiness, precipitation, venturesomeness. + +_Rashness_ applies to the actual rushing into danger without counting +the cost; _temerity_ denotes the needless exposure of oneself to peril +which is or might be clearly seen to be such. _Rashness_ is used chiefly +of bodily acts, _temerity_ often of mental or social matters; there may +be a noble _rashness_, but _temerity_ is always used in a bad sense. We +say it is amazing that one should have had the _temerity_ to make a +statement which could be readily proved a falsehood, or to make an +unworthy proposal to one sure to resent it; in such use _temerity_ is +often closely allied to _hardihood_, _audacity_, or _presumption_. +_Venturesomeness_ dallies on the edge of danger and experiments with it; +_foolhardiness_ rushes in for want of sense, _heedlessness_ for want of +attention, _rashness_ for want of reflection, _recklessness_ from +disregard of consequences. _Audacity_, in the sense here considered, +denotes a dashing and somewhat reckless courage, in defiance of +conventionalities, or of other men's opinions, or of what would be +deemed probable consequences; as, the _audacity_ of a successful +financier. Compare EFFRONTERY. + + +Antonyms: + + care, circumspection, cowardice, hesitation, timidity, wariness. + caution, + + * * * * * + +TERM. + + +Synonyms: + + article, denomination, member, phrase, + condition, expression, name, word. + +_Term_ in its figurative uses always retains something of its literal +sense of a boundary or limit. The _articles_ of a contract or other +instrument are simply the portions into which it is divided for +convenience; the _terms_ are the essential statements on which its +validity depends--as it were, the landmarks of its meaning or power; a +_condition_ is a contingent _term_ which may become fixed upon the +happening of some contemplated event. In logic a _term_ is one of the +essential members of a proposition, the boundary of statement in some +one direction. Thus, in general use _term_ is more restricted than +_word_, _expression_, or _phrase_; a _term_ is a _word_ that limits +meaning to a fixed point of statement or to a special class of subjects, +as when we speak of the definition of _terms_, that is of the +key-_words_ in any discussion; or we say, that is a legal or scientific +_term_. Compare BOUNDARY; DICTION. + + * * * * * + +TERSE. + + +Synonyms: + + brief, concise, neat, short, + compact, condensed, pithy, succinct. + compendious, laconic, sententious, + +Anything _short_ or _brief_ is of relatively small extent. That which is +_concise_ (L. _con-_, with, together, and _caedo_, cut) is trimmed down, +and that which is _condensed_ (L. _con-_, with, together, and _densus_, +thick) is, as it were, pressed together, so as to include as much as +possible within a small space. That which is _compendious_ (L. _com-_, +together, and _pendo_, weigh) gathers the substance of a matter into a +few words, weighty and effective. The _succinct_ (L. _succinctus_, from +_sub-_, under, and _cingo_, gird; girded from below) has an alert +effectiveness as if girded for action. The _summary_ is compacted to the +utmost, often to the point of abruptness; as, we speak of a _summary_ +statement or a _summary_ dismissal. That which is _terse_ (L. _tersus_, +from _tergo_, rub off) has an elegant and finished completeness within +the smallest possible compass, as if rubbed or polished down to the +utmost. A _sententious_ style is one abounding in sentences that are +singly striking or memorable, apart from the context; the word may be +used invidiously of that which is pretentiously oracular. A _pithy_ +utterance gives the gist of a matter effectively, whether in rude or +elegant style. + + +Antonyms: + + diffuse, lengthy, long, prolix, tedious, verbose, wordy. + + * * * * * + +TESTIMONY. + + +Synonyms: + + affidavit, attestation, deposition, proof, + affirmation, certification, evidence, witness. + +_Testimony_, in legal as well as in common use, signifies the statements +of witnesses. _Deposition_ and _affidavit_ denote _testimony_ reduced to +writing; the _deposition_ differs from the _affidavit_ in that the +latter is voluntary and without cross-examination, while the former is +made under interrogatories and subject to cross-examination. _Evidence_ +is a broader term, including the _testimony_ of witnesses and all facts +of every kind that tend to prove a thing true; we have the _testimony_ +of a traveler that a fugitive passed this way; his footprints in the +sand are additional _evidence_ of the fact. Compare DEMONSTRATION; OATH. + + * * * * * + +THEREFORE. + + +Synonyms: + + accordingly, consequently, then, whence, + because, hence, thence, wherefore. + +_Therefore_, signifying for that (or this) reason, is the most precise +and formal word for expressing the direct conclusion of a chain of +reasoning; _then_ carries a similar but slighter sense of inference, +which it gives incidentally rather than formally; as, "All men are +mortal; Caesar is a man; _therefore_ Caesar is mortal;" or, "The contract +is awarded; _then_ there is no more to be said." _Consequently_ denotes +a direct result, but more frequently of a practical than a theoretic +kind; as, "Important matters demand my attention; _consequently_ I shall +not sail to-day." _Consequently_ is rarely used in the formal +conclusions of logic or mathematics, but marks rather the freer and +looser style of rhetorical argument. _Accordingly_ denotes +correspondence, which may or may not be consequence; it is often used in +narration; as, "The soldiers were eager and confident; _accordingly_ +they sprang forward at the word of command." _Thence_ is a word of more +sweeping inference than _therefore_, applying not merely to a single set +of premises, but often to all that has gone before, including the +reasonable inferences that have not been formally stated. _Wherefore_ is +the correlative of _therefore_, and _whence_ of _hence_ or _thence_, +appending the inference or conclusion to the previous statement without +a break. Compare synonyms for BECAUSE. + + * * * * * + +THRONG. + + +Synonyms: + + concourse, crowd, host, jam, mass, multitude, press. + +A _crowd_ is a company of persons filling to excess the space they +occupy and pressing inconveniently upon one another; the total number in +a _crowd_ may be great or small. _Throng_ is a word of vastness and +dignity, always implying that the persons are numerous as well as +pressed or pressing closely together; there may be a dense _crowd_ in a +small room, but there can not be a _throng_. _Host_ and _multitude_ both +imply vast numbers, but a _multitude_ may be diffused over a great space +so as to be nowhere a _crowd_; _host_ is a military term, and properly +denotes an assembly too orderly for crowding. _Concourse_ signifies a +spontaneous gathering of many persons moved by a common impulse, and has +a suggestion of stateliness not found in the word _crowd_, while +suggesting less massing and pressure than is indicated by the word +_throng_. + + * * * * * + +TIME. + + +Synonyms: + + age, duration, epoch, period, sequence, term, + date, eon, era, season, succession, while. + +_Sequence_ and _succession_ apply to events viewed as following one +another; _time_ and _duration_ denote something conceived of as enduring +while events take place and acts are done. According to the necessary +conditions of human thought, events are contained in _time_ as objects +are in space, _time_ existing before the event, measuring it as it +passes, and still existing when the event is past. _Duration_ and +_succession_ are more general words than _time_; we can speak of +infinite or eternal _duration_ or _succession_, but _time_ is commonly +contrasted with eternity. _Time_ is measured or measurable _duration_. + + * * * * * + +TIP. + + +Synonyms: + + cant, dip, incline, list, slope, + careen, heel over, lean, slant, tilt. + +To _tilt_ or _tip_ is to throw out of a horizontal position by raising +one side or end or lowering the other; the words are closely similar, +but _tilt_ suggests more of fluctuation or instability. _Slant_ and +_slope_ are said of things somewhat fixed or permanent in a position out +of the horizontal or perpendicular; the roof _slants_, the hill +_slopes_. _Incline_ is a more formal word for _tip_, and also for +_slant_ or _slope_. To _cant_ is to set slantingly; in many cases _tip_ +and _cant_ might be interchanged, but _tip_ is more temporary, often +momentary; one _tips_ a pail so that the water flows over the edge; a +mechanic _cants_ a table by making or setting one side higher than the +other. A vessel _careens_ in the wind; _lists_, usually, from shifting +of cargo, from water in the hold, etc. _Careening_ is always toward one +side or the other; _listing_ may be forward or astern as well. To _heel +over_ is the same as to _careen_, and must be distinguished from "keel +over," which is to capsize. + + * * * * * + +TIRE. + + +Synonyms: + + exhaust, fatigue, harass, jade, wear out, weary. + fag, + +To _tire_ is to reduce strength in any degree by exertion; one may be +_tired_ just enough to make rest pleasant, or even unconsciously +_tired_, becoming aware of the fact only when he ceases the exertion; +or, on the other hand, he may be, according to the common phrase, "too +_tired_ to stir;" but for this extreme condition the stronger words are +commonly used. One who is _fatigued_ suffers from a conscious and +painful lack of strength as the result of some overtaxing; an invalid +may be _fatigued_ with very slight exertion; when one is _wearied_, the +painful lack of strength is the result of long-continued demand or +strain; one is _exhausted_ when the strain has been so severe and +continuous as utterly to consume the strength, so that further exertion +is for the time impossible. One is _fagged_ by drudgery; he is _jaded_ +by incessant repetition of the same act until it becomes increasingly +difficult or well-nigh impossible; as, a horse is _jaded_ by a long and +unbroken journey. + + +Antonyms: + + invigorate, refresh, relax, relieve, repose, rest, restore. + recreate, + + * * * * * + +TOOL. + + +Synonyms: + + apparatus, implement, machine, utensil, + appliance, instrument, mechanism, weapon. + +A _tool_ is something that is both contrived and used for extending the +force of an intelligent agent to something that is to be operated upon. +Those things by which pacific and industrial operations are performed +are alone properly called _tools_, those designed for warlike purposes +being designated _weapons_. An _instrument_ is anything through which +power is applied and a result produced; in general usage, the word is of +considerably wider meaning than _tool_; as, a piano is a musical +_instrument_. _Instrument_ is the word usually applied to _tools_ used +in scientific pursuits; as, we speak of a surgeon's or an optician's +_instruments_. An _implement_ is a mechanical agency considered with +reference to some specific purpose to which it is adapted; as, an +agricultural _implement_; _implements_ of war. _Implement_ is a less +technical and artificial term than _tool_. The paw of a tiger might be +termed a terrible _implement_, but not a _tool_. A _utensil_ is that +which may be used for some special purpose; the word is especially +applied to articles used for domestic or agricultural purposes; as, +kitchen _utensils_; farming _utensils_. An _appliance_ is that which is +or may be applied to the accomplishment of a result, either +independently or as subordinate to something more extensive or +important; every mechanical _tool_ is an _appliance_, but not every +_appliance_ is a _tool_; the traces of a harness are _appliances_ for +traction, but they are not _tools_. _Mechanism_ is a word of wide +meaning, denoting any combination of mechanical devices for united +action. A _machine_ in the most general sense is any mechanical +_instrument_ for the conversion of motion; in this sense a lever is a +_machine_; but in more commonly accepted usage a _machine_ is +distinguished from a _tool_ by its complexity, and by the combination +and coordination of powers and movements for the production of a result. +A chisel by itself is a _tool_; when it is set so as to be operated by a +crank and pitman, the entire _mechanism_ is called a _machine_; as, a +mortising-_machine_. An _apparatus_ may be a _machine_, but the word is +commonly used for a collection of distinct articles to be used in +connection or combination for a certain purpose--a mechanical equipment; +as, the _apparatus_ of a gymnasium; especially, for a collection of +_appliances_ for some scientific purpose; as, a chemical or surgical +_apparatus_; an _apparatus_ may include many _tools_, _instruments_, or +_implements_. _Implement_ is for the most part and _utensil_ is +altogether restricted to the literal sense; _instrument_, _machine_, and +_tool_ have figurative use, _instrument_ being used largely in a good, +_tool_ always in a bad sense; _machine_ inclines to the unfavorable +sense, as implying that human agents are made mechanically subservient +to some controlling will; as, an _instrument_ of Providence; the _tool_ +of a tyrant; a political _machine_. + + * * * * * + +TOPIC. + + +Synonyms: + + division, issue, motion, proposition, subject, + head, matter, point, question, theme. + +A _topic_ (Gr. _topos_, place) is a _head_ of discourse. Since a _topic_ +for discussion is often stated in the form of a _question_, _question_ +has come to be extensively used to denote a debatable _topic_, +especially of a practical nature--an _issue_; as, the labor _question_; +the temperance _question_. In deliberative assemblies a _proposition_ +presented or moved for acceptance is called a _motion_, and such a +_motion_ or other matter for consideration is known as the _question_, +since it is or may be stated in interrogative form to be answered by +each member with a vote of "aye" or "no;" a member is required to speak +to the _question_; the chairman puts the _question_. In speaking or +writing the general _subject_ or _theme_ may be termed the _topic_, tho +it is more usual to apply the latter term to the subordinate +_divisions_, _points_, or _heads_ of discourse; as, to enlarge on this +_topic_ would carry me too far from my _subject_; a pleasant drive will +suggest many _topics_ for conversation. + + * * * * * + +TRACE. + + +Synonyms: + + footmark, impression, remains, token, trail, + footprint, mark, remnant, track, vestige. + footstep, memorial, sign, + +A _memorial_ is that which is intended or fitted to bring to remembrance +something that has passed away; it may be vast and stately. On the other +hand, a slight _token_ of regard may be a cherished _memorial_ of a +friend; either a concrete object or an observance may be a _memorial_. A +_vestige_ is always slight compared with that whose existence it +recalls; as, scattered mounds containing implements, weapons, etc., are +_vestiges_ of a former civilization. A _vestige_ is always a part of +that which has passed away; a _trace_ may be merely the _mark_ made by +something that has been present or passed by, and that is still +existing, or some slight evidence of its presence or of the effect it +has produced; as, _traces_ of game were observed by the hunter. Compare +CHARACTERISTIC. + + * * * * * + +TRANSACT. + + +Synonyms: + + accomplish, carry on, do, perform, + act, conduct, negotiate, treat. + +There are many acts that one may _do_, _accomplish_, or _perform_ +unaided; what he _transacts_ is by means of or in association with +others; one may _do_ a duty, _perform_ a vow, _accomplish_ a task, but +he _transacts_ business, since that always involves the agency of +others. To _negotiate_ and to _treat_ are likewise collective acts, but +both these words lay stress upon deliberation with adjustment of mutual +claims and interests; _transact_, while it may depend upon previous +deliberation, states execution only. Notes, bills of exchange, loans, +and treaties are said to be _negotiated_, the word so used covering not +merely the preliminary consideration, but the final settlement. +_Negotiate_ has more reference to execution than _treat_; nations may +_treat_ of peace without result, but when a treaty is _negotiated_, +peace is secured; the citizens of the two nations are then free to +_transact_ business with one another. Compare DO. + + * * * * * + +TRANSACTION. + + +Synonyms: + + act, action, affair, business, deed, doing, proceeding. + +One's _acts_ or _deeds_ may be exclusively his own; his _transactions_ +involve the agency or participation of others. A _transaction_ is +something completed; a _proceeding_ is or is viewed as something in +progress; but since _transaction_ is often used to include the steps +leading to the conclusion, while _proceedings_ may result in _action_, +the dividing line between the two words becomes sometimes quite faint, +tho _transaction_ often emphasizes the fact of something done, or +brought to a conclusion. Both _transactions_ and _proceedings_ are used +of the records of a deliberative body, especially when published; +strictly used, the two are distinguished; as, the Philosophical +_Transactions_ of the Royal Society of London give in full the papers +read; the _Proceedings_ of the American Philological Association give in +full the _business_ done, with mere abstracts of or extracts from the +papers read. Compare ACT; BUSINESS. + + * * * * * + +TRANSCENDENTAL. + + +Synonyms: + + a priori, intuitive, original, primordial, transcendent. + +_Intuitive_ truths are those which are in the mind independently of all +experience, not being derived from experience nor limited by it, as that +the whole is greater than a part, or that things which are equal to the +same thing are equal to one another. All _intuitive_ truths or beliefs +are _transcendental_. But _transcendental_ is a wider term than +_intuitive_, including all within the limits of thought that is not +derived from experience, as the ideas of space and time. "Being is +_transcendental_.... As being can not be included under any genus, but +transcends them all, so the properties or affections of being have also +been called _transcendental_." K.-F. _Vocab. Philos._ p. 530. +"_Transcendent_ he [Kant] employed to denote what is wholly beyond +experience, being neither given as an a posteriori nor _a priori_ +element of cognition--what therefore transcends every category of +thought." K.-F. _Vocab. Philos._ p. 531. _Transcendental_ has been +applied in the language of the Emersonian school to the soul's supposed +_intuitive_ knowledge of things divine and human, so far as they are +capable of being known to man. Compare MYSTERIOUS. + + * * * * * + +TRANSIENT. + + +Synonyms: + + brief, fleeting, fugitive, short, + ephemeral, flitting, momentary, temporary, + evanescent, flying, passing, transitory. + +_Transient_ and _transitory_ are both derived from the same original +source (L. _trans_, over, and _eo_, go), denoting that which quickly +passes or is passing away, but there is between them a fine shade of +difference. A thing is _transient_ which in fact is not lasting; a thing +is _transitory_ which by its very nature must soon pass away; a thing is +_temporary_ (L. _tempus_, time) which is intended to last or be made use +of but a little while; as, a _transient_ joy; this _transitory_ life; a +_temporary_ chairman. _Ephemeral_ (Gr. _epi_, on, and _hemera_, day) +literally lasting but for a day, often marks more strongly than +_transient_ exceeding brevity of duration; it agrees with _transitory_ +in denoting that its object is destined to pass away, but is stronger, +as denoting not only its certain but its speedy extinction; thus that +which is _ephemeral_ is looked upon as at once slight and perishable, +and the word carries often a suggestion of contempt; man's life is +_transitory_, a butterfly's existence is _ephemeral_; with no solid +qualities or worthy achievements a pretender may sometimes gain an +_ephemeral_ popularity. That which is _fleeting_ is viewed as in the act +of passing swiftly by, and that which is _fugitive_ (L. _fugio_, flee) +as eluding attempts to detain it; that which is _evanescent_ (L. +_evanesco_, from _e_, out, and _vanus_, empty, vain) as in the act of +vanishing even while we gaze, as the hues of the sunset. + + +Antonyms: + + abiding, eternal, immortal, lasting, perpetual, undying, + enduring, everlasting, imperishable, permanent, persistent, unfading. + + * * * * * + +UNION. + + +Synonyms: + + coalition, conjunction, juncture, unification, + combination, junction, oneness, unity. + +_Unity_ is _oneness_, the state of being one, especially of that which +never has been divided or of that which can not be conceived of as +resolved into parts; as, the _unity_ of God or the _unity_ of the human +soul. _Union_ is a bringing together of things that have been distinct, +so that they combine or coalesce to form a new whole, or the state or +condition of things thus brought together; in a _union_ the separate +individuality of the things united is never lost sight of; we speak of +the _union_ of the parts of a fractured bone or of the _union_ of hearts +in marriage. But _unity_ can be said of that which is manifestly or even +conspicuously made up of parts, when a single purpose or ideal is so +subserved by all that their possible separateness is lost sight of; as, +we speak of the _unity_ of the human body, or of the _unity_ of the +church. Compare ALLIANCE; ASSOCIATION; ATTACHMENT; HARMONY; MARRIAGE. + + +Antonyms: + + analysis, disconnection, disunion, divorce, separation, + contrariety, disjunction, division, schism, severance. + decomposition, dissociation, + + * * * * * + +USUAL. + + +Synonyms: + + accustomed, everyday, general, ordinary, public, + common, familiar, habitual, prevailing, regular, + customary, frequent, normal, prevalent, wonted. + +_Usual_ (L. _usus_, use, habit, wont) signifies such as regularly or +often recurs in the ordinary course of events, or is habitually repeated +in the life of the same person. _Ordinary_ (L. _ordo_, order) signifies +according to an established order, hence of _everyday_ occurrence. In +strictness, _common_ and _general_ apply to the greater number of +individuals in a class; but both words are in good use as applying to +the greater number of instances in a series, so that it is possible to +speak of one person's _common_ practise or _general_ custom, tho +_ordinary_ or _usual_ would in such case be preferable. Compare GENERAL; +NORMAL. + + +Antonyms: + + exceptional, infrequent, rare, strange, unparalleled, + extraordinary, out-of-the-way, singular, uncommon, unusual. + + * * * * * + +UTILITY. + + +Synonyms: + + advantage, expediency, serviceableness, + avail, profit, use, + benefit, service, usefulness. + +_Utility_ (L. _utilis_, useful) signifies primarily the quality of being +useful, but is somewhat more abstract and philosophical than +_usefulness_ or _use_, and is often employed to denote adaptation to +produce a valuable result, while _usefulness_ denotes the actual +production of such result. We contrast beauty and _utility_. We say of +an invention, its _utility_ is questionable, or, on the other hand, its +_usefulness_ has been proved by ample trial, or I have found it of +_use_; still, _utility_ and _usefulness_ are frequently interchanged. +_Expediency_ (L. _ex_, out, and _pes_, foot; literally, the getting the +foot out) refers primarily to escape from or avoidance of some +difficulty or trouble; either _expediency_ or _utility_ may be used to +signify _profit_ or _advantage_ considered apart from right as the +ground of moral obligation, or of actions that have a moral character, +_expediency_ denoting immediate _advantage_ on a contracted view, and +especially with reference to avoiding danger, difficulty, or loss, while +_utility_ may be so broadened as to cover all existence through all +time, as in the utilitarian theory of morals. _Policy_ is often used in +a kindred sense, more positive than _expediency_ but narrower than +_utility_, as in the proverb, "Honesty is the best _policy_." Compare +PROFIT. + + +Antonyms: + + disadvantage, futility, inadequacy, inutility, uselessness, + folly, impolicy, inexpediency, unprofitableness, worthlessness. + + * * * * * + +VACANT. + + +Synonyms: + + blank, leisure, unfilled, untenanted, void, + empty, unemployed, unoccupied, vacuous, waste. + +That is _empty_ which contains nothing; that is _vacant_ which is +without that which has filled or might be expected to fill it; _vacant_ +has extensive reference to rights or possibilities of occupancy. A +_vacant_ room may not be _empty_, and an _empty_ house may not be +_vacant_. _Vacant_, as derived from the Latin, is applied to things of +some dignity; _empty_, from the Saxon, is preferred in speaking of +slight, common, or homely matters, tho it may be applied with special +force to the highest; we speak of _empty_ space, a _vacant_ lot, an +_empty_ dish, an _empty_ sleeve, a _vacant_ mind, an _empty_ heart, an +_empty_ boast, a _vacant_ office, a _vacant_ or _leisure_ hour. _Void_ +and _devoid_ are rarely used in the literal sense, but for the most part +confined to abstract relations, _devoid_ being followed by _of_, and +having with that addition the effect of a prepositional phrase; as, the +article is _devoid of_ sense; the contract is _void_ for want of +consideration. _Waste_, in this connection, applies to that which is +made so by devastation or ruin, or gives an impression of desolation, +especially as combined with vastness, probably from association of the +words _waste_ and vast: _waste_ is applied also to uncultivated or +unproductive land, if of considerable extent; we speak of a _waste_ +track or region, but not of a _waste_ city lot. _Vacuous_ refers to the +condition of being _empty_ or _vacant_, regarded as continuous or +characteristic. + + +Antonyms: + + brimful, busy, filled, inhabited, overflowing, + brimmed, crammed, full, jammed, packed, + brimming, crowded, gorged, occupied, replete. + + * * * * * + +VAIN. + + +Synonyms: + + abortive, futile, shadowy, unsatisfying, + baseless, idle, trifling, unserviceable, + bootless, inconstant, trivial, unsubstantial, + deceitful, ineffectual, unavailing, useless, + delusive, nugatory, unimportant, vapid, + empty, null, unprofitable, visionary, + fruitless, profitless, unreal, worthless. + +_Vain_ (L. _vanus_, empty) keeps the etymological idea through all +changes of meaning; a _vain_ endeavor is _empty_ of result, or of +adequate power to produce a result, a _vain_ pretension is _empty_ or +destitute of support, a _vain_ person has a conceit that is _empty_ or +destitute of adequate cause or reason. That which is _bootless_, +_fruitless_, or _profitless_ fails to accomplish any valuable result; +that which is _abortive_, _ineffectual_, or _unavailing_ fails to +accomplish a result that it was, or was supposed to be, adapted to +accomplish. That which is _useless_, _futile_, or _vain_ is inherently +incapable of accomplishing a specified result. _Useless_, in the widest +sense, signifies not of use for any valuable purpose, and is thus +closely similar to _valueless_ and _worthless_. _Fruitless_ is more +final than _ineffectual_, as applying to the sum or harvest of endeavor. +That which is _useless_ lacks actual fitness for a purpose; that which +is _vain_ lacks imaginable fitness. Compare VACANT; OSTENTATION; PRIDE. + + +Antonyms: + + adequate, effective, powerful, solid, useful, + advantageous, efficient, profitable, sound, valid, + beneficial, expedient, real, substantial, valuable, + competent, potent, serviceable, sufficient, worthy. + +Compare synonyms for UTILITY. + + * * * * * + +VENAL. + + +Synonyms: + + hireling, mercenary, purchasable, salable. + +_Venal_ (L. _venalis_, from _venum_, sale) signifies ready to sell one's +influence, vote, or efforts for money or other consideration; +_mercenary_ (L. _mercenarius_, from _merces_, pay, reward) signifies +influenced chiefly or only by desire for gain or reward; thus, +etymologically, the _mercenary_ can be hired, while the _venal_ are +openly or actually for sale; _hireling_ (AS. _hyrling_, from _hyr_) +signifies serving for hire or pay, or having the spirit or character of +one who works or of that which is done directly for hire or pay. +_Mercenary_ has especial application to character or disposition; as, a +_mercenary_ spirit; _mercenary_ motives--_i. e._, a spirit or motives to +which money is the chief consideration or the moving principle. The +_hireling_, the _mercenary_, and the _venal_ are alike in making +principle, conscience, and honor of less account than gold or sordid +considerations; but the _mercenary_ and _venal_ may be simply open to +the bargain and sale which the _hireling_ has already consummated; a +clergyman may be _mercenary_ in making place and pay of undue importance +while not _venal_ enough to forsake his own communion for another for +any reward that could be offered him. The _mercenary_ may retain much +show of independence; _hireling_ service sacrifices self-respect as well +as principle; a public officer who makes his office tributary to private +speculation in which he is interested is _mercenary_; if he receives a +stipulated recompense for administering his office at the behest of some +leader, faction, corporation, or the like, he is both _hireling_ and +_venal_; if he gives essential advantages for pay, without subjecting +himself to any direct domination, his course is _venal_, but not +_hireling_. Compare PAY; VENIAL. + + +Antonyms: + + disinterested, honest, incorruptible, public-spirited, + generous, honorable, patriotic, unpurchasable. + + * * * * * + +VENERATE. + + +Synonyms: + + adore, honor, respect, revere, reverence. + +In the highest sense, to _revere_ or _reverence_ is to hold in mingled +love and honor with something of sacred fear, as for that which while +lovely is sublimely exalted and brings upon us by contrast a sense of +our unworthiness or inferiority; to _revere_ is a wholly spiritual act; +to _reverence_ is often, tho not necessarily, to give outward expression +to the reverential feeling; we _revere_ or _reverence_ the divine +majesty. _Revere_ is a stronger word than _reverence_ or _venerate_. To +_venerate_ is to hold in exalted honor without fear, and is applied to +objects less removed from ourselves than those we _revere_, being said +especially of aged persons, of places or objects having sacred +associations, and of abstractions; we _venerate_ an aged pastor, the +dust of heroes or martyrs, lofty virtue or self-sacrifice, or some great +cause, as that of civil or religious liberty; we do not _venerate_ God, +but _revere_ or _reverence_ him. We _adore_ with a humble yet free +outflowing of soul. Compare VENERATION. + + +Antonyms: + + contemn, detest, dishonor, scoff at, slight, + despise, disdain, disregard, scorn, spurn. + + * * * * * + +VENERATION. + + +Synonyms: + + adoration, awe, dread, reverence. + +_Awe_ is inspired by that in which there is sublimity or majesty so +overwhelming as to awaken a feeling akin to fear; in _awe_, considered +by itself, there is no element of esteem or affection, tho the sense of +vastness, power, or grandeur in the object is always present. _Dread_ is +a shrinking apprehension or expectation of possible harm awakened by any +one of many objects or causes, from that which is overwhelmingly vast +and mighty to that which is productive of momentary physical pain; in +its higher uses _dread_ approaches the meaning of _awe_, but with more +of chilliness and cowering, and without that subjection of soul to the +grandeur and worthiness of the object that is involved in _awe_. _Awe_ +is preoccupied with the object that inspires it; _dread_ with +apprehension of personal consequences. _Reverence_ and _veneration_ are +less overwhelming than _awe_ or _dread_, and suggest something of +esteem, affection, and personal nearness. We may feel _awe_ of that +which we can not _reverence_, as a grandly terrible ocean storm; _awe_ +of the divine presence is more distant and less trustful than +_reverence_. _Veneration_ is commonly applied to things which are not +subjects of _awe_. _Adoration_, in its full sense, is loftier than +_veneration_, less restrained and awed than _reverence_, and with more +of the spirit of direct, active, and joyful worship. Compare ESTEEM; +VENERATE. + + +Antonyms: + + contempt, disdain, dishonor, disregard, scorn. + + * * * * * + +VENIAL. + + +Synonyms: + + excusable, pardonable, slight, trivial. + +_Venial_ (L. _venia_, pardon) signifies capable of being pardoned, and, +in common use, capable of being readily pardoned, easily overlooked. +Aside from its technical ecclesiastical use, _venial_ is always +understood as marking some fault comparatively _slight_ or _trivial_. A +_venial_ offense is one readily overlooked; a _pardonable_ offense +requires more serious consideration, but on deliberation is found to be +susceptible of pardon. _Excusable_ is scarcely applied to offenses, but +to matters open to doubt or criticism rather than direct censure; so +used, it often falls little short of justifiable; as, I think, under +those circumstances, his action was _excusable_. Protestants do not +recognize the distinction between _venial_ and mortal sins. _Venial_ +must not be confounded with the very different word VENAL. Compare +VENAL. + + +Antonyms: + + inexcusable, inexpiable, mortal, unpardonable, unjustifiable. + + * * * * * + +VERACITY. + + +Synonyms: + + candor, honesty, reality, truthfulness, + frankness, ingenuousness, truth, verity. + +_Truth_ is primarily and _verity_ is always a quality of thought or +speech, especially of speech, as in exact conformity to fact. _Veracity_ +is properly a quality of a person, the habit of speaking and the +disposition to speak the _truth_; a habitual liar may on some occasions +speak the _truth_, but that does not constitute him a man of _veracity_; +on the other hand, a person of undoubted _veracity_ may state (through +ignorance or misinformation) what is not the _truth_. _Truthfulness_ is +a quality that may inhere either in a person or in his statements or +beliefs. _Candor_, _frankness_, _honesty_, and _ingenuousness_ are +allied with _veracity_, and _verity_ with _truth_, while _truthfulness_ +may accord with either. _Truth_ in a secondary sense may be applied to +intellectual action or moral character, in the former case becoming a +close synonym of _veracity_; as, I know him to be a man of _truth_. + + +Antonyms: + + deceit, duplicity, falsehood, fiction, lie, + deception, error, falseness, guile, mendacity, + delusion, fabrication, falsity, imposture, untruth. + +Compare synonyms for DECEPTION. + + * * * * * + +VERBAL. + + +Synonyms: + + literal, oral, vocal. + +_Oral_ (L. _os_, the mouth) signifies uttered through the mouth or (in +common phrase) by word of mouth; _verbal_ (L. _verbum_, a word) +signifies of, pertaining to, or connected with words, especially with +words as distinguished from the ideas they convey; _vocal_ (L. _vox_, +the voice) signifies of or pertaining to the voice, uttered or modulated +by the voice, and especially uttered with or sounding with full, +resonant voice; _literal_ (L. _litera_, a letter) signifies consisting +of or expressed by letters, or according to the letter, in the broader +sense of the exact meaning or requirement of the words used; what is +called "the letter of the law" is its _literal_ meaning without going +behind what is expressed by the letters on the page. Thus _oral_ applies +to that which is given by spoken words in distinction from that which is +written or printed; as, _oral_ tradition; an _oral_ examination. By this +rule we should in strictness speak of an _oral_ contract or an _oral_ +message, but _verbal_ contract and _verbal_ message, as indicating that +which is by spoken rather than by written words, have become so fixed in +the language that they can probably never be changed; this usage is also +in line with other idioms of the language; as, "I give you my _word_," +"a true man's _word_ is as good as his bond," "by _word_ of mouth," etc. +A _verbal_ translation may be _oral_ or written, so that it is word for +word; a _literal_ translation follows the construction and idiom of the +original as well as the words; a _literal_ translation is more than one +that is merely _verbal_; both _verbal_ and _literal_ are opposed to +_free_. In the same sense, of attending to words only, we speak of +_verbal_ criticism, a _verbal_ change. _Vocal_ has primary reference to +the human voice; as, _vocal_ sounds, _vocal_ music; _vocal_ may be +applied within certain limits to inarticulate sounds given forth by +other animals than man; as, the woods were _vocal_ with the songs of +birds; _oral_ is never so applied, but is limited to articulate +utterance regarded as having a definite meaning; as, an _oral_ +statement. + + * * * * * + +VICTORY. + + +Synonyms: + + achievement, conquest, success, triumph. + advantage, mastery, supremacy, + +_Victory_ is the state resulting from the overcoming of an opponent or +opponents in any contest, or from the overcoming of difficulties, +obstacles, evils, etc., considered as opponents or enemies. In the +latter sense any hard-won _achievement_, _advantage_, or _success_ may +be termed a _victory_. In _conquest_ and _mastery_ there is implied a +permanence of state that is not implied in _victory_. _Triumph_, +originally denoting the public rejoicing in honor of a _victory_, has +come to signify also a peculiarly exultant, complete, and glorious +_victory_. Compare CONQUER. + + +Antonyms: + + defeat, disappointment, failure, miscarriage, retreat, + destruction, disaster, frustration, overthrow, rout. + + * * * * * + +VIGILANT. + + +Synonyms: + + alert, cautious, on the lookout, wary, + awake, circumspect, sleepless, watchful, + careful, on the alert, wakeful, wide-awake. + +_Vigilant_ implies more sustained activity and more intelligent volition +than _alert_; one may be habitually _alert_ by reason of native +quickness of perception and thought, or one may be momentarily _alert_ +under some excitement or expectancy; one who is _vigilant_ is so with +thoughtful purpose. One is _vigilant_ against danger or harm; he may be +_alert_ or _watchful_ for good as well as against evil; he is _wary_ in +view of suspected stratagem, trickery, or treachery. A person may be +_wakeful_ because of some merely physical excitement or excitability, as +through insomnia; yet he may be utterly careless and negligent in his +wakefulness, the reverse of _watchful_; a person who is truly _watchful_ +must keep himself _wakeful_ while on watch, in which case _wakeful_ has +something of mental quality. _Watchful_, from the Saxon, and _vigilant_, +from the Latin, are almost exact equivalents; but _vigilant_ has +somewhat more of sharp definiteness and somewhat more suggestion of +volition; one may be habitually _watchful_; one is _vigilant_ of set +purpose and for direct cause, as in the presence of an enemy. Compare +ALERT. + + +Antonyms: + + careless, heedless, inconsiderate, oblivious, + drowsy, inattentive, neglectful, thoughtless, + dull, incautious, negligent, unwary. + + * * * * * + +VIRTUE. + + +Synonyms: + + chastity, honesty, probity, truth, + duty, honor, purity, uprightness, + excellence, integrity, rectitude, virtuousness, + faithfulness, justice, righteousness, worth, + goodness, morality, rightness, worthiness. + +_Virtue_ (L. _virtus_, primarily manly strength or courage, from _vir_, +a man, a hero) is, in its full sense, _goodness_ that is victorious +through trial, perhaps through temptation and conflict. _Goodness_, the +being morally good, may be much less than _virtue_, as lacking the +strength that comes from trial and conflict, or it may be very much more +than _virtue_, as rising sublimely above the possibility of temptation +and conflict--the infantile as contrasted with the divine _goodness_. +_Virtue_ is distinctively human; we do not predicate it of God. +_Morality_ is conformity to the moral law in action, whether in matters +concerning ourselves or others, whether with or without right principle. +_Honesty_ and _probity_ are used especially of one's relations to his +fellow men, _probity_ being to _honesty_ much what _virtue_ in some +respects is to _goodness_; _probity_ is _honesty_ tried and proved, +especially in those things that are beyond the reach of legal +requirement; above the commercial sense, _honesty_ may be applied to the +highest truthfulness of the soul to and with itself and its Maker. +_Integrity_, in the full sense, is moral wholeness without a flaw; when +used, as it often is, of contracts and dealings, it has reference to +inherent character and principle, and denotes much more than superficial +or conventional _honesty_. _Honor_ is a lofty _honesty_ that scorns +fraud or wrong as base and unworthy of itself. _Honor_ rises far above +thought of the motto that "_honesty_ is the best policy." _Purity_ is +freedom from all admixture, especially of that which debases; it is +_chastity_ both of heart and life, but of the life because from the +heart. _Duty_, the rendering of what is due to any person or in any +relation, is, in this connection, the fulfilment of moral obligation. +_Rectitude_ and _righteousness_ denote conformity to the standard of +right, whether in heart or act; _righteousness_ is used especially in +the religious sense. _Uprightness_ refers especially to conduct. +_Virtuousness_ is a quality of the soul or of action; in the latter +sense it is the essence of virtuous action. Compare INNOCENT; JUSTICE; +RELIGION. + + +Antonyms: + + evil, vice, viciousness, wickedness, wrong. + +Compare synonyms for SIN. + + * * * * * + +WANDER. + + +Synonyms: + + deviate, diverge, go astray, range, rove, swerve, + digress, err, ramble, roam, stray, veer. + +To _wander_ (AS. _windan_, wind) is to move in an indefinite or +indeterminate way which may or may not be a departure from a prescribed +way; to _deviate_ (L. _de_, from, and _via_, a way) is to turn from a +prescribed or right way, physically, mentally, or morally, usually in an +unfavorable sense; to _diverge_ (L. _di_, apart, and _vergo_, incline, +tend) is to turn from a course previously followed or that something +else follows, and has no unfavorable implication; to _digress_ (L. _di_, +apart, aside, and _gradior_, step) is used only with reference to +speaking or writing; to _err_ is used of intellectual or moral action, +and of the moral with primary reference to the intellectual, an error +being viewed as in some degree due to ignorance. _Range_, _roam_, and +_rove_ imply the traversing of considerable, often of vast, distances of +land or sea; _range_ commonly implies a purpose; as, cattle _range_ for +food; a hunting-dog _ranges_ a field for game. _Roam_ and _rove_ are +often purposeless, and always without definite aim. To _swerve_ or +_veer_ is to turn suddenly from a prescribed or previous course, and +often but momentarily; _veer_ is more capricious and repetitious; the +horse _swerves_ at the flash of a sword; the wind _veers_; the ship +_veers_ with the wind. To _stray_ is to go in a somewhat purposeless way +aside from the regular path or usual limits or abode, usually with +unfavorable implication; cattle _stray_ from their pastures; an author +_strays_ from his subject; one _strays_ from the path of virtue. _Stray_ +is in most uses a lighter word than _wander_. _Ramble_, in its literal +use, is always a word of pleasant suggestion, but in its figurative use +always somewhat contemptuous; as, _rambling_ talk. + + * * * * * + +WAY. + + +Synonyms: + + alley, course, lane, path, route, + avenue, driveway, pass, pathway, street, + bridle-path, highroad, passage, road, thoroughfare, + channel, highway, passageway, roadway, track. + +Wherever there is room for one object to pass another there is a _way_. +A _road_ (originally a ride_way_) is a prepared _way_ for traveling with +horses or vehicles, always the latter unless the contrary is expressly +stated; a _way_ suitable to be traversed only by foot-passengers or by +animals is called a _path_, _bridle-path_, or _track_; as, the _roads_ +in that country are mere _bridle-paths_. A _road_ may be private; a +_highway_ or _highroad_ is public, _highway_ being a specific name for a +_road_ legally set apart for the use of the public forever; a _highway_ +may be over water as well as over land. A _route_ is a line of travel, +and may be over many _roads_. A _street_ is in some center of +habitation, as a city, town, or village; when it passes between rows of +dwellings the country _road_ becomes the village _street_. An _avenue_ +is a long, broad, and imposing or principal street. _Track_ is a word of +wide signification; we speak of a goat-_track_ on a mountain-side, a +railroad-_track_, a race-_track_, the _track_ of a comet; on a traveled +_road_ the line worn by regular passing of hoofs and wheels in either +direction is called the _track_. A _passage_ is between any two objects +or lines of enclosure, a _pass_ commonly between mountains. A _driveway_ +is within enclosed grounds, as of a private residence. A _channel_ is a +water_way_. A _thoroughfare_ is a _way_ through; a _road_ or _street_ +temporarily or permanently closed at any point ceases for such time to +be a _thoroughfare_. Compare AIR; DIRECTION. + + * * * * * + +WISDOM. + + +Synonyms: + + attainment, insight, prudence, + depth, judgment, reason, + discernment, judiciousness, reasonableness, + discretion, knowledge, sagacity, + enlightenment, learning, sense, + erudition, prescience, skill, + foresight, profundity, understanding. + information, + +_Enlightenment_, _erudition_, _information_, _knowledge_, _learning_, +and _skill_ are acquired, as by study or practise. _Insight_, +_judgment_, _profundity_ or _depth_, _reason_, _sagacity_, _sense_, and +_understanding_ are native qualities of mind, tho capable of increase by +cultivation. The other qualities are on the border-line. _Wisdom_ has +been defined as "the right use of _knowledge_," or "the use of the most +important means for attaining the best ends," _wisdom_ thus presupposing +_knowledge_ for its very existence and exercise. _Wisdom_ is mental +power acting upon the materials that fullest _knowledge_ gives in the +most effective way. There may be what is termed "practical _wisdom_" +that looks only to material results; but in its full sense, _wisdom_ +implies the highest and noblest exercise of all the faculties of the +moral nature as well as of the intellect. _Prudence_ is a lower and more +negative form of the same virtue, respecting outward and practical +matters, and largely with a view of avoiding loss and injury; _wisdom_ +transcends _prudence_, so that while the part of _prudence_ is +ordinarily also that of _wisdom_, cases arise, as in the exigencies of +business or of war, when the highest _wisdom_ is in the disregard of the +maxims of _prudence_. _Judgment_, the power of forming decisions, +especially correct decisions, is broader and more positive than +_prudence_, leading one to do, as readily as to refrain from doing; but +_judgment_ is more limited in range and less exalted in character than +_wisdom_; to say of one that he displayed good _judgment_ is much less +than to say that he manifested _wisdom_. _Skill_ is far inferior to +_wisdom_, consisting largely in the practical application of acquired +_knowledge_, power, and habitual processes, or in the ingenious +contrivance that makes such application possible. In the making of +something perfectly useless there may be great _skill_, but no _wisdom_. +Compare ACUMEN; ASTUTE; KNOWLEDGE; MIND; PRUDENCE; SAGACIOUS; SKILFUL. + + +Antonyms: + + absurdity, folly, imbecility, miscalculation, senselessness, + error, foolishness, imprudence, misjudgment, silliness, + fatuity, idiocy, indiscretion, nonsense, stupidity. + +Compare synonyms for ABSURD; IDIOCY. + + * * * * * + +WIT. + + +Synonyms: + + banter, fun, joke, waggery, + burlesque, humor, playfulness, waggishness, + drollery, jest, pleasantry, witticism. + facetiousness, jocularity, raillery, + +_Wit_ is the quick perception of unusual or commonly unperceived +analogies or relations between things apparently unrelated, and has been +said to depend upon a union of surprise and pleasure; it depends +certainly on the production of a diverting, entertaining, or merrymaking +surprise. The analogies with which _wit_ plays are often superficial or +artificial; _humor_ deals with real analogies of an amusing or +entertaining kind, or with traits of character that are seen to have a +comical side as soon as brought to view. _Wit_ is keen, sudden, brief, +and sometimes severe; _humor_ is deep, thoughtful, sustained, and always +kindly. _Pleasantry_ is lighter and less vivid than _wit_. _Fun_ denotes +the merry results produced by _wit_ and _humor_, or by any fortuitous +occasion of mirth, and is pronounced and often hilarious. + + +Antonyms: + + dulness, seriousness, sobriety, solemnity, stolidity, stupidity. + gravity, + + * * * * * + +WORK. + + +Synonyms: + + achievement, doing, labor, product, + action, drudgery, occupation, production, + business, employment, performance, toil. + deed, exertion. + +_Work_ is the generic term for any continuous application of energy +toward an end; _work_ may be hard or easy. _Labor_ is hard and wearying +_work_; _toil_ is straining and exhausting _work_. _Work_ is also used +for any result of working, physical or mental, and has special senses, +as in mechanics, which _labor_ and _toil_ do not share. _Drudgery_ is +plodding, irksome, and often menial _work_. Compare ACT; BUSINESS. + + +Antonyms: + + ease, leisure, recreation, relaxation, repose, rest, vacation. + idleness, + + * * * * * + +YET. + + +Synonyms: + + besides, further, hitherto, now, still, thus far. + +_Yet_ and _still_ have many closely related senses, and, with verbs of +past time, are often interchangeable; we may say "while he was _yet_ a +child," or "while he was _still_ a child." _Yet_, like _still_, often +applies to past action or state extending to and including the present +time, especially when joined with _as_; we can say "he is feeble _as +yet_," or "he is _still_ feeble," with scarcely appreciable difference +of meaning, except that the former statement implies somewhat more of +expectation than the latter. _Yet_ with a negative applies to completed +action, often replacing a positive statement with _still_; "he is not +gone _yet_" is nearly the same as "he is here _still_." _Yet_ has a +reference to the future which _still_ does not share; "we may be +successful _yet_" implies that success may begin at some future time; +"we may be successful _still_" implies that we may continue to enjoy in +the future such success as we are winning now. + + * * * * * + +YOUTHFUL. + + +Synonyms: + + adolescent, callow, childlike, immature, puerile, + boyish, childish, girlish, juvenile, young. + +_Boyish_, _childish_, and _girlish_ are used in a good sense of those to +whom they properly belong, but in a bad sense of those from whom more +maturity is to be expected; _childish_ eagerness or glee is pleasing in +a child, but unbecoming in a man; _puerile_ in modern use is distinctly +contemptuous. _Juvenile_ and _youthful_ are commonly used in a favorable +and kindly sense in their application to those still _young_; _youthful_ +in the sense of having the characteristics of youth, hence fresh, +vigorous, light-hearted, buoyant, may have a favorable import as applied +to any age, as when we say the old man still retains his _youthful_ +ardor, vigor, or hopefulness; _juvenile_ in such use would belittle the +statement. _Young_ is distinctively applied to those in the early stage +of life or not arrived at maturity. Compare NEW. + + +Antonyms: + +Compare synonyms for OLD. + + + + +SUGGESTIONS TO THE TEACHER. + + +The following exercises have been prepared expressly and solely to +accompany the preceding text in which the distinctions of synonyms have +been carefully pointed out. It is not expected, intended, or desired +that the questions should be answered or the blanks in the examples +supplied offhand. In such study nothing can be worse than guesswork. +Hence, leading questions have been avoided, and the order of synonyms +given in Part I. has frequently been departed from or reversed in Part +II. + +To secure the study of Part I. before coming into class, pupils should +not be allowed to open it during recitation, unless on rare occasions to +settle doubtful or disputed points. The very best method will be found +to be to have the examples included in the lesson, with any others that +may be added, copied on the blackboard before recitation, and no books +brought into class. + +The _teacher_ should make a thorough study of the subject, not only +mastering what is given in Part I., but going beyond the necessarily +brief statements there given, and consulting the ultimate +authorities--the best dictionaries and the works of the best speakers +and writers. For the latter purpose a good cyclopedia of quotations, +like the Hoyt, will be found very helpful. The teacher should so study +out the subject as to be distinctly in advance of the class and able to +speak authoritatively. Such independent study will be found intensely +interesting, and can be made delightful and even fascinating to any +intelligent class. + +In answer to questions calling for definitive statement, the teacher +should insist upon the very words of the text, unless the pupil can give +in his own words what is manifestly as good. This will often be found +not easy to do. Definition by synonym should be absolutely forbidden. + +Reasonable questions should be encouraged, but the class should not be +allowed to become a debating society. The meaning of English words is +not a matter of conjecture, and all disputed points should be promptly +referred to the dictionary--usually to be looked up after the +recitation, and considered, if need be, at the next recitation. The +majority of them will not need to be referred to again, as the +difficulties will simply represent an inferior usage which the +dictionary will brush aside. One great advantage of synonym study is to +exterminate colloquialisms. + +The class should be encouraged to bring quotations from first-class +authors with blanks to be filled, such quotations being held +authoritative, though not infallible; also quotations from the best +newspapers, periodicals, speeches, etc., with words underlined for +criticism, such quotations being held open to revision upon consultation +of authorities. The change of usage, whereby that may be correct to-day +which would not have been so at an earlier period, should be carefully +noted, but always upon the authority of an approved dictionary. + +The examples have been in great part selected from the best literature, +and all others carefully prepared for this work. Hence, an appropriate +word to fill each blank can always be found by careful study of the +corresponding group of synonyms. In a few instances, either of two words +would appropriately fill a blank and yield a good sense. In such case, +either should be accepted as correct, but the resulting difference of +meaning should be clearly pointed out. + + + + +PART II. + +QUESTIONS AND EXAMPLES. + + + * * * * * + +ABANDON (page 1). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what objects or classes of objects does _abandon_ apply? +_abdicate_? _cede_? _quit_? _resign_? _surrender_? 2. Is _abandon_ used +in the favorable or unfavorable sense? _desert_ favorable or +unfavorable? _forsake_? 3. What does _abandon_ commonly denote of +previous relationship? _forsake_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The soldiers ---- his standard in such numbers that the commander + found it necessary to ---- the enterprise. + + France was compelled to ---- Alsace and Lorraine to Germany. + + In the height of his power Charles V. ---- the throne. + + Finding resistance vain, the defenders agreed to ---- the fortress. + + To the surprise of his friends, Senator Conkling suddenly ---- his + office. + + At the stroke of the bell, the men instantly ---- work. + + * * * * * + +ABASE (page 2). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _abase_ differ from _debase_? _humble_ from _humiliate_? +_degrade_ from _disgrace_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + To provide funds, the king resolved to ---- the coinage. + + He came from the scene of his disgrace, haughty and defiant, ---- + but not ----. + + The officer who had ---- himself by cowardice was ---- to the ranks. + + Only the base in spirit will ---- themselves before wealth, rank, + and power. + + The messenger was so ---- that no heed was paid to his message. + + * * * * * + +ABASH (page 3). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What has the effect to make one _abashed_? 2. How does _confuse_ +differ from _abash_? 3. What do we mean when we say that a person is +_mortified_? 4. Give an instance of the use of _mortified_ where +_abashed_ could not be substituted. Why could not the words be +interchanged? 5. Can one be _daunted_ who is not _abashed_? 6. Is +_embarrass_ or _mortify_ the stronger word? Give instances. + + +EXAMPLES. + + The peasant stood ---- in the royal presence. + + The numerous questions ---- the witness. + + The speaker was ---- for a moment, but quickly recovered himself. + + At the revelation of such depravity, I was utterly ----. + + When sensible of his error, the visitor was deeply ----. + + * * * * * + +ABBREVIATION (page 4). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Is an _abbreviation_ always a _contraction_? 2. Is a _contraction_ +always an _abbreviation_? Give instances. 3. Can we have an +_abbreviation_ of a book, paragraph, or sentence? What can be +_abbreviated_? and what _abridged_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The treatise was already so brief that it did not admit of ----. + + The ---- Dr. is used both for Doctor and Debtor. + + F. R. S. is an ---- of the title "Fellow of the Royal Society." + + * * * * * + +ABET (page 4). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. _Abet_, _incite_, _instigate_: which of these words are used in a +good and which in a bad sense? 2. How does _abet_ differ from _incite_ +and _instigate_ as to the time of the action? 3. Which of the three +words apply to persons and which to actions? Give instances of the use +of _abet_; _instigate_; _incite_. + + +EXAMPLES. + + To further his own schemes, he ---- the viceroy to rebel against the + king. + + To ---- a crime may be worse than to originate it, as arguing less + excitement and more calculation and cowardice. + + The prosecution was evidently malicious, ---- by envy and revenge. + + And you that do ---- him in this kind + Cherish rebellion, and are rebels all. + + * * * * * + +ABHOR (page 5). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Which is the stronger word, _abhor_ or _despise_? 2. What does +_abhor_ denote? 3. How does Archbishop Trench illustrate the difference +between _abhor_ and _shun_? 4. What does _detest_ express? 5. What does +_loathe_ imply? Is it physical or moral in its application? 6. Give +illustrations of the appropriate uses of the above words. + + +EXAMPLES. + + He had sunk to such degradation as to be utterly ---- by all good + men. + + Such weakness can only be ----. + + Talebearers and backbiters are everywhere ----. + + ---- that which is evil; cleave to that which is good. + + * * * * * + +ABIDE (page 5). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What limit of time is expressed by _abide_? by _lodge_? by _live_, +_dwell_, _reside_? 2. What is the meaning of _sojourn_? 3. Should we say +one is _stopping_ or _staying_ at a hotel? and why? 4. Give examples of +the extended, and of the limited use of _abide_. + + +EXAMPLES. + + One generation passeth away and another generation cometh, but the + earth ---- forever. + + And there were in the same country shepherds ---- in the field, + keeping watch over their flock by night. + + So great was the crowd of visitors that many were compelled to ---- + in the neighboring villages. + + He is ---- at the Albemarle. + + He has ---- for forty years in the same house. + + By faith he ---- in the land of promise, as in a strange country. + + * * * * * + +ABOLISH (page 6). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Is _abolish_ used of persons or material objects? 2. Of what is it +used? Give examples. 3. What does _annihilate_ signify? Is it stronger +or weaker than _abolish_? 4. What terms do we use for doing away with +_laws_, and how do those terms differ among themselves? 5. What are the +differences between _overthrow_, _suppress_, and _subvert_? especially +between the last two of those words? 6. How does _prohibit_ differ from +_abolish_? 7. What word do we especially use of putting an end to a +nuisance? 8. What other words of this class are especially referred to? +9. Give some antonyms of _abolish_. + + +EXAMPLES. + + The one great endeavor of Buddhism is to ---- sorrow. + + Modern science seems to show conclusively that matter is never ----. + + The law, which had long been ---- by the revolutionists, was at last + ---- by the legislature. + + The ancient statute was found to have been ---- by later enactments, + though never formally ----. + + The Supreme Court ---- the adverse decision of the inferior + tribunal. + + Even in a republic, sedition should be promptly ----, or it may + result in the ---- of free institutions. + + From the original settlement of Vineland, New Jersey, the sale of + intoxicating liquor has been ----. + + * * * * * + +ABOMINATION (page 7). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what was _abomination_ originally applied? 2. Does it refer to a +state of mind or to some act or other object of thought? 3. How does +_abomination_ differ from _aversion_ or _disgust_? 4. How does an +_abomination_ differ from an _offense_? from crime in general? + + +EXAMPLES. + + After the ship began to pitch and roll, we could not look upon food + without ----. + + It is time that such a ---- should be abated. + + Capital punishment was formerly inflicted in England for trivial + ----. + + In spite of their high attainments in learning and art, the foulest + ---- were prevalent among the Greeks and Romans of classic + antiquity. + + * * * * * + +ABRIDGMENT (page 7). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does an _abridgment_ differ from an _outline_ or a _synopsis_? +from an _abstract_ or _digest_? 2. How does an _abstract_ or _digest_ +differ from an _outline_ or a _synopsis_? 3. Does an _analysis_ of a +treatise deal with what is expressed, or with what is implied? 4. What +words may we use to express a condensed view of a subject, whether +derived from a previous publication or not? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The New Testament may be regarded as an ---- of religion. + + There are several excellent ---- of English literature. + + An ---- of the decision of the court was published in all the + leading papers. + + The publishers determined to issue an ---- of their dictionary. + + Such ---- as U. S. for United States should be rarely used, unless + in hasty writing or technical works. + + * * * * * + +ABSOLUTE (page 8). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _absolute_ in the strict sense denote? _supreme_? 2. To +what are these words in such sense properly applied? 3. How are they +used in a modified sense? 4. Is _arbitrary_ ever used in a good sense? +What is the chief use? Give examples. 5. How does _autocratic_ differ +from _arbitrary_? both these words from _despotic_? _despotic_ from +_tyrannical_? 6. Is _irresponsible_ good or bad in its implication? +_arbitrary_? _imperative_? _imperious_? _peremptory_? _positive_? +_authoritative_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + God alone is ---- and ----. + + The Czar of Russia is an ---- ruler. + + ---- power tends always to be ---- in its exercise. + + On all questions of law in the United States the decision of the + ---- Court is ---- and final. + + Learning of the attack on our seamen, the government sent an ---- + demand for apology and indemnity. + + Man's ---- will and ---- intellect have given him dominion over all + other creatures on the earth, so that they are either subjugated or + exterminated. + + * * * * * + +ABSOLVE (page 9). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the original sense of _absolve_? 2. To what does it apply? 3. +What is its special sense when used with reference to sins? 4. How does +it differ from _acquit_? _forgive_? _justify_? _pardon_? 5. What are the +chief antonyms of _absolve_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + No power under heaven can ---- a man from his personal + responsibility. + + When the facts were known, he was ---- of all blame. + + * * * * * + +ABSORB (page 9). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. When is a fluid said to be _absorbed_? 2. Is the substance of the +_absorbing_ body changed by that which it _absorbs_? Give instances. 3. +How does _consume_ differ from _absorb_? 4. Give instances of the +distinctive uses of _engross_, _swallow_, _imbibe_, and _absorb_ in the +figurative sense. 5. What is the difference between _absorb_ and _emit_? +_absorb_ and _radiate_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Tho the fuel was rapidly ---- within the furnace, very little heat + was ---- from the outer surface. + + In setting steel rails special provision must be made for their + expansion under the influence of the heat that they ----. + + Jip stood on the table and barked at Traddles so persistently that + he may be said to have ---- the conversation. + + * * * * * + +ABSTINENCE (page 10). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _abstinence_ differ from _abstemiousness_? from +_self-denial_? 2. What is _temperance_ regarding things lawful and +worthy? regarding things vicious and injurious? 3. What is the more +exact term for the proper course regarding evil indulgences? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He was so moderate in his desires that his ---- seemed to cost him + no ----. + + Among the Anglo-Saxons the idea of universal and total ---- from all + intoxicants is little more than a century old. + + * * * * * + +ABSTRACT, _v._; ABSTRACTED (page 10, 11). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the difference between _abstract_ and _separate_? between +_discriminate_ and _distinguish_?[C] 2. How does _abstract_, when said +of the mind, differ from _divert_? from _distract_? 3. How do +_abstracted_, _absorbed_, and _preoccupied_ differ from _absent-minded_? +4. Can one who is _preoccupied_ be said to be _listless_ or +_thoughtless_? one who is _absent-minded_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He was so ---- with these perplexities as to be completely ---- of + his surroundings. + + The busy student may be excused if ----; in the merely ---- or ---- + it is intolerable. + + The power to ---- one idea from all its associations and view it + alone is the ---- mark of a philosophical mind. + + Numerous interruptions in the midst of ---- occupations had made him + almost ----. + +[C] NOTE. See these words under DISCERN as referred to at the end of the +paragraph on ABSTRACT in Part I. The pupil should be instructed, in all +cases, to look up and read over the synonyms referred to by the words in +small capitals at the end of the paragraph in Part I. + + * * * * * + +ABSURD (page 11). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the difference between _absurd_ and _paradoxical_? 2. What +are the distinctions between _irrational_, _foolish_, and _silly_? 3. +What is the especial implication in _unreasonable_? 4. How do +_monstrous_ and _preposterous_ compare with _absurd_? 5. What is the +especial element common to the _ludicrous_, the _ridiculous_, and the +_nonsensical_? 6. What are some chief antonyms of _absurd_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A statement may be disproved by deducing logically from it a + conclusion that is ----. + + Carlyle delighted in ---- utterances. + + The ---- hatred of the Jews in the Middle Ages led the populace to + believe the most ---- slanders concerning them. + + I attempted to dissuade him from the ---- plan, but found him + altogether ----; many of his arguments were so ---- as to be + positively ----. + + * * * * * + +ABUSE (page 12). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what does _abuse_ apply? 2. How does _abuse_ differ from _damage_ +(as in the case of rented property, _e. g._)? 3. How does _abuse_ differ +from _harm_? 4. What words of this group are used in a bad sense? 5. Is +_reproach_ good or bad? 6. How do _persecute_ and _oppress_ differ? 7. +Do _misemploy_, _misuse_, and _pervert_ apply to persons or things? To +which does _abuse_ apply? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The tenant shall not ---- the property beyond reasonable wear. + + ---- intellectual gifts make the dangerous villain. + + In his rage he began to ---- and ---- all who had formerly been his + friends. + + To be ---- for doing right can never really ---- a true man. + + In no way has man ---- his fellow man more cruelly than by ---- him + for his religious belief. + + * * * * * + +ACCESSORY, _n._ (page 13). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Which words of this group are used in a good, and which in a bad +sense? 2. Which are indifferently either good or bad? 3. To what does +_ally_ generally apply? _colleague_? 4. How does an _associate_ compare +in rank with a principal? 5. Is _assistant_ or _attendant_ the higher +word? How do both these words compare with _associate_? 6. In what sense +are _follower_, _henchman_, and _retainer_ used? _partner_? 7. What is +the legal distinction between _abettor_ and _accessory_? 8. To what is +_accomplice_ nearly equivalent? Which is the preferred legal term? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The Senator differed with his ---- in this matter. + + The baron rode into town with a great array of armed ----. + + France and Russia seem to have become firm ----. + + The ---- called to the ---- for a fresh bandage. + + All persons, but especially the young, should take the greatest care + in the choice of their ----. + + As he was not present at the actual commission of the crime, he was + held to be only an ---- and not an ----. + + * * * * * + +ACCIDENT (page 14). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the difference between _accident_ and _chance_? 2. How does +_incident_ differ from both? 3. What is the special significance of +_fortune_? 4. How does it differ in usage from _chance_? 5. How are +_accident_, _misadventure_, and _mishap_ distinguished? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Gambling clings almost inseparably to games of ----. + + Bruises and contusions are regarded as ordinary ---- of the cavalry + service. + + The prudent man is careful not to tempt ---- too far. + + The misplacement of the switch caused a terrible ----. + + Great thoughts and high purposes keep one from being greatly + disturbed by the little ---- of daily life. + + * * * * * + +ACQUAINTANCE (page 15). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _acquaintance_ between persons imply? 2. How does +_acquaintance_ differ from _companionship_? _acquaintance_ from +_friendship_? from _intimacy_? 3. How does _fellowship_ differ from +_friendship_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A public speaker becomes known to many persons whom he does not + know, but who are ready promptly to claim ---- with him. + + The ---- of life must bring us into ---- with many who can not be + admitted within the inner circle of ----. + + The ---- of school and college life often develop into the most + beautiful and enduring ----. + + Between those most widely separated by distance of place and time, + by language, station, occupation, and creed, there may yet be true + ---- of soul. + + * * * * * + +ACRIMONY (page 15). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _acerbity_ differ from _asperity_? _asperity_ from +_acrimony_? 2. How is _acrimony_ distinguished from _malignity_? +_malignity_ from _virulence_? 3. What is implied in the use of the word +_severity_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A certain ---- of speech had become habitual with him. + + To this ill-timed request, he answered with sudden ----. + + A constant sense of injustice may deepen into a settled ----. + + This smooth and pleasing address veiled a deep ----. + + Great ---- will be patiently borne if the sufferer is convinced of + its essential justice. + + * * * * * + +ACT (page 16). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How is _act_ distinguished from _action_? from _deed_? 2. Which of +the words in this group necessarily imply an external effect? Which may +be wholly mental? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He who does the truth will need no instruction as to individual + ----s. + + ---- is the truth of thought. + + The ---- is done. + + * * * * * + +ACTIVE (page 17). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. With what two sets of words is _active_ allied? 2. How does _active_ +differ from _busy_? from _industrious_? 3. How do _active_ and +_restless_ compare? 4. To what sort of activity does _officious_ refer? +6. What are some chief antonyms of _active_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Being of an ---- disposition and without settled purpose or definite + occupation, she became ---- as a hornet. + + He had his ---- days and hours, but could never be properly said to + be ----. + + An ---- attendant instantly seized upon my baggage. + + The true student is ---- from the mere love of learning, + independently of its rewards. + + * * * * * + +ACUMEN (page 18). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How do _sharpness_, _acuteness_, _penetration_, and _insight_ compare +with _acumen_? 2. What is the special characteristic of _acumen_? To +what order of mind does it belong? 3. What is _sagacity_? Is it +attributed to men or brutes? 4. What is _perspicacity_? 5. What is +_shrewdness_? Is it ordinarily good or evil? 6. Give illustrations of +the uses of the above words as regards the possessors of the +corresponding qualities. + + +EXAMPLES. + + The treatise displays great critical ----. + + The Indians had developed a practical ---- that enabled them to + follow a trail by scarcely perceptible signs almost as unerringly as + the hound by scent. + + * * * * * + +ADD (page 18). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How is _add_ related to _increase_? How does it differ from +_multiply_? 2. What does _augment_ signify? Of what is it ordinarily +used? 3. To what does _amplify_ apply? 4. In what ways may a discourse +or treatise be _amplified_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Care to our coffin ---- a nail no doubt; + And every grin, so merry, draws one out. + + ---- up at night, what thou hast done by day; + And in the morning what thou hast to do. + + * * * * * + +ADDRESS, _v._ (page 19). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _accost_ always signify? _greet_? _hail_? 2. How does +_salute_ differ from _accost_ or _greet_? _address_? 3. What is it to +_apostrophize_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The pale snowdrop is springing + To ---- the glowing sun. + + ---- to the Chief who in triumph advances. + + His faithful dog ---- the smiling guest. + + ---- ye heroes! heaven-born band! + Who fought and died in freedom's cause. + + * * * * * + +ADDRESS, _n._ (page 20). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _address_ in the sense here considered? 2. What is _tact_? 3. +What qualities are included in _address_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + And the tear that is wiped with a little ---- + May be follow'd perhaps by a smile. + + The ---- of doing doth expresse + No other but the doer's willingnesse. + + I have very poor and unhappy brains for drinking; I could wish ---- + would invent some other custom of entertainment. + + * * * * * + +ADEQUATE (page 21). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What do _adequate_, _commensurate_, and _sufficient_ alike signify? +How does _commensurate_ specifically differ from the other two words? +Give examples. 2. To what do _adapted_, _fit_, _suitable_, and +_qualified_ refer? 3. Is _satisfactory_ a very high recommendation of +any work? Why? 4. Is _able_ or _capable_ the higher word? Illustrate. + + +EXAMPLES. + + We know not of what we are ---- till the trial comes. + + Indeed, left nothing ---- for your purpose untouched, slightly + handled, in discourse. + + * * * * * + +ADHERENT (page 21). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is an _adherent_? 2. How does an _adherent_ differ from a +_supporter_? from a _disciple_? 3. How do both the above words differ +from _ally_? 4. Has _partisan_ a good or a bad sense, and why? 5. Is it +well to speak of a _supporter_ as a _backer_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Also of your own selves shall men arise speaking perverse things to + draw away ----s after them. + + Woman is woman's natural ----. + + Self-defense compelled the European nations to be ----s against + Napoleon. + + The deposed monarch was found to have a strong body of ----s. + + * * * * * + +ADJACENT (page 22). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the difference between _adjacent_ and _adjoining_? +_contiguous_? _conterminous_? 2. What distance is implied in _near_? +_neighboring_? 3. What does _next_ always imply? 4. Give antonyms of +_adjacent_; _near_. + + +EXAMPLES. + + Stronger by weakness, wiser men become, + As they draw ---- to their eternal home. + + * * * * * + +ADMIRE (page 23). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. In what sense was _admire_ formerly used? What does it now express? +2. How does _admire_ compare with _revere_? _venerate_? _adore_? Give +instances of the use of these words. + + +EXAMPLES. + + The beautiful are sure to be ----. + + Henceforth the majesty of God ----; + Fear him, and you have nothing else to fear. + + I value Science--none can prize it more, + It gives ten thousand motives to ----: + Be it religious, as it ought to be, + The heart it humbles, and it bows the knee. + + * * * * * + +ADORN (page 23). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _adorn_ differ from _ornament_? from _garnish_? from _deck_ +or _bedeck_? from _decorate_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + At church, with meek and unaffected grace, + His looks ---- the venerable place. + + The red breast oft, at evening hours, + Shall kindly lend his little aid, + With hoary moss, and gathered flowers, + To ---- the ground where thou art laid. + + * * * * * + +AFFRONT (page 24). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _affront_? 2. How does _affront_ compare with _insult_? +with _tease_? _annoy_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + It is safer to ---- some people than to oblige them; for the better + a man deserves, the worse they will speak of him. + + Oh, rather give me commentators plain, + Who with no deep researches ---- the brain. + + The petty desire to ---- is simply a perversion of the human love of + power. + + They rushed to meet the ---- foe. + + * * * * * + +AGENT (page 24). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _agent_ in the philosophical sense compare with _mover_ or +_doer_? 2. What different sense has it in business usage? + + +EXAMPLES. + + That morality may mean anything, man must be held to be a free ----. + + The ---- declined to take the responsibility in the absence of the + owner. + + * * * * * + +AGREE (page 25). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How do _concur_ and _coincide_ differ in range of meaning? How with +reference to expression in action? 2. How does _accede_ compare with +_consent_? 3. Which is the most general word of this group? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A woman's lot is made for her by the love she ----. + + My poverty, but not my will, ----. + + * * * * * + +AGRICULTURE (page 25). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _agriculture_ include? How does it differ from _farming_? +2. What is _gardening_? _floriculture_? _horticulture_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Loan oft loses both itself and friend; + And borrowing dulls the edge of ----. + + A field becomes exhausted by constant ----. + + * * * * * + +AIM (page 26). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is an _aim_? How does it differ from _mark_? from _goal_? 2. How +do _end_ and _object_ compare? 3. To what does _aspiration_ apply? How +does it differ in general from _design_, _endeavor_, or _purpose_? 4. +How does _purpose_ compare with _intention_? 5. What is _design_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + In deeds of daring rectitude, in scorn + For miserable ---- that end with self. + + O yet we trust that somehow good + Will be the final ---- of ill. + + How quickly nature falls into revolt, + When gold becomes her ----. + + It is not ----, but ambition that is the mother of misery in man. + + * * * * * + +AIR (page 27). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _air_ in the sense here considered? 2. How does _air_ differ +from _appearance_? 3. What is the difference between _expression_ and +_look_? 4. What is the sense of _bearing_? _carriage_? 5. How does +_mien_ differ from _air_? 6. What does _demeanor_ include? + + +EXAMPLES. + + I never, with important ----, + In conversation overbear. + + Vice is a monster of so frightful ----, + As, to be hated, needs but to be seen. + + Grief fills the room up of my absent child, + Lies in his bed, walks up and down with me, + Puts on his pretty ----, repeats his words. + + * * * * * + +AIRY (page 27). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _airy_ agree with and differ from _aerial_? Give instances +of the uses of the two words. 2. What does _ethereal_ signify? +_sprightly_? 3. Are _lively_ and _animated_ used in the favorable or +unfavorable sense? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- tongues that syllable men's names, on sands and shores and + desert wildernesses. + + The ---- mold + Incapable of stain, would soon expel + Her mischief, and purge off the baser fire, + Victorious. + + Society became my glittering bride, + And ---- hopes my children. + + Soft o'er the shrouds ---- whispers breathe, + That seemed but zephyrs to the train beneath. + + * * * * * + +ALARM (page 28). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the derivation and distinctive meaning of _alarm_? 2. What do +_affright_ and _fright_ express? Give an illustration of the contrasted +terms. 3. How are _apprehension_, _disquietude_, _dread_, and +_misgiving_ related to the danger that excites them? 4. What are +_consternation_, _dismay_, and _terror_, and how are they related to the +danger? 5. What is _timidity_? + + * * * * * + +ALERT (page 28). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what do _alert_, _wide-awake_, and _ready_ refer? 2. How does +_ready_ differ from _alert_? from _prepared_? 3. What does _prompt_ +signify? 4. What is the secondary meaning of _alert_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + To be ---- for war is one of the most effectual ways of preserving + peace. + + He who is not ---- to-day will be less so to-morrow. + + Thus ending loudly, as he would o'erleap + His destiny, ---- he stood. + + * * * * * + +ALIEN, _a. & n._ (page 29). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _alien_ differ from _foreign_? 2. Is a _foreigner_ by birth +necessarily an _alien_? 3. Are the people of one country while residing +in their own land _foreigners_ or _aliens_ to the people of other lands? +4. How can one residing in a _foreign_ country cease to be an _alien_ in +that country? 5. How do _foreign_ and _alien_ differ in their figurative +use? + + +EXAMPLES. + + By ---- hands thy dying eyes were closed + . . . + By ---- hands thy humble grave adorned + By strangers honored and by strangers mourned. + + What is religion? Not a ---- inhabitant, nor something ---- to our + nature, which comes and takes up its abode in the soul. + + ---- from the commonwealth of Israel and ---- from the covenants of + promise. + + * * * * * + +ALIKE (page 30). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _alike_ compare with _similar_? with _identical_? 2. What is +the distinction often made between _equal_ and _equivalent_? 3. What is +the sense of _analogous_? (Compare synonyms for ANALOGY.) 4. In what +sense is _homogeneous_ used? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Sometimes gentle, sometimes capricious, sometimes awful; never the + ---- for two moments together. + + Fashioned for himself, a bride; + An ----, taken from his side. + + * * * * * + +ALLAY (page 31). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the distinction between _allay_ and _alleviate_? Which word +implies a partial removal of the cause of suffering, or an actual +_lightening_ of the burden? 2. With which of the above words are we to +class _appease_, _pacify_, _soothe_, and the like? 3. With what words is +_alleviate_ especially to be grouped? (See synonyms for ALLEVIATE.) + + +EXAMPLES. + + Such songs have power to ---- + The restless pulse of care, + And come like the benediction + That follows after prayer. + + Many a word, at random spoken + May ---- or wound a heart that's broken! + + * * * * * + +ALLEGE (page 31). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Which is the primary and which the secondary word, _allege_ or +_adduce_? Why? 2. How much of certainty is implied in _allege_? 3. How +much does one admit when he speaks of an _alleged_ fact, document, +signature, or the like? + + +EXAMPLES. + + In many ---- cases of haunted houses, the spirits have not ventured + to face an armed man who has passed the night there. + + I can not ---- one thing and mean another. If I can't pray I will + not make believe! + + * * * * * + +ALLEGORY (page 33). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _allegory_ compare with _simile_? _Simile_ with _metaphor_? +2. What are the distinctions between _allegory_, _fable_, and _parable_? +3. Under what general term are all these included? 4. To what is +_fiction_ now most commonly applied? + + +EXAMPLES. + + In argument + ---- are like songs in love: + They much describe; they nothing prove. + + And He spake many things unto them in ----, saying, Behold a sower + went forth to sow. + + * * * * * + +ALLEVIATE (page 33). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _alleviate_ differ from _relieve_? from _remove_? 2. Is +_alleviate_ used of persons? 3. What are the special significations of +_abate_? _assuage_? _mitigate_? _moderate_? 4. How does _alleviate_ +compare with _allay_? (Compare synonyms for ALLAY.) + + +EXAMPLES. + + To pity distress is but human; to ---- it is Godlike. + + But, O! what mighty magician can ---- + A woman's envy? + + * * * * * + +ALLIANCE (page 34). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is an _alliance_? how does it differ from _partnership_? from +_coalition_? from _league_? 2. How does a _confederacy_ or _federation_ +differ from a _union_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The two nations formed an offensive and defensive ---- against the + common enemy. + + Till the war-drum throbbed no longer, and the battle-flags were furled, + In the Parliament of man, the ---- of the world. + + Business ---- are the warrant for the existence of trade ----. + + * * * * * + +ALLOT (page 34). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Does _allot_ refer to time, place, or person? 2. To what does +_appoint_ refer? _assign_? 3. How does _destine_ differ from _appoint_? +4. How does _award_ differ from _allot_, _appoint_, and _assign_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Man hath his daily work of body or mind ----. + + He ----eth the moon for seasons; the sun knoweth his going down. + + The king is but as the hind ... + Who may not wander from the ---- field + Before his work be done. + + * * * * * + +ALLOW (page 35). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the difference between _allow_ and _permit_? between a +_permit_ and _permission_? 2. What instances can you give of the use of +these words, also of _tolerate_ and _submit_? 3. What does _yield_ +imply? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Frederick ---- the Austrians to cross the mountains that he might + attack them on a field of his own choosing. + + The cruelty and envy of the people + ---- by our dastard nobles, who + Have all forsook me, hath devoured the rest. + + State churches have ever been unwilling to ---- dissent. + + * * * * * + +ALLUDE (page 36). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the distinctive sense of _allude_? of _advert_? of _refer_? +2. How do the above words compare with _mention_ as to explicitness? 3. +How do _hint_ and _insinuate_ differ? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Late in the eighteenth century Cowper did not venture to do more + than ---- to the great allegorist [Bunyan], saying: + + "I name thee not, lest so despised a name + Should move a sneer at thy deserved fame." + + * * * * * + +ALLURE (page 37). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _allure_? 2. How does _allure_ differ from _attract_? +from _lure_? 3. What does _coax_ express? 4. What is it to _cajole_? to +_decoy_? to _inveigle_? 5. How does _seduce_ differ from _tempt_? 6. Is +_win_ used in the favorable or unfavorable sense? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ruddy square of comfortable light + ---- him, as the beacon blaze ---- + The bird of passage. + + But Satan now is wiser than of yore, + And ---- by making rich, not making poor. + + He had a strange gift of ---- friends, and of ---- the love of + women. + + * * * * * + +ALSO (page 37). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Into what two groups are the synonyms for _also_ naturally divided? +2. Which words simply add a fact or thought? 3. Which distinctly imply +that what is added is like that to which it is added? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Thine to work ---- to pray, + Clearing thorny wrongs away; + Plucking up the weeds of sin, + Letting heaven's warm sunshine in. + + * * * * * + +ALTERNATIVE (page 38). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the difference between _choice_ and _alternative_ in the +strict use of language? 2. Is _alternative_ always so severely +restricted by leading writers? 3. What do _choice_, _pick_, _election_, +and _preference_ imply regarding one's wishes? _alternative_? +_resources_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Homer delights to call Ulysses "the man of many ----." + + * * * * * + +AMASS (page 38). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _amass_? 2. How is _amass_ distinguished from +_accumulate_? 3. Is interest _amassed_ or _accumulated_? 4. How does +_hoard_ differ from _store_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + By daring and successful speculation, he ---- a prodigious fortune. + + The sum was the ---- savings of an industrious and frugal life. + + O, to what purpose dost thou ---- thy words, + That thou return'st no greeting to thy friends? + + * * * * * + +AMATEUR (page 39). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the difference between _amateur_ and _connoisseur_? between +_connoisseur_ and _critic_? 2. Which word carries a natural implication +of superficialness? 3. How do _novice_ and _tyro_ differ from _amateur_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He was in Logic a great ---- + Profoundly skill'd in Analytic; + He could distinguish, and divide + A hair 'twixt south and south-west side. + + The greatest works in poetry, painting, and sculpture have not been + done by ----. + + The mere ---- who produces nothing, and whose business is only to + judge and enjoy. + + * * * * * + +AMAZEMENT (page 39). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What do _amazement_ and _astonishment_ agree in expressing? 2. How do +the two words differ? 3. What is the meaning of _awe_? of _admiration_? +4. How does _surprise_ differ from _astonishment_ and _amazement_? 5. +What are the characteristics of _wonder_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + 'Twas while he toiled him to be freed, + And with the rein to raise the steed, + That, from ----'s iron trance, + All Wycklif's soldiers waked at once. + + Can such things be, + And overcome us like a summer's cloud, + Without our special ----? + + The fool of nature stood with stupid eyes + And gaping mouth that testified ----. + + * * * * * + +AMBITION (page 40). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What two senses has _ambition_? 2. How does _ambition_ differ from +_aspiration_? Which is the higher word? 3. What is the distinctive sense +of _emulation_? 4. Has _emulation_ a good side? How does it compare with +_aspiration_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ---- + By that sin, fell the angels. + + Envy, to which th' ignoble mind's a slave, + Is ---- in the learn'd or brave. + + I have no spur + To prick the sides of my intent, but only + Vaulting ----. + + * * * * * + +AMEND (page 41). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _amend_? 2. How do _advance_, _better_, and _improve_ +differ from _amend_? 3. Are these words applied to matters decidedly +bad, foul, or evil? 4. What is the difference between _amend_ and +_emend_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Return ye now every man from his evil way, and ---- your doings. + + The construction here is difficult, and the text at this point has + been variously ----. + + Human characters and conditions never reach such perfection that + they can not be ----. + + * * * * * + +AMIABLE (page 42). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what does _lovely_ often apply? 2. To what does _amiable_ always +apply? 3. How do _agreeable_, _attractive_, and _charming_ differ from +_amiable_? Give examples. 4. Is a _good-natured_ person necessarily +_agreeable_? an _amiable_ person? + + +EXAMPLES. + + His life was ----; and the elements + So mixed in him, that Nature might stand up + And say to all the world, This was a man! + + The east is blossoming! Yea a rose, + Vast as the heavens, soft as a kiss, + ---- as the presence of woman is. + + * * * * * + +ANALOGY (page 43). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the specific meaning of _analogy_? 2. What is _affinity_? +_coincidence_? 3. Does _coincidence_ necessarily involve _resemblance_ +or _likeness_? 4. What is _parity_ of _reasoning_? 5. What is a +_similitude_? 6. How do _resemblance_ and _similarity_ differ from +_analogy_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The two boys bore a close ---- to each other. + + It is not difficult to trace the ---- of the home to the state. + + * * * * * + +ANGER (page 44). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What are the especial characteristics of _anger_? How does it differ +from _indignation_? _exasperation_? _rage_? _wrath_? _ire_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + My enemy has long borne me a feeling of ----. + + Christ was filled with ---- at the hypocrisy of the Jews. + + I was overcome by a sudden feeling of ----. + + * * * * * + +ANIMAL (page 45). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is an _animal_? a _brute_? a _beast_? 2. Is man an _animal_? 3. +What is implied if we speak of any particular man as an _animal_? a +_brute_? a _beast_? 4. What forms of existence does the word _creature_ +include? 5. What are the animals of a country or region collectively +called? + + +EXAMPLES. + + It is only within the last half century that societies have been + organized for the prevention of cruelty to ----. + + O that men should put an enemy in their mouths to steal away their + brains! that we should with joy, pleasance, revel, and applause, + transform ourselves into ----! + + Take a ---- out of his instinct, and you find him wholly deprived of + understanding. + + Spurning manhood and its joys to loot, + To be a lawless, lazy, sensual ----. + + * * * * * + +ANNOUNCE (page 46). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _announce_? 2. Does it apply chiefly to the past or the +future? 3. To what is _advertise_ chiefly applied? _propound_? +_promulgate_? _publish_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The Sphinx ---- its riddles with life and death depending on the + answer. + + Through the rare felicity of the times you are permitted to think + what you please and to ---- what you please. + + The songs of birds and the wild flowers in the woodlands ---- the + coming of spring. + + * * * * * + +ANSWER (page 46). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a verbal _answer_? 2. In what wider sense is _answer_ used? +3. What is a _reply_? a _rejoinder_? 4. How does an _answer_ to a +charge, an argument, or the like, differ from a _reply_ or _rejoinder_? +5. What is the special quality of a _response_? 6. What is a _retort_? +How does it differ from _repartee_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + I can no other ---- make, but thanks. + + Theirs not to make ---- + Theirs not to reason why, + Theirs but to do and die. + + Upon thy princely warrant I descend, + To give thee ---- of thy just demand. + + He could not be content without finding a ---- in Nature to every + mood of his mind; and he does find it. + + A man renowned for ---- + Will seldom scruple to make free + With friendship's honest feeling. + + Nothing is so easy and inviting as the ---- of abuse and sarcasm; + but it is a paltry and unprofitable contest. + + * * * * * + +ANTICIPATE, ANTICIPATION (page 47). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What are the two contrasted senses of _anticipate_? 2. Which is now +the more common? 3. How does _anticipate_ differ from _expect_? from +_hope_? from _apprehend_? 4. How does _anticipation_ differ from +_presentiment_? from _apprehension_? from _foreboding_? 5. What special +element is involved in _foretaste_? How do _foresight_ and _forethought_ +go beyond the meaning of _anticipation_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Then some leaped overboard with fearful yell, + As eager to ---- their grave. + + England ---- every man to do his duty. + + These are portents; but yet I ----, I hope, + They do not point on me. + + If I know your sect, I ---- your argument. + + The happy ---- of a renewed existence in company with the spirits of + the just. + + * * * * * + +ANTIPATHY (page 48). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How is _antipathy_ to be distinguished from _dislike_? from +_antagonism_? from _aversion_? 2. What is _uncongeniality_? How does it +differ from _antipathy_? Which is positive? and which negative? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Christianity is the solvent of all race ----. + + From my soul I loathe + All affectation; 'tis my perfect scorn, object of my implacable ----. + + * * * * * + +ANTIQUE (page 48). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what does _antique_ refer? _antiquated_? 2. Is the difference +between them a matter of time? Give examples. 3. Can a modern building +be _antiquated_? Can it be _antique_? 4. What is the significance of +_quaint_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + My copper lamps, at any rate, + For being true ----, I bought. + + I do love these ---- ruins, + We never tread upon them but we set + Our foot upon some reverend history. + + * * * * * + +ANXIETY (page 49). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _anxiety_ in the primary sense? Is it mental or physical? 2. +How does _anxiety_ differ from _anguish_? 3. What kind of possibility +does _anxiety_ always suggest? 4. How does it differ from +_apprehension_, _fear_, _dread_, etc., in this regard? 5. What is +_worry_? _fretfulness_? 6. Does _perplexity_ involve anxiety? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Yield not to ---- the future, weep not for the past. + + Superstition invested the slightest incidents of life with needless + ----. + + ---- is harder than work, and far less profitable. + + * * * * * + +APATHY (page 50). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _apathy_? 2. How does it differ from the Saxon word +_unfeelingness_? from _indifference_? from _insensibility_? from +_unconcern_? 3. How does _stoicism_ differ from _apathy_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + In lazy ---- let stoics boast + Their virtue fixed: 'tis fixed as in a frost. + + At length the morn and cold ---- came. + + He sank into a ---- from which it was impossible to arouse him. + + * * * * * + +APOLOGY (page 51). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What change of meaning has _apology_ undergone? 2. What does an +_apology_ now always imply? 3. How does an _apology_ differ from an +_excuse_? 4. Which of these words may refer to the future? 5. How does +_confession_ differ from _apology_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- only account for that which they do not alter. + + Beauty is its own ---- for being. + + There is no refuge from ---- but suicide; and suicide is ----. + + * * * * * + +APPARENT (page 52). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What two contrasted senses arise from the root meaning of _apparent_? +2. What is implied when we speak of _apparent_ kindness or _apparent_ +neglect? 3. How do _presumable_ and _probable_ differ? 4. What +implication is conveyed in _seeming_? What do we suggest when we speak +of "_seeming_ innocence"? + + +EXAMPLES. + + It is not ---- that the students will attempt to break the rules + again. + + It is not yet ---- what his motive could have been in committing + such an offense. + + It is ---- that something has been omitted which was essential to + complete the construction. + + * * * * * + +APPETITE (page 54). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Of what kind of demands or impulses is _appetite_ ordinarily used? 2. +What demands or tendencies are included in _passion_? 3. What is implied +by _passions_ and _appetites_ when used as contrasted terms? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Govern well thy ----, lest sin + Surprise thee, and her black attendant Death. + + Take heed lest ---- sway + Thy judgment to do aught which else free will + Would not admit. + + * * * * * + +APPORTION (page 54). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the special significance of _apportion_ by which it is +distinguished from _allot_, _assign_, _distribute_, or _divide_? 2. What +is the significance of _dispense_ in the transitive use? 3. What is it +to _appropriate_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Representatives are ---- among the several states according to the + population. + + The treasure was ---- and their shares duly ---- among the captors. + + * * * * * + +APPROXIMATION (page 55). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is an _approximation_ in the mathematical sense? 2. How close an +approach to exactness and certainty does _approximation_ imply? 3. How +does _approximation_ differ from _resemblance_ and _similarity_? from +_approach_? 4. How does _approximation_, as regards the class of objects +to which it is applied, differ from _nearness_, _neighborhood_, or +_propinquity_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + We have to be content with ---- to a solution. + + Without faith, there is no real ---- to God. + + Wit consists in knowing the ---- of things which differ, and the + difference of things which are alike. + + * * * * * + +ARMS (page 55). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the difference between _arms_ and _armor_? 2. In what +connection is _armor_ used in modern warfare? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- on ---- clashing brayed + Horrible discord. + + There is constant rivalry between irresistible projectiles and + impenetrable ----. + + * * * * * + +ARMY (page 56). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What are the essentials of an _army_? 2. Is an _army_ large or small? +3. What term would be applied to a _multitude_ of armed men without +order or organization? 4. In what sense is _host_ used? _legion_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + For the ---- is a school in which the miser becomes generous, and + the generous, prodigal; miserly soldiers are like monsters, but very + rarely seen. + + The still-discordant wavering ----. + + * * * * * + +ARRAIGN (page 56). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what kind of proceedings do _indict_ and _arraign_ apply? 2. How +is one _indicted_? How _arraigned_? 3. How do these words differ from +_charge_? _accuse_? _censure_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The criminal was ---- for trial for his offenses. + + Religion does not ---- or exclude unnumbered pleasures, harmlessly + pursued. + + * * * * * + +ARTIFICE (page 58). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is an _artifice_? a _device_? _finesse_? 2. In what sense are +_cheat_, _maneuver_, and _imposture_ always used? 3. In what sense is +_trick_ commonly used? 4. What is a _fraud_? 5. Is _wile_ used in a good +or a bad sense? 6. Does the good or the bad sense commonly attach to the +words _artifice_, _contrivance_, _ruse_, _blind_, _device_, and +_finesse_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Those who can not gain their ends by force naturally resort to ----. + + The enemy were decoyed from their defenses by a skilful ----. + + Quips and cranks and wanton ----, + Nods and becks and wreathed smiles. + + Whoever has even once become notorious by base ----, even if he + speaks the truth, gains no belief. + + * * * * * + +ARTIST (page 58). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is an _artist_? an _artisan_? 2. What is an _artificer_? How +related to _artist_ and _artisan_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The power depends on the depth of the ----'s insight of that object + he contemplates. + + Infuse into the purpose with which you follow the various + employments and professions of life the sense of beauty, and you are + transformed at once from an ---- into an ----. + + If too many ---- turn shopkeepers, the whole natural quantity of + that business divided among them all may afford too small a share + for each. + + * * * * * + +ASK (page 59). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. For what class of objects does one _ask_? For what does he _beg_? 2. +How do _entreat_ and _beseech_ compare with _ask_? 3. What is the +special sense of _implore_? of _supplicate_? 4. How are _crave_ and +_request_ distinguished? _pray_ and _petition_? 5. What kind of _asking_ +is implied in _demand_? in _require_? How do these two words differ from +one another? + + +EXAMPLES. + + We, ignorant of ourselves, + ---- often our own harms, which the wise powers + Deny us for our good: so we find profit, + By losing of our prayers. + + The harvest truly is great, but the labourers are few: ---- ye + therefore the Lord of the harvest that he would send forth labourers + into his harvest. + + Speak with me, pity me, open the door, + A beggar ---- that never begg'd before. + + Be not afraid to ----; to ---- is right. + ----, if thou canst, with hope; but ever ----. + Though hope be weak or sick with long delay; + ---- in the darkness, if there be no light. + + * * * * * + +ASSOCIATE (page 60). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _associate_ imply, as used officially? What when used in +popular language? 2. Do we speak of associates in crime or wrong? What +words are preferred in such connection? (See synonyms for ACCESSORY.) 3. +Is _companion_ used in a good or bad sense? 4. How does it differ in use +from _associate_? 5. What is the significance of _peer_? _comrade_? +_consort_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + His best ----, innocence and health, + And his best riches, ignorance of wealth. + + The ---- accepted Napoleon's abdication. + + The leader in the plot was betrayed by his ----. + + * * * * * + +ASSUME (page 61). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Does _assume_ apply to that which is rightfully or wrongfully taken? +2. In what use does _assume_ correspond with _arrogate_ and _usurp_? 3. +How do _arrogate_ and _usurp_ differ from each other? How does _assume_ +differ from _postulate_ as regards debate or reasoning of any kind? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Wherefore do I ---- + These royalties, and not refuse to reign. + + ---- a virtue if you have it not. + + For well we know no hand of blood and bone + Can gripe the sacred handle of our scepter, + Unless he do profane, steal, or ----. + + * * * * * + +ASSURANCE (page 61). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _assurance_ in the good sense? 2. What is _assurance_ in the +bad sense? 3. How does _assurance_ compare with _impudence_? with +_effrontery_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Let us draw near with a true heart in full ---- of faith. + + Some wicked wits have libel'd all the fair. + With matchless ---- they style a wife + The dear-bought curse, and lawful plague of life. + + With brazen ---- he denied the most indisputable facts. + + * * * * * + +ASTUTE (page 62). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what language is _acute_ derived? What is its distinctive sense? +2. From what language is _keen_ derived? What does it distinctively +denote? 3. From what language is _astute_ derived, and what was its +original meaning? 4. In present use what does _astute_ add to the +meaning of _acute_ or _keen_? 5. What does _astute_ imply regarding the +ulterior purpose or object of the person who is credited with it? + + +EXAMPLES. + + You statesmen are so ---- in forming schemes! + + He taketh the wise in their own ----ness. + + The most ---- reasoner may be deluded, when he practises sophistry + upon himself. + + * * * * * + +ATTACHMENT (page 63). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _attachment_? How does it differ from _adherence_ or +_adhesion_? from _affection_? from _inclination_? from _regard_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Talk not of wasted ----, ---- never was wasted. + + You do not weaken your ---- for your family by cultivating ----s + beyond its pale, but deepen and intensify it. + + * * * * * + +ATTACK, _v. & n._ (pages 63, 64). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What special element is involved in the meaning of _attack_? 2. How +do _assail_ and _assault_ differ? 3. What is it to _encounter_? how does +this word compare with _attack_? How does _attack_ differ from +_aggression_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + We see time's furrows on another's brow, + And death intrench'd, preparing his ----; + How few themselves in that just mirror see! + + Who ever knew Truth put to the worse in a free and open ----? + + Roger Williams ---- the spirit of intolerance, the doctrine of + persecution, and never his persecutors. + + * * * * * + +ATTAIN (page 64). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What kind of a word is _attain_, and to what does it point? 2. How +does _attain_ differ from _obtain_? from _achieve_? 3. How does _obtain_ +differ from _procure_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The heights by great men ---- and kept + Were not ---- by sudden flight, + But they, while their companions slept, + Were toiling upward in the night. + + Our doubts are traitors, + And make us lose the good we oft might ---- + By fearing to attempt. + + * * * * * + +ATTITUDE (page 65). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _position_ as regards the human body differ from _attitude_, +_posture_, or _pose_? 2. Do the three latter words apply to the living +or the dead? 3. What is the distinctive sense of _attitude_? Is it +conscious or unconscious? 4. How does _posture_ differ from _attitude_? +5. What is the distinctive sense of _pose_? How does it differ from, and +how does it agree with _attitude_ and _posture_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ---- assumed indicated great indignation because of the insult + implied. + + The ---- was graceful and pleasing. + + * * * * * + +ATTRIBUTE, _v._ (page 65). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What suggestion is often involved in _attribute_? 2. How does +_attribute_ differ from _refer_ and _ascribe_? 3. Is _charge_ (in this +connection) used in the favorable or unfavorable sense? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- ye greatness unto our God. + + He ---- unworthy motives which proved a groundless charge. + + * * * * * + +ATTRIBUTE, _n._ (page 66). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the derivation and the inherent meaning of _quality_? 2. What +is an _attribute_? 3. Which of the above words expresses what +necessarily belongs to the subject of which it is said to be an +_attribute_ or _quality_? 4. What is the derivation and distinctive +sense of _property_? 5. How does _property_ ordinarily differ from +_quality_? 6. In what usage do _property_ and _quality_ become exact +synonyms, and how are _properties_ then distinguished? + + +EXAMPLES. + + His scepter shows the force of temporal power, + The ---- to awe and majesty, + Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings. + + Nothing endures but personal ----s. + + * * * * * + +AVARICIOUS (page 68). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How do _avaricious_ and _covetous_ differ from _miserly_, +_niggardly_, _parsimonious_, and _penurious_? 2. Of what matters are +_greedy_ and _stingy_ used? How do they differ from each other? + + +EXAMPLES. + + I am not ---- for gold; + Nor care I who doth feed upon my cost; + It yearns me not if men my garments wear. + + It is better to be content with such things as ye have than to + become ---- and ---- in accumulating. + + * * * * * + +AVENGE (page 69). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _avenge_? 2. How does _avenge_ differ from _revenge_? +3. Which word would be used of an act of God? 4. Is _retaliate_ used in +the sense of _avenge_ or of _revenge_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + O, that the vain remorse, which must chastise + Crimes done, had but as loud a voice to warn + As its keen sting is mortal to ----. + + I lost mine eye laying the prize aboard, + And therefore to ---- it, shalt thou die. + + * * * * * + +AVOW (page 69). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Which words of this group refer exclusively to one's own knowledge or +action? 2. What is the distinctive sense of _aver_? of _avouch_? of +_avow_? 3. How do _avouch_ and _avow_ differ from _aver_ in +construction? 4. Is _avow_ used in a good or a bad sense? What does it +imply of others' probable feeling or action? 5. How does _avow_ compare +with _confess_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + And, but herself, ---- no parallel. + + The child ---- his fault and was pardoned by his parent. + + * * * * * + +AWFUL (page 70). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what matters should _awful_ properly be restricted? 2. Is _awful_ +always interchangeable with _alarming_ or _terrible_? with +_disagreeable_ or _annoying_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Then must it be an ---- thing to die. + + The silent falling of the snow is to me one of the most ---- things + in nature. + + * * * * * + +AWKWARD (page 70). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the derivation and original meaning of _awkward_? of +_clumsy_? 2. To what, therefore, does _awkward_ primarily refer? and to +what _clumsy_? 3. Is a draft-horse distinctively _awkward_ or _clumsy_? +4. Give some metaphorical uses of _awkward_. + + +EXAMPLES. + + Though he was ----, he was kindly. + + The apprentice was not only ----, but ----, and had to be taught + over and over again the same methods. + + The young girl stood in a ---- way, looking in at the showy + shop-windows. + + * * * * * + +AXIOM (page 71). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. In what do _axiom_ and _truism_ agree? 2. In what do they differ? 3. +How do they compare in interest and utility? + + +EXAMPLES. + + It is almost an ---- that those who do most for the heathen abroad + are most liberal for the heathen at home. + + Trifling ----s clothed in great, swelling words of vanity. + + * * * * * + +BABBLE (page 71). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what class do most of the words in this group belong? Why are they +so called? 2. What is the special significance of _blab_ and _blurt_? +How do they differ from each other in use? 3. What is _chat_? 4. How +does _prattling_ differ from _chatting_? 5. In what sense is _jabber_ +used? How does it compare with _chatter_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + "The crane," I said, "may ---- of the crane, + The dove may ---- of the dove." + + Two women sat contentedly ----ing, one of them amusing a ----ing + babe. + + * * * * * + +BANISH (page 72). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what land may one be _banished_? From what _expatriated_ or +_exiled_? 2. By whom may one be said to be _banished_? by whom +_expatriated_ or _exiled_? 3. Which of these words is of widest import? +Give examples of its metaphorical use. + + * * * * * + +BANK (page 72). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _beach_? a _coast_? 2. How does each of the above words +differ from _bank_? 3. What is the distinctive sense of _strand_? In +what style of writing is it most commonly used? 4. What are the +distinctive senses of _edge_ and _brink_? + + * * * * * + +BANTER (page 73). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _banter_? 2. How is _badinage_ distinguished from _banter_? +_raillery_ from both? 3. What is the distinctive sense of _irony_? 4. Is +_irony_ kindly or the reverse? _badinage_? _banter_? 5. What words of +this group are distinctly hostile? 6. Is _ridicule_ or _derision_ the +stronger word? What is the distinction between the two? between _satire_ +and _sarcasm_? between _chaff_, _jeering_, and _mockery_? + + * * * * * + +BARBAROUS (page 73). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _barbarian_? 2. What is the added significance +of _barbaric_? 3. How does _barbarous_ in general use differ from both +the above words? 4. What special element is commonly implied in +_savage_? 5. In what less opprobrious sense may _barbarous_ and _savage_ +be used? Give instances. + + +EXAMPLES. + + A multitude like which the populous North + Poured never from her frozen loins, to pass + Rhene or the Danaw, when her ---- sons + Came like a deluge on the south. + + Or when the gorgeous East, with richest hand, + Showers on her kings ---- pearl and gold. + + It is most true, that a natural and secret hatred and aversation + toward society, in any man, hath somewhat of the ---- beast. + + Thou art bought and sold among those of any wit like a ---- slave. + + * * * * * + +BARRIER (page 74). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _bar_? and what is its purpose? 2. What is a _barrier_? 3. +Which word is ordinarily applied to objects of great extent? 4. Would a +mountain range be termed a _bar_ or a _barrier_? 5. What distinctive +name is given to a mass of sand across the mouth of a river or harbor? + + * * * * * + +BATTLE (page 74). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the general meaning of _conflict_? 2. What is a _battle_? 3. +How long may a _battle_ last? 4. On how many fields may one _battle_ be +fought? 5. How does _engagement_ differ from _battle_? How does _combat_ +differ? _action_? _skirmish_? _fight_? + + * * * * * + +BEAUTIFUL (page 76). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is necessary to constitute an object or a person _beautiful_? 2. +Can _beautiful_ be said of that which is harsh and ragged, however +grand? 3. How is _beautiful_ related to our powers of appreciation? 4. +How does _pretty_ compare with _beautiful_? _handsome_? 5. What does +_fair_ denote? _comely_? _picturesque_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + I pray thee, O God, that I may be ---- within. + + A happy youth, and their old age is ---- and free. + + 'Twas sung, how they were ---- in their lives + And in their death had not divided been. + + How ---- has the day been, how bright was the sun. + How lovely and joyful the course that he run. + Though he rose in a mist when his race he began + And there followed some droppings of rain! + + * * * * * + +BECOMING (page 77). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _becoming_? of _decent_? of _suitable_? 2. Can +that which is worthy or beautiful in itself ever be otherwise than +_becoming_ or _suitable_? Give instances. 3. What is the meaning of +_fit_? How does it differ from _fitting_ or _befitting_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A merrier man, + Within the limit of ---- mirth, + I never spent an hour's talk withal. + + Still govern thou my song, + Urania, and ---- audience find, tho few. + + Indeed, left nothing ---- for your purpose + Untouch'd, slightly handled, in discourse. + + In such a time as this, it is not ---- + That every nice offense should bear his comment. + + How could money be better spent than in erecting a ---- building for + the greatest library in the country? + + * * * * * + +BEGINNING (page 78). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what language is _beginning_ derived? _commencement_? How do the +two words differ in application and use? Give instances. 2. What is an +_origin_? a _source_? a _rise_? 3. How are _fount_, _fountain_, and +_spring_ used in the figurative sense? + + +EXAMPLES. + + For learning is the ---- pure, + Out from which all glory springs. + + Truth is the ---- of every good to gods and men. + + Courage, the mighty attribute of powers above, + By which those great in war are great in love; + The ---- of all brave acts is seated here. + + It can not be that Desdemona should long continue her love to the + Moor, nor he his to her: it was a violent ----, and thou shalt see + an answerable sequestration. + + In the ---- God created the heaven and the earth. + + * * * * * + +BEHAVIOR (page 79). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How do _behavior_ and _conduct_ differ? 2. What is the special sense +of _carriage_? of _bearing_? _demeanor_? 3. What is _manner_? _manners_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Our thoughts and our ---- are our own. + + Good ---- are made up of petty sacrifices. + + * * * * * + +BENEVOLENCE (page 80). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the original distinction between _benevolence_ and +_beneficence_? 2. In what sense is _benevolence_ now most commonly used? +3. What words are commonly used for _benevolence_ in the original sense? +4. What was the original sense of _charity_? the present popular sense? +5. What of _humanity_? _generosity_? _liberality_? _philanthropy_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- is a virtue of the heart, and not of the hands. + + The secrets of life are not shown except to ---- and likeness. + + * * * * * + +BIND (page 81). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the distinctive sense of _bind_? 2. What is the special +meaning of _tie_? 3. In how general a sense is _fasten_ used? 4. Which +of the above three words is used in a figurative sense? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Shut, shut the door, good John! fatigu'd, I said; + ---- up the knocker, say I'm sick, I'm dead. + + Adjust our lives to loss, make friends with pain, + ---- all our shattered hopes and bid them bloom again. + + * * * * * + +BITTER (page 81). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How may _acid_, _bitter_, and _acrid_ be distinguished? _pungent_? +_caustic_? 2. In metaphorical use, how are _harsh_ and _bitter_ +distinguished? 3. What is the special significance of _caustic_? 4. Give +examples of these words in their various uses. + + * * * * * + +BLEACH (page 82). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How do _bleach_ and _blanch_ differ from _whiten_? from each other? + + +EXAMPLES. + + You can behold such sights, + And keep the natural ruby of your cheeks, + When mine is ---- with fear. + + We let the years go: wash them clean with tears, + Leave them to ---- out in the open day. + + * * * * * + +BLEMISH (page 82). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _blemish_? 2. How does it differ from a _flaw_ or _taint_? +3. What is a _defect_? a _fault_? 4. Which words of this group are +naturally applied to reputation, and which to character? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Every page enclosing in the midst + A square of text that looks a little ----. + + The noble Brutus + Hath told you Caesar was ambitious: + If it were so, it was a grievous ----. + + * * * * * + +BLUFF (page 83). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. In what sense are _bluff_, _frank_, and _open_ used? 2. In what sense +are _blunt_, _brusk_, _rough_, and _rude_ employed? + + +EXAMPLES. + + There are to whom my satire seems too ----. + + Stout once a month they march, a ---- band + And ever but in times of need, at hand. + + * * * * * + +BOUNDARY (page 84). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the original sense of _boundary_? 2. How does it differ in +usage from _bound_ or _bounds_? 3. In what style and sense is _bourn_ +used? 4. What is the distinctive meaning of _edge_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + So these lives ... + Parted by ----s strong, but drawing nearer and nearer, + Rushed together at last, and one was lost in the other. + + In worst extremes, and on the perilous ---- + Of battle. + + * * * * * + +BRAVE (page 85). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _brave_ differ from _courageous_? 2. What is the special +sense of _adventurous_? of _bold_? of _chivalrous_? 3. How do these +words differ from _venturesome_? 4. What is especially denoted by +_fearless_ and _intrepid_? 5. What does _valiant_ tell of results? 6. +What ideas are combined in _heroic_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A ---- man is also full of faith. + + Fir'd at first sight with what the Muse imparts, + In ---- youth we tempt the heights of Arts. + + Thy danger chiefly lies in acting well; + No crime's so great as ---- to excel. + + * * * * * + +BUSINESS (page 88). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the distinctive meaning of _barter_? 2. What does _business_ +add to the meaning of _barter_? 3. What is _occupation_? Is it broader +than _business_? 4. What is a _vocation_? 5. What (in the strict sense) +is an _avocation_? 6. What is implied in _profession_? _pursuit_? 7. +What is a _transaction_? 8. How does _trade_ differ from _commerce_? 9. +What is _work_? 10. What is an _art_ in the industrial sense? a _craft_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A man must serve his time to every ----. + + We turn to dust, and all our mightiest ----s die too. + + * * * * * + +CALCULATE (page 90). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How do you distinguish between _count_ and _calculate_? _compute_, +_reckon_ and _estimate_? 2. Which is used mostly with regard to future +probabilities? 3. Do we use _compute_ or _estimate_ of numbers exactly +known? 4. Of _compute_, _calculate_, and _estimate_, which is used with +especial reference to the future? + + +EXAMPLES. + + There were 4046 men in the district, by actual ----. + + The time of the eclipse was ---- to a second. + + We ask them to ---- approximately the cost of the building. + + * * * * * + +CALL (page 91). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the distinctive meaning of _call_? 2. Do we ever apply +_bellow_ and _roar_ to human sounds? 3. Can you give more than one sense +of _cry_? 4. Are _shout_ and _scream_ more or less expressive than +_call_? 5. Which of the words in this group are necessarily and which +ordinarily applied to articulate utterance? Which rarely, if ever, so +used? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- for the robin redbreast and the wren. + + The pioneers could hear the savages ---- outside. + + I ---- my servant and he came. + + The captain ---- in a voice of thunder to the helmsman, "Put your + helm hard aport!" + + * * * * * + +CALM (page 91). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what classes of objects or states of mind do we apply _calm_? +_collected_? _quiet_? _placid_? _serene_? _still_? _tranquil_? 2. Do the +antonyms _boisterous_, _excited_, _ruffled_, _turbulent_, and _wild_, +also apply to the same? 3. Can you contrast _calm_ and _quiet_? 4. How +many of the preceding adjectives can be applied to water? 5. How does +_composed_ differ from _calm_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The possession of a ---- conscience is an estimable blessing. + + The water is said to be always ---- in the ocean depths. + + ---- on the listening ear of night + Fall heaven's melodious strains. + + * * * * * + +CANCEL (page 92). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the difference in method involved in the verbs _cancel_, +_efface_, _erase_, _expunge_, and _obliterate_? 2. Which suggest the +most complete removal of all trace of a writing? 3. How do the +figurative uses of these words compare with the literal? 4. Is it +possible to _obliterate_ or _efface_ that which has been previously +_canceled_ or _erased_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + It is practically impossible to clean a postage-stamp that has been + properly ---- so that it can be used again. + + With the aid of a sharp penknife the blot was quickly ----. + + By lapse of time and elemental action, the inscription had become + completely ----. + + * * * * * + +CANDID (page 93). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what class of things do we apply _aboveboard_? _candid_? _fair_? +_frank_? _honest_? _sincere_? _transparent_? 2. Can you state the +similarity between _artless_, _guileless_, _naive_, _simple_, and +_unsophisticated_? How do they differ as a class from the words above +referred to? 3. How does it happen that "To be frank," or "To be candid" +often precedes the utterance of something disagreeable? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The sophistry was so ---- as to disgust the assembly. + + A. T. Stewart relied on ---- dealing as the secret of mercantile + success. + + An ---- man will not steal or defraud. + + ---- she seems with artful care + Affecting to be unaffected. + + * * * * * + +CARE (page 94). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the special difference between _care_ and _anxiety_? 2. +Wherein does _care_ differ from _caution_? _solicitude_ from _anxiety_? +_watchfulness_ from _wariness_? 3. Can you give some of the senses of +_care_? 4. Is _concern_ as strong a term as _anxiety_? 5. What is +_circumspection_? _precaution_? _heed_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Take her up tenderly, lift her with ----. + + A military commander should have as much ---- as bravery. + + The invaders fancied themselves so secure against attack that they + had not taken the ---- to station sentinels. + + * * * * * + +CARICATURE (page 95). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the distinctive meaning of _caricature_? 2. What is the +special difference between _parody_ and _travesty_? between both and +_burlesque_? 3. To what is _caricature_ mostly confined? 4. How do +_mimicry_ and _imitation_ differ? 5. Is an _extravaganza_ an +_exaggeration_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The eagle nose of the general was magnified in every artist's ----. + + His laughable reproduction of the great actor's vagaries was a + clever bit of ----. + + If it be not lying to say that a fox's tail is four feet long, it is + certainly a huge ----. + + * * * * * + +CARRY (page 96). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what sort of objects do we apply _bear_? _carry_? _move_? _take_? +2. What kinds of force or power do we indicate by _convey_, _lift_, +_transmit_, and _transport_? 3. What is the distinction between _bring_ +and _carry_? between _carry_ and _bear_? 4. What does _lift_ mean? 5. +Can you give some figurative uses of _carry_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The strong man can ---- 1,000 pounds with apparent ease. + + Napoleon always endeavored to ---- the war into the enemy's + territory. + + It was found necessary to ---- the coal overland for a distance of + 500 miles. + + My punishment is greater than I can ----. + + * * * * * + +CATASTROPHE (page 97). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _catastrophe_ or _cataclysm_? 2. Is a _catastrophe_ also +necessarily a _calamity_ or a _disaster_? 3. Which word has the broader +meaning, _disaster_ or _calamity_? 4. Does _misfortune_ suggest as +serious a condition as any of the foregoing? 5. How does a _mishap_ +compare with a _catastrophe_, a _calamity_, or a _disaster_? 6. Give +some chief antonyms of the above. + + +EXAMPLES. + + War and pestilence are properly ----, while the loss of a battle may + be a ----, but not a ----. + + Fortune is not satisfied with inflicting one ----. + + Well had the boding tremblers learned to trace + The day's ---- in his morning face. + + The failure of the crops of two successive years proved an + irreparable ---- to the emigrants. + + * * * * * + +CAUSE (page 98). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the central distinction between _antecedent_ and _cause_? 2. +How are the words _cause_, _condition_, and _occasion_ illustrated by +the fall of an avalanche? 3. And the antonyms _consequence_? _effect_? +_outgrowth_? _result_? 4. What are _causality_ and _causation_? 5. How +are _origin_ and _source_ related to _cause_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Where there is an effect there must be also a ----. + + It is necessary to know something of the ---- of a man before we can + safely trust him. + + The ---- of the river was found to be a small lake among the hills. + + What was given as the ---- of the quarrel was really but the ----. + + * * * * * + +CHAGRIN (page 100). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What feelings are combined in _chagrin_? 2. How do you distinguish +between _chagrin_, _disappointment_, _humiliation_, _mortification_, and +_shame_? 3. Which involves a sense of having done wrong? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The king's ---- at the limitations imposed upon him was painfully + manifest. + + He is not wholly lost who yet can blush from ----. + + Hope tells a flattering tale, + Delusive, vain, and hollow. + Ah! let not hope prevail, + Lest ---- follow. + + * * * * * + +CHANGE (page 100). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the distinction between _change_ and _exchange_? Are they +ever used as equivalent, and how? 2. Can you distinguish between +_modify_ and _qualify_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The tailor offered to ---- the armholes of the coat. + + We requested the pianist to ---- his music by introducing a few + popular tunes. + + We often fail to recognize the actor who ---- his costume between + the acts. + + * * * * * + +CHARACTER (page 102). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How do you distinguish between _character_ and _reputation_? +_constitution_ and _disposition_? 2. Is _nature_ a broader word than any +of the preceding? 3. If so, why? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The philanthropist's ---- for charity is often a great source of + annoyance to him. + + Let dogs delight to bark and bite, for 'tis their ---- to. + + Misfortune may cause the loss of friends and reputation, yet if the + man has not yielded to wrong, his ---- is superior to loss or + change. + + * * * * * + +CHOOSE (page 104). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What are the shades of difference between _choose_, _cull_, _elect_, +_pick_, _prefer_, and _select_? 2. Also between the antonyms _cast +away_, _decline_, _dismiss_, _refuse_, _repudiate_? 3. Does _select_ +imply more care or judgment than _choose_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The prettiest flowers had all been ----. + + Jacob was ---- to Esau, tho he was the younger. + + When a man deliberately ---- to do wrong, there is little hope for + him. + + * * * * * + +CIRCUMSTANCE (page 105). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what classes of things do we apply _accompaniment_? _concomitant_? +_circumstance_? _event_? _fact_? _incident_? _occurrence_? _situation_? +2. Can you give some instances of the use of _circumstance_? 3. Is it a +word of broader meaning than _incident_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ---- that there had been a fire was proved by the + smoke-blackened walls. + + Extreme provocation may be a mitigating ---- in a case of homicide. + + * * * * * + +CLASS (page 106). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does a _class_ differ from a _caste_? 2. In what connection is +_rank_ used? _order_? 3. What is a _coterie_? How does it differ from a +_clique_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + An ---- was formed for the relief of the poor and needy of the city. + + A select ---- met at the residence of one of the leading men of the + city. + + There is a struggle of the masses against the ----. + + * * * * * + +CLEAR (page 107). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _clear_ originally signify? 2. How does _clear_ differ from +_transparent_ as regards a substance that may be a medium of vision? 3. +With what meaning is _clear_ used of an object apprehended by the +senses, as an object of sight or hearing? 4. What does _distinct_ +signify? 5. What is _plain_? 6. What special sense does this word always +retain? How does _transparent_ differ from _translucent_? 7. What do +_lucid_ and _pellucid_ signify? 8. What is the special force of +_limpid_? + + * * * * * + +CLEVER (page 109). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _clever_ as used in England? 2. What was the +early New England usage? 3. What is to be said of the use of _smart_ and +_sharp_? 4. What other words of this group are preferable to _clever_ in +many of its uses? + + +EXAMPLES. + + His brief experience in the department had made him very ---- in the + work now assigned him. + + She was especially ---- in song. + + Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be ----; + Do noble things, not dream them, all day long; + And so make life, death, and the vast forever + One grand, sweet song. + + * * * * * + +COMPANY (page 110). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what is _company_ derived? What is its primary meaning? 2. For +what are those associated who constitute a _company_? Is their +association temporary or permanent? 3. What is the difference between +_assemblage_ and _assembly_? 4. What is a _conclave_? a _convocation_? a +_convention_? 5. What are the characteristics of a _group_? 6. To what +use is _congregation_ restricted? How does _meeting_ agree with and +differ from it? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Far from the madding ----'s ignoble strife, + Their sober wishes never learned to stray. + + The room contained a large ---- of miscellaneous objects. + + A fellow that makes no figure in ----. + + A great ---- had met, but without organization or officers. + + If ye inquire anything concerning other matters, it shall be + determined in a lawful ----. + + * * * * * + +COMPEL (page 111). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _compel_? 2. What does _force_ imply? 3. What is the +especial significance of _coerce_? 4. What does _constrain_ imply? In +what favorable sense is it used? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Even if we were not willing, they possessed the power of ---- us to + do justice. + + Employers may ---- their employees into voting as they demand, but + for the secret ballot. + + These considerations ---- us to aid them to the utmost of our power. + + * * * * * + +COMPLAIN (page 112). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. By what is _complaining_ prompted? _murmuring_? _repining_? 2. Which +finds outward expression, and which is limited to the mental act? 3. To +whom does one _complain_, in the formal sense of the word? 4. With whom +does one _remonstrate_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + It is not pleasant to live with one who is constantly ----ing. + + The dog gave a low ---- which frightened the tramp away. + + * * * * * + +COMPLEX (page 112). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _complex_ differ from _compound_? from _composite_? 2. What +is _heterogeneous_? _conglomerate_? 3. How does _complicated_ differ +from _intricate_? from _involved_? + + * * * * * + +CONSCIOUS (page 116). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Of what things is one _aware_? of what is he _conscious_? 2. How does +_sensible_ compare with the above-mentioned words? 3. What does +_sensible_ indicate regarding the emotions, that would not be expressed +by _conscious_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + To be ---- that you are ignorant is a great step to knowledge. + + They are now ---- it would have been better to resist the first + temptation. + + He was ---- of a stealthy step and a bulk dimly visible through the + darkness. + + * * * * * + +CONSEQUENCE (page 116). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _consequence_ differ from _effect_? both from _result_? 2. +How do _result_ and _issue_ compare? 3. In what sense is _consequent_ +used? + + * * * * * + +CONTAGION (page 117). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what is _contagion_ now limited by the best medical usage? 2. To +what is the term _infection_ applied? + + +EXAMPLES. + + During the plague in London persons walked in the middle of the + streets for fear of the ---- from the houses. + + The mob thinks by ---- for the most part, catching an opinion like a + cold. + + No pestilence is so much to be dreaded as the ---- of bad example. + + * * * * * + +CONTINUAL (page 117). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _continuous_ differ from _continual_? _incessant_ from +_ceaseless_? Give examples. + + * * * * * + +CONTRAST (page 118). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How is _contrast_ related to _compare_? 2. What are the special +senses of _differentiate_, _discriminate_ and _distinguish_? + + * * * * * + +CONVERSATION (page 118). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the essential meaning of _conversation_? 2. How does +_conversation_ differ from _talk_? 3. How is _discourse_ related to +_conversation_? 4. What are the special senses of _dialogue_ and +_colloquy_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + There can be no ---- with a great genius, who does all the ----ing. + + Nor wanted sweet ----, the banquet of the mind. + + * * * * * + +CONVEY (page 119). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. In what do _convey_, _transmit_, and _transport_ agree? What is the +distinctive sense of _convey_? 2. To what class of objects does +_transport_ refer? 3. To what class of objects do _transfer_, +_transmit_, and _convey_ apply? 4. Which is the predominant sense of the +latter words? + + * * * * * + +CRIMINAL (page 120). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the distinctive meaning of _criminal_? How does it differ +from _illegal_ or _unlawful_? 2. What is _felonious_? _flagitious_? 3. +What is the primary meaning of _iniquitous_? 4. Is an _iniquitous_ act +necessarily _criminal_? + + * * * * * + +DANGER (page 121). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the distinctive meaning of _danger_? 2. Does _danger_ or +_peril_ suggest the more immediate evil? 3. How are _jeopardy_ and +_risk_ distinguished from _danger_ and _peril_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Delay always breeds ----. + + The careful rider avoids running ----. + + Stir, at your ----! + + * * * * * + +DECAY (page 122). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What sort of things _decay_? _putrefy_? _rot_? 2. What is the +essential difference between _decay_ and _decompose_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The flowers wither, the tree's trunk ----. + + The water was ---- by the electric current. + + * * * * * + +DECEPTION (page 123). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How is _deceit_ distinguished from _deception_? from _guile_? +_fraud_? _lying_? _hypocrisy_? 2. Do all of these apply to conduct as +well as to speech? 3. Is _deception_ ever innocent? 4. Have _craft_ and +_cunning_ always a moral element? 5. How is _dissimulation_ +distinguished from _duplicity_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ---- of his conduct was patent to all. + + It was a matter of self-----. + + The judge decided it to be a case of ----. + + * * * * * + +DEFINITION (page 124). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Which is the more exact, a _definition_ or a _description_? 2. What +must a _definition_ include, and what must it exclude? 3. What must a +_description_ include? 4. In what respect has _interpretation_ a wider +meaning than _translation_? 5. How does an _explanation_ compare with an +_exposition_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A prompt ---- of the difficulty prevented a quarrel. + + The ---- of scenery was admirable. + + The seer gave an ---- of the dream. + + Many a controversy may be instantly ended by a clear ---- of terms. + + * * * * * + +DELIBERATE (page 125). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What are the chief distinctions between _deliberate_? _consult_? +_consider_? _meditate_? _reflect_? 2. Do large gatherings of people +_consult_, or _meditate_, or _deliberate_? 3. Do we _reflect_ on things +past or things to come? 4. How many persons are necessarily implied in +_consult_, _confer_, and _debate_ as commonly used? in _deliberate_, +_consider_, _ponder_, _reflect_? in _meditate_? 5. What idea of time is +implied in _deliberate_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The matter was carefully ---- in all its bearings. + + The legislature ---- for several days. + + * * * * * + +DELUSION (page 127). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the essential difference between _illusion_ and _delusion_? +How does _hallucination_ differ from both? 2. Which word is used +especially of objects of sight? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ---- of the sick are sometimes pitiful. + + In the soft light the ---- was complete. + + * * * * * + +DEMONSTRATION (page 127). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what kind of reasoning does _demonstration_ in the strict sense +apply? 2. What is _evidence_? _proof_? 3. Which is the stronger term? 4. +Which is the more comprehensive? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ---- of the witness was so complete that no further ---- was + required. + + A mathematical ---- must be final and conclusive. + + * * * * * + +DESIGN (page 128). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the distinctive meaning of _design_? 2. What element is +prominent in _intention_? _purpose_? _plan_? 3. Does _purpose_ suggest +more power to execute than _design_? 4. How does _intent_ specifically +differ from _purpose_? Which term do we use with reference to the Divine +Being? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The architect's ---- involved much detail. + + Hell is paved with good ----. + + It is the ---- of the voter that decides how his ballot shall be + counted. + + The ---- of the Almighty can not be thwarted. + + The adaption of means to ends in nature clearly indicates a ----, + and so proves a ----er. + + * * * * * + +DESPAIR (page 129). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. In what order might _despair_, _desperation_, _discouragement_, and +_hopelessness_ follow, each as the result of the previous condition? 2. +How does _despondency_ especially differ from _despair_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The utter ---- of their condition was apparent. + + In weak ---- he abandoned all endeavor. + + * * * * * + +DEXTERITY (page 129). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what is _adroitness_ derived? From what _dexterity_? How might +each be rendered? 2. How does _adroitness_ differ in use from +_dexterity_? 3. From what is _aptitude_ derived, and what does it +signify? 4. How does _skill_ differ from _dexterity_? Which can and +which can not be communicated? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He had a natural ---- for scientific investigation, and by long + practise gained an inimitable ---- of manipulation. + + His ---- in debate enabled him to evade or parry arguments or + attacks which he could not answer. + + The ---- of the best trained workman can not equal the precision of + a machine. + + * * * * * + +DICTION (page 130). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Which is the more comprehensive word, _diction_, _language_, or +_phraseology_? 2. What is the true meaning of _verbiage_? Should it ever +be used as the equivalent of _language_ or _diction_? 3. What is +_style_? How does it compare with _diction_ or _language_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ---- of the discourse was plain and emphatic. + + The ---- of a written contract should be such as to prevent + misunderstandings. + + The poetic ---- of Milton is so exquisitely perfect that another + word can scarcely ever be substituted for the one he has chosen + without marring the line. + + * * * * * + +DIFFERENCE (page 131). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Which pertain mostly to realities, and which are matters of +judgment--_difference_, _disparity_, _distinction_, or _inconsistency_? +2. What do we mean by "a _distinction_ without a _difference_"? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The proper ---- should be carefully observed in the use of "shall" + and "will." + + The ---- between black and white is self-evident. + + The ---- of our representatives' conduct with their promises is + unpardonable. + + * * * * * + +DISCERN (page 133). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what sort of objects do we apply _behold_, _discern_, +_distinguish_, _observe_, and _see_? 2. What do _behold_ and +_distinguish_ suggest in addition to _seeing_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + With the aid of a great telescope we may ---- what stars are double. + + ---- the upright man. + + Let us minutely ---- the color of the goods. + + * * * * * + +DISCOVER (page 133). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the distinctive meaning of _detect_? _discover_? _invent_? 2. +How do _discover_ and _invent_ differ? 3. Is _detect_ often used in a +favorable sense? + + +EXAMPLES. + + An experienced policeman acquires wonderful skill in ----ing + criminals. + + Newton ---- the law of gravitation. + + To ---- a machine, one must first understand the laws of mechanics. + + * * * * * + +DISEASE (page 134). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What was the early and general meaning of _sick_ and _sickness_ in +English? 2. How long did that usage prevail? 3. What is the present +restriction upon the use of these words in England? What words are there +commonly substituted? 4. What is the prevalent usage in the United +States? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- spread in the camp and proved deadlier than the sword. + + The ---- was found to be contagious. + + He is just recovering from a slight ----. + + It is not good manners to talk of one's ----s. + + * * * * * + +DO (page 135). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the most comprehensive word of this group? 2. In what sense +are _finish_ and _complete_ used, and how are they discriminated from +each other? 3. How do we discriminate between _fulfil_, _realize_, +_effect_, and _execute_? _perform_ and _accomplish_? _accomplish_ and +_complete_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A duty has been ----, a work of gratitude and affection has been + ----. + + It is wonderful how much can be ---- by steady, plodding industry + without brilliant talents. + + The work is not only grand in design but it is ---- with the most + exquisite delicacy in every detail. + + It is the duty of the legislators to make laws, of the magistrates + to ---- them. + + Every one should labor to ---- his duties faithfully, and ---- the + just expectations of those who have committed to him any trust. + + * * * * * + +DOCTRINE (page 136). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what matters do we apply the word _creed_? _doctrine_? _dogma_? +_principle_? 2. Which is the more inclusive word? 3. Is _dogma_ used +favorably or unfavorably? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ---- rests either upon the authority of the Scriptures, or upon + a decision of the Church. + + A man may have upright ----s even while he disregards commonly + received ----s. + + * * * * * + +DOUBT, _v._ (page 137). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Do we apply _doubt_, _distrust_, _surmise_, and _suspect_ mostly to +persons and things, or to motives and intentions? 2. Is _mistrust_ used +of persons or of things? 3. Is it used, in a favorable or an unfavorable +sense? + + +EXAMPLES. + + We do not ---- that the earth moves around the sun. + + Nearly every law of nature was by man first ----, then proved to be + true. + + I ---- my own heart. + + I ---- that man from the outset. + + * * * * * + +DOUBT, _n._ (page 138). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what class of objects do we apply _disbelief_? _doubt_? +_hesitation_? _misgiving_? 2. Which of these words most commonly implies +an unfavorable meaning? 3. What meaning has _skepticism_ as applied to +religious matters? + + +EXAMPLES. + + We feel no ---- in giving our approval. + + The jury had ----s of his guilt. + + We did all we could to further the enterprise, but still had our + ----s as to the outcome. + + * * * * * + +DUPLICATE (page 141). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Can you give the distinction between a _copy_ and a _duplicate_? a +_facsimile_, and an _imitation_? 2. What sort of a _copy_ is a +_transcript_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ---- of an organ by the violinist was perfect. + + This key is a ----, and will open the lock. + + The signature was merely a printed ----. + + * * * * * + +DUTY (page 142). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Do we use _duty_ and _right_ of civil things? or _business_ and +_obligation_ of moral things? 2. Does _responsibility_ imply connection +with any other person or thing? + + +EXAMPLES. + + I go because it is my ----. + + We recognize a ---- for the good conduct of our own children, but do + we not also rest under some ---- to society to exercise a good + influence over the children of others? + + * * * * * + +EAGER (page 142). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the distinction between _eager_ and _earnest_ in the nature +of the feeling implied? in the objects toward which it is directed? 2. +How does _anxious_ in this acceptation differ from both _eager_ and +_earnest_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Hark! the shrill trumpet sounds to horse! away! + My soul's in arms, and ---- for the fray. + + I am in ----. I will not equivocate; I will not excuse; I will not + retreat a single inch; and I will be heard! + + I am ---- to hear of your welfare, and of the prospects of the + enterprise. + + * * * * * + +EASE (page 143). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _ease_ denote, in the sense here considered? Does it apply +to action or condition? 2. Is _facility_ active or passive? _readiness_? +3. What does _ease_ imply, and to what may it be limited? 4. What does +_facility_ imply? _readiness_? 5. To what is _expertness_ limited? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He plays the violin with great ----, and delights an audience. + + Whatever he did was done with so much ----, + In him alone 'twas natural to please. + + It is often said with equal truth that we ought to take advantage of + the ---- which children possess of learning. + + * * * * * + +EDUCATION (page 143). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the distinctive meaning of _education_? _instruction_? +_teaching_? 2. How is _instruction_ or _teaching_ related to +_education_? 3. How does _training_ differ from _teaching_? 4. What is +_discipline_? _tuition_? 5. What are _breeding_ and _nurture_, and how +do they differ from each other? 6. How are _knowledge_ and _learning_ +related to _education_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The true purpose of ---- is to cherish and unfold the seed of + immortality already sown within us. + + By ----, we do learn ourselves to know + And what to man, and what to God we owe. + + ---- maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact + man. + + For natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by + ----; and ----s themselves do give forth directions too much at + large, except they be bounded in by experience. + + A branch of ---- is often put to an improper use, for fear of its + being idle. + + * * * * * + +EFFRONTERY (page 144). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _audacity_? _hardihood_? 2. What special element does +_effrontery_ add to the meaning of _audacity_ and _hardihood_? 3. What +is _impudence_? _shamelessness_? 4. How does _effrontery_ compare with +these words? 5. What is _boldness_? Is it used in a favorable or an +unfavorable sense? + + +EXAMPLES. + + When they saw the ---- of Peter and John, and perceived that they + were unlearned and ignorant men they marvelled. + + I ne'er heard yet + That any of these bolder vices wanted + Less ---- to gainsay what they did, + Than to perform it first. + + I am not a little surprised at the easy ---- with which political + gentlemen in and out of Congress take it upon them to say that there + are not a thousand men in the North who sympathize with John Brown. + + * * * * * + +EGOTISM (page 145). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _egoism_ and how does it differ from _egotism_? 2. What is +_self-assertion_? _self-conceit_? 3. Does _conceit_ differ from +_self-conceit_, and how? 4. What is _self-confidence_? Is it worthy or +unworthy? 5. Is _self-assertion_ ever a duty? _self-conceit_? 6. What is +_vanity_? How does it differ from _self-confidence_? from _pride_? 7. +What is _self-esteem_? How does it differ from _self-conceit_? from +_self-confidence_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- may puff a man up, but never prop him up. + + ---- is as ill at ease under indifference, as tenderness is under + the love which it can not return. + + * * * * * + +EMBLEM (page 146). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what language is _emblem_ derived? What did it originally +signify? 2. What is the derivation and primary meaning of _symbol_? 3. +How do the two words compare as now used? 4. How does a _sign_ suggest +something other than itself? 5. Can the same thing be both an _emblem_ +and a _symbol_? a _sign_ and a _symbol_? 6. What is a _token_? a +_figure_? an _image_? a _type_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Rose of the desert, thou art to me + An ---- of stainless purity, ---- + Of those who, keeping their garments white, + Walk on through life with steps aright. + + All things are ----s: the external shows + Of nature have their ---- in the mind + As flowers and fruits and falling of the leaves. + + Moses, as Israel's deliverer, was a ---- of Christ. + + * * * * * + +EMIGRATE (page 147). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the distinctive meaning of _migrate_? What is its +application? 2. What do _emigrate_ and _immigrate_ signify? To what do +they apply? Can the two words be used of the same person and the same +act? How? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ship was crowded with ---- mostly from Germany. + + ---- are pouring into the United States often at the rate of half a + million a year. + + * * * * * + +EMPLOY (page 147). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What are the distinctive senses of _employ_ and _use_? Give +instances. 2. What does _use_ often imply as to materials _used_? 3. How +does _hire_ compare with _employ_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The young man had been ---- by the firm for several months and had + proved faithful in every respect. + + The church was then ready to ---- a pastor. + + What one has, one ought to ----: and whatever he does he should do + with all his might. + + * * * * * + +END, _v._ (page 148). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _end_, and what reference does _end_ have to intention +or expectation? 2. What do _close_, _complete_, _conclude_, and _finish_ +signify as to expectation or appropriateness? Give instances. 3. What +specially distinctive sense has _finish_? 4. Does _terminate_ refer to +reaching an arbitrary or an appropriate end? 5. What does _stop_ +signify? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The life was suddenly ----. + + The train ---- long enough for the passengers to get off, then + whirled on. + + * * * * * + +END, _n._ (page 148). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the _end_? 2. What is the distinctive meaning of _extremity_? +3. How does _extremity_ compare with _end_? 4. What reference is implied +in _extremity_? 5. What is the meaning of _tip_? _point_? How does +_extremity_ differ in use from the two latter words? 6. What is a +_terminus_? What specific meaning has the word in modern travel? 7. What +is the meaning of _termination_, and of what is it chiefly used? +_expiration_? _limit_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Seeing that death, a necessary ---- will come when it will come. + + All rejoice at the successful ---- of the vast undertaking. + + He that endureth to the ---- shall be saved. + + Do not turn back when you are just at the ----. + + * * * * * + +ENDEAVOR, _v._ (page 149). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _attempt_? to _endeavor_? To what sort of exertion does +_endeavor_ especially apply? 2. How does _essay_ differ from _attempt_ +and _endeavor_ in its view of the results of the action? 3. What is +implied in _undertake_? Give an instance. 4. What does _strive_ suggest? +5. How does _try_ compare with the other words of the group? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- first thyself, and after call on God, + For to the worker God himself lends aid. + + ---- the end, and never stand to doubt; + Nothing's so hard but search will find it out. + + ---- to enter in at the strait gate. + + * * * * * + +ENDEAVOR, _n._ (page 150). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is an _effort_? an _exertion_? Which includes the other? 2. How +does _attempt_ differ from _effort_? 3. What is a _struggle_? 4. What is +an _essay_, and for what purpose is it made? 5. What is an _endeavor_, +and how is it distinguished from _effort_? from _attempt_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Youth is a blunder; manhood a ----; old age a regret. + + So vast an ---- required more capital than he could command at that + time. Others combining with him enabled him to succeed with it. + + After a few spasmodic ----, he abandoned all ---- at improvement. + + * * * * * + +ENDURE (page 150). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _bear_ as applied to care, pain, grief, and +the like? 2. What does _endure_ add to the meaning of _bear_? 3. How do +_allow_ and _permit_ compare with the words just mentioned? 4. How do +_put up with_ and _tolerate_ compare with _allow_ and _permit_? 5. What +is the special sense of _afford_? How does it come into connection with +the words of this group? 6. What is the sense of _brook_? 7. Of what +words does _abide_ combine the meanings? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Charity ---- long and is kind; charity ---- all things. + + I follow thee, safe guide, the path + Thou lead'st me, and to the hand of heav'n ----. + + For there was never yet philosopher + That could ---- the toothache patiently. + + * * * * * + +ENEMY (page 151). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is an _enemy_? an _adversary_? 2. What distinction is there +between the two words as to the purpose implied? 3. What is an +_antagonist_? an _opponent_? a _competitor_? a _rival_? 4. How does +_foe_ compare with _enemy_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He makes no friend who never made a ----. + + This friendship that possesses the whole soul, + ... can admit of no ----. + + Mountains interposed + Make ---- of nations who had else, + Like kindred drops been molded into one. + + He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our + skill. Our ---- is our helper. + + * * * * * + +ENMITY (page 152). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _enmity_? 2. How does _animosity_ differ from _enmity_? 3. +What is _hostility_? What is meant by _hostilities_ between nations? 4. +What is _bitterness_? _acrimony_? 5. How does _antagonism_ compare with +the words above mentioned? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Let all ----, and wrath, and anger, and clamor, and evil speaking, + be put away from you, with all malice. + + But their ----, tho smothered for a while, burnt with redoubled + violence. + + The carnal mind is ---- against God, for it is not subject to the + law of God, neither indeed can be. + + * * * * * + +ENTERTAIN (page 152). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _entertain_ mentally? to _amuse_? 2. What is the +distinctive sense of _divert_? 3. Can one be _amused_ or _entertained_ +who is not _diverted_? 4. What is it to _recreate_? to _beguile_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Books can not always ----, however good; + Minds are not ever craving for their food. + + Who God doth late and early pray + More of his grace than gifts to lend; + And ---- the harmless day + With a religious book or friend. + + * * * * * + +ENTERTAINMENT (page 153). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What do _entertainment_ and _recreation_ imply? How, accordingly, do +they rank among the lighter matters of life? 2. How do _amusement_ and +_pastime_ differ? 3. On what plane are _sports_? How do they compare +with _entertainment_ and _recreation_? 4. How do _amusement_ and +_enjoyment_ compare? + + +EXAMPLES. + + At Christmas play, and make good ----, + For Christmas comes but once a year. + + It is as ---- to fools to do mischief. + + No true heart can find ---- in another's pain or grief. + + The Puritans hated bear-baiting, not because it gave pain to the + bear, but because it gave ---- to the spectators. + + As Tammie glowered, amazed and curious, + The mirth and ---- grew fast and furious. + + And so, if I might be judge, God never did make a more calm, quiet, + innocent ---- than angling. + + * * * * * + +ENTHUSIASM (page 153). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. In what sense was _enthusiasm_ formerly used? 2. What is now its +prevalent and controlling meaning? 3. How does _zeal_ differ from +_enthusiasm_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + An ardent ---- leads to great results in exposing certain evils. + + His ---- was contagious and they rushed into battle. + + The precept had its use; it could make men feel it right to be + humane, and desire to be so, but it could never inspire them with an + ---- of humanity. + + * * * * * + +ENTRANCE (page 154). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what does _entrance_ refer? 2. What do _admittance_ and +_admission_ add to the meaning of _entrance_? 3. To what does +_admittance_ refer? To what additional matters does _admission_ refer? +Illustrate. 4. What is the figurative use of _entrance_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- was obtained by a side-door, and a good position secured to the + crowded hall. + + No ---- except on business. + + He was never so engrossed with cares of state that the needy could + not have ---- to him. + + However carefully church-membership may be guarded, unworthy members + will sometimes gain ----. + + * * * * * + +ENVIOUS (page 155). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What do we mean when we say that a person is _envious_? 2. What is +the difference between _envious_ and _jealous_? 3. Is an _envious_ +spirit ever good? 4. Is _jealous_ capable of being used in a good +sense? 5. In what sense is _suspicious_ used? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Neither be thou ---- against the workers of iniquity. + + ---- in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel. + + * * * * * + +EQUIVOCAL (page 155). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the derivation and the original signification of _equivocal_? +of _ambiguous_? How do the two words compare in present use? 2. What is +the meaning of _enigmatical_? 3. How do _doubtful_ and _dubious_ +compare? 4. In what sense is _questionable_ used? _suspicious_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + These sentences, to sugar or to gall, + Being strong on both sides, are ----. + + An ---- statement may result from the thoughtless use of a single + word that is capable of more than one meaning. + + * * * * * + +ESTEEM, _n._ (page 157). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the difference between _esteem_ and _estimate_? 2. Is +_esteem_ now used of concrete valuation? 3. What is its chief present +use? 4. What is its meaning in popular use as said of persons? + + +EXAMPLES. + + They please, are pleas'd; they give to get ----, + Till seeming blest, they grow to what they seem. + + The loss of conscience or honor is one that can not be ----. + + * * * * * + +ETERNAL (page 157). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _eternal_ in the fullest sense? 2. To what +being, in that sense, may it be applied? 3. In what does _everlasting_ +fall short of the meaning of _eternal_? 4. How does _endless_ agree with +and differ from _everlasting_? 5. In what inferior senses are +_everlasting_ and _interminable_ used? 6. Is _eternal_, in good speech +or writing, ever brought down to such inferior use? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Truth crushed to earth shall rise again, + The ---- years of God are hers. + + Whatever may befall thee, it was preordained for thee from ----. + + It were better to be eaten to death with a rust than to be scoured + to nothing with ---- motion. + + Here comes the lady! Oh, so light a foot + Will ne'er wear out the ---- flint. + + * * * * * + +EVENT (page 158). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How do _event_ and _incident_ differ etymologically? 2. Which is the +greater and more important? Give examples. 3. How does _circumstance_ +compare with _incident_? 4. What is the primary meaning of _occurrence_? +5. What is an _episode_? 6. How does _event_ differ from _end_? 7. What +meaning does _event_ often have when applied to the future? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Fate shall yield + To fickle ----, and Chaos judge the strife. + + Men are the sport of ---- when + The ---- seem the sport of men. + + Coming ---- cast their shadows before. + + Where an equal poise of hope and fear + Does arbitrate the ----, my nature is + That I incline to hope rather than fear, + And gladly banish squint suspicion. + + * * * * * + +EVERY (page 158). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. In what are _all_ and _both_ alike? _any_, _each_, and _every_? 2. +How does _any_ differ from _each_ and _every_? 3. How do _each_ and +_every_ differ from _all_? 4. How does _each_ compare with _every_? with +_both_? 5. What does _either_ properly denote? In what other sense is it +often used? What is the objection to the latter use? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- person in the room arose to his feet. + + A free pardon was offered to ---- who should instantly lay down + their arms. + + As the garrison marched out, the victorious troops stood in arms on + ---- side of the way. + + In order to keep his secret inviolate, he revealed it privately to + ---- of his most intimate friends. + + ---- person giving such information shall be duly rewarded. + + * * * * * + +EVIDENT (page 159). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How do _apparent_ and _evident_ compare? 2. What is the special sense +of _manifest_? How does it compare in strength with _evident_? 3. What +is the sense of _obvious_? 4. How wide is the range of _visible_? 5. How +does _discernible_ compare with _visible_? What does it imply as to the +observer's action? 6. What is the sense of _palpable_ and _tangible_? +_conspicuous_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A paradox is a real truth in the guise of an ---- absurdity or + contradiction. + + The prime minister was ---- by his absence. + + The statement is a ---- absurdity. + + On a comparison of the two works the plagiarism was ----. + + Yet from those flames + No light; but only darkness ----. + + These lies are like the father that begets them; gross as a + mountain, open, ----. + + * * * * * + +EXAMPLE (page 160). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the etymological meaning of _example_? 2. What two +contradictory meanings does _example_ derive from this primary sense? 3. +How does _example_ differ from _sample_? 4. How does it compare with +_model_? with _pattern_? 5. How does _exemplar_ agree with, and differ +from _example_? 6. What is an _exemplification_? an _ensample_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + I bid him look into the lives of men as tho himself a mirror, and + from others to take an ---- for himself. + + We sleep, but the loom of life never stops and the ---- which was + weaving when the sun went down is weaving when it comes up + to-morrow. + + History is an ---- of philosophy. + + The commander was resolved to make an ---- to deter others from the + like offense. + + * * * * * + +EXCESS (page 160). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _excess_? Is it used in the favorable or unfavorable sense? +2. What is _extravagance_? 3. What is _exorbitance_? 4. What kind of +_excess_ do _overplus_ and _superabundance_ denote? _lavishness_ and +_profusion_? 5. Is _surplus_ used in the favorable or unfavorable sense? +6. To what do _redundance_ and _redundancy_ chiefly refer? 7. What words +are used as synonyms of _excess_ in the moral sense? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Saving requires self-denial, and ---- is the death of self-denial. + + Where there is great ---- there usually follows corresponding ----. + + ---- of wealth is cause of covetousness. + + Haste brings ----, and ---- brings want. + + The ---- of the demand caused unfeigned surprise. + + More of the present woes of the world are due to ---- than to any + other single cause. + + ---- of language often weakens the impression of what would be + impressive in sober statement. + + * * * * * + +EXECUTE (page 161). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _execute_? of _administer_? of _enforce_? 2. +How are the words applied in special cases? Give instances. 3. What +secondary meaning has _administer_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + It is the place of the civil magistrate to ---- the laws. + + The pasha gave a signal and three attendants seized the culprit, and + promptly ---- the bastinado. + + I can not illustrate a moral duty without at the same time ----ing a + precept of our religion. + + * * * * * + +EXERCISE (page 162). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _exercise_ apart from all qualifying words? 2. +How does _exercise_ in that sense differ from _exertion_? 3. How may +_exercise_ be brought up to the full meaning of _exertion_? 4. What is +_practise_? How does it differ from _exercise_? 5. How is _practise_ +discriminated from such theory or profession? 6. What is _drill_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Regular ---- tends to keep body and mind in the best working order. + + ---- in time becomes second nature. + + By constant ---- the most difficult feats may be done with no + apparent ----. + + * * * * * + +EXPENSE (page 162). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _cost_? _expense_? 2. How are these words now commonly +differentiated? 3. What is the meaning of _outlay_? of _outgo_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Which of you, intending to build a tower, sitteth not down first, + and counteth the ----, whether he have sufficient to finish it. + + The entire receipts have not equaled the ----. + + When the ---- is more than the income, if the income can not be + increased, it becomes an absolute necessity to reduce the ----. + + * * * * * + +EXPLICIT (page 162). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what are _explicit_ and _express_ alike opposed? 2. How do the two +words differ from each other? + + +EXAMPLES. + + I came here at this critical juncture by the ---- order of Sir John + St. Clare. + + The language of the proposition was too ---- to admit of doubt. + + Now the Spirit speaketh ----ly that in the latter times some shall + depart from the faith. + + * * * * * + +EXTEMPORANEOUS (page 163). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What did _extemporaneous_ originally mean? 2. What has it now come to +signify in common use? 3. What is the original meaning of _impromptu_? +The present meaning? 4. How does the _impromptu_ remark often differ +from the _extemporaneous_? 5. How does _unpremeditated_ compare with the +words above mentioned? + + +EXAMPLES. + + In ---- prayer, what men most admire, God least regardeth. + + As a speaker, he excelled in ---- address, while his opponent was at + a loss to answer him because not gifted in the same way. + + No more on prancing palfrey borne, + He carolled light as lark at morn, + And poured to lord and lady gay + The ---- lay. + + * * * * * + +EXTERMINATE (page 163). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the derivation, and what is the original meaning of +_exterminate_? _eradicate_? _extirpate_? 2. To what are these words +severally applied? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Since the building of the Pacific railroads in the United States, + the buffalo has been quite ----. + + The evil of intemperance is one exceedingly difficult to ----. + + No inveterate improver should ever tempt me to ---- the dandelions + from the green carpet of my lawn. + + * * * * * + +FAINT (page 164). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What are the chief meanings of _faint_? 2. How is _faint_ a synonym +of _feeble_ or _purposeless_? of _irresolute_ or _timid_? of _dim_, +_faded_, or _indistinct_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Great is the strength of ---- arms combined, + And we can combat even with the brave. + + In his right hand a tipped staffe he held, + With which his ---- steps he stayed still; + For he was ---- with cold, and weak with eld; + That scarce his loosed limbs he hable was to weld. + + * * * * * + +FAITH (page 164). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _belief_? 2. How does _credence_ compare with _belief_? 3. +What is _conviction_? _assurance_? 4. What is an _opinion_? 5. How does +a _persuasion_ compare with an _opinion_? 6. What is a _doctrine_? a +_creed_? 7. What are _confidence_ and _reliance_? 8. What is _trust_? 9. +What elements are combined in _faith_? 10. How is _belief_ often used in +popular language as a precise equivalent of _faith_? 11. How is _belief_ +discriminated from _faith_ in the strict religious sense? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things + not seen. + + Put not your ---- in princes, nor in the son of man, in whom there + is no help. + + ---- is largely involuntary; a mathematical demonstration can not be + doubted by a sane mind capable of understanding the terms and + following the steps. + + Every one of us, whatever our speculative ----, knows better than he + practises, and recognizes a better law than he obeys. + + There are few greater dangers for an army in the face of an enemy + than undue ----. + + * * * * * + +FAITHFUL (page 165). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. In what sense may a person be called _faithful_? 2. In what sense may +one be called _trusty_? 3. Is _faithful_ commonly said of things as well +as persons? is _trusty_? 4. What is the special difference of meaning +between the two words? Give examples. + + +EXAMPLES. + + Be thou ---- unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life. + + Thy purpose ---- is equal to the deed: + Who does the best his circumstance allows + Does well, acts nobly; angels could no more. + + * * * * * + +FAME (page 166). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _fame_? Is it commonly used in the favorable or unfavorable +sense? 2. What are _reputation_ and _repute_, and in which sense +commonly used? 3. What is _notoriety_? 4. From what do _eminence_ and +_distinction_ result? 5. How does _celebrity_ compare with _fame_? 6. +How does _renown_ compare with _fame_? 7. What is the import of _honor_? +of _glory_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Saying, Amen: Blessing and ----, and wisdom, and thanksgiving, and + ----, and power and might, be unto our God for ever and ever. + + A good ---- is more valuable than money. + + Great Homer's birthplace seven rival cities claim, + Too mighty such monopoly of ----. + + Do good by stealth, and blush to find it ----. + + Seeking the bubble ---- + Even in the cannon's mouth. + + * * * * * + +FANATICISM (page 166). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _fanaticism_? _bigotry_? 2. What do _fanaticism_ and +_bigotry_ commonly include? 3. What is _intolerance_? 4. What is the +distinctive meaning of _superstition_? 5. What is _credulity_? Is it +distinctively religious? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- is a senseless fear of God. + + The fierce ---- of the Moslems was the mainspring of their early + conquests. + + The ---- that will believe nothing contrary to a creed is often + joined with a blind ---- that will believe anything in favor of it. + + * * * * * + +FANCIFUL (page 167). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _fanciful_? 2. What does _fantastic_ add to +the meaning of _fanciful_? 3. How does _grotesque_ especially differ +from the _fanciful_ or _fantastic_? 4. How does _visionary_ differ from +_fanciful_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Come see the north wind's masonry, + ... his wild work; + So ----, so savage, naught cares he + For number or proportion. + + What ---- tints the year puts on, + When falling leaves falter through motionless air + Or numbly cling and shiver to be gone! + + Plays such ---- tricks before high heaven + As make the angels weep. + + * * * * * + +FANCY (page 167). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is an intellectual _fancy_? 2. How does a _conceit_ differ from +a _fancy_? a _conception_ from both? 3. What is an emotional or personal +_fancy_? 4. What is _fancy_ as a faculty of the mind? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Tell me where is ---- bred; + Or in the heart or in the head? + + Elizabeth united the occasional ---- of her sex with that sense and + sound policy in which neither man nor woman ever excelled her. + + That fellow seems to me to possess but one ----, and that is a wrong + one. + + If she were to take a ---- to anybody in the house, she would soon + settle, but not till then. + + * * * * * + +FAREWELL (page 168). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what language do _farewell_ and _good-by_ belong etymologically? +How do they differ? 2. From what language have _adieu_ and _conge_ been +adopted into English? 3. What is the special significance of _conge_? 4. +What are _valediction_ and _valedictory_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- my paper's out so nearly + I've only room for yours sincerely. + + The train from out the castle drew, + But Marmion stopped to bid ----. + + ----! a word that must be, and hath been-- + A sound which makes us linger;--yet------. + + * * * * * + +FEAR (page 168). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the generic term of this group? 2. What is _fear_? Is it +sudden or lingering? In view of what class of dangers? 3. What is the +etymological meaning of _horror_? What does the word signify in accepted +usage? 4. What are the characteristics of _affright_, _fright_, and +_terror_? 5. How is _fear_ contrasted with _fright_ and _terror_ in +actual or possible effects? 6. What is _panic_? What of the numbers +affected by it? 7. What is _dismay_? How does it compare with _fright_ +and _terror_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Even the bravest men may be swept along in a sudden ----. + + With much more ---- + I view the fight than thou that mak'st the fray. + + Look in, and see Christ's chosen saint + In triumph wear his Christ-like chain; + No ---- lest he should swerve or faint. + + The ghastly spectacle filled every beholder with ----. + + A lingering ---- crept upon him as he waited in the darkness. + + * * * * * + +FEMININE (page 169). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How are _female_ and _feminine_ discriminated? 2. What is the +difference between a _female_ voice and a _feminine_ voice? 3. How are +_womanly_ and _womanish_ discriminated in use? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Notice, too, how precious are these ---- qualities in the sick room. + + The demand for closet-room is no mere ---- fancy, but the good sense + of the sex. + + * * * * * + +FETTER (page 169). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What are _fetters_ in the primary sense? 2. What are _manacles_ and +_handcuffs_ designed to fasten or hold? _gyves_? 3. What are _shackles_ +and what are they intended to fasten or hold? 4. Of what material are +all these restraining devices commonly composed? By what general name +are they popularly known? 5. What are _bonds_ and of what material +composed? 6. Which of these words are used in the metaphorical sense? + + +EXAMPLES. + + But first set my poor heart free, + Bound in those icy ---- by thee. + + Slaves can not breathe in England + . . . + They touch our country, and their ---- fall. + + * * * * * + +FEUD (page 170). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _feud_? Of what is it used? 2. Is a _quarrel_ in word or +act? _contention_? _strife_? _contest_? 3. How does _quarrel_ compare in +importance with the other words cited? 4. What does an _affray_ always +involve? To what may a _brawl_ or _broil_ be confined? 5. How do these +words compare in dignity with _contention_, _contest_, _controversy_, +and _dissension_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Could we forbear ---- and practise love + We should agree as angels do above. + + "Between my house and yours," he answered, + "There is a ---- of five hundred years." + + Beware of entrance to a ----. + + * * * * * + +FICTION (page 170). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _fiction_ in the most common modern meaning of the word? 2. +How does a _fiction_ differ from a _novel_? from a _fable_? from a +_myth_? 3. How does a _myth_ differ from a _legend_? 4. How do +_falsehood_ and _fabrication_ differ from the words above mentioned? 5. +Is _fabrication_ or _falsehood_ the more odious term? Which term is +really the stronger? 6. What is a _story_? Is it good or bad, true or +false? With what words of the group does it agree? + + +EXAMPLES. + + O scenes surpassing ----, and yet true, + Scenes of accomplished bliss. + + A ---- strange is told of thee. + + I believe the whole account from beginning to end to be a pure ----. + + A thing sustained by such substantial evidence could not be a mere + ---- of the imagination. + + * * * * * + +FIERCE (page 171). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _fierce_ signify? 2. To what does _ferocious_ refer? How do +the two words differ? 3. What does _savage_ signify? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- was the day; the wintry sea + Moaned sadly on New England's strand, + When first the thoughtful and the free, + Our fathers, trod the desert land. + + Contentions ----, + Ardent, and dire, spring from no petty cause. + + The ---- savages massacred the survivors to the last man. + + * * * * * + +FINANCIAL (page 172). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what does _monetary_ directly refer? 2. How does _pecuniary_ agree +with and differ from _monetary_? 3. To what does _financial_ especially +apply? 4. In what connection is _fiscal_ most commonly used? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ---- year closes with the society out of debt. + + He was rejoiced to receive the ---- aid at a time when it was most + needed. + + In a ---- panic, many a sound business house goes down for want of + power to realize instantly on valuable securities. + + * * * * * + +FINE (page 172). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what is _fine_ derived, and what is its original meaning? 2. +How, from this primary meaning does _fine_ become a synonym of +_excellent_ and _beautiful_? 3. How does it come into connection with +_clarified_, _clear_, _pure_, _refined_? 4. How is it connected with +_dainty_, _delicate_, and _exquisite_? 5. How does _fine_ come to be a +synonym for _minute_, _comminuted_? How for _filmy_, _tenuous_? for +_keen_, _sharp_? Give instances of the use of _fine_ in its various +senses. + + +EXAMPLES. + + Some people are more ---- than wise. + + ---- feathers do not always make ---- birds. + + The ----est balances must be kept under glass, because so ----ly + adjusted as to be ---- to a film of dust or a breath of air. + + * * * * * + +FIRE (page 173). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the essential fact underlying the visible phenomena which we +call _fire_? 2. What is _combustion_? 3. How wide is its range of +meaning? 4. What is a _conflagration_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He's gone, and who knows how he may report + Thy words by adding fuel to the ----? + + Lo! as he comes, in Heaven's array, + And scattering wide the ---- of day. + + * * * * * + +FLOCK (page 173). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the most general word of this group? 2. What is a _group_, +and of what class of objects may it be composed? 3. To what class of +animals does _brood_ apply? to what class does _litter_ apply? 4. Of +what is _bevy_ used? _flock_? 5. To what is _herd_ limited? 6. Of what +is _pack_ used? 7. What is a _drove_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + What is not good for the ---- is not good for the bee. + + He heard the bleating of the ----s and the twitter of birds among + the trees. + + The lowing ---- winds slowly o'er the lea. + + Excited ----s gathered at the corners discussing the affair. + + A ---- of brightly clad women and children were enjoying a picnic + under the trees. + + * * * * * + +FLUCTUATE (page 173). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _fluctuate_? 2. In what one characteristic do +_swerve_ and _veer_ differ from _oscillate_, _fluctuate_, _undulate_, +and _waver_? 3. What is the difference in mental action between +_hesitate_ and _waver_? between _vacillate_ and _waver_? 4. Which of the +above-mentioned words apply to persons? which to feelings? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Thou almost mak'st me ---- in my faith. + + The surface of the prairies rolls and ---- to the eye. + + It is almost universally true that the human mind ---- at the moment + of committing a crime. + + The vessel suddenly ---- from her course. + + * * * * * + +FLUID (page 174). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _fluid_? 2. Into what two sections are _fluids_ divided? 3. +What is a _liquid_? a _gas_? 4. Are all _liquids_ _fluids_? 5. Are +_gases_ _fluids_? 6. Are _gases_ ever _liquids_? 7. What substance is at +once a _liquid_ and a _fluid_ at the ordinary temperature and pressure? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Now nature paints her colors, how the bee + Sits on the bloom, extracting ---- sweet. + + This earth was once a ---- haze of light. + + * * * * * + +FOLLOW (page 174). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _follow_? 2. How does _follow_ compare with _chase_ and +_pursue_? 3. As regards succession in time, what is the difference +between _follow_ and _ensue_? _result_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Say, shall my little bark attendant sail, + ---- the triumph and partake the gale? + + When Youth and Pleasure meet + To ---- the glowing Hours with flying feet. + + "Then ---- me, the Prince," + I answered; "each be hero in his turn! + Seven and yet one, like shadows in a dream." + + * * * * * + +FORMIDABLE (page 176). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _formidable_? 2. How does _formidable_ differ +from _dangerous_? _terrible_? _tremendous_? Give examples. + + +EXAMPLES. + + All delays are ---- in war. + + ---- as an army with banners. + + The great fleet moved slowly toward the forts, a ---- array. + + * * * * * + +FORTIFICATION (page 176). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does a _fortress_ specifically differ from a _fortification_? 2. +What is the distinctive meaning of _citadel_? 3. What is a _fort_? 4. +What is a _fastness_ or _stronghold_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + For a man's house is his ----. + + A mighty ---- is our God, + A bulwark never failing; + Our helper He amid the flood + Of mortal ills prevailing. + + Alva built a ---- in the heart of Antwerp to overawe the city. + + * * * * * + +FORTITUDE (page 176). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _fortitude_? 2. How does it compare with _courage_? 3. How do +_resolution_ and _endurance_ compare? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Unbounded ---- and compassion join'd, + Tempering each other in the victor's mind. + + Tell thy story; + If thine, consider'd, prove the thousandth part + Of my ----, thou art a man, and I + Have suffer'd like a girl. + + Thou didst smile, + Infused with a ---- from heaven, + When I had decked the sea with drops full salt. + + * * * * * + +FORTUNATE (page 177). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _fortunate_ compare with _successful_? 2. How are _lucky_ +and _fortunate_ discriminated? 3. In what special sense, and with what +reference are _favored_ and _prospered_ used? + + +EXAMPLES. + + It is not a ---- word this same "impossible;" no good comes of those + that have it so often in their mouth. + + Ah, ---- years! once more who would not be a boy? + + I have a mind presages me such thrift + That I should questionless be ----. + + * * * * * + +FRAUD (page 177). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _fraud_? How does it differ from _deceit_ or _deception_? +2. What is the design of an _imposture_? 3. What is _dishonesty_? a +_cheat_? a _swindle_? How do all these fall short of the meaning of +_fraud_? 4. Of what relations is _treachery_ used? _treason_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- doth never prosper: what's the reason? + Why, if it prosper none dare call it ----. + + Whoever has once become notorious by base ----, even if he speaks + truth gains no belief. + + The first and the worst of all ---- is to cheat oneself. + + * * * * * + +FRIENDLY (page 178). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _friendly_ signify as applied to persons, or as applied to +acts? 2. How does the adjective _friendly_ compare in strength with the +noun _friend_? 3. What is the special meaning of _accessible_? of +_companionable_ and _sociable_? of _cordial_ and _genial_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He that hath friends must show himself ----. + + A fellow feeling makes one wondrous ----. + + * * * * * + +FRIENDSHIP (page 179). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _friendship_? 2. In what one quality does it differ from +_affection_, _attachment_, _devotion_, and _friendliness_? 3. What is +the meaning of _comity_ and _amity_? 4. How does _friendship_ differ +from _love_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Talk not of wasted ----, ---- never was wasted; + If it enrich not the heart of another, its waters returning + Back to their springs, like the rain, shall fill them full of + refreshment. + + ----, peculiar boon of heaven, + The noble mind's delight and pride, + To men and angels only given, + To all the lower world denied. + + * * * * * + +FRIGHTEN (page 180). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. By what is one _frightened_? by what _intimidated_? 2. What is it to +_browbeat_ or _cow_? 3. What is it to _scare_ or _terrify_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The child was ---- by the stories the nurse told. + + The loud, loud winds, that o'er the billows sweep-- + Shake the firm nerve, ---- the bravest soul! + + * * * * * + +FRUGALITY (page 180). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _economy_? 2. What is _frugality_? 3. What is _parsimony_? +How does it compare with _frugality_? What is the motive of _parsimony_? +4. What is _miserliness_? 5. What is the special characteristic of +_prudence_ and _providence_? of _thrift_? 6. What is the motive of +_economy_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + There are but two ways of paying debt: increase of industry in + raising, increase of ---- in laying out. + + By close ---- the little home was at last paid for and there was a + great thanksgiving time. + + * * * * * + +GARRULOUS (page 181). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _garrulous_ signify? _chattering_? 2. How do _talkative_ +and _loquacious_ differ from _garrulous_, and from each other? 3. What +is the special application of _verbose_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + To tame a shrew, and charm her ---- tongue. + + Guard against a feeble fluency, a ---- prosiness, a facility of + saying nothing. + + * * * * * + +GENDER (page 181). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _sex_? 2. To what beings only does _sex_ apply? 3. What is +_gender_? To what does it apply? Do the distinctions of _gender_ +correspond to the distinctions of _sex_? Give examples of languages +containing three _genders_, and of the classification in languages +containing but two. + + +EXAMPLES. + + The maternal relation naturally and necessarily divides the work of + the ----s giving to woman the indoor life, and to man, the work of + the outer world. + + While in French every word is either of the masculine or feminine + ----, the language sometimes fails for that very reason to indicate + the ---- of some person referred to. + + * * * * * + +GENERAL (page 181). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _general_ signify? 2. How does _general_ compare with +_universal_? with _common_? 3. What illustrations of the differences are +given in the text? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- friendships will admit of division, one may love the beauty of + this, the good humor of that person, ... and so on. + + A ---- feeling of unrest prevailed. + + Death comes to all by ---- law. + + * * * * * + +GENEROUS (page 182). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the primary meaning of _generous_? the common meaning? 2. How +does _generous_ differ from _liberal_? 3. What is the distinctive sense +of _munificent_? 4. What does _munificent_ tell of the motive or spirit +of the giver? What does _generous_ tell? 5. How does _disinterested_ +compare with _generous_? 6. What is the distinctive meaning of +_magnanimous_? How does it differ from _generous_ as regards dealing +with insults or injuries? + + +EXAMPLES. + + To cunning men + I will be very kind; and ---- + To mine own children, in good bringing up. + + A ---- friendship no cold medium knows, + Burns with one love, with one resentment glows. + + The conqueror proved as ---- in victory as he was terrible in + battle. + + * * * * * + +GENIUS (page 183). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _genius_? 2. What is _talent_? 3. Which is the higher +quality? 4. Which is the more dependent upon training? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The eternal Master found + His single ---- well employ'd. + + No great ---- was ever without some mixture of madness. + + * * * * * + +GET (page 183). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a person said to _get_? 2. How is _get_ related to +expectation or desire? How is _gain_ related to those words? 3. By what +processes does one _acquire_? Is the thing _acquired_ sought or desired, +or not? 4. What does one _earn_? 5. Does a person always _get_ what he +_earns_ or always _earn_ what he _gets_? 6. What does _obtain_ imply? Is +the thing one _obtains_ an object of _desire_? How does _obtain_ differ +from _get_? 7. What does _win_ imply? How is one said to _win_ a suit at +law? What is the correct term in legal phrase? Why? 8. By what special +element does _procure_ differ from _obtain_? 9. What is especially +implied in _secure_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He ---- a living as umbrella mender but a poor living it is. + + ---- wisdom and with all thy getting, ---- understanding. + + In the strange city he found that all his learning would not ---- + him a dinner. + + * * * * * + +GIFT (page 184). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _gift_? Is _gift_ used in the good or the bad sense? Does +the legal agree with the popular sense? 2. What synonymous word is +always used in the evil sense? 3. What is a _benefaction_? a _donation_? +What difference of usage is recognized between the two words? 4. What is +a _gratuity_, and to whom given? 5. What is the sense and use of +_largess_? 6. What is a _present_, and to whom given? 7. What is the +special sense of _boon_? 8. What is a _grant_, and by whom made? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He gave us only over beast, fish, fowl, + Dominion absolute; that right we hold + By his ----. + + True love's the ---- which God has given + To man alone beneath the heaven. + + "----, ----, noble knights," cried the heralds. + + The courts of justice had fallen so low that it was practically + impossible to win a cause without a ----. + + * * * * * + +GIVE (page 185). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the primary meaning of _give_? the secondary meaning? 2. Can +we _give_ what is undesired? 3. Can we _give_ what we are paid for? 4. +How is _give_ always understood when there is no limitation in the +context? 5. Is it correct to say "He _gave_ it to me for nothing"? 6. +What is to _grant_? 7. What is implied when we speak of _granting_ a +favor? 8. What is to _confer_? 9. What is especially implied in +_impart_? in _bestow_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + My God shall ---- all your need according to his riches in glory by + Christ Jesus. + + ---- to every man that asketh of thee, and from him that would + borrow of thee, turn not thou away. + + The court promptly ---- the injunction. + + The king ---- upon him the honor of knighthood. + + One of the pleasantest things in life is to ---- instruction to + those who really desire to learn. + + * * * * * + +GOVERN (page 185). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does the word _govern_ imply? How does it differ from _control_? +2. How do _command_ and _control_ differ? 3. How do _rule_ and _govern_ +differ? 4. What is the special significance of _sway_? of _mold_? 5. +What is it to _manage_? 6. What is the present meaning of _reign_? How +does it compare with _rule_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He that ---- his spirit is greater than he that taketh a city. + + For some must follow, and some ---- + Tho all are made of clay. + + Daniel Webster well described the character of "Old Hickory" in the + sentence, "I do not say that General Jackson did not mean to ---- + his country well, but I do say that General Jackson meant to ---- + his country." + + * * * * * + +GRACEFUL (page 186). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _graceful_ denote? How is it especially distinguished from +_beautiful_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + How ---- upon the mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good + tidings that publisheth peace. + + A ---- myrtle rear'd its head. + + * * * * * + +GRIEF (page 187). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _grief_? 2. How does _grief_ compare with _sorrow_? with +_sadness_? with _melancholy_? 3. What two chief senses has _affliction_? +4. What is implied in _mourning_, in its most common acceptation? + + +EXAMPLES. + + We glory in ---- also. + + For our light ---- which is but for a moment, worketh for us a far + more exceeding and eternal weight of glory. + + What private ---- they have, alas! I know not, that made them do it. + + * * * * * + +HABIT (page 187). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _custom_? _routine_? Which is the more mechanical? 2. What +element does _habit_ add to _custom_ and _routine_? 3. Should we +preferably use _custom_ or _habit_ of a society? of an individual? 4. +What is _fashion_? _rule_? _system_? 5. What are _use_ and _usage_, and +how do they differ from each other? 6. What is _practise_? 7. What is +the distinctive meaning of _wont_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Every ---- is preserved and increased by correspondent actions, as + the ---- of walking by walking, of running by running. + + Montaigne is wrong in declaring that ---- ought to be followed + simply because it is ----, and not because it is reasonable or just. + + Lord Brougham says "The longer I live the more careful I am to + entrust everything that I really care to do to the beneficent power + of ----." + + ---- makes perfect. + + Without ---- little that is valuable is ever learned or done. + + * * * * * + +HAPPEN (page 188). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _happen_ signify? 2. How does it differ from _chance_? 3. +What is the distinctive meaning of _betide_? 4. How do both _befall_ and +_betide_ differ from _happen_ in grammatical construction? 5. What is +the meaning of _supervene_? 6. Is _transpire_ correctly used in the +sense of _happen_? When may an event be properly said to _transpire_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Whatever ---- at all ---- as it should. + + Thou sowest not that body that shall be, but bear grain, it may ---- + of wheat, or of some other grain. + + Ill ---- the graceless renegade! + + It ---- that a secret treaty had been previously concluded between + the powers. + + If mischief ---- him, thou shalt bring down my gray hairs with + sorrow to the grave. + + * * * * * + +HAPPINESS (page 189). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _gratification_? _satisfaction_? 2. What is _happiness_? 3. +How does _happiness_ differ from _comfort_? 4. How does _comfort_ differ +from _enjoyment_? 5. How does _pleasure_ compare with _comfort_ and +_enjoyment_? with _happiness_? 6. What do _gratification_ and +_satisfaction_ express? How do they compare with each other? 7. How does +_happiness_ compare with _gratification_, _satisfaction_, _comfort_, and +_pleasure_? with _delight_ and _joy_? 8. What is _delight_? _ecstasy_? +_rapture_? 9. What is _triumph_? _blessedness_? _bliss_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Sweet is ---- after pain. + + Virtue alone is ---- below. + + Hope elevates and ---- brightens his crest. + + The storm raged without, but within the house all was brightness and + ----. + + There is no ---- so sweet and abiding as that of doing good. + + This is the very ---- of love. + + * * * * * + +HAPPY (page 190). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the original meaning of _happy_? With what words is it allied +in this sense? 2. In what way is _happy_ a synonym of _blessed_? 3. What +is the meaning of _happy_ in its most frequent present use? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- are they that mourn for they shall be comforted. + + To what ---- accident is it that we owe so unexpected a visit. + + A ---- heart maketh a ---- countenance. + + I would not spend another such a night, + Tho 'twere to buy a world of ---- days. + + * * * * * + +HARMONY (page 191). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _harmony_? 2. How does _harmony_ compare with _agreement_? 3. +How do _concord_ and _accord_ compare with _harmony_ and with each +other? 4. What is _conformity_? _congruity_? 5. What is _consistency_? +6. What is _unanimity_? 7. How do _consent_ and _concurrence_ compare? + + +EXAMPLES. + + We have made a covenant with death and with hell are we at ----. + + Tyrants have made desperate efforts to secure outward ---- in + religious observances without ---- of religious belief. + + That action and counteraction which, in the natural and in the + political world, from the reciprocal struggle of discordant powers + draws out the ---- of the universe. + + The speaker was, by general ----, allowed to proceed. + + * * * * * + +HARVEST (page 192). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the original meaning of _harvest_? its later meaning? 2. How +does _harvest_ compare with _crop_? 3. What is _produce_? How does it +differ from _product_? 4. What is the meaning of _proceeds_? _yield_? +_return_? 5. Is _harvest_ capable of figurative use, and in what sense? +6. What is the special meaning of _harvest-home_? _harvest-tide_? +_harvest-time_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Just tickle the earth with a hoe, and she laughs with an abundant + ----. + + And the ripe ---- of the new-mown hay gives it a sweet and wholesome + odor. + + It soweth here with toil and care + But the ---- of love is there. + + Of no distemper, of no blast he died, + But fell like autumn ---- that mellowed long. + + * * * * * + +HATRED (page 193). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _repugnance_? _aversion_? 2. How does _hatred_ compare with +_aversion_ as applied to persons? as applied to things? 3. What is +_malice_? _malignity_? 4. What is _spite_? 5. What are _grudge_, +_resentment_, and _revenge_, and how do they compare with one another? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Heaven has no ---- like love to ---- turned. + + The slight put upon him filled him with deep ----. + + He ne'er bore ---- for stalwart blow + Ta'en in fair fight from gallant foe. + + In all cases of wilful injury to person or property, the law + presumes ----. + + I felt from our first meeting an instinctive ---- for the man, which + on acquaintance deepened into a settled ----. + + * * * * * + +HAVE (page 194). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what is _have_ applied? How widely inclusive a word is it? 2. What +does _possess_ signify? 3. What is to _hold_? to _occupy_? 4. How does +_be in possession_ compare with _possess_? 5. How does _own_ compare +with _possess_ or with _be in possession_? 6. What is the difference +between the statement that a man _has_ reason, and the statement that he +_is in possession_ of his reason? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Son, thou art ever with me, and all that I ---- is thine. + + I earnestly entreat you, for your own sakes, to ---- yourselves of + solid reasons. + + He occupies the house, but does not ---- it. + + * * * * * + +HAZARD (page 194). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _hazard_? 2. How does _hazard_ compare with +_danger_? 3. How do _risk_ and _venture_ compare with _chance_ and +_hazard_, and with each other? 4. How do _accident_ and _casualty_ +differ? 5. What is a _contingency_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + We must take the current when it serves or lose our ----. + + I have set my life upon a cast, and I will stand the ---- of the + die. + + There is no ---- in doing known duty. + + Do you think it necessary to provide for every ---- before taking + the first step? + + * * * * * + +HEALTHY (page 195). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _healthy_? of _healthful_? Are the words +properly interchangeable? 2. What are the chief synonyms of _healthy_? +of _healthful_? 3. In what sense is _salubrious_ used, and to what is it +applied? 4. To what realm does _salutary_ belong? + + +EXAMPLES. + + In books, or work, or ---- play let my first years be passed. + + Blessed is the ---- nature; it is the coherent, sweetly cooperative, + not the self-distracting one. + + * * * * * + +HELP (page 195). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Is _help_ or _aid_ the stronger term? 2. Which is used in excitement +or emergency? 3. Does _help_ include _aid_ or does _aid_ include _help_? +4. Which implies the seconding of another's exertions? Do we _aid_ or +_help_ the helpless? 5. How do _cooperate_ and _assist_ differ? 6. To +what do _encourage_ and _uphold_ refer? _succor_ and _support_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He does not prevent a crime when he can ---- it. + + Know then whatever cheerful and serene ---- the mind ---- the body + too. + + * * * * * + +HERETIC (page 196). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _heretic_? a _schismatic_? 2. In what does a _heretic_ +differ from his church or religious body? a _schismatic_? 3. How do a +_heretic_ and a _schismatic_ often differ in action? 4. How are the +terms _dissenter_ and _non-conformist_ usually applied? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A man that is an ----, after the first and second admonition, + reject. + + Churchmen and ---- alike resisted the tyranny of James II. + + * * * * * + +HETEROGENEOUS (page 196). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. When are substances _heterogeneous_ as regards each other? 2. When is +a mixture, as cement, said to be _heterogeneous_? when _homogeneous_? 3. +What is the special significance of _non-homogeneous_? 4. How does +_miscellaneous_ differ from _heterogeneous_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + My second son received a sort of ---- education at home. + + Courtier and patriot can not mix + Their ---- politics + Without an effervescence. + + * * * * * + +HIDE (page 197). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Which is the most general term of this group, and what does it +signify? 2. Is an object _hidden_ by intention, or in what other way or +ways, if any? 3. Does _conceal_ evince intention? 4. How does _secrete_ +compare with _conceal_? How is it chiefly used? 5. What is it to +_cover_? to _screen_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Men use thought only as authority for their injustice, and employ + speech only to ---- their thoughts. + + Ye little stars! ---- your diminished rays. + + * * * * * + +HIGH (page 198). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What kind of a term is _high_? What does it signify? Give instances +of the relative use of the word. 2. How does _high_ compare with +_deep_? To what objects may these words be severally applied? 3. What is +the special significance of _tall_? 4. What element does _lofty_ add to +the meaning of _high_ or _tall_? 5. How do _elevated_ and _eminent_ +compare in the literal sense? in the figurative? 6. How do the words +above mentioned compare with _exalted_? 7. What contrasted uses has +_high_ in the figurative sense? 8. What is _towering_ in the literal, +and in the figurative sense? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A pillar'd shade, ---- overarched, and echoing walks between. + + A daughter of the gods, divinely ---- and most divinely fair. + + What is that which the breeze on the ---- steep, + As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? + + He knew + Himself to sing, and build the ---- rime. + + * * * * * + +HINDER (page 199). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _hinder_? 2. How does _hinder_ differ from _delay_? 3. +How does _hinder_ compare with _prevent_? 4. What is the meaning of +_retard_? 5. What is it to _obstruct_? to _resist_? How do these two +words compare with each other? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- the Devil, and he will flee from you. + + My tears must stop, for every drop + ---- my needle and thread. + + It is the study of mankind to ---- that advance of age or death + which can not be ----. + + * * * * * + +HISTORY (page 200). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _history_? How does it relate events? To what class of events +does it apply? 2. How does _history_ differ from _annals_ or +_chronicles_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Happy the people whose ---- are dulled. + + ---- is little else than a picture of human crimes and misfortunes. + + ---- is philosophy teaching by example. + + * * * * * + +HOLY (page 200). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _sacred_? 2. How does it compare with _holy_? +3. Which term do we apply directly to God? 4. In what sense is _divine_ +loosely used? What is its more appropriate sense? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ---- time is quiet as a nun breathless with adoration. + + A ---- burden is this life ye bear. + + All sects and churches of Christendom hold to some form of the + doctrine of the ---- inspiration of the Christian Scriptures. + + * * * * * + +HOME (page 201). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the general sense of _abode_, _dwelling_, and _habitation_? +What difference is there in the use of these words? 2. From what +language is _home_ derived? What is its distinctive meaning? + + +EXAMPLES. + + An ---- giddy and unsure + Hath he that buildeth on the vulgar heart. + + The attempt to abolish the ideal woman and keep the ideal ---- is a + predestinated failure. + + A house without love may be a castle or a palace, but it is not a + ----. + + Love is the life of a true ----. + + * * * * * + +HONEST (page 202). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _honest_ in ordinary use? 2. What is the +meaning of _honorable_? 3. How will the merely _honest_ and the truly +_honorable_ man differ in action? 4. What is _honest_ in the highest and +fullest sense? How, in this sense, does it differ from _honorable_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- labor bears a lovely face. + + An ---- man's the noblest work of God. + + No form of pure, undisguised murder will be any longer allowed to + confound itself with the necessities of ---- warfare. + + * * * * * + +HORIZONTAL (page 202). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _horizontal_ signify? How does it compare with _level_? 2. +From what language is _flat_ derived? 3. What is its original meaning? +its most common present sense? In what derived sense is it often used? +4. What are the senses of _plain_ and _plane_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Sun and moon were in the ---- sea sunk. + + Ample spaces o'er the smooth and ---- pavement. + + The prominent lines in Greek architecture were ----, and not + vertical. + + * * * * * + +HUNT (page 203). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _hunt_? 2. For what is a _chase_ or _pursuit_ conducted? a +_search_? 3. What does _hunt_ ordinarily include? 4. Is it correct to +use _hunt_ when _search_ only is contemplated? 5. How are these words +used in the figurative senses? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Among the inalienable rights of man are life, liberty, and the ---- + of happiness. + + All things have an end, and so did our ---- for lodgings. + + The ---- formed the principal amusement of our Norman kings, who for + that purpose retained in their possession forests in every part of + the kingdom. + + The ---- is up, but they shall know + The stag at bay's a dangerous foe. + + * * * * * + +HYPOCRISY (page 204). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what language is _pretense_ derived, and what does it signify? +2. What is _hypocrisy_? 3. What is _cant_? _sanctimoniousness_? 4. What +is _pietism_? _formalism_? _sham_? 5. How does _affectation_ compare +with _hypocrisy_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Let not the Trojans, with a feigned ---- of proffered peace, delude + the Latian prince. + + ---- is a fawning and flexible art, which accommodates itself to + human feelings, and flatters the weakness of men in order that it + may gain its own ends. + + * * * * * + +HYPOCRITE (page 204). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what language is _hypocrite_ derived? What is its primary +meaning? 2. What common term includes the other words of the group? 3. +How are _hypocrite_ and _dissembler_ contrasted with each other? 4. What +element is common to the _cheat_ and the _impostor_? How do the two +compare with each other? + + +EXAMPLES. + + It is the weakest sort of politicians that are the greatest ----. + + I dare swear he is no ---- but prays from his heart. + + In the reign of Henry VII., an ----, named Perkin Warbeck, laid + claim to the English crown. + + * * * * * + +HYPOTHESIS (page 205). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _hypothesis_? What is its use in scientific investigation +and study? 2. What is a _guess_? a _conjecture_? a _supposition_? a +_surmise_? 3. What implication does _surmise_ ordinarily convey? What is +a _theory_? a _scheme_? a _speculation_? How do they differ? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ----, fancies, built on nothing firm. + + There are no other limits to ---- than those of the human mind. + + The development ----, tho widely accepted by men of science fails of + proof at many important points. + + * * * * * + +IDEA (page 206). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what language is _idea_ derived, and what did it originally +mean? 2. What did _idea_ signify in early philosophical use? 3. What is +its present popular use, and with what words is it now synonymous? + + +EXAMPLES. + + All rests with those who read. A work or ---- + Is what each makes it to himself. + + He who comes up to his own ---- of greatness must always have had a + very low standard of it in his mind. + + * * * * * + +IDEAL (page 206). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is an _ideal_? 2. What is an _archetype_? a _prototype_? 3. Can +a _prototype_ be equivalent to an _archetype_? 4. Is an _ideal_ primal, +or the result of development? 5. What is an _original_? 6. What is the +_standard_? How does it compare with the _ideal_? 7. How are _idea_ and +_ideal_ contrasted? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Be a ---- to others and then all will go well. + + The mind's the ---- of the man. + + Every man has at times in his mind the ---- of what he should be, + but is not. + + * * * * * + +IDIOCY (page 207). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _idiocy_? 2. What is _imbecility_? How does it compare with +_idiocy_? 3. How does _insanity_ differ from _idiocy_ or _imbecility_? +4. How do _folly_ and _foolishness_ compare with _idiocy_? 5. What is +_fatuity_? _stupidity_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Where ignorance is bliss, 'tis ---- to be wise. + + To expect an effect without a cause, or attainment without + application, is little less than ----. + + * * * * * + +IDLE (page 208). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what language is _idle_ derived, and what is its original +meaning? 2. What does _idle_ in present use properly denote? Does it +necessarily denote the absence of all action? 3. What does _lazy_ +signify? How does it differ from _idle_? 4. What does _inert_ signify? +_sluggish_? 5. In what realm does _slothful_ belong, and what does it +denote? 6. How does _indolent_ compare with _slothful_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ---- stream was covered with a green scum. + + Never ---- a moment, but thrifty and thoughtful of others. + + As the door turneth upon his hinges, so doth the ---- turn upon his + bed. + + * * * * * + +IGNORANT (page 208). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _ignorant_ signify? How wide is its range? 2. What is the +meaning of _illiterate_? 3. How does _unlettered_ compare with +_illiterate_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + So foolish was I and ----; I was as a beast before thee. + + A boy is better unborn than ----. + + * * * * * + +IMAGINATION (page 209). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Into what two parts was _imagination_ divided in the old psychology? +2. What name is now preferably given to the so-called _Reproductive +Imagination_ by President Porter and others? 3. What is _fantasy_ or +_phantasy_? In what mental actions is it manifested? 4. What is +_fantasy_ in ordinary usage? 5. How is _imagination_ defined? _fancy_? +6. To what faculty of the mind do both of these activities or powers +belong? 7. In what other respects do _imagination_ and _fancy_ agree? +What is the one great distinction between them? How do they respectively +treat the material objects or images with which they deal? Which power +finds use in philosophy, science, and mechanical invention, and how? + + +EXAMPLES. + + While ----, like the finger of a clock, + Runs the great circuit, and is still at home. + + And as ---- bodies forth + The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen + Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing + A local habitation and a name. + + * * * * * + +IMMEDIATELY (page 211). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the primary meaning of _immediately_? Its meaning as an +adverb of time? 2. What did _by and by_ formerly signify? What is its +present meaning? 3. What did _directly_ formerly signify, and what does +it now commonly mean? 4. What change has _presently_ undergone? 5. Is +_immediately_ losing anything of its force? What words now seem more +emphatic? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Nothing is there to come, and nothing past, + But an eternal ---- does always last. + + Let us go up ----, and possess it; for we are well able to overcome + it. + + Obey me ----! + + * * * * * + +IMMERSE (page 212). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what language is _dip_ derived? from what _immerse_? 2. How do +the two words differ in dignity? How as to the completeness of the +action? How as to the continuance of the object in or under the liquid? +3. Which word is preferably used as to the rite of baptism? 4. What does +_submerge_ imply? 5. What are _douse_ and _duck_? 6. What special sense +has _dip_ which the other words do not share? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Trust no Future, howe'er pleasant! + Let the dead Past ---- its dead. + + The ships of war, Congress and Cumberland, were ---- by the + Merrimac. + + When food can not be swallowed, life may be prolonged by ---- the + body in nutritive fluids. + + * * * * * + +IMMINENT (page 212). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what language is _imminent_ derived and with what primary sense? +_impending_? 2. How do _imminent_ and _impending_ differ in present use? +3. How does _threatening_ differ from the two words above given? + + +EXAMPLES. + + And nodding Ilium waits the ---- fall. + + And these she does apply for warnings, portents, + And evils ----. + + * * * * * + +IMPEDIMENT (page 213). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _impediment_ primarily signify? _obstacle_? _obstruction_? +2. How does _obstacle_ differ from _obstruction_? 3. What is a +_hindrance_? 4. Is an _impediment_ what one finds or what he carries? Is +it momentary or constant? What did the Latin _impedimenta_ signify? 5. +What is an _encumbrance_? How does it differ from an _obstacle_ or +_obstruction_? 6. Is a _difficulty_ within one or without? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Something between a ---- and a help. + + Thus far into the bowels of the land + Have we march'd without ----. + + Demosthenes became the foremost orator of the world in spite of an + ---- in his speech. + + ----s overcome are the stepping-stones by which great men rise. + + * * * * * + +IMPUDENCE (page 213). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _impertinence_ primarily denote? What is its common +acceptation? 2. What is _impudence_? _insolence_? 3. What is +_officiousness_? 4. What does _rudeness_ suggest? + + +EXAMPLES. + + With matchless ---- they style a wife + The dear-bought curse, and lawful plague of life. + + It is better not to turn friendship into a system of lawful and + unpunishable ----. + + A certain class of ill-natured people mistake ---- for frankness. + + * * * * * + +INCONGRUOUS (page 214). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. When are things said to be _incongruous_? 2. To what is _discordant_ +applied? _inharmonious_? 3. What does _incompatible_ signify? When are +things said to be _incompatible_? 4. To what does _inconsistent_ apply? +5. What illustrations of the uses of these words are given in the text? +6. What is the meaning of _incommensurable_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + No solitude is so solitary as that of ---- companionship. + + I hear a strain ---- as a merry dirge, or sacramental bacchanal + might be. + + * * * * * + +INDUCTION (page 215). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _deduction_? _induction_? 2. What is the proof of an +_induction_? 3. What process is ordinarily followed in what is known as +scientific _induction_? 4. How do _deduction_ and _induction_ compare as +to the certainty of the conclusion? 5. How does an _induction_ compare +with an _inference_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The longer one studies a vast subject the more cautious in ---- he + becomes. + + Perhaps the widest and best known ---- of Biology, is that organisms + grow. + + * * * * * + +INDUSTRIOUS (page 215). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _busy_ differ from _industrious_? 2. What is the implication +if we say one is _industrious_ just now? 3. What does _diligent_ add to +the meaning of _industrious_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Look cheerfully upon me, + Here, love; thou see'st how ---- I am. + + The ---- have no time for tears. + + * * * * * + +INDUSTRY (page 216). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _industry_? 2. What does _assiduity_ signify as indicated by +its etymology? _diligence_? 3. How does _application_ compare with +_assiduity_? 4. What is _constancy_? _patience_? _perseverance_? 5. What +is _persistence_? What implication does it frequently convey? 6. How +does _industry_ compare with _diligence_? 7. To what do _labor_ and +_pains_ especially refer? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Honors come by ----; riches spring from economy. + + 'Tis ---- supports us all. + + There is no success in study without close, continuous, and intense + ----. + + His ---- in wickedness would have won him enduring honor if it had + taken the form of ---- in a better cause. + + * * * * * + +INFINITE (page 216). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what language is _infinite_ derived, and with what meaning? To +what may it be applied? 2. How do _countless_, _innumerable_, and +_numberless_ compare with _infinite_? 3. What is the use of _boundless_, +_illimitable_, _limitless_, _measureless_, and _unlimited_? 4. What are +the dimensions of _infinite_ space? What is the duration of _infinite_ +time? + + +EXAMPLES. + + My bounty is as ---- as the sea, my love as deep, the more I give to + thee, the more I have, for both are ----. + + Man's inhumanity to man makes ---- thousands mourn. + + * * * * * + +INFLUENCE (page 217). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _influence_? is one _influenced_ by external or +internal force? 2. To what kind of power does _actuate_ refer? Does one +person _actuate_ or _influence_ another? 3. What do _prompt_ and _stir_ +imply? 4. What is it to _excite_? 5. What do _incite_ and _instigate_ +signify? How do these two words differ? 6. What do _urge_ and _impel_ +imply? How do they differ in the source of the power exerted? 7. What do +_drive_ and _compel_ imply, and how do these two words compare with each +other? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He was ---- by his own violent passions to desperate crime. + + And well she can ----. + + Fine thoughts are wealth, for the right use of which + Men are and ought to be accountable, + If not to Thee, to those they ----. + + * * * * * + +INHERENT (page 218). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _inherent_ signify? 2. To what realm of thought does +_immanent_ belong? What does it signify? How does it differ from +_inherent_? Which is applied to the Divine Being? 3. To what do +_congenital_, _innate_, and _inborn_ apply as distinguished from +_inherent_ and _intrinsic_? 4. With what special reference does +_congenital_ occur in medical and legal use? 5. What is the difference +in use between _innate_ and _inborn_? 6. What does _inbred_ add to the +sense of _innate_ or _inborn_? 7. What is _ingrained_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + An ---- power in the life of the world. + + All men have an ---- right to life, liberty, and protection. + + He evinced an ---- stupidity that seemed almost tantamount to ---- + idiocy. + + Many philosophers hold that God is ---- in nature. + + Any stable currency must be founded at last upon something, as gold + or silver, that has ---- value. + + The wrongs and abuses which are ---- in the very structure and + constitution of society as it now exists throughout Christendom. + + * * * * * + +INJURY (page 219). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what language is _injury_ derived? What is its primary meaning? +Its derived meaning? 2. How inclusive a word is _injury_? 3. From what +is _damage_ derived, and with what original sense? _detriment_? How do +these words compare in actual use? 4. How does _damage_ compare with +_loss_? How can a _loss_ be said to be partial? 5. What is _evil_, and +with what frequent suggestion? 6. What is _harm_? _hurt_? How do these +words compare with _injury_? 7. What is _mischief_? How caused, and with +what intent? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Nothing can work me ----, except myself; the ---- that I sustain I + carry about with me, and never am a real sufferer but by my own + fault. + + Hippolyta, I woo'd thee with my sword, + And won thy love, doing thee ----. + + * * * * * + +INJUSTICE (page 220). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _injustice_? 2. How does _wrong_ differ from _injustice_ in +legal use? How in popular use? 3. What is _iniquity_ in the legal sense? +in the common sense? + + +EXAMPLES. + + War in men's eyes shall be a monster of ----. + + No man can mortgage his ---- as a pawn for his fidelity. + + Such an act is an ---- upon humanity. + + * * * * * + +INNOCENT (page 220). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _innocent_ in the full sense signify? 2. Is _innocent_ +positive or negative? How does it compare with _righteous_, _upright_, +or _virtuous_? 3. In what two applications may _immaculate_, _pure_, and +_sinless_ be used? 4. With what limited sense is _innocent_ used of +moral beings? 5. In what sense is _innocent_ applied to inanimate +substances? + + +EXAMPLES. + + They are as ---- as grace itself. + + For blessings ever wait on ---- deeds, + And tho a late, a sure reward succeeds. + + The wicked flee where no man pursueth, but the ---- are bold as a + lion. + + A daughter, and a goodly babe; + ... the queen receives + Much comfort in't: says, _My poor prisoner, + I am ---- as you_. + + * * * * * + +INQUISITIVE (page 221). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What are the characteristics of an _inquisitive_ person? 2. Is +_inquisitive_ ever used in a good sense? What, in that sense, is +ordinarily preferred? 3. What does _curious_ signify, and how does it +differ from _inquisitive_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + His was an anxiously ---- mind, a scrupulously conscientious heart. + + Adrian was the most ---- man that ever lived, and the most universal + inquirer. + + I am ---- to know the cause of this sudden change of purpose. + + * * * * * + +INSANITY (page 221). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _insanity_ in the widest sense? in its restricted use? Which +use is the more frequent? 2. From what is _lunacy_ derived? What did it +originally imply? In what sense is it now used? 3. What is _madness_? 4. +What is _derangement_? _delirium_? 5. What is the specific meaning of +_dementia_? 6. What is _aberration_? 7. What is the distinctive meaning +of _hallucination_? 8. What is _monomania_? 9. What are _frenzy_ and +_mania_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Go--you may call it ----, folly--you shall not chase my gloom away. + + All power of fancy over reason is a degree of ----. + + * * * * * + +INTERPOSE (page 222). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _interpose_? 2. How does _intercede_ differ from +_interpose_? 3. What is it to _intermeddle_? How does it differ from +_meddle_? from _interfere_? 4. What do _arbitrate_ and _mediate_ +involve? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Dion, his brother, ---- for him and his life was saved. + + Nature has ---- a natural barrier between England and the continent. + + * * * * * + +INVOLVE (page 223). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what language is _involve_ derived, and with what primary +meaning? 2. How does _involve_ compare with _implicate_? 3. Are these +words used in the favorable or the unfavorable sense? 4. As regards +results what is the difference between _include_, _imply_, and +_involve_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Rocks may be squeezed into new forms, bent, contorted, and ----. + + An oyster-shell sometimes ---- a pearl. + + ---- in other men's affairs, he went down to their ruin. + + * * * * * + +JOURNEY (page 223). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what language is _journey_ derived? What is its primary meaning? +Its present meaning? 2. What is _travel_? How does it differ from +_journey_? 3. What was the former meaning of _voyage_? its present +meaning? 4. What is a _trip_? a _tour_? 5. What is the meaning and +common use of _passage_? of _transit_? 6. What is the original meaning +of _pilgrimage_? How is it now used? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- makes all men countrymen. + + All the ---- of their life is bound in shallows and in miseries. + + It were a ---- like the path to heaven, + To help you find them. + + * * * * * + +JUDGE (page 224). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _judge_ in the legal sense? 2. What other senses has the +word _judge_ in common use? 3. What is a _referee_, and how appointed? +an _arbitrator_? 4. What is the popular sense of _umpire_? the legal +sense? 5. What is the present use of _arbiter_? 6. What are the _judges_ +of the United States Supreme Court officially called? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The end crowns all, + And that old common ----, Time, + Will one day end it. + + A man who is no ---- of law may be a good ---- of poetry. + + The ---- is only the mouth of law, and the magistrate who punishes + is only the hand. + + * * * * * + +JUSTICE (page 225). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _justice_ in governmental relations? in social and personal +relations? in matters of reasoning or literary treatment? 2. To what do +_integrity_, _rectitude_, _right_, _righteousness_, and _virtue_ apply? +What do all these include? 3. What two contrasted senses has +_lawfulness_? 4. To what does _justness_ refer, and in what sense is it +used? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- exalteth a nation. + + ---- of life is fame's best friend. + + He shall have merely ----, and his bond. + + * * * * * + +KEEP (page 226). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the general meaning of _keep_? 2. How does _keep_ compare +with _preserve_? _fulfil_? _maintain_? 3. What does _keep_ imply when +used as a synonym of _guard_ or _defend_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + These make and ---- the balance of the mind. + + The good old rule + Sufficeth them,--the simple plan, + That they should take who have the power + And they should ---- who can. + + ---- thy shop, and thy shop will ---- thee. + + * * * * * + +KILL (page 226). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _kill_? 2. To what are _assassinate_, _execute_, and +_murder_ restricted? 3. What is the specific meaning of _murder_? +_execute_? _assassinate_? To what class of persons is the latter word +ordinarily applied? 4. What is it to _slay_? 5. To what is _massacre_ +limited? With what special meaning is it used? 6. To what do _butcher_ +and _slaughter_ primarily apply? What is the sense of each when so used? +7. What is it to _despatch_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + To look into her eyes was to ---- doubt. + + Two presidents of the United States have been ----. + + Hamilton was ---- in a duel by Aaron Burr. + + The place was carried by storm, and the inhabitants ---- without + distinction of age or sex. + + * * * * * + +KIN (page 227). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _kind_ compare with _kin_? 2. What do _kin_ and _kindred_ +denote? 3. What is _affinity_? How does it differ from _consanguinity_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A little more than ----, and less than ----. + + He held his seat,--a friend to the human ----. + + The patient bride, a little sad, + Leaving of home and ----. + + * * * * * + +KNOWLEDGE (page 227). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _knowledge_? How does it differ from _information_? 2. What +is _perception_? _apprehension_? _cognizance_? 3. What is _intuition_? +4. What is _experience_, and how does it differ from _intuition_? 5. +What is _learning_? _erudition_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- comes, but wisdom lingers. + + The child is continually seeking ----; hence his endless questions. + + 'Tis the sunset of life gives me mystical ----, + And coming events cast their shadows before. + + ----s lie at the very foundation of all reasoning. + + * * * * * + +LANGUAGE (page 228). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the derivation of _language_? What was its original +signification? How wide is its present meaning? 2. As regards the use of +words, what does _language_ denote in the general and in the restricted +sense? 3. What does _speech_ always involve? 4. Can we speak of the +_speech_ of animals? of their _language_? 5. What is a _dialect_? a +_barbarism_? an _idiom_? 6. What is a _patois_? How does it differ from +a _dialect_? 7. What is a _vernacular_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + We must be free or die, who speak the ---- + That Shakespeare spake: the faith and morals hold + Which Milton held. + + ---- is great; but silence is greater. + + An infant crying in the night, + An infant crying for the light, + And with no ---- but a cry. + + Thought leapt out to wed with Thought, + Ere Thought could wed itself with ----. + + A Babylonish ---- + Which learned pedants much affect. + + O! good, my lord, no Latin; + I'm not such a truant since my coming + As not to know the ---- I have lived in. + + * * * * * + +LARGE (page 229). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To how many dimensions does _large_ apply? How does it differ from +_long_? 2. How does _large_ compare with _great_? with _big_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Courage, the mighty attribute of powers above, + By which those ---- in war, are ---- in love. + + Everything is twice as ---- measured on a three-year-old's + three-foot scale as on a thirty-year-old's six-foot scale. + + And his ---- manly voice, + Turning again toward childish treble, + Pipes and whistles in its sound. + + * * * * * + +LAW (page 229). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the definition of _law_ in its ideal? What does it signify in +common use? 2. What are the characteristics of _command_ and +_commandment_? of an _edict_? 3. What is a _mandate_? a _statute_? an +_enactment_? 4. In what special connection is _formula_ commonly used? +_ordinance_? _order_? 5. What is the meaning of _law_ in such an +expression as "the _laws_ of nature?" What in more strictly scientific +use? 6. What is a _code_? _jurisprudence_? _legislation_? What is an +_economy_? Is _law_ ever a synonym for these words, and in what way? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Order is Heaven's first ----; and this confest, + Some are, and must be, greater than the rest. + + Those he commands move only in ----, + Nothing in love. + + His fair large front and eye sublime declared + Absolute ----. + + We have strict ----, and most biting ----. + + Napoleon gave France the best ---- of ---- she has ever possessed. + + ---- is physical, established sequence; intellectual, a condition of + intellectual action in order that truth may be reached; and moral, + an imperative which determines the right guidance of our higher + life. + + * * * * * + +LIBERTY (page 230). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _freedom_? 2. What is _liberty_ in the primary sense? in the +widest sense? 3. How do _freedom_ and _liberty_ compare? 4. How is +_independence_ used in distinction from _freedom_ and _liberty_? 5. Is +_freedom_ or _liberty_ more freely used in a figurative sense? 6. What +is _license_? How does it compare with _liberty_ and _freedom_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + In Rousseau's philosophy ---- is conceived of as lawlessness. + + When ---- from her mountain-height + Unfurled her standard to the air, + She tore the azure robe of night, + And set the stars of glory there. + + The ---- to go higher than we are is given only when we have + fulfilled amply the duty of our present sphere. + + ---- they mean when they cry ----! + For who loves that must first be wise and good. + + * * * * * + +LIGHT (page 231). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _light_? 2. What are the characteristics of a _flame_? a +_blaze_? 3. What is a _flare_? a _flash_? 4. What is the sense of +_glare_ and _glow_? How do they differ, and to what are they applied? 5. +To what do _shine_ and _sheen_ refer? 6. What do _glimmer_, _glitter_, +and _shimmer_ denote? 7. What is _gleam_? a _glitter_? a _sparkle_? +_glistening_? 8. What is _scintillation_? in what two senses used? 9. To +what are _twinkle_ and _twinkling_ applied? 10. What is _illumination_? +_incandescence_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + From a little spark may burst a mighty ----. + + A ---- as of another life, my kindling soul received. + + It is ----, that enables us to see the differences between things; + and it is Christ that gives us ----. + + White with the whiteness of the snow, + Pink with faintest rosy ----, + They blossom on their sprays. + + Ghastly in the ---- of day. + + ---- in golden coats like images. + + So ---- a good deed in a naughty world. + + There's but the ---- of a star + Between a man of peace and war. + + * * * * * + +LISTEN (page 232). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _hear_ signify? What does _listen_ add to the meaning of +_hear_? 2. What does _attend_ add to the meaning of _listen_? 3. What +does _heed_ further imply? 4. What is the difference between _listen +for_ and _listen to_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + And ----! how blithe the throstle sings; + He, too, is no mean preacher; + + Till I ---- and ---- + If a step draweth near. + + Chill airs and wintry winds! my ear + Has grown familiar with your song; + I ---- it in the opening year, + I ----, and it cheers me long. + + ----, every one + That ---- may, unto a tale + That's merrier than the nightingale. + + The men lay silent in the tall grass ---- for the signal gun that + should bid them rise and charge. + + * * * * * + +LITERATURE (page 233). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _literature_ in the most general sense? in more limited +sense? 2. What does _literature_, used absolutely, denote? 3. How may +_literature_ include _science_? How is it ordinarily contrasted with +_science_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Wherever ---- consoles sorrow or assuages pain; wherever it brings + gladness to eyes which fail with wakefulness and tears--there is + exhibited in its noblest form the immortal influence of Athens. + + ---- are lifelong friends. + + ---- are embalmed minds. + + In our own language we have a ---- nowhere surpassed, in whose lock + no foreign key will ever rust. + + * * * * * + +LOAD (page 233). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what language is _burden_ derived, and with what primary +meaning? _load_? 2. What does _weight_ signify? How does it compare with +_load_ and _burden_? 3. What are _cargo_, _freight_, and _lading_? 4. +What is the distinctive sense of _pack_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Bear ye one another's ----. + + Wearing all that ---- + Of learning lightly like a flower. + + The ass will carry his ----, but not a double ----. + + * * * * * + +LOOK (page 234). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the distinction between _look_ and _see_? between these words +and _behold_? 2. What is it to _gaze_? to _glance_? to _stare_? 3. What +do _scan_, _inspect_, and _survey_ respectively express, and how are +they distinguished from one another? 4. What element or elements does +_watch_ add to the meaning of _look_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + It is always well to ---- at people when addressing them. + + Having eyes they ---- not, and having ears hear not. + + Then gently ---- your brother man, + Still gentler sister woman; + Tho' they may gang a kennin wrang, + To step aside is human. + + My soul waiteth for the Lord more than they that ---- for the + morning. + + How peacefully the broad and golden moon + Comes up to ---- upon the reaper's toil! + + I am monarch of all I ----, + My right there is none to dispute; + From the center all round to the sea, + I am lord of the fowl and the brute. + + But, ----, the morn in russet mantle clad, + Walks o'er the dew of yon high eastern hill. + + * * * * * + +LOVE (page 235). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _affection_? 2. What may be given as a brief definition of +_love_? 3. Does _affection_ apply to persons or things? To what does +_love_ apply? 4. What term is preferable to _love_ as applying to +articles of food and the like? 5. How does _love_ differ from +_affection_? from _friendship_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Peace, commerce, and honest ---- with all nations help to form the + bright constellation which has gone before us. + + And you must love him ere to you he will seem worthy of your ----. + + Yet pity for a horse o'erdriven + And ---- in which my hound has part + Can hang no weight upon my heart, + In its assumptions up to heaven. + + Such ---- and unbroken faith + As temper life's worst bitterness. + + * * * * * + +MAKE (page 236). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the essential idea of _make_? 2. How is _make_ allied with +_create_? 3. How is _make_ allied with _compose_ or _constitute_? 4. +What are some chief antonyms for _make_? 5. What are the prepositions +chiefly used with _make_, and how employed? + + +EXAMPLES. + + In the beginning God ---- the heaven and the earth. + + The mason ----, the architect ----. + + I assert confidently that it is in the power of one American mother + to ---- as many gentlemen as she has sons. + + Newton discovered, but did not ---- the law of gravitation. + + The river flows over a bed of pebbles like those that ---- the beach + and the surrounding plains. + + A hermit and a wolf or two + My whole acquaintance ----. + + If we were not willing, they possessed the power of ---- us to do + them justice. + + The lessons of adversity sometimes soften and ----, but as often + they indurate and pervert. + + * * * * * + +MARRIAGE (page 236). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _matrimony_ specifically denote? 2. What two senses has +_marriage_? 3. From what language is _wedlock_ derived? what is its +distinctive use? 4. What is the meaning of _wedding_? _nuptials_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Let me not to the ---- of true minds admit impediments. + + The lover was killed in a duel on the night before the intended + ----. + + I'll join my eldest daughter, and my joy, + To him forthwith in holy ---- bonds. + + * * * * * + +MASCULINE (page 237). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what is _male_ applied? To what _masculine_? 2. To what does +_manly_ refer? _manful_? In what connection can _manly_ be used where +_manful_ could not be substituted? 3. What is the sense of _mannish_? +_virile_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Every virtue in the higher phases of ---- character begins in truth + and pity or truth and reverence to all womanhood. + + One brave and ---- struggle + And he gained the solid land + And the cover of the mountains + And the carbines of his band. + + So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he + him; ---- and female created he them. + + * * * * * + +MASSACRE (page 237). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _massacre_? _butchery_? _havoc_? 2. To what does _carnage_ +especially refer? _slaughter_? 3. Which of these words can be used of +the destruction of life in open and honorable warfare? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Mark! where his ---- and his conquests cease! + He makes a solitude and calls it peace! + + Forbade to wade through ---- to a throne, + And shut the gates of mercy on mankind. + + The capture of Port Arthur was followed by a terrible ----. + + * * * * * + +MEDDLESOME (page 238). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the conduct specially characteristic of a _meddlesome_ +person? of an _intrusive_ person? of one who is _obtrusive_? +_officious_? 2. To what is _obtrusive_ chiefly applied? _intrusive_? +_officious_? _meddlesome_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Where sorrow's held ---- and turned out, + There wisdom will not enter nor true power, + Nor aught that dignifies humanity. + + A ---- monkey had been among the papers. + + * * * * * + +MELODY (page 238). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _harmony_? _melody_? In what special feature does the one +differ from the other? 2. How many parts are required for _harmony_? how +many for _melody_? 3. What is _unison_? 4. What does _music_ include? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Sweetest ---- + Are those that are by distance made more sweet. + + ----, when soft voices die, + Vibrates in the memory. + + Ring out ye crystal spheres + And with your ninefold ---- + Make up full consort to the angelic ----. + + * * * * * + +MEMORY (page 239). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _memory_ in the special and in the general sense? 2. What is +_remembrance_, and how distinguished from _memory_? 3. Is _remembrance_ +voluntary or involuntary? 4. What is _recollection_, and what does it +involve? 5. What is _reminiscence_? _retrospection_? How do these two +words differ? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- like a purse, if it be over-full that it can not shut, all will + drop out of it; take heed of a gluttonous curiosity to feed on many + things, lest the greediness of the appetite of thy ---- spoil the + digestion thereof. + + ---- wakes with all her busy train, + Swells at my breast, and turns the past to pain. + + It is a favorite device of eminent men to devote their old age to + writing their ----s, thus quietly living over again a busy or + tumultuous life. + + * * * * * + +MERCY (page 239). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _mercy_ in the strictest sense? 2. To what class is _grace_ +shown? 3. To what class are _mercy_, _forgiveness_, and _pardon_ +extended? 4. In what wider significations is _mercy_ used? 5. What is +_clemency_? _leniency_ or _lenity_? How do these words compare with +_mercy_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + How would you be, + If He, which is the top of judgment, should + But judge you as you are? O, think on that; + And ---- then will breathe within your lips, + Like man new made. + + The only protection which the conquered could find was in the + moderation, the ----, and the enlarged policy of the conquerors. + + To favor sin is to discourage virtue; undue ---- to the bad is + unkindness to the good. + + * * * * * + +METER (page 240). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _euphony_? How does it differ from _meter_, _measure_, and +_rhythm_? 2. How are _rhythm_ and _meter_ produced? 3. How does _meter_ +differ from _rhythm_? 4. What is a _verse_ in the strict sense? In what +wider sense is the word often used? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- is a very vague and unscientific term. Each nation considers + its own language, each tribe its own dialect, euphonic. + + ---- may be defined to be a succession of poetical feet arranged in + regular order according to certain types recognized as standards, in + verses of a determinate length. + + We have three principal domains in which ---- manifests its nature + and power--dancing, music, poetry. + + * * * * * + +MIND (page 241). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _mind_? How does it differ from _intellect_? 2. What does +_consciousness_ include? Is it attended with distinct thinking and +willing? 3. What is the _soul_? 4. From what is _spirit_ used in special +contradistinction? How does it differ from _soul_? 5. What is Paley's +definition of _instinct_? 6. In what contrasted meanings is the word +_sense_ employed? 7. What is _thought_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A great ---- will be strong to live, as well as to think. + + God is a ----: and they that worship him must worship him in ---- + and in truth. + + * * * * * + +MINUTE (page 242). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _minute_? 2. When is a thing said to be +_comminuted_? 3. How does _fine_ differ from _comminuted_? 4. What terms +are applied to an account extended to _minute_ particulars? to an +examination similarly extended? + + +EXAMPLES. + + No ---- room so warm and bright, + Wherein to read, wherein to write. + + Life hangs on, held by a ---- thread. + + An organism so ---- as to be visible only under the microscope, yet + possessed of life, motion, and seeming intelligence is a source of + ceaseless wonder. + + * * * * * + +MISFORTUNE (page 242). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _misfortune_? Is the sufferer considered blameworthy for it? +2. What is _calamity_? _disaster_? 3. In what special sense are the +words _affliction_, _chastening_, _trial_, and _tribulation_ used? How +are these four words discriminated the one from another? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He's not valiant that dares die, + But he that boldly bears ----. + + I never knew a man in life who could not bear another's ---- + perfectly like a Christian. + + * * * * * + +MODEL (page 243). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _model_? a _pattern_? How are they distinguished from one +another? 2. Which admits of freedom or idealization? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Things done without ----, in their issue + Are to be fear'd. + + Be a ---- to others, and then all will go well. + + Washington and his compeers had no ---- of a federal republic with + constitutional bonds and limitations. + + Moses was admonished, See that thou make all things according to the + ---- shewed to thee in the mount. + + * * * * * + +MODESTY (page 244). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _modesty_ in the general sense? In what specific sense is the +word also used? 2. What is _bashfulness_? _diffidence_? _coyness_? +_reserve_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + For silence and chaste ---- is woman's genuine praise, and to remain + quiet within the house. + + If a young lady has that discretion and ----, without which all + knowledge is little worth, she will never make an ostentatious + parade of it. + + His shrinking ---- was often mistaken for a proud ----. + + * * * * * + +MONEY (page 244). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _money_? _specie_? _cash_? 2. How does _property_ differ from +_money_? 3. What is _bullion_? _capital_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + I am not covetous for ----; + Nor care I who doth feed upon my cost. + + For the love of ---- is the root of all evil. + + He converted all his ---- into ready ----. + + One who undertakes to do business without ---- is likely to be + speedily straitened for ----. + + ---- in reversion may be of far less value than ---- in hand. + + * * * * * + +MOROSE (page 245). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. By what characteristics are the _morose_ distinguished? the _sullen_ +and _sulky_? 2. How does _sullen_ differ from _sulky_? 3. What is the +meaning of _surly_? 4. Which of these words denote transient moods and +which denote enduring states or disposition? + + +EXAMPLES. + + My master is of ---- disposition, + And little recks to find the way to heaven + By doing deeds of hospitality. + + A poet who fails in writing, becomes often a ---- critic. + + He answered with a ---- growl. + + Achilles remained in his tent in ---- inaction. + + * * * * * + +MOTION (page 246). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _motion_? 2. How does _motion_ differ from _movement_? Give +examples. 3. In what sense is _move_ employed? 4. What is the special +sense of _motion_ in a deliberative assembly? 5. Is _action_ or _motion_ +the more comprehensive word? Which is commonly used in reference to the +mind? + + +EXAMPLES. + + That ---- is best which procures the greatest happiness for the + greatest numbers. + + There is no death! What seems so is ----; + This life of mortal breath + Is but a suburb of the life elysian, + Whose portal we call Death. + + The Copernican theory first clearly explained the ---- of the + planets. + + * * * * * + +MUTUAL (page 246). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _common_? _mutual_? _reciprocal_? 2. Is it +correct to speak of a _mutual_ friend? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- friendships will admit of division, one may love the beauty of + this, the good humor of that person. + + In all true family life there is a ---- dependence which binds + hearts together. + + ---- action is the rule in the human body, where every part is + alternately means and end, and every action both cause and effect. + + * * * * * + +NAME (page 247). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _name_ in the most general sense? 2. In the more limited +sense, how does a _name_ differ from an _appellation_? a _title_? Give +instances of the use of these three words. 3. From what language is +_epithet_ derived? What is its primary meaning? 4. What does _epithet_ +signify in literary use? 5. What part of speech is an _epithet_? Is it +favorable or unfavorable in signification? 6. What is a _cognomen_? How +does it differ from a _surname_? 7. What is _style_ considered as a +synonym of _name_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Those he commands, move only in command + Nothing in love: now does he feel the ---- + Hang loose about him, like a giant's robe + Upon a dwarfish thief. + + O magnify the Lord with me, and let us exalt his ---- together. + + * * * * * + +NATIVE (page 248). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _native_ denote? _natal_? _natural_? 2. What examples are +given in the text of the correct use of these words? + + +EXAMPLES. + + I would advise no child's being taught music who has not a ---- + aptitude for it. + + It was the 4th of July, the ---- day of American freedom. + + * * * * * + +NAUTICAL (page 248). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what is _marine_ derived? _maritime_? What do these two words +respectively signify? 2. From what is _naval_ derived? _nautical_? How +do these words differ in meaning? 3. How does _ocean_, used adjectively, +differ from _oceanic_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + That sea-beast, + Leviathan, which God of all his works + Created hugest that swim the ---- stream. + + * * * * * + +NEAT (page 249). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _clean_ signify? 2. Does _orderly_ apply to persons or +things, and in what sense? 3. What does _tidy_ denote? 4. What is the +meaning of _neat_? 5. How does _nice_ compare with _neat_? 6. What is +the significance of _spruce_? _trim_? _dapper_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + If he (Jefferson) condescended to turn ---- sentences for delicate + ears--still, he was essentially an earnest man. + + Still to be ----, still to be drest, + As you were going to a feast, + Still to be powder'd, still perfum'd. + + * * * * * + +NECESSARY (page 250). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. When is a thing properly said to be _necessary_? 2. What is the +meaning of _essential_? How does it differ from _indispensable_? 3. With +reference to what is a thing said to be _requisite_? How does +_requisite_ compare with _essential_ and _indispensable_? 4. How do +_inevitable_ and _unavoidable_ compare? To what kind of things are both +these words applied? 5. How do _needed_ and _needful_ compare with +_necessary_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + As you grow ready for it, somewhere or other you will find what is + ---- for you in a book. + + The ideas of space and time are called in philosophy ---- ideas. + + * * * * * + +NECESSITY (page 250). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _necessity_? 2. What do _need_ and _want_ imply? How does +_need_ compare with _want_? 3. How does _necessity_ compare with _need_? +4. What is an _essential_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Courage is, on all hands, considered as an ---- of high character. + + No living man can send me to the shades + Before my time; no man of woman born, + Coward or brave, can shun his ----. + + * * * * * + +NEGLECT, _n._ (page 251). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _neglect_? _negligence_? How do the two words compare? 2. +What senses has _negligence_ that _neglect_ has not? 3. Which of the two +words may be used in a passive sense? 4. What is the legal phrase for a +punishable _omission_ of duty? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Ah, why + Should we, in the world's riper years, ---- + God's ancient sanctuaries, and adore + Only among the crowd. + + But, alas, to make + A fixed figure, for the hand of ---- + To point his slow unmoving finger at. + + * * * * * + +NEW (page 252). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _new_? of _modern_? of _recent_? 2. How does +_recent_ compare with _new_? 3. What is the meaning of _novel_? of +_fresh_? 4. To what do _young_ and _youthful_ distinctively apply? + + * * * * * + +NIMBLE (page 253). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what does _nimble_ properly refer? 2. To what does _swift_ apply? +3. How does _alert_ compare with _nimble_? For what is _alert_ more +properly a synonym? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Win her with gifts, if she respect not words; + Dumb jewels often, in their silent kind, + More ---- than words, do move a woman's mind. + + Profound thinkers are often helpless in society, while shallow men + have ---- and ready minds. + + * * * * * + +NORMAL (page 253). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _natural_ signify? _normal_? Give instances of the +distinctive use of the two words. 2. What does _typical_ signify? +_regular_? _common_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He does it with a better grace, but I do it more ----. + + The ---- round of work may grow monotonous, but it is evidently + necessary. + + * * * * * + +NOTWITHSTANDING (page 254). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the signification of _however_ as a conjunction? of +_nevertheless_? 2. Which is the most emphatic word of the group and what +does it signify? 3. How do _yet_ and _still_ compare with +_notwithstanding_? with _but_? 4. What is the force of _tho_ and +_altho_? 5. How does _notwithstanding_ as a preposition differ from +_despite_ or _in spite of_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- do thy worst, old Time; despite thy wrong, + My love shall in my verse ever live young. + + ---- till all graces be in one woman, one woman shall not come in my + grace. + + There was an immense crowd ---- the inclement weather. + + * * * * * + +OATH (page 254). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is an _oath_? an _affidavit_? How does the _affidavit_ differ +from the _oath_? 2. What is an _adjuration_? 3. What is a _vow_? How +does it differ from an _oath_? 4. Of what words is _oath_ a popular +synonym? 5. In what do _anathema_, _curse_, _execration_, and +_imprecation_ agree? 6. What is an _anathema_? 7. Is a _curse_ just or +unjust? 8. What does _execration_ express? _imprecation_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Better is it that thou shouldest not ----, than that thou shouldest + ---- and not pay. + + Then how can any man be said + To break an ---- he never made? + + * * * * * + +OBSCURE (page 255). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _obscure_? 2. How does _obscure_ compare with _complicated_? +with _complex_? with _abstruse_? with _profound_? + + * * * * * + +OBSOLETE (page 256). + +QUESTIONS. + +1. When is a word _obsolete_? When is a word _archaic_? 2. Is an _old_ +or _ancient_ word necessarily _obsolete_? 3. What is meant by saying +that a word is _rare_? 4. Is a _rare_ word necessarily _obsolete_ or an +_obsolete_ word necessarily _rare_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + When the labors of modern philologists began, Sanscrit was the most + ---- of all the Aryan languages known to them. + + Atlas, we read in ---- song, + Was so exceeding tall and strong, + He bore the skies upon his back, + Just as the pedler does his pack. + + It is wonderful that so few ---- words are found in Shakespeare + after the lapse of three centuries. + + * * * * * + +OBSTINATE (page 256). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _headstrong_ differ from _obstinate_ and _stubborn_? 2. How +do _obstinate_ and _stubborn_ differ from each other? Which is commonly +applied to the inferior animals and to inanimate things? 3. What is the +meaning of _refractory_? How does it differ from _stubborn_? Which word +is applied to metals, and in what sense? 4. What is the meaning of +_obdurate_? _contumacious_? _pertinacious_? 5. What words do we apply to +the _unyielding_ character or conduct that we approve? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Is it in heav'n a crime to love too well? + To bear too tender, or too ---- a heart, + To act a Lover's or a Roman's part? + + "I shall talk of what I like," she said wilfully, clasping her hands + round her knees with the gesture of an ---- child. + + * * * * * + +OBSTRUCT (page 257). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the literal meaning of _obstruct_? How does it compare with +_hinder_? 2. How does _obstruct_ compare with _impede_? 3. What does +_arrest_ signify in the sense here considered? + + +EXAMPLES. + + There is a certain wisdom of humanity which is common to the + greatest men with the lowest, and which our ordinary education often + labors to silence and ----. + + No, no ----ing the vast wheel of time, + That round and round still turns with onward might. + + * * * * * + +OLD (page 257). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _old_ signify? 2. How do _old_ and _ancient_ compare? 3. +What contrasted senses has _old_? 4. What is the special force of +_olden_? 5. In what sense are _gray_, _hoary_, and _olden_ used of +material objects? 6. To what is _aged_ chiefly applied? 7. To what do +_decrepit_, _gray_, and _hoary_ apply, as said of human beings? 8. To +what does _senile_ apply? 9. In what sense is _elderly_ used? 10. What +are the primary and derived meanings of _remote_? 11. What does +_venerable_ express? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The hills, + Rock-ribbed and ---- as the sun,--the vales + Stretching in pensive quietness between; + The ---- woods, ... + ... and, poured round all, + ---- ocean's gray and melancholy waste,-- + Are but the solemn decorations all + Of the great tomb of man. + + Through the sequestered vale of rural life, + The ---- patriarch guileless held + The tenor of his way. + + O good ---- head which all men knew! + + Shall we, shall ---- men, like ---- trees, + Strike deeper their vile root, and closer cling, + Still more enamored of their wretched soil? + + * * * * * + +OPERATION (page 258). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _operation_ denote? and by what kind of agent is it +effected? 2. What do _performance_ and _execution_ denote? and by what +kind of agents are they effected? 3. How does _performance_ differ from +_execution_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + It requires a surgical ---- to get a joke well into a Scotch + understanding. + + His promises were, as he then was, mighty; + But his ----, as he is now, nothing. + + * * * * * + +ORDER (page 258). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _instruction_ imply? _direction_? 2. How does _order_ +compare with _direction_? 3. To what classes of persons are _orders_ +especially given? How does an _order_ in the commercial sense become +authoritative? 4. How does _command_ compare with _order_? 5. In what +sense is _requirement_ used? By what authority is a _requirement_ made? +6. In what sense is _prohibition_ used? _injunction_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + General Sherman writes in his Memoirs, "I have never in my life + questioned or disobeyed an ----." + + "Ye shall become like God"--transcendent fate! + That God's ---- forgot, she plucked and ate. + + * * * * * + +OSTENTATION (page 259). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _ostentation_? How does it compare with _boasting_? +_display_? _show_? 2. What is _pomp_? _pageant_ or _pageantry_? What do +the two latter words suggest, and how do they compare with _pomp_? 3. +From what is _parade_ derived? What is its primary meaning? With what +implication is it always used in the metaphorical sense? How does +_parade_ compare with _ostentation_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The boast of heraldry, the ---- of power, + And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave. + Await alike the inevitable hour; + The paths of glory lead but to the grave. + + The President's salary does not permit ----, nor, indeed, is ---- + expected of him. + + With all his wealth, talent, and learning, he was singularly free + from ----. + + * * * * * + +OVERSIGHT (page 260). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. In what two contrasted senses is _oversight_ used? 2. How does +_superintendence_ compare with _oversight_? 3. With what special +reference is _control_ used? 4. What kind of a term is _surveillance_, +and what does it imply? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Those able to conduct great enterprises must be allowed wages of + ----. + + O Friendship, equal poised ----! + + Feed the flock of God which is among you, taking the ---- thereof + not by constraint, but willingly. + + * * * * * + +OUGHT (page 260). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _ought_ properly signify? 2. How does _ought_ compare with +_should_? 3. In what secondary sense is _ought_ sometimes used? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He has not a right to do what he likes, but only what he ---- with + his own, which after all is his own only in a qualified sense. + + Age ---- have reverence, and ---- be worthy to have it. + + * * * * * + +PAIN (page 261). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _pain_? _suffering_? 2. How does _distress_ rank as compared +with _pain_ and _suffering_? 3. What is an _ache_? a _throe_? a +_paroxysm_? 4. What is _agony_? _anguish_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + To each his ----s; all are men, + Condemned alike to groan; + The tender for another's ----, + The unfeeling for his own. + + The weariest and most loathed worldly life + That age, ----, penury, and imprisonment + Can lay on nature. + + * * * * * + +PALLIATE (page 261). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How do _cloak_ and _palliate_ agree in original meaning? How do they +differ in the derived senses? 2. What is it to _extenuate_, and how does +that word compare with _palliate_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Speak of me as I am; nothing ---- + Nor aught set down in malice. + + We would not dissemble nor ---- [our transgressions] before the face + of Almighty God, our heavenly Father. + + I shall never attempt to ---- my own foibles by exposing the error + of another. + + * * * * * + +PARDON, _v._ (page 262). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _pardon_? 2. To what does _forgive_ refer? 3. How do +_pardon_ and _forgive_ differ in use in accordance with the difference +in meaning? 4. What is it to _remit_? to _condone_? to _excuse_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + How many will say ----, + And find a kind of license in the sound + To hate a little longer! + + I ---- him, as heaven shall ---- me. + + To err is human, to ----, divine. + + * * * * * + +PARDON, _n._ (page 262). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _acquittal_? How does it differ from _pardon_ as regards the +person acquitted or pardoned? 2. Is an innocent person ever pardoned? 3. +What is _oblivion_? _amnesty_? _absolution_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + For 'tis sweet to stammer one letter + Of the Eternal's language;--on earth it is called ----. + + ----, not wrath, is God's best attribute. + + ---- to the injured does belong, + But they ne'er ---- who have done the wrong. + + * * * * * + +PART, _n._ (page 264). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _part_? 2. What is a _fragment_? a _piece_? 3. What do +_division_ and _fraction_ signify? 4. What is a _portion_? 5. What is a +_share_? an _instalment_? a _particle_? 6. What do _component_, +_constituent_, _ingredient_, and _element_ signify? How do they differ +from one another? 7. What is a _subdivision_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The best ---- of a good man's life, + His little, nameless, unremembered acts + Of kindness and of love. + + Spirits that live throughout, + Vital in every ---- ... + Can not but by annihilating die. + + Many cheap houses were built to be sold by ----s. + + * * * * * + +PARTICLE (page 264). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _particle_? 2. What does _atom_ etymologically signify? +What is its meaning in present scientific use? 3. What is a _molecule_, +and of what is it regarded as composed? 4. What is an _element_ in +chemistry? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Lucretius held that the universe originated from a fortuitous + concourse of ----s. + + But thou shalt flourish in immortal youth, + Unhurt amidst the war of ----s, + The wreck of matter and the crush of worlds. + + Many aquatic animals, whose food consists of small ---- diffused + through the water, have an apparatus for creating currents so as to + bring such ---- within their reach. + + * * * * * + +PATIENCE (page 265). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _patience_? 2. What is _endurance_? 3. How does _patience_ +compare with _submission_ and _endurance_? 4. To what are _submission_ +and _resignation_ ordinarily applied? 5. What is _forbearance_? How +does it compare with _patience_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + With ---- bear the lot to thee assigned, + Nor think it chance, nor murmur at the load, + For know what man calls Fortune is from God. + + There is, however, a limit at which ---- ceases to be a virtue. + + * * * * * + +PAY (page 266). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _pay_? _compensation_? _remuneration_? _recompense_? 2. What +is an _allowance_? 3. What are _wages_? _earnings_? 4. What is _hire_? +what does it imply? 5. For what is _salary_ paid? How does it differ +from _wages_? 6. What is a _fee_, and for what given? + + +EXAMPLES. + + I am not aware that ----, or even favors, however gracious, bind any + man's soul. + + Our praises are our ----. + + Carey, in early life, was a country minister with a small ----. + + Laborers are remunerated by ----, and officials by ----. + + * * * * * + +PEOPLE (page 266). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _community_? a _commonwealth_? 2. What is a _people_? a +_race_? 3. What is a _state_? a _nation_? 4. What does _population_ +signify? _tribe_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A ---- may let a king fall, and still remain a ----, but if a king + let his ---- slip from him, he is no longer a king. + + Questions of ---- have played a great part in the politics and wars + of the latter half of the nineteenth century, the Germanic ----, the + Slavonic ----, the Italian, and the Greek ----s struggling to assert + their unity. + + * * * * * + +PERCEIVE (page 267). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What class of things do we _perceive_? 2. How does _apprehend_ differ +in scope from _perceive_? 3. What does _conceive_ signify? 4. How does +_comprehend_ compare with _apprehend_? with _conceive_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + We may ---- the tokens of the divine agency without being able to + ---- or ---- the divine Being. + + ... Admitted once to his embrace, + Thou shalt ---- that thou wast blind before. + + O horror! horror! horror! Tongue nor heart + Can not ---- nor name thee! + + * * * * * + +PERFECT (page 268). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _perfect_ in the fullest and highest sense? 2. What is +_absolute_ in the fullest sense? 3. What is _perfect_ in the limited +sense, and in popular language? + + +EXAMPLES. + + We have the idea of a Being infinitely ----, and from this Descartes + reasoned that such a being really exists. + + 'Shall remain'! + Hear you this Triton of the minnows? mark you + His ---- 'shall'? + + * * * * * + +PERMANENT (page 269). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what is _durable_ derived? to what class of substances is it +applied? 2. What is _permanent_, and in what connections used? 3. How +does _enduring_ compare with _durable_? with _permanent_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + My heart is wax, molded as she pleases, but ---- as marble to + retain. + + A violet in the youth of primy nature, + Forward, not ----, sweet, not ----, + The perfume and suppliance of a minute. + + For her merchandise shall be for them that dwell before the Lord, to + eat sufficiently, and for ---- clothing. + + * * * * * + +PERMISSION (page 269). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _authority_? 2. What is _permission_? 3. How does +_permission_ compare with _allowance_? 4. What is a _permit_? 5. What is +_license_? How does it compare with _authority_? with _permission_? 6. +What does _consent_ involve? + + +EXAMPLES. + + God is more there than thou; for thou art there + Only by his ----. + + Thieves for their robbery have ----, + When judges steal themselves. + + Very few of the Egyptians avail themselves of the ---- which their + religion allows them, of having four wives. + + * * * * * + +PERNICIOUS (page 270). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what is _pernicious_ derived, and what does it signify? 2. How +does _pernicious_ compare with _injurious_? 3. What does _noisome_ +denote? 4. What is the distinctive sense of _noxious_? 5. How does +_noxious_ compare with _noisome_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Inflaming wine, ---- to mankind. + + So bees with smoke, and doves with ---- stench, + Are from their hives, and houses, driven away. + + The strong smell of sulfur, and a choking sensation of the lungs + indicated the presence of ---- gases. + + * * * * * + +PERPLEXITY (page 270). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _perplexity_? _confusion_? How do the two words compare? 2. +How do _bewilderment_ and _confusion_ compare? 3. From what does +_amazement_ result? + + +EXAMPLES. + + CAIUS.--Vere is mine host _de Jarterre_? + HOST.--Here, master doctor, in ---- and doubtful dilemma. + + There is such ---- in my powers + As, after some oration fairly spoke + By a beloved prince, there doth appear + Among the buzzing, pleased multitude. + + * * * * * + +PERSUADE (page 271). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _convince_ denote? How does it differ from the other words +of the group? 2. What is it to _persuade_? 3. How is _convincing_ +related to _persuasion_? 4. How does _coax_ compare with _persuade_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A long train of these practises has at length unwillingly ---- me + that there is something hid behind the throne greater than the king + himself. + + He had a head to contrive, a tongue to ----, and a hand to execute + any mischief. + + * * * * * + +PERVERSE (page 272). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the etymological meaning of _perverse_? What does it signify +in common use? 2. What does _petulant_ signify? _wayward_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + And you, my lords--methinks you do not well, + To bear with their ---- objections. + + Whining, purblind, ---- boy! + + Good Lord! what madness rules in brainsick men + When, for so slight and frivolous a cause, + Such ---- emulations shall arise. + + * * * * * + +PHYSICAL (page 272). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _material_ signify? 2. What idea does _physical_ add to +that contained in _material_? 3. To what do _bodily_, _corporal_, and +_corporeal_ apply? 4. How do _bodily_ and _corporal_ differ from +_corporeal_? 5. To what is _corporal_ now for the most part limited? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- punishment is practically abandoned in the greater number of + American schools. + + Man has two parts, the one ---- and earthly, the other immaterial + and spiritual. + + These races are all clearly differentiated by other ---- traits than + the color of the skin. + + We can not think of substance save in terms that imply ---- + properties. + + * * * * * + +PITIFUL (page 273). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What was the original meaning of _pitiful_? What does it now signify? +2. How does _pitiful_ differ in use from _pitiable_? 3. What was the +early and what is the present sense of _piteous_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + There is something pleading and ---- in the simplicity of perfect + ignorance. + + The most ---- sight one ever sees is a young man doing nothing; the + Furies early drag him to his doom. + + O, the most ---- cry of the poor souls! + + * * * * * + +PITY (page 273). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _pity_? _sympathy_? 2. How does _sympathy_ in its exercise +differ from _pity_? 3. How does _pity_ differ from _mercy_? 4. How does +_compassion_ compare with _mercy_ and _pity_? 5. How does +_commiseration_ differ from _compassion_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Nothing but the Infinite ---- is sufficient for the infinite pathos + of human life. + + He hallows every heart he once has swayed, + And when his presence we no longer share, + Still leaves ---- as a relic there. + + * * * * * + +PLEAD (page 274). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _plead_ in the ordinary sense? in the legal sense? 2. +How do _argue_ and _advocate_ differ? 3. What do _beseech_, _entreat_, +and _implore_ imply? 4. How does _solicit_ compare with the above words? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Speak to me low, my Savior, low and sweet, + . . . + Lest I should fear and fall, and miss thee so, + Who art not missed by any that ----. + + Speaking of the honor paid to good men, is it not time to ---- for a + reform in the writing of biographies? + + * * * * * + +PLEASANT (page 275). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _pleasant_ add to the sense of _pleasing_? 2. How does +_pleasant_ compare with _kind_? 3. What does _good-natured_ signify? How +does it compare with _pleasant_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch + About him, and lies down to ---- dreams. + + When fiction rises ---- to the eye, + Men will believe because they love the lie. + + ... If we must part forever, + Give me but one ---- word to think upon. + + * * * * * + +PLENTIFUL (page 276). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What kind of a term is _enough_, and what does it mean? 2. How does +_sufficient_ compare with _enough_? 3. What is _ample_? 4. To what do +_abundant_, _ample_, _liberal_, and _plentiful_ apply? 5. How is +_copious_ used? _affluent_? _plentiful_? 6. What does _complete_ +express? 7. In what sense are _lavish_ and _profuse_ employed? 8. To +what is _luxuriant_ applied? + + +EXAMPLES. + + My ---- joys, + Wanton in fulness, seek to hide themselves + In drops of sorrow. + + Can anybody remember when the right sort of men and the right sort + of women were ----? + + Share the advice betwixt you; if both gain all, + The gift doth stretch itself as 'tis received, + And is ---- for both. + + He hasted, and opposed the rocky orb + Of tenfold adamant, his ---- shield. + + * * * * * + +POETRY (page 277). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _poetry_? 2. Does _poetry_ involve _rime_? Does it require +_meter_? 3. What is imperatively required beyond _verse_, _rime_, or +_meter_ to constitute _poetry_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- is rhythmical, imaginative language, expressing the invention, + taste, thought, passion, and insight of a human soul. + + He knew + Himself to sing, and build the lofty ----. + + And ever against eating cares, + Lap me in soft Lydian airs, + Married to immortal ----. + + * * * * * + +POLITE (page 277). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What are the characteristics of a _civil_ person? What more is found +in one who is _polite_? 2. How does _courteous_ compare with _civil_? 3. +What does _courtly_ signify? _genteel_? _urbane_? 4. In what sense is +_polished_ used? _complaisant_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + She is not ---- for the sake of seeming ----, but ---- for the sake + of being kind. + + He was so generally ---- that nobody thanked him for it. + + Her air, her manners, all who saw admired; ---- tho coy, and gentle + tho retired. + + * * * * * + +POVERTY (page 279). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _poverty_ strictly denote? What does it signify in ordinary +use? 2. What does _privation_ signify? How does it compare with +_distress_? 3. What is _indigence_? _destitution_? _penury_? 4. What +does _pauperism_ properly signify? How does it differ from _beggary_ and +_mendicancy_? + + * * * * * + +POWER (page 279). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _power_? 2. Is _power_ limited to intelligent agents, or how +widely applied? 3. How does _ability_ compare with _power_? 4. What is +_capacity_, and how related to _power_ and to _ability_? 5. What is +_competency_? _faculty_? _talent_? 6. What are _dexterity_ and _skill_? +How are they related to _talent_? 7. What is _efficacy_? _efficiency_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Bismarck was the one great figure of all Europe, with more ---- for + good or evil than any other human being possessed at that time. + + The soul, in its highest sense, is a vast ---- for God. + + I reckon it is an oversight in a great body of metaphysicians that + they have been afraid to ascribe our apprehensions of ---- to + intuition. In consequence of this neglect, some never get the idea + of ----, but merely of succession, within the bare limits of + experience. + + * * * * * + +PRAISE (page 280). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _praise_? By how many is it given, and how is it expressed? +2. What is _applause_? by how many given? and how expressed? 3. What is +_acclamation_? How does it differ from _applause_? 4. How does +_approbation_ differ from _praise_? 5. What does _approval_ add to the +meaning of _praise_? 6. How does _compliment_ compare with _praise_? 7. +What is _flattery_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ---- of listening senates to command, + The threats of pain and ruin to despise, + To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land, + And read their history in a nation's eyes. + + ---- no man e'er deserved who sought no more. + + Gladly then he mixed + Among those friendly powers, who him received + With joy and ----s loud. + + * * * * * + +PRAY (page 281). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _pray_ in the religious sense? 2. In what lighter and +more familiar sense may _pray_ be used? Is this latter use now common? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Hesiod exhorted the husbandman to ---- for a harvest, but to do so + with his hand upon the plow. + + I kneel, and then ---- her blessing. + + * * * * * + +PRECARIOUS (page 282). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what is the term _uncertain_ applied? 2. What did _precarious_ +originally signify? How is it now used, and how does it differ from +_uncertain_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ... Thou know'st, great son, + The end of war's ----. + + Life seems to be ---- in proportion to its value. + + * * * * * + +PRECEDENT (page 282). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _precedent_? 2. How does _case_ fall short of the meaning +of _precedent_? 3. What is an _obiter dictum_? How does it differ from a +_precedent_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Where freedom broadens slowly down + From ---- to ----. + + Let us consider the reason of the ----, for nothing is law that is + not reason. + + * * * * * + +PREDESTINATION (page 282). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _predestination_? 2. How does _fate_ differ from +_predestination_? 3. What does _necessity_ signify in the philosophical +sense? 4. What is _foreknowledge_? Does it involve _foreordination_ or +_predestination_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + For ---- has wove the thread of life with pain. + + All high truth is the union of two contradictories. Thus ---- and + free-will are opposites; and the truth does not lie between these + two, but in a higher reconciling truth which leaves both true. + + * * * * * + +PREJUDICE (page 283). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _presumption_? On what is it founded? 2. On what are +_prejudice_ and _prepossession_ based? How do these two words differ +from each other? + + +EXAMPLES. + + When the judgment's weak, the ---- is strong. + + The ---- is always in favor of what exists. + + His fine features, manly form, and perfect manners awakened an + instant ---- in his favor. + + * * * * * + +PRETENSE (page 283). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _pretense_? How does it differ from a _pretext_? 2. What is +a _ruse_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The claim of a stronger nation to protect a weaker has commonly been + but a ---- for conquest. + + It is not poverty so much as ---- that harasses a ruined man--the + struggle between a proud mind and an empty purse. + + The independent English nobility conspired to make an insurrection, + and to support the prince's ----s. + + * * * * * + +PREVENT (page 284). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the original meaning of _prevent_? 2. What word is now +commonly used in that sense? 3. What is the meaning of _obviate_? +_preclude_? 4. How is _prevent_ at present used? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The contrary supposition is obviously ----. + + When the Siberian Pacific Railway is finished, what is there to ---- + Russia from annexing nearly the whole of China? + + There appears to be no way to ---- the difficulty. + + * * * * * + +PREVIOUS (page 285). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _antecedent_ denote? 2. How does _preceding_ differ from +_antecedent_ and _previous_? 3. How is _anterior_ commonly used? +_prior_? 4. Of what is _former_ used? What does _former_ always imply? + + +EXAMPLES. + + These matters have been fully explained in ---- chapters of this + work. + + The reader will be helped to an understanding of this process by a + careful study of the diagram on the ---- page. + + In ---- times many things were attributed to witchcraft that now + have a scientific explanation. + + * * * * * + +PRICE (page 285). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the _cost_ of an article? the _price_? 2. How do _cost_ and +_price_ ordinarily differ? 3. In what exceptional case may _cost_ and +_price_ agree? 4. What does _price_ always imply? 5. What is the meaning +of _value_? How does market _value_ differ from intrinsic _value_? 6. +How does _value_ differ from _worth_? 7. To what are _charge_ and +_expense_ ordinarily applied? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- is the life-giving power of anything; ----, the quantity of + labor required to produce it; ----, the quantity of labor which its + possessor will take in exchange for it. + + No man can permanently do business by making the ---- of his goods + the same as their ---- to him, however such a method may help him + momentarily in an emergency. + + * * * * * + +PRIDE (page 286). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _pride_? _haughtiness_? _arrogance_? _disdain_? How do these +qualities compare with _pride_? 2. What does _superciliousness_ imply +according to its etymology? 3. How do _pride_ and _vanity_ differ? 4. +What difference is noted between _self-conceit_ and _conceit_? 5. How do +_self-respect_ and _self-esteem_ compare with each other and with the +other words of the group? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- may puff a man up, but never prop him up. + + There is nothing ---- can so little bear with as ---- itself. + + ---- is as ill at ease under indifference, as tenderness is under + the love which it can not return. + + * * * * * + +PRIMEVAL (page 287). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the derivation and signification of _aboriginal_? +_autochthonic_? _primeval_? 2. What do _prime_ and _primary_ denote? +What special sense has _primary_ as in reference to a school? 3. How is +_primordial_ used? 4. What does _primitive_ suggest, as in the +expressions, the _primitive_ church, _primitive_ simplicity? 5. What is +_pristine_? 6. How do _native_ and _indigenous_ compare? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Thou from ---- nothingness didst call + First chaos, then existence, Lord. + + The ---- inhabitants of America are long since extinct, for even the + races whom the white men conquered had themselves supplanted an + earlier race. + + All the later ages have wondered at and admired the whole-souled + consecration of the ---- church. + + * * * * * + +PROFIT (page 288). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What are _returns_ or _receipts_? 2. What is _profit_ in the +commercial sense? What in the intellectual and moral sense? 3. What is +_utility_? 4. What does _advantage_ originally signify? Does it now +necessarily imply having or gaining superiority to another person, or +securing anything at another's expense? 5. What is _gain_? _benefit_? +_emolument_? 6. To what does _expediency_ especially refer? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Silence has many ----s. + + No man can read with ---- that which he can not learn to read with + pleasure. + + Godliness with contentment is great ----. + + * * * * * + +PROGRESS (page 289). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _progress_? 2. What do _attainment_, _proficiency_, and +_development_ imply? 3. What is _advance_? How does it differ from +_progress_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + What is thy ---- compared with an Alexander's, a Mahomet's, a + Napoleon's? + + And dreams in their ---- have breath, + And tears, and tortures, and the touch of joy. + + Human ---- consists in a continual increase in the number of those + who, ceasing to live by the animal life alone and to feel the + pleasures of sense only, come to participate in the intellectual + life also. + + * * * * * + +PROHIBIT (page 290). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _prohibit_? 2. How does _forbid_ compare with +_prohibit_? 3. How does _prohibit_ compare with _prevent_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Tho much I want which most would have, + Yet still my mind ---- to crave. + + The laws of England, from the early Plantagenets, sternly ---- the + conversion of malt into alcohol, excepting a small portion for + medicinal purposes. + + Human law must ---- many things that human administration of law can + not absolutely ----; is not this true also of the divine government? + + * * * * * + +PROMOTE (page 291). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _promote_? 2. To what does _promote_ apply? To persons +or things, and in what way? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The outlawed pirate of one year was ---- the next to be a governor + and his country's representative. + + The imperial ensign, which full high ----ed, + Shone like a meteor streaming in the wind. + + * * * * * + +PROPITIATION (page 291). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What did _atonement_ originally denote? What is its present +theological and popular sense? 2. What does _expiation_ signify? +_propitiation_? _satisfaction_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- has respect to the bearing which satisfaction has upon sin or + the sinner. ---- has respect to the effect of satisfaction in + removing the judicial displeasure of God. + + When a man has been guilty of any sin or folly, I think the best + ---- he can make is to warn others not to fall into the like. + + Redemption implies the complete deliverance from the penalty, power, + and all the consequences of sin; ---- is used in the sense of the + sacrificial work, whereby the redemption from the condemning power + of the law was insured. + + * * * * * + +PROPOSAL (page 291). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does an _offer_ or _proposal_ do? 2. What does a _proposition_ +set forth? 3. For what is the _proposition_ designed? the _proposal_? 4. +In what way does _proposition_ come to have nearly the sense of +_proposal_ in certain uses? 5. What is a _bid_? 6. What does an +_overture_ accomplish? In what special application is the word commonly +used? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Garrison emphatically declared, "I can not listen to any ---- for a + gradual abolition of wickedness." + + The theme in confirmation must always admit of being expressed in a + logical ----, with subject, predicate, and copula. + + * * * * * + +PROPOSE (page 292). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _propose_ in its most frequent use differ from _purpose_? 2. +How is _propose_ used so as to be nearly equivalent to _purpose_? What +important difference appears in this latter use? + + +EXAMPLES. + + I know, indeed, the evil of that I ----, but my inclination gets the + better of my judgment. + + Man ----s, but God disposes. + + * * * * * + +PROTRACT (page 293). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _protract_? 2. What is the significance of _defer_ and +_delay_, and how do these words differ in usage from _protract_? 3. How +does _elongate_ differ from _protract_? 4. Is _protract_ ordinarily +favorable or unfavorable in sense? 5. Is _continue_ favorable or +unfavorable? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Unseen hands ---- + The coming of what oft seems close in ken. + + Burton, a hypochondriac, wrote the "Anatomy of Melancholy," that + marvel of learning, and ---- his life to the age of sixty-four. + + * * * * * + +PROVERB (page 293). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. In what do the _proverb_ and the _adage_ agree? In what respects do +they differ? 2. What is an _apothegm_? an _aphorism_? How do these two +words differ? 3. What is a _dictum_? a _saying_? 4. What is a _precept_? +How does it differ from a _motto_ or _maxim_? 5. How do _motto_ and +_maxim_ differ from each other? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ---- must be verified, + That beggars mounted, run their horse to death. + + Books, like ----s, receive their chief value from the stamp and + esteem of ages through which they have passed. + + * * * * * + +PRUDENCE (page 294). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the definition of _prudence_? 2. How does _providence_ differ +from _prudence_? 3. How does _care_ compare with _prudence_ and +_providence_? 4. How is _frugality_ related to _prudence_? 5. How do +_foresight_ and _forethought_ compare with each other, and both with +_providence_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + When desp'rate ills demand a speedy cure, + Distrust is cowardice, and ---- folly. + + With a ---- unknown in other parts of Scotland, the peasantry have + in most places planted orchards around their cottages. + + * * * * * + +PURCHASE (page 295). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what language is _purchase_ derived? 2. From what is _buy_ +derived? 3. How do _buy_ and _purchase_ agree in meaning? What single +definition would answer for either? 4. How do _buy_ and _purchase_ +differ in use? Give instances. + + +EXAMPLES. + + I'll give thee England's treasure, + Enough to ---- such another island, + So thou wilt make me live. + + 'Tis gold which ----s admittance. + + ---- the truth, and sell it not. + + * * * * * + +PURE (page 296). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _pure_ signify? 2. In what sense are material substances +said to be _pure_? 3. What does _pure_ denote in moral and religious +use? 4. How does _pure_ compare with _innocent_? with _virtuous_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Water from melted snow is ----r than rain-water, as it descends + through the air in a solid form, incapable of absorbing atmospheric + gases. + + Stone walls do not a prison make, + Nor iron bars a cage; + Minds ---- and quiet take + That for a hermitage. + + In every place incense shall be offered unto my name and a ---- + offering, saith the Lord of hosts. + + * * * * * + +QUEER (page 297). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _odd_? _singular_? Are _odd_ and _singular_ +precise equivalents? 2. When is a thing called _strange_? 3. What is the +primary meaning of _peculiar_? With what implication is it now commonly +used? 4. What is the meaning of _eccentric_? How does it differ in use +from _odd_ or _queer_? 5. How does _erratic_ compare with _eccentric_? +6. What is the primary meaning of _queer_? its common meaning? 7. What +is the significance of _quaint_? _grotesque_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A ----, shy man was this pastor--a sort of living mummy, dried up + and bleached by Icelandic snows. + + In setting a hen, says Grose, the good women hold it an + indispensable rule to put an ---- number of eggs. + + Only a man of undoubted genius can afford to be ----. + + The ---- architecture of these medieval towns has a strange + fascination. + + * * * * * + +QUICKEN (page 297). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _accelerate_? to _despatch_? 2. What does the verb +_speed_ signify? _hasten_? _hurry_? What does _hurry_ suggest in +addition to the meaning of _hasten_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The motion of a falling body is continually ----ed. + + The muster-place is Lanrick mead! + ---- forth the signal! Norman, ----! + + The pulsations of the heart are ----ed by exertion. + + * * * * * + +QUOTE (page 298). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _cite_ differ from _quote_? 2. What is it to _paraphrase_? +to _plagiarize_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A great man ---- bravely, and will not draw on his invention when + his memory serves him with a word as good. + + The Devil can ---- Scripture for his purpose. + + To appropriate others' thoughts or words mechanically and without + credit is to ----. + + * * * * * + +RACY (page 299). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what does _racy_ in the first instance refer? _pungent_? 2. How +does _piquant_ differ from _pungent_? 3. How are these words and the +word _spicy_ used in reference to literary products? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Pure mother English, ---- and fresh with idiomatic graces. + + The atmosphere was strangely impregnated with the ---- odor of + burning peat. + + The spruce, the cedar, and the juniper, with their balsamic breath, + filled the air with a ---- fragrance. + + * * * * * + +RADICAL (page 299). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the primary meaning of _radical_? 2. What contrasted senses +are derived from this primary meaning? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Timidity is a ---- defect in a reformer. + + Social and political leaders look to vested interests, and hence are + inclined to regard all ---- measures as ----. + + * * * * * + +RARE (page 300). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _unique_? Can any one of a number of things of +the same kind be _unique_? 2. What is the primary meaning of _rare_? +What added sense is often blended with this primary meaning? 3. Is +_extraordinary_ favorable or unfavorable in meaning? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Nothing is so ---- as time. + + That which gives to the Jews their ---- position among the nations + is what we are accustomed to regard as their sacred history. + + And what is so ---- as a day in June? + Then, if ever, come perfect days. + + * * * * * + +REACH (page 300). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _reach_ in the sense here considered? 2. What is it to +_arrive_? 3. What does _attain_ add to the meaning of _arrive_? What +does _gain_ add? + + +EXAMPLES. + + And grasping down the boughs + I ----ed the shore. + + He gathered the ripe nuts in the fall, + And berries that grew by fence and wall + So high she could not ---- them at all. + + The heights by great men ----ed and kept + Were not ----ed by sudden flight, + But they, while their companions slept, + Were toiling upward in the night. + + It is only in this way that we can hope to ---- at truth. + + * * * * * + +REAL (page 301). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what is _real_ derived? What does it mean? 2. From what is the +_real_ distinguished? 3. To what is _actual_ opposed? 4. What shades of +difference may be pointed out between the four words _actual_, _real_, +_developed_, and _positive_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + In ---- life we do not die when all that makes life bright dies to + us. + + If there was any trouble, ---- or impending, affecting those she had + served, her place was with them. + + This was regarded as proof ---- of conspiracy. + + * * * * * + +REASON, _v._ (page 302). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _reason_ about a matter? 2. From what is _argue_ +derived, and what does it mean? 3. What is it to _demonstrate_? to +_prove_? How do these two words agree and differ? + + +EXAMPLES. + + There are two ways of reaching truth: by ----ing it out and by + feeling it out. + + In ----ing, too, the person owned his skill, + For e'en tho vanquished, he could ---- still. + + A matter of fact may be ----ed by adequate evidence; only a + mathematical proposition can be ----ed. + + * * * * * + +REASON, _n._ (page 302). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _cause_ differ from _reason_ in the strict sense of each of +the two words? 2. How is _reason_ often used so as to be a partial +equivalent of _cause_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + No one is at liberty to speak ill of another without a justifiable + ----, even tho he knows he is speaking truth. + + I am not only witty myself, but the ---- that wit is in other men. + + Necessity is the ---- of tyrants; it is the creed of slaves. + + Alas! how light a ---- may move + Dissension between hearts that love! + + * * * * * + +REASONING (page 303). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What do _argumentation_ and _debate_ ordinarily imply? 2. How does +_reasoning_ differ from both the above words in this respect? 3. To what +kind of _reasoning_ were _argument_ and _argumentation_ formerly +restricted? How widely are the words now applied? 4. How do _argument_ +and _argumentation_ compare with _reasoning_ as regards logical form? + + +EXAMPLES. + + All ----, Inductive or Deductive, is a reaching of the unknown + through the known; and where nothing unknown is reached there is no + ----. + + Early at Bus'ness, and at Hazard late, + Mad at a fox-chase, wise at a ----. + + If thou continuest to take delight in idle ----, thou mayest be + qualified to combat with the sophists, but never know how to live + with men. + + * * * * * + +REFINEMENT (page 305). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what does _civilization_ apply, and what does it denote? 2. What +is _refinement_? 3. What is the primary meaning of _cultivation_? the +derived meaning? 4. By what word is _cultivation_ now largely +superseded? 5. What does _culture_ denote? + + +EXAMPLES. + + What is ----? It is the humanization of man in society, the + satisfaction for him in society of the true law of human nature. + + Giving up wrong pleasure is not self-sacrifice, but self-----. + + This refined taste is the consequence of education and habit; we are + born only with a capacity of entertaining this ----. + + * * * * * + +RELIABLE (page 306). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is to be said of the controversy regarding the formation and use +of the word _reliable_? 2. What do _trusty_ and _trustworthy_ denote? 3. +How does _reliable_ compare with these words? 4. What meaning may +_reliable_ convey that _trusty_ and _trustworthy_ would not? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Good lack! quoth he, yet bring it me + My leathern belt likewise, + In which I bear my ---- sword, + When I do exercise. + + The first voyage to America, of which we have any perfectly ---- + account, was performed by the Norsemen. + + * * * * * + +RELIGION (page 307). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the original sense of _piety_? the derived sense? 2. What is +_religion_? What does it include? 3. What is _worship_? _devotion_? 4. +What is _morality_? _godliness_? _holiness_? 5. How is _theology_ +related to _religion_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- is man's belief in a being or beings, mightier than himself and + inaccessible to his senses, but not indifferent to his sentiments + and actions, with the feelings and practises which flow from such + belief. + + ----, whose soul sincere + Fears God, and knows no other fear. + + To deny the freedom of the will is to make ---- impossible. + + Systematic ---- may be defined as the substance of the Christian + faith in a scientific form. + + * * * * * + +REND (page 309). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what are _rend_ and _tear_ usually applied? Which is the stronger +word? 2. In what connection is _rive_ used, and in what sense? 3. What +does _lacerate_ signify? 4. How does _mangle_ compare with _lacerate_? +5. What do _burst_ and _rupture_ signify? Which is the stronger word? +When is a steam-boiler said to be _ruptured_? 6. What does _rip_ +signify? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Storms do not ---- the sail that is furled. + + Oh, it offends me to the soul to hear a robustious, periwig-pated + fellow ---- a passion to tatters, to very rags, to split the ears of + the groundlings. + + And now a bubble ----s, and now a world. + + The first blood shed in the revolutionary struggle; a mere drop in + amount, but a deluge in its effects, ----ing the colonies forever + from the mother country. + + * * * * * + +RENOUNCE (page 309). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what is _renounce_ derived, and in what sense used? _recant_? +_retract_? 2. What is it to _discard_? 3. How does _revoke_ compare with +_recall_ in original meaning and in present use? 4. What is the +derivation and the distinctive meaning of _abjure_? 5. In what sense is +_repudiate_ used? + + +EXAMPLES. + + On his knees, with his hand on the Bible, Galileo was compelled to + ---- and curse the doctrine of the movement of the earth. + + He adds his soul to every other loss, and by the act of suicide, + ---- earth to forfeit heaven. + + He had no spiritual adviser, no human comforter, and was entirely in + the hands of those who were determined that he should ---- or die. + + * * * * * + +REPENTANCE (page 310). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _regret_? 2. What does _penitence_ add to _regret_? 3. How +does _repentance_ surpass the meaning of _penitence_, _regret_, +_sorrow_, etc.? 4. What is _compunction_? _contrition_? 5. What is +_remorse_, and how does it compare with _repentance_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + What then? what rests? + Try what ---- can: what can it not? + + Forgive me, Valentine, if hearty ---- + Be a sufficient ransom for offense, + I tender't here. + + So writhes the mind ---- has riven, + Unmeet for earth, undoomed to heaven, + Darkness above, despair beneath, + Around it flame, within it death. + + * * * * * + +REPROOF (page 311). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Are _blame_, _censure_, and _disapproval_ spoken or silent? 2. Are +_comment_, _criticism_, _rebuke_, _reflection_, _reprehension_, and +_reproof_ expressed or not? 3. How of _admonition_ and _animadversion_? +4. Are _comment_ and _criticism_ favorable or unfavorable? Do they imply +superiority on the part of commentator or critic? 5. Do _reflection_ and +_reprehension_ imply such superiority? How are these two words +discriminated? 6. What does _rebuke_ literally signify? To what kind of +person is a _rebuke_ administered? 7. To what kind of person is +_reproof_ administered? 8. What do _rebuke_ and _reproof_ imply on the +part of him who administers them? 9. What is _animadversion_? +_admonition_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A ---- is intolerable when it is administered out of pride or + hatred. + + The best preservative to keep the mind in health is the faithful + ---- of a friend. + + Open ---- is better than secret love. + + * * * * * + +REPROVE (page 312). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _censure_? to _reprove_? to _reprimand_ 2. How does +_admonish_ compare with the other words in the group? Is its reference +to the past or to the future? 3. What is it to _reproach_? Does this +word imply authority or superiority? 4. What is the force of +_expostulate_ and _remonstrate_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He that oppresseth the poor ----eth his Maker. + + Her answer ----ed me; for she said, "I never ask their crimes, for + we have all come short." + + Moses was ----ed of God when he was about to make the tabernacle: + for, see, saith he, that thou make all things according to the + pattern shewed to thee in the mount. + + This witness is true. Therefore ---- them sharply, that they may be + sound in the faith. + + * * * * * + +REST (page 313). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _ease_? _quiet_? _rest_? 2. What is _recreation_, and how is +it related to _rest_? 3. What is _repose_ in the primary, and what in +the derived, sense? 4. How does _repose_ compare with _rest_? 5. What is +a _pause_? 6. How does _sleep_ compare with _repose_ and _rest_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Seek out, less often sought than found, + A soldier's grave--for thee the best; + Then look around, and choose thy ground, + And take thy ----. + + Her manners had not that ---- + That stamps the cast of Vere de Vere. + + Shall I not take mine ---- in mine inn? + + * * * * * + +RESTRAIN (page 315). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _restrain_? 2. How does _constrain_ differ from +_restrain_? 3. How does _restrain_ differ from _restrict_? 4. How does +_repress_ compare with _restrain_? _suppress_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The English Puritans, ----ed at home, fled for freedom to America. + + In no political system is it so necessary to ---- the powers of the + government as in a democratic state. + + * * * * * + +REVENGE (page 316). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _revenge_? 2. How does _retaliation_ compare with _revenge_? +3. What did _vengeance_ formerly mean, and what does it now imply? 4. +What is a _requital_? 5. How do _avenging_ and _retribution_ differ from +_retaliation_, _revenge_, and _vengeance_? 6. What difference may be +noted between _avenging_ and _retribution_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + According to the wish of Sulla himself, ... his monument was erected + in the Campus Martius, bearing an inscription composed by himself: + "No friend ever did me a kindness, no enemy a wrong, without + receiving full ----." + + By the spirit of ----, as we sometimes express it, we generally + understand a disposition, not merely to return suffering for + suffering, but to inflict a degree of pain on the person who is + supposed to have injured us, beyond what strict justice requires. + + In all great religions we find one God, and in all, personal + immortality with ----. + + * * * * * + +REVOLUTION (page 317). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the essential idea of _revolution_? 2. Does a _revolution_ +necessarily involve war? 3. What is _anarchy_? _insubordination_? +_sedition_? _revolt_? _rebellion_? 4. How does _rebellion_ differ from +_revolution_? 5. By what class of persons is _insurrection_ made? +_mutiny_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ----s are not made; they come. + + ---- to tyrants is obedience to God. + + Since government is of God, ---- must be contrary to his will. + + * * * * * + +REVOLVE (page 318). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. When is a body said to _roll_? to _rotate_? to _revolve_? 2. In what +sense may the earth be said to _revolve_? and in what sense to _rotate_? +3. What are some of the extended uses of _roll_? 4. What kind of a word +is _turn_, and what is its meaning? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Any bright star close by the pole is seen to ---- in a very small + circle whose center is the pole itself. + + The sun ----s on an axis in the same direction in which the planets + ---- in their orbits. + + Human nature can never rest; once in motion it ----s like the stone + of Sisyphus every instant when the resisting force is suspended. + + * * * * * + +RIGHT (page 319). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _right_? Is it general or special? 2. What is a +_privilege_? an _exemption_? an _immunity_? 3. What is a _franchise_? a +_prerogative_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Friendship gives no ---- to make ourselves disagreeable. + + All men are created equal, and endowed with certain inalienable + ----s. + + * * * * * + +RUSTIC (page 321). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what are _rural_ and _rustic_ alike derived? How do the two +words agree in general signification? How are they discriminated in use? +2. What is the meaning of _pastoral_? of _bucolic_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + How still the morning of the hallowed day! + Mute is the voice of ---- labor, hush'd + The plowboy's whistle and the milkmaid's song. + + The ---- arbor which the summit crowned + Was woven of shining smilax, trumpet-vine, + Clematis, and the wild white eglantine. + + When hunting tribes begin to domesticate animals, they enter usually + upon the ---- stage. + + * * * * * + +SACRAMENT (page 321). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a religious _service_ in the extended sense? 2. What is a +_sacrament_? 3. What is an _observance_? an _ordinance_? 4. How do +_sacrament_ and _ordinance_ differ? 5. What is a _rite_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Religion will glide by degrees out of the mind unless it be + invigorated and reimpressed by external ----s. + + Nothing tends more to unite men's hearts than joining together in + the same prayers and ----s. + + * * * * * + +SALE (page 323). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _change_ or _exchange_? 2. What is _barter_? _sale_? 3. What +is a _bargain_ in the strict sense? 4. What is _trade_ in the broad and +in the limited sense? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Honor sits smiling at the ---- of truth. + + I'll give thrice as much land to any well-deserving friend, + But in the way of ----, mark ye me, + I'll cavil on the ninth part of a hair. + + Stamps God's own name upon a lie just made + To coin a penny in the way of ----. + + * * * * * + +SAMPLE (page 323). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _sample_? a _specimen_? 2. How do _sample_ and _specimen_ +compare as indications of the quality of that which they respectively +represent? + + +EXAMPLES. + + There is, therefore, in this country, an implied warranty that the + goods correspond to the ----. + + Curzola is a perfect ---- of a Venetian town. + + * * * * * + +SCHOLAR (page 324). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the primary sense of _scholar_? the derived sense? 2. What +does _pupil_ signify? How is it technically used in educational work? 3. +In what sense is _student_ employed? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The accent or turn of expression of a single sentence will at once + mark a ----. + + The State of New York supplies all needed text-books free of charge + to the ----s in the public schools. + + The ----s in American colleges have taken up athletics with intense + enthusiasm. + + * * * * * + +SCIENCE (page 325). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _science_ compare with _knowledge_? 2. How does _art_ +compare with _science_? 3. What two senses of _art_ must be +discriminated from each other? 4. In which sense is _art_ a system of +rules? 5. In which sense does _art_ transcend rule? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Beethoven took his ---- as seriously as a saint and martyr takes his + religion. + + Modern ---- may be regarded as one vast miracle, whether we view it + in relation to the Almighty Being, by whom its objects and its laws + were formed, or to the feeble intellect of man, by which its depths + have been sounded, and its mysteries explored. + + Printing has been aptly termed the ---- preservative of all other + ----s. + + * * * * * + +SECURITY (page 326). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Of what kind of value or property must an _earnest_ consist? 2. How +do _pledge_ and _security_ differ from _earnest_? 3. How does _security_ +differ from _pledge_? 4. What is _bail_? _gage_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ---- for a national or state debt is the honesty of its people. + + The surest ---- of a deathless name + Is the silent homage of thoughts unspoken. + + And for an ---- of a greater honor, + He bade me, from him, call thee Thane of Cawdor. + + * * * * * + +SENSATION (page 328). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _sensation_? a _perception_? 2. How does an _emotion_ +differ from a _sensation_? 3. How does the popular term _feeling_ +compare with _sensation_ and _emotion_? 4. What is a _sense_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + But ----, in the technical and limited sense of the term, is + appropriated to the knowledge of material objects, and of the + external world. This knowledge is gained or acquired by means of the + ----s, and hence, to be more exact, we call it sensible ----, or, + more briefly, sense ----. + + ----s sweet, + Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart. + + * * * * * + +SENSIBILITY (page 328). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _sensibility_ in the philosophical sense? in popular use? 2. +What does _sensitiveness_ denote? 3. What is _susceptibility_? How does +it compare with _sensitiveness_? 4. How are _susceptibility_ and +_sensitiveness_ discriminated in physics? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ---- of the external surface of the body is a special endowment + adapted to the elements around and calculated to protect the + interior parts from injury. + + ---- to pleasure is of necessity also ---- to pain. + + Every mind is in a peculiar state of ---- to certain impressions. + + * * * * * + +SEVERE (page 329). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _severe_? _rigid_? _strict_? 2. How does _rigorous_ compare +with _rigid_? 3. What does _austere_ signify? What element is always +found in an _austere_ character? + + +EXAMPLES. + + In mathematics we arrive at certitude by ---- demonstration. + + He who the sword of heaven will bear + Should be as holy as ----. + + ---- law is often ---- injustice. + + By ---- adherence to truth in official dealing with the natives, the + English have come to be always believed in India. + + * * * * * + +SHELTER, _v._ (page 331). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. When is anything said to be _covered_? 2. How does _shelter_ compare +with _cover_? 3. What does _defend_ signify? 4. What does _guard_ imply? +5. How does _protect_ surpass _guard_ and _defend_? 6. What does +_shield_ signify? How does it compare with _guard_ or _defend_? 7. In +what sense is the verb _harbor_ commonly used? + + +EXAMPLES. + + He that ----eth his sins shall not prosper, but he that forsaketh + them shall find mercy. + + Thou who trod'st the billowy sea, + ---- us in our jeopardy! + + In youth it ----ed me, + And I'll protect it now. + + * * * * * + +SIN (page 332). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _sin_? 2. How is _transgression_ discriminated from _sin_ in +the general sense? 3. What is _crime_? _guilt_? _depravity_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Commit + The oldest ----s the newest kind of ways. + + ---- is not punished as an offense against God, but as prejudicial + to society. + + How ---- once harbored in the conscious breast, + Intimidates the brave, degrades the great. + + * * * * * + +SKETCH (page 334). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _sketch_? How does it compare with _outline_? 2. In what +special connection are _draft_ and _plan_ used? 3. How does a mechanical +_drawing_ differ from a _draft_? 4. What is a _design_? How does it +exceed the meaning of _drawing_? 5. What is an _outline_ in written +composition? How does a _sketch_ in this sense compare with an +_outline_? 6. What is an _outline_ of a sermon technically called? 7. +What is a lawyer's _brief_? How does it compare with an _outline_ or +_sketch_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A ---- that is without vigor, and in which the anatomy has not been + defined, is a bad foundation for a good picture. + + A little model the master wrought, + Which should be to the larger ---- + What the child is to the man. + + * * * * * + +SKILFUL (page 335). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What does _skilful_ signify? 2. How does _dexterous_ compare with +_skilful_? 3. How does a _skilled_ compare with a _skilful_ workman? + + +EXAMPLES. + + So ---- seamen ken the land from far, + Which shows like mists to the dull passenger. + + Thousands of ---- workmen are thrown into enforced idleness by the + strikes and lockouts of every year. + + Much that has been received as the work of disembodied spirits has + been but the ---- sleight of hand of spirits embodied. + + * * * * * + +SLANDER (page 336). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _slander_? to _defame_? to _libel_? 2. When is _defame_ +equivalent to _slander_? When is it equivalent to _libel_? 3. What is it +to _asperse_? to _malign_? to _traduce_? to _disparage_? 4. How do +_slander_ and _libel_ differ in legal signification from the other +words? 5. Which words of the group apply to open attack in one's +presence, and which to attack in his absence? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ----ed to death by villains + That dare as well answer a man, indeed, + As I dare take a serpent by the tongue. + + If the Scriptures seem to ---- knowledge, it is the knowledge that + despises virtue. + + Challenging each recreant doubter + Who ----ed her spotless name. + + * * * * * + +SLANG (page 336). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _colloquialism_? 2. What is _slang_ in the primary and +ordinary sense? in special senses? 3. What is a _vulgarism_? 4. What is +_cant_ in the sense here considered? + + +EXAMPLES. + + There is a ---- bred of vileness that is never redeemed; there is + also a ---- that is the vigorous utterance of uncultured wit, that + fills a gap in the language and mounts ultimately to the highest + places. + + A ---- is worse than ----, because it bears the ineffaceable stamp + of ignorance. + + * * * * * + +SOCIALISM (page 338). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _socialism_? What term do many of its advocates prefer? 2. +What is _communism_? _anarchism_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- in its full sense means the abolition of inheritance, the + abolition of the family, the abolition of nationalities, the + abolition of religion, the abolition of property. + + ----, in some modified form, is steadily making its way among + thinking men under the guise of cooperation. + + ---- is the offspring of sore hearts and shallow brains. It is the + wisdom of the man who burned down his house because his chimney + smoked. + + * * * * * + +SPONTANEOUS (page 340). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. When is anything properly said to be _spontaneous_? _voluntary_? +_involuntary_? 2. How do _voluntary_ and _involuntary_ compare with each +other? both with _spontaneous_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- is opposed to reflective. Those operations of mind which are + continually going on without any effort or intention on our part are + _spontaneous_. + + No action that is not ---- has any merit. + + * * * * * + +SPY (page 340). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. In what are the _spy_ and the _scout_ alike? 2. In what do they +differ? 3. What are their respective rights in case of capture? 4. What +is an _emissary_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + A daring ---- of General Stuart made his way to my quarters, and + informed me that General Imboden had planned an attack upon the + town. + + I had grown uneasy in regard to the disjointed situation of our army + and, to inform myself of what was going on, determined to send a + ---- into the enemy's lines. + + * * * * * + +STATE, _v._ (page 341). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what is _state_ derived? What does it mean? 2. What is the +significance of _assert_? What element is prominent in this word? 3. +What is the relative force of _affirm_ and _assert_? _asseverate_? +_aver_? _assure_? 4. What does _affirm_ signify in legal use, and how +does it differ from _swear_? 5. What is it to _certify_? 6. What does +_vindicate_ signify? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The first condition of intelligent debate is that the question be + clearly ----ed. + + We ---- that the sciences dispose themselves round two great axes of + thought, parallel and not unrelated, yet distinct--the natural + sciences held together by the one, the moral by the other. + + It is impossible for the mind to ---- anything of that of which it + knows nothing. + + * * * * * + +STORM (page 343). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the essential meaning of _storm_? 2. What is a _tempest_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The ---- is hard at hand will sweep away + Thrones, churches, ranks, traditions, customs, marriage. + + Were any considerable mass of air to be suddenly transferred from + beyond the tropics to the equator, the difference of the rotatory + velocity proper to the two situations would be so great as to + produce not merely a wind, but a ---- of the most destructive + violence. + + * * * * * + +STORY (page 343). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _story_? Is it true or false? 2. What is an _anecdote_? a +_narrative_ or _narration_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + There are ----, common to the different branches of the Aryan + stock.... They are ancient Aryan ----, ... older than the Odyssey, + older than the dispersion of the Aryan race. + + ----s are relations of detached, interesting particulars. + + Fairy ----s have for children an inexhaustible charm. + + * * * * * + +SUBJECTIVE (page 345). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _subjective_? of _objective_? 2. How are these +words illustrated in the case of a mountain? 3. What matters are purely +_subjective_? 4. What matters are purely _objective_? 5. What is meant +by saying that an author has a _subjective_ or an _objective_ style? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Subject therefore, denotes the mind itself; and ----, that which + belongs to, or proceeds from, the thinking subject. Object is a term + for that about which the knowing subject is conversant, ... while + ---- means that which belongs to, or proceeds from, the object + known, and not from the subject knowing; and thus denotes what is + real, in opposition to what is ideal,--what exists in nature, in + contrast to what exists merely in the thought of the individual. + + * * * * * + +SUGGESTION (page 347). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. In what way does a _suggestion_ bring a matter before the mind? 2. +What is an _intimation_? a _hint_? 3. What are the special +characteristics of _insinuation_ and _innuendo_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Behold in the bloom of apples, + And the violets in the sward, + A ---- of the old, lost beauty + Of the garden of the Lord! + + Time is truly the comforter, at once lessening the tendency to ---- + of images of sorrow, and softening that very sorrow when the images + arise. + + An ---- is cowardly because it can seldom be directly answered, and + the one who makes it can always retreat behind an assumed + misconstruction of his words; but the ---- is the stab in the back, + sneaking as it is malicious. + + * * * * * + +SUPERNATURAL (page 347). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the original meaning of _supernatural_? of _preternatural_? +2. What is commonly implied in the use of _preternatural_? 3. In what +sense do some hold a miracle to be _supernatural_? What descriptive term +would others prefer? 4. What is the meaning of _superhuman_? In what +secondary sense is it often used? + + +EXAMPLES. + + It was something altogether ----, as when God said, 'Let there be + light,' and there was light. + + With an imagination of intense vividness and ---- activity, Choate + was as practical as the most sordid capitalist that ever became an + "incarnation of fat dividends." + + * * * * * + +SUPPORT (page 348). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What do _support_ and _sustain_ alike signify? 2. How does _sustain_ +surpass _support_ in meaning and force? 3. What is the force and use of +_bear_ in this connection? 4. What is it to _maintain_? 5. How does +_maintain_ compare with _support_ as to fulness and as to dignity? 6. +What is it to _prop_? What is the limit upon the meaning of this word? + + +EXAMPLES. + + And Cain said, My punishment is great than I can ----. + + You take my house when you do take the prop + That doth ---- my house. + + Can a soul like mine, + Unus'd to power, and form'd for humbler scenes, + ---- the splendid miseries of greatness? + + While less expert, tho stronger far, + The Gael ----ed unequal war. + + * * * * * + +SUPPOSE (page 348). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _suppose_? 2. How does _conjecture_ differ from +_suppose_? 3. What does _think_ signify in the sense here considered? +How does it compare with _conjecture_ or _suppose_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Newton ----ed that if the earth were to be so compressed as to be + absolutely without pores, its dimensions might not exceed a cubic + inch. + + Let it not be ----ed that principles and opinions always go + together. + + * * * * * + +SYNONYMOUS (page 349). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Are there any _synonymous_ words in the strict sense of the term? 2. +What is meant by _synonymous_ words? 3. What are the two common faults +with reference to _synonymous_ words or _synonyms_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The great source of a loose style is the injudicious use of those + words termed ----. + + To raise, with fitting observances, over the ruins of the historic + fortress [Sumter] the ---- flag which had waved over it during its + first bombardment. + + * * * * * + +SYSTEM (page 350). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _order_, in the sense here considered? 2. What does _method_ +denote? 3. What is a _system_? 4. To what does _manner_ refer? 5. To +what does _regularity_ apply? 6. Can there be _order_ without +_regularity_ or _regularity_ without _order_, and how? + + +EXAMPLES. + + If this be madness, there is ---- in it. + + A ---- is ... an organized body of truth, or truths arranged under + one and the same idea, which idea is as the life or soul which + assimilates all those truths. + + * * * * * + +TEACH (page 353). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is it to _teach_? 2. How does _instruct_ surpass _teach_ in +signification? 3. What secondary sense has _instruct_? 4. What is the +full meaning of _educate_? 5. What is it to _train_? 6. To what is +_train_ commonly applied where _educate_ could not well be used? 7. What +is it to _discipline_? 8. What does _nurture_ signify, and how does it +compare with _educate_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Plato returned to Athens and began to ----; like his master, he ---- + without money and without price. + + For the most effective mechanical work both mind and hand must be + ----ed in childhood. + + The Highlanders flocking to him from all quarters, though ill-armed, + and worse ----ed, made him undervalue any enemy who, he thought, was + yet to encounter him. + + * * * * * + +TERM (page 354). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the literal meaning of _term_? 2. Is this meaning retained in +the figurative uses of the word? 3. What are the _articles_ of a +contract? the _terms_ of a contract? 4. What is a _condition_? 5. What +is a _term_ in the logical sense? 6. How does _term_ in ordinary use +compare with _word_, _expression_, or _phrase_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + For beauty's acme hath a ---- as brief + As the wave's poise before it break in pearl. + + But what are these moral sermons [of Seneca]? ----s, nothing but + ----s. + + The very ---- miser is a confession of the misery which attends + avarice. + + * * * * * + +TERSE (page 354). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _short_ or _brief_? 2. What is the derivation +and meaning of _concise_? of _condensed_? of _compendious_? 3. What is +the derivation and meaning of _succinct_? of _terse_? 4. What is the +force of _summary_? 5. What is a _sententious_ style? a _pithy_ +utterance? + + +EXAMPLES. + + With all his lucidity of statement, Hamilton was not always ----. + + In most cases it will be found that the Victorian idiom is clearer, + but less ---- than the corresponding Elizabethan idiom which it has + supplanted. + + * * * * * + +TESTIMONY (page 355). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _testimony_? 2. How does it compare with _evidence_? 3. How +does a _deposition_ differ from an _affidavit_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The word ----, in legal acceptation, includes all the means by which + any alleged matter of fact, the truth of which is submitted to us + for investigation, is established or disproved. + + As to the fruits of Sodom, fair without, full of ashes within, I saw + nothing of them, tho from the ---- we have, something of this kind + has been produced. + + * * * * * + +TIME (page 356). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what do _sequence_ and _succession_ apply? 2. What does _time_ +denote? How is it conceived of with reference to events? 3. How do +_duration_ and _succession_ compare with _time_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Every event remembered is remembered as having happened in ---- + past. This gives us the idea in the concrete.... We can now, by a + process of abstraction, separate the ---- from the event, and we + have the abstract idea of _time_. + + The ---- of each earthquake is measured generally only by seconds, + or even parts of a second. + + It has been conjectured that our idea of ---- is founded upon the + conscious ---- of sensations and ideas in our own minds. + + * * * * * + +TOOL (page 358). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is a _tool_? 2. How does _instrument_ compare in meaning with +_tool_? 3. What special _tools_ are ordinarily called _instruments_? 4. +What is an _implement_? 5. What is a _utensil_? In what special +relations is the word used? 6. What is an _appliance_? How does +_appliance_ compare with _tool_? 7. What is a _mechanism_? 8. What is a +_machine_ in the most general sense? in the technical and common use? 9. +What is an _apparatus_? 10. Which of these words have figurative use? +11. How are _instrument_ and _tool_ contrasted in figurative use? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The time is coming when the ----s of husbandry shall supplant the + weapons of war. + + Mix salt and sand, and it shall puzzle the wisest of men, with his + mere natural ----s, to separate all the grains of sand from all the + grains of salt. + + The pick, stone-saw, wedge, chisel, and other ----s were already in + use when the pyramids were built. + + * * * * * + +TOPIC (page 359). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what is _topic_ derived, and with what meaning? 2. How is +_question_ used in a similar sense, and why? 3. Is the general _subject_ +or _theme_ properly known as the _topic_? To what is that name more +appropriately given? + + +EXAMPLES. + + My father ... always took care to start some ingenious or useful + ---- of discourse, which might tend to improve the minds of his + children. + + One of the most important rules in a deliberative assembly is, that + every speaker shall speak to the ----. + + The ---- of the Iliad is not the war of Troy, but the wrath of + Achilles exhibited during and in connection with the war of Troy. + + * * * * * + +TRANSACT, TRANSACTION (page 360). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How does _transact_ differ from _do_? 2. How does _transact_ differ +from _treat_ and _negotiate_? 3. How does _negotiate_ compare with +_treat_? 4. How do _transactions_ differ from _proceedings_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + In the first Parliament of James the House of Commons refused for + the first time to ---- business on a Sunday. + + The treaty of peace that closed the war of 1812 had been already + ---- before the battle of New Orleans was fought. + + Any direction of Christ or any direction or act of his apostles + respecting the ---- of business in the church, is binding upon us, + unless such direction or act was grounded upon peculiar + circumstances then existing. + + * * * * * + +TRANSIENT (page 361). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the derivation of _transient_ and _transitory_? 2. How does +_transient_ differ in signification from _transitory_? 3. What is the +distinctive meaning of _temporary_? 4. From what is _ephemeral_ derived, +and with what sense? 5. How does _ephemeral_ differ from _transient_ or +_transitory_? 6. What does _ephemeral_ suggest besides brevity of time? +7. What is the derivation and meaning of _fugitive_? 8. What is the +distinctive meaning of _evanescent_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Mirth is short and ----, cheerfulness fixed and permanent. + + Neither gratitude nor revenge had any share in determining his + [Charles II.'s] course; for never was there a mind on which both + services and injuries left such faint and ---- impressions. + + A ---- chairman is commonly appointed at the opening of a meeting to + conduct proceedings till a permanent presiding officer shall be + elected. + + * * * * * + +UNION (page 362). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is _unity_? 2. What is _union_? 3. How are _unity_ and _union_ +contrasted? 4. When may _unity_ be predicated of that which is made up +of parts? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Behold how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell + together in ----. + + Out of the ---- of Roman and Teutonic elements arose the modern + world of Europe. + + * * * * * + +UTILITY (page 363). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what is _utility_ derived, and what is its primary meaning? 2. +How is _utility_ discriminated from _use_ and _usefulness_? 3. What is +the derivation and primary meaning of _expediency_? 4. How are +_expediency_ and _utility_ used as regards moral action? Which is the +inferior word in such use? 5. How does _policy_ in such use compare with +_expediency_ and _utility_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Principle is ever my motto, not ----. + + Two words form the key of the Baconian doctrine, ---- and progress. + The ancient philosophy disdained to be useful, and was content to be + stationary. + + Justice itself is the great standing ---- of civil society, and any + departure from it, under any circumstances, rests under the + suspicion of being no ---- at all. + + The fundamental objection to the doctrine of ----, in all its + modifications is that taken by Dr. Reid, viz., "that agreeableness + and ---- are not moral conceptions, nor have they any connection + with morality. What a man does merely because it is agreeable is not + virtue." + + * * * * * + +VACANT (page 363). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the meaning of _empty_? of _vacant_? 2. To what does _vacant_ +especially refer? 3. What is the difference between an _empty_ house and +a _vacant_ house? 4. What is the difference in dignity between the two +words? 5. What is the significance of _void_ and _devoid_? 6. What does +_waste_ imply? 7. In what sense is _vacuous_ used? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- heads console with ---- sound. + + The watch-dog's voice that bay'd the whispering wind + And the loud laugh that spoke the ---- mind. + + * * * * * + +VENAL (page 365). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what is _venal_ derived, and with what meaning? _mercenary_? +_hireling_? 2. How are _mercenary_ and _venal_ discriminated from +_hireling_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + The closing quarter of the nineteenth century may be termed the ---- + era of American politics. Never before has legislation been so + universally, so unscrupulously, and unblushingly for sale. + + The body of Greeks, immortalized under the name of the Ten Thousand, + ... though embarking on a foreign ---- service, were by no means + outcasts, or even men of extreme poverty. + + It is not the hire, but the working only for the hire that makes the + ----. + + * * * * * + +VENERATION (page 366). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. By what qualities is _awe_ inspired? 2. What elements are present and +what lacking in _awe_? 3. What is _dread_ and by what aroused? 4. How do +_reverence_ and _veneration_ differ from _awe_ or _dread_? 5. How does +_adoration_ compare with _veneration_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Man craves an object of ----; and if not supplied with that which + God has appointed, will take what offers. + + The Italian climate robs age of its ----, and makes it look newer + than it is. + + * * * * * + +VENIAL (page 367). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. From what is _venial_ derived, and what does it signify? 2. How does +_venial_ compare with _pardonable_? 3. How does _excusable_ differ from +the above words? 4. What very different word is sometimes confounded +with _venial_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + Theft on the part of a starving man is one of the most ---- of + offenses. + + Under all the circumstances, the error was ----. + + * * * * * + +VERACITY (page 367). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Do _truth_ and _verity_ apply to thought and speech or to persons? 2. +To what does _veracity_ apply? _truthfulness_? 3. Into what two classes +may the words in this group of synonyms be divided, and what words will +be found in each class? + + +EXAMPLES. + + On a certain confidence in the ---- of mankind is founded so much of + the knowledge on which we constantly depend, that, without it, the + whole system of human things would go into confusion. + + If all the world and love were young, + And ---- in every shepherd's tongue, + These pretty pleasures might me move + To live with thee and be thy love. + + * * * * * + +VIRTUE (page 370). + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the prominent idea in _virtue_? 2. How does _goodness_ differ +from _virtue_? 3. Of what relations are _honesty_ and _probity_ used? 4. +How is _honesty_ used in a sense higher than the commercial? 5. What, in +the full sense, is _integrity_? 6. What is _honor_? 7. What is _purity_? +_duty_? 8. What do _rectitude_ and _righteousness_ denote? 9. To what +does _uprightness_ especially refer? 10. What is _virtuousness_? + + +EXAMPLES. + + ---- is the fruit of exertion; it supposes conquest of temptation. + + In seeing that a thing is right, we see at the same time that it is + our ---- to do it. + + It is true that ---- is the best policy; but if this be the motive + of honest dealing, there is no real ----. + + Where is that chastity of ---- that felt a stain like a wound? + + + + +INDEX. + + + _abandon_, 1 + " _renounce_, 309 + " _surrender_, 349 + + abandoned, _addicted_, 19 + + _abase_, 2 + + _abash_, 3 + + _abate_, 3 + " _abolish_, 6 + " _alleviate_, 33 + + _abbreviation_, 4 + " _abridgment_, 7 + + abdicate, _abandon_, 1 + + aberration, _insanity_, 221 + + _abet_, 4 + " _help_, 195 + + abetter, _accessory_, 13 + + abettor, _accessory_, 13 + + _abhor_, 5 + + abhorrence, _abomination_, 7 + " _antipathy_, 48 + " _hatred_, 193 + + _abide_, 5 + " _endure_, 150 + + abiding, _permanent_, 269 + + ability, _power_, 279 + + abject, _pitiful_, 273 + + abjure, _abandon_, 1 + " _renounce_, 309 + + able, _adequate_, 21 + " _clever_, 109 + " _sagacious_, 322 + + abode, _home_, 201 + + _abolish_, 6 + " _cancel_, 92 + + abominable, _criminal_, 120 + + abominate, _abhor_, 5 + + _abomination_, 7 + + aboriginal, _primeval_, 287 + + abortive, _vain_, 364 + + abounding, _plentiful_, 276 + + aboveboard, _candid_, 93 + + abridge, _restrain_, 315 + + _abridgment_, 7 + " _abbreviation_, 4 + + abrogate, _abolish_, 6 + " _cancel_, 92 + + abrupt, _bluff_, 83 + " _steep_, 342 + + absent, _abstracted_, 11 + + absent-minded, _abstracted_, 11 + + _absolute_, 8 + " _infinite_, 216 + " _perfect_, 268 + " _pure_, 296 + + absolution, _pardon_, 262 + + _absolve_, 9 + " _pardon_, 262 + + _absorb_, 9 + + absorbed, _abstracted_, 11 + + abstain, _cease_, 98 + + abstemiousness, _abstinence_, 10 + + _abstinence_, 10 + + _abstract_, _v._, 10 + + abstract, _n._, _abridgment_, 7 + + _abstracted_, 11 + + abstruse, _complex_, 112 + " _mysterious_, 247 + " _obscure_, 255 + + _absurd_, 11 + " _incongruous_, 214 + + abundant, _large_, 229 + " _plentiful_, 276 + + _abuse_, 12 + " _abomination_, 7 + + abutting, _adjacent_, 22 + + accede, _agree_, 25 + + accelerate, _quicken_, 297 + + accept, _agree_, 25 + " _assume_, 61 + " _confess_, 114 + + acceptable, _delightful_, 126 + + accepted, _authentic_, 67 + + access, _entrance_, 154 + + accessible, _friendly_, 178 + + accession, _entrance_, 154 + + accessory, _a._, _auxiliary_, 67 + + _accessory_, _n._, 13 + " _appendage_, 53 + + _accident_, 14 + " _hazard_, 194 + + acclaim, _praise_, 280 + + acclamation, _praise_, 280 + + accompaniment, _appendage_, 53 + " _circumstance_, 105 + + accompany, _follow_, 174 + + accomplice, _accessory_, 13 + " _associate_, 60 + + accomplish, _attain_, 64 + " _do_, 135 + " _transact_, 360 + + accomplished, _polite_, 277 + " _skilful_, 335 + + accomplishment, _act_, 16 + " _end_, _n._, 148 + + accord, _v._, _agree_, 25 + + accord, _n._, _harmony_, 191 + + accordance, _harmony_, 191 + + accordingly, _therefore_, 355 + + accost, _address_, _v._, 19 + + account, _v._, _calculate_, 90 + + account, _n._, _history_, 200 + " _reason_, _n._, 302 + " _record_, 304 + " _report_, 311 + " _story_, 343 + + accountability, _duty_, 142 + + accouterments, _arms_, 55 + " _caparison_, 93 + + accredited, _authentic_, 67 + + accumulate, _amass_, 38 + + accurate, _perfect_, 268 + + accuse, _arraign_, 56 + + accustomed, _addicted_, 19 + " _usual_, 362 + + acerb, _bitter_, 81 + + acerbity, _acrimony_, 15 + + acetous, _bitter_, 81 + + ache, _pain_, 261 + + achieve, _attain_, 64 + " _do_, 135 + " _get_, 183 + " _succeed_, 346 + + achievement, _act_, 16 + " _career_, 95 + " _end_, _n._, 148 + " _victory_, 369 + " _work_, 374 + + acid, _bitter_, 81 + + acidulated, _bitter_, 81 + + acidulous, _bitter_, 81 + + acknowledge, _avow_, 69 + " _confess_, 114 + + acknowledgment, _apology_, 51 + + _acquaintance_, 15 + " _knowledge_, 227 + + acquiesce, _agree_, 25 + + acquire, _attain_, 64 + " _get_, 183 + " _purchase_, 295 + + acquit, _absolve_, 9 + " _pardon_, 262 + + acquittal, _pardon_, 262 + + acrid, _bitter_, 81 + + acrimonious, _bitter_, 81 + " _morose_, 245 + + _acrimony_, 15 + " _enmity_, 152 + + act, _v._, _transact_, 360 + + _act_, _n._, 16 + " _exercise_, 162 + " _motion_, 245 + " _transaction_, 360 + + action, _act_, 16 + " _battle_, 74 + " _behavior_, 79 + " _exercise_, 162 + " _motion_, 245 + " _operation_, 258 + " _transaction_, 360 + " _work_, 374 + + _active_, 17 + " _alert_, 28 + " _alive_, 30 + " _industrious_, 215 + " _nimble_, 253 + + activity, _exercise_, 162 + + actor, _agent_, 24 + " _cause_, 98 + + actual, _real_, 301 + + actualize, _do_, 135 + + actuate, _influence_, 217 + + _acumen_, 18 + + acute, _astute_, 62 + " _sagacious_, 322 + + acuteness, _acumen_, 18 + + adage, _proverb_, 293 + + adapted, _adequate_, 21 + + _add_, 18 + + addendum, _appendage_, 53 + + _addicted_, 19 + + addition, _appendage_, 53 + + _address_, _v._, 19 + + _address_, _n._, 20 + " _speech_, 339 + + adduce, _allege_, 31 + + adept, _skilful_, 335 + + _adequate_, 21 + " _plentiful_, 276 + + adherence, _attachment_, 63 + + _adherent_, 21 + + adhesion, _attachment_, 63 + + _adhesive_, 22 + + adieu, _farewell_, 168 + + adit, _entrance_, 154 + + _adjacent_, 22 + + adjoin, _add_, 18 + + adjoining, _adjacent_, 22 + + adjunct, _appendage_, 53 + + adjuration, _oath_, 254 + + administer, _execute_, 161 + + admiration, _amazement_, 39 + + _admire_, 23 + + admission, _entrance_, 154 + + admit, _agree_, 25 + " _allow_, 35 + " _avow_, 69 + " _confess_, 114 + + admittance, _entrance_, 154 + + admixture, _alloy_, 36 + + admonish, _reprove_, 312 + + admonition, _reproof_, 311 + + adolescent, _youthful_, 375 + + adoration, _veneration_, 366 + + adore, _admire_, 23 + " _venerate_, 366 + + _adorn_, 23 + + adroit, _clever_, 109 + " _skilful_, 335 + + adroitness, _address_, _n._, 20 + " _dexterity_, 129 + + adulation, _praise_, 280 + + adulteration, _alloy_, 36 + + advance, _v._, _allege_, 31 + " _amend_, 41 + " _promote_, 291 + " _quicken_, 297 + + advance, _n._, _progress_, 289 + + advancement, _progress_, 289 + + advantage, _profit_, 288 + " _utility_, 363 + " _victory_, 369 + + adventure, _accident_, 14 + + adventurous, _brave_, 85 + + adversary, _enemy_, 151 + + adversity, _misfortune_, 242 + + advert, _allude_, 36 + + advertise, _announce_, 46 + + advised, _conscious_, 116 + + advocate, _abet_, 4 + " _plead_, 274 + + aerial, _airy_, 27 + + affable, _friendly_, 178 + + affair, _battle_, 74 + " _business_, 88 + " _transaction_, 360 + + affect, _assume_, 61 + + affectation, _hypocrisy_, 204 + " _pretense_, 283 + + affection, _attachment_, 63 + " _disease_, 134 + " _friendship_, 179 + " _love_, 235 + + affectionate, _friendly_, 178 + + affidavit, _oath_, 254 + " _testimony_, 355 + + affinity, _analogy_, 43 + " _kin_, 227 + + affirm, _allege_, 31 + " _state_, 341 + + affirmation, _testimony_, 355 + + afflict, _chasten_, 103 + + affliction, _grief_, 187 + " _misfortune_, 242 + + affix, _add_, 18 + + affluent, _plentiful_, 276 + + afford, _endure_, 150 + + affray, _feud_, 170 + + affright, _n._, _alarm_, 28 + " _fear_, 168 + + affright, _v._, _frighten_, 180 + + _affront_, 24 + + age, _time_, 356 + + aged, _old_, 257 + + agency, _operation_, 258 + + _agent_, 24 + " _cause_, 98 + + aggravate, _affront_, 24 + + aggregate, _amass_, 38 + + aggression, _attack_, _n._, 64 + + aggrieve, _abuse_, 12 + + agile, _active_, 17 + " _nimble_, 253 + + agitate, _shake_, 330 + + agitation, _storm_, 343 + + agnomen, _name_, 247 + + agnostic, _skeptic_, 334 + + agony, _pain_, 261 + + _agree_, 25 + + agreeable, _amiable_, 42 + " _comfortable_, 110 + " _delightful_, 126 + " _pleasant_, 275 + + agreement, _contract_, 118 + " _harmony_, 191 + + agricultural, _rustic_, 321 + + _agriculture_, 25 + + aid, _v._, _abet_, 4 + " _promote_, 291 + + aid, _n._, _adherent_, 21 + " _auxiliary_, 67 + " _help_, 195 + " _subsidy_, 345 + + aider, _adherent_, 21 + + ailment, _disease_, 134 + + _aim_, 26 + " _design_, 128 + " _direction_, 132 + " _reason_, _n._, 302 + + _air_, 27 + " _pretense_, 283 + + _airy_, 27 + + akin, _alike_, 30 + + _alarm_, 28 + " _frighten_, 180 + + alarming, _awful_, 70 + + _alert_, 28 + " _active_, 17 + " _alive_, 30 + " _nimble_, 253 + " _vigilant_, 369 + + _alien_, _a._ & _n._, 29 + + alienate, _surrender_, 349 + + alienation, _insanity_, 221 + + _alike_, 30 + " _synonymous_, 349 + + aliment, _food_, 175 + + _alive_, 30 + + all, _every_, 158 + + _allay_, 31 + + _allege_, 31 + " _state_, 341 + + _allegiance_, 32 + + _allegory_, 33 + " _fiction_, 170 + + _alleviate_, 33 + " _allay_, 31 + + alley, _way_, 372 + + _alliance_, 34 + " _association_, 60 + " _kin_, 227 + + _allot_, 34 + " _apportion_, 54 + + _allow_, 35 + " _confess_, 114 + " _endure_, 150 + + allowance, _pay_, 266 + " _permission_, 269 + " _subsidy_, 345 + + _alloy_, 36 + + _allude_, 36 + + _allure_, 37 + " _draw_, 138 + " _persuade_, 271 + + ally, _n._, _accessory_, 13 + " _adherent_, 21 + " _associate_, 60 + " _auxiliary_, 67 + + almsgiving, _benevolence_, 80 + + _also_, 37 + + alter, _change_, _v._, 100 + + alteration, _change_, _n._, 101 + + _alternative_, 38 + + altho, _notwithstanding_, _conj._, 254 + + _amass_, 38 + + _amateur_, 39 + + _amazement_, 39 + " _perplexity_, 270 + + ambiguous, _equivocal_, 155 + " _obscure_, 255 + + _ambition_, 40 + + ameliorate, _amend_, 41 + + amenable, _docile_, 136 + + _amend_, 41 + + _amiable_, 42 + + amicable, _friendly_, 178 + + _amid_, 42 + + amidst, _amid_, 42 + + amity, _friendship_, 179 + " _harmony_, 191 + + amnesty, _pardon_, 262 + + among, _amid_, 42 + + amongst, _amid_, 42 + + ample, _large_, 229 + " _plentiful_, 276 + + _amplify_, 43 + " _add_, 18 + + amuse, _entertain_, 152 + + amusement, _entertainment_, 153 + + analogous, _alike_, 30 + + _analogy_, 43 + + analysis, _abridgment_, 7 + + anarchism, _socialism_, 338 + + anarchy, _revolution_, 317 + + anathema, _oath_, 254 + + ancient, _antique_, 48 + " _obsolete_, 256 + " _old_, 257 + " _primeval_, 287 + + and, _but_, 89 + + anecdote, _story_, 343 + + _anger_, 44 + " _hatred_, 193 + + anguish, _anxiety_, 49 + " _pain_, 261 + + animadversion, _reproof_, 311 + + animal, _a._, _brutish_, 87 + + _animal_, _n._, 45 + + animate, _alive_, 30 + + animated, _airy_, 27 + " _alive_, 30 + " _eager_, 142 + + animosity, _anger_, 44 + " _enmity_, 152 + " _feud_, 170 + " _hatred_, 193 + + annals, _history_, 200 + + annex, _add_, 18 + + annihilate, _abolish_, 6 + " _exterminate_, 163 + + annotation, _remark_, 308 + + _announce_, 46 + " _speak_, 339 + + annoy, _affront_, 24 + + annoyance, _abomination_, 7 + + annul, _abolish_, 6 + " _cancel_, 92 + + anomalous, _absurd_, 11 + " _queer_, 297 + + _answer_, 46 + + antagonism, _antipathy_, 48 + " _enmity_, 152 + + antagonist, _enemy_, 151 + + antecedent, _a._, _previous_, 285 + + antecedent, _n._, _cause_, 98 + " _precedent_, 282 + + antepast, _anticipation_, 48 + + anterior, _previous_, 285 + + 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_skeptic_, 334 + + atom, _part_, 264 + " _particle_, 264 + + at once, _immediately_, 211 + + atonement, _propitiation_, 291 + + at rest, _comfortable_, 110 + + atrocious, _barbarous_, 73 + + attach, _add_, 18 + + attached, _addicted_, 19 + " _adjacent_, 22 + + _attachment_, 63 + " _appendage_, 53 + " _friendship_, 179 + " _love_, 235 + + _attack_, _v._, 63 + + _attack_, _n._, 64 + + _attain_, 64 + " _get_, 183 + " _reach_, 300 + " _succeed_, 346 + + attainment, _progress_, 289 + " _wisdom_, 372 + + attempt, _v._, _endeavor_, _v._, 149 + + attempt, _n._, _endeavor_, _n._, 150 + + attend, _follow_, 174 + " _listen_, 232 + + attendant, _accessory_, 13 + + attention, _care_, 94 + " _industry_, 216 + + attestation, _testimony_, 355 + + attire, _dress_, 140 + + _attitude_, 65 + + attract, _allure_, 37 + " _draw_, 138 + + attraction, _love_, 235 + + attractive, _amiable_, 42 + " _beautiful_, 76 + " _pleasant_, 275 + + _attribute_, _v._, 65 + + _attribute_, _n._, 66 + " _characteristic_, 103 + " _emblem_, 146 + + audacity, _effrontery_, 144 + " _temerity_, 353 + + augment, _add_, 18 + " _amplify_, 43 + + _augur_, 66 + + august, _awful_, 70 + " _royal_, 320 + + auspicious, _propitious_, 291 + + austere, _severe_, 329 + + _authentic_, 67 + " _real_, 301 + + author, _cause_, 98 + + authoritative, _absolute_, 8 + " _authentic_, 67 + " _dogmatic_, 137 + + authority, _permission_, 269 + " _precedent_, 282 + + authorization, _permission_, 269 + + authorized, _authentic_, 67 + + autobiography, _history_, 200 + + autochthonic, _primeval_, 287 + + autocratic, _absolute_, 8 + + automatic, _spontaneous_, 340 + + _auxiliary_, 67 + " _appendage_, 53 + + avail, _profit_, 288 + " _utility_, 363 + + _avaricious_, 68 + + _avenge_, 69 + " _requite_, 313 + + avenging, _revenge_, 316 + + avenue, _way_, 372 + + aver, _allege_, 31 + " _avow_, 69 + " _state_, 341 + + averse, _reluctant_, 308 + + aversion, _abomination_, 7 + " _antipathy_, 48 + " _hatred_, 193 + + avocation, _business_, 88 + + avouch, _avow_, 69 + " _state_, 341 + + _avow_, 69 + " _confess_, 114 + " _state_, 341 + + await, _abide_, 5 + + awake, _vigilant_, 369 + + award, _allot_, 34 + + aware, _conscious_, 116 + + awe, _amazement_, 39 + " _fear_, 168 + " _veneration_, 366 + + _awful_, 70 + + _awkward_, 70 + " _rustic_, 321 + + _axiom_, 71 + " _proverb_, 293 + + + _babble_, 71 + + backbite, _slander_, 336 + + backer, _adherent_, 21 + + backward, _reluctant_, 308 + + backwardness, _modesty_, 244 + + bad, _pernicious_, 270 + + badinage, _banter_, 73 + + baffle, _hinder_, 199 + + bail, _security_, 326 + + balk, _hinder_, 199 + + balky, _restive_, 314 + + ban, _v._, _banish_, 72 + + ban, _n._, _oath_, 254 + + bandit, _robber_, 320 + + baneful, _pernicious_, 270 + + _banish_, 72 + " _exterminate_, 163 + + _bank_, 72 + + bankrupt, _break_, 86 + + _banter_, 73 + " _wit_, 373 + + bar, _barrier_, 74 + " _hinder_, 199 + " _impediment_, 213 + " _lock_, 234 + " _obstruct_, 257 + + barbarian, _barbarous_, 73 + + barbaric, _barbarous_, 73 + + barbarism, _language_, 228 + + _barbarous_, 73 + + barely, _but_, 89 + + bargain, _contract_, 118 + " _sale_, 323 + + bargain for, _purchase_, 294 + + barricade, _v._, _obstruct_, 257 + + barricade, _n._, _barrier_, 74 + + _barrier_, 74 + " _boundary_, 84 + " _impediment_, 213 + + barter, _business_, 88 + " _sale_, 323 + + barter for, _purchase_, 295 + + base, _brutish_, 87 + " _pitiful_, 273 + + baseless, _vain_, 364 + + bashfulness, _modesty_, 244 + + bastinado, _beat_, 75 + + batter, _beat_, 75 + + _battle_, 74 + + battle array, _array_, 57 + + bawl, _call_, 91 + + beach, _bank_, 72 + + bear, _abide_, 5 + " _carry_, 96 + " _endure_, 150 + " _support_, 348 + + bearing, _air_, 27 + " _behavior_, 79 + " _direction_, 132 + + bear up under, _endure_, 150 + + bear with, _endure_, 150 + + beast, _animal_, 45 + + beastly, _brutish_, 87 + + _beat_, 75 + " _conquer_, 115 + + beauteous, _beautiful_, 76 + + _beautiful_, 76 + " _fine_, 172 + " _graceful_, 186 + + beautify, _adorn_, 23 + + _because_, 77 + " _therefore_, 355 + + bechance, _happen_, 188 + + become, _make_, 236 + + _becoming_, 77 + + bedeck, _adorn_, 23 + + befall, _happen_, 188 + + befitting, _becoming_, 77 + + befoul, _defile_, 124 + + befriend, _help_, 195 + + beg, _ask_, 59 + " _plead_, 274 + " _pray_, 281 + + beggary, _poverty_, 279 + + _beginning_, 78 + + beguile, _entertain_, 152 + + _behavior_, 79 + " _air_, 27 + + behold, _discern_, 133 + " _look_, 234 + + belabor, _beat_, 75 + + beleaguer, _attack_, _v._, 63 + + belief, _doctrine_, 136 + " _faith_, 164 + " _fancy_, 167 + " _idea_, 206 + + belittle, _disparage_, 134 + + belles-lettres, _literature_, 233 + + bellow, _call_, 91 + + bemoan, _mourn_, 246 + + _bend_, 79 + + benefaction, _gift_, 184 + + beneficence, _benevolence_, 80 + + benefit, _profit_, 288 + " _utility_, 363 + + _benevolence_, 80 + " _mercy_, 239 + + benevolent, _humane_, 203 + + benign, _propitious_, 291 + + benignant, _amiable_, 42 + " _humane_, 203 + + benignity, _benevolence_, 80 + " _mercy_, 239 + + bequest, _gift_, 184 + + bereavement, _misfortune_, 242 + + beseech, _ask_, 59 + " _plead_, 274 + " _pray_, 281 + + beseeming, _becoming_, 77 + + beset, _attack_, _v._, 63 + + beside, _adjacent_, 22 + + besides, _also_, 37 + " _but_, 89 + " _yet_, 374 + + besiege, _attack_, _v._, 63 + + bestial, _brutish_, 87 + + bestow, _give_, 185 + + betide, _happen_, 188 + + betoken, _augur_, 66 + + better, _amend_, 41 + + between, _amid_, 42 + + betwixt, _amid_, 42 + + bevy, _flock_, 173 + + bewail, _mourn_, 246 + + bewilder, _abash_, 3 + + bewilderment, _amazement_, 39 + " _perplexity_, 270 + + bewitching, _beautiful_, 76 + " _charming_, 103 + + bias, _bend_, 79 + " _prejudice_, 283 + + bid, _pray_, 281 + " _proposal_, 292 + + bide, _abide_, 5 + + big, _large_, 229 + + bigotry, _fanaticism_, 166 + + bills, _money_, 244 + + _bind_, 81 + + biography, _history_, 200 + + birth, _kin_, 227 + + biting, _bitter_, 81 + + _bitter_, 81 + + bitterness, _acrimony_, 15 + " _enmity_, 152 + " _feud_, 170 + + bizarre, _queer_, 297 + + blab, _babble_, 71 + + black, _dark_, 122 + + blame, _v._, _condemn_, 113 + " _reprove_, 312 + + blame, _n._, _reproof_, 311 + + blameless, _innocent_, 220 + " _perfect_, 268 + + blanch, _bleach_, 82 + + blank, _vacant_, 363 + + blaspheming, _oath_, 254 + + blasphemy, _oath_, 254 + + blaze, _v._, _burn_, 87 + + blaze, _n._, _fire_, 173 + " _light_, 231 + + _bleach_, 82 + + _blemish_, 82 + " _injury_, 219 + + blessed, _happy_, 190 + " _holy_, 200 + + blessedness, _happiness_, 189 + + blessing, _mercy_, 239 + + blind, _artifice_, 58 + + bliss, _happiness_, 189 + + blissful, _happy_, 190 + + blithe, _happy_, 190 + + blithesome, _happy_, 190 + + block, _hinder_, 199 + + blood, _kin_, 227 + + blot, _blemish_, 82 + " _stain_, 341 + + blot out, _cancel_, 92 + + _blow_, 83 + " _misfortune_, 242 + + _bluff_, 83 + + blunt, _bluff_, 83 + + blur, _blemish_, 82 + + blurt, _babble_, 71 + + blustering, _bluff_, 83 + + boast, _ostentation_, 259 + + boasting, _ostentation_, 259 + + bode, _augur_, 66 + + bodily, _physical_, 272 + + _body_, 84 + + bold, _bluff_, 83 + " _brave_, 85 + + boldness, _assurance_, 61 + " _effrontery_, 144 + " _impudence_, 213 + " _pertness_, 271 + + bolt, _lock_, 234 + + bondage, _fetter_, 169 + + bonds, _fetter_, 169 + + bonny, _beautiful_, 76 + + bonus, _subsidy_, 345 + + books, _literature_, 233 + + boon, _gift_, 184 + + boorish, _awkward_, 70 + " _rustic_, 321 + + bootless, _vain_, 364 + + border, _bank_, 72 + " _boundary_, 84 + + bordering, _adjacent_, 22 + + _both_, 84 + " _every_, 158 + + bound, _bank_, 72 + " _boundary_, 84 + " _end_, _n._, 148 + + _boundary_, 84 + " _end_, _n._, 148 + + boundless, _infinite_, 216 + + bounteous, _plentiful_, 276 + + bountiful, _generous_, 182 + " _plentiful_, 276 + + bounty, _benevolence_, 80 + " _gift_, 184 + " _subsidy_, 345 + + bourn, _boundary_, 84 + + bourne, _boundary_, 84 + + bout, _battle_, 74 + + bow, _bend_, 79 + + box, _blow_, 83 + + boyish, 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_pertness_, 271 + + broad, _large_, 229 + + broil, _feud_, 170 + + brood, _flock_, 173 + + brook, _endure_, 150 + + brotherly, _friendly_, 178 + + browbeat, _frighten_, 180 + + bruise, _beat_, 75 + + brush, _cleanse_, 107 + + brusk, _bluff_, 83 + + brutal, _barbarous_, 73 + " _brutish_, 87 + + brute, _a._, _brutish_, 87 + + brute, _n._, _animal_, 45 + + _brutish_, 87 + + buccaneer, _robber_, 320 + + bucolic, _rustic_, 321 + + buffet, _blow_, 83 + + bulky, _large_, 229 + + bullion, _money_, 244 + + bulwark, _barrier_, 74 + " _defense_, 123 + + bungling, _awkward_, 70 + + buoyant, _happy_, 190 + + burden, _load_, 233 + + burglar, _robber_, 320 + + burlesque, _caricature_, 95 + " _wit_, 373 + + _burn_, 87 + + burning, _eager_, 142 + " _fire_, 173 + + burst, _break_, 86 + " _rend_, 309 + + bury, _hide_, 197 + " _immerse_, 212 + + _business_, 88 + " _duty_, 142 + " _transaction_, 360 + " _work_, 374 + + bustling, _active_, 17 + " _alert_, 28 + " _nimble_, 253 + + busy, _active_, 17 + " _industrious_, 215 + + _but_, 89 + " _notwithstanding_, _conj._, 254 + + butcher, _kill_, 226 + + butchery, _massacre_, 237 + + buy, _purchase_, 295 + + _by_, 89 + + by dint of, _by_, 89 + + by means of, _by_, 89 + + byword, _proverb_, 293 + + + _cabal_, 90 + + cabalistic, _mysterious_, 247 + + cackle, _babble_, 71 + + cajole, _allure_, 37 + + calamity, _accident_, 14 + " _blow_, 83 + " _catastrophe_, 97 + " _misfortune_, 242 + + _calculate_, 90 + " _esteem_, _v._, 156 + + _call_, 91 + " _convoke_, 120 + + calling, _business_, 88 + + callow, _youthful_, 375 + + call together, _convoke_, 120 + + call upon, _pray_, 281 + + calm, _v._, _allay_, 31 + + _calm_, _a._, 91 + + calm, _n._, _rest_, 313 + + calmness, _apathy_, 50 + " _patience_, 265 + " _rest_, 313 + + calumniate, _slander_, 336 + + canaille, _mob_, 243 + + _cancel_, 92 + + _candid_, 93 + " _honest_, 202 + + candor, _veracity_, 367 + + canon, _law_, 229 + + cant, _v._, _tip_, 357 + + cant, _hypocrisy_, 204 + " _slang_, 336 + + capability, _power_, 279 + + capable, _adequate_, 21 + " _clever_, 109 + + capacious, _large_, 229 + + capacity, _power_, 279 + + _caparison_, 93 + + _capital_, 94 + " _money_, 244 + + capitulate, _surrender_, 349 + + caprice, _fancy_, 167 + + captivate, _allure_, 37 + + captivating, _charming_, 103 + + capture, _arrest_, 57 + " _catch_, 97 + + carcass, _body_, 84 + + _care_, 94 + " _anxiety_, 49 + " _oversight_, 260 + " _prudence_, 294 + + careen, _tip_, 357 + + _career_, 95 + + careful, _vigilant_, 369 + + carefulness, _prudence_, 294 + + carelessness, _neglect_, 251 + + _caress_, 95 + + cargo, _load_, 233 + + _caricature_, 95 + + carnage, _massacre_, 237 + + carnal, _brutish_, 87 + + carol, _sing_, 333 + + carp at, _disparage_, 134 + + carriage, _air_, 27 + " _behavior_, 79 + + _carry_, 96 + " _convey_, 119 + " _keep_, 226 + " _support_, 348 + + carry on, _keep_, 226 + " _transact_, 360 + + carry out, _do_, 135 + " _execute_, 161 + + carry through, _do_, 135 + + cartel, _contract_, 118 + + case, _event_, 158 + " _precedent_, 282 + " _sample_, 323 + + cash, _money_, 244 + + cashier, _break_, 86 + + cast, _calculate_, 90 + " _send_, 327 + + cast down, _abase_, 2 + + caste, _class_, 106 + + castigate, _beat_, 75 + " _chasten_, 103 + + castle, _fortification_, 176 + + cast off, _abandon_, 1 + + cast up, _add_, 18 + + casualty, _accident_, 14 + " _hazard_, 194 + + cataclysm, _catastrophe_, 97 + + catalog(ue, _record_, 304 + + _catastrophe_, 97 + + _catch_, _v._, 97 + " _arrest_, 57 + + catch, _n._, _lock_, 234 + + causality, _cause_, 98 + + causation, _cause_, 98 + + cause, _v._, _make_, 236 + + _cause_, _n._, 98 + " _design_, 128 + " _reason_, _n._, 302 + + caustic, _bitter_, 81 + + causticity, _acrimony_, 15 + + cauterize, _burn_, 87 + + caution, _care_, 94 + " _prudence_, 294 + + cautious, _vigilant_, 369 + + _cease_, 98 + " _abandon_, 1 + " _die_, 130 + " _end_, _v._, 148 + + ceaseless, _continual_, 117 + + cede, _abandon_, 1 + " _give_, 185 + " _surrender_, 349 + 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_entertainment_, 153 + " _happiness_, 189 + + cheerful, _comfortable_, 110 + " _happy_, 190 + + cheering, _a._, _happy_, 190 + + cheering, _n._, _praise_, 280 + + cheers, _praise_, 280 + + cheery, _comfortable_, 110 + " _happy_, 190 + + _cherish_, 104 + " _support_, 348 + + chide, _reprove_, 312 + + chiding, _reproof_, 311 + + chief city, _capital_, 94 + + childish, _youthful_, 375 + + childlike, _youthful_, 375 + + chimerical, _absurd_, 11 + " _fanciful_, 167 + + chirp, _sing_, 333 + + chirrup, _sing_, 333 + + chivalric, _brave_, 85 + + chivalrous, _brave_, 85 + " _generous_, 182 + + choice, _alternative_, 38 + + choke, _obstruct_, 257 + + choler, _anger_, 44 + + _choose_, 104 + + chronicle, _history_, 200 + " _record_, 304 + + chum, _associate_, 60 + + churlish, _morose_, 245 + + circle, _class_, 106 + + circulate, _announce_, 46 + + _circumlocution_, 105 + + circumscribe, _restrain_, 315 + + circumspect, _vigilant_, 369 + + circumspection, _care_, 94 + " _prudence_, 294 + + 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37 + " _persuade_, 271 + + coddle, _caress_, 95 + + code, _law_, 229 + + coerce, _compel_, 111 + + coercive, _absolute_, 8 + + cogency, _power_, 279 + + cognition, _knowledge_, 227 + + cognizance, _knowledge_, 227 + + cognizant, _conscious_, 116 + + cognomen, _name_, 247 + + cohesive, _adhesive_, 22 + + coin, _money_, 244 + + coincide, _agree_, 25 + + coincidence, _analogy_, 43 + + coldness, _modesty_, 244 + + colleague, _accessory_, 13 + " _associate_, 60 + + collect, _amass_, 38 + " _convoke_, 120 + + collected, _calm_, 91 + + collection, _array_, 57 + " _company_, 110 + + collectivism, _socialism_, 338 + + _collision_, 109 + + colloquialism, _slang_, 336 + + colloquy, _conversation_, 118 + + color, _pretense_, 283 + " _stain_, 341 + + colossal, _large_, 229 + + coma, _stupor_, 344 + + combat, _v._, _attack_, _v._, 63 + + combat, _n._, _battle_, 74 + + combination, _cabal_, 90 + " _union_, 362 + + combine, _agree_, 25 + + combustion, _fire_, 173 + + come, _reach_, 300 + + come after, 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_v._, 19 + " _caress_, 95 + + courteous, _polite_, 277 + + courtesy, _address_, _n._, 20 + + courtly, _polite_, 277 + + covenant, _contract_, 118 + + cover, _hide_, 197 + " _palliate_, 261 + " _shelter_, 331 + + coveting, _desire_, 128 + + covetous, _avaricious_, 68 + + covey, _flock_, 173 + + cow, _frighten_, 180 + + coyness, _modesty_, 244 + + crabbed, _morose_, 245 + + crack, _v._, _break_, 86 + + crack, _n._, _blemish_, 82 + + craft, _artifice_, 58 + " _business_, 88 + " _deception_, 123 + + crafty, _astute_, 62 + + crave, _ask_, 59 + + craving, _appetite_, 54 + " _desire_, 128 + + craziness, _insanity_, 221 + + create, _make_, 236 + + creator, _cause_, 98 + + creature, _animal_, 45 + + credence, _faith_, 164 + + credible, _likely_, 232 + + credit, _faith_, 164 + " _fame_, 166 + + credulity, _fanaticism_, 166 + + creed, _faith_, 164 + + cremate, _burn_, 87 + + crew, _cabal_, 90 + + crime, _abomination_, 7 + " _sin_, 332 + + _criminal_, 120 + + criminality, _sin_, 332 + + critic, 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252 + " _youthful_, 375 + + + keen, _astute_, 62 + " _clever_, 109 + " _eager_, 142 + " _fine_, 172 + " _sagacious_, 322 + + keenness, _acumen_, 18 + + keen-sighted, _sagacious_, 322 + + keen-witted, _sagacious_, 322 + + _keep_, 226 + " _celebrate_, 99 + " _restrain_, 315 + " _support_, 348 + + keep back, _restrain_, 315 + + keep down, _restrain_, 315 + + keep in, _restrain_, 315 + + keep under, _restrain_, 315 + + keep up, _support_, 348 + + _kill_, 226 + + _kin_, 227 + + kind, _amiable_, 42 + " _friendly_, 178 + " _humane_, 203 + " _kin_, 227 + " _pleasant_, 275 + " _propitious_, 291 + + kind-hearted, _humane_, 203 + + kind-heartedness, _benevolence_, 80 + + kindle, _burn_, 87 + + kindliness, _benevolence_, 80 + + kindly, _friendly_, 178 + " _pleasant_, 275 + " _propitious_, 291 + + kindness, _benevolence_, 80 + " _mercy_, 239 + + kindred, _a._, _alike_, 30 + + kindred, _n._, _kin_, 227 + + kinglike, _royal_, 320 + + kingly, _royal_, 320 + + kiss, _caress_, 95 + + kitchen-gardening, 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_justice_, 225 + + lawfulness, _justice_, 225 + + lawlessness, _revolution_, 317 + + lay, _put_, 296 + + lay hold of, _catch_, 97 + + lazy, _idle_, 208 + + lead, _draw_, 138 + " _influence_, 217 + " _persuade_, 271 + + league, _alliance_, 34 + + lean, _tip_, 357 + + learner, _scholar_, 324 + + learning, _education_, 143 + " _knowledge_, 227 + " _wisdom_, 372 + + leave, _abandon_, 1 + " _permission_, 269 + + leave-off, _cease_, 98 + + leave-taking, _farewell_, 168 + + legality, _justice_, 225 + + legate, _delegate_, 125 + + legend, _fiction_, 170 + " _story_, 343 + + legions, _army_, 56 + + legislation, _law_, 229 + + legitimate, _authentic_, 67 + + leisure, _vacant_, 363 + + lengthen, _protract_, 293 + + lenience, _mercy_, 239 + + leniency, _mercy_, 239 + " _patience_, 265 + + lenity, _mercy_, 239 + + lessen, _abate_, 3 + " _alleviate_, 33 + + let, _allow_, 35 + + let go, _surrender_, 349 + + lethargy, _apathy_, 50 + " _stupor_, 344 + + level, _horizontal_, 202 + + liable, _likely_, 232 + + libel, _slander_, 336 + + liberal, _generous_, 182 + " _plentiful_, 276 + + liberality, _benevolence_, 80 + + liberate, _absolve_, 9 + + _liberty_, 230 + " _permission_, 269 + " _right_, 319 + + license, _liberty_, 230 + " _permission_, 269 + " _right_, 319 + + lie, _deception_, 123 + + life, _behavior_, 79 + + life, public, _career_, 95 + + lift, _carry_, 96 + + light, _a._, _airy_, 27 + + _light_, _n._, 231 + " _knowledge_, 227 + + lighten, _alleviate_, 33 + + like, _alike_, 30 + " _likely_, 232 + " _synonymous_, 349 + + _likely_, 232 + " _apparent_, 52 + + likeness, _analogy_, 43 + " _approximation_, 55 + " _duplicate_, 141 + + likewise, _also_, 37 + + liking, _appetite_, 54 + " _fancy_, 167 + " _love_, 235 + + limit, _boundary_, 84 + " _end_, _n._, 148 + + limitless, _infinite_, 216 + + limpid, _clear_, 107 + + line, _boundary_, 84 + + line of achievement, _career_, 95 + + line of battle, _array_, 57 + + lingering, _slow_, 337 + + liquid, _fluid_, 174 + + list, _listen_, 232 + " _tip_, 357 + + _listen_, 232 + + listless, _abstracted_, 11 + " _faint_, 164 + + literal, _verbal_, 368 + + literary productions, _literature_, 233 + + literary works, _literature_, 233 + + _literature_, 233 + + litter, _flock_, 173 + + little, _minute_, 242 + + live, _v._, _abide_, 5 + + live, _a._, _alive_, 30 + + liveliness, _pertness_, 271 + + lively, _active_, 17 + " _airy_, 27 + " _alert_, 28 + " _alive_, 30 + " _nimble_, 253 + " _racy_, 299 + + living, _alive_, 30 + + living creature, _animal_, 45 + + living organism, _animal_, 45 + + _load_, 233 + + loath, _reluctant_, 308 + + loathe, _abhor_, 5 + + _lock_, 234 + + lodge, _abide_, 5 + " _association_, 60 + + lofty, _high_, 198 + + loneliness, _retirement_, 315 + + long, _large_, 229 + + longing, _appetite_, 54 + " _desire_, 128 + " _eager_, 142 + + long-suffering, _patience_, 265 + + _look_, _v._, 234 + " _appear_, 52 + + look, _n._, _air_, 27 + + look forward to, _anticipate_, 47 + + loquacious, _garrulous_, 181 + + lordly, _absolute_, 8 + + Lord's Supper, _sacrament_, 331 + + lore, _knowledge_, 227 + + loss, _injury_, 219 + + lot, _flock_, 173 + " _portion_, 279 + + lovable, _amiable_, 42 + + _love_, _v._, 235 + " _admire_, 23 + + love, _n._, _attachment_, 63 + " _friendship_, 179 + + lovely, _amiable_, 42 + " _beautiful_, 76 + + loving, _amiable_, 42 + " _friendly_, 178 + + lower, _abase_, 2 + " _abate_, 3 + " _disparage_, 134 + + lower classes, _mob_, 243 + + loyal, _faithful_, 165 + + loyalty, _allegiance_, 32 + + lucid, _clear_, 107 + + lucky, _fortunate_, 177 + " _happy_, 190 + + ludicrous, _absurd_, 11 + " _queer_, 297 + + lunacy, _insanity_, 221 + + lure, _allure_, 37 + " _draw_, 138 + + luscious, _delicious_, 126 + + lust, _appetite_, 54 + + luster, _light_, 231 + + luxuriant, _plentiful_, 276 + + lying, _deception_, 123 + + + machination, _artifice_, 58 + + machine, _tool_, 358 + + madness, _insanity_, 221 + + magisterial, _dogmatic_, 137 + + magnanimous, _generous_, 182 + + magnificent, _royal_, 320 + + mail, _arms_, 55 + + maintain, _allege_, 31 + " _keep_, 226 + " _state_, 341 + " _support_, 348 + + majestic, _awful_, 70 + " _royal_, 320 + + _make_, 236 + " _compel_, 111 + + make better, _amend_, 41 + + make haste, _quicken_, 297 + + make known, _announce_, 46 + + make out, _make_, 236 + + make prisoner, _arrest_, 57 + + make up, _add_, 18 + " _make_, 236 + + make use of, _employ_, 147 + + make void, _cancel_, 92 + + make white, _bleach_, 82 + + maladroit, _awkward_, 70 + + malady, _disease_, 134 + + male, _masculine_, 237 + + malediction, _oath_, 254 + + malevolence, _enmity_, 152 + " _hatred_, 193 + + malice, _enmity_, 152 + " _hatred_, 193 + + malign, _abuse_, 12 + " _slander_, 336 + + malignity, _acrimony_, 15 + " _enmity_, 152 + " _hatred_, 193 + + maltreat, _abuse_, 12 + + manacles, _fetter_, 169 + + manage, _govern_, 185 + + manageable, _docile_, 136 + + management, _care_, 94 + " _oversight_, 260 + + mandate, _law_, 229 + " _order_, 258 + + maneuver, 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64 + " _conquer_, 115 + + mastery, _victory_, 369 + + mate, _associate_, 60 + + material, _physical_, 272 + + matrimony, _marriage_, 236 + + matter, _topic_, 359 + + maxim, _proverb_, 293 + + means, _agent_, 24 + + measure, _meter_, 240 + + measureless, _infinite_, 216 + + mechanic, _artist_, 58 + + mechanism, _tool_, 358 + + meddle, _interpose_, 222 + + _meddlesome_, 238 + " _inquisitive_, 221 + + meddling, _inquisitive_, 221 + " _meddlesome_, 238 + + mediate, _interpose_, 222 + + meditate, _deliberate_, 135 + + meet, _becoming_, 77 + + meeting, _collision_, 109 + " _company_, 110 + + melancholy, _grief_, 187 + + meliorate, _amend_, 41 + + _melody_, 238 + + member, _part_, 264 + " _term_, 354 + + memoir, _history_, 200 + + memorandum, _record_, 304 + + memorial, _record_, 304 + " _trace_, 359 + + memorials, _history_, 200 + + _memory_, 239 + + mend, _amend_, 41 + + mendicancy, _poverty_, 279 + + mention, _allude_, 36 + + mercenary, _auxiliary_, 67 + " _venal_, 365 + + merciful, _humane_, 203 + " _propitious_, 291 + + merciless, _barbarous_, 73 + + _mercy_, 239 + " _pardon_, 262 + " _pity_, 273 + + mere, _pure_, 296 + + merely, _but_, 89 + + merriment, _entertainment_, 153 + " _happiness_, 189 + + merry, _happy_, 190 + + metamorphose, _change_, _v._, 100 + + metaphor, _allegory_, 33 + + mete out, _allot_, 34 + + _meter_, 240 + " _poetry_, 277 + + method, _system_, 350 + + metrical composition, _poetry_, 277 + + metropolis, _capital_, 94 + + middle, _center_, 99 + + midst, _center_, 99 + " (in the midst of), _amid_, 42 + + mien, _air_, 27 + + might, _power_, 279 + + migrate, _emigrate_, 147 + + mildness, _mercy_, 239 + + military, _army_, 56 + + mimicry, _caricature_, 95 + + _mind_, 241 + + mingled, _heterogeneous_, 196 + " _complex_, 112 + + mingled with, _amid_, 42 + + _minute_, 242 + " _fine_, 172 + + miraculous, _supernatural_, 347 + + mirth, _happiness_, 189 + + mirthful, _happy_, 190 + + misadventure, _accident_, 14 + " _misfortune_, 242 + + miscellaneous, _heterogeneous_, 196 + + mischance, _catastrophe_, 97 + " _misfortune_, 242 + + mischief, _injury_, 219 + + mischievous, _pernicious_, 270 + + misdeed, _sin_, 332 + + misemploy, _abuse_, 12 + + miserable, _pitiful_, 273 + + miserly, _avaricious_, 68 + + miserliness, _frugality_, 180 + + misery, _misfortune_, 242 + + _misfortune_, 242 + " _accident_, 14 + " _blow_, 83 + " _catastrophe_, 97 + + misgiving, _alarm_, 28 + " _anxiety_, 49 + " _doubt_, _n._, 138 + " _fear_, 168 + + mishap, _accident_, 14 + " _catastrophe_, 97 + " _misfortune_, 242 + + mislay, _displace_, 135 + + mismatched, _incongruous_, 214 + + mismated, _incongruous_, 214 + + misplace, _displace_, 135 + + mistaken, _absurd_, 11 + + mistrust, _doubt_, _v._, 137 + + misuse, _abuse_, 12 + + mite, _particle_, 264 + + mitigate, _abate_, 3 + " _alleviate_, 33 + " _amend_, 41 + " _palliate_, 261 + + mixed, _complex_, 112 + " _heterogeneous_, 196 + + _mob_, 243 + + mobile, _active_, 17 + + mock, _sneer_, 337 + + mockery, _banter_, 73 + + mode, _system_, 350 + + _model_, 243 + " _example_, 160 + " _idea_, 206 + " _ideal_, 206 + + moderate, _v._, _abate_, 3 + " _alleviate_, 33 + + moderate, _a._, _slow_, 337 + + moderation, _abstinence_, 10 + + modern, _new_, 252 + + _modesty_, 244 + + modify, _change_, _v._, 100 + + mold, _bend_, 79 + " _govern_, 185 + + mold, _model_, 243 + + molder, _decay_, 122 + + molecule, _particle_, 264 + + molest, _abuse_, 12 + + mollify, _allay_, 31 + + momentary, _transient_, 361 + + monetary, _financial_, 172 + + _money_, 244 + + monomania, _insanity_, 221 + + monstrous, _absurd_, 11 + + mood, _fancy_, 167 + + mop, _cleanse_, 107 + + morality, _religion_, 307 + " _virtue_, 370 + + moreover, _but_, 89 + + _morose_, 245 + " _severe_, 329 + + moroseness, _acrimony_, 15 + + mortification, _chagrin_, 100 + + mortify, _abash_, 3 + + mother tongue, _language_, 228 + + _motion_, 245 + " _act_, 16 + " _topic_, 359 + + motive, _cause_, 98 + " _reason_, _n._, 302 + + motto, _proverb_, 293 + + _mourn_, 246 + + mournful, _pitiful_, 273 + + mourning, _grief_, 187 + + move, _v._, _carry_, 96 + " _convey_, 119 + " _influence_, 217 + " _persuade_, 271 + + move, _n._, _motion_, 245 + + movement, _act_, 16 + " _motion_, 245 + + mover, _agent_, 24 + + moving, _pitiful_, 273 + + muddy, _obscure_, 255 + + mulish, _restive_, 314 + " _obstinate_, 256 + + multiform, _complex_, 112 + + multitude, _army_, 56 + " _company_, 110 + " _throng_, 356 + + munificence, _benevolence_, 80 + + munificent, _generous_, 182 + " _royal_, 320 + + muniment, _record_, 304 + + muniments, _history_, 200 + + murder, _kill_, 226 + + murky, _dark_, 122 + + murmur, _babble_, 71 + " _complain_, 112 + + music, _melody_, 238 + + muster, _convoke_, 120 + + mutation, _change_, _n._, 101 + + mute, _taciturn_, 351 + + mutinous, _rebellious_, 304 + " _restive_, 314 + + mutiny, _revolution_, 317 + + _mutual_, 246 + + _mysterious_, 247 + " _dark_, 122 + " _obscure_, 255 + + mystic, _mysterious_, 247 + + mystical, _mysterious_, 247 + + myth, _fiction_, 170 + " _story_, 343 + + + naive, _candid_, 93 + + _name_, 247 + " _term_, 354 + + narration, _history_, 200 + " _report_, 311 + " _story_, 343 + + narrative, _history_, 200 + " _report_, 311 + " _story_, 343 + + natal, _native_, 248 + + nation, _people_, 266 + + _native_, 248 + " _inherent_, 218 + " _radical_, 299 + + natty, _neat_, 249 + + natural, _inherent_, 218 + " _native_, 248 + " _normal_, 253 + " _physical_, 272 + " _radical_, 299 + + nature, _character_, 102 + + nauseate, _abhor_, 5 + + _nautical_, 248 + + naval, _nautical_, 248 + + near, _adjacent_, 22 + + nearness, _approximation_, 55 + + _neat_, 249 + " _becoming_, 77 + " _terse_, 354 + + _necessary_, 150 + + necessitate, _compel_, 111 + + _necessity_, 250 + " _predestination_, 282 + + need, _necessity_, 250 + " _poverty_, 279 + + needed, _necessary_, 250 + + needful, _necessary_, 250 + + nefarious, _criminal_, 120 + + _neglect_, 251 + + neglectfulness, _neglect_, 251 + + negligence, _neglect_, 251 + + negligent, _abstracted_, 11 + + negotiate, _transact_, 360 + + neighborhood, _approximation_, 55 + + neighboring, _adjacent_, 22 + + neighborly, _friendly_, 178 + + neophyte, _convert_, 119 + + never-ending, _eternal_, 157 + + never-failing, _eternal_, 157 + + nevertheless, _but_, 89 + " _notwithstanding_, _conj._, 254 + + _new_, 252 + + new-fangled, _new_, 252 + + new-fashioned, _new_, 252 + + new-made, _new_, 252 + + next, _adjacent_, 22 + + nice, _fine_, 172 + " _neat_, 249 + " _tasteful_, 352 + + niggardly, _avaricious_, 68 + + nigh, _adjacent_, 22 + + _nimble_, 253 + " _active_, 17 + " _alert_, 28 + + noble, _awful_, 70 + " _generous_, 182 + " _high_, 198 + + noise, _sound_, 338 + + noisome, _pernicious_, 279 + + non-conformist, _heretic_, 196 + + non-homogeneous, _heterogeneous_, 196 + + nonsensical, _absurd_, 11 + + _normal_, 253 + " _general_, 181 + " _usual_, 368 + + note, _remark_, 308 + " _sign_, 332 + " _sound_, 338 + + notes, _money_, 244 + + notify, _announce_, 46 + + notion, _idea_, 206 + + notoriety, _fame_, 166 + + _notwithstanding_, _prep._, 254 + + _notwithstanding_, _conj._, 254 + " _but_, 89 + + nourish, _cherish_, 104 + + nourishment, _food_, 175 + + novel, _a._, _new_, 252 + + novel, _n._, _fiction_, 170 + " _story_, 343 + + novelty, _change_, _n._, 101 + + novice, _amateur_, 39 + + now, _immediately_, 211 + " _yet_, 374 + + noxious, _pernicious_, 270 + + nugatory, _vain_, 364 + + nuisance, _abomination_, 7 + + null, _vain_, 364 + + nullify, _abolish_, 6 + " _cancel_, 92 + + number, _calculate_, 90 + + numberless, _infinite_, 216 + + numbers, _poetry_, 277 + + nuptials, _marriage_, 236 + + nurse, _cherish_, 104 + + nurture, _cherish_, 104 + " _education_, 143 + " _teach_, 353 + + nutriment, _food_, 175 + + nutrition, _food_, 175 + + + _oath_, 254 + + obdurate, _obstinate_, 256 + + obedience, _allegiance_, 32 + + obedient, _docile_, 136 + + obey, _follow_, 174 + " _keep_, 226 + + obiter dictum, _precedent_, 282 + + object, _aim_, 26 + " _design_, 128 + " _reason_, _n._, 302 + + objective, _subjective_, 345 + + objurgation, _reproof_, 311 + + obligation, _contract_, 118 + " _duty_, 142 + + oblige, _bind_, 81 + " _compel_, 111 + + obliging, _pleasant_, 275 + " _polite_, 277 + + obliterate, _abolish_, 6 + " _cancel_, 92 + + oblivion, _pardon_, _n._, 262 + + oblivious, _abstracted_, 11 + + _obscure_, 255 + " _complex_, 112 + " _dark_, 122 + " _equivocal_, 155 + " _mysterious_, 247 + + observance, _sacrament_, 321 + + observation, _remark_, 308 + + observe, _celebrate_, 99 + " _discern_, 133 + " _follow_, 174 + " _keep_, 226 + + obsolescent, _obsolete_, 256 + + _obsolete_, 256 + + obstacle, _barrier_, 74 + " _impediment_, 213 + + _obstinate_, 256 + " _restive_, 314 + " _perverse_, 272 + + _obstruct_, 257 + " _hinder_, 199 + + obstruction, _barrier_, 74 + " _impediment_, 313 + + obtain, _attain_, 64 + " _get_, 183 + " _purchase_, 295 + + obtrusive, _meddlesome_, 238 + + obtuseness, _stupidity_, 344 + + obviate, _prevent_, 284 + + obvious, _clear_, 107 + " _evident_, 159 + + occasion, _cause_, 98 + " _make_, 236 + + occult, _mysterious_, 247 + + occupation, _business_, 88 + " _exercise_, 162 + " _work_, 374 + + occupied, _industrious_, 215 + + occupy, _entertain_, 152 + " _have_, 194 + + occur, _happen_, 188 + + occurrence, _circumstance_, 105 + " _event_, 158 + + ocean, _a._, _nautical_, 248 + + oceanic, _nautical_, 248 + + odd, _queer_, 297 + " _rare_, 300 + + offend, _affront_, 24 + + offense, _abomination_, 7 + " _anger_, 44 + " _pique_, 272 + " _sin_, 332 + + offer, _v._, _allege_, 31 + + offer, _n._, _proposal_, 292 + + offhand, _extemporaneous_, 163 + + office, _duty_, 142 + + officious, _active_, 17 + " _meddlesome_, 238 + + officiousness, _impudence_, 213 + + _old_, 257 + " _obsolete_, 256 + " _primeval_, 287 + + olden, _old_, 257 + + old-fashioned, _antique_, 48 + + omen, _sign_, 332 + + omission, _neglect_, 251 + + oneness, _union_, 362 + + onerous, _difficult_, 132 + + only, _but_, 89 + + onset, _attack_, _n._, 64 + + onslaught, _attack_, _n._, 64 + + on the alert, _vigilant_, 369 + + on the lookout, _vigilant_, 369 + + on the watch, _alert_, 28 + + opaque, _dark_, 122 + + open, _bluff_, 83 + " _candid_, 93 + " _evident_, 159 + + open-handed, _generous_, 182 + + open-hearted, _generous_, 182 + + opening, _beginning_, 78 + " _entrance_, 154 + + _operation_, 258 + " _act_, 16 + " _exercise_, 162 + + operative, _artist_, 58 + + operator, _agent_, 24 + + opinion, _faith_, 164 + " _idea_, 206 + + opinionated, _dogmatic_, 137 + " _obstinate_, 256 + + opponent, _enemy_, 151 + + oppose, _contrast_, 118 + " _hinder_, 199 + " _obstruct_, 257 + + opposed, _alien_, _a._, 29 + " _reluctant_, 308 + + opposition, _ambition_, 40 + " _antipathy_, 48 + " _collision_, 109 + + oppress, _abuse_, 12 + + option, _alternative_, 38 + + oral, _verbal_, 368 + + oration, _speech_, 339 + + oratory, _speech_, 339 + + _order_, 258 + " _array_, 57 + " _class_, 106 + " _law_, 229 + " _system_, 350 + + orderly, _neat_, 249 + + order of battle, _array_, 57 + + ordinance, _law_, 229 + " _sacrament_, 321 + + ordinary, _general_, 181 + " _normal_, 253 + " _usual_, 362 + + organic, _radical_, 299 + + origin, _beginning_, 78 + " _cause_, 98 + + original, _a._, _authentic_, 67 + " _native_, 248 + + original, _n._, _ideal_, 206 + " _model_, 243 + " _primeval_, 287 + " _radical_, 299 + " _transcendental_, 361 + + originator, _cause_, 98 + + ornament, _adorn_, 23 + + oscillate, _fluctuate_, 173 + " _shake_, 330 + + _ostentation_, 259 + " _pride_, 286 + + ostracize, _banish_, 72 + + _ought_, 260 + + oust, _banish_, 72 + + outcome, _consequence_, 116 + " _end_, _n._, 148 + " _event_, 158 + + outgo, _expense_, 162 + + outgrowth, _consequence_, 116 + + outlandish, _rustic_, 321 + + outlay, _expense_, 162 + " _price_, 285 + + outline, _abridgment_, 7 + " _sketch_, 334 + + out of date, _obsolete_, 256 + + outrage, _injury_, 219 + + outset, _beginning_, 78 + + overawe, _abash_, 3 + + overbearing, _absolute_, 8 + " _dogmatic_, 137 + + overcome, _beat_, 75 + " _conquer_, 115 + + over-confidence, _temerity_, 353 + + overflowing, _plentiful_, 276 + + overlook, _pardon_, _v._, 262 + + overmaster, _conquer_, 115 + + overmatch, _conquer_, 115 + + overplus, _excess_, 160 + + overpower, _conquer_, 115 + + _oversight_, 260 + " _care_, 94 + " _neglect_, 251 + + overt, _evident_, 159 + + overtake, _catch_, 97 + + overthrow, _abolish_, 6 + " _conquer_, 115 + " _demolish_, 127 + " _exterminate_, 163 + " _refute_, 306 + " _subvert_, 346 + + overture, _proposal_, 292 + + overturn, _demolish_, 127 + " _subvert_, 346 + + overwhelm, _hide_, 197 + " _involve_, 223 + + own, _avow_, 69 + " _confess_, 114 + " _have_, 194 + + + pabulum, _food_, 175 + + pacify, _allay_, 31 + + pack, _load_, 233 + " _flock_, 173 + + pact, _contract_, 118 + + pageant, _ostentation_, 259 + + pageantry, _ostentation_, 259 + + _pain_, 261 + + pains, _industry_, 216 + + palaver, _babble_, 71 + + _palliate_, 261 + " _alleviate_, 33 + + palpable, _evident_, 159 + + paltry, _pitiful_, 273 + + pamper, _caress_, 95 + + panegyric, _praise_, 280 + + pang, _pain_, 261 + + panic, _alarm_, 28 + " _fear_, 168 + + parable, _allegory_, 33 + + parade, _array_, 57 + " _ostentation_, 259 + + paradox, _riddle_, 318 + + paradoxical, _absurd_, 11 + + parapet, _barrier_, 74 + + paraphrase, _quote_, 298 + + parcel, _portion_, 279 + + _pardon_, _v._, 262 + " _absolve_, 9 + + _pardon_, _n._, 262 + " _mercy_, 239 + + pardonable, _venial_, 367 + + parity, _analogy_, 43 + + parley, _conversation_, 118 + + parody, _caricature_, 95 + + paroxysm, _pain_, 261 + + parsimonious, _avaricious_, 68 + + parsimoniousness, _frugality_, 180 + + parsimony, _frugality_, 180 + + _part_, _n._, 264 + " _particle_, 264 + " _portion_, 279 + + partiality, _prejudice_, 264 + + _particle_, 264 + + particular, _circumstance_, 105 + " _minute_, 242 + + participation, _association_, 60 + + participator, _accessory_, 13 + + parting salutation, _farewell_, 168 + + partisan, _adherent_, 21 + + partner, _accessory_, 13 + " _associate_, 60 + + partnership, _alliance_, 34 + " _association_, 60 + + pass, _way_, 372 + + passage, _career_, 95 + " _motion_, 245 + " _way_, 372 + + passage of arms, _battle_, 74 + + passageway, _way_, 372 + + pass by, _pardon_, 262 + + passing, _transient_, 361 + + passion, _anger_, 44 + " _appetite_, 54 + " _enthusiasm_, 153 + + pass over, _pardon_, 262 + + pastime, _entertainment_, 153 + + pastoral, _rustic_, 321 + + patent, _evident_, 159 + + path, _way_, 372 + + pathetic, _pitiful_, 273 + + pathway, _way_, 372 + + _patience_, 265 + " _industry_, 216 + + patois, _language_, 228 + + patriarchal, _old_, 257 + " _primeval_, 287 + + pattern, _example_, 160 + " _idea_, 206 + " _ideal_, 206 + " _model_, 243 + " _precedent_, 282 + + pauperism, _poverty_, 279 + + pause, _cease_, 98 + " _rest_, 313 + + _pay_, 266 + " _requite_, 313 + + payment, _pay_, 266 + + pay off, _requite_, 313 + + peace, _rest_, 313 + + peaceful, _calm_, 91 + + peacefulness, _rest_, 313 + + peculiar, _queer_, 297 + " _rare_, 300 + + peculiarity, _characteristic_, 103 + + pecuniary, _financial_, 172 + + peeping, _inquisitive_, 221 + + peer, _associate_, 60 + + peevishness, _anger_, 44 + + pellucid, _clear_, 107 + + penetrating, _astute_, 62 + + penetration, _acumen_, 18 + " _entrance_, 154 + + penetrative, _astute_, 62 + + penitence, _repentance_, 310 + + pension, _subsidy_, 345 + + penurious, _avaricious_, 68 + + penury, _poverty_, 279 + + _people_, 266 + + people, dregs of the, _mob_, 243 + + _perceive_, 267 + " _discern_, 133 + + perceptible, _evident_, 159 + + perception, _knowledge_, 227 + " _sensation_, 328 + + peremptory, _absolute_, 8 + + perennial, _eternal_, 157 + + _perfect_, 268 + " _pure_, 296 + " _radical_, 299 + + perform, _do_, 135 + " _execute_, 161 + " _make_, 236 + " _transact_, 360 + + performance, _act_, 16 + " _exercise_, 162 + " _operation_, 258 + " _work_, 374 + + performer, _agent_, 24 + + peril, _danger_, 121 + " _hazard_, 194 + + perilous, _precarious_, 282 + + period, _end_, _n._, 148 + " _time_, 356 + + periphrasis, _circumlocution_, 105 + + perish, _die_, 130 + + _permanent_, 269 + + _permission_, 269 + + permit, _a._, _allow_, 35 + " _endure_, 150 + + permit, _n._, _permission_, 269 + + _pernicious_, 270 + + perpetrate, _do_, 135 + + perpetual, _continual_, 117 + " _eternal_, 157 + " _permanent_, 269 + + perplexing, _equivocal_, 155 + + _perplexity_, 270 + " _amazement_, 39 + " _anxiety_, 49 + " _care_, 94 + " _doubt_, _n._, 138 + + persecute, _abuse_, 12 + + perseverance, _industry_, 216 + + persistence, _industry_, 216 + + persistent, _permanent_, 269 + " _obstinate_, 256 + + personality, _character_, 102 + + perspicacious, _astute_, 62 + " _sagacious_, 322 + + perspicacity, _acumen_, 18 + + perspicuous, _clear_, 107 + + _persuade_, 271 + " _bend_, 79 + " _influence_, 217 + + pertinacious, _obstinate_, 256 + + _pertness_, 271 + " _impudence_, 213 + + _perverse_, 272 + + pervert, _abuse_, 12 + + perverting, _pernicious_, 270 + + pestiferous, _pernicious_, 270 + + pestilential, _pernicious_, 270 + + pet, _caress_, 95 + + petition, _ask_, 59 + " _pray_, 281 + + pettishness, _anger_, 44 + + petulance, _anger_, 44 + + petulant, _perverse_, 272 + + phalanx, _army_, 56 + + phantasm, _delusion_, 127 + + phantasy, _imagination_, 209 + + pharisaism, _hypocrisy_, 204 + + philanthropy, _benevolence_, 80 + + phlegm, _apathy_, 50 + + phrase, _diction_, 130 + " _term_, 354 + + phraseology, _diction_, 130 + + _physical_, 272 + + pick, _alternative_, 38 + " _choose_, 104 + + pick out, _choose_, 104 + + picture, _sketch_, 334 + + picturesque, _beautiful_, 76 + + piece, _part_, 264 + + pietism, _hypocrisy_, 204 + " _religion_, 307 + + piety, _religion_, 307 + + pile up, _amass_, 38 + + pilgrimage, _journey_, 223 + + pillager, _robber_, 320 + + piquant, _racy_, 299 + + _pique_, 272 + + pirate, _robber_, 320 + + piteous, _pitiful_, 273 + + pithy, _terse_, 354 + + pitiable, _pitiful_, 273 + + _pitiful_, 273 + + _pity_, 273 + " _mercy_, 239 + + pitying, _humane_, 203 + + place, _put_, 296 + + placid, _calm_, 91 + + plagiarize, _quote_, 298 + + plague, _abomination_, 7 + + plain, _clear_, 107 + " _evident_, 159 + " _rustic_, 321 + + plain-spoken, _bluff_, 83 + + plan, _design_, 128 + " _idea_, 206 + " _sketch_, 334 + + plane, _horizontal_, 202 + + _plant_, 274 + + plaudit, _praise_, 280 + + playfulness, _wit_, 373 + + plea, _apology_, 51 + + _plead_, 274 + " _allege_, 31 + " _pray_, 281 + + _pleasant_, 275 + " _amiable_, 42 + " _comfortable_, 110 + " _delightful_, 126 + + pleasantry, _wit_, 373 + + please, _entertain_, 152 + + pleased, _happy_, 190 + + pleasing, _amiable_, 42 + " _delightful_, 126 + " _pleasant_, 275 + + pleasurable, _delightful_, 126 + " _pleasant_, 275 + + pleasure, _entertainment_, 153 + " _happiness_, 189 + + pledge, _contract_, 118 + " _security_, 326 + + plenteous, _plentiful_, 276 + + _plentiful_, 276 + + pleonasm, _circumlocution_, 105 + + pliable, _docile_, 136 + + pliant, _docile_, 136 + + plunderer, _robber_, 320 + + plunge, _immerse_, 212 + + poem, _poetry_, 277 + + poesy, _poetry_, 277 + + _poetry_, 277 + + point, _v._, _allude_, 36 + + point, _n._, _circumstance_, 105 + " _end_, _n._, 148 + " _topic_, 359 + + poisonous, _pernicious_, 270 + + policy, _polity_, 278 + + polished, _fine_, 172 + " _polite_, 277 + + _polite_, 277 + + politeness, _address_, _n._, 20 + " _refinement_, 305 + + _polity_, 278 + " _law_, 229 + + pollute, _defile_, 124 + + pommel, _beat_, 75 + + pomp, _ostentation_, 259 + + pomposity, _ostentation_, 259 + + pompousness, _ostentation_, 259 + + ponder, _deliberate_, 125 + + populace, _mob_, 243 + + popular, _general_, 181 + + population, _people_, 266 + + port, _air_, 27 + + portal, _entrance_, 154 + + portend, _augur_, 66 + + portentous, _awful_, 70 + + _portion_, 279 + " _part_, 264 + + portion out, _allot_, 34 + + pose, _attitude_, 65 + + position, _attitude_, 65 + " _circumstance_, 105 + + positive, _absolute_, 8 + " _dogmatic_, 137 + " _radical_, 299 + " _real_, 301 + + possess, _have_, 194 + + possession, be in, _have_, 194 + + possibility, _accident_, 14 + " _event_, 158 + + postulate, _assume_, 61 + + posture, _attitude_, 65 + + pound, _beat_, 75 + + _poverty_, 279 + + _power_, 279 + " _cause_, 98 + + practise, _v._, _follow_, 174 + + practise, _n._, _exercise_, 162 + " _habit_, 187 + + practised, _skilful_, 335 + + _praise_, 280 + + prate, _babble_, 71 + + prattle, _babble_, 71 + + _pray_, 281 + " _ask_, 59 + + _precarious_, 282 + + precaution, _care_, 94 + + precedent, _a._, _previous_, 285 + + _precedent_, _n._, 282 + " _cause_, 98 + " _example_, 160 + + preceding, _previous_, 285 + + precept, _doctrine_, 136 + " _proverb_, 293 + + precious, _rare_, 300 + + precipitancy, _temerity_, 353 + + precipitation, _temerity_, 353 + + precipitous, _steep_, 342 + + precise, _minute_, 242 + + preclude, _prevent_, 284 + " _prohibit_, 290 + + preconception, _prejudice_, 283 + + _predestination_, 282 + + predicate, _state_, 341 + + predict, _augur_, 66 + + predilection, _fancy_, 167 + + prefer, _choose_, 104 + " _promote_, 291 + + preference, _alternative_, 38 + + _prejudice_, 283 + " _injury_, 219 + + preliminary, _previous_, 285 + + premium, _subsidy_, 345 + + prenomen, _name_, 247 + + preoccupied, _abstracted_, 11 + + prepared, _alert_, 28 + + prepossession, _prejudice_, 283 + + preposterous, _absurd_, 11 + " _queer_, 297 + + prerogative, _right_, 319 + + presage, _augur_, 66 + " _sign_, 332 + + prescience, _wisdom_, 372 + + present, _gift_, 184 + + presentiment, _anticipation_, 48 + + presently, _immediately_, 211 + + preserve, _keep_, 226 + + press, _v._, _plead_, 274 + + press, _n._, _throng_, 356 + + press forward, _quicken_, 297 + + prestige, _sign_, 332 + + presumable, _apparent_, 52 + " _likely_, 232 + + presume, _assume_, 61 + + presumption, _assurance_, 61 + " _impudence_, 213 + " _prejudice_, 283 + " _pride_, 286 + " _temerity_, 353 + + pretend, _assume_, 61 + + pretender, _hypocrite_, 204 + + _pretense_, 283 + " _hypocrisy_, 204 + + pretension, _pretense_, 283 + + preternatural, _supernatural_, 347 + + pretext, _pretense_, 283 + + pretty, _beautiful_, 76 + + prevail, _succeed_, 346 + + prevailing, _usual_, 362 + + prevail over, _conquer_, 115 + + prevail upon, _persuade_, 271 + + prevalent, _general_, 181 + " _usual_, 362 + + prevarication, _deception_, 123 + + _prevent_, 284 + " _hinder_, 199 + " _prohibit_, 290 + + _previous_, 285 + + prevision, _anticipation_, 48 + + _price_, 285 + + _pride_, 286 + + prim, _neat_, 249 + + primal, _primeval_, 287 + + primary, _primeval_, 287 + + prime, _primeval_, 287 + + _primeval_, 287 + + primitive, _primeval_, 287 + " _radical_, 299 + + primordial, _primeval_, 287 + " _transcendental_, 361 + + princely, _royal_, 320 + + principle, _doctrine_, 136 + " _law_, 229 + " _reason_, _n._, 302 + + prior, _previous_, 285 + + pristine, _primeval_, 287 + + privacy, _retirement_, 315 + + privation, _poverty_, 279 + + privilege, _right_, 319 + + prize, _esteem_, _v._, 156 + + probable, _apparent_, 52 + " _likely_, 232 + + probity, _virtue_, 370 + + problem, _riddle_, 318 + + procedure, _operation_, 258 + + proceed, _rise_, 319 + + proceeding, _act_, 16 + " _transaction_, 360 + + proceeds, _harvest_, 192 + " _profit_, 288 + + process, _motion_, 245 + + proclaim, _announce_, 46 + " _avow_, 69 + + proclivity, _appetite_, 54 + " _desire_, 128 + + procrastinate, _protract_, 293 + + procrastinating, _slow_, 337 + + procure, _attain_, 64 + " _get_, 183 + " _purchase_, 295 + + prodigality, _excess_, 160 + + produce, _v._, _allege_, 31 + + produce, _n._, _harvest_, 192 + + product, _harvest_, 192 + " _work_, 374 + + production, _work_, 374 + + profane swearing, _oath_, 254 + + profanity, _oath_, 254 + + profess, _avow_, 69 + + profession, _business_, 88 + + proficiency, _progress_, 289 + + proficient, _skilful_, 335 + + _profit_, 288 + " _utility_, 363 + + profitless, _vain_, 364 + + profound, _obscure_, 255 + + profundity, _wisdom_, 372 + + profuse, _plentiful_, 276 + + profusion, _excess_, 160 + + prognostic, _sign_, 332 + + prognosticate, _augur_, 66 + + _progress_, 289 + + progression, _progress_, 289 + + _prohibit_, 290 + " _abolish_, 6 + + prohibition, _barrier_, 74 + " _order_, 258 + + project, _v._, _send_, 327 + + project, _n._, _design_, 128 + + prolixity, _circumlocution_, 105 + + prolong, _protract_, 293 + + promise, _contract_, 118 + + _promote_, 291 + " _abet_, 4 + " _quicken_, 297 + + promoter, _agent_, 24 + " _auxiliary_, 67 + + prompt, _v._, _influence_, 217 + + prompt, _a._, _active_, 17 + " _alert_, 28 + " _nimble_, 253 + + promulgate, _announce_, 46 + + prone, _addicted_, 19 + + proneness, _appetite_, 54 + + pronounce, _speak_, 339 + " _state_, 341 + + proof, _demonstration_, 127 + " _testimony_, 355 + + prop, _support_, 348 + + propel, _drive_, 140 + " _send_, 327 + + propensity, _appetite_, 54 + " _desire_, 128 + + proper, _becoming_, 77 + + property, _attribute_, _n._, 66 + " _characteristic_, 103 + " _money_, 244 + + prophesy, _augur_, 66 + + propinquity, _approximation_, 55 + + _propitiation_, 291 + + _propitious_, 291 + + proportion, _analogy_, 43 + " _portion_, 279 + + _proposal_, 292 + " _design_, 128 + + _propose_, 292 + + proposition, _proposal_, 292 + " _topic_, 359 + + propound, _announce_, 46 + " _state_, 341 + + prosecute, _arraign_, 56 + + proselyte, _convert_, 119 + + prosper, _succeed_, 346 + + prospered, _fortunate_, 177 + + prosperous, _fortunate_, 177 + " _happy_, 190 + + prostitute, _abuse_, 12 + + protect, _cherish_, 104 + " _keep_, 226 + " _shelter_, 331 + + protection, _defense_, 123 + + protest, _avow_, 69 + " _state_, 341 + + prototype, _example_, 160 + " _ideal_, 206 + " _model_, 243 + + _protract_, 293 + + proud, _high_, 198 + + prove, _confirm_, 114 + " _reason_, _v._, 302 + + provender, _food_, 175 + + _proverb_, 293 + + provided, _but_, 89 + + providence, _frugality_, 180 + " _prudence_, 294 + + provoke, _affront_, 24 + + _prowess_, 294 + + proxy, _delegate_, 125 + + _prudence_, 294 + " _care_, 94 + " _frugality_, 180 + " _wisdom_, 372 + + prying, _inquisitive_, 221 + + public, _general_, 181 + " _usual_, 362 + + publications, _literature_, 233 + + public life, _career_, 95 + + publish, _announce_, 46 + + puerile, _youthful_, 375 + + pull, _draw_, 138 + + pungent, _bitter_, 81 + " _racy_, 299 + + punish, _avenge_, 69 + " _chasten_, 103 + " _requite_, 313 + + pupil, _scholar_, 324 + + purchasable, _venal_, 365 + + _purchase_, 295 + + _pure_, 296 + " _fine_, 172 + " _innocent_, 220 + + purify, _amend_, 41 + " _chasten_, 103 + " _cleanse_, 107 + + purity, _virtue_, 370 + + purloin, _abstract_, 10 + + purpose, _v._, _propose_, 292 + + purpose, _n._, _aim_, 26 + " _design_, 128 + " _end_, _n._, 148 + " _idea_, 206 + " _reason_, _n._, 302 + + purposeless, _faint_, 164 + + pursue, _follow_, 174 + + pursuit, _hunt_, 203 + + push, _drive_, 140 + " _promote_, 291 + + _put_, 296 + + put down, _conquer_, 115 + + put on, _assume_, 61 + + putrefy, _decay_, 122 + + put to death, _kill_, 226 + + put up with, _endure_, 150 + + puzzle, _riddle_, 318 + + + quaint, _antique_, 48 + " _queer_, 297 + + quake, _shake_, 330 + + qualification, _power_, 279 + + qualified, _adequate_, 21 + + qualify, _change_, _n._, 100 + + quality, _attribute_, _n._, 66 + " _characteristic_, 103 + + quarrel, _feud_, 170 + + quash, _cancel_, 92 + + quaver, _shake_, 330 + + _queer_, 297 + + question, _v._, _reason_, _v._, 302 + + question, _n._, _doubt_, _n._, 138 + " _topic_, 359 + + questionable, _equivocal_, 155 + + quick, _active_, 17 + " _alive_, 30 + " _clever_, 109 + " _nimble_, 253 + + _quicken_, 297 + + quick of scent, _sagacious_, 322 + + quick-scented, _sagacious_, 322 + + quick-witted, _clever_, 109 + + quiescence, _rest_, 313 + + quiet, _allay_, 31 + " _calm_, 91 + " _rest_, 313 + + quietness, _apathy_, 50 + " _rest_, 313 + + quietude, _rest_, 313 + + quit, _abandon_, 1 + " _cease_, 98 + " _end_, _v._, 148 + " _requite_, 313 + + quiver, _shake_, 330 + + _quote_, 298 + + + rabble, _mob_, 243 + + race, _career_, 95 + " _kin_, 227 + " _people_, 266 + + _racy_, 299 + + _radical_, 299 + + rage, _anger_, 44 + + raging, _fierce_, 171 + + raider, _robber_, 320 + + rail at, _abuse_, 12 + + raillery, _banter_, 73 + " _wit_, 373 + + raiment, _dress_, 140 + + raise, _promote_, 291 + + ramble, _wander_, 371 + + rampart, _barrier_, 74 + " _defense_, 123 + + rancor, _enmity_, 152 + " _hatred_, 193 + + range, _wander_, 371 + + rank, _class_, 106 + + rap, _blow_, 83 + + rapacious, _avaricious_, 68 + + rapture, _enthusiasm_, 153 + " _happiness_, 189 + + rapturous, _happy_, 190 + + _rare_, 300 + " _obsolete_, 256 + + rashness, _temerity_, 353 + + rate, _calculate_, 90 + + ratify, _confirm_, 114 + + ratiocination, _reasoning_, 303 + + rational, _sagacious_, 322 + + ravish, _abuse_, 12 + + raze, _demolish_, 127 + + _reach_, 300 + " _attain_, 64 + " _make_, 236 + + readiness, _address_, _n._, 20 + " _dexterity_, 129 + " _ease_, 143 + " _power_, 279 + + reading, _education_, 143 + + ready, _active_, 17 + " _alert_, 28 + + _real_, 301 + " _authentic_, 67 + " _pure_, 296 + + reality, _veracity_, 367 + + realize, _do_, 135 + + reanimate, _recover_, 305 + + reaping, _harvest_, 192 + + _reason_, _v._, 302 + + _reason_, _n._, 302 + " _cause_, 98 + " _mind_, 241 + " _wisdom_, 372 + + reasonableness, _wisdom_, 372 + + _reasoning_, 303 + + rebellion, _revolution_, 317 + + _rebellious_, 304 + " _restive_, 314 + + rebuke, _v._, _reprove_, 312 + + rebuke, _n._, _reproof_, 311 + + recalcitrant, _restive_, 314 + + recall, _renounce_, 309 + + recant, _abandon_, 1 + " _renounce_, 309 + + receipts, _profit_, 288 + + receive, _get_, 183 + + received, _authentic_, 67 + + recent, _new_, 252 + + reciprocal, _mutual_, 246 + + reciprocate, _requite_, 313 + + recital, _history_, 200 + " _report_, 311 + " _story_, 343 + + recite, _quote_, 298 + + recklessness, _temerity_, 353 + + reckon, _calculate_, 90 + + recognition, _knowledge_, 227 + + recognize, _confess_, 114 + " _discern_, 133 + + recollection, _memory_, 239 + + recompense, _pay_, 266 + " _requite_, 313 + + reconciliation, _propitiation_, 291 + + recondite, _mysterious_, 247 + + _record_, 304 + " _character_, 102 + " _history_, 200 + " _report_, 311 + " _story_, 343 + + _recover_, 305 + + recreate, _entertain_, 152 + + recreation, _entertainment_, 153 + " _rest_, 313 + + recruit, _recover_, 305 + + rectify, _amend_, 41 + + rectitude, _justice_, 225 + " _virtue_, 370 + + recuperate, _recover_, 305 + + redoubted, _formidable_, 176 + + reduce, _abase_, 2 + " _abate_, 3 + " _alleviate_, 33 + " _conquer_, 115 + + redundance, _circumlocution_, 105 + " _excess_, 160 + + redundancy, _circumlocution_, 105 + " _excess_, 160 + + reel, _shake_, 330 + + refer, _allude_, 36 + " _attribute_, _v._, 65 + + referee, _judge_, 224 + + refine, _chasten_, 103 + + refined, _fine_, 172 + + _refinement_, 305 + + reflect, _deliberate_, 125 + + reflection, _reproof_, 311 + + reform, _amend_, 41 + + refractory, _obstinate_, 256 + " _rebellious_, 304 + " _restive_, 314 + + refrain, _cease_, 98 + " _keep_, 226 + + refreshing, _delightful_, 126 + + refuse, _renounce_, 309 + + _refute_, 306 + + regain, _recover_, 305 + + regal, _royal_, 320 + + regard, _v._, _esteem_, _v._, 156 + " _look_, 234 + " _love_, 235 + + regard, _n._, _attachment_, 63 + " _esteem_, _n._, 157 + " _friendship_, 179 + + regeneration, _change_, _n._, 101 + + regimen, _food_, 175 + + register, _history_, 200 + " _record_, 304 + + regret, _v._, _mourn_, 246 + + regret, _n._, _grief_, 187 + " _repentance_, 310 + + regular, _continual_, 117 + " _normal_, 253 + " _usual_, 362 + + regularity, _system_, 350 + + regulation, _law_, 229 + + rehearsal, _report_, 311 + + reign over, _govern_, 185 + + reject, _renounce_, 309 + + rejoiced, _happy_, 190 + + rejoicing, _a._, _happy_, 190 + + rejoicing, _n._, _happiness_, 189 + + rejoinder, _answer_, 46 + + relation, _analogy_, 43 + " _report_, 311 + " _story_, 343 + + relationship, _kin_, 227 + + release, _absolve_, 9 + + relegate, _commit_, 110 + + relentless, _severe_, 329 + + _reliable_, 306 + " _authentic_, 67 + + reliance, _faith_, 164 + + relieve, _alleviate_, 33 + + _religion_, 307 + + relinquish, _abandon_, 1 + " _surrender_, 349 + + relish, _appetite_, 54 + + _reluctant_, 308 + + remain, _abide_, 5 + + remains, _body_, 84 + " _trace_, 359 + + _remark_, 308 + + remarkable, _rare_, 300 + + remembrance, _memory_, 239 + + reminiscence, _memory_, 239 + + remission, _pardon_, 262 + + remissness, _neglect_, 251 + + remit, _pardon_, 262 + + remnant, _trace_, 359 + + remonstrate, _complain_, 112 + " _reprove_, 312 + + remorse, _repentance_, 310 + + remote, _alien_, _a._, 29 + " _old_, 257 + + remove, _abolish_, 6 + " _abstract_, 10 + " _alleviate_, 33 + " _cancel_, 92 + " _carry_, 96 + " _convey_, 119 + " _displace_, 135 + " _exterminate_, 163 + + remunerate, _requite_, 313 + + remuneration, _pay_, 266 + + _rend_, 309 + " _break_, 86 + + render, _make_, 236 + + rendering, _definition_, 124 + + renewal, _change_, _n._, 101 + + renewing, _change_, _n._, 101 + + _renounce_, 309 + " _abandon_, 1 + + renown, _fame_, 166 + + repair, _amend_, 41 + + repartee, _answer_, 46 + + repay, _requite_, 313 + + repeal, _abolish_, 6 + " _cancel_, 92 + + repeat, _quote_, 298 + + repel, _drive_, 140 + " _refute_, 306 + + _repentance_, 310 + + repine, _complain_, 112 + + replete, _plentiful_, 276 + + replica, _duplicate_, 141 + + reply, _answer_, 46 + + report, _v._, _announce_, 46 + + _report_, _n._, 311 + + repose, _rest_, 313 + + repossess, _recover_, 305 + + reprehend, _reprove_, 312 + + reprehension, _reproof_, 311 + + representation, _model_, 243 + + representative, _delegate_, 125 + + repress, _restrain_, 315 + + reprimand, _v._, _reprove_, 312 + + reprimand, _n._, _reproof_, 311 + + reproach, _v._, _abuse_, 12 + " _reprove_, 312 + + reproach, _n._, _blemish_, 82 + " _reproof_, 311 + + reprobate, _v._, _condemn_, 113 + + reprobation, _oath_, 254 + + reproduction, _duplicate_, 141 + + _reproof_, 311 + + reproval, _reproof_, 311 + + _reprove_, 312 + " _condemn_, 113 + + repudiate, _abandon_, 1 + " _renounce_, 309 + + repugnance, _antipathy_, 48 + " _hatred_, 193 + + repugnant, _incongruous_, 214 + + repulse, _drive_, 140 + + repulsion, _antipathy_, 48 + + reputation, _character_, 102 + " _fame_, 166 + + repute, _fame_, 166 + + request, _v._, _ask_, 59 + " _pray_, 281 + + require, _ask_, 59 + " _make_, 236 + + required, _necessary_, 250 + + requirement, _necessity_, 250 + + requisite, _a._, _necessary_, 250 + " _order_, 258 + + requisite, _n._, _necessity_, 250 + + requital, _pay_, 266 + " _revenge_, 316 + + _requite_, 313 + + rescind, _cancel_, 92 + + resemblance, _analogy_, 43 + " _approximation_, 55 + + resembling, _alike_, 30 + + resentful, _restive_, 314 + + resentment, _anger_, 44 + " _hatred_, 193 + " _pique_, 272 + + reserve, _modesty_, 244 + " _pride_, 286 + + reserved, _taciturn_, 351 + + reside, _abide_, 5 + + residence, _home_, 201 + + resign, _abandon_, 1 + + resignation, _patience_, 265 + + resist, _drive_, 140 + " _hinder_, 199 + + resistance, _defense_, 123 + + resolute, _obstinate_, 256 + + resolution, _fortitude_, 176 + + resolved, _obstinate_, 256 + + resource, _alternative_, 38 + + respect, _v._, _admire_, 23 + " _venerate_, 366 + + respect, _n._, _esteem_, _n._, 157 + + response, _answer_, 46 + + responsibility, _duty_, 142 + + rest, _v._, _abide_, 5 + + _rest_, _n._, 313 + + restiff, _restive_, 314 + + _restive_, 314 + + restless, _active_, 17 + " _restive_, 314 + + restore, _recover_, 305 + + _restrain_, 315 + " _arrest_, 57 + " _bind_, 81 + " _govern_, 185 + " _keep_, 226 + + restraint, _barrier_, 74 + + restrict, _bind_, 81 + " _restrain_, 315 + + restriction, _barrier_, 74 + + result, _v._, _follow_, 174 + + result, _n._, _consequence_, 116 + " _end_, _n._, 148 + " _event_, 158 + " _harvest_, 192 + " _operation_, 258 + + resume, _recover_, 305 + + retain, _keep_, 226 + + retainer, _accessory_, 13 + + retaliate, _avenge_, 69 + " _requite_, 313 + + retaliation, _revenge_, 316 + + retard, _hinder_, 199 + " _obstruct_, 257 + + reticent, _taciturn_, 351 + + retire, _abandon_, 1 + + _retirement_, 315 + + retort, _answer_, 46 + + retract, _abandon_, 1 + + retribution, _revenge_, 316 + + retrieve, _recover_, 305 + + retrospect, _memory_, 239 + + retrospection, _memory_, 239 + + return, _v._, _requite_, 313 + + return, _n._, _harvest_, 192 + " _profit_, 288 + + returns, _profit_, 288 + + reveal, _announce_, 46 + + _revelation_, 316 + + revenge, _v._, _avenge_, 69 + " _requite_, 313 + + _revenge_, _n._, 316 + " _hatred_, 193 + + revere, _admire_, 23 + " _venerate_, 366 + + reverence, _v._, _venerate_, 366 + + reverence, _n._, _veneration_, 366 + + reverie, _dream_, 139 + + reverse, _v._, _abolish_, 6 + + reverse, _n._, _misfortune_, 242 + + revile, _abuse_, 12 + " _slander_, 336 + + revoke, _abolish_, 6 + " _cancel_, 92 + " _renounce_, 309 + + revolt, _n._, _revolution_, 317 + + _revolution_, 317 + " _change_, 101 + + _revolve_, 318 + + reward, _v._, _requite_, 313 + + reward, _n._, _subsidy_, 345 + + rhythm, _meter_, 240 + + rich, _plentiful_, 276 + " _racy_, 299 + + ride, _drive_, 140 + + _riddle_, 318 + + ridicule, _banter_, 73 + + ridiculous, _absurd_, 11 + " _queer_, 297 + + right, _a._, _innocent_, 220 + + _right_, _n._, 319 + " _duty_, 142 + " _justice_, 225 + + right away, right off, _immediately_, 211 + + righteous, _innocent_, 220 + + righteousness, _duty_, 142 + " _justice_, 225 + " _religion_, 307 + " _virtue_, 370 + + rightfulness, _justice_, 225 + + rightness, _virtue_, 370 + + rigid, _severe_, 329 + + rigorous, _severe_, 329 + + rim, _bank_, 72 + + rime (rhyme), _poetry_, 277 + + rinse, _cleanse_, 107 + + riot, _revolution_, 317 + + rip, _rend_, 309 + + _rise_, _v._, 319 + + rise, _n._, _beginning_, 78 + + risk, _n._, _danger_, 121 + " _hazard_, 194 + + risky, _precarious_, 282 + + rite, _sacrament_, 321 + + rival, _n._, _enemy_, 151 + + rivalry, _ambition_, 40 + + rive, _break_, 86 + " _rend_, 309 + + road, _way_, 372 + + roadway, _way_, 372 + + roam, _wander_, 371 + + roar, _call_, 91 + + _robber_, 320 + + robes, _dress_, 140 + + rock, _shake_, 330 + + roll, _v._, _revolve_, 318 + + roll, _n._, _record_, _n._, 304 + + romance, _dream_, 139 + " _fiction_, 170 + + root out, _exterminate_, 163 + + rot, _decay_, 122 + + rotate, _revolve_, 318 + + rough, _awkward_, 70 + " _bluff_, 83 + + rout, _conquer_, 115 + + route, _way_, 372 + + routine, _habit_, 187 + + rove, _wander_, 371 + + _royal_, 320 + + rub off or out, _cancel_, 92 + + rude, _barbarous_, 73 + " _bluff_, 83 + " _rustic_, 321 + + rudeness, _impudence_, 213 + + rue, _mourn_, 246 + + ruin, _v._, _abuse_, 12 + " _demolish_, 127 + " _subvert_, 346 + + ruin, _n._, _misfortune_, 242 + + ruinous, _pernicious_, 270 + + rule, _v._, _govern_, 185 + + rule, _n._, _habit_, 187 + " _law_, 229 + " _system_, 350 + + rumor, _report_, 311 + + rupture, _break_, 86 + " _rend_, 309 + + rural, _rustic_, 321 + + ruse, _artifice_, 58 + " _pretense_, 283 + + rush, _career_, 95 + + _rustic_, 321 + + + sable, _dark_, 122 + + _sacrament_, 321 + + sacred, _holy_, 200 + + sacrifice, _surrender_, 349 + + sadness, _grief_, 187 + + safeguard, _defense_, 123 + + _sagacious_, 322 + " _astute_, 62 + + sagacity, _acumen_, 18 + " _wisdom_, 372 + + sage, _sagacious_, 322 + + saintly, _holy_, 200 + + salable, _venal_, 365 + + salary, _pay_, 266 + + _sale_, 323 + + salubrious, _healthy_, 195 + + salutary, _healthy_, 195 + + salutation, parting, _farewell_, 168 + + salute, _address_, _v._, 19 + + same, _alike_, 30 + " _synonymous_, 349 + + _sample_, 323 + " _example_, 160 + + sanctimoniousness, _hypocrisy_, 204 + + sanctimony, _hypocrisy_, 204 + + sanction, _v._, _abet_, 4 + " _allow_, 35 + " _confirm_, 114 + + sanitary, _healthy_, 195 + + sarcasm, _banter_, 73 + + sate, _satisfy_, 324 + + satiate, _satisfy_, 324 + + satire, _banter_, 73 + + satisfaction, _happiness_, 189 + " _propitiation_, 291 + + satisfactory, _adequate_, 21 + " _comfortable_, 110 + + satisfied, _comfortable_, 110 + + _satisfy_, 324 + " _requite_, 313 + + satisfying, _delightful_, 126 + + sauciness, _impudence_, 213 + " _pertness_, 271 + + savage, _barbarous_, 73 + " _bitter_, 81 + " _fierce_, 171 + + savant, _scholar_, 324 + + save, _but_, 89 + + saving, _frugality_, 180 + + savory, _delicious_, 126 + + saw, _n._, _proverb_, 293 + + say, _allege_, 31 + " _announce_, 46 + " _speak_, 339 + " _state_, 341 + + saying, _proverb_, 293 + + scan, _look_, 234 + + scarce, _rare_, 300 + + scare, _frighten_, 180 + + schedule, _record_, 304 + + scheme, _design_, 128 + " _hypothesis_, 205 + + schismatic, _heretic_, 196 + + _scholar_, 324 + + scholarship, _knowledge_, 227 + + school, _v._, _teach_, 353 + + schooling, _education_, 143 + + _science_, 325 + " _knowledge_, 227 + + scintilla, _particle_, 264 + + scintillation, _light_, 231 + + scoff, _sneer_, 337 + + scorch, _burn_, 87 + + scorn, _v._, _abhor_, 5 + + scorn, _n._, _neglect_, 251 + + scour, _cleanse_, 107 + + scourge, _beat_, 75 + + scout, _spy_, 340 + + scrap, _particle_, 264 + + scratch out, _cancel_, 92 + + scream, _call_, 91 + + screen, _hide_, 197 + " _palliate_, 261 + " _shelter_, 331 + + scrimping, _frugality_, 180 + + scroll, _record_, 304 + + scrub, _cleanse_, 107 + + scruple, _doubt_, _n._, 138 + + scrutinizing, _inquisitive_, 221 + + search, _hunt_, 203 + + searching, _inquisitive_, 221 + + season, _time_, 356 + + seat of government, _capital_, 94 + + seclusion, _retirement_, 315 + + second, _help_, 195 + + secret, _mysterious_, 247 + + secrete, _hide_, 197 + + section, _part_, 264 + + secure, _arrest_, 57 + " _attain_, 64 + " _bind_, 81 + " _catch_, 97 + " _get_, 183 + " _purchase_, 295 + + _security_, 326 + + sedate, _calm_, 91 + + sedition, _revolution_, 317 + + seditious, _rebellious_, 304 + + seduce, _allure_, 37 + + sedulous, _industrious_, 215 + + sedulousness, _industry_, 216 + + see, _discern_, 133 + " _look_, 234 + + seed, _plant_, 274 + + seed down, _plant_, 274 + + seem, _appear_, 52 + + seeming, _a._, _apparent_, 52 + + seeming, _n._, _pretense_, 283 + + seemly, _becoming_, 77 + + segment, _part_, 264 + + seize, _arrest_, 57 + " _catch_, 97 + + select, _allot_, 34 + " _choose_, 104 + + _self-abnegation_, 329 + + self-assertion, _assurance_, 61 + " _egotism_, 145 + + self-complacency, _pride_, 286 + + self-conceit, _egotism_, 145 + " _pride_, 286 + + self-condemnation, _repentance_, 310 + + self-confidence, _assurance_, 61 + " _egotism_, 145 + + self-consciousness, _egotism_, 145 + + self-control, _abstinence_, 10 + " _self-abnegation_, 326 + + self-denial, _abstinence_, 10 + " _self-abnegation_, 326 + + self-devotion, _self-abnegation_, 326 + + self-esteem, _egotism_, 145 + " _pride_, 286 + + self-exaltation, _pride_, 286 + + self-immolation, _self-abnegation_, 326 + + self-opinionated, _dogmatic_, 137 + + self-possessed, _calm_, 91 + + self-reliance, _assurance_, 61 + + self-renunciation, _self-abnegation_, 326 + + self-respect, _pride_, 286 + + self-restraint, _abstinence_, 10 + + self-sacrifice, _self-abnegation_, 326 + + sell, _convey_, 119 + + semblance, _analogy_, 43 + " _pretense_, 283 + + _send_, 327 + + senile, _old_, 257 + + _sensation_, 328 + + sense, _mind_, 241 + " _sensation_, 328 + " _wisdom_, 372 + + senseless, _absurd_, 11 + + senselessness, _idiocy_, 207 + + _sensibility_, 328 + + sensible, _conscious_, 116 + " _physical_, 272 + " _sagacious_, 322 + + sensitive, _fine_, 172 + + sensitiveness, _sensibility_, 328 + + sensual, _brutish_, 87 + + sentence, _v._, _condemn_, 113 + + sententious, _terse_, 354 + + sentient being, _animal_, 45 + + sentiment, _idea_, 206 + + separate, _abstract_, 10 + + separately, _apiece_, 51 + + sequel, _catastrophe_, 97 + " _consequence_, 116 + " _event_, 158 + + sequence, _time_, 356 + + serene, _calm_, 91 + + sermon, _speech_, 339 + + service, _profit_, 288 + " _sacrament_, 321 + " _utility_, 363 + + serviceableness, _utility_, 363 + + set, _v._, _plant_, 274 + " _put_, 296 + + set, _n._, _class_, 106 + " _flock_, 173 + + set apart, _allow_, 34 + " _holy_, 200 + + set aside, _abolish_, 6 + + set fire to, _burn_, 87 + + set forth, _state_, 341 + + set free, _absolve_, 9 + + set on fire, _burn_, 87 + + set out, _plant_, 274 + + settle, _confirm_, 114 + + settle with, _requite_, 133 + + set upon, _attack_, _v._, 63 + + sever, _break_, 86 + " _rend_, 309 + + severally, _apiece_, 51 + + _severe_, 329 + " _difficult_, 132 + " _morose_, 245 + + severity, _acrimony_, 15 + + sex, _gender_, 181 + + shackle, _v._, _bind_, 81 + + shackle, _n._, _fetter_, 169 + + shadowy, _dark_, 122 + " _vain_, 364 + + shady, _dark_, 122 + + _shake_, 330 + + sham, _hypocrisy_, 204 + + shame, _v._, _abash_, 3 + + shame, _n._, _abomination_, 7 + " _chagrin_, 100 + + shamelessness, _effrontery_, 144 + + shape, _make_, 236 + + share, _v._, _apportion_, 54 + + share, _n._, _part_, 264 + " _portion_, 279 + + sharp, _astute_, 62 + " _bitter_, 81 + " _clever_, 109 + " _fine_, 172 + " _sagacious_, 322 + " _steep_, 342 + + sharpness, _acrimony_, 15 + " _acumen_, 18 + + sharp-witted, _sagacious_, 322 + + shatter, _break_, 86 + + sheen, _light_, 231 + + sheer, _pure_, 296 + " _steep_, 342 + + _shelter_, _v._, 331 + " _cherish_, 104 + + shelter, _n._, _defense_, 123 + + shield, _v._, _shelter_, 331 + + shield, _n._, _defense_, 123 + + shift, _v._, _change_, _v._, 100 + " _convey_, 119 + + shimmer, _light_, 231 + + shine, _light_, 231 + + shining, _light_, 231 + + shiver, _break_, 86 + " _shake_, 330 + + shock, _blow_, 83 + " _collision_, 109 + + shocking, _awful_, 70 + + shore, _bank_, 72 + + short, _terse_, 354 + " _transient_, 361 + + should, _ought_, 260 + + shout, _call_, 91 + + show, _array_, 57 + " _ostentation_, 259 + " _pretense_, 283 + + shred, _particle_, 264 + + shrewd, _astute_, 62 + " _sagacious_, 322 + + shrewdness, _acumen_, 18 + + shriek, _call_, 91 + + shudder, _shake_, 330 + + shun, _abhor_, 5 + + shyness, _modesty_, 244 + + sickness, _disease_, 134 + + sight, _array_, 57 + + _sign_, 332 + " _characteristic_, 103 + " _emblem_, 146 + " _trace_, 359 + + signal, _sign_, 332 + + signify, _allude_, 36 + + silent, _taciturn_, 351 + + silver, _money_, 244 + + similar, _alike_, 30 + " _synonymous_, 349 + + similarity, _analogy_, 43 + " _approximation_, 55 + + similarly, _also_, 37 + + simile, _allegory_, 33 + " _analogy_, 43 + + similitude, _analogy_, 43 + + simple, _candid_, 93 + " _pure_, 296 + + simulation, _pretense_, 283 + + _sin_, 332 + + since, _because_, 77 + " _therefore_, 355 + + sincere, _candid_, 93 + " _honest_, 202 + + sine qua non, _necessity_, 250 + + sinful, _criminal_, 120 + + _sing_, 333 + + singe, _burn_, 87 + + singular, _queer_, 297 + " _rare_, 300 + + singularity, _characteristic_, 103 + + sink, _abase_, 2 + " _immerse_, 212 + + sinless, _innocent_, 220 + " _perfect_, 268 + + situation, _circumstance_, 105 + + skeleton, _sketch_, 334 + + _skeptic_, 334 + + skepticism, _doubt_, _n._, 138 + + _sketch_, 334 + + _skilful_, 335 + " _clever_, 109 + + skill, _dexterity_, 129 + " _power_, 279 + " _wisdom_, 372 + + skilled, _skilful_, 335 + + skirmish, _battle_, 74 + + skittish, _restive_, 314 + + slack, _slow_, 337 + + slackness, _neglect_, 251 + + _slander_, 336 + " _abuse_, 12 + + _slang_, 336 + + slant, _v._, _tip_, 357 + + slaughter, _kill_, 226 + " _massacre_, 237 + + slay, _kill_, 226 + + sleep, _rest_, 313 + + sleepless, _vigilant_, 369 + + slender, _fine_, 172 + " _minute_, 242 + + slight, _a._, _fine_, 172 + " _venial_, 367 + + slight, _n._, _neglect_, 251 + + sling, _send_, 327 + + slit, _rend_, 309 + + slope, _v._, _tip_, 357 + + slothful, _idle_, 208 + + _slow_, 337 + " _reluctant_, 308 + + slowness, _stupidity_, 344 + + sluggish, _idle_, 208 + " _slow_, 337 + + sluggishness, _apathy_, 50 + " _stupidity_, 344 + + slumber, _rest_, 313 + + small, _fine_, 172 + " _minute_, 242 + + smart, _clever_, 109 + + smartness, _pertness_, 271 + + smash, _break_, 86 + + smiling, _happy_, 190 + + smirch, _blemish_, 82 + + smite, _beat_, 75 + + smooth, _calm_, 91 + " _fine_, 172 + + snappish, _morose_, 245 + + snatch, _catch_, 97 + + _sneer_, 337 + + snug, _comfortable_, 110 + + sobriety, _abstinence_, 10 + + sociable, _friendly_, 178 + + social, _friendly_, 178 + + _socialism_, 338 + + society, _association_, 60 + + soften, _alleviate_, 33 + " _chasten_, 103 + + soil, _v._, _defile_, 124 + " _stain_, 341 + + soil, _n._, _blemish_, 82 + + sojourn, _abide_, 5 + + soldiers, _army_, 56 + + soldiery, _army_, 56 + + solemn, _awful_, 70 + + solemnity, _sacrament_, 321 + + solemnize, _celebrate_, 99 + + solicit, _ask_, 59 + " _plead_, 274 + + solicitude, _alarm_, 28 + " _anxiety_, 49 + " _care_, 94 + + solitude, _retirement_, 315 + + somber, _dark_, 122 + + song, _poetry_, 277 + + soothe, _allay_, 31 + + sordid, _avaricious_, 68 + + sorrow, _v._, _mourn_, 246 + + sorrow, _n._, _grief_, 187 + " _misfortune_, 242 + " _repentance_, 310 + + sorrowful, _pitiful_, 273 + + sort, _air_, 27 + + sottish, _brutish_, 87 + + soul, _mind_, 241 + + sound, _a._, _healthy_, 195 + + _sound_, _n._, 338 + + sour, _bitter_, 81 + " _morose_, 245 + + source, _beginning_, 78 + " _cause_, 98 + + sourness, _acrimony_, 15 + + sow, _plant_, 274 + + spacious, _large_, 229 + + spank, _beat_, 75 + + sparing, _frugality_, 180 + + sparkle, _light_, 231 + + _speak_, 339 + + speaking, _speech_, 339 + + speak to, _address_, _v._, 19 + + specie, _money_, 244 + + specify, _state_, 341 + + specimen, _example_, 160 + " _sample_, 323 + + speck, _blemish_, 82 + + speculation, _hypothesis_, 205 + + _speech_, 339 + " _language_, 228 + + speechless, _taciturn_, 351 + + speed, _v._, _quicken_, 297 + + speedy, _nimble_, 253 + + spicy, _racy_, 299 + + spirit, _character_, 102 + " _mind_, 241 + + spirited, _racy_, 299 + + spite, _enmity_, 152 + " _hatred_, 193 + + splendid, _fine_, 172 + + splenetic, _morose_, 245 + + split, _break_, 86 + + spoil, _decay_, 122 + " _defile_, 124 + + sponge, _cleanse_, 107 + + _spontaneous_, 340 + + sport, _entertainment_, 153 + + spot, _v._, _stain_, 341 + + spot, _n._, _blemish_, 82 + + spotless, _innocent_, 220 + " _perfect_, 268 + " _pure_, 296 + + spousal, _marriage_, 236 + + spread abroad, _announce_, 46 + + sprightliness, _pertness_, 271 + + sprightly, _active_, 17 + " _airy_, 27 + " _happy_, 190 + " _nimble_, 253 + + spring, _v._, _rise_, 319 + + spring, _n._, _beginning_, 78 + " _cause_, 98 + + spruce, _neat_, 249 + + spry, _active_, 17 + " _nimble_, 253 + + _spy_, 340 + + stable, _permanent_, 269 + + _stain_, _v._, 341 + " _defile_, 124 + + stain, _n._, _blemish_, 82 + + stainless, _innocent_, 220 + " _perfect_, 268 + " _pure_, 296 + + stamp out, _abolish_, 6 + + stanch, _faithful_, 165 + + standard, _example_, 160 + " _ideal_, 206 + " _model_, 243 + + stand by, _help_, 195 + + stare, _look_, 234 + + start, _beginning_, 78 + + _state_, _v._, 341 + " _allege_, 31 + " _announce_, 46 + + state, _n._, _people_, 266 + + stately, _awful_, 70 + + statement, _report_, 311 + + statute, _law_, 229 + + stay, _abide_, 5 + " _hinder_, 199 + " _obstruct_, 257 + " _rest_, 313 + + steadfast, _permanent_, 269 + + steal, _abstract_, 10 + + _steep_, 342 + " _high_, 198 + + stern, _severe_, 329 + + sticking, _adhesive_, 22 + + sticky, _adhesive_, 22 + + stiff, _severe_, 329 + + stigma, _blemish_, 82 + + still, _v._, _allay_, 31 + + still, _a._, _calm_, 91 + + still, _conj._, _but_, 89 + " _notwithstanding_, 254 + " _yet_, 374 + + stillness, _apathy_, 50 + " _rest_, 313 + + stinging, _bitter_, 81 + + stingy, _avaricious_, 68 + + stipend, _pay_, 266 + + stipulation, _contract_, 118 + + stir, _influence_, 217 + + stoicism, _apathy_, 50 + + stolid, _brutish_, 87 + + stoop, _bend_, 79 + + stop, _v._, _abide_, 5 + " _arrest_, 57 + " _cease_, 98 + " _end_, _v._, 148 + " _hinder_, 199 + " _obstruct_, 257 + + stop, _n._, _rest_, 313 + + store up, _amass_, 38 + + storm, _v._, _attack_, _v._, 63 + + _storm_, _n._, 343 + + _story_, 343 + " _fiction_, 170 + " _history_, 200 + " _report_, 311 + + straightforward, _candid_, 93 + " _clear_, 107 + " _honest_, 202 + + straightway, _immediately_, 211 + + strand, _bank_, 72 + + strange, _alien_, _a._, 29 + " _queer_, 297 + " _rare_, 300 + + stranger, _alien_, _n._, 29 + + stratagem, _artifice_, 58 + + stray, _wander_, 371 + + street, _way_, 372 + + strength, _power_, 279 + + strengthen, _confirm_, 114 + + strict, _severe_, 329 + + strife, _battle_, 74 + " _feud_, 170 + + strike, _beat_, 75 + + stripe, _blow_, 83 + + strive, _endeavor_, _v._, 149 + + stroke, _blow_, 83 + " _misfortune_, 242 + + strong, _healthy_, 195 + + stronghold, _fortification_, 176 + + struggle, _endeavor_, _n._, 150 + + stubborn, _obstinate_, 256 + " _perverse_, 272 + " _restive_, 314 + + student, _scholar_, 324 + + study, _education_, 143 + + stupefaction, _stupidity_, 344 + " _stupor_, 344 + + stupid, _absurd_, 11 + " _brutish_, 87 + + _stupidity_, 344 + " _idiocy_, 207 + + _stupor_, 344 + " _stupidity_, 344 + + style, _air_, 27 + " _diction_, 130 + " _name_, 247 + + subdivision, _part_, 264 + + subdue, _chasten_, 103 + " _conquer_, 115 + + subject, _v._, _conquer_, 115 + + subject, _n._, _topic_, 359 + + subjection, _allegiance_, 32 + + _subjective_, 345 + " _inherent_, 218 + + subjoin, _add_, 18 + + subjugate, _conquer_, 115 + + submerge, _immerse_, 212 + + submission, _patience_, 265 + + submissive, _docile_, 136 + + submit, _bend_, 79 + + submit to, _endure_, 150 + + subordinate, _auxiliary_, 67 + + subside, _abate_, 3 + + _subsidy_, 345 + + subsisting, _alive_, 30 + + substantial, _real_, 301 + + substantiate, _confirm_, 114 + + substitute, _v._, _change_, _v._, 100 + + substitute, _n._, _delegate_, 125 + + subterfuge, _artifice_, 58 + " _pretense_, 283 + + subtile, _astute_, 62 + " _fine_, 172 + + subtle, _astute_, 62 + " _fine_, 172 + + subvention, _subsidy_, 345 + + _subvert_, 346 + " _abolish_, 6 + + _succeed_, 346 + " _follow_, 174 + + success, _victory_, 369 + + successful, _fortunate_, 177 + " _happy_, 190 + + succession, _time_, 356 + + succinct, _terse_, 354 + + succor, _help_, 195 + + suck up, _absorb_, 9 + + suffer, _allow_, 35 + " _endure_, 150 + + sufferance, _patience_, 265 + + suffering, _pain_, 261 + + suffice, _satisfy_, 324 + + sufficient, _adequate_, 21 + " _plentiful_, 276 + + suggest, _allude_, 36 + + _suggestion_, 347 + + suitable, _adequate_, 21 + " _becoming_, 77 + + sulky, _morose_, 245 + + sullen, _morose_, 245 + + sully, _defile_, 124 + " _stain_, 341 + + summary, _abridgment_, 7 + + summon, _arraign_, 56 + " _convoke_, 120 + + sum up, _add_, 18 + " _calculate_, 90 + + sunder, _break_, 86 + " _rend_, 309 + + sunny, _happy_, 190 + + superabundance, _excess_, 160 + + superannuated, _antique_, 48 + + superciliousness, _pride_, 286 + + superfluity, _excess_, 160 + + superhuman, _supernatural_, 347 + + superintendence, _oversight_, 260 + + _supernatural_, 347 + + supersede, _subvert_, 346 + + superstition, _fanaticism_, 166 + + supervene, _happen_, 188 + + supervision, _oversight_, 260 + + supplant, _abolish_, 6 + " _subvert_, 346 + + supple, _active_, 17 + + supplement, _appendage_, 53 + + supplicate, _ask_, 59 + " _pray_, 281 + + supply, _give_, 185 + + _support_, _v._, 348 + " _abet_, 4 + " _endure_, 150 + " _keep_, 226 + + support, _n._, _help_, 195 + " _subsidy_, 345 + + supporter, _adherent_, 21 + + _suppose_, 348 + + supposition, _fancy_, 167 + " _hypothesis_, 205 + " _idea_, 206 + + suppress, _abolish_, 6 + " _hide_, 197 + " _restrain_, 315 + " _subvert_, 346 + + supremacy, _victory_, 369 + + supreme, _absolute_, 8 + + sure, _authentic_, 67 + " _conscious_, 116 + " _faithful_, 165 + + surety, _security_, 326 + + surfeit, _satisfy_, 324 + + surly, _morose_, 245 + + surmise, _v._, _doubt_, _v._, 137 + " _suppose_, 348 + + surmise, _n._, _hypothesis_, 205 + + surmount, _conquer_, 115 + + surname, _name_, 247 + + surpass, _beat_, 75 + + surplus, _excess_, 160 + + surplusage, _circumlocution_, 105 + + surprise, _amazement_, 39 + + _surrender_, 349 + " _abandon_, 1 + + surrounded by, _amid_, 42 + + surveillance, _oversight_, 260 + + survey, _look_, 234 + + susceptibility, _power_, 279 + " _sensibility_, 328 + + suspect, _doubt_, _v._, 137 + + suspense, _doubt_, _n._, 138 + + suspicion, _doubt_, _n._, 138 + + suspicious, _envious_, 155 + " _equivocal_, 155 + + sustain, _carry_, 96 + " _confirm_, 114 + " _endure_, 150 + " _help_, 195 + " _keep_, 226 + " _support_, 348 + + sustenance, _food_, 175 + + swallow, _absorb_, 9 + + swallow up, _absorb_, 9 + + swarm, _flock_, 173 + + swart, _dark_, 122 + + swarthy, _dark_, 122 + + sway, _govern_, 185 + " _influence_, 217 + " _shake_, 330 + + swear, _state_, 341 + + swearing, _oath_, 254 + + sweep, _cleanse_, 107 + + sweet, _amiable_, 42 + + swerve, _fluctuate_, 173 + " _wander_, 371 + + swift, _nimble_, 253 + + swindle, _n._, _fraud_, 177 + + swindling, _fraud_, 177 + + swing, _shake_, 330 + + swinish, _brutish_, 87 + + switch, _beat_, 75 + + swoon, _stupor_, 344 + + swooning, _stupor_, 344 + + sworn statement, _oath_, 254 + + sycophancy, _praise_, 280 + + sylvan, _rustic_, 321 + + symbol, _emblem_, 146 + " _sign_, 332 + + symmetry, _harmony_, 191 + + sympathetic, _humane_, 203 + + sympathize with, _console_, 117 + + sympathy, _benevolence_, 80 + " _pity_, 273 + + symphony, _melody_, 238 + + symptom, _sign_, 332 + + syncope, _stupor_, 344 + + synonymic, _synonymous_, 349 + + _synonymous_, 349 + + synopsis, _abridgment_, 7 + + _system_, 350 + " _body_, 84 + " _habit_, 187 + " _hypothesis_, 205 + + systematic, _dogmatic_, 137 + + system of government, _polity_, 278 + + + _taciturn_, 351 + + tact, _address_, _n._, 20 + + taint, _v._, _defile_, 124 + + taint, _n._, _blemish_, 82 + + take, _assume_, 61 + " _carry_, 96 + " _catch_, 97 + + take away, _abstract_, 10 + + take hold of, _catch_, 97 + + take in, take up, _absorb_, 9 + + take into custody, _arrest_, 57 + + take-off, _caricature_, 95 + + take place, _happen_, 188 + + take prisoner, _arrest_, 57 + + take to task, _reprove_, 312 + + tale, _report_, 311 + " _story_, 343 + + talent, _genius_, 183 + " _power_, 279 + + talented, _clever_, 109 + + talents, _genius_, 183 + + talk, _speak_, 339 + + talk, _n._, _conversation_, 118 + " _speech_, 339 + + talkative, _garrulous_, 181 + + tall, _high_, 198 + + tame, _docile_, 136 + + tangible, _evident_, 159 + " _physical_, 272 + + tangled, _complex_, 112 + + tardy, _slow_, 337 + + tarnish, _blemish_, 82 + " _defile_, 124 + " _stain_, 341 + + tarry, _abide_, 5 + + tart, _bitter_, 81 + + tartness, _acrimony_, 15 + + _tasteful_, 352 + + tasty, _tasteful_, 352 + + tattle, _babble_, 71 + + taunt, _sneer_, 337 + + tautology, _circumlocution_, 105 + + _teach_, 353 + + teachable, _docile_, 136 + + teaching, _doctrine_, 136 + " _education_, 143 + + tear, _rend_, 309 + + tease, _affront_, 24 + + tediousness, _circumlocution_, 105 + + teeming, _plentiful_, 276 + + tell, _announce_, 46 + " _speak_, 339 + " _state_, 341 + + _temerity_, 353 + + temper, _anger_, 44 + " _character_, 102 + + temperament, _character_, 102 + + temperance, _abstinence_, 10 + + tempest, _storm_, 343 + + temporary, _transient_, 361 + + tempt, _allure_, 37 + + tendency, _aim_, 26 + " _direction_, 132 + + tender, _friendly_, 178 + " _humane_, 203 + + tender-hearted, _humane_, 203 + + tenderness, _attachment_, 63 + " _love_, 235 + " _mercy_, 239 + " _pity_, 273 + + tenet, _doctrine_, 136 + + tenuous, _fine_, 172 + + _term_, 354 + " _boundary_, 84 + " _time_, 356 + + terminate, _abolish_, 6 + " _cease_, 98 + " _end_, _v._, 148 + + termination, _boundary_, 84 + " _end_, _n._, 148 + + terminus, _end_, _n._, 148 + + terrible, _awful_, 70 + " _formidable_, 176 + + terrific, _awful_, 70 + + terrify, _frighten_, 180 + + terror, _alarm_, 28 + " _fear_, 168 + + _terse_, 354 + + testify, _avow_, 69 + " _state_, 341 + + _testimony_, 355 + + that, _but_, 89 + + theme, _topic_, 359 + + then, _therefore_, 355 + + thence, _therefore_, 355 + + theology, _religion_, 307 + + theory, _hypothesis_, 205 + " _idea_, 206 + + _therefore_, 355 + + thief, _robber_, 320 + + thin, _fine_, 172 + + think, _esteem_, _v._, 156 + " _suppose_, 348 + + thirst, _appetite_, 54 + + tho, _but_, 89 + " _notwithstanding_, _conj._, 254 + + thorough, _radical_, 299 + + thoroughfare, _way_, 372 + + thoroughgoing, _radical_, 299 + + thought, _idea_, 206 + " _mind_, 241 + + thoughtless, _abstracted_, 11 + + thoughtlessness, _neglect_, 251 + + thrash, _beat_, 75 + + threatening, _imminent_, 212 + + thrift, _frugality_, 180 + + thrill, _shake_, 330 + + thrive, _succeed_, 346 + + throe, _pain_, 261 + + _throng_, 356 + " _company_, 110 + + through, _by_, 89 + " _notwithstanding_, _conj._, 254 + + throw, _send_, 327 + + thrust, _drive_, 140 + + thump, _blow_, 83 + + thus far, _yet_, 374 + + thwart, _hinder_, 199 + + tidy, _neat_, 249 + + tie, _bind_, 81 + + tillage, _agriculture_, 25 + + tilt, _tip_, 357 + + _time_, 356 + + time-honored, _old_, 257 + + timeless, _eternal_, 157 + + time-worn, _old_, 257 + + timid, _faint_, 164 + + timidity, _alarm_, 28 + " _fear_, 168 + " _modesty_, 244 + + tinge, _stain_, 341 + + tint, _stain_, 341 + + tiny, _minute_, 242 + + _tip_, _v._, 357 + + tip, _n._, _end_, _n._, 148 + + _tire_, _v._, 357 + + title, _name_, 247 + + tittle, _particle_, 264 + + toil, _work_, 374 + + toilsome, _difficult_, 132 + + token, _emblem_, 146 + " _sign_, 332 + " _trace_, 359 + + tolerate, _abide_, 5 + " _allow_, 35 + " _endure_, 150 + + tone, _sound_, 338 + + tongue, _language_, 228 + + too, _also_, 37 + + _tool_, 358 + + _topic_, 359 + + torment, _pain_, 261 + + torpor, _stupor_, 344 + + torture, _pain_, 261 + + total, _radical_, 299 + + totter, _shake_, 330 + + touching, _pitiful_, 273 + + tour, _journey_, 223 + + tow, _draw_, 138 + + towering, _high_, 198 + + _trace_, 359 + " _characteristic_, 103 + + track, _trace_, 359 + " _way_, 372 + + tractable, _docile_, 136 + + trade, _business_, 88 + " _sale_, 323 + + trading, _business_, 88 + + traduce, _slander_, 336 + + traffic, _business_, 88 + + trail, _trace_, 359 + + train, _teach_, 353 + + trained, _skilful_, 335 + + training, _education_, 143 + + trait, _characteristic_, 103 + + trance, _dream_, 139 + + tranquil, _calm_, 91 + + tranquilize, _allay_, 31 + + tranquillity, _apathy_, 50 + " _rest_, 313 + + _transact_, 360 + " _do_, 135 + + _transaction_, 360 + " _act_, 16 + " _business_, 88 + + transcendent, _transcendental_, 361 + + _transcendental_, 361 + " _mysterious_, 247 + + transcript, _duplicate_, 141 + + transfer, _convey_, 119 + + transfigure, _change_, _v._, 100 + + transform, _change_, _v._, 100 + + transformation, _change_, _n._, 101 + + transgress, _break_, 86 + + transgression, _sin_, 332 + + _transient_, 361 + + transit, _journey_, 223 + " _motion_, 245 + + transition, _change_, 101 + " _motion_, 245 + + transitory, _transient_, 361 + + translation, _definition_, 124 + + translucent, _clear_, 107 + + transmit, _carry_, 96 + " _convey_, 119 + " _send_, 327 + + transmutation, _change_, _n._, 101 + + transmute, _change_, _v._, 100 + + transparent, _candid_, 93 + " _clear_, 107 + " _evident_, 159 + + transport, _carry_, 96 + " _convey_, 119 + " _enthusiasm_, 153 + + trappings, _caparison_, 93 + + travel, _journey_, 223 + + travesty, _caricature_, 95 + + treachery, _fraud_, 177 + + treason, _fraud_, 177 + + treasure, _cherish_, 104 + + treat, _transact_, 360 + + tremble, _shake_, 330 + + trembling, _fear_, 168 + + tremendous, _formidable_, 176 + + tremor, _fear_, 168 + + trepidation, _fear_, 168 + + trespass, _attack_, _n._, 64 + + trial, _endeavor_, _n._, 150 + " _misfortune_, 242 + + tribe, _people_, 266 + + tribulation, _grief_, 187 + " _misfortune_, 242 + + tribute, _subsidy_, 345 + + trick, _artifice_, 58 + " _fraud_, 177 + " _pretense_, 283 + + trickery, _deception_, 123 + + trifling, _idle_, 208 + " _vain_, 364 + + trim, _neat_, 249 + + trip, _journey_, 223 + + triumph, _happiness_, 189 + " _victory_, 369 + + trivial, _vain_, 364 + " _venial_, 367 + + troops, _army_, 56 + + trouble, _anxiety_, 49 + " _care_, 94 + " _grief_, 187 + " _misfortune_, 242 + + true, _authentic_, 67 + " _faithful_, 165 + " _honest_, 202 + " _pure_, 296 + " _real_, 301 + + truism, _axiom_, 71 + " _proverb_, 293 + + trunk, _body_, 84 + + trust, _v._, _commit_, 110 + + trust, _n._, _assurance_, 61 + " _faith_, 164 + + trustworthy, _authentic_, 67 + " _faithful_, 165 + " _honest_, 202 + " _reliable_, 306 + + trusty, _faithful_, 165 + " _honest_, 202 + " _reliable_, 306 + + truth, _justice_, 225 + " _veracity_, 367 + " _virtue_, 370 + + truthful, _candid_, 93 + + truthfulness, _veracity_, 367 + + try, _chasten_, 103 + " _endeavor_, _v._, 149 + + trying, _difficult_, 132 + + tug, _draw_, 138 + + tuition, _education_, 143 + + tumult, _revolution_, 317 + + turbid, _obscure_, 255 + + turn, _bend_, 79 + " _change_, _v._, 100 + " _revolve_, 318 + + tutor, _teach_, 353 + + twaddle, _babble_, 71 + + twain, _both_, 84 + + twine, _bend_, 79 + + twinge, _pain_, 261 + + twinkle, _light_, 231 + + twinkling, _light_, 231 + + twist, _bend_, 79 + + two, _both_, 84 + + type, _emblem_, 146 + " _example_, 160 + " _model_, 243 + " _sign_, 332 + + typical, _normal_, 253 + + tyrannical, _absolute_, 8 + + tyro, _amateur_, 39 + + + umbrage, _pique_, 272 + + umpire, _judge_, 224 + + unadorned, _clear_, 107 + + unadulterated, _pure_, 296 + + unambiguous, _clear_, 107 + + unanimity, _harmony_, 191 + + unassured, _precarious_, 282 + + unavailing, _vain_, 364 + + unavoidable, _necessary_, 250 + + unavoidableness, _necessity_, 250 + + unbelief, _doubt_, _n._, 138 + + unbeliever, _skeptic_, 334 + + unbiased, _candid_, 93 + + unbidden, _spontaneous_, 340 + + unblemished, _perfect_, 268 + " _pure_, 296 + + unbounded, _infinite_, 216 + + unbroken, _continual_, 117 + + unceasing, _continual_, 117 + " _eternal_, 157 + + uncertain, _equivocal_, 155 + " _precarious_, 282 + + uncertainty, _doubt_, _n._, 138 + + unchangeable, _permanent_, 269 + + unchanging, _permanent_, 269 + + uncivil, _bluff_, 83 + + uncivilized, _barbarous_, 73 + + uncommon, _queer_, 297 + " _rare_, 300 + + uncommunicative, _taciturn_, 351 + + uncompromising, _severe_, 329 + + unconcern, _apathy_, 50 + + unconditional, _absolute_, 8 + + unconditioned, _infinite_, 216 + + uncongeniality, _antipathy_, 48 + + unconnected, _alien_, _a._, 29 + + unconquerable, _obstinate_, 256 + + unconsciousness, _stupor_, 344 + + uncontrollable, _rebellious_, 304 + + uncorrupted, _pure_, 296 + + uncouth, _awkward_, 70 + " _barbarous_, 73 + " _rustic_, 321 + + uncreated, _primeval_, 287 + + uncultivated, _fierce_, 171 + + undaunted, _brave_, 85 + + undefiled, _perfect_, 268 + " _pure_, 296 + + undeniable, _necessary_, 250 + + underestimate, _disparage_, 134 + + undergo, _endure_, 150 + + underrate, _disparage_, 134 + + understand, _perceive_, 267 + + understanding, _mind_, 241 + " _wisdom_, 372 + + undertake, _endeavor_, _v._, 149 + + undervalue, _disparage_, 134 + + undismayed, _brave_, 85 + + undisturbed, _calm_, 91 + + undulate, _fluctuate_, 173 + + undying, _eternal_, 157 + + uneducated, _ignorant_, 208 + + unemployed, _idle_, 208 + " _vacant_, 363 + + unending, _eternal_, 157 + + unenlightened, _ignorant_, 208 + + unequivocal, _absolute_, 8 + " _clear_, 107 + + unfading, _eternal_, 157 + + unfailing, _eternal_, 157 + + unfairness, _injustice_, 220 + " _prejudice_, 283 + + unfathomable, _infinite_, 216 + " _mysterious_, 247 + + unfathomed, _mysterious_, 247 + + unfeelingness, _apathy_, 50 + + unfilled, _vacant_, 363 + + unflinching, _obstinate_, 256 + + unfold, _amplify_, 43 + + ungainly, _awkward_, 70 + + ungodliness, _sin_, 332 + + ungovernable, _perverse_, 272 + " _rebellious_, 304 + + unhandy, _awkward_, 70 + + unhealthful, _pernicious_, 270 + + unhealthiness, _disease_, 134 + + unhomogeneous, _heterogeneous_, 196 + + unification, _union_, 362 + + uniform, _a._, _alike_, 30 + + uniform, _n._, _dress_, 140 + + uniformity, _harmony_, 191 + + unimportant, _vain_, 364 + + uninformed, _ignorant_, 208 + + uninstructed, _ignorant_, 208 + + unintellectual, _brutish_, 87 + + unintelligible, _obscure_, 255 + + uninterrupted, _continual_, 117 + + _union_, 362 + " _alliance_, 34 + " _association_, 60 + " _attachment_, 63 + " _harmony_, 191 + " _marriage_, 236 + + unique, _queer_, 297 + " _rare_, 300 + + unison, _harmony_, 191 + " _melody_, 238 + + unity, _harmony_, 191 + " _union_, 362 + + universal, _general_, 181 + + unkindness, _acrimony_, 15 + + unknown, _mysterious_, 247 + + unlawful, _criminal_, 120 + + unlearned, _ignorant_, 208 + + unless, _but_, 89 + + unlettered, _ignorant_, 208 + + unlike, _alien_, _a._, 29 + " _heterogeneous_, 196 + + unlikeness, _difference_, 131 + + unlimited, _infinite_, 216 + + unmanageable, _rebellious_, 304 + + unmannerly, _bluff_, 83 + + unmatched, _queer_, 297 + + unmeasured, _infinite_, 216 + + unmingled, _pure_, 296 + + unmistakable, _evident_, 159 + " _clear_, 107 + + unmitigated, _severe_, 329 + + unmixed, _pure_, 296 + + unobtrusiveness, _modesty_, 244 + + unoccupied, _idle_, 208 + " _vacant_, 363 + + unparalleled, _rare_, 300 + + unpolished, _rustic_, 321 + + unpolluted, _pure_, 296 + + unprecedented, _rare_, 300 + + unprejudiced, _candid_, 93 + + unpremeditated, _extemporaneous_, 163 + + unprofitable, _vain_, 364 + + unquestionable, _real_, 301 + + unreal, _vain_, 364 + + unreasonable, _absurd_, 11 + + unrelenting, _severe_, 329 + + unremitting, _continual_, 117 + + unreserved, _candid_, 93 + + unrighteousness, _injustice_, 220 + " _sin_, 332 + + unruffled, _calm_, 91 + + unruly, _restive_, 314 + + unsatisfying, _vain_, 364 + + unselfishness, _benevolence_, 80 + + unserviceable, _vain_, 364 + + unsettle, _displace_, 135 + + unsettled, _precarious_, 282 + + unskilful, _awkward_, 70 + + unskilled, _ignorant_, 208 + + unsophisticated, _candid_, 93 + " _rustic_, 321 + + unsoundness, _disease_, 134 + + unspiritual, _brutish_, 87 + + unspotted, _pure_, 296 + + unstable, _precarious_, 282 + + unstained, _pure_, 296 + + unsteady, _precarious_, 282 + + unsubstantial, _vain_, 364 + + unsuitable, _incongruous_, 214 + + unsullied, _pure_, 296 + + untainted, _pure_, 296 + + untamed, _barbarous_, 73 + + untarnished, _pure_, 296 + + untaught, _ignorant_, 208 + " _rustic_, 321 + + untenanted, _vacant_, 363 + + untoward, _perverse_, 272 + + untrained, _fierce_, 171 + + untruth, _deception_, 123 + + untutored, _ignorant_, 208 + + unusual, _queer_, 287 + " _rare_, 300 + + unvarying, _continual_, 117 + + unwavering, _faithful_, 165 + + unwholesome, _pernicious_, 270 + + unwilling, _reluctant_, 308 + + unyielding, _severe_, 329 + " _obstinate_, 256 + + upbraid, _reprove_, 312 + + upbraiding, _reproof_, 311 + + uphold, _abet_, 4 + " _confirm_, 114 + " _help_, 195 + " _support_, 348 + + uplifted, _high_, 198 + + upright, _honest_, 202 + " _innocent_, 220 + " _pure_, 296 + + uprightness, _justice_, 225 + " _virtue_, 370 + + uproot, _exterminate_, 163 + + upshot, _consequence_, 116 + + upstart, _new_, 252 + + urbane, _polite_, 277 + + urge, _influence_, 217 + " _persuade_, 271 + " _plead_, 274 + " _quicken_, 297 + + urge forward, _promote_, 291 + + urgency, _necessity_, 250 + + urge on, _drive_, 140 + " _promote_, 291 + " _quicken_, 297 + + usage, _habit_, 187 + + use, _employ_, 147 + " _exercise_, 162 + " _habit_, 187 + " _utility_, 363 + + usefulness, _profit_, 288 + " _utility_, 363 + + useless, _vain_, 364 + + use up, _employ_, 147 + + _usual_, 362 + " _general_, 181 + " _normal_, 253 + + usurp, _assume_, 61 + + utensil, _tool_, 358 + + _utility_, 363 + " _profit_, 288 + + utmost, _end_, _n._, 148 + + utter, _speak_, 339 + + utterance, _remark_, 308 + " _speech_, 339 + + uttermost, _end_, _n._, 148 + + + _vacant_, 363 + " _idle_, 208 + + vacate, _abandon_, 1 + " _cancel_, 92 + + vacillate, _fluctuate_, 173 + + vacuous, _vacant_, 363 + + vagary, _fancy_, 167 + + _vain_, 364 + + vainglory, _pride_, 286 + + valediction, _farewell_, 168 + + valedictory, _farewell_, 168 + + valiant, _brave_, 85 + + valor, _prowess_, 294 + + value, _cherish_, 104 + " _esteem_, _v._, 156 + " _price_, 285 + " _profit_, 288 + + vanity, _egotism_, 145 + " _pride_, 286 + + vanquish, _beat_, 75 + " _conquer_, 115 + + vapid, _vain_, 364 + + variant, _heterogeneous_, 196 + + variation, _change_, 101 + " _difference_, 131 + + variety, _change_, 101 + " _difference_, 131 + + various, _heterogeneous_, 196 + + vary, _change_, 100 + " _fluctuate_, 173 + + vast, _large_, 229 + + vaunt, _ostentation_, 259 + + vaunting, _ostentation_, 259 + + veer, _change_, 100 + " _fluctuate_, 173 + " _wander_, 371 + + vehemence, _enthusiasm_, 153 + + vehement, _eager_, 142 + + veil, _hide_, 197 + " _palliate_, 261 + + _venal_, 365 + + venerable, _old_, 257 + + _venerate_, 366 + " _admire_, 23 + + _veneration_, 366 + + vengeance, _revenge_, 316 + + _venial_, 367 + + venture, _hazard_, 194 + + venturesome, _brave_, 85 + + venturesomeness, _temerity_, 353 + + _veracity_, 367 + + _verbal_, 368 + + verbiage, _circumlocution_, 105 + " _diction_, 130 + + verbose, _garrulous_, 181 + + verbosity, _circumlocution_, 105 + + verdant, _rustic_, 321 + + verge, _boundary_, 84 + + veritable, _authentic_, 67 + " _real_, 301 + + verity, _veracity_, 367 + + vernacular, _language_, 228 + + verse, _meter_, 240 + " _poetry_, 277 + + vestige, _trace_, 359 + + vestments, _dress_, 140 + + vesture, _dress_, 140 + + vex, _affront_, 24 + + vexation, _anger_, 44 + " _chagrin_, 100 + + viands, _food_, 175 + + vibrate, _shake_, 330 + + vice, _sin_, 332 + + vicious, _criminal_, 120 + " _restive_, 314 + + viciousness, _sin_, 332 + + vicissitude, _change_, _n._, 101 + + victimize, _abuse_, 12 + + _victory_, 369 + + victuals, _food_, 175 + + view, _look_, 234 + + vigilance, _care_, 94 + + _vigilant_, 369 + " _alert_, 28 + + vigorous, _active_, 17 + " _healthy_, 195 + + vile, _brutish_, 87 + " _criminal_, 120 + + vilify, _abuse_, 12 + " _slander_, 336 + + villainy, _abomination_, 7 + + vindicate, _avenge_, 69 + + vindication, _apology_, 51 + " _defense_, 123 + + vinegarish, _bitter_, 81 + + violate, _abuse_, 12 + + violent, _fierce_, 171 + + virile, _masculine_, 237 + + _virtue_, 370 + " _justice_, 225 + + virtuous, _innocent_, 220 + " _pure_, 296 + + virtuousness, _virtue_, 370 + + virulence, _acrimony_, 15 + + virulent, _bitter_, 81 + + viscid, _adhesive_, 22 + + viscous, _adhesive_, 22 + + visible, _evident_, 159 + " _physical_, 272 + + vision, _dream_, 139 + + visionary, _fanciful_, 167 + " _vain_, 364 + + visit, _avenge_, 69 + + visitation, _misfortune_, 242 + + vitiate, _defile_, 124 + + vituperate, _abuse_, 12 + + vivacious, _alive_, 30 + + vocabulary, _diction_, 130 + " _language_, 228 + + vocal, _verbal_, 368 + + vocation, _business_, 88 + + vociferate, _call_, 91 + + void, _vacant_, 363 + + voluntary, _spontaneous_, 340 + + vow, _oath_, 254 + + voyage, _journey_, 223 + + vulgar, the, _mob_, 243 + + vulgarism, _slang_, 336 + + vulgarity, _slang_, 336 + + + wages, _pay_, 266 + + waggery, _wit_, 373 + + waggishness, _wit_, 373 + + wait, _abide_, 5 + + wakeful, _vigilant_, 369 + + _wander_, 371 + + want, _necessity_, 250 + " _poverty_, 279 + + warble, _sing_, 333 + + ward, _shelter_, 331 + + wariness, _care_, 94 + + warmth, _enthusiasm_, 153 + + warn, _reprove_, 312 + + warning, _example_, 160 + + warp, _bend_, 79 + + warrant, _precedent_, 282 + + wary, _vigilant_, 369 + + wash, _cleanse_, 107 + + waste, _excess_, 160 + " _vacant_, 363 + + wastefulness, _excess_, 160 + + watch, _look_, 234 + + watch for, _abide_, 5 + + watchful, _alert_, 28 + " _vigilant_, 369 + + watchfulness, _care_, 94 + + watch, on the, _alert_, 28 + + wave, _shake_, 330 + + waver, _fluctuate_, 173 + " _shake_, 330 + + _way_, 372 + " _air_, 27 + " _direction_, 132 + + wayward, _perverse_, 272 + + weak, _faint_, 164 + + weapon, _tool_, 358 + + weapons, _arms_, 55 + + wearied, _faint_, 164 + + wear out, _tire_, 357 + + weary, _tire_, 357 + + wedded, _addicted_, 19 + + wedding, _marriage_, 236 + + wedlock, _marriage_, 236 + + weigh, _deliberate_, 125 + + weight, _load_, 233 + + welcome, _delightful_, 126 + + well, _healthy_, 195 + + well-behaved, _polite_, 277 + + well-bred, _polite_, 277 + + well-disposed, _friendly_, 178 + + well-mannered, _polite_, 277 + + well off, _comfortable_, 110 + + well-provided, _comfortable_, 110 + + well to do, _comfortable_, 110 + + whence, _therefore_, 355 + + wherefore, _therefore_, 355 + + while, _time_, 356 + + whim, _fancy_, 167 + + whimsical, _queer_, 297 + + whip, _beat_, 75 + + whit, _particle_, 264 + + whiten, _bleach_, 82 + + whitewash, _bleach_, 82 + + wholesome, _healthy_, 195 + + wicked, _criminal_, 120 + + wickedness, _abomination_, 7 + " _sin_, 332 + + wide, _large_, 229 + + wide-awake, _active_, 17 + " _alert_, 28 + " _vigilant_, 369 + + widen, _amplify_, 43 + + wild, _absurd_, 11 + " _fierce_, 171 + + wile, _artifice_, 58 + " _pretense_, 283 + + wilful, _perverse_, 272 + + willing, _spontaneous_, 340 + + win, _allure_, 37 + " _attain_, 64 + " _conquer_, 115 + " _get_, 183 + " _succeed_, 346 + + wind up, _end_, _v._, 148 + + winning, _amiable_, 42 + " _charming_, 103 + + win over, _persuade_, 271 + + winsome, _amiable_, 42 + + wipe, _cleanse_, 107 + + wipe out, _exterminate_, 163 + + _wisdom_, 372 + " _knowledge_, 227 + " _prudence_, 294 + + wise, _sagacious_, 322 + + wish, _desire_, 128 + + _wit_, 373 + + with, _by_, 89 + + withal, _also_, 37 + + withdraw, _abstract_, 10 + + withdraw from, _abandon_, 1 + + wither, _die_, 130 + + withhold, _keep_, 226 + " _restrain_, 315 + + without delay, _immediately_, 211 + + without end, _eternal_, 157 + + witness, _avow_, 69 + " _testimony_, 355 + + witticism, _wit_, 373 + + wo, _grief_, 187 + " _pain_, 261 + + woful, _pitiful_, 273 + + womanish, _feminine_, 169 + + womanly, _feminine_, 169 + + wonder, _admire_, 23 + " _amazement_, 39 + + wont, _habit_, 187 + + wonted, _usual_, 362 + + woo, _address_, _v._, 19 + + word, _term_, 354 + + wordiness, _circumlocution_, 105 + + wording, _diction_, 130 + + _work_, 374 + " _act_, 16 + " _business_, 88 + + workman, _artist_, 58 + + work out, _do_, 135 + + worn, _faint_, 164 + + worn down, _faint_, 164 + + worn out, _faint_, 164 + + worry, _anxiety_, 49 + " _care_, 94 + + worship, _religion_, 307 + + worst, _beat_, 75 + " _conquer_, 115 + + worth, _price_, 285 + " _virtue_, 370 + + worthiness, _virtue_, 370 + + worthless, _vain_, 364 + + worthy, _becoming_, 77 + + wound, _affront_, 24 + + wrangle, _reason_, _v._, 302 + + wrath, _anger_, 44 + + wretched, _pitiful_, 273 + + writing, metrical, _poetry_, 277 + + writings, _literature_, 233 + + wrong, _v._, _abuse_, 12 + + wrong, _a._, _criminal_, 120 + + wrong, _n._, _injury_, 219 + " _injustice_, 220 + " _sin_, 332 + + wrong-doing, _sin_, 332 + + + yearning, _eager_, 142 + + yell, _call_, 91 + + _yet_, 374 + " _but_, 89 + " _notwithstanding_, _conj._, 254 + + yield, _allow_, 35 + " _bend_, 79 + " _harvest_, 192 + " _surrender_, 349 + + yielding, _docile_, 136 + + young, _new_, 252 + " _youthful_, 375 + + _youthful_, 375 + " _new_, 252 + + + zeal, _enthusiasm_, 153 + + zealous, _eager_, 142 + + zest, _appetite_, 54 + + + + +Transcriber's Endnotes: + + Significant amendments, invalid links and further notes have been + listed below. + + p. 45, ANIMAL, synonyms re-ordered (_fauna_ originally last); + + p. 45, ANIMAL, 'individal' amended to _individual_; + + p. 70, AWFUL, 'mein' amended to _mien_; + + p. 75, BEAT, invalid reference: 'SHATTER', see INDEX; + + p. 78, BEGINNING, '1 John 1' amended to _John i, 1_; + + p. 82, BITTER, 'quinin, or strychnin' amended to _quinine, or + strychnine_; + + p. 98, CAUSE, 'conseqeunce' amended to _consequence_; + + p. 128, DESIRE, 'concupisence' amended to _concupiscence_; + + p. 148, END, _v._, 'synonymns' amended to _synonyms_; + + p. 148, END, _v._, invalid reference: 'BEGIN', see INDEX; + + p. 149, END, _n._, 'CONSEQENCE' amended to _CONSEQUENCE_; + + p. 153, ENTHUSIASM, 'ecstacy' amended to _ecstasy_; + + p. 167, FANCIFUL, 'arangement' amended to _arrangement_; + + p. 190, HAPPINESS, invalid reference: 'COMFORT', see INDEX; + + p. 196, HETEROGENEOUS, 'heterogenious' amended to _heterogeneous_ + (twice); + + p. 202, HONEST, 'fradulent' amended to _fraudulent_; + + p. 212, IMMERSE, invalid reference: 'BURY', see INDEX; + + p. 214, IMPUDENCE, invalid reference: 'ARROGANCE', see INDEX; + + p. 227, KNOWLEDGE, 'or' amended to _of_--'... perception of + external objects ...'; + + p. 276, PLENTIFUL, '(Compare synonyms especial reference to giving + or expending.', amended, using a later edition, to + _(Compare synonyms for ADEQUATE.)_; + + p. 278, POLITE, 'devolopment' amended to _development_; + + p. 297, QUEER, 'an' amended to _as_--'... and so uneven, as an + _odd_ number ...'; + + p. 305, RECORD, 'deposito' amended to _depository_; + + p. 316, REVELATION, 'mistery' amended to _mystery_; + + p. 334, SKETCH and p. 335, SKEPTIC, out-of-sequence entries + re-ordered; estimated new placement of p. 335 marker; + index amendments include: p. 511, agnostic; p. 513, + atheist; p. 523, deist; p. 525, disbeliever; p. 526, + doubter; p. 532, freethinker; p. 537, infidel; p. 555, + skeptic; p. 560, unbeliever; + + p. 400, ASSUME, 'and' amended to _or_--'Unless he do profane, + steal, or ----.'; + + p. 418, DEXTERITY, 'imimitable' amended to _inimitable_; + + p. 431, EXTERMINATE, added _is_--'... what is the original + meaning ...'; + + p. 433, FEAR, 'right' amended to _fright_--'How does it compare + with _fright_ ...'; + + p. 434, FEUD, 'contentention' amended to _contention_; + + p. 443, HAPPINESS, 'ecstacy' amended to _ecstasy_; + + p. 487, PROVERB, 'apothem' amended to _apothegm_; + + p. 515, INDEX, because: 'therefor' amended to _therefore_; + + p. 516, INDEX, bodily: page number added to _physical_; + + p. 530, INDEX, fancy: sub-listing ordered alphabetically; + + p. 535, INDEX, imagination: page number corrected for _idea_; + + p. 535, INDEX, 'immeasureable': amended to _immeasurable_; + + p. 539, INDEX, kind: sub-listing ordered alphabetically; + + p. 540, INDEX, loving: 'friendy' amended to _friendly_; + + p. 543, INDEX, nutrition: _oath_ removed from sub-listing and + listed separately; + + p. 546, INDEX, plan: _horizontal_ removed from sub-listing. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of English Synonyms and Antonyms, by +James Champlin Fernald + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLISH SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS *** + +***** This file should be named 28900.txt or 28900.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/9/0/28900/ + +Produced by Jan-Fabian Humann, Stephen Blundell and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + 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