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Horace McFarland. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +div.centered {text-align: center;} /* work around for IE centering with CSS problem part 1 */ + div.centered table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;} /* work around for IE centering with CSS problem part 2 */ + + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: 80%; + text-align: right; + color: silver; +} /* page numbers */ + + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + + +.centerbox { width: 40%; /* heading box */ + margin: 0 auto; + text-align: center; + padding: 1em; + } + +.centerbox1 { width: 65%; /* heading box */ + margin: 0 auto; + text-align: center; + padding: 1em; + } + +.bbox {border: solid 2px;} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; + margin-top: 3em; +} + +.figleft { + float: left; + clear: left; + margin-left: 0; + margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-right: 1em; + padding: 0; + text-align: center; +} + +.figright { + float: right; + clear: right; + margin-left: 1em; + margin-bottom: + 1em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-right: 0; + padding: 0; + text-align: center; +} + +.author {text-align: right; margin-right: 5%;} + + + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Getting Acquainted with the Trees, by J. Horace McFarland + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Getting Acquainted with the Trees + +Author: J. Horace McFarland + +Release Date: May 12, 2009 [EBook #28764] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + + + +<h1>Getting Acquainted with the Trees</h1> + + +<h4>BY</h4> + + +<h2>J. HORACE McFARLAND</h2> + + +<h4><i>Illustrated from Photographs by the Author</i></h4> + + +<p class="center">NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1914<br /> + +Copyright, 1904<br /> + +By The Outlook Company<br /><br /> + + + +Published April, 1904<br /> + +Reprinted April, 1904<br /> + +New edition September, 1906<br /> + +Reprinted August, 1913 March, 1914.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Foreword" id="Foreword"></a>Foreword</h2> + + +<p>These sketches are, I fear, very unscientific and unsystematic. They +record the growth of my own interest and information, as I have recently +observed and enjoyed the trees among which I had walked unseeing far too +many years. To pass on, as well as I can, some of the benefit that has +come into my own life from this wakened interest in the trees provided +by the Creator for the resting of tired brains and the healing of +ruffled spirits, as well as for utility, is the reason for gathering +together and somewhat extending the papers that have brought me, as they +have appeared in the pages of "The Outlook," so many letters of +fellowship and appreciation from others who have often seen more clearly +and deeply into the woods than I may hope to.</p> + +<p>Driven out from my desk by weariness sometimes—and as often, I confess, +by a rasped tem<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span>per I would fain hide from display—I have never failed +to find rest, and peace, and much to see and to love, among the common +and familiar trees, to which I hope these mere hints of some of their +features not always seen may send others who also need their silent and +beneficent message.</p> + +<p class="author"> +<span class="smcap">J. H. McF.</span></p> +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>March 17, 1904</i></span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Contents" id="Contents"></a>Contents</h2> + + + + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">A Story of Some Maples</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_1'><b>1</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Growth of the Oak</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Pines</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Apples</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Willows and Poplars</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Elm and the Tulip</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Nut-bearing Trees</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Some Other Trees</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_185'><b>185</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_235'><b>235</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Botanical Names</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_239'><b>239</b></a></td></tr> +</table></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="List_of_Illustrations" id="List_of_Illustrations"></a>List of Illustrations</h2> + + + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="65%" cellspacing="0" summary="List of Illustrations"> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Silver maple flowers</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Young leaves of the red maple</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>"The Norway maple breaks into a wonderful bloom"</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Samaras of the sugar maple</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>A mature sycamore maple</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Sycamore maple blossoms</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Flowers of the ash-leaved maple</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Ash-leaved maples in bloom</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Striped maple</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The swamp white oak in winter</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Flowers of the pin-oak</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The swamp white oak in early spring</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>An old post-oak</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>A blooming twig of the swamp white oak</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Acorns of the English oak</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>A lone pine on the Indian river</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Hemlock Hill, Arnold Arboretum</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The long-leaved pines of the South</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Fountain-like effect of the young long-leaved pines</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>An avenue of white pines</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Cones of the white spruce</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_70'><b>71</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>An apple orchard in winter</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>When the apple trees blossom</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The Spectabilis crab in bloom</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Fruits of the wild crab</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_87'><b>87</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The beauty of a fruiting apple branch<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Bloom of double-flowering apple</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>A weeping willow in early spring</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The weeping willow in a storm</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>A pussy-willow in a park</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Blooms of the white willow</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>A white willow in a characteristic position</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Clump of young white willows</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>White poplars in spring-time</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Carolina poplar as a street tree</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Winter aspect of the cottonwood</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Lombardy poplar</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_127'><b>129</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>A mature American elm</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The delicate tracery of the American elm in winter</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The English elm in winter</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_143'><b>143</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Winter effect of tulip trees</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>A great liriodendron in bloom</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Flowers of the liriodendron</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The wide-spreading black walnut</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The American sweet chestnut in winter</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Sweet chestnut blooms</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The chinquapin</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>A shagbark hickory in bloom</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_173'><b>173</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The true nut-eater</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_179'><b>178</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The American beech in winter</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_181'><b>180</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The witch-hazel</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_182'><b>181</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Sweet birch in spring</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_191'><b>191</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Yellow birches</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Flowers of the spice-bush</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Leaves and berries of the American holly</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_195'><b>195</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>American holly tree at Trenton</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_196'><b>196</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Floral bracts or involucres of the dogwood</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_199'><b>199</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The red-bud in bloom</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Blooms of the shad-bush<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_206'><b>206</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Flowers of the American linden<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_207'><b>207</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The American linden</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_209'><b>209</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Flowers of the black locust</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_211'><b>211</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Young trees of the black locust</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_213'><b>212</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The sycamore, or button-ball</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_215'><b>215</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Button-balls—fruit of the sycamore</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_217'><b>217</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The liquidambar</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_220'><b>220</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The leaves and fruit of the liquidambar</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_222'><b>222</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The papaw in bloom</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_226'><b>226</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Flowers of the papaw</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_227'><b>227</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>The persimmon tree in fruiting time</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_231'><b>231</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Berries of the spice-bush</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_234'><b>234</b></a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="A_Story_of_Some_Maples" id="A_Story_of_Some_Maples"></a>A Story of Some Maples</h2> + + +<p>This is not a botanical disquisition; it is not a complete account of +all the members of the important tree family of maples. I am not a +botanist, nor a true scientific observer, but only a plain tree-lover, +and I have been watching some trees bloom and bud and grow and fruit for +a few years, using a camera now and then to record what I see—and much +more than I see, usually!</p> + + + +<p>In the sweet springtime, when the rising of the sap incites some to +poetry, some to making maple sugar, and some to watching for the first +flowers, it is well to look at a few tree-blooms, and to consider the +possibilities and the pleasures of a peaceful hunt that can be made with +profit in city street or park, as well as along country roadsides and in +the meadows and the woods.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 201px;"> +<img src="images/illus_015.jpg" width="201" height="500" alt="Silver Maple flowers" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Silver Maple flowers</span> +</div> +<p>Who does not know of the maples that are all around us? Yet who has +seen the commonest of them bloom in very early spring, or watched the +course of the peculiar winged seed-pods or "keys" that follow the +flowers? The white or "silver" maple of streets or roadsides, the soft +maple of the woods, is one of the most familiar of American trees. Its +rapid and vigorous growth endears it to the man who is in a hurry for +shade, and its sturdy limbs are the joy of the tree-butcher who "trims" +them short in later years.</p> + + + +<p>Watch this maple in very early spring—even before spring is any more +than a calendar probability—and a singular bloom will be found along +the slender twigs. Like little loose-haired brushes these flowers are, +coming often bravely in sleet and snow, and seemingly able to "set" and +fertilize regardless of the weather. They hurry through the bloom-time, +as they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> must do to carry out the life-round, for the graceful +two-winged seeds that follow them are picked up and whirled about by +April winds, and, if they lodge in the warming earth, are fully able to +grow into fine little trees the same season. Examine these seed-pods, +keys, or samaras (this last is a scientific name with such euphony to it +that it might well become common!), and notice the delicate veining in +the translucent wings. See the graceful lines of the whole thing, and +realize what an abundant provision Dame Nature makes for +reproduction,—for a moderate-sized tree completes many thousands of +these finely formed, greenish yellow, winged samaras, and casts them +loose for the wind to distribute during enough days to secure the best +chances of the season.</p> + +<p>This same silver maple is a bone of contention among tree-men, at times. +Some will tell you it is "coarse"; and so it is when planted in an +improper place upon a narrow street, allowed to flourish unrestrained +for years, and then ruthlessly cropped off to a headless trunk! But set +it on a broad lawn, or upon a roadside with generous room, and its noble +stature and grace need yield<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> nothing to the most artistic elm of New +England. And in the deep woods it sometimes reaches a majesty and a +dignity that compel admiration. The great maple at Eagles Mere is the +king of the bit of primeval forest yet remaining to that mountain rest +spot. It towers high over mature hemlocks and beeches, and seems well +able to defy future centuries.</p> + +<p>But there is another very early maple to watch for, and it is one widely +distributed in the Eastern States. The red or scarlet maple is well +named, for its flowers, not any more conspicuous in form than those of +its close relation, the silver maple, are usually bright red or yellow, +and they give a joyous color note in the very beginning of spring's +overture. Not long are these flowers with us; they fade, only to be +quickly succeeded by even more brilliant samaras, a little more delicate +and refined than those of the silver maple, as well as of the richest +and warmest hue. Particularly in New England does this maple provide a +notable spring color showing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 440px;"> +<img src="images/illus_018.jpg" width="440" height="600" alt="Young leaves of the red maple" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Young leaves of the red maple</span> +</div> + +<p>The leaves of the red maple—it is also the swamp maple of some +localities—as they open to the coaxing of April sun and April +showers,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> have a special charm. They are properly red, but mingled with +the characteristic color is a whole palette of tints of soft yellow, +bronze and apricot. As the little baby leaflets open, they are shiny and +crinkly, and altogether attractive. One thinks of the more aristocratic +and dwarfed Japanese maples, in looking at the opening of these +red-brown beauties, and it is no pleasure to see them smooth out into +sedate greenness. Again, in fall, a glory of color comes to the leaves +of the red maple; for they illumine the countryside with their scarlet +hue, and, as they drop, form a brilliant thread in the most beautiful of +all carpets—that of the autumn leaves. I think no walk in the really +happy days of the fall maturity of growing things is quite so pleasant +as that which leads one to shuffle through this deep forest floor +covering of oriental richness of hue.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus_020.jpg" width="500" height="346" alt=""The Norway maple breaks into a wonderful bloom"" title="" /> +<span class="caption">"The Norway maple breaks into a wonderful bloom"</span> +</div> + +<p>As the ground warms and the sun searches into the hearts of the buds, +the Norway maple, familiar street tree of Eastern cities, breaks into a +wonderful bloom. Very deceptive it is, and taken for the opening foliage +by the casual observer; yet there is, when these flowers first open, no +hint of leaf on the tree, save that of the swelling bud. All that soft +haze of greenish yellow is bloom, and bloom of the utmost beauty. The +charm lies not in boldness of color or of contrast, but at the other +extreme—in the delicacy of differing tints, in the variety of subtle +shades and tones. There are charms of form and of fragrance, too, in +this Norway maple—the flowers are many-rayed stars, and they emit a +faint, spicy odor, noticeable only when several trees are together in +bloom. And these flowers last long, comparatively; so long that the +green<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>ish yellow of the young leaves begins to combine with them before +they fall. The tints of flower and of leaf melt insensibly into each +other, so that, as I have remarked before, the casual observer says, +"The leaves are out on the Norway maples,"—not knowing of the great +mass of delightful flowers that have preceded the leaves above his +unseeing eyes. I emphasize this, for I hope some of my readers may be on +the outlook for a new pleasure in early spring—the blooming of this +maple, with flowers so thoroughly distinct and so entirely beautiful.</p> + + +<p>The samaras to follow on this Norway maple are smaller than those of the +other two maples mentioned, and they hang together at a different angle, +somewhat more graceful. I have often wondered how the designers, who +work to death the pansies, the roses and the violets, have managed to +miss a form or "motive" of such value, suggesting at once the near-by +street and far-away Egypt.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_022.jpg" width="600" height="567" alt="Samaras of the sugar maple" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Samaras of the sugar maple</span> +</div> + +<p>A purely American species, and one of as much economic importance as any +leaf-dropping tree, is the sugar maple, known also as rock maple—one +designation because we can get sweetness from its sap, the other +because of the hardness of its wood. The sugar maples of New England, to +me, are more individual and almost more essentially beautiful than the +famed elms. No saccharine life-blood is drawn from the elm; therefore +its elegance is considered. I notice that we seldom think much of beauty +when it attaches to something we can eat! Who realizes that the common +corn, the American maize, is a stately and elegant plant, far more +beautiful than many a pampered pet of the green<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>house? But this is not a +corn story—I shall hope to be heard on the neglected beauty of many +common things, some day—and we can for the time overlook the syrup of +the sugar maple for its delicate blossoms, coming long after the red and +the silver are done with their flowers. These sugar-maple blooms hang on +slender stems; they come with the first leaves, and are very different +in appearance from the flowers of other maples. The observer will have +no trouble in recognizing them after the first successful attempt, even +though he may be baffled in comparing the maple leaves by the apparent +similarity of the foliage of the Norway, the sugar and the sycamore +maples at certain stages of growth.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 371px;"> +<img src="images/illus_030.jpg" width="371" height="600" alt="A mature sycamore maple" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A mature sycamore maple</span> +</div> + +<p>After all, it is the autumn time that brings this maple most strongly +before us, for it flaunts its banners of scarlet and yellow in the +woods, along the roads, with an insouciant swing of its own. The sugar +possibility is forgotten, and it is a pure autumn pleasure to appreciate +the richness of color, to be soon followed by the more sober cognizance +of the elegance of outline and form disclosed when all the delicate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +tracery of twig and bough stands revealed against winter's frosty sky. +The sugar maple has a curious habit of ripening or reddening some of its +branches very early, as if it was hanging out a warning signal to the +squirrels and the chipmunks to hurry along with their storing of nuts +against the winter's need. I remember being puzzled one August morning +as I drove along one of Delaware's flat, flat roads, to know what could +possibly have produced the brilliant, blazing scarlet banner that hung +across a distant wood as if a dozen red flags were being there +displayed. Closer approach disclosed one rakish branch on a sugar maple, +all afire with color, while every other leaf on the tree yet held the +green of summer.</p> + +<p>Again in the mountains, one late summer, half a lusty sugar maple set up +a conflagration which, I was informed, presaged its early death. But the +next summer it grew as freely as ever, and retained its sober green +until the cool days and nights; just as if the ebullition of the season +previous was but a breaking out of extra color life, rather than a +suggestion of weakness or death.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_026.jpg" width="600" height="433" alt="Sycamore maple blossoms" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Sycamore maple blossoms</span> +</div> + +<p>The Norway maple is botanically <i>Acer platanoides</i>, really meaning +plane-like maple, from the similarity of its leaves to those of the +European plane. The sycamore maple is <i>Acer Pseudo-platanus</i>, which, +being translated, means that old Linnæus thought it a sort of false +plane-like maple. Both are European species, but both are far more +familiar, as street and lawn trees, to us dwellers in cities than are +many of our purely American species. There is a little difference in the +bark of the two, and the leaves of the sycamore, while almost identical +in form, are darker<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> and thicker than those of the Norway, and they are +whitish underneath, instead of light green. The habit of the two is +twin-like; they can scarcely be distinguished when the leaves are off. +But the flowers are totally different, and one would hardly believe them +to be akin, judging only by appearances. The young leaves of the +sycamore maple are lush and vigorous when the long, grape-like +flower-clusters appear below the twigs. "Racemes" they are, +botanically—and that is another truly good scientific word—while the +beautiful Norway maple's flowers must stand the angular designation of +"corymbs." But don't miss looking for the sycamore maple's long, +pendulous racemes. They seem more grape-like than grape blossoms; and +they stay long, apparently, the transition from flower to fruit being +very gradual. I mind me of a sycamore I pass every winter day, with its +dead fruit-clusters, a reminiscence of the flower-racemes, swinging in +the frosty breeze, waiting until the spring push of the life within the +twigs shoves them off.</p> + +<p>To be ready to recognize this maple at the right time, it is well to +observe and mark the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> difference between it and the Norway in the summer +time, noting the leaves and the bark as suggested above.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_028.jpg" width="600" height="427" alt="Flowers of the ash-leaved maple" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Flowers of the ash-leaved maple</span> +</div> + +<p>Another maple that is different is one variously known as box-elder, +ash-leaved maple, or negundo. Of rapid growth, it makes a lusty, +irregular tree. Its green-barked, withe-like limbs seem willing to grow +in any direction—down, up, sidewise—and the result is a peculiar +formlessness that has its own merit. I think of a fringe of box-elders +along Paxton Creek, decked in early spring with true maple<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> flowers on +thread-like stems, each cluster surmounted by soft green foliage +apparently borrowed from the ash, and it seems that no other tree could +fit better into the place or the season. Then I remember another, a +single stately tree that has had a great field all to itself, and stands +up in superb dignity, dominating even the group of pin-oaks nearest to +it. 'Twas the surprising mist of bloom on this tree that took me up the +field on a run, one spring day, when the running was sweet in the air, +but sticky underfoot. The color effect of the flowers is most delicate, +and almost indescribable in ordinary chromatic terms. Don't miss the +acquaintance of the ash-leaved maple at its flowering time, in the very +flush of the springtime, my tree-loving friends!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_024.jpg" width="600" height="856" alt="The ash-leaved maples in bloom" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The ash-leaved maples in bloom</span> +</div> + +<p>I have not found a noticeable fragrance in the flowers of the box-elder, +such as is very apparent where there is a group of Norway maples in +bloom together. The red maples also give to the air a faint and +delightfully spicy odor, under favorable conditions. May I hint that the +lusty box-elder, when it is booming along its spring growth, furnishes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +a loose-barked whistle stick about as good as those that come from the +willow? The generous growth that provides its loosening sap can also +spare a few twigs for the boys, and they will be all the better for a +melodious reason for the spring ramble.</p> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 260px;"> +<img src="images/illus_032.jpg" width="260" height="500" alt="Striped maple" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Striped maple</span> +</div> +<p>The striped maple of Pennsylvania, a comparatively rare and entirely +curious small tree or large shrub, is not well known, though growing +freely as "elkwood" and "moosewood" in the Alleghanies, because it is +rather hard to transplant, and thus offers no inducements to the +nurserymen. These good people, like the rest of us, move along the lines +of least resistance, wherefore many a fine tree or fruit is rare to us, +because shy or difficult of growth, or perhaps unsymmetrical. The fine +Rhode Island Greening apple is unpopular because the young tree is +crooked, while the leather-skinned and punk-fleshed Ben Davis is a model +of symmetry and rapidity of growth. Our glorious tulip tree of the +woods, because of its relative difficulty in transplanting, has had to +be insisted upon from the nurserymen by those who know its superb +beauty. For the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> same reason this small charming maple, with the large, +soft, comfortable leaves upon which the deer love to browse, is kept +from showing its delicate June bloom and its remarkable longitudinally +striped bark in our home grounds. I hope some maple friends will look +for it, and, finding, admire this, the aristocrat among our native +species.</p> + + + +<p>The mountain maple—the nurserymen call it <i>Acer spicatum</i>—is another +native of rather dwarf growth. It is bushy, and not remarkable in leaf, +its claim for distinction being in its flowers and samaras, which are +held saucily up, above the branches on which they grow, rather than +drooping modestly, as other maples gracefully<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> bear their bloom and +fruit. These shiny seeds or keys are brightly scarlet, as well, and thus +very attractive in color. There is a reason for this, in nature's +economy; for while the loosely hung samaras of the other maples are +distributed by the breezes, the red pods of this mountain maple hold +stiffly upward to attract the birds upon whom it largely depends for +that sowing which must precede its reproduction.</p> + +<p>Of the other maples of America—a score of them there are—I might write +pages, to weariness. The black maple of the Eastern woods, the +large-leaved maples of the West, these and many more are in this great +family, to say nothing of the many interesting cultivated forms and +variations introduced from European nurseries, and most serviceable in +formal ornamental planting. But I have told of those I know best and +those that any reader can know as well in one season, if he looks for +them with the necessary tree love which is but a fine form of true love +of God's creation. This love, once implanted, means surer protection for +the trees, otherwise so defenseless against the unthinking vandalism of +commercialism or incompetence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>—a vandalism that has not only devastated +our American forests, but mutilated shamefully many trees of priceless +value in and about our cities.</p> + +<p>Of the Japanese maples—their leaves seemingly a showing of the +ingenuity of these Yankees of the Orient, in their twists of form and +depths of odd color—I could tell a tale, but it would be of the tree +nursery and not of the broad outdoors. Let us close the book and go +afield, in park or meadow, on street or lawn, and look to the maples for +an unsuspected feast of bloom, if it be spring, or for richness of +foliage in summer and autumn; and in coldest winter let us notice the +delicate twigs and yet sturdy structure of this tree family that is most +of all characteristic of the home, in city or country.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="The_Growth_of_the_Oak" id="The_Growth_of_the_Oak"></a>The Growth of the Oak</h2> + + +<p>The old saw has it, "Great oaks from little acorns grow," and all of us +who remember the saying have thus some idea of what the beginning of an +oak is. But what of the beginning of the acorn? In a general way, one +inferentially supposes that there must be a flower somewhere in the +life-history of the towering white oak that has defied the storms of +centuries and seems a type of everything sturdy and strong and +masculine; but what sort of a flower could one imagine as the source of +so much majesty? We know of the great magnolias, with blooms befitting +the richness of the foliage that follows them. We see, and some of us +admire, the exquisitely delicate blossoms of that splendid American +tree, the tulip or whitewood. We inhale with delight the fragrance that +makes notable the time when the common locust sends forth its white +racemes of loveliness.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> But we miss, many of us, the flowering of the +oaks in early spring, and we do not realize that this family of trees, +most notable for rugged strength, has its bloom of beginning at the +other end of the scale, in flowers of delicate coloring and rather +diminutive size.</p> + +<p>The reason I missed appreciating the flowers of the oak—they are quite +new to me—for some years of tree admiration was because of the +distracting accompaniment the tree gives to the blooms. Some trees—most +of the maples, for instance—send out their flowers boldly ahead of the +foliage, and it is thus easy to see what is happening above your head, +as you stroll along drinking in the spring's nectar of spicy air. +Others, again, have such showy blooms that the mass of foliage only +accentuates their attractiveness, and it is not possible to miss them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 368px;"> +<img src="images/illus_040.jpg" width="368" height="600" alt="The swamp white oak in winter" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The swamp white oak in winter</span> +</div> + +<p>But the oak is different; it is, as modest as it is strong, and its +bloom is nearly surrounded by the opening leaves in most seasons and in +most of the species I am just beginning to be acquainted with. Then, +too, these opening leaves are of such indescribable colors<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>—if the +delicate chromatic tints they reflect to the eye may be so strongly +named—that they harmonize, and do not contrast, with the flowers. It is +with them almost as with a fearless chipmunk whose acquaintance I +cultivated one summer—he was gay with stripes of soft color, yet he so +fitted any surroundings he chose to be in that when he was quiet he +simply disappeared! The oak's flowers and its exquisite unfolding of +young foliage combine in one effect, and it is an effect so beautiful +that one easily fails to separate its parts, or to see which of the mass +of soft pink, gray, yellow and green is bloom and which of it is +leafage.</p> + + +<p>Take the pin-oak, for instance, and note the softness of the greenery +above its flowers. Hardly can we define the young leaves as green—they +are all tints, and all beautiful. This same pin-oak, by the way (I mean +the one the botanists call <i>Quercus palustris</i>), is a notable +contradiction of the accepted theory that an oak of size and dignity +cannot be reared in a lifetime. There are hundreds of lusty pin-oaks all +over the Eastern States that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> are shading the homes of the wise men who +planted them in youth, and they might well adorn our parks and avenues +in place of many far less beautiful and permanent trees. With ordinary +care, and in good soil, the pin-oak grows rapidly, and the +characteristic spreading habit and the slightly down-drooping branches +are always attractive. In its age it has not the ruggedness of its kin, +though it assumes a stately and somewhat formal habit, and, I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> must +confess, accumulates some ragged dead branches in its interior.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_042.jpg" width="600" height="501" alt="Flowers of the pin-oak" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Flowers of the pin-oak</span> +</div> + +<p>This raggedness is easily cared for, for the tree requires—and few +trees do—no "trimming" of its outer branches. The interior twigs that +the rapid growth of the tree has deprived of air and light can be +quickly and easily removed. In Washington, where street-tree planting +has been and is intelligently managed under central authority, the +avenues of pin-oaks are a splendid feature of the great boulevards which +are serving already as a model to the whole country. Let us plant oaks, +and relieve the monotony of too many maples, poplars and horse-chestnuts +along our city and village highways.</p> + +<p>I like, too, to see the smooth little acorns of the pin-oak before the +leaves drop; they seem so finished and altogether pleasing, and with the +leaves make a classical decorative motive worth more attention from +designers.</p> + +<p>While I am innocent of either ability or intent to write botanically of +the great oak family, I ought perhaps to transcribe the information that +the flowers we see—if we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> look just at the right time in the +spring—are known as "staminate catkins,"—which, being interpreted, +means that there are also pistillate flowers, much less conspicuous, but +exceedingly necessary if acorns are to result; and also the fact that +the familiar "pussy-willow" of our acquaintance is the same form of +bloom—the catkin, or ament. I ought to say, too, that some of the oaks +perfect acorns from blossoms in one year, while others must grow through +two seasons before they are mature. Botanically, the oak family is +nearly a world family, and we Americans, though possessed of many +species, have no monopoly of it. Indeed, if I may dare to refer the +reader to that great storehouse of words, the Encyclopædia Britannica, I +think he will find that the oak is there very British, and that the +English oak, surely a magnificent tree in England anyway, is +patriotically glorified to the writer.</p> + +<p>But we want to talk of some of our own oaks. The one thoroughly +characteristic is surely the noble white oak, a tree most admirable in +every way, and most widely distributed over the Northern States. Its +majestic form,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> as it towers high above the ordinary works of man, +conveys the repose of conscious strength to the beholder. There is a +great oak in Connecticut to which I make pilgrimages, and from which I +always get a message of rest and peace. There it stands, strong, +full-powered, minding little the most furious storms, a benediction to +every one who will but lift his eyes. There it has stood in full majesty +for years unknown, for it was a great oak, so run the title-deeds, way +back in 1636, when first the white man began to own land in the +Connecticut Valley. At first sight it seems not large, for its perfect +symmetry conceals its great size; but its impression grows as one looks +at it, until it seems to fill the whole landscape. I have sat under it +in spring, when yet its leafy canopy was incomplete; I have looked into +its green depths in midsummer, when its grateful shadow refreshed the +highway; I have seen the sun set in redness beyond its bare limbs, the +snowy countryside emphasizing its noble lines; I have tried to fathom +the mystery in its sturdy heart overhead when the full moon rode in the +sky; and always that "great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> oak of Glastonbury" has soothed and cheered +and rested, and taken me nearer the Giver of all such good to restless +humanity.</p> + +<p>Do I wonder at my friend who has built his home where he may look always +at this white oak, or that he raged in anger when a crabbed neighbor +ruthlessly cut down a superb tree of the same kind that was on his +property line, in order that he might run his barbed-wire fence +straight? No; I agree with him that this tree-murderer has probably a +barbed-wire heart, and we expect that his future existence will be +treeless, at least!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 416px;"> +<img src="images/illus-047.jpg" width="416" height="600" alt="The swamp white oak in early spring" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The swamp white oak in early spring</span> +</div> + +<p>Sometimes this same white oak adapts itself to the bank of a stream, +though its true character develops best in the drier ground. Its +strength has been its bane, for the value of its timber has caused many +a great isolated specimen to be cut down. It is fine to know that some +States—Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island also, I think—have +given to trees along highways, and in situations where they are part of +the highway landscape, the protection of a wise law. Under this law each +town appoints a tree-warden, serving without<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> pay (and therefore with +love), who may seal to the town by his label such trees as are truly the +common possession, regardless of whose land they happen to be on. If the +owner desires to cut down a tree thus designated, he must first obtain +permission, after stating satisfactory reasons, of the annual +town-meeting, and this is not so easy as to make cutting very frequent. +The whole country should have such a law, and I should enjoy its +application right here in Pennsylvania, where oaks of a hundred years +have been cut down to make room for a whisky sign, and where a superb +pin-oak that I passed today is devoted to an ignominious use. If I may +venture to become hortatory, let me say that the responsibility for the +preservation of the all-too-few remaining great primeval trees, and of +their often notable progeny, in our Eastern States, rests with those who +care for trees, not alone with those who ought to care. To talk about +the greatness and beauty of a fine oak or maple or tulip, to call +attention to its shade value, and to appeal to the cupidity of the +ground owner by estimating how much less his property will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> be worth +when the trees are gone or have been mishandled, will aid to create the +necessary public sentiment. And to provide wise laws, as may be often +done with proper attention, is the plain duty and the high privilege of +the tree-loving citizen. The trees are defenseless, and they are often +unreplaceable; if you love them protect them as you would your children.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 397px;"> +<img src="images/illus_050.jpg" width="397" height="600" alt="An old post-oak" title="" /> +<span class="caption">An old post-oak</span> +</div> + +<p>The white-oak leaf is the most familiar and characteristic, perhaps, of +the family; but other species, close to the white oak in habit, show +foliage of a very different appearance. The swamp white oak, for +instance, is a noble tree, and in winter particularly its irregular +branches give it an especial expression of rugged strength as it grows +along a brookside; but its leaves smooth up on the edges, giving only a +hint of the deep serrations that typify its upland brother. Deeply green +above are these leaves and softly white below, and in late summer there +appears, here and there, on a stout stem, a most attractive acorn of +large size. Its curious cup gives a hint, or more than a hint, as to the +special designating character of another oak, the mossy-cup or bur. This +latter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> species is beautiful in its habit, rich in its foliage, and the +fringed or mossed acorns are of a remarkable size.</p> + + + +<p>Of all the oaks, the sturdy but not lofty post-oak spreads the richest +display of foliage. Its peculiar habit leads to the even placing of its +violoncello-shaped leaves, and its generous crop of acorns gives added +distinction in late summer. It is fine in the forest, and a notable +ornament anywhere.</p> + +<p>It has been said that a proper penance for an offending botanist would +be a compulsory separation and description of the involved and +complicated goldenrod family; and I would suggest that a second edition +of the same penance might be a requirement to name off-hand the first +dozen oak trees the same poor botanist might meet. So much do the +foliage, the bark, and the habit of growth vary, and so considerable is +the difference between individuals of the same species, that the wisest +expert is likely to be the most conservative. An unbotanical observer, +who comes at the family just because he loves trees in general, and is +poking his eyes and his camera into unusual<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> places, doesn't make close +determinations; he tells what he thinks he sees, and leaves exact work +to the scientists.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_052.jpg" width="600" height="467" alt="A blooming twig of the swamp white oak" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A blooming twig of the swamp white oak</span> +</div> + +<p>There are some oaks, however, that have borrowed the foliage of other +trees so cunningly that one at first scouts the possibility of the +Quercus parentage, until he sees an undeniable acorn thrusting itself +forward. Then he is sure that what seemed a rather peculiarly shaped +chestnut tree, with somewhat stumpy foliage, is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> none other than the +chestnut-oak. A fine tree it is, too, this same chestnut-oak, with its +masquerading foliage of deep green, its upright and substantial habit, +its rather long and aristocratic-looking acorns. The authorities tell +that its wood, too, is brownish and valuable; but we tree-lovers are not +enthusiastic over mere timber values, because that means the killing of +the trees.</p> + +<p>The willow-oak will not deceive, because its habit is so oak-like and so +willow-less; but its foliage is surely borrowed from its graceful and +more rapidly growing neighbor. Not so large, by any means, as the white +oak or the chestnut-oak, it has somewhat rough and reddish bark, and its +acorns are perfected in the second year of their growth, close to the +twigs, in the way of the pin-oak. The general aspect of the tree is +upright, rather than spreading, and it partakes thus of the maple +character in its landscape effect. The willow-oak is one of the species +I would, if I were writing a tree-planting article, heartily commend to +those who wish to add adornment to the countryside that shall be +permanent and satisfactory. Just a hint<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> here: nursery-grown oaks, now +obtainable from any modern establishment, have usually been frequently +moved or transplanted, as the trade term goes, and this means that they +have established a somewhat self-contained root system, which will give +them far greater vigor and cause them to take hold sooner when finally +placed in a situation where they are to be permanent features. The +reason is plain: the forest seedling, in the fierce struggle for +existence usually prevailing, must send its roots far and wide for food, +and when it is dug out their feeding capacity is so seriously curtailed +as to check the growth of the tree for many years. The nursery-grown +tree, on the contrary, has been brought up "by hand," and its food has +always been convenient to it, leading to more rapid growth and a more +compact root system. I only interject this prosaic fact here in the hope +that some of my tree-loving readers will undertake to plant some oaks +instead of only the soft-wooded and less permanent maples, poplars, and +the like.</p> + +<p>Another simulative leaf is that of the laurel-oak, and it is color and +gloss as well as shape<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> that have been borrowed from its humbler +neighbor in the forest. The shining green of the laurel is seen in these +oak leaves; they are also half evergreen, thus being one of the family +particularly belonging to our Southern States, and hardly enduring the +chill of the winters north of Virginia. It is one of the galaxy of oaks +I remember as providing a special interest in the Georgia forests, where +the long-leaved pine also gave a new tree sensation to the visitor from +the North, who at first could hardly imagine what those lovely little +green fountains of foliage were that he saw along the roadside and in +the woods. The Georgia oaks seem to me to have a richness of foliage, a +color and substance and shine, that compare only with the excellence of +two other products of the same State—the peach and the watermelon. The +long summer and the plenitude of sunshine seem to weave into these +products luxuriance found nowhere else; and when one sees for the first +time a happy, rollicking bunch of round-eyed negro children, innocent +alike of much clothing or any trouble, mixing up with the juicy Georgia +melon under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> the shade of a luxuriant oak, he gets a new conception of +at least one part of the race problem!</p> + +<p>One of the things I wanted much to see when I first traveled South was +the famed live-oak, the majesty and the mournfulness of which had been +long sung into me. Perhaps I expected too much, as I did of the +palmetto, another part of my quest, but surely there was disappointment +when I was led, on the banks of the Manatee River in Florida, to see a +famous live-oak. It was tall and grand, but its adornment of long, +trailing gray Spanish moss, which was to have attached the sadness to +it, seemed merely to make it unkempt and uncomfortable. I was instantly +reminded of a tree at home in the far North that I had never thought +particularly beautiful, but which now, by comparison, took on an +attractiveness it has never since lost. Imagine a great spreading +weeping willow turned dingy gray, and you have a fair picture of a +moss-covered live-oak; but you will prefer it green, as is the willow, I +believe.</p> + +<p>One day a walk about Savannah, which city<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> has many splendid live-oaks +in its parks and squares, involved me in a sudden shower, when, presto! +the weeping willow of the North was reincarnated before my eyes, for the +falling rain turned the dingy moss pendants of the live-oak to the +whitish green that makes the willow such a delightful color-note in +early spring. I have been thankful often for that shower, for it gave a +better feeling about the live-oak, and made me admire the weeping +willow.</p> + +<p>The live-oak, by the way, has a leaf very little like the typical +oak—it is elliptical in shape and smooth in outline. The curious +parasitic moss that so frequently covers the tree obscures the really +handsome foliage.</p> + +<p>The English Oak, grand tree that it is, grows well in America, as +everything English should by right, and there are fine trees of this +<i>Quercus Robur</i> on Long Island. The acorns are of unusual elegance, as +the photograph which shows them will prove.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_058.jpg" width="600" height="346" alt="Acorns of the English oak" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Acorns of the English oak</span> +</div> + +<p>The red oak, the black oak, the scarlet oak, all splendid forest trees +of the Northeast, are in the group of confusion that can be readily +separated only by the timber-cruiser, who knows every tree in the +forest for its economic value, or by the botanist, with his limp-bound +Gray's Manual in hand. I confess to bewilderment in five minutes after +the differences have been explained to me, and I enjoyed, not long ago, +the confusion of a skilful nurseryman who was endeavoring to show me his +young trees of red oak which the label proved to be scarlet! But the +splendidly effective trees themselves can be fully appreciated, and the +distinctions will appear as one studies carefully the features of these +living gifts of nature's greenness. The trees wait on one, and once the +habit of appreciation and investigation is formed, each<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> walk afield, in +forest or park, leads to the acquirement of some new bit of tree-lore, +that becomes more precious and delightful as it is passed on and +commented upon in association with some other member of the happily +growing fraternity of nature-lovers.</p> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>These oak notes are not intended to be complete, but only to suggest +some points for investigation and appreciation to my fellows in the +brotherhood. I have never walked between Trenton and New York, and +therefore never made the desired acquaintance with the scrub-oaks along +the way. Nor have I dipped as fully into the oak treasures of the Arnold +Arboretum as I want to some day. But my camera is yet available and the +trees are waiting; the tree love is growing and the tree friends are +inviting, and together we will add to the oak knowledge and to that +thankfulness for God and life and love and friends that the trees do +most constantly cause to flourish.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="The_Pines" id="The_Pines"></a>The Pines</h2> + + +<p>In popular estimation, the pines seem to belong to the North, not quite +so exclusively as do the palms to the South. The ragged, picturesque old +pines, spruces and hemlocks of our remembrance carry with them the +thought of great endurance, long life and snowy forests. We think of +them, too, as belonging to the mountains, not to the plains; as clothing +steep slopes with their varied deep greens rather than as standing +against the sky-line of the sea. Yet I venture to think that the most of +us in the East see oftenest the pines peculiar to the lowlands, as we +flit from city to city over the steel highways of travel, and have most +to do, in an economical sense, with a pine that does not come north of +the Carolinas—the yellow pine which furnishes our familiar +house-flooring.</p> + +<p>The pine family, as we discuss it, is not all pines, in exactitude—it +includes many diverse<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> trees that the botanist describes as conifers. +These cone-bearing trees are nearly all evergreens—that is, the foliage +persists the year round, instead of being deciduous, as the +leaf-dropping maples, oaks, birches, and the like are scientifically +designated. Historically the pines are of hoary age, for they are +closely related to the growths that furnished the geologic coal measures +stored up in the foundations of the earth for our use now. Economically, +too, all the pine family together is of vast importance—"the most +important order of forest trees in the economy of civilized man," says +Dr. Fernow; for, as he adds, the cone-bearing trees "have furnished the +bulk of the material of which our civilization is built." As usual, +civilization has destroyed ruthlessly, thoughtlessly, almost viciously, +in using this material; wherefore the devastation of the forests, moving +them back from us farther and farther until in many regions they are but +a thin fringe, has left most of us totally unfamiliar with these trees, +of the utmost beauty as well as of the greatest value.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 382px;"> +<img src="images/illus_064.jpg" width="382" height="600" alt="A lone pine on the Indian River" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A lone pine on the Indian River</span> +</div> + +<p>To know anything at all of the spruces,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> pines and hemlocks is to love +them for the refreshment there is in their living presence, rather than +to consider them merely for the timber value. But the point of view +differs immensely with one's occupation. I remember finding in the +depths of an Alleghany forest a comparatively rare native orchid, then +new to me—the round-leaved <i>or orbicular habenaria</i>. While I was +gloating over it with my camera a gray-haired native of the neighborhood +joined me, and, to my surprise, assisted in the gloating—he, too, loved +the woods and the plants. Coming a little later to a group of +magnificent hemlocks, with great, clean, towering trunks reaching up a +hundred feet through the soft maples and yellow birches and beeches +which seemed dwarfed by these veterans, I exclaimed in admiration. +"Yes," he said, "them's mighty fine hemlocks. I calc'late thet one to +the left would bark near five dollars' wuth!" On the rare plant we had +joined in esthetic appreciation, but the hemlock was to the old +lumberman but a source of tan-bark.</p> + +<p>This search for tannin, by the way, is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> to blame for much wanton +destruction. Young hemlocks, from four to six inches in diameter, are +felled, stripped of their bark, and left cumbering the ground, to invite +fire and to make of the woods an unkempt cemetery. The fall of a tree +from natural causes is followed by the interesting and beauty-making +process of its mossy decay and return to the forest floor, furnishing in +the process nourishment for countless seedlings and plants. A tree +felled in maturity under enlightened forest management is all removed +for its timber, and leaves the ground clear; but the operations of the +bark-hunter leave only hideous destruction and a "slash" that is most +difficult to clear in later years.</p> + +<p>This same hemlock makes a most impressive forest. To walk among primeval +hemlocks brings healing to the mind and peace to the soul, as one +realizes fully that "the groves were God's first temples," and that God +is close to one in these beneficent solitudes, where petty things must +fall away, vexations cease, and man's spiritual nature absorb the +message of the forest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_067.jpg" width="600" height="442" alt="Hemlock Hill, Arnold Arboretum (Boston)" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Hemlock Hill, Arnold Arboretum (Boston)</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> + +<p>I wonder how many of my readers realize that an exquisite bit of real +hemlock forest lies not five miles from Boston Common? At the Arnold +Arboretum, that noble collection of trees and plants, "Hemlock Hill" is +assuming deeper majesty year after year as its trees gain age and size. +It presents exactly the pure forest conditions, and makes accessible to +thousands the full beauty and soothing that nothing but a coniferous +forest can provide for man. There is the great collateral advantage, +too, that to reach Hemlock Hill, the visitor must use a noble entrance, +and pass other trees and plants which, in the adequate setting here +given, cannot but do him much good, and prepare him for the deep sylvan +temple of the hemlocks he is seeking. To visit the Arboretum at the time +when the curious variety of the apple relatives—pyruses and the +like—bloom, is to secure a great benefit of sight and scent, and it is +almost certain to make one resolve to return when these blossoms shall, +by nature's perfect work, have become fruit. Here the fruit is grown for +its beauty only, and thus no gastronomic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> possibilities interfere with +the appreciation of color, and form, and situation! But again, to come +to the Arboretum some time during the reign of the lilacs is to +experience an even greater pleasure, perhaps, for here the old farm +garden "laylock" assumes a wonderful diversity of form and color, from +the palest wands of the Persian sorts to the deepest blue of some of the +French hybrids.</p> + +<p>The pines themselves will well repay any investigation and appreciation. +Seven species are with us in the New England and Middle Atlantic States, +seven more are found South, while the great West, with its yet +magnificent forests, has twenty-five pines of distinct character. The +white pine is perhaps most familiar to us, because of its economic +importance, and it is as well the tallest and most notable of all those +we see in the East. From its first essay as a seedling, with its +original cluster of five delicate blue-green leaflets, to its lusty +youth, when it is spreading and broad, if given room to grow, it is a +fine object, and I have had some thrills of joy at finding this splendid +common thing planted in well-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>placed groups on the grounds of wealthy +men, instead of some Japanese upstart with a name a yard long and a +truly crooked Oriental disposition! In age the white pine dominates any +landscape, wearing even the scars of its long battle with the elements +with stately dignity. A noble pair of white pines on the shore of Lake +Champlain I remember especially—they were the monarchs of the lakeside +as they towered above all other trees. Ragged they were, their symmetry +gone long years ago through attacks of storms and through strife with +the neighboring trees that had succumbed while they only suffered and +stood firm. Yet they seemed all complete, of proved strength and staying +power, and their aspect was not of defiance or anger, but rather +indicative of beneficent strength, as if they said, "Here we stand; +somewhat crippled, it is true, but yet pointing upright to the heavens, +yet vigorous, yet seed-bearing and cheerful!"</p> + +<p>Another group of these white pines that stood close to some only less +picturesque red pines on the shores of a pond deep in the Adirondacks +emphasized again for me one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> May day the majesty of this beneficent +friend of mankind; and yet another old pine monarch against the sunset +sky pointed the westward way from the picturesque Cornell campus, and +alas! also pointed the danger to even this one unreplaceable tree when +modern "enterprise" constructs a trolley line on a scenic route, +ruthlessly destroying the very features that make the route desirable, +rather than go to any mechanical trouble!</p> + +<p>My readers will easily recall for themselves just the same sort of "old +pine" groups they have record of on memory's picture-gallery, and will, +I am sure, agree with me as to the informality, dignity and true beauty +of these survivors of the forest, all of which deserve to be +appreciatively cared for, against any encroachment of train, trolley or +lumberman.</p> + +<p>I am ashamed to say I have not yet seen the blossoms of the white pine, +which the botanists tell us come in early spring, minute and light +brown, to be followed by the six-inch-long cones which mature the second +year. I promise my camera that another spring it shall be turned toward +these shy blossoms.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 419px;"> +<img src="images/illus_072.jpg" width="419" height="600" alt="The long-leaved pines of the South" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The long-leaved pines of the South</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 416px;"> +<img src="images/illus_073.jpg" width="416" height="600" alt="The fountain-like effect of the young long-leaved pine" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The fountain-like effect of the young long-leaved pine</span> +</div> +<p>Any one who has traveled south of Virginia, even by the Pullman way of +not seeing, cannot fail to have noted the lovely green leaf-fountains +springing up from the ground along the railroads. These are the young +trees of the long-leaved or Southern yellow pine. How beautiful they +are, these narrow leaves of vivid green, more than a foot long, drooping +gracefully from the center outward, with none of the stiffness of our +Northern species! In some places they seem to fairly bubble in green +from all the surface of the ground, so close are they. And the grand +long-leaved pine itself, maintained in lusty vigor above these +greeneries, is a tree of simple dignity, emphasized strongly when seen +at its best either in the uncut forest, or in a planted avenue. We of +the North are helping to ruin the next generation of Southern pines by +lavish use, for decorations, of the young trees of about two feet high, +crowded with the long drooping emerald needles. The little cut-off pine +lasts a week or two, in a parlor—it took four or five years to grow!</p> + +<p>All pine-cones are interesting, and there is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> a great variation between +the different species. The scrub-pine one sees along the railroads +between New York and Philadelphia has rather stubby cones, while the +pitch-pine, beloved of the fireplace for its "light-knots," has a +somewhat pear-shaped and gracefully disposed cone. A most peculiar cone +is that of a variety of the Norway pine, which, among other species +brought from Europe, is valued for ornament. The common jack-pine of the +Middle States hillsides wears symmetrical and handsome cones with +dignity. Cones are, of course, the fruits or seed-holders of the pine, +but the seeds themselves are found at the base of the scales, or parts +of the cones, attached in pairs. Each cone, like an apple, has in its +care a number of seeds, which it guards against various dangers until a +kindly soil encourages the rather slow germination characteristic of the +order.</p> + +<p>The nurserymen have imported many pines from Europe, which give pleasing +variety to our ornamental plantings, and aid in enriching the winter +coloring. The Austrian pine and the Scotch pine are welcome additions to +our own pine family. In these days of economic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> chemistry and a +deficient rag supply, every reader of these words is probably in close +proximity to an important spruce product—paper. The manufacturers say, +with hand on heart, that they do not use <i>much</i> wood pulp, but when one +has passed a great paper-mill flanked on all sides by piles of spruce +logs, with no bales of rags in sight anywhere, he is tempted to think +otherwise! Modern forestry is now planting trees on waste lands for the +pulp "crop," and the common poplar is coming in to relieve the spruces.</p> + +<p>Beautiful trees are these spruces and firs, either in the forest or when +brought by the planter to his home grounds. The leaves are much shorter +than those of most pines, and clothe the twigs closely. There is a vast +variety in color, too, from the wonderful whitish or "glaucous" blue of +the Colorado blue spruce, to the deep shining green of Nordmann's fir, a +splendid introduction from the Caucasus. Look at them, glistening in the +winter sun, or drooping with the clinging snow; walk in a spruce wood, +inhaling the bracing balsamic fragrance which seems so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> kindly to the +lungs; hark to the music of the wind in their tops, telling of health +and purity, of God's love and provision for man's mind and heart, and +you will begin to know the song of the firs. To really hear this grand +symphony, for such it then becomes, you must listen to the wind playing +on the tops of a great primeval coniferous forest, of scores and +hundreds of acres or miles in extent. And even then, many visits are +needed, for there are movements to this symphony—the allegro of the +gale, the scherzo of the easy morning breeze, the deep adagio of a +rain-storm, and the andante of warm days and summer breezes, when you +may repose prone upon a soft carpet of pine needles, every sense made +alert, yet soothed, by the master-theme you are hearing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;"> +<img src="images/illus_078.jpg" width="402" height="600" alt="An avenue of white pines" title="" /> +<span class="caption">An avenue of white pines</span> +</div> + +<p>There is a little wood of thick young pines, interspersed with hard +maple and an occasional birch, close by the lake of the Eagles, where my +summers are made happy. The closeness of the pines has caused their +lower branches to die, as always in the deep forest, and the falling +needles, year by year, have deepened the soft brown carpet that covers +the forest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> floor. Some one, years ago, struck by the aisles that the +straight trunks mark out so clearly, called this the "Cathedral Woods." +The name seems appropriate at all times, but especially when, on a warm +Sunday afternoon, I lie at ease on the aromatic carpet, hearing the soft +organ tones in the pine tops, and drinking in God's forest message.</p> + + + +<p>I have visited these pine woods at midnight, when a full moon, making +brilliant the near-by lake, gave but a ghostly gloom in the deep, deep +silence of the Cathedral; but, more impressive, I have often trodden +through in a white fog, when the distance was misty and dim, and the +aisles seemed longer and higher, and to lead one further away from the +trifles of temper and trial. Indeed, I do not believe that any one who +has but once fully received from the deep forest that which it gives out +so freely and constantly can ever think of things trivial, or of minor +annoyances, while again within its soothing portals.</p> + +<p>But of the trees of the forest of pine and spruce it must be noted that +sometimes the deepest, glossiest green of the leaves as presented<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> to +the eye only hides the dainty, white-lined interior surface of those +same leaves. To the outside, a somber dignity, unassailable, untouched +by frost or sun, protective, defenseful, as nature often appears to the +careless observer; but inside is light, softly reflected, revealing +unsuspected delicacies of structure and finish.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 339px;"> +<img src="images/illus_082.jpg" width="339" height="450" alt="Cones of the white spruce" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Cones of the white spruce</span> +</div> +<p>To us who are not woodsmen or "timber-cruisers" the most familiar of all +the spruces is the introduced form from Norway. Its yellowish green +twigs are bright and cheerful, and in specimens that have reached the +fruiting age the crown of cones, high up in the tree, is an additional +charm, for these soft brown "strobiles," as the botanist calls them, are +smooth and regular, and very different from those of the rugged pines. I +have often been told that the Norway spruce was short-lived, and that it +became unkempt in age; but now that I have lived for ten years and more +beside a noble specimen, I know that the change from the upreaching push +of youth to the semi-drooping sedateness of maturity is only a taking on +of dignity. There stands on the home grounds of a true tree-lover in +Pennsylvania<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> a Norway spruce that has been untouched by knife or +disaster since its planting many years ago. No pruning has shortened in +its "leader" or top, no foolish idea of "trimming it up" has been +allowed to deprive it of the very lowest branches, which, in +consequence, now sweep the ground in full perfection, while the +unchecked point of the tree still aspires upward forty feet above. A +beautiful object is this tree—perhaps the most beautiful of all the +conifers in my friend's great "pinetum," with its scores of rare +species. Let me ask, then, those who would set this or any other tree of +evergreen about the home, to see to it that the young tree from the +nursery has all its lower branches intact, and that its top has never +been mutilated. With care, such specimens may be obtained and +successfully transplanted, and will grow in time to a lovely old age of +steady greenness.</p> + + +<p>The balsam fir is almost indistinguishable from the Norway spruce when +young, but soon grows apart from it in habit, and is hardly as +desirable, even though a native. It is rich in the true balsamic odor; +and this, again, is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> its destruction; for one "spruce pillow" may +destroy a half dozen trees!</p> + + + +<p>The white cedar, our common juniper, with its aromatic blue berries or +fruits, is perhaps the most familiar of all the native evergreens. It +comes to us of Pennsylvania all too freely at Christmas time, when the +tree of joy and gifts may mean, in the wholesale, sad forest +destruction. This juniper I have associated particularly with the +dogwood and the red-bud, to the bloom of which it supplies a most +perfect background in the favorite Conewago park, a purely natural +reservation of things beautiful along the Pennsylvania railroad. Its +lead-pencil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> sister, the red cedar, reaches our literary senses as +closely as does the pulp-making spruce!</p> + +<p>I might write much of the rare introduced cypresses from Japan and +China, and of the peculiar variations that have been worked out by the +nurserymen among the native pines and firs; yet this would not be talk +of the trees of the open ground, but rather of the nursery and the park. +Also, if I had but seen them, there would be much to say about the +magnificent conifers of the great West, from the giant red-woods, or +sequoias, of the Mariposa grove in California to the richly varied pines +of the Rockies. But I can only suggest to my readers the intimate +consideration of all this great pine family, so peculiarly valuable to +mankind, and the use of some of the pines and spruces about the home for +the steady cheer of green they so fully provide.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Apples" id="Apples"></a>Apples</h2> + + +<p>Well do I remember one of the admonitions of my youth, brought upon me +by an attempt to take apple-blossoms from a tree in bloom because they +were beautiful. I was told that it was wrong to pluck for any purpose +the flowers of fruit trees, because the possible fruitage might thereby +be reduced. That is, feeding the eye was improper, but it was always in +order to conserve all the possibilities for another organ of the body. +In those days we had not learned that nature provides against +contingencies, and that not one-tenth of all the blossoms would be +needed to "set" as much fruit as the tree could possibly mature.</p> + +<p>The apple, well called the king of fruits, is worthy of all admiration +as a fruit; but I do not see why that need interfere in the least with +its consideration as an object of beauty. On the contrary, such +consideration is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> all the better for the apple, which is not only most +desirable and pleasing in its relation to the dessert, the truly +celebrated American pie, the luscious dumpling of the housewife, and the +Italian's fruit-stand of our cities, but is at the same time a +benefaction to the eye and the sense of beauty, in tree, in blossom, and +in fruit.</p> + +<p>It is of the esthetic value of the apple I would write, leaving its +supreme place in pomology unassailed. Look at the young apple tree in +the "nursery row," where it has been growing a year since it was +"budded"—that is, mysteriously changed from the wild and untamed fruit +of nature to the special variety designed by the nurseryman. It is a +straight, shapely wand, in most varieties, though it is curious to find +that some apples, notably the favorite Rhode Island Greening, start in +promptly to be picturesquely crooked and twisty. As it grows and +branches under the cultivation and guidance of the orchardist, it +maintains a lusty, hearty aspect, its yellowish, reddish or brownish +twigs—again according to variety—spreading out to the sun and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> air +freely. A decade passes, and the sparse showing of bloom that has +decorated it each spring gradually gives place to a great glory of +flowers. The tree is about to bear, and it assumes the character of +maturity; for while it grows on soberly for many years, there is now a +spreading, a sort of relaxation, very different from the vigorous +upshooting of its early youth. After a crop or two, the tree has become, +to the eye, the familiar orchard member, and it leans a little from the +blasts of winter, twists aside from the perpendicular, spreads +comfortably over a great expanse of ground, and settles down to its +long, useful, and truly beautiful life.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_089.jpg" width="600" height="404" alt="An apple orchard in winter" title="" /> +<span class="caption">An apple orchard in winter</span> +</div> + +<p>While the young orchard is trim and handsome, I confess to a greater +liking for the rugged old trees that have followed blossom with fruit in +unstinted profusion for a generation. There is a certain character of +sturdy good-will about these substantial stems that the clinging snows +only accentuate in winter. The framework of limb and twig is very +different from that of the other trees, and the twisty lines seem to +mean warmth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> and cheer, even against a frosty sky. And these old +veterans are house trees, too—they do not suggest the forest or the +broad expanse of nature, but, instead, the proximity of man and the +home, the comfortable summer afternoon under their copious leafage, the +great piles of ruddy-cheeked fruit in autumn.</p> + + + +<p>I need hardly say anything of the apple-blossoms, for those who read +these words are almost certain to have long appreciated their delicately +fragrant blush and white loveliness. The apricot and the cherry are the +first of the fruit trees to sing the spring song, and they cover +themselves with white, in advance of any sign of green leaves on their +twigs. The apple has an advantage; coming more deliberately, the little +pink buds are set amidst the soft greens of the opening foliage, and the +leaves and flowers expand together in their symphony of color and +fragrance. The grass has grown lush by this time, the dandelions are +punctuating it with gold, and everything is in the full riot of +exuberant springtime.</p> + +<p>But there are apples and apples and apples.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> Even the plain orchard +gives us a difference in flowers, as well as in tree aspect. Notice the +trees this coming May; mark the flat, white flowers on one tree, the +cup-shaped, pink-veined blooms on another. Follow both through the +fruiting, and see whether the sweeter flower brings the more sugary +fruit. This fact ascertained, perhaps it may be followed up by +observation of the distinctive color of the twigs and young +branches—for there are wide differences in this respect, and the canny +tree-grower knows his pets afar.</p> + +<p>Perhaps there is a "crab" in the old orchard, ready to give the greatest +burst of bloom—for the crab-apple flower is usually finer and more +fragrant than any other of the cultivated forms. It is an especial +refuge of the birds and the bees, you will find, and it invites them +with its rare fragrance and deeper blush, so that they may work all the +more earnestly at the pollination without which all this richness of +bloom would be ineffective in nature's reproductive scheme.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_092.jpg" width="600" height="530" alt="When the apple trees blossom" title="" /> +<span class="caption">When the apple trees blossom</span> +</div> + +<p>This same crab-apple is soon to be, as its brilliant fruit matures, a +notable object of beauty, for few ornamental trees can vie with its +display of shining color. There was a great old crab right in the flower +garden of my boyhood home, amid quaint box-trees, snowballs and lilacs. +Lilies-of-the-valley flourished in its shadow, the delicate +bleeding-heart mingled with old-fashioned irises and peonies at its +feet. From early spring until<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> mid-August the crab-apple held court of +beauty there—and an always hungry boy often found something in addition +to beauty in the red and yellow fruits that were acid but aromatic.</p> + +<p>With a little attention, if one would plant crab-apples for their +loveliness of fruit hue and form, a fine contrast of color may be had; +for some varieties are perfect in clear yellow, against others in +deepest scarlet, bloom-covered with blue haze, and yet others which +carry all the colors from cream to crimson—the latter as the warm sun +paints deeper.</p> + +<p>Why do we not plant more fruit trees for beauty? Not one of our familiar +fruits will fail us in this respect, if so considered. The apricot will +often have its white flowers open to match the purity of the last snow, +the cherry will follow with a burst of bloom, the apples and crab-apples +will continue the show, aided by plum and pear and peach, and the +quince—ah, there's a flower in a green enamel setting!—will close the +blooming-time. But the cherry fruits now redden in shining roundness, +the earlier apples throw rich gleams of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> color to the eye, and there is +chromatic beauty until frost bids the last russets leave their stems, +leaving bare the framework of the trees, to teach us in lines of +symmetry and efficiency how strength and elegance are combined in +nature's handiwork. Do you fear that some of the fruit may be taken? +What of it? Plant for beauty, and the fruit is all extra—give it away +freely, and pass on to others some of God's good gifts, to your own true +happiness!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 398px;"> +<img src="images/illus_095.jpg" width="398" height="600" alt="The Spectabilis crab in bloom" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Spectabilis crab in bloom</span> +</div> + +<p>There is another crab-apple that is distinctive in its elegance, color +and fragrance. It is the true "wild crab" of Eastern North America, and +one who makes its acquaintance in blooming time will never forget it. +The tree is not large, and it is likely to be set with crooked, thorny +branches; but the flowers! Deep pink or rosy red chalices, rather longer +than the commonplace apple-blossom, and hanging on long and slender +stems in a certain picturesquely stiff disposition, they are a joy for +the senses of sight and fragrance. This notable native may be found on +rich slopes and in dry glades—it is not fond of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> swamps. It is grown +by some enlightened nurserymen, too, and can well be planted in the home +grounds to their true adornment. The blossoms give way to form handsome +yellow fruits, about an inch in diameter, which are themselves much more +ornamental than edible, for even the small boy will not investigate a +second time the bitter flesh. I have heard that a cider of peculiar +"hardness" and potency, guaranteed to unsettle the firmest head, is made +from these acid fruits—but I have not found it necessary to extend my +tree studies in that direction.</p> + + +<p>The states west of Kansas do not know this lovely wild crab, to which +the botanists give a really euphonious designation as <i>Pyrus coronaria</i>. +There is a prairie-states crab-apple, which I have never seen, but +which, I am told, has nothing like the beauty of our exquisite Eastern +native. This Western species lacks the long stem and the bright color of +the flowers of our favorite, and its fruits, while quite as viciously +sour, are a dull and greasy green. The great West has many other things, +but we have the wild crab-apple.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p> + +<p>Rather between, as to beauty, is the native crab-apple of the Southland, +which is known as the Soulard crab. It is not as attractive as our own +Eastern gem, a pure native possession, and one which our foreign friends +envy us.</p> + +<p>Curiously enough, our own fruiting apple is not a native of America. It +was at a meeting of a New England pomological association that I heard, +several years ago, an old man of marvelous memory and power of +observation tell of his recollections of seventy years, notable among +which was his account of seeing the first good apples, as a boy, during +a visit in the state of New York. Think of it! the most widely grown and +beautiful of all our fruits hardly older than the railroad in America! +We owe the apples we eat to Europe, for the start, the species being +probably of Himalayan origin. America has greatly developed the apple, +however, as one who has looked over the fruit tables at any great +exposition will promptly testify, and nearly all our really good +varieties are of American origin. Moreover, we are the greatest +apple-growers in the world,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> and the yearly production probably exceeds +a hundred millions of barrels.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/illus_098.jpg" width="550" height="473" alt="Fruits of the wild crab" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fruits of the wild crab</span> +</div> + +<p>The curious story of "Johnny Appleseed" is given us by historians, who +tell us of this semi-religious enthusiast who roamed barefoot over the +wilds of Ohio and Indiana a century ago, sowing apple-seeds in the +scattered clearings, and living to see the trees bearing fruit, +selections from which probably are interwoven among the varieties of +today. New varieties of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> apples, by the way, come from seeds sown, and +trees grown from them, with a bare chance that one in ten thousand may +be worth keeping. When a variety seems thus worthy, "buds" or "scions" +from the original tree are "budded" or "grafted" by the nurseryman into +young seedling trees, which are thus changed into the selected sort. To +sow the seeds of your favorite Baldwin does not imply that you will get +Baldwin trees, by any means; you will more likely have a partial +reversion to the acid and bitter original species.</p> + +<p>It is not only for the fruit that we are indebted to the Old World, but +also for some distinctively beautiful and most ornamental varieties of +the apple, not by any means as well known among us as they ought to be. +The nurserymen sell as an ornamental small tree a form known as +"Parkman's double-flowering crab," which produces blooms of much beauty, +like delicate little roses. Few of them, however, know of the glorious +show that the spring brings where there is a proper planting of the +Chinese and Japanese crab-apples, with some other hybrids and varieties. +To readers in New<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> England a pilgrimage to Boston is always in order. In +the Public Gardens are superb specimens of these crab-apples from the +Orient, as well as those native to this continent, and for several weeks +in May they may be enjoyed. They <i>are</i> enjoyed by the Bostonians, who +are in this, as in many things, better served by their authorities than +is any other American city. What other city, for instance, gives its +people such a magnificent spring show of hyacinths, tulips, daffodils +and the like?</p> + +<p>It is at the wonderful Arnold Arboretum, that Mecca of tree-lovers just +outside of Boston and really within its superbly managed park system, +that the greatest show of the "pyrus family," as the apples and pears +are botanically called, may be found. Here have been gathered the lovely +blooming trees of all the hardy world, to the delight of the eye and the +nose, and the education of the mind. To me the most impressive of all +was a wonderful Siberian crab (one must look for <i>Pyrus baccata</i> on the +label, as the Arboretum folks are not in love with "common" names) close +by the little greenhouses. Its round head was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> purely white, with no +hint of pink, and the mass of bloom that covered it was only punctuated +by the green of the expanding leaves. The especial elegance of this crab +was in its whiteness, and that elegance was not diminished by the later +masses of little yellow and red, almost translucent, fruits.</p> + +<p>A somewhat smaller tree is commonly called the Chinese flowering apple, +and its early flowers remind one strongly of the beauty of our own wild +crab, as they are deeper in color than most of the crabs, being almost +coral-red in bud. This "spectabilis," as it is familiarly called, is a +gem, as it opens the season of the apple blooms with its burst of pink +richness.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 419px;"> +<img src="images/illus_102.jpg" width="419" height="600" alt="The beauty of a fruiting apple branch" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The beauty of a fruiting apple branch</span> +</div> + +<p>The beauty-loving Japanese have a festival at the time of the +cherry-blooming—and it is altogether a festival of beauty, not +connected with the food that follows the flowers. They actually dare to +cut the blossoms, too, for adornment, and all the populace take time to +drink in the message of the spring. Will we workaday Americans ever dare +to "waste" so much time, and go afield to absorb God's provision of soul +and sense refreshment in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> spring, forgetting for the time our shops +and desks, our stores and marts?</p> + + + +<p>Professor Sargent, that deep student of trees who has built himself a +monument, which is also a beneficence to all mankind, in the great +volumes of his "Silva of North America," lives not far from Boston, and +he loves especially that jewel of the apple family which, for want of a +common name, I must designate scientifically as <i>Pyrus floribunda</i>. On +his own magnificent estate, as well as at the Arboretum, this superb +shrub or small tree riots in rosy beauty in early spring. While the +leaves do come with these flowers, they are actually crowded back out of +apparent sight by the straight wands of rose-red blooms, held by the +twisty little tree at every angle and in indescribable beauty. If the +visitor saw nothing but this Floribunda apple—"abundant flowering" sure +enough—on his pilgrimage, he might well be satisfied, especially if he +then and there resolved to see it again, either as he planted it at home +or journeyed hither another spring for the enlargement of his soul.</p> + +<p>There are other of these delightful crabs or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> apples to be +enjoyed—Ringo, Kaido, Toringo—nearly all of Japanese origin, all of +distinct beauty, and all continuing that beauty in handsome but inedible +fruits that hang most of the summer. My tree-loving friends can well +study these, and, I hope, plant them, instead of repeating continually +the monotonously familiar shrubs and trees of ordinary commerce.</p> + +<p>But I have not spoken enough of one notable feature of the every-day +apple tree that we may see without a journey to the East. The fully set +fruiting branch of an apple tree in health and vigor, properly nurtured +and protected against fungous disease by modern "spraying," is a thing +of beauty in its form and color. See those deep red Baldwins shine +overhead in the frosty air of early fall; note the elegance of form and +striping on the leathery-skinned Ben Davis; appreciate true apples of +gold set in green enamel on a tree of the sunny Bellefleur! These in the +fall; but it is hardly full summer before the closely set branches of +Early Harvest are as beautiful as any orange-tree, or the more upright +Red Astrachan is ablaze with fruit of red and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> yellow. Truly, an apple +orchard might be arranged to give a series of pictures of changing +beauty of color and growth from early spring until fall frost, and then +to follow with a daily panorama of form and line against snow and sky +until the blossoms peeped forth again. Let us learn, if we do not +already love the apple tree, to love it for its beauty all the year!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/illus_105.jpg" width="350" height="350" alt="" title="" /> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Willows_and_Poplars" id="Willows_and_Poplars"></a>Willows and Poplars</h2> + + +<p>"By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we +remembered Zion. Upon the willows in the midst thereof we hanged our +harps." Thus sang the Psalmist of the sorrows of the exiles in Babylon, +and his song has fastened the name of the great and wicked city upon one +of the most familiar willows, while also making it "weep"; for the +common weeping willow is botanically named <i>Salix Babylonica</i>.</p> + +<p>It may be that the forlorn Jews did hang their harps upon the tree we +know as the weeping willow, that species being credited to Asia as a +place of origin; but it is open to doubt, for the very obvious reason +that the weeping willow is distinctly unadapted to use as a harp-rack, +and one is at a loss to know just how the instruments in question would +have been hung thereon. It is probable that the willows along the rivers +of Babylon were of other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> species, and that the connection of the city +of the captivity and the tears of the exiles with the long, drooping +branches of the noble tree which has thus been sorrowfully named was a +purely sentimental one. Indeed, the weeping willow is also called +Napoleon's willow, because the great Corsican found much pleasure in a +superb willow of the same species which stood on the lonely prison isle +of St. Helena, and from twigs of which many trees in the United States +have been grown.</p> + +<p>The willow family presents great contrasts, both physical and +sentimental. It is a symbol both of grief and of grace. The former +characterization is undoubtedly because of the allusion of the one +hundred and thirty-seventh Psalm, as quoted above, thoughtlessly +extended through the centuries; and the latter, as when a beautiful and +slender woman is said to be of "willowy" form, obviously because of the +real grace of the long, swinging wands of the same tree. I might hint +that a better reason for making the willow symbolize grief is because +charcoal made from its twigs and branches is an important and almost +essential ingredient of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> gunpowder, through which a sufficiency of grief +has undoubtedly entered the world!</p> + +<p>Willow twigs seem the very essence of fragility, as they break from the +parent tree at a touch; and yet one of the willows furnishes the tough, +pliable and enduring withes from which are woven the baskets of the +world. The willows, usually thin in branch, sparse of somewhat pale +foliage, of so-called mournful mien, are yet bursting with vigor and +life; indeed, the spread and the value of the family is by reason of +this tenacity and virility, which makes a broken twig, floating on the +surface of a turbid stream, take root and grow on a sandy bank where +nothing else can maintain itself, wresting existence and drawing +strength and beauty from the very element whose ravages of flood and +current it bravely withstands.</p> + +<p>Apparently ephemeral in wood, growing quickly and perishing as quickly, +the willows nevertheless supply us with an important preservative +element, extracted from their bitter juices. Salicylic acid, made from +willow bark, prevents change and arrests decay, and it is an important +medical agent as well.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 421px;"> +<img src="images/illus_111.jpg" width="421" height="600" alt="A weeping willow in early spring" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A weeping willow in early spring</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p> + +<p>Flexible and seemingly delicate as the little tree is when but just +established, there is small promise of the rugged and sturdy trunk that +in a few years may stand where the chance twig lodged. And the color of +the willows—ah! there's a point for full enthusiasm, for this family of +grief furnishes a cheerful note for every month in the year, and runs +the whole scale of greens, grays, yellows and browns, and even adds to +the winter landscape touches of blazing orange and bright red across the +snow. Before ever one has thought seriously of the coming of spring, the +long branchlets of the weeping willow have quickened into a hint of +lovely yellowish green, and those same branchlets will be holding their +green leaves against a wintry blast when most other trees have given up +their foliage under the frost's urgency. Often have the orange-yellow +twigs of the golden osier illumined a somber countryside for me as I +looked from the car window; and close by may be seen other willow bushes +of brown, green, gray, and even purple, to add to the color compensation +of the season. Then may come into the view, as one flies past, a great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> +old weeping willow rattling its bare twigs in the wind; and, if a stream +is passed, there are sure to be seen on its banks the sturdy trunks of +the white and the black willows at least. Think of an average landscape +with the willows eliminated, and there will appear a great vacancy not +readily filled by another tree.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 419px;"> +<img src="images/illus_114.jpg" width="419" height="600" alt="The weeping willow in a storm" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The weeping willow in a storm</span> +</div> + + +<p>The weeping willow has always made a strong appeal to me, but never one +of simple grief or sorrow. Its expression is rather of great dignity, +and I remember watching in somewhat of awe one which grew near my +childhood's home, as its branches writhed and twisted in a violent +rain-storm, seeming then fairly to agonize, so tossed and buffeted were +they by the wind. But soon the storm ceased, the sun shone on the +rounded head of the willow, turning the raindrops to quickly vanishing +diamonds, and the great tree breathed only a gentle and benignant peace. +When, in later years, I came to know the moss-hung live-oak of the +Southland, the weeping willow assumed to me a new dignity and value in +the northern landscape, and I have strongly resented the attitude of a +noted writer on "Art Out of Doors" who says<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> of it: "I never once have +seen it where it did not hurt the effect of its surroundings, or at +least, if it stood apart from other trees, where some tree of another +species would not have looked far better." One of the great merits of +the tree, its difference of habit, its variation from the ordinary, is +thus urged against it.</p> + + +<p>I have spoken of the basket willow, which is scientifically <i>Salix +viminalis</i>, and an introduction from Europe, as indeed are many of the +family. In my father's nursery grew a great patch of basket willows, +annually cut to the ground to make a profusion of "sprouts," from which +were cut the "tying willows" used to bind firmly together for shipment +bundles of young trees. It was an achievement to be able to take a +six-foot withe, and, deftly twisting the tip of it under the heel to a +mass of flexible fiber, tie this twisted portion into a substantial +loop; and to have this novel wooden rope then endure the utmost pull of +a vigorous man, as he braced his feet against the bundle of trees in +binding the withe upon it, gave an impression of anything but weakness +on the part of the willow.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p> + +<p>Who has not admired the soft gray silky buds of the "pussy" willow, +swelling with the spring's impulse, and ripening quickly into a "catkin" +loaded with golden pollen? Nowadays the shoots of this willow are +"forced" into bud by the florists, and sold in the cities in great +quantities; but really to see it one must find the low tree or bush by a +stream in the woods, or along the roadside, with a chance to note its +fullness of blossom. It is finest just when the hepaticas are at their +bluest on the warm hillsides; and, one sunny afternoon of a spring +journey along the north branch of the Susquehanna river, I did not know +which of the two conspicuous ornaments of the deeply wooded bank made me +most anxious to jump from the too swiftly moving train.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 412px;"> +<img src="images/illus_117.jpg" width="412" height="600" alt="A pussy-willow in a park" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A pussy-willow in a park</span> +</div> + +<p>This pussy-willow has pleasing leaves, and is a truly ornamental shrub +or small tree which will flourish quite well in a dry back yard, as I +have reason to know. One bright day in February I found a pussy-willow +tree, with its deep purple buds showing not a hint of the life within. +The few twigs brought home quickly expanded when placed in water, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> +gave us their forecast of the spring. One twig was, out of curiosity, +left in the water after the catkins had faded, merely to see what would +happen. It bravely sent forth leaves, while at the base little white +rootlets appeared. Its vigor appealing to us, it was planted in an arid +spot in our back yard, and it is now, after a year and a half, a +handsome, slender young tree that will give us a whole family of silken +pussy-buds to stroke and admire another spring.</p> + + + +<p>This same little tree is called also the glaucous willow, and it is +botanically <i>Salix discolor</i>. It is more distinct than some others of +the family, for the willow is a great mixer. The tree expert who will +unerringly distinguish between the red oak and the scarlet oak by the +precise angle of the spinose margins of the leaves (how I admire an +accuracy I do not possess!) will balk at which is crack willow, or white +willow, or yellow or blue willow. The abundant vigor and vitality and +freedom of the family, and the fact that it is of what is known as the +di[oe]cious habit—that is, the flowers are not complete, fertile and +infertile flowers being borne on separate trees<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>—make it most ready to +hybridize. The pollen of the black willow may fertilize the flower of +the white willow, with a result that certainly tends to grayness on the +worrying head of the botanist who, in after years, is trying to locate +the result of the cross!</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"> +<img src="images/illus_119-120.jpg" width="650" height="178" alt="Blossoms of the white willow" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Blossoms of the white willow</span> +</div> + +<p>There is much variety in the willow flowers—and I wonder how many +observers really notice any other willow "blossoms" than those of the +showy pussy? A superb spring day afield took me along a fascinatingly +crooked stream, the Conodoguinet, whose banks furnish a congenial and as +yet protected (because con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>cealed from the flower-hunting vandal) home +for wild flowers innumerable and most beautiful, as well as trees that +have ripened into maturity. An earlier visit at the time the bluebells +were ringing out their silent message on the hillside, in exquisite +beauty, with the lavender phlox fairly carpeting the woods, gave a +glimpse of some promising willows on the other side of the stream. +Twilight and letters to sign—how hateful the desk and its work seem in +these days of springing life outside!—made a closer inspection +impossible then, but a golden Saturday afternoon found three of us,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> of +like ideals, hastening to this tree and plant paradise. A mass of soft +yellow drew us from the highway across a field carpeted thickly with +bluet or "quaker lady," to the edge of the stream, where a continuous +hum showed that the bees were also attracted. It was one splendid willow +in full bloom, and I could not and as yet cannot safely say whether it +is the crack willow or the white willow; but I can affirm of a certainty +that it was a delight to the eye, the mind and the nostrils. The extreme +fragility of the smaller twigs, which broke away from the larger limbs +at the lightest shake or jar, gave evidence of one of Nature's ways of +distributing plant life; for it seems that these twigs, as I have +previously said, part company with the parent tree most readily, float +away on the stream, and easily establish themselves on banks and bars, +where their tough, interlacing roots soon form an almost impregnable +barrier to the onslaught of the flood. Only a stone's throw away there +stood a great old black willow, with a sturdy trunk of ebon hue, crowned +with a mass of soft green leafage, lighter where the breeze<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> lifted up +the under side to the sunlight. Many times, doubtless, the winds had +shorn and the sleet had rudely trimmed this old veteran, but there +remained full life and vigor, even more attractive than that of youth.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_123.jpg" width="600" height="386" alt="A white willow in a characteristic position" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A white willow in a characteristic position</span> +</div> + +<p>Most of the willows are shrubs rather than trees, and there are endless +variations, as I have before remarked. Further, the species belonging at +first in the Eastern Hemisphere have spread well over our own side of +the globe, so that it seems odd to regard the white willow and the +weeping willow as foreigners. At Niagara Falls, in the beautiful park on +the American side, on the islands amid the toss of the waters, there are +many willows, and those planted by man are no less beautiful than those +resulting from Nature's gardening. In spring I have had pleasure in some +splendid clumps of a form with lovely golden leaves and a small, furry +catkin, found along the edge of the American rapids. I wonder, by the +way, how many visitors to Niagara take note of the superb collection of +plants and trees there to be seen, and which it is a grateful relief to +consider when the mind is wearied with the majesty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> and the vastness of +Nature's forces shown in the cataract? The birds are visitors to Goat +Island and the other islets that divide the Niagara River, and they have +brought there the plants of America in wonderful variety.</p> + + + +<p>There is one willow that has been used by the nurserymen to produce a +so-called weeping form, which, like most of these monstrosities, is not +commendable. The goat willow is a vigorous tree introduced from Europe, +having large and rather broad and coarse leaves, dark green above and +whitish underneath. It is taken as a "stock," upon which, at a +convenient height, the skilled juggler with trees grafts a drooping or +pendulous form known as the Kilmarnock willow, thus changing the habit +of the tree so that it then "weeps" to the ground. Fortunately, the +original tree sometimes triumphs, the graft dies, and a lusty goat +willow rears a rather shapely head to the sky.</p> + +<p>This Kilmarnock willow is a favorite of the peripatetic tree agent, and +I have enjoyed hugely one notable evidence of his persuasive eloquence +to be seen in a Lebanon Valley<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> town, inhabited by the quaint folk known +as Pennsylvania Germans. All along the line of the railroad traversing +this valley may be seen these distorted willows decorating the prim +front yards, and they are not so offensive when used with other shrubs +and trees. In this one instance, however, the tree agent evidently found +a customer who was persuaded that if one Kilmarnock willow was a good +thing to have, a dozen of them was twelve times better; wherefore his +dooryard is grotesquely adorned with that many flourishing weepers, +giving an aspect that is anything but decorous or solemn. Some time the +vigilance of the citizen will be relaxed, it may be hoped; he will +neglect to cut away the recurring shoots of the parent trees, and they +will escape and destroy the weeping form which provides so much +sarcastic hilarity for the passers-by.</p> + +<p>The willow, with its blood relation, the poplar, is often "pollarded," +or trimmed for wood, and its abundant vigor enables it to recover from +this process of violent abbreviation more satisfactorily than do most +trees. The result is usually a disproportionately large stem<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> or bole, +for the lopping off of great branches always tends to a thickening of +the main stem. The abundant leafage of both willow and poplar soon +covers the scars, and there is less cause to mourn than in the case of +maples or other "hard-wooded" trees.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 440px;"> +<img src="images/illus_127.jpg" width="440" height="600" alt="Clump of young white willows" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Clump of young white willows</span> +</div> + +<p>If my readers will only add a willow section to their mental observation +outfit, there will be much more to see and appreciate. Look for and +enjoy in the winter the variation in twig color and bark hue; notice how +smoothly lies the covering on one stem, all rugged and marked on +another. In the earliest spring examine the swelling buds, of widely +differing color and character, from which shortly will spring forth the +catkins or aments of bloom, followed by the leaves of varied colors in +the varied species, and with shapes as varied. Vivid green, soft gray, +greenish yellow; dull surface and shining surface above, pale green to +almost pure white beneath; from the long and stringy leaf of the weeping +willow to the comparatively broad and thick leaf of the +pussy-willow—there is variety and interest in the foliage well worth +the attention of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> tree-lover. When winter comes, there will be +another set of contrasts to see in the way the various species lose +their leaves and get ready for the rest time during which the buds +mature and ripen, and the winter colors again shine forth.</p> + + + +<p>These observations may be made anywhere in America, practically, for the +willow is almost indifferent to locality, growing everywhere that its +far-reaching roots can find the moisture which it loves, and which it +rapidly transpires to the thirsty air. As Miss Keeler well remarks, "The +genus Salix is admirably fitted to go forth and inhabit the earth, for +it is tolerant of all soils and asks only water. It creeps nearer to the +North Pole than any other woody plant except its companion the birch. It +trails upon the ground or rises one hundred feet in the air. In North +America it follows the water-courses to the limit of the temperate zone, +enters the tropics, crosses the equator, and appears in the mountains of +Peru and Chili.... The books record one hundred and sixty species in the +world, and these sport and hybridize to their own content and to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> +despair of botanists. Then, too, it comes of an ancient line; for +impressions of leaves in the cretaceous rocks show that it is one of the +oldest of plants."</p> + +<p>Common it is, and therefore overlooked; but the reader may well resolve +to watch the willow in spring and summer, with its bloom and fruit; to +follow its refreshing color through winter's chill; to observe its cheer +and dignity; and to see the wind toss its slender wands and turn its +graceful leaves.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 406px;"> +<img src="images/illus_130.jpg" width="406" height="600" alt="White poplars in spring-time" title="" /> +<span class="caption">White poplars in spring-time</span> +</div> + +<p>The poplars and the willows are properly considered together, for +together they form the botanical world family of the <i>Salicaceæ</i>. Many +characteristics of bloom and growth, of sap and bark, unite the two, and +surely both, though alike common to the world, are common and familiar +trees to the dwellers in North America.</p> + + + +<p>One of my earliest tree remembrances has to do with a spreading +light-leaved growth passed under every day on the way to school—and, +like most school-boys, I was not unwilling to stop for anything of +interest that might put off arrival at the seat of learning. This great +tree had large and peculiar winter buds,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> that always seemed to have +advance information as to the coming of spring, for they would swell out +and become exceedingly shiny at the first touch of warm sun. Soon the +sun-caressing would be responded to by the bursting of the buds, or the +falling away of their ingenious outer protecting scales, which dropped +to the ground, where, sticky and shining, and extraordinarily aromatic +in odor, they were just what a curious school-boy enjoyed investigating. +"Balm of Gilead" was the name that inquiry brought for this tree, and +the resinous and sweet-smelling buds which preceded the rather +inconspicuous catkins or aments of bloom seemed to justify the Biblical +designation.</p> + +<p>Nearly a world tree is this poplar, which in some one of its variable +forms is called also tacamahac, and balsam poplar as well. Its cheerful +upright habit, really fine leaves and generally pleasing air commend it, +but there is one trouble—it is almost too vigorous and anxious to +spread, which it does by means of shoots or "suckers," upspringing from +its wide area of root-growth, thus starting a little forest of its own +that gives other trees but small<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> chance. But on a street, where the +repression of pavements and sidewalks interferes with this exuberance, +the balsam poplar is well worth planting.</p> + +<p>The poplars as a family are pushing and energetic growers, and serve a +great purpose in the reforestation of American acres that have been +carelessly denuded of their tree cover. Here the trembling aspen +particularly, as the commonest form of all is named, comes in to quickly +cover and shade the ground, and give aid to the hard woods and the +conifers that form the value of the forest growth.</p> + +<p>This same American aspen, a consideration of the lightly hung leaves of +which has been useful to many poets, is a well-known tree of graceful +habit, particularly abundant in the forests north of Pennsylvania and +New Jersey, and occupying clearings plentifully and quickly. Its flowers +are in catkins, as with the rest of the family, and, like other poplars, +they are in two kinds, male and female, or staminate and pistillate, +which accounts for some troubles the inexperienced investigator has in +locating them.</p> + +<p>There is another aspen, the large-toothed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> form, that is a distinct +botanical species; but I have never been able to separate it, wherefore +I do not try to tell of it here, lest I fall under condemnation as a +blind leader, not of the blind, but of those who would see!</p> + +<p>In many cities, especially in cities that have experienced real-estate +booms, and have had "extensions" laid out "complete with all +improvements," there is to be seen a poplar that has the merit of quick +and pleasing growth and considerable elegance as well. Alas, it is like +the children of the tropics in quick beauty and quick decadence! The +Carolina poplar, it is called, being a variety of the wide-spread +cottonwood. Grow? All that is needed is to cut a lusty branch of it, +point it, and drive it into the earth—it will do the rest!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 409px;"> +<img src="images/illus_134.jpg" width="409" height="600" alt="The Carolina poplar as a street tree" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Carolina poplar as a street tree</span> +</div> + +<p>This means cheap trees and quick growth, and that is why whole new +streets in West Philadelphia, for instance, are given up to the Carolina +poplar. Its clear, green, shining leaves, of good size, coming early in +spring; its easily guided habit, either upright or spreading; its very +rapid growth, all commend it. But its coarseness and lack of real +strength, and its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> continual invitation to the tree-butcher and the +electric lineman, indicate the undesirability of giving it more than a +temporary position, to shade while better trees are growing.</p> + + +<p>But I must not get into the economics of street-tree planting. I started +to tell of the blossoms of this same Carolina poplar, which are +decidedly interesting. Just when the sun has thoroughly warmed up the +air of spring there is a sudden, rapid thickening of buds over one's +head on this poplar. One year the tree under my observation swelled and +swelled its buds, which were shining more and more in the sun, until I +was sure the next day would bring a burst of leaves. But the weather was +dry, and it was not until that wonderful solvent and accelerator of +growing things, a warm spring rain, fell softly upon the tree, that the +pent-up life force was given vent. Then came, not leaves, but these long +catkins, springing out with great rapidity, until in a few hours the +tree glowed with their redness. A second edition of the shower, falling +sharply, brought many of the catkins to the ground, where they lay about +like large caterpillars.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p> + +<p>The whole process of this blooming was interesting, curious, but hardly +beautiful, and it seemed to fit in with the restless character of the +poplar family—a family of trees with more vigor than dignity, more +sprightliness than grace. As Professor Bailey says of the cottonwood, +"It is cheerful and restive. One is not moved to lie under it as he is +under a maple or an oak." Yet there are not wanting some poplars of +impressive character.</p> + +<p>One occurs to me, growing on a wide street of my home town, opposite a +church with a graceful spire. This white or silver-leaved poplar has for +many years been a regular prey of the gang of tree-trimmers, utterly +without knowledge of or regard for trees, that infests this town. They +hack it shamefully, and I look at it and say, "Well, the old poplar is +ruined now, surely!" But a season passes, and I look again, to see that +the tremendous vigor of the tree has triumphed over the butchers; its +sores have been concealed, new limbs have pushed out, and it has again, +in its unusual height, assumed a dignity not a whit inferior to that of +the church spire opposite.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 419px;"> +<img src="images/illus_137.jpg" width="419" height="600" alt="Winter aspect of the cottonwood tree" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Winter aspect of the cottonwood tree</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 146px;"> +<img src="images/illus_140.jpg" width="146" height="600" alt="Lombardy poplar" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Lombardy poplar</span> +</div> +<p>This white poplar is at its best on the bank of a stream, where its +small forest of "suckers" most efficiently protects the slope against +the destructive action of floods. One such tree with its family and +friends I saw in full bloom along the Susquehanna, and it gave an +impression of solidity and size, as well as of lusty vigor, and I have +always liked it since. The cheerful bark is not the least of its +attractions—but it is a tree for its own place, and not for every +place, by reason of the tremendous colonizing power of its root-sprouts.</p> + +<p>I wonder, by the way, if many realize the persistence and vigor of the +roots of a tree of the "suckering" habit? Some years ago an ailanthus, a +tree of vigor and beauty of foliage but nastiness of flower odor, was +cut away from its home when excavation was being made for a building, +which gave me opportunity to follow a few of its roots. One of them +traveled in search of food, and toward the opportunity of sending up a +shoot, over a hundred feet!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> + + +<p>The impending scarcity of spruce logs to feed the hungry maws of the +machines that make paper for our daily journals has turned attention to +several forms of the rapid-growing poplar for this use. The aspen is +acceptable, and also the Carolina poplar, and these trees are being +planted in large quantities for the eventual making of wood-pulp. Even +today, many newspapers are printed on poplar, and exposure to the rays +of the truth-searching sun for a few hours will disclose the yellowness +of the paper, if not of the tree from which it has been ground.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p> + + +<p>Few whose eyes are turned upward toward the trees have failed to note +that exclamation-point of growth, the Lombardy poplar. Originating in +that portion of Europe indicated by its common name, and, indeed, a +botanical form of the European black poplar, it is nevertheless widely +distributed in America. When it has been properly placed, it introduces +truly a note of distinction into the landscape. Towering high in the +air, and carrying the eye along its narrowly oval contour to a skyward +point, it is lofty and pleasing in a park. It agreeably breaks the +sky-line in many places, and is emphatic in dignified groups. To plant +it in rows is wrong; and I say this as an innocent offender myself. In +boyhood I lived along the banks of the broad but shallow Susquehanna, +and enjoyed the boating possible upon that stream when it was not +reduced, as graphically described by a disgusted riverman, to merely a +heavy dew. Many times I lost my way returning to the steep bluff near my +home after the sun had gone to rest, and a hard pull against the swift +current would ensue as I skirted the bank, straining eyes for landmarks +in the dusk. It occurred to me to plant six Lombardy poplars on the top +of the bluff, which might serve as easily recognized landmarks. Four of +them grew, and are now large trees, somewhat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> offensive to a quickened +sense of appropriateness. Long since the old home has been swallowed up +by the city's advance, and I suppose none who now see those four spires +of green on the river-bank even guess at the reason for their existence.</p> + +<p>The poplar family, as a whole, is exuberant with vigor, and interesting +more on that account than by reason of its general dignity or strength +or elegance. It is well worth a little attention and study, and the +consideration particularly of its bloom periods, to which I commend the +tree-sense of my readers as they take the tree walks that ought to +punctuate these chapters.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="The_Elm_and_the_Tulip" id="The_Elm_and_the_Tulip"></a>The Elm and the Tulip</h2> + + +<p>America has much that is unique in plant and tree growth, as one learns +who sees first the collections of American plants shown with pride by +acute gardeners and estate owners in England and on the European +Continent. Many a citizen of our country must needs confess with some +shame that his first estimation of the singular beauty of the American +laurel has been born in England, where the imported plants are carefully +nurtured; and the European to whom the rhododendrons of his own country +and of the Himalayas are familiar is ready to exclaim in rapture at the +superb effect and tropical richness of our American species, far more +lusty and more truly beautiful here than the introductions which must be +heavily paid for and constantly coddled.</p> + +<p>For no trees, however, may Americans feel more pride than for our +American elms and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> our no less American tulip, the latter miscalled +tulip "poplar." Both are trees practically unique to the country, both +are widespread over Eastern North America, both are thoroughly trees of +the people, both attain majestic proportions, both are long-lived and +able to endure much hardship without a full giving up of either beauty +or dignity.</p> + +<p>The American elm—how shall I properly speak of its exceeding grace and +beauty! In any landscape it introduces an element of distinction and +elegance not given by any other tree. Looking across a field at a +cluster of trees, there may be a doubt as to the identity of an oak, a +chestnut, a maple, an ash, but no mistake can be made in regard to an +elm—it stands alone in the simple elegance of its vase-like form, while +its feathery branchlets, waving in the lightest breeze, add to the +refined and classic effect. I use the word "classic" advisedly, because, +although apparently out of place in describing a tree, it nevertheless +seems needed for the form of the American elm.</p> + +<p>The elm is never rugged as is the oak,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> but it gives no impression of +effeminacy or weakness. Its uprightness is forceful and strong, and its +clean and shapely bole impresses the beholder as a joining of gently +outcurving columns, ample in strength and of an elegance belonging to +itself alone. If I may dare to compare man-made architectural forms with +the trees that graced the garden of Eden, I would liken the American elm +(it is also the water elm and the white elm, and botanically <i>Ulmus +Americana</i>) to the Grecian types, combining stability with elegance, +rather than to the more rugged works of the Goths. Yet the free swing of +the elm's wide-spreading branches inevitably suggests the pointed Gothic +arch in simplicity and obvious strength.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 411px;"> +<img src="images/illus_147.jpg" width="411" height="600" alt="A mature American elm" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A mature American elm</span> +</div> + +<p>It is difficult to say when the American elm is most worthy of +admiration. In summer those same arching branches are clothed and tipped +with foliage of such elegance and delicacy as the form of the tree would +seem to predicate. The leaf itself is ornate, its straight ribs making +up a serrated and pointed oval form of the most interesting character. +These leaves hang by slender stems, inviting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> the gentlest zephyr to +start them to singing of comfort in days of summer heat. The elm is +fully clothed down to the drooping tips of the branchlets with foliage, +which, though deepest green above, reflects, under its dense shade, a +soft light from the paler green of the lower side. It is no wonder that +New England claims fame for her elms, which, loved and cared for, arch +over the long village streets that give character to the homes of the +descendants of the Puritan fathers. The fully grown elm presents to the +sun a darkly absorbent hue, and to the passer-by who rests beneath its +shade the most grateful and restful color in all the rainbow's palette.</p> + + + +<p>Then, too, the evaporative power of these same leaves is simply +enormous, and generally undreamed of. Who would think that a great, +spreading elm, reaching into the air of August a hundred feet, and +shading a circle of nearly as great diameter, was daily cooling the +atmosphere with tons of water, silently drawn from the bosom of Mother +Earth!</p> + +<p>Like many other common trees, the American elm blooms almost unnoticed. +When the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> silver maple bravely pushes out its hardy buds in earliest +spring—or often in what might be called latest winter—the elm is +ready, and the sudden swelling of the twigs, away above our heads in +March or April, is not caused by the springing leaves, but is the +flowering effort of this noble tree. The bloom sets curiously about the +yet bare branches, and the little brownish yellow or reddish flowers are +seemingly only a bunch of stamens. They do their work promptly, and the +little flat fruits, or "samaras," are ripened and dropped before most of +us realize that the spring is fully upon us. These seeds germinate +readily, and I recall the great pleasure with which a noted +horticultural professor showed me what he called his "elm lawn," one +summer. It seemed that almost every one of the thousands of seeds that, +just about the time his preparations for sowing a lawn were completed, +had softly fallen from the great elm which guards and shades his +dooryard, had found good ground, and the result was a miniature forest +of tiny trees, giving an effect of solid green which was truly a tree +lawn.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 412px;"> +<img src="images/illus_150.jpg" width="412" height="600" alt="The delicate tracery of the American elm in winter" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The delicate tracery of the American elm in winter</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> + +<p>But, after all, I think it is in winter that the American elm is at its +finest, for then stand forth most fully revealed the wonderful symmetry +of its structure and the elegance of its lines. It has one advantage in +its great size, which is well above the average, for it lifts its +graceful head a hundred feet or more above the earth. The stem is +usually clean and regular, and the branches spread out in closely +symmetrical relation, so that, as seen against the cold sky of winter, +leafless and bare, they seem all related parts of a most harmonious +whole. Other great trees are notable for the general effect of strength +or massiveness, individual branches departing much from the average line +of the whole structure; but the American elm is regular in all its +parts, as well as of general stateliness.</p> + +<p>As I have noted, the people of the New England States value and cherish +their great elms, and they are accustomed to think themselves the only +possessors of this unique tree. We have, however, as good elms in +Pennsylvania as there are in New England, and I hope the day is not far +distant when we shall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> esteem them as highly. The old elm monarch which +stands at the gingerbread brownstone entrance of the Capitol Park in +Pennsylvania's seat of government has had a hard battle, defenseless as +it is, against the indifference of those whom it has shaded for +generations, and who carelessly permitted the telegraph and telephone +linemen to use it or chop it at their will. But latterly there has been +an awakening which means protection, I think, for this fine old +landmark.</p> + +<p>The two superb elms, known as "Paul and Virginia," that make notable the +north shore of the Susquehanna at Wilkesbarre, are subjects of local +pride; which seems, however, not strong enough to prevent the erection +of a couple of nasty little shanties against their great trunks. There +can be no doubt, however, that the sentiment of reverence for great +trees, and of justice to them for their beneficent influence, is +spreading westward and southward from New England. It gives me keen +pleasure to learn of instances where paths, pavements or roadways have +been changed, to avoid doing violence to good trees; and a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> recent +account of the creation of a trust fund for the care of a great oak, as +well as a unique instance in Georgia, where a deed has been recorded +giving a fine elm a quasi-legal title to its own ground, show that the +rights of trees are coming to be recognized.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 411px;"> +<img src="images/illus_154.jpg" width="411" height="600" alt="The English elm in winter" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The English elm in winter</span> +</div> + +<p>I have said little of the habitat, as the botanist puts it, of the +American elm. It graces all North America east of the Rockies, and the +specimens one sees in Michigan or Canada are as happy, apparently, as if +they grew in Connecticut or in Virginia. Our increasingly beautiful +national Capital, the one city with an intelligent and controlled system +of tree-planting, shows magnificent avenues of flourishing elms.</p> + +<p>But I must not forget some other elms, beautiful and satisfactory in +many places. It is no discredit to our own American elm to say that the +English elm is a superb tree in America. It seems to be +characteristically British in its sturdy habit, and forms a grand trunk.</p> + +<p>The juicy inner bark of the red or "slippery" elm was always acceptable, +in lieu of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> chewing-gum which had not then become so common, to a +certain ever-hungry boy who used to think as much of what a tree would +furnish that was eatable as he now does of its beauty. Later, the other +uses of the bark of this tree became known to the same boy, but it was +many years before he came really to know the slippery elm. One day a +tree branch overhead showed what seemed to be remarkable little green +flowers, which on examination proved to be, instead, the very +interesting fruit of this elm, each little seed securely held inside a +very neat and small flat bag. Looking at it earlier the next spring, the +conspicuous reddish brown color of the bud-scales was noted.</p> + +<p>I have never seen the "wahoo," or winged elm of the South, and there are +several other native elms, as well as a number of introductions from the +Eastern Hemisphere, with which acquaintance is yet to be made. All of +them together, I will maintain with the quixotic enthusiasm of lack of +knowledge, are not worth as much as one-half hour spent in looking up +under the leafy canopy of our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> own preëminent American elm—a tree +surely among those given by the Creator for the healing of the nations.</p> + +<p>The tulip-tree, so called obviously because of the shape of its flowers, +has a most mellifluous and pleasing botanical name, <i>Liriodendron +Tulipifera</i>—is not that euphonious? Just plain "liriodendron"—how much +better that sounds as a designation for one of the noblest of American +forest trees than the misleading "common" names! "Tulip-tree," for a +resemblance of the form only of its extraordinary blooms; "yellow +poplar," probably because it is not yellow, and is in no way related to +the poplars; and "whitewood," the Western name, because its wood is +whiter than that of some other native trees. "Liriodendron" translated +means "lily-tree," says my learned friend who knows Greek, and that is a +fitting designation for this tree, which proudly holds forth its +flowers, as notable and beautiful as any lily, and far more dignified +and refined than the gaudy tulip. I like to repeat this smooth-sounding, +truly descriptive and dignified name for a tree worthy all admiration. +Liriodendron! Away<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> with the "common" names, when there is such a +pleasing scientific cognomen available!</p> + +<p>By the way, why should people who will twist their American tongues all +awry in an attempt to pronounce French words in which the necessary +snort is unexpressed visually and half the characters are "silent," +mostly exclaim at the alleged difficulty of calling trees and plants by +their world names, current among educated people everywhere, while +preferring some misleading "common" name? Very few scientific plant +names are as difficult to pronounce as is the word "chrysanthemum," and +yet the latter comes as glibly from the tongue as do "geranium," +"rhododendron," and the like. Let us, then, at least when we have as +good a name as liriodendron for so good a tree, use it in preference to +the most decidedly "common" names that belie and mislead.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 191px;"> +<img src="images/illus_159.jpg" width="191" height="550" alt="Winter effect of tulip trees" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Winter effect of tulip trees</span> +</div> + +<p>I have said that this same tulip-tree—which I will call liriodendron +hereafter, at a venture—is a notable American tree, peculiar to this +country. So believed the botanists for many years, until an inquiring +investigator<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> found that China, too, had the same tree, in a limited +way. We will still claim it as an American native, and tell the Chinamen +they are fortunate to have such a superb tree in their little-known +forests. They have undoubtedly taken advantage, in their art forms, of +its peculiarly shaped leaves, if not of the flowers and the curious +"candlesticks" that succeed them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p> + + +<p>Let us consider this liriodendron first as a forest tree, as an +inhabitant of the "great woods" that awed the first intelligent +observers from Europe, many generations back. Few of our native trees +reach such a majestic height, here on the eastern side of the continent, +its habitat. Ordinarily it builds its harmonious structure to a height +of seventy or a hundred feet; but occasional individuals double this +altitude, and reach a trunk diameter of ten feet. While in the close +forest it towers up with a smooth, clean bole, in open places it assumes +its naturally somewhat conical form very promptly. Utterly dissimilar in +form from the American elm, it seems to stand for dignity, solidity and +vigor, and yet to yield nothing in the way of true elegance. The +botanists tell us it prefers deep and moist soil, but I know that it +lives and seems happy in many soils and in many places. Always and +everywhere it shows a clean, distinct trunk, its brown bark uniformly +furrowed, but in such a manner as to give a nearly smooth appearance at +a little distance. The branches do not leave the stem so imperceptibly +as do those which give the elm its very distinct form, but rather start +at a right angle, leaving the distinct central column of solid strength +un<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>impaired. The winter tracery of these branches, and the whole effect +of the liriodendron without foliage, is extremely distinct and pleasing. +I have in mind a noble group of great liriodendrons which I first saw +against an early April sky of blue and white. The trees had grown close, +and had interlaced their somewhat twisty branches, so that the general +impression was that of one great tree supported on several stems. The +pure beauty of these very tall and very stately trees, thus grouped and +with every twig sharply outlined, I shall always remember.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>The liriodendron is more fortunate than some other trees, for it has +several points of attractiveness. Its stature and its structure are +alike notable, its foliage entirely unique, and its flowers and +seed-pods even more interesting. The leaf is very easily recognized when +once known. It is large, but not in any way coarse, and is thrust forth +as the tree grows, in a peculiarly pleasing way. Sheathed in the manner +characteristic of the magnolia family, of which the liriodendron is a +notable member, the leaves come to the light practically folded back on +themselves, between<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> the two protecting envelopes, which remain until +the leaf has stretched out smoothly. Yellowish green at first, they +rapidly take on the bright, strong green of maturity. The texture is +singularly refined, and it is a pleasure to handle these smooth leaves, +of a shape which stamps them at once on the memory, and of a coloring, +both above and below, that is most attractive. They are maintained on +long, slender stems, or "petioles," and these stems give a great range +of flexibility, so that the leaves of the liriodendron are, as Henry +Ward Beecher puts it, "intensely individual, each one moving to suit +himself."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 433px;"> +<img src="images/illus_161.jpg" width="433" height="600" alt="A great liriodendron in bloom" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A great liriodendron in bloom</span> +</div> + +<p>Of course all this moving, and this out-breaking of the leaves from +their envelopes, take place far above one's head, on mature trees. It +will be found well worth while, however, for the tree-lover to look in +the woods for the rather numerous young trees of the tulip, and to +observe the very interesting way in which the growth proceeds. The +beautiful form and color of the leaves may also be thus conveniently +noted, as also in the autumn the soft, clear yellow early assumed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 379px;"> +<img src="images/illus_164.jpg" width="379" height="550" alt="Flowers of the liriodendron" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Flowers of the liriodendron</span> +</div> + + + +<p>It is the height and spread of the liriodendron that keep its truly +wonderful flowers out of the public eye. If they were produced on a +small tree like the familiar dogwood, for instance, so that they might +be nearer to the ground, they would receive more of the admiration so +fully their due. In Washington, where, as I have said, trees are planted +by design and not at random, there are whole avenues of liriodendrons, +and it was my good fortune one May to drive between these lines of +strong and shapely young trees just when they were in full bloom. The +appearance of these beautiful cups, each one held upright, not drooping, +was most striking and elegant. Some time, other municipalities will +learn wisdom from the example set in Washington, and we may expect to +see some variety in our street trees, now monotonously confined for the +most part to the maples, poplars, and a few good trees that would be +more valued if interspersed with other equally good trees of different +character. The pin-oak, the elm, the sweet-gum, or liquidambar, the +ginkgo, and a half-dozen or more beautiful and sturdy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> trees, do +admirably for street planting, and ought to be better known and much +more freely used.</p> + + + +<p>I have seen many rare orchids brought thousands of miles and petted into +a curious bloom—indeed, often more curious than beautiful. If the bloom +of the liriodendron, in all its delicate and daring mingling of green +and yellow, cream and orange, with its exquisite interior filaments, +could be labeled as a ten-thousand-dollar orchid beauty from Borneo, its +delicious perfume would hardly be needed to complete the raptures with +which it would be received into fashionable flower society. But these +lovely cups stand every spring above our heads by millions, their +fragrance and form, their color and beauty, unnoticed by the throng. As +they mature into the brown fruit-cones that hold the seeds, and these in +turn fall to the ground, to fulfil their purpose of reproduction, there +is no week in which the tree is not worthy of attention; and, when the +last golden leaf has been plucked by the fingers of the winter's frost, +there yet remain on the bare branches the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> curious and interesting +candlestick-like outer envelopes of the fruit-cones, to remind us in +form of the wonderful flower, unique in its color and attractiveness, +that gave its sweetness to the air of May and June.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p> +<p>These two trees—the elm and the liriodendron—stand out strongly as +individuals in the wealth of our American trees. Let all who read and +agree in my estimate, even in part, also agree to try, when opportunity +offers, to preserve these trees from vandalism or neglect, realizing +that the great forest trees of our country are impossible of +replacement, and that their strength, majesty and beauty are for the +good of all.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> +</p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Nut-Bearing_Trees" id="Nut-Bearing_Trees"></a>Nut-Bearing Trees</h2> + + +<p>What memories of chestnutting parties, of fingers stained with the dye +of walnut hulls, and of joyous tramps afield in the very heart of the +year, come to many of us when we think of the nuts of familiar +knowledge! Hickory-nuts and butternuts, too, perhaps hazelnuts and even +beechnuts—all these American boys and girls of the real country know. +In the far South, and, indeed, reaching well up into the Middle West, +the pecan holds sway, and a majestic sway at that, for its size makes it +the fellow of the great trees of the forest, worthy to be compared with +the chestnut, the walnut, and the hickory.</p> + +<p>But it has usually been of nuts to eat that we have thought, and the +chance for palatable food has, just as with some of the best of the +so-called "fruit" trees—all trees bear fruit!—partially closed our +eyes to the interest and beauty of some of these nut-bearers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p> + +<p>My own tree acquaintance has proceeded none too rapidly, and I have +been—and am yet—as fond of the toothsome nuts as any one can be who is +not a devotee of the new fad that attempts to make human squirrels of us +all by a nearly exclusive nut diet. I think that my regard for a nut +tree as something else than a source of things to eat began when I came, +one hot summer day, under the shade of the great walnut at Paxtang. Huge +was its trunk and wide the spread of its branches, while the richness of +its foliage held at bay the strongest rays of the great luminary. How +could I help admiring the venerable yet lusty old tree, conferring a +present benefit, giving an instant and restful impression of strength, +solidity, and elegance, while promising as well, as its rounded green +clusters hung far above my head, a great crop of delicious nut-fruit +when the summer's sun it was so fully absorbing should have done its +perfect work!</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_173.jpg" width="600" height="384" alt="The wide-spreading black walnut" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The wide-spreading black walnut</span> +</div> +<p>Alas for the great black walnut of Paxtang! It went the way of many +another tree monarch whose beauty and living usefulness were no defense +against sordid vandalism. In the course of time a suburb was laid out, +including along its principal street, and certainly as its principal +natural ornament, this massive tree, around which the Indians who roamed +the "great vale of Pennsylvania" had probably gathered in council. The +sixty-foot "lot," the front of which the tree graced, fell to the +ownership of a man who, erecting a house under its beneficent +protection, soon complained of its shade. Then came a lumber prospector, +who saw only furniture in the still flourishing old black walnut. His +offer of forty dollars for the tree was eagerly accepted by the +Philistine who had the title to the land, and although there were not +wanting such remonstrances as almost came to a breaking of the peace, +the grand walnut ended its hundreds of years of life to become mere +lumber for its destroyers! The real estate man who sold the land greatly +admired the tree himself, realizing also its great value to the suburb, +and had never for one moment dreamed that the potential vandal who +bought the tree-graced parcel of ground would not respect the inherent +rights of all his neighbors. He told me of the loss with tears in his +eyes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> and rage in his language; and I have never looked since at the +fellow who did the deed without reprobation. More than that, he has +proven a theory I hold—that no really good man would do such a thing +after he had been shown the wrong of it—by showing himself as dishonest +in business as he was disregardful of the rights of the tree and of his +neighbors.</p> + + + +<p>The black walnut is a grand tree from any point of view, even though it +so fully absorbs all water and fertility as to check other growth under +its great reach of branches. The lines it presents to the winter sky are +as rugged as those of the oak, but there is a great difference. And this +ruggedness is held far into the spring, for the black walnut makes no +slightest apparent effort at growth until all the other trees are +greening the countryside. Then with a rush come the luxuriant and +tropical compound leaves, soon attaining their full dignity, and adding +to it also a smooth polish on the upper surface. The walnut's flowers I +have missed seeing, I am sorry to say, while registering a mental +promise not to permit another season to pass without having that +pleasure.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p> + + +<p>Late in the year the foliage has become scanty, and the nut-clusters +hang fascinatingly clear, far above one's head, to tempt the climb and +the club. The black walnut is a tree that needs our care; for furniture +fashion long used its close-grained, heavy, handsome wood as cruelly as +the milliners did the herons of Florida from which were torn the +"aigrets," now happily "out of style." Though walnut furniture is no +longer the most popular, the deadly work has been done, for the most +part, and but few of these wide-spread old forest monarchs yet remain. +Scientific forestry is now providing, in many plantings, and in many +places, another "crop" of walnut timber, grown to order, and using waste +land. It is to such really beneficent, though entirely commercial work, +that we must look for the future of many of our best trees.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 418px;"> +<img src="images/illus_176.jpg" width="418" height="600" alt="The American sweet chestnut" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The American sweet chestnut</span> +</div> +<p>The butternut, or white walnut, has never seemed so interesting to me, +nor its fruit so palatable, probably because I have seen less of it. The +so-called "English" walnut, which is really the Persian walnut, is not +hardy in the eastern part of the United States, and, while<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> a tree of +vast commercial importance in the far West, does not come much into the +view of a lover of the purely American trees.</p> + + +<p>Of the American sweet chestnut as a delightful nut-fruit I need say +nothing more than that it fully holds its place against "foreign +intervention" from the East; even though these European and Japanese +chestnuts with their California-bred progeny give us fruit that is much +larger, and borne on trees of very graceful habit. No one with +discrimination will for a moment hesitate, after eating a nut of both, +to cheerfully choose the American native as best worth his commendation, +though he may come to understand the food value, after cooking, of the +chestnuts used so freely in parts of Europe.</p> + + +<p>As a forest tree, however, our American sweet chestnut has a place of +its own. Naturally spreading in habit when growing where there is room +to expand, it easily accommodates itself to the more cramped conditions +of our great woodlands, and shoots upward to light and air, making +rapidly a clean and sturdy stem. What a beautiful and stately tree<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> it +is! And when, late in the spring, or indeed right on the threshold of +summer, its blooming time comes, it stands out distinctly, having then +few rivals in the eye of the tree-lover. The locust and the tulip are +just about done with their floral offering upon the altar of the year +when the long creamy catkins of the sweet chestnut spring out from the +fully perfected dark green leaf-clusters. Peculiarly graceful are these +great bloom heads, high in the air, and standing nearly erect, instead +of hanging down as do the catkins of the poplars and the birches. The +odor of the chestnut flower is heavy, and is best appreciated far<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> above +in the great tree, where it may mingle with the warm air of June, +already bearing a hundred sweet scents.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/illus_178.jpg" width="550" height="332" alt="Sweet chestnut blossoms" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Sweet chestnut blossoms</span> +</div> + +<p>There stands bright in my remembrance one golden June day when I came +through a gateway into a wonderful American garden of purely native +plants maintained near Philadelphia, the rock-bound drive guarded by two +clumps of tall chestnuts, one on either side, and both in full glory of +bloom. There could not have been a more beautiful, natural, or dignified +entrance; and it was just as beautiful in the early fall, when the deep +green of the oblong-toothed leaves had changed to clear and glowing +yellow, while the flowers had left their perfect work in the swelling +and prickly green burs which hid nuts of a brown as rich as the flesh +was sweet.</p> + +<p>Did you, gentle reader, ever saunter through a chestnut grove in the +later fall, when the yellow had been browned by the frosts which brought +to the ground alike leaves and remaining burs? There is something +especially pleasant in the warmth of color and the crackle of sound on +the forest floor, as one really shuffles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> through chestnut leaves in the +bracing November air, stooping now and then for a nut perchance +remaining in the warm and velvety corner of an opened bur.</p> + +<p>Here in Pennsylvania, and south of Mason and Dixon's line, there grows a +delightful small tree, brother to the chestnut, bearing especially sweet +little nuts which we know as chinquapins. They are darker brown, and the +flesh is very white, and rich in flavor. I could wish that the +chinquapin, as well as the chestnut, was included among the trees that +enlightened Americans would plant along roadsides and lanes, with other +fruit trees; the specific secondary purpose, after the primary enjoyment +of form, foliage and flower, being to let the future passer-by eat +freely of that fruit provided by the Creator for food and pleasure, and +costing no more trouble or expense than the purely ornamental trees more +frequently planted.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 498px;"> +<img src="images/illus_181.jpg" width="498" height="500" alt="The chinquapin" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The chinquapin</span> +</div> + +<p>Both chestnut and chinquapin are beautiful ornamental trees; and some of +the newer chestnut hybrids, of parentage between the American and the +European species, are as graceful as the most highly petted lawn trees +of the nurserymen. Indeed, the very same claim may be made for a score +or more of the standard fruit trees, alike beautiful in limb tracery, in +bloom, and in the seed-coverings that we are glad to eat; and some time +we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> shall be ashamed not to plant the fruit trees in public places, for +the pleasure and the refreshing of all who care.</p> + + + +<p>One of the commonest nut trees, and certainly one of the most pleasing, +is the hickory. There are hickories and hickories, and some are +shellbarks, while others are bitternuts or pignuts. The form most +familiar to the Eastern States is the shagbark hickory, and its +characteristic upright trees, tall and finely shaped, never +wide-spreading as is the chestnut under the encouragement of plenty of +room and food, are admirable from any standpoint. There is a lusty old +shagbark in Wetzel's Swamp that has given me many a pleasant +quarter-hour, as I have stood at attention before its symmetrical stem, +hung with slabs of brown bark that seem always just ready to separate +from the trunk.</p> + +<p>The aspect of this tree is reflected in its very useful timber, which is +pliant but tough, requiring less "heft" for a given strength, and +bending with a load easily, only to instantly snap back to its position +when the stress slackens. Good hickory is said to be stronger<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> than +wrought iron, weight for weight; and I will answer for it that no +structure of iron can ever have half the grace, as well as strength, +freely displayed by this same old shagbark of the lowlands near my home.</p> + +<p>Curious as I am to see the blooms of the trees I am getting acquainted +with, there are many disappointments to be endured—as when the favorite +tree under study is reached a day too late, and I must wait a year for +another opportunity. It was, therefore, with much joy that I found that +a trip carefully timed for another fine old hickory along the +Conodoguinet—an Indian-named stream of angles, curves, many trees and +much beauty—had brought me to the quickly passing bloom feast of this +noble American tree. The leaves were about half-grown and half-colored, +which means that they displayed an elegance of texture and hue most +pleasing to see. And the flowers—there they were, hanging under the +twigs in long clusters of what I might describe as ends of chenille, if +it were not irreverent to compare these delicate greenish catkins with +anything man-made!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 416px;"> +<img src="images/illus_184.jpg" width="416" height="600" alt="A shagbark hickory in bloom" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A shagbark hickory in bloom</span> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p> + +<p>This fine shagbark was kind to the cameraman, for some of its lower +branches drooped and hung down close enough to the "bars" of the rail +fence to permit the photographic eye to be turned on them. Then came the +tantalizing wait for stillness! I have frequently found that a wind, +absolutely unnoticeable before, became obtrusively strong just when the +critical moment arrived, and I have fancied that the lightly hung +leaflets I have waited upon fairly shook with merriment as they received +the gentle zephyr, imperceptible to my heated brow, but vigorous enough +to keep them moving. Often, too—indeed nearly always—I have found that +after exhausting my all too scanty stock of patience, and making an +"exposure" in despair, the errant blossoms and leaflets would settle +down into perfect immobility, as if to say, "There! don't be +cross—we'll behave," when it was too late.</p> + +<p>But the shagbark at last was good to me, and I could leave with the +comfortable feeling that I was carrying away a little bit of nature's +special work, a memorandum of her rather private processes of +fruit-making, without injur<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>ing any part of the inspected trees. It has +been a sorrow to me that I have not seen that great hickory later in the +year, when the clusters of tassels have become bunches of husk-covered +nuts. To get really acquainted with any tree, it should be visited many +times in a year. Starting with the winter view, one observes the bark, +the trend and character of the limbs, the condition of the buds. The +spring opening of growth brings rapid changes, of both interest and +beauty, to be succeeded by the maturity of summer, when, with the +ripened foliage overhead, everything is different. Again, when the fruit +is on, and the touch of Jack Frost is baring the tree for the smoother +passing of the winds of winter, there is another aspect. I have great +respect for the tree-lover who knows unerringly his favorites at any +time of the year, for have I not myself made many mistakes, especially +when no leaves are at hand as pointers? The snow leaves nothing to be +seen but the cunning framework of the tree—tell me, then, is it ash, or +elm, or beech? Which is sugar-maple, and which red, or sycamore?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p> + + + +<p>One summer walk in the deep forest, my friend the doctor, who knows many +things besides the human frame, was puzzled at a sturdy tree bole, whose +leaves far overhead mingled so closely with the neighboring greenery of +beech and birch that in the dim light they gave no help. First driving +the small blade of his pocket-knife deep into the rugged bark of the +tree in question, he withdrew it, and then smelled and tasted, +exclaiming, "Ah, I thought so; it <i>is</i> the wild cherry!" And, truly, the +characteristic prussic-acid odor, the bitter taste, belonging to the +peach and cherry families, were readily noted; and another Sherlock +Holmes tree fact came to me!</p> + +<p>Of other hickories I know little, for the false shagbark, the mockernut, +the pignut, and the rest of the family have not been disclosed to me +often enough to put me at ease with them. There are to be more tree +friends, both human and arborescent, and more walks with the doctor and +the camera, I hope!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> + + +<p>We of the cold North, as we crack the toothsome pecan, hardly realize +its kinship with the hickory. It is full brother to our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> shellbark, +which is, according to botany, <i>Hicoria ovata</i>, while the Southern tree +is <i>Hicoria pecan</i>. A superb tree it is, too, reaching up amid its +vigorous associates of the forests of Georgia, Alabama and Texas to a +height exceeding one hundred and fifty feet. Its upright and elegant +form, of a grace that conceals its great height, its remarkable +usefulness, and its rather rapid growth, commend it highly. The +nut-clusters are striking, having not only an interesting outline, but +much richness of color, in greens and russets.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illus_188.jpg" width="400" height="600" alt="The American beech in winter" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The American beech in winter</span> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 101px;"> +<img src="images/illus_190.jpg" width="101" height="550" alt="The true nut-eater" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The true nut-eater</span> +</div> +<p><br /><br /><br />It may seem odd to include the beech under the nut-bearing trees, to +those of us who know only the nursery-grown forms of the European beech, +"weeping" and twisted, with leaves of copper and blood, as seen in parks +and pleasure-grounds. But the squirrels would agree; they know well the +sweet little triangular nuts that ripen early in fall.</p> + +<p>The pure American beech, uncontaminated and untwisted with the abnormal +forms just mentioned, is a tree that keeps itself well in the eye of the +woods rambler; and that eye is always pleasured by it, also. Late in +winter, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> light gray branches of a beech thicket on a dry hillside on +the edge of my home city called attention to their clean elegance amid +sordid and forbidding surroundings, and it was with anger which I dare +call righteous that I saw a hideous bill-board erected along the +hillside, to shut out the always beautiful beeches from sight as I +frequently passed on a trolley car! I have carefully avoided buying +anything of the merchants who have thus set up their announcements where +they are an insult; and it might be noted that these and other offensive +bill-boards are to others of like mind a sort of reverse +advertising—they tell us what <i>not</i> to purchase.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p> + + + +<p>Years ago I chanced to be present at a birth of beech leaves, up along +Paxton Creek. It was late in the afternoon, and our reluctant feet were +turning homeward, after the camera had seen the windings of the creek +against the softening light, when the beeches over-arching the little +stream showed us this spring marvel. The little but perfectly formed +leaves had just opened, in pairs, with a wonderful covering of silvery +green, as they hung downward toward the water, yet too weak to stand out +and up to the passing breeze. The exquisite delicacy of these trembling +little leaves, the arching elegance of the branches that had just opened +them to the light, made it seem almost sacrilegious to turn the lens +upon them.</p> + +<p>Often since have I visited the same spot, in hope to see again this +awakening, but without avail. The leaves show me their silky +completeness, rustling above the stream in softest tree talk; the +curious staminate flower-clusters hang like bunches of inverted commas; +the neat little burs, with their inoffensive prickles, mature and +discharge the angular nuts—but I am not again, I fear, to be present at +the hour of the leaf-birth of the beech's year.</p> + +<p>The beech, by the way, is tenacious of its handsome foliage. Long after +most trees have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> yielded their leaves to the frost, the beech keeps its +clothing, turning from the clear yellow of fall to lightest fawn, and +hanging out in the forest a sign of whiteness that is cheering in the +winter and earliest spring. These bleached-out leaves will often remain +until fairly pushed off by the opening buds of another year.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illus_188.jpg" width="400" height="600" alt="The American beech in winter" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The American beech in winter</span> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 123px;"> +<img src="images/illus_192.jpg" width="123" height="450" alt="The witch-hazel" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The witch-hazel</span> +</div> +<p><br /><br />Of the hazelnut or filbert, I know nothing from the tree side, but I +cannot avoid mentioning another botanically unrelated so-called +hazel—the witch-hazel. This small tree is known to most of us only as +giving name to a certain soothing extract. It is worthy of more +attention, for its curious and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> delicately sweet yellow flowers, +seemingly clusters of lemon-colored threads, are the very last to bloom, +opening bravely in the very teeth of Jack Frost. They are a delight to +find, on the late fall rambles; and the next season they are followed by +the still more curious fruits, which have a habit of suddenly opening +and fairly ejaculating their seeds. A plucked branch of these fruits, +kept in a warm place a few hours, will show this—another of nature's +efficient methods for spreading seeds, in full operation—if one watches +closely enough. The flowers and the fruits are on the tree at the same +time, just as with the orange of the tropics.</p> + + + +<p>Speaking of a tropical fruit, I am reminded that the greatest nut of +all, though certainly not an American native, is nevertheless now grown +on American soil. Some years ago a grove of lofty cocoanut palms in +Yucatan fascinated me, and the opportunity to drink the clear and +refreshing milk (not milky at all, and utterly different from the +familiar contents of the ripened nut of commerce) was gladly taken. Now +the bearing trees are within the bounds of the United States proper, and +the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> grand trees in Southern Florida give plenty of fruit. The African +citizens of that neighborhood are well aware of the refreshing character +of the "juice" of the green cocoanut, and a friend who sees things for +me with a camera tells with glee how a "darky" at Palm Beach left him in +his wheel-chair to run with simian feet up a sloping trunk, there to +pull, break open, and absorb the contents of a nut, quite as a matter of +course. I have myself seen the Africans of the Bahamas in the West +Indies climbing the glorious cocoa palms of the coral keys, throwing +down the mature nuts, and then, with strong teeth, stripping the tough +outer covering to get at the refreshing interior.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p> +<p>All these nut trees are only members of the great family of trees given +by God for man's good, I firmly believe; for man first comes into +Biblical view in a garden of trees, and the city and the plain are but +penances for sin!</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> +</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Some_Other_Trees" id="Some_Other_Trees"></a>Some Other Trees</h2> + + +<p>In preceding chapters of this series I have treated of trees in a +relationship of family, or according to some noted similarity. There +are, however, some trees of my acquaintance of which the family +connections are remote or unimportant, and there are some other trees of +individual merit with the families of which I am not sufficiently well +acquainted to speak familiarly as a whole. Yet many of these trees, +looked at by themselves, are as beautiful, interesting, and altogether +worthy as any of which I have written, and they are also among the +familiar trees of America. Therefore I present a few of them apart from +the class treatment.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>One day in very early spring—or was it very late in winter?—I walked +along the old canal road, looking for some evidence in tree growth that +spring was really at hand. Buds<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> were swelling, and here and there a +brave robin could be heard telling about it in song to his mate (I think +that settled the season as earliest spring!); but beyond the bud +evidences the trees seemed to be silent on the subject. Various herbs +showed lusty beginnings, and the skunk-cabbage, of course, had pushed up +its tropical richness in defiance of any late frost, pointing the way to +its peculiar red-purple flowers, long since fertilized and turning +toward maturity.</p> + +<p>The search seemed vain, until a glint of yellow just ahead, too deep to +proceed from the spice-bush I was expecting to find, drew me to the very +edge of the water, there to see hanging over and reflected in the stream +a mass of golden catkins. Looking closely, and touching the little tree, +I disengaged a cloud of pollen and a score of courageous bees, evidently +much more pleased with the sweet birch than with the near-by +skunk-cabbage flowers. Sweet birch it was; the stiff catkins, that had +all winter held themselves in readiness, had just burst into bloom with +the sun's first warmth, introducing a glint of bright<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> color into the +landscape, and starting the active double work of the bees, in +fertilizing flowers while gathering honey, that was not to be +intermitted for a single sunshine hour all through the season.</p> + +<p>A little later, along the great Susquehanna, I found in full bloom other +trees of this same birch, beloved of boys—and of girls—for its +aromatic bark. Certainly picturesque and bright, the little trees were a +delight to the winter-wearied eye, the mahogany twigs and the golden +catkins, held at poise over the water, being full of spring suggestion.</p> + +<p>All of the birches—I wish I knew them better!—are good to look at, and +I think the bees, the woodpeckers, the humming-birds and other wood folk +must find some of them good otherwise. At Eagles Mere there was a yellow +birch in the bark of which scores of holes had been drilled by the +woodpeckers or the bees, at regularly spaced intervals, to let the +forest life drink at will of the sweet sap. I remember also that my +attempt to photograph a score of bees, two large brown butterflies and +one humming-bird, all in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> attendance upon this birch feast, was a +surprising failure. I secured a picture of the holes in the bark, to be +sure, but the rapidly moving insect and bird life was too quick for an +exposure of even a fraction of a second, and my negative was lifeless. +These same yellow birches, picturesque in form, ragged in light-colored +bark, give a brightness all their own to the deep forest, mostly of +trees with rather somber bark.</p> + +<p>A woodsman told me one summer of the use of old birch bark for starting +a fire in the wet woods, and I have since enjoyed collecting the bark +from fallen trees in the forest. It strips easily, in large pieces, from +decayed stems, and when thrown on an open fire, produces a cheery and +beautiful blaze, as well as much heat; while, if cunningly handled, by +its aid a fire can be kindled even in a heavy rain.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 424px;"> +<img src="images/illus_202.jpg" width="424" height="600" alt="Sweet birch in early spring" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Sweet birch in early spring</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>The great North Woods show us wonderful birches. Paddling through one of +the Spectacle ponds, along the Racquette river, one early spring day, I +came upon a combination of white pine, red pine, and paper-birch that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> +was simply dazzling in effect. This birch has bark, as every one knows, +of a shining creamy white. Not only its color, but its tenacity, +resistance to decay, and wonderful divisibility, make this bark one of +the most remarkable of nature's fabrics. To the Indian and the trapper +it has long been as indispensable as is the palm to the native of the +tropics.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_203.jpg" width="600" height="392" alt="Yellow birches" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Yellow birches</span> +</div> + +<p>There are other good native birches, and one foreigner—the true white +birch—whose cut-leaved form, a familiar lawn tree of drooping habit, is +worth watching and liking. The name some of the nurserymen have given +it, of "nine-bark," is significantly accurate, for at least nine layers +may be peeled from the glossy whiteness of the bark of a mature tree.</p> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 128px;"> +<img src="images/illus_205.jpg" width="128" height="450" alt="Flowers of the spice-bush" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Flowers of the spice-bush</span> +</div> + +<p>I intend to know more of the birches, and to see how the two kinds of +flowers act to produce the little fruits, which are nuts, though they +hardly look so. And I would urge my tree-loving friends to plant about +their homes these cheery and most elegantly garbed trees.</p> + +<p>The spice-bush, of which I spoke above, is really a large shrub, and is +especially notable for two things—the way it begins the spring,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> and +the way it ends the fall. About my home, it is the first of wild woods +trees to bloom, except perhaps the silver maple, which has a way of +getting through with its flowers unnoticed before spring is thought of. +One finds the delicate little bright yellow flowers of the spice-bush +clustered thickly along the twigs long before the leaves are ready to +brave the chill air. After the leaves have fallen in the autumn, these +flowers stand out in a reincarnation of scarlet and spicy berries, which +masquerade continually as holly berries when cunningly introduced amid +the foliage of the latter. Between spring and fall the spice-bush is +apparently invisible.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/illus_206.jpg" width="200" height="400" alt="Leaves and berries of the American holly" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Leaves and berries of the American holly</span> +</div> + +<p>How many of us, perfectly familiar with "the holly berry's glow" about +Christmas time, have ever seen a whole tree of holly, set with berries? +Yet the trees, sometimes fifty feet high, of American holly—and this is +very different from the English holly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> in leaf—grow all along the +Atlantic sea-board, from Maine to Florida, and are especially plenty +south of Maryland and Delaware. There is one superb specimen in Trenton, +New Jersey's capital, which is of the typical form, and when crowded +with scarlet berries it is an object of great beauty. One reason why +many of us have not seen holly growing in the wild is that it seems to +prefer the roughest and most inaccessible locations. Years ago I was +told that I might see plenty of holly growing freely in the Pennsylvania +county of my home. "But," my informant added, "you will need to wear +heavy leather trousers to get to it!" The nurserymen are removing this +difficulty by growing plants of all the hollies—American, Japanese, +English and Himalayan—so that they may easily be set in the home +grounds, with their handsome evergreen foliage and their berries of +red or black.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> +</p> + +<p>One spring, the season and my opportunities combined to provide a most +pleasing feast of color in the tree quest. It was afforded by the +juxtaposition at Conewago of the bloom-time of the deep pink red-bud, +miscalled "Judas tree," and the large white dogwood,—both set against +the deep, almost black green of the American cedar, or juniper. These +two small trees, the red-bud and the dogwood, are of the class of +admirable American natives that are notable rather for beauty and +brightness of bloom than for tree form or size.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 422px;"> +<img src="images/illus_207.jpg" width="422" height="600" alt="American holly tree at Trenton, N. J." title="" /> +<span class="caption">American holly tree at Trenton, N. J.</span> +</div> + +<p>The common dogwood—<i>Cornus florida</i> of the botany—appears in bloom +insidiously, one might say; for the so-called flowers open slowly, and +they are green in color, and easily mistaken for leaves, after they have +attained considerable size. Gradually the green pales to purest white, +and the four broad bracts, with the peculiar little pucker at the end of +each, swell out from the real flowers, which look like stamens, to a +diameter of often four inches. With these flowers clustered thickly on +the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> usually flat, straight branches, the effect against the green or +brown of near-by trees is startling. The dogwood's horizontal branching +habit makes every scrap of its lovely white blooms effective to the +beholder on the ground below, but far more striking if one may see it +from above, as looking down a hillside.</p> + +<p>Though the dogwood blooms before its leaves are put forth, the foliage +sometimes catches up with the flowers; and this foliage is itself a +pleasure, because of its fineness and its regular venation, or marking +with ribs. In the fall, when the flowers of purest white have been +succeeded by oblong berries of brightest scarlet, the foliage remains +awhile to contrast with the brilliance of the fruit. The frosts soon +drop the leaves, and then the berries stand out in all their +attractiveness, offering food to every passing bird, and thus carrying +out another of nature's cunning provisions for the reproduction of the +species. Seeds in the crops of birds travel free and far, and some fall +on good ground!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_210.jpg" width="600" height="419" alt="Floral bracts or involucres of the dogwood" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Floral bracts or involucres of the dogwood</span> +</div> + +<p>Is it not sad to know that the brave, bold dogwood, holding out its +spring flag of truce<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> from arduous weather, and its autumn store of +sustenance for our feathered friends, is in danger of extinction from +the forest because its hardy, smooth, even-grained white wood has been +found to be especially available in the "arts"? I feel like begging for +the life of every dogwood, as too beautiful to be destroyed for any mere +utility.</p> + + + +<p>I have been wondering as to the reason for the naming of the cornuses as +dogwoods, and find in Bailey's great Cyclopedia of Horticulture the +definite statement that the name was attached to an English red-branched +species because a decoction of the bark was used to wash mangy dogs! +This is but another illustration of the inadequacy and inappropriateness +of "common" names.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 162px;"> +<img src="images/illus_212.jpg" width="162" height="500" alt="The red-bud in bloom" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The red-bud in bloom</span> +</div> +<p>There are many good dogwoods—the Cornus family is admirable, both in +its American and its foreign members—but I must not become encyclopedic +in these sketches of just a few tree favorites. I will venture to +mention one shrub dogwood—I never heard its common name, but it has +three botanical names (<i>Cornus sericea</i>, or <i>c[oe]rulea</i>, or <i>Amomum</i>, +the latter pre<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>ferred) to make up for the lack. It ought to be called +the blue-berried dogwood, by reason of its extremely beautiful fruit, +which formed a singular and delightful contrast to the profusion of red +and scarlet fruits so much in evidence, one September day, in Boston's +berry-full Franklin Park.</p> + +<p>The red-bud, as I have said, is miscalled Judas-tree, the tradition +being that it was on a tree of this family, but not of the American +branch, happily and obviously, that the faithless disciple hanged +himself after his final interview with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> the priests who had played upon +his cupidity. Indeed, tradition is able to tell even now marvelous +stories to travelers, and not long ago I was more amused than edified to +hear an eloquent clergyman just returned from abroad tell how he had +been shown the fruits of the Judas-tree, "in form like beautiful apples, +fair to the eye, but within bitter and disappointing;" and he moralized +just as vigorously on this fable as if it had been true, as he thought +it. He didn't particularly relish the suggestion that the pulpit ought +to be fairly certain of its facts, whether of theology or of science, in +these days; but he succumbed to the submission of authority for the +statement that the Eastern so-called Judas-tree, <i>Cercis siliquastrum</i>, +bore a small pod, like a bean, and was not unpleasant, any more than the +pod was attractive.</p> + +<p>I mention this only in reprobation of the unpleasant name that really +hurts the estimation of one of the most desirable and beautiful of +America's smaller trees. The American red-bud is a joy in the spring +about dogwood time, for it is all bloom, and of a most striking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> color. +Deep pink, or purplish light red, or clear bright magenta—all these +color names fit it approximately only. One is conscious of a warm glow +in looking toward the little trees, with every branch clear down to the +main stem not only outlined but covered with richest color.</p> + +<p>There is among the accompanying illustrations (page 201) a photograph of +a small but characteristic red-bud in bloom, looking at which reminds me +of one of the pleasantest experiences of my outdoor life. With a +cameristic associate, I was in a favorite haunt, seeing dogwoods and +red-buds and other things of spring beauty, when a sudden warm thunder +shower overtook us. Somewhat protected in our carriage—and it would +have been more fun if we had stood out to take the rain as comfortably +as did the horse—we saw the wonder of the reception of a spring shower +by the exuberant plant life we were there to enjoy. When the clouds +suddenly obscured the sky, and the first drops began to fall, the soft +new umbrellas of the May-apples, raised to shield the delicate white +flowers hidden under them from the too<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> ardent sunshine, reversed the +usual method by closing tightly and smoothly over the blooms, thus +protecting perfectly their pollen hearts, and offering little resistance +to the sharp wind that brought the rain. At our very feet we could see +the open petals of the spring beauty coil up into tight little spirals, +the young leaves on the pin-oaks draw in toward the stems from which +they had been expanding. Over the low fence, the blue phlox, that dainty +carpeting of the May woods, shut its starry flowers, and lay close to +the ground. Quiet as we were, we could see the birds find sheltered +nooks in the trees about us.</p> + +<p>But soon the rain ceased, the clouds passed away, and the sun shone +again, giving us a rainbow promise on the passing drops. Everything woke +up! The birds were first to rejoice, and a veritable oratorio of praise +and joyfulness sounded about our ears. The leaves quickly expanded, +fresher than ever; the flowers uncurled and unfolded, the May-apple +umbrellas raised again; and all seemed singing a song as joyous as that +of the birds, though audible only to the nerves of eye and brain of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> +human beings who had thus witnessed another of nature's interior +entertainments.</p> + +<p>How much we miss by reason of fear of a little wetting! Many of the +finest pictures painted by the Master of all art are visible only in +rain and in mist; and the subtlest coloring of tree leaf and tree stem +is that seen only when the dust is all washed away by the shower that +should have no terrors for those who care for the truths of nature. In +these days of rain-proof clothing, seeing outdoors in the rain is not +even attended by the slightest discomfort, and I have found my camera +quite able to stand a shower!</p> + +<p>Another of the early spring-flowering small trees—indeed, the earliest +one that blooms in white—is the shad-bush, or service-berry. Again the +"common" names are trifling and inadequate; shad-bush because the +flowers come when the shad are ascending the rivers along which the +trees grow, and service-berry because the pleasant fruits are of +service, perhaps! June-berry, another name, is better; but the genus +owns the mellifluous name of Amelanchier, and the term Canadensis +belongs to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> the species with the clouds of little white flowers shaped +like a thin-petaled star. The shad-bush blooms with the trilliums—but I +may not allow the spring flowers to set me spinning on another hank!</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_217.jpg" width="600" height="281" alt="Blooms of the shad-bush" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Blooms of the shad-bush</span> +</div> + +<p>Searching for early recollections of trees, I remember, when a boy of +six or seven, finding some little green berries or fruits, each with its +long stem, on the pavement under some great trees in the Capitol Park of +my home town. I could eat these; and thus they pleased the boy as much +as the honey-sweet flowers that gave rise to them now please the man. +The noble American linden, one of the really great trees of our forests, +bears these delicate whitish flowers, held in rich clusters<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> from a +single stem which is attached for part of its length to a curious long +green bract. If these flowers came naked on the tree, as do those of the +Norway maple, for instance, they would be easily seen and admired of +men, but being withheld until the splendid heart-shaped foliage is well +out, the blooms miss the casual eye. But the bees see them; they know +the linden for their own, and great stores of sweetest honey follow a +year when abundant pasture of these flowers is available.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_218.jpg" width="600" height="254" alt="Flowers of the American linden" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Flowers of the American linden</span> +</div> + +<p>A kindly tree is this linden, or lime, or basswood, to give it all its +common names. Kindly as well as stately, but never rugged as the oak, or +of obvious pliant strength as the hickory. The old tree invites to shade +under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> its limbs crowded with broad leaves; the young tree is lusty of +growth and clean of bark, a model of rounded beauty and a fine variant +from the overworked maples of our streets.</p> + +<p>Again, the tale of woe! for the great lindens of our forests are nearly +all gone. Too useful for timber; too easy to fell; its soft, smooth, +even wood too adaptable to many uses! Cut them all; strip the bark for +"bast," or tying material; America is widening; the sawmills cannot be +idle; scientific and decent forestry, so successful and so usual in +Europe, is yet but a dream for future generations here in America!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 417px;"> +<img src="images/illus_220.jpg" width="417" height="600" alt="The American linden" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The American linden</span> +</div> + +<p>But other lindens, those of Europe especially, are loved of the +landscape architect and the Germans. "Unter den Linden," Berlin's famous +street, owes its name, fame and shade to the handsome European species, +the white-lined leaves of which turn up in the faintest breeze, to show +silvery against the deep green of their upper surfaces. Very many of +these fine lindens are being planted now in America by landscape +architects, and there are some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> lindens on Long Island just as prim and +trim as any in Berlin. Indeed, there is a sort of German "offiziere" +waxed-mustache air of superiority about them, anyway!</p> + + + +<p>There is an all-pervading Middle States tree that I might give a common +name to as the "fence-post tree," because it is so often grown for that +use only, by reason of its enduring timber and its exceeding vigor under +hard usage. Yet the common black locust is one of the most distinct and +pleasing American trees of moderate height. Distinct it is in its +framework in winter, mayhap with the twisted pods of last season's +fruits hanging free; distinct again in its long-delayed late-coming +acacia-like foliage; but fragrant, elegant and beautiful, as well as +distinct, when in June it sets forth its long, drooping racemes of +whitest and sweetest flowers. These come only when warm weather is an +assured fact, and the wise Pennsylvania Germans feel justified in +awaiting the blooming of the locust before finally discarding their +winter underclothing!</p> + +<p>For years a family of my knowledge has held it necessary, for its proper +conduct, to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> have in order certain floral drives. First the apple +blossom drive introduces the spring, and the lilac drive confirms the +impression that really the season is advancing; but the locust drive is +the sweetest of all, taking these nature lovers along some shady lanes, +beside the east bank of a great river, and in places where, the trees +planted only for the fence utility of the hard yellow wood, these +fragrant flowers, hanging in grace and elegance far above the highway, +have redeemed surroundings otherwise sordid and mean.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_222.jpg" width="600" height="351" alt="Flowers of the black locust" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Flowers of the black locust</span> +</div> + +<p>I want Americans to prize the American locust for its real beauty. The +French know<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> it, and show with pride their trifling imported specimens. +We cannot exterminate the trees, and there will be plenty for posts, +too; but let us realize its sweetness and elegance, as well as the +durability of its structure.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 411px;"> +<img src="images/illus_223.jpg" width="411" height="600" alt="Young trees of the black locust" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Young trees of the black locust</span> +</div> + +<p>There are fashions in trees, if you please, and the nurserymen set them. +Suddenly they discover the merits of some long-forgotten tree, and it +jumps into prominence. Thus, only a few years ago, the pin-oak came into +vogue, to the lasting benefit of some parks, avenues and home grounds. +Then followed the sycamore, but it had to be the European variety, for +our own native "plane tree," or "button-ball," is too plentiful and easy +to sing much of a tree-seller's song about. This Oriental plane is a +fine tree, however, and the avenue in Fairmount Park that one may see +from trains passing over the Schuylkill river is admirable. The bark is +mottled in green, and especially bright when wet with rain. As the +species is free from the attacks of a nasty European "bug," or fungus, +which is bothering the American plane, it is much safer to handle, +commercially.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p> + +<p>But our stately American sycamore is in a different class. One never +thinks of it as a lawn tree, or as bordering a fashionable roadway; +rather the expectation is to find it along a brook, in a meadow, or in +some rather wild and unkempt spot. As one of the scientific books begins +of it, "it is a tree of the first magnitude." I like that expression; +for the sycamore gives an impression of magnitude and breadth; it +spreads out serenely and comfortably.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 419px;"> +<img src="images/illus_226.jpg" width="419" height="600" alt="The sycamore, or button-ball" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The sycamore, or button-ball</span> +</div> + +<p>My friend Professor Bailey says <i>Platanus occidentalis</i>, which is the +truly right name of this tree, has no title to the term sycamore; it is +properly, as his Cyclopedia gives it, Buttonwood, or Plane. Hunting +about a little among tree books, I find the reason for this, and that it +explains another name I have never understood. The sycamore of the +Bible, referred to frequently in the Old Testament, traditionally +mentioned as the tree under which Joseph rested with Mary and the young +child on the way to Egypt, and into which Zaccheus climbed to see what +was going on, was a sort of fig tree—"Pharaoh's Fig," in fact. When<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> +the mystery-plays of the centuries gone by were produced in Europe, the +tree most like to what these good people thought was the real sycamore +furnished the branches used in the scene-setting—and it was either the +oriental plane, or the sycamore-leaved maple that was chosen, as +convenient. The name soon attached itself to the trees; and when +homesick immigrants looked about the new world of America for some +familiar tree, it was easy enough to see a great similarity in our +buttonwood, which thus soon became sycamore.</p> + + + +<p>So much for information, more or less legendary, I confess; but the +great tree we are discussing is very tangible. Indeed, it is always in +the public eye; for it carries on a sort of continuous disrobing +performance! The snake sheds his skin rather privately, and comes forth +in his new spring suit all at once; the oak and the maple, and all the +rest of them continually but invisibly add new bark between the +splitting or stretching ridges of the old; but our wholesome friend the +sycamore is quite shamelessly open about it, dropping off a plate or a +patch here and there as he grows and swells,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> to show us his underwear, +which thus at once becomes overcoat, as he goes on. At first greenish, +the under bark thus exposed becomes creamy white, mostly; and I have had +a conceit that the colder the winter, the whiter would be those portions +of Mr. Buttonball's pajamas he cared to expose to us the next spring!</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_228.jpg" width="600" height="300" alt="Button-balls—fruit of the sycamore" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Button-balls—fruit of the sycamore</span> +</div> + +<p>The leaves of the sycamore are good to look at, and efficient against +the sun. The color above is not as clear and sharp as that of the maple; +underneath the leaves are whitish, and soft, or "pubescent," as the +botanical term goes. Quite rakishly pointed are the tips, and the whole +effect, in connection with the balls,—which are first crowded clusters +of flowers, and then just as crowded clusters of seeds—is that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> of a +gentleman of the old school, dignified in his knee-breeches and cocked +hat, fully aware that he is of comfortable importance!</p> + +<p>Those little button-balls that give name to this good American tree +follow the flower clusters without much change of form—they <i>were</i> +flowers, they <i>are</i> seeds—and they stay by the tree persistently all +winter, blowing about in the sharp winds. After a while one is banged +often enough to open its structure, and then the carrying wind takes on +its wings the neat little cone-shaped seeds, each possessed of its own +silky hairs to help float it gently toward the ground—and thus is +another of nature's curious rounds of distribution completed.</p> + +<p>A tree is never without interest to those whose eyes have been opened to +some of the wonders and perfections of nature. Nevertheless, there is a +time in the year's round when each tree makes its special appeal. It may +be in the winter, when every twig is outlined sharply against the cold +sky, and the snow reflects light into the innermost crevices of its +structure, that the elm is most admirable. When the dogwood has on its +white robe in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> May and June, it then sings its song of the year. The +laden apple tree has a pure glory of the blossoms, and another warmer, +riper glory of the burden of fruit, but we think most kindly of its +flowering time. Some trees maintain such a continuous show of interest +and beauty that it is difficult to say on any day, "<i>Now</i> is this tulip +or this oak at its very finest!" Again, the spring redness of the swamp +maple is hardly less vivid than its mature coloring of the fall.</p> + +<p>But as to the liquidambar, or sweet-gum, there can be no question. +Interesting and elegant the year round, its autumn covering of polished +deep crimson starry leaves is so startlingly beautiful and distinct as +to almost take it out of comparison with any other tree. Others have +nearly the richness of color, others again show nearly the elegance of +leaf form, but no one tree rivals completely the sweet-gum at the time +when the autumn chill has driven out all the paleness in its leaf +spectrum, leaving only the warm crimson that seems for awhile to defy +further attacks of frost.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 422px;"> +<img src="images/illus_231.jpg" width="422" height="600" alt="The liquidambar" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The liquidambar</span> +</div> + +<p>As to shape, the locality settles that; for, a very symmetrical small to +maximum-sized tree<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> in the North and on high dry places, in the South +and in wet places north it becomes another "tree of the first +magnitude," wide-spreading and heavy. A stellar comparison seems to fit, +because of these wonderful leaves. They struck me at first, hunting +photographs one day, as some sort of a maple; but what maple could have +such perfection of star form? A maple refined, perfected, and indeed +polished, one might well think, for while other trees have shining +leaves, they are dull in comparison with the deep-textured gloss of +these of the sweet-gum.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 281px;"> +<img src="images/illus_233.jpg" width="281" height="450" alt="The star-shaped leaves and curious fruits of the +liquidambar, late in the summer." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The star-shaped leaves and curious fruits of the +liquidambar, late in the summer.</span> +</div> + +<p>Here, too, is a tree for many places; an adaptable, cosmopolitan sort of +arboreal growth. At its full strength of hard, solid, time-defying +wooded body on the edge of some almost inaccessible swamp of the South, +where its spread-out roots and ridgy branches earn for it another common +name as the "alligator tree," it is in a park or along a private +driveway at the North quite the acme of refined tree elegance, all the +summer and fall. It takes on a rather narrow, pyramidal head, broadening +as it ages, but never betraying kin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> with its fellow of the swamp, save +perhaps when winter has bared its peculiar winged and strangely "corky" +branches.</p> + + + +<p>These odd branches bear, on some trees particularly, a noticeable ridge, +made up of the same substance which in the cork-oak of Europe furnishes +the bottle-stoppers of commerce. It makes the winter structure of the +sweet-gum most distinct and picturesque, which appearance is accentuated +by the interesting little seed-balls, or fruits, rounded and spiny, that +hang long from the twigs. These fruits follow quickly an inconspicuous +flower that in April or May has made its brief appearance, and they add +greatly to the general attractiveness of the tree on the lawn, to my +mind. Years ago I first made acquaintance with the liquidambar, as it +ought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> always to be called, one wet September day, when an old +tree-lover took me out on his lawn to see the rain accentuate the polish +on the starry leaves and drip from the little many-pointed balls. I +found that day that a camera would work quite well under an umbrella, +and I obtained also a mind-negative that will last, I believe, as long +as I can think of trees.</p> + +<p>The next experience was in another state, where a quaint character, +visited on business, struck hands with me on tree-love, and took me to +see his pet liquidambar at the edge of a mill-pond. That one was taller, +and quite stately; it made an impression, deepened again when the third +special showing came, this time on a college campus, the young tree +being naked and corky, and displayed with pride by the college professor +who had gotten out of his books into real life for a joyous half day.</p> + +<p>He wasn't the botany professor, if you please; that dry-as-dust +gentleman told me, when I inquired as to what I might find in early +bloom, or see with the eyes of an ignorant plant-lover, that there was +"nothing blooming, and nothing of interest." He added<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> that he had a +fine herbarium where I might see all the plants I wanted, nicely dried +and spread out with pins and pasters, their roots and all!</p> + +<p>Look at <i>dead</i> plants, their roots indecently exposed to mere curiosity, +on a bright, living early April day? Not much! I told my trouble to the +professor of agriculture, whose eyes brightened, as he informed me he +had no classes for that morning, and—"We would see!" We <i>did</i> see a +whole host of living things outdoors,—flowers peeping out; leaves of +the willows, just breaking; buds ready to burst; all nature waiting for +the sun's call of the "grand entrée." It was a good day; but I pitied +that poor old dull-eyed herbarium specimen of a botanical professor, in +whose veins the blood was congealing, when everything about called on +him to get out under the rays of God's sun, and study, book in hand if +he wanted, the bursting, hurrying facts of the imminent spring.</p> + +<p>But a word more about the liquidambar—the name by which I hope the tree +we are discussing may be talked of and thought of.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> Old Linnæus gave it +that name, because it described euphoniously as well as scientifically +the fact that the sap which exudes from this fine American tree <i>is</i> +liquid amber. Now isn't that better than "gum" tree?</p> + +<p>With trees in general as objects of interest, I have always felt a +special leaning toward tropical trees, probably because they were rare, +and indeed not to be seen outside of the conservatory in our Middle +States. My first visit to Florida was made particularly enjoyable by +reason of the palms and bananas there to be seen, and I have by no means +lost the feeling of admiration for the latter especially. In Yucatan +there were to be seen other and stranger growths and fruits, and the +novelty of a great cocoanut grove is yet a memory not eclipsed by the +present-day Floridian and Bahamian productions of the same sort.</p> + +<p>It was, therefore, with some astonishment that I came to know, a few +years ago, more of a little tree bearing a fruit that had been familiar +from my boyhood, but which I was then informed was the sole northern +representative of a great family of tropical fruits, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> which was +fairly called the American banana. The papaw it was; a fruit all too +luscious and sweet, when fully ripe in the fall, for most tastes, but +appealing strongly to the omnivorous small boy. I suppose most of my +readers know its banana-like fruits, four or five inches long, green +outside, but filled with soft and sweet aromatic yellow pulp, punctuated +by several fat bean-like seeds.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/illus_237.jpg" width="600" height="466" alt="The papaw in bloom" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The papaw in bloom</span> +</div> + +<p>But it is the very handsome and distinct little tree, with its decidedly +odd flowers, I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> would celebrate, rather than the fruits. This tree, +rather common to shady places in eastern America as far north as New +York, is worth much attention, and worth planting for its spreading +richness of foliage. The leaves are large, and seem to carry into the +cold North a hint of warmth and of luxuriant growth not common, by any +means—I know of only one other hardy tree, the cucumber magnolia, with +an approaching character. The arrangement of these handsome papaw leaves +on the branches, too, makes the complete mass of regularly shaped +greenery that is the special characteristic of this escape from the +tropics; and, since I have seen the real papaw of the West Indies in +full glory, I am more than ever glad for the handsomer tree that belongs +to the regions of cold and vigor.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/illus_238.jpg" width="550" height="198" alt="Flowers of the papaw" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Flowers of the papaw</span> +</div> + +<p>The form of our papaw, or <i>Asimina triloba</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>—the botanical name is +rather pleasing—is noticeable, and as characteristic as its leafage. +See these side branches, leaving the slender central stem with a +graceful up-curve, but almost at once swinging down, only to again curve +upward at the ends! Are they not graceful? Such branches as these point +nature's marvelous engineering, to appreciate which one needs only to +try to imagine a structure of equal grace and efficiency, made with any +material of the arts. How awkward and clumsy steel would be, or other +metal!</p> + +<p>Along these swinging curved branches, as we see them in the April winds, +there appear hints of the leaf richness that is to come—but something +else as well. These darkest purple-red petals, almost black, as they +change from the green of their opening hue, make up the peculiar flowers +of the papaw. There is gold in the heart of the flower, not hid from the +bees, and there is much of interest for the seeker for spring knowledge +as well; though I advise him not to smell the flowers. Almost the exact +antithesis of the dogwood is the bloom of this tree; for, both starting +green<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> when first unfolded from the buds, the papaw's flowers advance +through browns and yellows, dully mingled, to the deep vinous red of +maturity. The dogwood's final banner of white is unfolded through its +progress of greens, about the same time or a little later.</p> + +<p>A pleasant and peculiar small tree is this papaw, not nearly so well +known or so highly esteemed as it ought to be.</p> + +<p>Another tree with edible fruits—but here there will be a dispute, +perhaps!—is the persimmon. I mean the American persimmon, indissolubly +associated in our own Southland with the darky and the 'possum, but also +well distributed over Eastern North America as far north as Connecticut. +The botanical name of the genus is Diospyros, liberally translated as +"fruit of the gods," or "Jove's fruit." If his highness of Olympus was, +by any chance, well acquainted with our 'simmon just before frost, he +must have had a copper-lined mouth, to choose it as his peculiar fruit!</p> + +<p>Making a moderate-sized tree of peculiar and pleasing form, its branches +twisting regardless of symmetry, the persimmon in Pennsyl<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>vania likes +the country roadsides, especially along loamy banks. Here it has +unequaled opportunity for hanging out its attractively colored fruits. +As one drives along in early fall, just before hard frost, these +fine-looking little tomato-like globes of orange and red are advertised +in the wind by the absence of the early dropping foliage. They look +luscious and tempting; indeed, they <i>are</i> tempting! Past experience—you +need but one—had prepared me for this "bunko" fruit; but my friend +would not believe me, one day in early October—he must taste for +himself. Taste he did, and generously, for the first bite is pleasing, +and does not alarm, wherefore he had time, before his insulted nerves of +mouth and tongue gave full warning, to absorb two of the 'simmons. Whew! +What a face he made when the puckering juice got to work, and convinced +him that he had been sucking a disguised lump of alum. Choking and +gasping, he called for the water we were far from; and <i>he</i> won't try an +unfrosted persimmon again!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 407px;"> +<img src="images/illus_242.jpg" width="407" height="600" alt="The persimmon tree in fruiting time" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The persimmon tree in fruiting time</span> +</div> + +<p>My clerical friend who brought home the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> fairy tale about the red-bud, +or Judas-tree, might well have based his story on the American +persimmon, but for the fact that this puckery little globe, so brilliant +and so deceptive before frost, loses both its beauty and its astringency +when slightly frozen. Then its tender flesh is suave and delicious, and +old Jove might well choose it for his own.</p> + + + +<p>But the tree—that is a beauty all summer, with its shining leaves, +oblong, pointed and almost of the magnolia shape. It will grace any +situation, and is particularly one of the trees worth planting along +highways, to relieve the monotony of too many maples, ashes, +horse-chestnuts and the like, and to offer to the passer-by a tempting +fruit of which he will surely not partake too freely when it is most +attractive. I read that toward the Western limit of its range the +persimmon, in Louisiana, Eastern Kansas and the Indian Territory, +becomes another tree of the first magnitude, towering above a hundred +feet. This would be well worth seeing!</p> + +<p>There is another persimmon in the South, introduced from Japan, the +fruits of which are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> sold on the fruit-stands of Philadelphia, Boston +and New York. This, the "kaki" of Japan, is a small but business-like +tree, not substantially hardy north of Georgia, which provides great +quantities of its beautiful fruits, rich in coloring and sweet to the +taste, and varying greatly in size and form in its different varieties. +These 'simmons do not need the touch of frost, nor do they ever attain +the fine, wild, high flavor of the frost-bitten Virginian fruits; the +tree that bears them has none of the irregular beauty of our native +persimmon, nor does it approach in size to that ornament of the +countryside.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>And now, in closing these sketches, I become most keenly sensible of +their deficiencies. Purely random bits they are, coming from a busy man, +and possessing the one merit of frankness. Deeply interested in trees, +but lacking the time for continuous study, I have been turning my camera +and my eyes upon the growths about me, asking questions, mentally +recording what I could see, and, while thankful for the rest and the +pleasure of the pursuit,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> always sorry not to go more fully into proper +and scientific tree knowledge. At times my lack in this respect has made +me ashamed to have written at all upon trees; but with full gratitude to +the botanical explorers whose labors have made such superficial +observations as mine possible, I venture to send forth these sketches, +without pretension as to the statement of any new facts or features.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus_245.jpg" width="500" height="251" alt="Berries of the spice-bush" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Berries of the spice-bush</span> +</div> + +<p>If anything I have here set down shall induce among those who have +looked and read with me from nature's open book the desire to go more +deeply into the fascinating tree lore that always awaits and inevitably +rewards the effort, I shall cry heartily, "God-speed!"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Index" id="Index"></a>Index</h2> + + +<p class="center">Illustrations are indicated by a prefixed asterisk (*). For botanical +names, see page <a href='#Page_239'><b>239</b></a>.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Acorn, beginning of, <a href='#Page_27'><b>27</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alligator tree, <a href='#Page_221'><b>221</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Amelanchier, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">American trees in Europe, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apple blossoms, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a>, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apple, beauty of fruiting branch, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apple, Chinese flowering, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apple, Crab, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apple trees, fruiting, <a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a>; in blossom, *<a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apples, <a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apples, Ben Davis, Bellefleur, Baldwin, Early Harvest, Red Astrachan, <a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rhode Island Greening, <a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Winesap, fruit, *<a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apple orchard in winter, *<a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apples, Crab, fruit-cluster, *<a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apples, propagation of, <a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arnold Arboretum, <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aspen, American, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aspen, Large-toothed, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aspen, Trembling (poplar), <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>.</span><br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailey, Prof. L. H., quoted, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Balm of Gilead, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beech, American, *<a href='#Page_177'><b>177</b></a>, <a href='#Page_178'><b>178</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beech, birth of leaves, <a href='#Page_179'><b>179</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bill-boards, <a href='#Page_179'><b>179</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Birch-bark for fuel, <a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Birch, Paper, <a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Birch, Sweet, <a href='#Page_188'><b>188</b></a>, *<a href='#Page_185'><b>185</b></a>, *<a href='#Page_191'><b>191</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Birch, White, <a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Birch, Yellow, <a href='#Page_189'><b>189</b></a>, *<a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Butternut, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buttonball, *<a href='#Page_215'><b>215</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buttonwood, <a href='#Page_214'><b>214</b></a>.</span><br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cathedral Woods (pines), <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cedar, White, <a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherry, Wild, <a href='#Page_176'><b>176</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chestnut, American Sweet, <a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a>, *<a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chestnut burs, *<a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chestnut grove in fall, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chestnut, Sweet, blossoms, *<a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chinquapin, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a>, *<a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cocoanut, <a href='#Page_182'><b>182</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Common names, <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cones of the pines, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cornus sericea, <a href='#Page_200'><b>200</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cottonwood (poplar), <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crab-apple, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>; Floribunda, <a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Parkman's, <a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Siberian, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Spectabilis, *<a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crab-apple, Wild, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crab-apples, Chinese and Japanese,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> <a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ringo, Kaido, Toringo, <a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crab, Wild, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crab, Soulard, <a href='#Page_86'><b>86</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crab, Wild, fruit, *<a href='#Page_87'><b>87</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cypress, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>.</span><br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Diospyros, <a href='#Page_229'><b>229</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dogwood berries, *<a href='#Page_187'><b>187</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dogwood, Blue-berried, <a href='#Page_200'><b>200</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dogwood, White, <a href='#Page_197'><b>197</b></a>, *<a href='#Page_199'><b>199</b></a>.</span><br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elkwood, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elm and the Tulip, <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elm, American, *<a href='#Page_ix'><b>ix</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a>, *<a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a>, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a>, <a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elm at Capitol Park, <a href='#Page_141'><b>141</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elm, English, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>; *<a href='#Page_143'><b>143</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elm lawn, <a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elm, Slippery, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a>; seed-pods, *<a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elm, Wahoo or Winged, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elms, Paul and Virginia, <a href='#Page_141'><b>141</b></a>.</span><br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fence-post tree (locust), <a href='#Page_210'><b>210</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fernow, Dr., on pines, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Filbert, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fir, Balsam, <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fir, Nordmann's, <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Firs, <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fruit trees for beauty, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>.</span><br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Goat Island, plants on, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>.</span><br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Habenaria, Round-leaved, <a href='#Page_54'><b>54</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hazelnut, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hemlock, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hemlock Hill, *<a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hickory, False Shagbark, <a href='#Page_176'><b>176</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hickory, Mockernut, <a href='#Page_176'><b>176</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hickory, Pignut, <a href='#Page_176'><b>176</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hickory, Shagbark, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a>, *<a href='#Page_173'><b>173</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hollies, Japanese, English, Himalayan, <a href='#Page_195'><b>195</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holly, American, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a>, *<a href='#Page_196'><b>196</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holly, leaves and berries, *<a href='#Page_195'><b>195</b></a>.</span><br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johnny Appleseed, <a href='#Page_87'><b>87</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Judas-tree, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Judas-tree, Eastern, <a href='#Page_202'><b>202</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">June-berry, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Juniper, Common, <a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a>.</span><br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kaki, <a href='#Page_233'><b>233</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Keeler, Miss, quoted, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>.</span><br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Linden, American, <a href='#Page_206'><b>206</b></a>; flowers, *<a href='#Page_207'><b>207</b></a>, *<a href='#Page_209'><b>209</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Linden, European, <a href='#Page_208'><b>208</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Liquidambar, <a href='#Page_219'><b>219</b></a>, *<a href='#Page_220'><b>220</b></a>; fruits, *<a href='#Page_222'><b>222</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Liriodendron, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">candlesticks, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">buds opening, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">flowers of, *<a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a>, <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Liriodendrons in Washington, <a href='#Page_152'><b>152</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Locust, Black, <a href='#Page_210'><b>210</b></a>; flowers, *<a href='#Page_211'><b>211</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Locust, young trees, *<a href='#Page_212'><b>212</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maple, Ash-leaved, Box-elder, or Negundo, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">flowers, *<a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in bloom, *<a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maple, Black, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maple, Japanese, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maple, Large-leaved, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maple, Mountain, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maple, Norway, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>; bloom, *<a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">samaras, *<a href='#Page_1'><b>1</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maple, Red, Scarlet or Swamp, <a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">young leaves, *<a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maple, Silver, <a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a>; flowers, *<a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">samaras, *<a href='#Page_3'><b>3</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maple, Striped, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>, *<a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maple, Sugar,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">samaras, *<a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maple, Sycamore, *<a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>, <a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">blossoms, *<a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maples, A Story of Some, <a href='#Page_1'><b>1</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moosewood, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>.</span><br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Niagara, plants and trees, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nut-bearing Trees, <a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a>.</span><br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oak, Chestnut, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>; flowers, *<a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oak, English, <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>; acorns, *<a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oak, The Growth of the, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oak, Laurel, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oak, Live, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oak, Mossy Cup or Bur, <a href='#Page_38'><b>38</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oak, Pin, <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a>; acorns, *<a href='#Page_27'><b>27</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">flowers, *<a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oak, Post, *<a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oak, Swamp White, <a href='#Page_38'><b>38</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">flowers, *<a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in early spring, *<a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in winter, *<a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oak, White, <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oak, Willow, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oaks, blooming of, <a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oaks in Georgia, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oaks, Red, Black, Scarlet, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Orchard, apple, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>.</span><br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Papaw, <a href='#Page_225'><b>225</b></a>; flowers, *<a href='#Page_227'><b>227</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in bloom, *<a href='#Page_226'><b>226</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paxtang walnut, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pecan, <a href='#Page_176'><b>176</b></a>; nuts, *<a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Persimmons, American, <a href='#Page_229'><b>229</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Persimmon, Japanese, *<a href='#Page_v'><b>v</b></a>, <a href='#Page_232'><b>232</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Persimmon tree in fruit, *<a href='#Page_231'><b>231</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pine, Austrian, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pine, Jack, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pine, Long-leaved or Southern, <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">forest, *<a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">young trees, *<a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pine on Indian River, *<a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pine, Pitch, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pine, Red, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pine, Scrub, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pine, White, *<a href='#Page_vii'><b>vii</b></a>, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>; cone, *<a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pines of America, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pines, The, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pines, White, avenue of, *<a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plane, Oriental, <a href='#Page_213'><b>213</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plane-tree, <a href='#Page_213'><b>213</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poplar, Aspen, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poplar, Balsam, or Balm of Gilead, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poplar, Carolina, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">as street tree, *<a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">blooming of, <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">flowers, *<a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poplar, Cottonwood, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a>; in winter, *<a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poplar, Lombardy, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a>, *<a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poplar, White or Silver-leaved, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poplar, Yellow, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poplars (and Willows), <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poplars for pulp-making, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poplars, White, in spring, *<a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pyrus family, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>.</span><br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rain, flowers in, <a href='#Page_203'><b>203</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Red-bud, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a>; in bloom, *<a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Red-woods, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>.</span><br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Salicylic acid from willows, <a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Salix, genus (Willows), <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sargent, Prof. Charles S., <a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sequoias, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Service-berry, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shad-bush, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">flowers, *<a href='#Page_206'><b>206</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_188'><b>188</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Some Other Trees, <a href='#Page_185'><b>185</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spice-bush, <a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a>; flowers, *<a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">berries, <a href='#Page_234'><b>234</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spruce, Colorado Blue, <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spruce, Norway, <a href='#Page_69'><b>69</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cones, *<a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spruce, White, cones, *<a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spruces, <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Squirrels as nut-eaters, *<a href='#Page_179'><b>179</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Strobiles (cones) of spruce, <a href='#Page_69'><b>69</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sweet-gum, <a href='#Page_219'><b>219</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sycamore, <a href='#Page_214'><b>214</b></a>, *<a href='#Page_215'><b>215</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fruits, *<a href='#Page_217'><b>217</b></a>.</span><br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tree-warden law, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tropical trees, <a href='#Page_225'><b>225</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tulip (and Elm), <a href='#Page_131'><b>131</b></a>, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tulip flowers, *<a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">structure of, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tulip tree in winter, *<a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a>.</span><br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walnut, Black, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in winter, *<a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walnut, English or Persian, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walnut, White, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington, tree planting in, <a href='#Page_32'><b>32</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whitewood, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willow, Basket, <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willow, Black, <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willow family, contrasts of, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willow, glaucous (pussy), <a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willow, Goat, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willow, Golden, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willow, Kilmarnock, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willow, Napoleon's, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willow, Pussy, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a>; blooms, *<a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in park, *<a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willow, Weeping, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in early spring, *<a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in storm, *<a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willow, White, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">blossoms, *<a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a>, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">clump, *<a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tree by stream, *<a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willows and Poplars, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willows, colors of, <a href='#Page_101'><b>101</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willows, Crack, Yellow, Blue, <a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willows of Babylon, <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a>.</span><br /> + +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Witch-hazel, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a>; flowers, *<a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span></p> + +<p><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Botanical_Names" id="Botanical_Names"></a>Botanical Names</h2> + + +<p class="center">The standard used in determining the botanical names is Bailey's +"Cyclopedia of American Horticulture."</p> + + + +<div class='centered'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="85%" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'>COMMON NAME</td><td align='left'>BOTANICAL NAME</td><td align='right'>PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Amelanchier</td><td align='left'>Amelanchier Canadensis</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Aspen, American</td><td align='left'>Populus tremuloides</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Aspen, Large-toothed</td><td align='left'>Populus grandidentata</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beech, American</td><td align='left'>Fagus ferruginea</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_178'><b>178</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Birch, Paper</td><td align='left'>Betula papyrifera</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Birch, Sweet</td><td align='left'>Betula lenta</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_188'><b>188</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Birch, White</td><td align='left'>Betula populifolia</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Birch, Yellow</td><td align='left'>Betula lutea</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_189'><b>189</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Butternut</td><td align='left'>Juglans cinerea</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Buttonwood/Buttonball</td><td align='left'>Platanus occidentalis</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_214'><b>214</b></a>, <a href='#Page_215'><b>215</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Chestnut, American Sweet</td><td align='left'>Castanea Americana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Chinquapin</td><td align='left'>Castanea pumila</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cocoanut</td><td align='left'>Cocos nucifera</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_182'><b>182</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cottonwood (poplar)</td><td align='left'>Populus deltoides</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Crab-apple, Siberian</td><td align='left'>Pyrus baccata</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Crab-apple, Wild</td><td align='left'>Pyrus coronaria</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Crab, Soulard</td><td align='left'>Pyrus Soulardi</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_86'><b>86</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dogwood, Blue-berried</td><td align='left'>Cornus sericea</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_200'><b>200</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dogwood, White</td><td align='left'>Cornus florida</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_197'><b>197</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Elm, American</td><td align='left'>Ulmus Americana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Elm, English</td><td align='left'>Ulmus campestris</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Elm, Slippery or Red</td><td align='left'>Ulmus fulva</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Elm, Wahoo or Winged</td><td align='left'>Ulmus alata</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Filbert</td><td align='left'> Corylus Americana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fir, Balsam</td><td align='left'>Abies balsamea</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fir, Nordmann's</td><td align='left'>Abies Nordmanniana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Habenaria, Round-leaved</td><td align='left'>Habenaria orbiculata</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_54'><b>54</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hazelnut<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span></td><td align='left'>Corylus Americana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hemlock</td><td align='left'>Tsuga Canadensis</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hickory, False Shagbark</td><td align='left'>Hicoria glabra, var. microcarpa</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_176'><b>176</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hickory, Mockernut</td><td align='left'>Hicoria alba</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_176'><b>176</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hickory, Pignut</td><td align='left'>Hicoria glabra</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_176'><b>176</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hickory, Shagbark</td><td align='left'>Hicoria ovata</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Holly, American</td><td align='left'>Ilex opaca</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Judas-tree</td><td align='left'>Cercis Canadensis</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Judas-tree, Eastern</td><td align='left'>Cercis Siliquastrum</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_202'><b>202</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>June-berry</td><td align='left'>Amelanchier Botryapium</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Juniper, Common</td><td align='left'>Juniperus communis</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kaki</td><td align='left'>Diospyros Kaki</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_233'><b>233</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Linden, American</td><td align='left'>Tilia Americana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_206'><b>206</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Linden, European</td><td align='left'>Tilia tomentosa</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_208'><b>208</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Liquidambar</td><td align='left'>Liquidambar styraciflua</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_219'><b>219</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Liriodendron</td><td align='left'>Liriodendron Tulipifera</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Locust, Black</td><td align='left'>Robinia Pseudacacia</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_210'><b>210</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Maple, Ash-leaved, Box-elder or Negundo</td><td align='left'>Acer Negundo</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Maple, Black</td><td align='left'>Acer nigrum</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Maple, Japanese</td><td align='left'>Acer palmatum</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Maple, Large-leaved</td><td align='left'>Acer macrophyllum</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Maple, Mountain</td><td align='left'>Acer spicatum</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Maple, Norway</td><td align='left'>Acer platanoides</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Maple, Red, Scarlet or Swamp</td><td align='left'>Acer rubrum</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Maple, Silver, White or Soft</td><td align='left'>Acer saccharinum</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Maple, Striped, of Pennsylvania</td><td align='left'>Acer Pennsylvanicum</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Maple, Sugar</td><td align='left'>Acer saccharum</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Maple, Sycamore</td><td align='left'>Acer Pseudo-platanus</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oak, Chestnut</td><td align='left'>Quercus Prinus</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oak, English</td><td align='left'>Quercus pedunculata</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oak, Laurel</td><td align='left'>Quercus laurifolia</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oak, Live</td><td align='left'>Quercus Virginiana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oak, Mossy Cup or Bur</td><td align='left'>Quercus macrocarpa</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_38'><b>38</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oak, Pin</td><td align='left'>Quercus palustris</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oak, Post</td><td align='left'>Quercus stellata</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oak, Swamp White</td><td align='left'>Quercus bicolor</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_38'><b>38</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oak, White</td><td align='left'>Quercus alba</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oak, Willow</td><td align='left'>Quercus Phellos</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Papaw</td><td align='left'>Asimina triloba</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_225'><b>225</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pecan</td><td align='left'>Hicoria Pecan</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_176'><b>176</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Persimmon, American</td><td align='left'>Diospyros Virginiana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_229'><b>229</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Persimmon, Japanese</td><td align='left'>Diospyros Kaki</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_232'><b>232</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pine, Austrian</td><td align='left'>Pinus Laricio, var. Austriaca</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pine, Long-leaved or Southern</td><td align='left'>Pinus palustris</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pine, Pitch</td><td align='left'>Pinus rigida</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pine, Red</td><td align='left'>Pinus resinosa</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pine, Scrub</td><td align='left'>Pinus Virginiana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pine, White</td><td align='left'>Pinus Strobus</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Plane, Oriental</td><td align='left'>Platanus orientalis</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_213'><b>213</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Plane-tree</td><td align='left'>Platanus occidentalis</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_213'><b>213</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Poplar, Aspen</td><td align='left'>Populus tremuloides</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Poplar, Balsam, or Balm of Gilead</td><td align='left'>Populus balsamifera</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Poplar, Carolina</td><td align='left'>Populus deltoides, var. Caroliniana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Poplar, Cottonwood</td><td align='left'>Populus deltoides</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Poplar, Lombardy</td><td align='left'>Populus nigra, var. Italica</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a>, *<a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Poplar, White or Silver-leaved</td><td align='left'>Populus alba</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Poplar, Yellow</td><td align='left'>Liriodendron Tulipifera</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Red-bud</td><td align='left'>Cercis Canadensis</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Service-berry</td><td align='left'>Amelanchier vulgaris</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Shad-bush</td><td align='left'>Amelanchier Canadensis</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Skunk-cabbage</td><td align='left'>Spathyema f[oe]etida</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_188'><b>188</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Spice-bush</td><td align='left'>Benzoin oderiferum</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Spruce, Colorado Blue</td><td align='left'>Picea pungens</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Spruce, Norway</td><td align='left'>Picea excelsa</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_69'><b>69</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sweet-gum</td><td align='left'>Liquidambar styraciflua</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_219'><b>219</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sycamore</td><td align='left'>Platanus occidentalis</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_214'><b>214</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Walnut, Black</td><td align='left'>Juglans nigra</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Walnut, English or Persian</td><td align='left'>Juglans regia</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Walnut, White</td><td align='left'>Juglans cinerea</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Whitewood Tulipifera</td><td align='left'>Liriodendron</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Willow, Basket</td><td align='left'>Salix viminalis</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Willow, Black</td><td align='left'>Salix nigra</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Willow, Goat</td><td align='left'>Salix Caprea</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Willow, Golden</td><td align='left'>Salix vitellina</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Willow, Kilmarnock.</td><td align='left'>Salix Caprea, var. pendula</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Willow, Pussy</td><td align='left'>Salix discolor</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Willow, Weeping</td><td align='left'>Salix Babylonica</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Willow, White</td><td align='left'>Salix alba</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Witch-hazel</td><td align='left'>Hamamelis Virginiana</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a></td></tr> +</table></div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p> </p> +<div class="centerbox bbox"> +<p class="center">The following pages are advertisements of</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Macmillan Standard Library</span></h4> + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Macmillan Fiction Library</span></h4> + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Macmillan Juvenile Library</span></h4> +</div> +<h2><b>THE MACMILLAN STANDARD LIBRARY</b></h2> + +<div class="centerbox1"> +<p>This series has taken its place as one of the most important +popular-priced editions. 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These is interwoven with it a play of mild +philosophy and of pointed wit."—<i>Boston Globe.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hearn—Japan: An Attempt at Interpretation</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Lafcadio Hearn</span></p> + +<p>"A thousand books have been written about Japan, but this one is one of +the rarely precious volumes which opens the door to an intimate +acquaintance with the wonderful people who command the attention of the +world to-day."—<i>Boston Herald.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hillis—The Quest of Happiness</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Rev. Newell Dwight Hillis</span></p> + +<p>"Its whole tone and spirit is of a sane, healthy +optimism."—<i>Philadelphia Telegraph.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hillquit—Socialism in Theory and Practice</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Morris Hillquit</span></p> + +<p>"An interesting historical sketch of the movement."—<i>Newark Evening +News.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hodges—Everyman's Religion</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By George Hodges</span></p> + +<p>"Religion to-day is preëminently ethical and social, and such is the +religion so ably and attractively set forth in these pages."—<i>Boston +Herald.</i></p> + +<p><b>Home—David Livingstone</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Silvester C. Horne</span></p> + +<p>The centenary edition of this popular work. A clear, simple, narrative +biography of the great missionary, explorer, and scientist.</p> + +<p><b>Hunter—Poverty</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Robert Hunter</span></p> + +<p>"Mr. Hunter's book is at once sympathetic and scientific. He brings to +the task a store of practical experience in settlement work gathered in +many parts of the country."—<i>Boston Transcript.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hunter—Socialists at Work</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Robert Hunter</span></p> + +<p>"A vivid, running characterization of the foremost personalities in the +Socialist movement throughout the world."—<i>Review of Reviews.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jefferson—The Building of the Church</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Charles E. Jefferson</span></p> + +<p>"A book that should be read by every minister."</p> + +<p><b>King—The Ethics of Jesus</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Henry Churchill King</span></p> + +<p>"I know no other study of the ethical teaching of Jesus so scholarly, so +careful, clear and compact as this."—<span class="smcap">G. H. Palmer</span>, Harvard University.</p> + +<p><b>King—Rational Living</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Henry Churchill King</span></p> + +<p>"An able conspectus of modern psychological investigation, viewed from +the Christian standpoint."—<i>Philadelphia Public Ledger.</i></p> + +<p><b>London—The War of the Classes</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Jack London</span></p> + +<p>"Mr. London's book is thoroughly interesting, and his point of view is +very different from that of the closest theorist."—<i>Springfield +Republican.</i></p> + +<p><b>London—Revolution and Other Essays</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Jack London</span></p> + +<p>"Vigorous, socialistic essays, animating and insistent."</p> + +<p><b>Lyon—How to Keep Bees for Profit</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Everett D. Lyon</span></p> + +<p>"A book which gives an insight into the life history of the bee family, +as well as telling the novice how to start an apiary and care for +it."—<i>Country Life in America.</i></p> + +<p><b>McLennan—A Manual of Practical Farming</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By John McLennan</span></p> + +<p>"The author has placed before the reader in the simplest terms a means +of assistance in the ordinary problems of farming."—<i>National +Nurseryman.</i></p> + +<p><b>Mabie—William Shakespeare: Poet, Dramatist, and Man</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Hamilton W. Mabie</span></p> + +<p>"It is rather an interpretation than a record."—<i>Chicago Standard.</i></p> + +<p><b>Mahaffy—Rambles and Studies in Greece</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By J. P. Mahaffy</span></p> + +<p>"To the intelligent traveler and lover of Greece this volume will prove +a most sympathetic guide and companion."</p> + +<p><b>Mathews—The Church and the Changing Order</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Shailer Mathews</span></p> + +<p>"The book throughout is characterized by good sense and restraint.... A +notable book and one that every Christian may read with profit."—<i>The +Living Church.</i></p> + +<p><b>Mathews—The Gospel and the Modern Man</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Shailer Mathews</span></p> + +<p>"A succinct statement of the essentials of the New +Testament."—<i>Service.</i></p> + +<p><b>Patten—The Social Basis of Religion</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Simon N. Patten</span></p> + +<p>"A work of substantial value"—<i>Continent.</i></p> + +<p><b>Peabody—The Approach to the Social Question</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Francis Greenwood Peabody</span></p> + +<p>"This book is at once the most delightful, persuasive, and sagacious +contribution to the subject."—<i>Louisville Courier-Journal.</i></p> + +<p><b>Pierce—The Tariff and the Trusts</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Franklin Pierce</span></p> + +<p>"An excellent campaign document for a +non-protectionist."—<i>Independent.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rauschenbusch—Christianity and the Social Crisis</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Walter Rauschenbusch</span></p> + +<p>"It is a book to like, to learn from, and to be charmed with."—<i>New +York Times.</i></p> + +<p><b>Riis—The Making of an American</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Jacob Riis</span></p> + +<p>"Its romance and vivid incident make it as varied and delightful as any +romance."—<i>Publisher's Weekly.</i></p> + +<p><b>Riis—Theodore Roosevelt, the Citizen</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Jacob Riis</span></p> + +<p>"A refreshing and stimulating picture."—<i>New York Tribune.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ryan—A Living Wage; Its Ethical and Economic Aspects</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Rev. J. A. Ryan</span></p> + +<p>"The most judicious and balanced discussion at the disposal of the +general reader."—<i>World To-day.</i></p> + +<p><b>St. Maur—A Self-supporting Home</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Kate V. St. Maur</span></p> + +<p>"Each chapter is the detailed account of all the work necessary for one +month—in the vegetable garden, among the small fruits, with the fowls, +guineas, rabbits, and in every branch of husbandry to be met with on the +small farm."—<i>Louisville Courier-Journal.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sherman—What is Shakespeare?</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By L. A. Sherman</span></p> + +<p>"Emphatically a work without which the library of the Shakespeare +student will be incomplete."—<i>Daily Telegram.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sidgwick—Home Life in Germany</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By A. Sidgwick</span></p> + +<p>"A vivid picture of social life and customs in Germany to-day."</p> + +<p><b>Smith—The Spirit of American Government</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By J. Allen Smith</span></p> + +<p>"Not since Bryce's 'American Commonwealth' has a book been produced +which deals so searchingly with American political institutions and +their history."—<i>New York Evening Telegram.</i></p> + +<p><b>Spargo—Socialism</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By John Spargo</span></p> + +<p>"One of the ablest expositions of Socialism that has ever been +written."—<i>New York Evening Call.</i></p> + +<p><b>Tarbell—History of Greek Art</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By T. B. Tarbell</span></p> + +<p>"A sympathetic and understanding conception of the golden age of art."</p> + +<p><b>Valentine—How to Keep Hens for Profit</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By C. S. Valentine</span></p> + +<p>"Beginners and seasoned poultrymen will find in it much of +value."—<i>Chicago Tribune.</i></p> + +<p><b>Van Dyke—The Gospel for a World of Sin</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Henry Van Dyke</span></p> + +<p>"One of the basic books of true Christian thought of to-day and of all +times."—<i>Boston Courier.</i></p> + +<p><b>Van Dyke—The Spirit of America</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Henry Van Dyke</span></p> + +<p>"Undoubtedly the most notable interpretation in years of the +real America. It compares favorably with Bryce's 'American +Commonwealth.'"—<i>Philadelphia Press.</i></p> + +<p><b>Veblen—The Theory of the Leisure Class</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Thorstein B. Veblen</span></p> + +<p>"The most valuable recent contribution to the elucidation of this +subject."—<i>London Times.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wells—New Worlds for Old</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By H. G. Wells</span></p> + +<p>"As a presentation of Socialistic thought as it is working to-day, this +is the most judicious and balanced discussion at the disposal of the +general reader."—<i>World To-day.</i></p> + +<p><b>White—The Old Order Changeth</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By William Allen White</span></p> + +<p>"The present status of society in America. An excellent antidote to the +pessimism of modern writers on our social system."—<i>Baltimore Sun.</i></p> + + +<h2><b>THE MACMILLAN FICTION LIBRARY</b></h2> + +<p>A new and important series of some of the best popular novels which have +been published in recent years.</p> + +<p>These successful books are now made available at a popular price in +response to the insistent demand for cheaper editions.</p> + +<p><b><i>Each volume, cloth, 12mo, 50 cents net; postage, 10 cents extra</i></b></p> + +<p><b>Allen—A Kentucky Cardinal</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By James Lane Allen</span></p> + +<p>"A narrative, told with naïve simplicity, of how a man who was devoted +to his fruits and flowers and birds came to fall in love with a fair +neighbor."—<i>New York Tribune.</i></p> + +<p><b>Allen—The Reign of Law <i>A Tale of the Kentucky Hempfields</i></b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By James Lane Allen</span></p> + +<p>"Mr. Allen has style as original and almost as perfectly finished as +Hawthorne's.... And rich in the qualities that are lacking in so many +novels of the period."—<i>San Francisco Chronicle.</i></p> + +<p><b>Atherton—Patience Sparhawk</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Gertrude Atherton</span></p> + +<p>"One of the most interesting works of the foremost American novelist."</p> + +<p><b>Child—Jim Hands</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Richard Washburn Child</span></p> + +<p>"A big, simple, leisurely moving chronicle of life. Commands the +profoundest respect and admiration. Jim is a real man, sound and +fine."—<i>Daily News.</i></p> + +<p><b>Crawford—The Heart of Rome</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Marion Crawford</span></p> + +<p>"A story of underground mysterie."</p> + +<p><b>Crawford—Fair Margaret: A Portrait</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Marion Crawford</span></p> + +<p>"A story of modern life in Italy, visualizing the country and its +people, and warm with the red blood of romance and melodrama."—<i>Boston +Transcript.</i></p> + +<p><b>Davis—A Friend of Cæsar</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By William Stearns Davis</span></p> + +<p>"There are many incidents so vivid, so brilliant, that they fix +themselves in the memory."—<span class="smcap">Nancy Huston Banks</span> in <i>The Bookman.</i></p> + +<p><b>Drummond—The Justice of the King</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Hamilton Drummond</span></p> + +<p>"Read the story for the sake of the living, breathing people, the +adventures, but most for the sake of the boy who served love and the +King."—<i>Chicago Record-Herald.</i></p> + +<p><b>Elizabeth and Her German Garden</b></p> + +<p>"It is full of nature in many phases—of breeze and sunshine, of the +glory of the land, and the sheer joy of living."—<i>New York Times.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gale—Loves of Pelleas and Etarre</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Zona Gale</span></p> + +<p>"... full of fresh feeling and grace of style, a draught from the +fountain of youth."—<i>Outlook.</i></p> + +<p><b>Herrick—The Common Lot</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Robert Herrick</span></p> + +<p>"A story of present-day life, intensely real in its picture of a young +architect whose ideals in the beginning were, at their highest, æsthetic +rather than spiritual. It is an unusual novel of great interest."</p> + +<p><b>London—Adventure</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Jack London</span></p> + +<p>"No reader of Jack London's stories need be told that this abounds with +romantic and dramatic incident."—<i>Los Angeles Tribune.</i></p> + +<p><b>London—Burning Daylight</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Jack London</span></p> + +<p>"Jack London has outdone himself in 'Burning Daylight.'"—<i>The +Springfield Union.</i></p> + +<p><b>Loti—Disenchanted</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Pierre Loti</span></p> + +<p>"It gives a more graphic picture of the life of the rich Turkish women +of to-day than anything that has ever been written."—<i>Brooklyn Daily +Eagle.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lucas—Mr. Ingleside</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By E. V. Lucas</span></p> + +<p>"He displays himself as an intellectual and amusing observer of life's +foibles with a hero characterized by inimitable kindness and +humor."—<i>The Independent.</i></p> + +<p><b>Mason—The Four Feathers</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By A. E. W. Mason</span></p> + +<p>"'The Four Feathers' is a first-rate story, with more legitimate thrills +than any novel we have read in a long time."—<i>New York Press.</i></p> + +<p><b>Norris—Mother</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Kathleen Norris</span></p> + +<p>"Worth its weight in gold."—<i>Catholic Columbian.</i></p> + +<p><b>Oxenham—The Long Road</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By John Oxenham</span></p> + +<p>"'The Long Road' is a tragic, heart-gripping story of Russian political +and social conditions."—<i>The Craftsman.</i></p> + +<p><b>Pryor—The Colonel's Story</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Mrs. Roger A. Pryor</span></p> + +<p>"The story is one in which the spirit of the Old South figures largely; +adventure and romance have their play and carry the plot to a satisfying +end."</p> + +<p><b>Remington—Ermine of the Yellowstone</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By John Remington</span></p> + +<p>"A very original and remarkable novel wonderful in its vigor and +freshness."</p> + +<p><b>Roberts—Kings in Exile</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Charles G. D. Roberts</span></p> + +<p>"The author catches the spirit of forest and sea life, and the reader +comes to have a personal love and knowledge of our animal +friends."—<i>Boston Globe.</i></p> + +<p><b>Robins—The Convert</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Elizabeth Robins</span></p> + +<p>"'The Convert' devotes itself to the exploitation of the recent +suffragist movement in England. It is a book not easily forgotten, by +any thoughtful reader."—<i>Chicago Evening Post.</i></p> + +<p><b>Robins—A Dark Lantern</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Elizabeth Robins</span></p> + +<p>A powerful and striking novel, English in scene, which takes an +essentially modern view of society and of certain dramatic situations.</p> + +<p><b>Ward—David Grieve</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Mrs. Humphrey Ward</span></p> + +<p>"A perfect picture of life, remarkable for its humor and extraordinary +success at character analysis."</p> + +<p><b>Wells—The Wheels of Chance</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By H. G. Wells</span></p> + +<p>"Mr. Wells is beyond question the most plausible romancer of the +time."—<i>The New York Tribune.</i></p> + + +<h2><b>THE MACMILLAN JUVENILE LIBRARY</b></h2> + +<p>This collection of juvenile books contains works of standard quality, on +a variety of subjects—history, biography, fiction, science, and +poetry—carefully chosen to meet the needs and interests of both boys +and girls.</p> + +<p><b><i>Each volume, cloth, 12mo, 50 cents net; postage, 10 cents extra</i></b></p> + +<p><b>Altsheler—The Horsemen of the Plains</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Joseph A. Altsheler</span></p> + +<p>"A story of the West, of Indians, of scouts, trappers, fur traders, and, +in short, of everything that is dear to the imagination of a healthy +American boy."—<i>New York Sun.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bacon—While Caroline Was Growing</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Josephine Daskam Bacon</span></p> + +<p>"Only a genuine lover of children, and a keenly sympathetic observer of +human nature, could have given us a book as this."—<i>Boston Herald.</i></p> + +<p><b>Carroll—Alice's Adventures, and Through the Looking Glass</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Lewis Carroll</span></p> + +<p>"One of the immortal books for children."</p> + +<p><b>Dix—A Little Captive Lad</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Marie Beulah Dix</span></p> + +<p>"The human interest is strong, and children are sure to like +it."—<i>Washington Times.</i></p> + +<p><b>Greene—Pickett's Gap</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Homer Greene</span></p> + +<p>"The story presents a picture of truth and honor that cannot fail to +have a vivid impression upon the reader."—<i>Toledo Blade.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lucas—Slowcoach</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By E. V. Lucas</span></p> + +<p>"The record of an English family's coaching tour in a great +old-fashioned wagon. A charming narrative, as quaint and original as its +name."—<i>Booknews Monthly.</i></p> + +<p><b>Mabie—Book of Christmas</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By H. W. Mabie</span></p> + +<p>"A beautiful collection of Christmas verse and prose in which all the +old favorites will be found in an artistic setting."—<i>The St. Louis +Mirror.</i></p> + +<p><b>Major—The Bears of Blue River</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Charles Major</span></p> + +<p>"An exciting story with all the thrills the title implies."</p> + +<p><b>Major—Uncle Tom Andy Bill</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Charles Major</span></p> + +<p>"A stirring story full of bears, Indians, and hidden +treasures."-<i>Cleveland Leader.</i></p> + +<p><b>Nesbit—The Railway Children</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By E. Nesbit</span></p> + +<p>"A delightful story revealing the author's intimate knowledge of +juvenile ways."—<i>The Nation.</i></p> + +<p><b>Whyte—The Story Book Girls</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Christina G. Whyte</span></p> + +<p>"A book that all girls will read with delight—a sweet, wholesome story +of girl life."</p> + +<p><b>Wright—Dream Fox Story Book</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Mabel Osgood Wright</span></p> + +<p>"The whole book is delicious with its wise and kindly humor, its just +perspective of the true value of things."</p> + +<p><b>Wright—Aunt Jimmy's Will</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">By Mabel Osgood Wright</span></p> + +<p>"Barbara has written no more delightful book than this."</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<h3><i>THE BEST NEW BOOKS AT THE LEAST PRICES</i></h3> + +<p><b>Each volume in the Macmillan Libraries sells for 50 cents, never more, +wherever books are sold.</b></p> + +<h2>THE MACMILLAN STANDARD LIBRARY</h2> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Addams</span>—The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bailey</span>—The Country Life Movement in the United States.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bailey & Hunn</span>—The Practical Garden Book.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Campbell</span>—The New Theology.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Clark</span>—The Care of a House.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Conyngton</span>—How to Help: A Manual of Practical Charity.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Coolidge</span>—The United States as a World Power.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Croly</span>—The Promise of American Life.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Devine</span>—Misery and Its Causes.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Earle</span>—Home Life in Colonial Days.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Ely</span>—Evolution of Industrial Society.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">ELY</span>—Monopolies and Trusts.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">French</span>—How to Grow Vegetables.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Goodyear</span>—Renaissance and Modern Art.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Hapgood</span>—Lincoln, Abraham, The Man of the People.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Haultain</span>—The Mystery of Golf.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Hearn</span>—Japan: An Attempt at Interpretation.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Hillis</span>—The Quest of Happiness.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Hillquit</span>—Socialism in Theory and Practice.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Hodges</span>—Everyman's Religion.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Horne</span>—David Livingstone.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Hunter</span>—Poverty.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Hunter</span>—Socialists at Work.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Jefferson</span>—The Building of the Church.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">King</span>—The Ethics of Jesus.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">King</span>—Rational Living</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">London</span>—The War of the Classes.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">London</span>—Revolution and Other Essays.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Lyon</span>—How to Keep Bees for Profit.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">McLennan</span>—A Manual of Practical Farming.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Mabie</span>—William Shakespeare: Poet, Dramatist, and Man.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Mahaffy</span>—Rambles and Studies in Greece.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Mathews</span>—The Church and the Changing Order.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Mathews</span>—The Gospel and the Modern Man.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Patten</span>—The Social Basis of Religion.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Peabody</span>—The Approach to the Social Question.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Pierce</span>—The Tariff and the Trusts.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Rauschenbusch</span>—Christianity and the Social Crisis.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Riis</span>—The Making of an American Citizen.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Riis</span>—Theodore Roosevelt, the Citizen.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Ryan</span>—A Living Wage: Its Ethical and Economic Aspects.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">St. Maur</span>—A Self-supporting Home.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Sherman</span>—What is Shakespeare?</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Sidgwick</span>—Home Life in Germany.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Smith</span>—The Spirit of the American Government.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Spargo</span>—Socialism.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Tarbell</span>—History of Greek Art.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Valentine</span>—How to Keep Hens for Profit.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Van Dyke</span>—The Gospel for a World of Sin.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Van Dyke</span>—The Spirit of America.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Veblen</span>—The Theory of the Leisure Class.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Wells</span>—New Worlds for Old.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">White</span>—The Old Order Changeth.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<h2>THE MACMILLAN FICTION LIBRARY</h2> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Allen</span>—A Kentucky Cardinal.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Allen</span>—The Reign of Law.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Atherton</span>—Patience Sparhawk.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Child</span>—Jim Hands.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Crawford</span>—The Heart of Rome.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Crawford</span>—Fair Margaret: A Portrait</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Davis</span>—A Friend of Cæsar.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Drummond</span>—The Justice of the King.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Elizabeth and Her German Garden.</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Gale</span>—Loves of Pelleas and Etarre.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Herrick</span>—The Common Lot.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">London</span>—Adventure.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">London</span>—Burning Daylight</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Loti</span>—Disenchanted.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Lucas</span>—Mr. Ingleside.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Mason</span>—-The Four Feathers.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Norris</span>—Mother.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Oxenham</span>—The Long Road.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Pryor</span>—-The Colonel's Story.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Remington</span>—Ermine of the Yellowstone.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Roberts</span>—Kings in Exile.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Robins</span>—-The Convert.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Robins</span>—A Dark Lantern.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Ward</span>—David Grieve.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Wells</span>—The Wheels of Chance.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<h2>THE MACMILLAN JUVENILE LIBRARY</h2> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Altsheler</span>—The Horsemen of the Plains.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bacon</span>—While Caroline Was Growing.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Carroll</span>—Alice's Adventures and Through the Looking Glass.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Dix</span>—A Little Captive Lad.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Greene</span>—Pickett's Gap.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Lucas</span>—Slow Coach.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Mabie</span>—Book of Christmas.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Major</span>—The Bears of Blue River.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Major</span>—Uncle Tom Andy Bill.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Nesbit</span>—The Railway Children.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Whyte</span>—The Story Book Girls.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Wright</span>—Dream Fox Story Book.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Wright</span>—Aunt Jimmy's Will.</span><br /> +</p></div> + +<p class="center">Transcriber's note: A few illustrations in the title pages could not be +found. The links remain as they appeared in the book. +</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Getting Acquainted with the Trees, by +J. Horace McFarland + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES *** + +***** This file should be named 28764-h.htm or 28764-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/7/6/28764/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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