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diff --git a/28476-8.txt b/28476-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07072d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/28476-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3084 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 194, July 16, 1853, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 194, July 16, 1853 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: April 2, 2009 [EBook #28476] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + +Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they +are listed at the end of the text. + + * * * * * + + +{49} + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +No. 194.] +SATURDAY, JULY 16. 1853.. +[With Index, price 10d.. Stamped Edition 11d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + + NOTES:-- Page + Derivation of the Word "Island" 49 + Weather Rules, by Edward Peacock 50 + On the modern Practice of assuming Arms 50 + Morlee and Lovel, by L. B. Larking 51 + Shakspeare Correspondence, by Robert Rawlinson and + John Macray 51 + Unpublished Letter 53 + + MINOR NOTES:--Lines on the Institution of the Order + of the Garter--Old Ship--The Letter "h" in "humble"-- + "The Angels' Whisper"--Pronunciation of Coke--The + Advice supposed to have been given to Julius III. 53 + + QUERIES:-- + Bishop Gardiner "De Vera Obedientiâ" 54 + + MINOR QUERIES:--Lord Byron--Curious Custom of + ringing Bells for the Dead--Unpublished Essay by + Lamb--Peculiar Ornament in Crosthwaite Church-- + Cromwell's Portrait--Governor Brooks--Old Books--The + Privileges of the See of Canterbury--Heraldic + Colour pertaining to Ireland--Descendants of Judas + Iscariot--Parish Clerks and Politics--"Virgin Wife + and widowed Maid"--"Cutting off the little Heads of + Light"--Medal of Sir Robert Walpole--La Fête des + Chaudrons--Who first thought of Table-turning?-- + College Guide 55 + + MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Done Pedigree--Scotch + Newspapers, &c.--Dictum de Kenilworth--Dr. Harwood 57 + + REPLIES:-- + Names of Places, by J. J. A. Worsaae 58 + Cleaning old Oak, by Henry Herbert Hele, &c. 58 + Burial in an Erect Posture, by Cuthbert Bede, B.A. 59 + Lawyers' Bags 59 + + PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--New Photographic + Process 60 + + REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--The Ring Finger--The + Order of St. John of Jerusalem--Calvin's Correspondence-- + Old Booty's Case--Chatterton--House-marks, &c.-- + Bibliography--Parochial Libraries--Faithful Teate-- + Lack-a-daisy--Bacon--Angel-beast: Cleek: Longtriloo-- + Hans Krauwinckel--Revolving Toy--Rub-a-dub--Muffs worn + by Gentlemen--Detached Church Towers--Christian + Names--Hogarth's Pictures--Old Fogie--Clem--Kissing + Hands--Uniform of the Foot Guards--Book Inscriptions-- + Humbug--Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire on Railway + Travelling--Engine-à-verge--"Populus vult decipi," &c.-- + Sir John Vanbrugh--Erroneous Forms of Speech-- + Devonianisms 61 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 65 + Notices to Correspondents 66 + Advertisements 66 + + * * * * * + + +Notes. + +DERIVATION OF THE WORD "ISLAND." + +Lexicographers from time to time have handed down to us, and proposed for +our choice, two derivations of our English word _Island_; and, that one of +these two is correct, has, I believe, never yet been called in question. +The first which they offer, and that most usually accepted as the true one, +is the A.-S. _Ealand_, _Ealond_, _Igland_; Belg. _Eylandt_: the first +syllable of which, they inform us, is _ea_, Low Germ. _aue_, water, _i.e._ +water-land, or land surrounded by water. If this etymon be deemed +unsatisfactory, they offer the following: from the Fr. _isle_, It. _isola_, +Lat. _insula_, the word _island_, they say, is easily deflected. + +At the risk of being thought presumptuous, I do not hesitate to say, that +both these alternatives are manifestly erroneous; and, for the following +reason, I propose a third source, which seems to carry conviction with it: +first, from analogy; and secondly, from the usage of the language from +which our English word is undoubtedly derived, the Anglo-Saxon. + +First, from analogy. Let us only consider how frequently names are given to +parts of our hills, shores, rivers, &c., from their supposed resemblance to +parts of the human body. Thus, for instance, we have a _head_ land, a +_neck_ of land, a _tongue_ of land, a _nose_ of land (as in Ness, in +Orfordness, Dungeness, and, on the opposite coast, Grinez); also a _mouth_ +of a river or harbour, a _brow_ of a hill, _back_ or _chine_ of a hill, +_foot_ of a hill; an _arm_ of the sea, _sinus_ or bosom of the sea. With +these examples, and many more like them, before us, why should we ignore an +_eye_ of land as unlikely to be the original of our word _island_? The +correspondence between the two is exact. How frequently is the term _eye_ +applied to any small spot standing by itself, and peering out as it were, +in fact an _insulated_ spot: thus we have the _eye_ of an apple, the _eye_ +or centre of a target, the _eye_ of a stream (_i.e._ where the stream +collects into a point--a point well known to salmon fishers), and very many +other instances. What more natural term, then, to apply to a spot of land +standing alone in the midst of an expanse of water than an _eye_ of land? +{50} + +In confirmation of this view, let us look to the original language; there +we find the compounds of _eag_, _ea_, _ægh_, the eye, of very frequent +occurrence: all of them showing that this compound _ea-land_ is not only +legitimate, but extremely probable. Thus we find, _eag-æple_, the pupil of +the eye; _eag-dura_, a window-light, eye-door; _eag ece_, pain in the eye; +_eah-hringas_, the orbits of the eyes. In the last instance, the _g_ is +dropped; and it is certain that _eag_ was pronounced nearly as eye now is. +From all this, is it too much to conclude that _ea-land_ is the same as +_eye-land_? But farther, _Ig_ (A.-S.) sometimes stands by itself for an +island, as also do _Igland_ and _Igoth_, and _Ii_ was the old name of Iona. +Now I cannot find that there ever was the slightest connexion between the +A.-S. _Ig_ and _water_; nor do I believe that such an idea would ever have +been started, but to support the old derivation of the word; I have never +seen a genuine instance of such connexion brought forward. Then the word +_Ig_, if it be supposed to mean an _eye_, as I contend, may very well stand +by itself for _island_; but, if _water_ be expressed by it, I cannot +understand how it can serve to import _land_. + +If any farther confirmation be wanted, we have it in the diminutive _eyot_, +of which _ait_, _aight_, _eight_ are corruptions. + +H. C. K. + +---- Rectory, Hereford. + + * * * * * + +WEATHER RULES. + +Thomas Passenger, who dwelt at the Three Bibles and Star, on London Bridge, +was very celebrated during the latter part of the seventeenth century for +publishing popular histories and chap-books. His shop seems to have been +the principal place of resort for the hawkers who then supplied the +provinces with literature. Many of the works which issued from his press +are now very rare: one of the most curious, and, at the same time, the +rarest, is _The Shepherd's Kalendar: or, the Citizen's and Country Man's +Daily Companion_, &c. The contents of this book are of a very singular +nature, it being a kind of epitome of the facts it was then thought +necessary for a countryman to be acquainted with. A considerable portion of +the work is occupied by remarks on the weather, and on lucky and unlucky +days: if I were to extract all on those subjects, this communication would +extend to an unreasonable length. + +We are informed, under the head "Observations on Remarkable Days, to know +how the whole Year will succeed in Weather, Plenty," &c., that-- + + "If the sun shine clear and bright on Christmas-day, it promiseth a + peaceable year from clamours and strife, and foretells much plenty to + ensue; but if the wind blow stormy towards sunset, it betokeneth + sickness in the spring and autumn quarters." + + "If January 25 (being St. Paul's day) be fair, it promises a happy + year; but if cloudy, windy, or rainy, otherwise: hear in this case what + an ancient judicious astrologer writes: + + 'If St. Paul be fair and clear, + It promises then a happy year; + But if it chance to snow or rain, + Then will be dear all sorts of grain: + Or if the wind do blow aloft, + Great stirs will vex the world full oft; + And if dark clouds do muff the sky, + Then foul and cattle oft will die.'" + + "Mists or hoar frosts on the tenth of March betokens (_sic_) a + plentiful year, but not without some diseases." + + "If, in the fall of the leaf in October, many of them wither on the + bows, and hang there, it betokens a frosty winter and much snow." + +Under "The Signs of Rain in Creatures" we have the following: + + "When the hern or bitron flies low, the air is gross, and thickening + into showers." + + "The froggs much croaking in ditches and pools, &c., in the evening, + foretells rain in little time to follow: also, the sweating of stone + pillars or tombs denotes rain." + + "The often doping or diving of water fowl foreshows rain is at hand." + + "The peacock's much crying denotes rain." + +There is a list given of Lucky Days, which contains all the red letter +saints' days of the Reformed English kalendar. We are also informed that +there are other days in each month which "are successful enough." Thus-- + + "In January there are three, viz. 16. 18. 26. + In February there are four, viz. 10. 19. 27. 28. + In March there are two, viz. 14. 18. + In April there are three, viz. 13. 22. 27. + In May there are five, viz. 3. 5. 7. 11. 19. + In June there are four, viz. 10. 17. 20. 27. + In July there are six, viz. 1. 13. 19. 21. 27. 30. + In August there are three, viz. 3. 7. 9. + In September there are five, viz. 4. 8. 11. 15. 19. + In October there are three, viz. 1. 8. 13. + In November there are four, viz. 3. 9. 11. 15. + In December there are three, viz. 9. 13. 17." + +EDWARD PEACOCK. + +Bottesford, Messingham, Kirton-in-Lindsey. + + * * * * * + +ON THE MODERN PRACTICE OF ASSUMING ARMS. + + "If any person be advanced into an office or dignity of publique + administration, be it eyther ecclesiasticall, martiall, or ciuill: so + that the same office comprehendeth in it _dignitatem vel dignitatis + titulum_, either dignitie or (at the least) a title of dignitye: the + Heralde must not refuse to devise to such a publique person, upon his + instant request and willingnes to beare the same without reproche, a + coate of armes: and thenceforth to matriculate him, with his {51} + intermarriages, and issues descending, in the register of the Gentle + and Noble." + +Thus wrote Sir John Ferne in _The Blazon of Gentrie_, printed in the year +1586. So also Coates, in his additions to Gwillim, writing in 1724, says: + + "For though arms, in their first acceptation, were (as is shewed) taken + up at any gentleman's pleasure, yet hath that liberty for many ages + been deny'd, and they, by regal authority, made the rewards and ensigns + of merit, &c., the gracious favours of princes; no one being, by the + law of gentility in England, allowed the bearing thereof, but those + that either have them by descent, or grant, or purchase from the body + or badge of any prisoner they in open and lawful war had taken." + +He proceeds to adduce various authorities on this subject, for which I +would refer to the Introduction to the last edition of Gwillim's +_Heraldry_, p. 16. &c. + +Porny defines _assumptive arms_ to be-- + + "Such as are taken up by the caprice or fancy of _upstarts_, who, being + advanced to a degree of fortune, assume them without having deserved + them by any glorious action. This, indeed (he adds), is _great abuse of + heraldry_; but yet so common, and so much tolerated, almost everywhere, + that little or no notice is taken of it." + +This was written in 1765. Archdeacon Nares, in his very amusing _Heraldic +Anomalies_, printed in 1823, says: + + "At present, _similarity of name_ is quite enough to lead any man to + conclude himself to be a branch of some very ancient or noble stock, + and, if occasion arise, to assume the arms appropriate to such + families, without any appeal to the Heralds' office; nor would any + _Alderman Gathergrease_, living in affluence, be without such marks and + symbols on his plate, seals, carriages, &c., with no higher authority, + perhaps, than his own fancy and conceit." + +It must be confessed that the middle of the nineteenth century offers the +most ample facilities for the would-be aristocrats of the age, and _that_ +without troubling Sir Charles Young or the College of Arms; witness the +following advertisement cut from a newspaper of the day:-- + + "THE FAMILY LIVERY.--Arms and Crests correctly ascertained, and in any + case a steel die expressly cut for the buttons, free of cost," &c. + +There can, indeed, be no doubt that this foolish practice of assuming arms +without right has of late years grown to an absurd height; and I fear the +assumption is by no means confined to persons who have risen by trade, or +by some lucky speculation in railways &c.; even those who have been +"_advanced into an office or dignity of publique administration_" have but +seldom made their "_instant request_" to the heralds "_to devise a coate of +armes to be borne by them without reproch_." + +The episcopal bench, in particular, are very generally faulty in this +respect, and, for the greater part, content themselves (if not by birth +entitled to bear arms) by assuming the coat of some old-established family +of the same, or _nearly the same_, name. In the case of temporal peerages, +which are not seldom, thanks to the ancient constitution of England, +renovated from the middle and lower classes, the practice is more in +accordance with the precepts of _The Blazon of Gentrie_; but I believe +there is at least _one instance_, that of a lawyer of the greatest +eminence, who was last year advanced to a peerage, and to the highest rank +in his profession, who has assumed both arms and supporters without the +fiat of the College of Arms. The "novi homines" of a former age set a +better example to those of the present day, and were not ashamed to go +honestly to the proper office and take out their patent of arms, thus +"founding a family" who have a _right_ to the ensigns of honour which they +assume. + +SPES. + + * * * * * + +MORLEE AND LOVEL. + +The following document, in connexion with the trial between Morlee and +Lovell, in the Court of Chivalry, will probably interest your heraldic +readers. + +L. B. LARKING. + + Ceste indentur tesmoyne q' mos^r Joh[=n] de Cobeh[=m] s^r de Cobeh[=m] + ad baille [p=] assent de les sires de Morlee et Louel dys lib' de bone + moneye amest' Joh[=n] Barnet, cest assau' cent south p^r le un [p=]tye + et cent south p^r lautre [p=]tye acause q' mesme le dit mestre Joh[=n] + et mest' Will[=m] Dawode et mest' Will[=m] Sondeye serrount assessours + sur la matire pendaunt [p=]entre les deux syngn' susdite p^r leur armes + en le Court de Chiualerie. En tesmoynaunce de quel payment a ycestes + endentur lez [p=]tyes susditez entrechaungeablement ount mys lours + sceals. + + Don a Loundres le xx iu^r de Feu'er lan du rengne le Roy Richard + secounde quinzisme. + + [In dorso.] + + Lendentur de x li paye a mest' Joh[=n] Barnet p^r Morlee et Louel. + + * * * * * + +SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE. + +_Shakspeare Emendations._--As this is the age of Shakspeare emendations, I +beg to propose the following for the consideration of the numerous readers +of "N. & Q." I am the more emboldened to do so, as I find several marginal +corrections made from time to time are verified by the manuscript +corrections in MR. COLLIER'S folio of 1632. These proposed are not, +however, there, or I would not have troubled you, though it is many months +since I first altered the reading of my copy. {52} + +_Taming of the Shrew,_ Act V. Sc. 2.--On the exit of Katharina to "fetch" +in the disobedient wives, Lucentio remarks: + + "_Luc._ Here is a wonder, if you talk of a wonder. + + _Hort._ And so it is. I wonder what it bodes. + + _Pet._ Marry, peace it bodes, and love, and quiet life, + _An awful_ rule, and right supremacy; + And, to be short, what not that's sweet and happy." + +For "an awful rule" I propose to substitute _and lawful rule_, as agreeing +better with the text and context; indeed, the whole passage indicates it. +Petruchio means that the change in Katharina's temper and conduct bodes +love, peace, law, and order, in contradistinction to awe or fear. The +repetition of the conjunction _and_ also makes the harmony of the language +more equal; "and love, and quiet life, and lawful rule, and right +supremacy," rings evenly to the ear. Considering the number and character +of the emendations in MR. COLLIER'S volume, I have the less hesitation in +proposing this one. The language of Shakspeare is, as we know it, for the +most part so clear, harmonious, distinct, and forcible, that I think we are +justified in considering any obscure, inconsistent, or harsh passage, as +having met with some mishap either in hearing, transcribing, or in +printing. Some months ago, and certainly before MR. COLLIER'S volume of +corrections appeared, I forwarded to "N. & Q." (it never appeared) a +correction from _Antony and Cleopatra_, Act V. Sc. 2., where Cleopatra, +contemplating suicide, says it is-- + + "To do that thing that ends all other deeds, + Which shackles accidents, and bolts up change; + Which sleeps, and never palates more the dung. + The beggar's nurse and Cæsar's." + +The word "dung" ending the third line, was so evidently _dug_, or nipple, +that I thought no man to whom it was pointed out could have a doubt about +it. MR. COLLIER remarks in his recent volume, "This emendation may, or may +not, have been conjectural, but we may be pretty sure it is right." I doubt +if MR. COLLIER would have accepted any authority other than that of his own +folio, although Shakspeare has frequently used the word _dug_ as a synonym +for nipple, as see _Romeo and Juliet_, Act I. Sc. 3.: + + "_Nurse._ And she was wean'd,--I never shall forget it,-- + Of all the days of the year, upon that day: + For I had then laid wormwood to my dug. + . . . . . . + --but, as I said, + When it did taste the wormwood on the nipple + Of my dug, and felt it bitter, pretty fool, + To see it tetchy, and fall out with the dug!" + +This quotation proves clearly, I consider, that dug was meant by Cleopatra, +and not _dung_; and so I considered before the old manuscript correction of +MR. COLLIER'S appeared. The words "an awful" are as clearly to my mind _and +lawful_. I doubt, however, if they will be so acknowledged, as the use of +the words "an awful," it may be contended, are countenanced by other +passages in Shakspeare; I quote the following. + +_Two Gentlemen of Verona_, Act IV. Sc. I.-- + + "_3rd Outlaw._ Know then, that some of us are gentlemen, + Such as the fury of ungovern'd youth + Thrust from the company of _awful_ men." + +The word "awful" is surely, in this place, _lawful_; an outlaw would be +little inclined to consider men as "awful," but the contrary. Read the last +line as under-- + + "Thrust from the company of _lawful_ men," + +and the meaning is simple and clear. The outlaws were thrust from the +company of _lawful men_, that is, men who obeyed the laws they had broken +in "the fury of ungovern'd youth." + +In _King Richard II._, Act III. Sc. 3., the following use of the words +_lawful_ and _awful_ occurs: + + "_K. Rich._ We are amazed; and thus long have we stood + To watch the fearful bending of thy knee, + [_To Northumberland._ + Because we thought ourself thy lawful king; + And if we be, how dare thy joints forget + To pay their awful duty to our presence?" + +The meaning in this case is no doubt clear enough, and the words "awful +duty" may be the right ones; but had they stood _lawful duty_ in any old +copy, he should have been a bold man who would have proposed to substitute +_awful_ for _lawful_. + +_Second Part of King Henry IV._, Act IV. Sc. 1.-- + + "_Arch._ To us, and to our purposes, confin'd: + We come within our _awful_ banks again, + And knit our powers to the arm of peace." + +The use of the word "awful" in this passage may be right, but, as in the +preceding case, I think, had _lawful banks_ stood in any old printed copy, +or had it even been found in MR. COLLIER'S volume, the fitness would have +been acknowledged. + +Shakspeare used the word "lawful" in many instances where, no doubt, it may +with reason, strong as any given here, be changed to _awful_. In the +historical plays, _lawful_ king, _lawful_ progeny, _lawful_ heir, _lawful_ +magistrate, _lawful_ earth, _lawful_ sword, &c., may be found. These +suggestions, like the pinch of sand thrown on the old woman's cow, if they +do no good, will, I trust, do no harm. + +ROBERT RAWLINSON. + +_Shakspeare._--A German writer, Professor Hilgers, of Aix-la-Chapelle, +published in 1852 a pamphlet, in which he endeavoured to prove that many +passages in Shakspeare, which were originally written in verse, have been +"degraded" into prose, and quotes several passages from the plays {53} in +support of his thesis. Professor Hilgers says that emendation of the text, +by means of such a mode of correction as would restore the corrupted verses +to their original form, has hitherto been almost entirely neglected by +commentators, or else employed by them with very little ability and +success. I have not seen the Professor's Treatise, and only write from a +short notice which I have just perused of it in a German review; but, if +what Professor H. states be correct, the subject appears to deserve more +particular attention from the writers in the "N. & Q.," who have devoted +their ingenuity and research to the illustration of Shakspeare. In the hope +of attracting them to "fresh fields and pastures new," in which to recreate +themselves, and to instruct and delight the world-wide readers of the great +dramatist, I venture to solicit attention to Professor Hilger's pamphlet +and its subject. In this I only echo the German reviewer's language, who +most highly praises the Professor's acuteness, and the value of his +strictures, and promises to return to them at greater length in a future +number of the periodical in which he writes. + +JOHN MACRAY. + +Oxford. + + * * * * * + +UNPUBLISHED LETTER. + +I have thought that the following old letter, from a retired lawyer of the +seventeenth century to his future son-in-law, might not be altogether +uninteresting to your readers, as referring to the value of land and money +at the period when it was written. + +C. W. B. + + July y^e 16^{th}, (16)95. + + S^r, + + Since you are pleased to demand my opinion concerning your intended + purchase, I shall give you it as well as I can upon so short a warning. + You say, if lett, you suppose it was worth a 130l. per ann[=u]. I + cannot tell by your letter whether the mills, lett at 20l. per ann[=u], + are a part of y^e 130l.: if it be, I think 2600l. a great price, being + much above twenty years' purchase, considering the lord's rent. But if + they are not included in that sum, 'tis a good twenty years' purchase. + Now you must consider what returne this will make for your money. I am + sure, as times goe, not three per cent; and money makes full five, and + very seldom, if ever, pays taxes. I believe it may be very convenient + for you, and it is very advantageous to be entire; but if you should + contract a debt to buy this estate you will be very uneasy, and, if you + marry, the first setting out will be expensive, and it will be ill + taking up money to defray necessary charges. I conceive the land is in + hand, and not lett; so that, if you have not a tenant, you must be at + the expence of stocking, w^{ch} will sett very hard upon you. And you + know, w^n your sister marrys, there is a 1000 pounds more to be + provided. Pray putt all these things together, and propose some way of + solving all these difficultys; and, if you can, I should be glad to + have it annexed to your estate, and settled upon the heirs male of your + body. Upon w^{ch} consideration I shall be more inclined to farther + your desires in a reasonable manner. + + Pray, w^n you hear any more of that co[=u]selor's amours send me word, + but lett me advise you never to say anything of him or his estate that + may come to the lady's ears. I hope my Lady Morton will not tell M^{rs} + Tregonell any more than what all the world should know. I heard the K^t + had bid adieu to the Woodland Lady. I am very glad of it, for I wish + him better ffortune. I writt lately to S^r John, who honoured me with a + letter. As for public news, you have heard, I suppose, of our burning + St. Malos and Grandvile; and that wee have left a great many of our men + before Namur, but they continue the siege vigorously. They say the + ffrench are about to sett downe before Dixmude, to bring us of by + revultion. Pray p^rsent mine and my daughter's service to your sister, + and believe me to be, S^r, your affectionate kinsman and servant + + J. POTENGER. + + Remember, at this time there is a great deal of land to be sold, but + few purchasers. I have spooke to S^r Miles Cooke, who promises to lett + me have your settlement to peruse, and to end matters fairly. Since I + writt my letter 'tis reported ... is surrendered or taken. + + These ffor Richard Bingh[=a], Esq., at + Bingham's Malcombe, to be left at + the post-house in St. Andrew's, + Milborne, Dorsett. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +_Lines on the Institution of the Order of the Garter._--I send you the +following, which may be worth a corner in "N. & Q." The only account I can +give of them is that I found them in MS. among other poetical extracts, +without date or author's name:-- + + "When Salisbury's famed Countess was dancing with glee, + Her stocking's security fell from her knee. + Allusions and hints, sneers and whispers went round; + The trifle was scouted, and left on the ground. + When Edward the Brave, with true soldier-like spirit, + Cried, 'The garter is mine; 'tis the order of merit; + The first knight in my court shall be happy to wear, + Proud distinction! the garter that fell from the fair: + While in letters of gold--'tis your monarch's high will-- + Shall there be inscribed, "Ill to him that thinks ill."'" + +TEE BEE. + +{54} + +_Old Ship._--It may be of interest to some of your readers to learn that +the ship which conveyed General Wolfe on his expedition to Quebec is still +afloat under the name of the "William and Ann." + +She was built in 1759 for a bomb-ketch, and was in dock in the Thames a few +days since, sound and likely to endure for many years yet: she is mostly +now engaged in the Honduras and African timber trades, which is in itself a +proof of her great strength. + +A. O. H. + +Blackheath. + +_The Letter "h" in "humble."_--I was always taught in my childhood to sink +the _h_ in this word, and was confirmed in this habit by the usage of all +the well-educated people that I met in those days, as also by the authority +of every pronouncing dictionary in the English language: and to this day +hear many people quite as well educated, and of as high station in all but +literary society, as Mr. Dickens, use the same pronunciation; but this +eminent writer has thought fit of late to proscribe this practice as far as +in him lies, by making it the Shibboleth of two of the meanest and vilest +characters in his works. I should like to know whether the aspiration of +this letter is due to Mr. D.'s London birth and residence, or whether it +has become of late the general usage of good society. If the latter, it is +clear that a new edition of _Walker_ is required for the benefit of such as +have no wish to be confounded with the "Heeps." + +Your late Numbers have given some curious instances of Cockney and other +rhymes. I am sorry to see that the offensive _r_ not only appears to be +gaining ground in poetry, but also in the mouths of many whose station and +education might have been supposed to preserve them from this vulgarism. If +the masters of our great schools took as much pains with their pupils' +pronunciation of English, as with that of Latin and Greek, we should hear +less of this. + +J. S. WARDEN. + +_"The Angels' Whisper."_--The admirers of that popular song will be +surprised to find that there prevails in India a tradition very similar to +the one on which that song is founded. + +The other day our Hindoo nurse was watching our baby asleep, and noticing +that it frequently smiled, said, "God is talking to it!" The tradition, as +elicited from this woman, seems to be here, that when a child smiles in its +sleep, God is saying something pleasing to it; but when it cries, He is +talking to it of sorrow. + +J. C. B. + +Punjab. + +_Pronunciation of Coke_ (Vol. vii., p. 586.).--Probably the under-mentioned +particulars may tend to elucidate the Query discussed in your paper +touching the pronunciation of Chief Justice Coke's surname in his +Lordship's time. + +In numerous original family "Coke documents" in my possession, amongst +which are a most spirited and highly interesting letter written by the +celebrated Lady Elizabeth Hatton[1], Sir Edward Coke's widow, quite in +character with her ladyship, shortly after her husband's death; and +likewise several letters written by his children and grandchildren; Sir +Edward's surname is invariably spelt Coke, whilst in other his family +documents[2] and public precepts I possess, the latter of which came under +the eye of Lords Keepers Coventry and Littleton, Sir Edward's name is, in +nine cases out of ten in five hundred instances, spelt _Cooke_ and _Cook_; +thus, I submit, raising an almost irresistible presumption that, however +the Chief Justice's surname was written, it was pronounced _Cook_ and not +C_o_ke. + +T. W. JONES. + +Nantwich. + +[Footnote 1: Her surname is so written.] + +[Footnote 2: Some of them of so early a date as the year 1600, when Sir +Edward was Attorney-General to Queen Elizabeth.] + +_The Advice supposed to have been given to Julius III._--The _Consilium_, +sometimes and inadvertently called a _Council_, addressed to Julius III., +Pope of Rome, by certain prelates, has just been once more quoted, for the +fiftieth time, perhaps, within the present generation, as a genuine +document, and as proceeding from adherents of the Church of Rome. This +re-quotation appears in an otherwise useful little volume of the Religious +Tract Society, entitled _The Bible in many Tongues_, p. 96.; and it may +tend to check the use made of the supposed Advice or Council to state, what +a perusal either of the original in Brown's _Fasciculus Rerum Expetend. et +Fugiend._, or of a translation in Gibson's _Preservative_ (vol. i. pp. 183. +191., ed. 1848), will soon make evident, that the document in question is a +piece of banter, and must be attributed to the pen of P. P. Vergerio, in +whose _Works_ it is in fact included, in the single volume published +Tubing. 1563, fol. 94--104. + +So frequently has this supposed Advice been cited as a _serious_ affair, +that the pages of "N. & Q." may be well employed in endeavouring to stop +the somewhat perverse use of a friendly weapon. + +NOVUS. + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + +BISHOP GARDINER "DE VERA OBEDIENTIÂ." + +It is probable that others of your readers besides myself have had good +reason to complain that Dr. Maitland has cruelly raised the price of this +little book to a bibliomaniacal height, by his inimitable description of +its curious contents and history. (_Essays on Subjects connected with the +Reformation_, xvii. xviii. xix.) + +{55} + +Some of the things which seem to be indubitable respecting the original +work are these:--1. That it was first printed in 1535. 2. That, +consequently, Bishop Burnet (_Hist. of Ref._, Part I. b. iii. p. 166.: +Dublin, 1730) was mistaken in representing it as having been written in +reply to Cardinal Pole. 3. That there _was_ an octavo edition published at +Strasburg in 1536, and that Goldastus followed it. 4. That there was an +additional reprint of the tract at London in 1603. (Schelhornii, _Amoen. +Hist. Eccles._, tom. i. pp. 15. 849.) But I am anxious to make three +inquiries relative to this really important document and its fictitious +preface. + +1. The Roane volume, certainly the earliest in English, professes to have +been printed by "Michal Wood" in 1553. Can we not determine the place of +its origin by the recollection of the fact, that Bishop Bale's _Mysterye of +Iniquyte, or Confutation of Ponce Pantolabus_, was printed at _Geneva_ by +"Mychael Woode" in 1545? + +2. With regard to the typographical achievements of the Brocards, is it not +rather an _apropos_ circumstance, that "Biliosus Balæus," as Fuller calls +him, was the author of a _Historia Divi Brocardi_? (Ware's _Works_, ii. +325.) + +3. May not Bale (or _Baal_, according to Pits) be suspected to have been +the composer of the Bonnerian Preface? He might have reckoned it among the +many _Facetias et Jocos_ which he declares that he had put forth. It is +observable that, while the writer of this Preface designates Bishop +Gardiner as the "common cutthrot of Englande," the same title is bestowed +upon Bonner in the Foxian Letter addressed to him by "an unknown person" +(Strype's _Memor._ iii., Catal. p. 161.: London, 1721), and which, from +internal evidence taken from the part relating to Philpot, must be referred +to the year 1555. The style of these performances is similar; and let "gaie +Gardiner, blow-bole Boner, trusti Tonstal, and slow-bellie Samson" of the +Preface be compared with "glorious Gardiner, blow-bolle Bonner, tottering +Tunstal, wagtaile Weston, and carted Chicken." (Bale's _Declaration of +Bonner's Articles_, fol. 90. b., London, 1561.) + +R. G. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + +_Lord Byron._--What relation to the poet was the Lord Byron mentioned in +the _Apology for the Life of George Ann Bellamy_? + +UNEDA. + +Philadelphia. + +_Curious Custom of ringing Bells for the Dead._--In Marshfield, +Massachusets, it has been customary for a very long period to ring the bell +of the parish church most violently for eight or ten minutes, whenever a +death occurs in the village; then to strike it slowly three times three, +which makes known to the inhabitants that a man or boy has expired, and +finally to toll it the number of times that the deceased had numbered years +of existence. + +The first settlers of Marshfield having been Englishmen, may I ask if this +custom ever did, or does now, exist in the mother country? + +W. W. + +Malta. + +_Unpublished Essay by Lamb._--Coleridge is represented in his _Table Talk_ +(p. 253. ed. 1836), to have said that "Charles Lamb wrote an essay on a +man, who had lived in past time." The editor in a note tells us he knows +"not when or where." I do not find it in the edition of his works published +in 1846, nor have I been able to discover it in any of the journals, to +which he contributed, that have fallen in my way. Have any of your +correspondents met with it? + +R. W. ELLIOTT. + +_Peculiar Ornament in Crosthwaite Church._--On lately visiting Crosthwaite +Church, Cumberland, I was exceedingly struck with the great peculiarity of +a carving, pointed out to me by the sexton, on the left jambs of all the +windows in the north and south aisles, both inside and out. It is in the +form of a circle with eight radiations, and always occurs about half-way +between the shoulder of the arch and the sill. During the late restoration +of the church, it has been covered with plaster in every case in the +interior, save one in the north aisle, which is left very distinct. It does +not appear on any of the windows at the east end or in the tower. I noticed +a similar figure over the stone door-way of the old inn at Threlkeld, with +the letters C G inscribed on one side, and the date 1688 on the other. The +sexton said, he had never been able to obtain any intelligence as to its +symbolical meaning or history, although he had inquired of nearly every one +who had been to see the church. Can any of your correspondents throw a +light upon the subject? + +R. W. ELLIOTT. + +_Cromwell's Portrait._--In the _Annual Register_, 1773, "Characters," p. +77.; in Hughes's _Letters_, ii. 308.; in _Gent. Mag._, xxxv. 357.; and in +Noble's _House of Cromwell_, i. 307., is a statement, originally made by +Mr. Say, of Lowestoft, in his account of Mrs. Bridget Bendish, importing +that the best picture of Oliver which the writer had ever seen, was at +Rosehall (Beccles), in the possession of Sir Robert Rich. Where is this +portrait? Has it ever been engraved? + +S. W. RIX. + +Beccles. + +_Governor Brooks_, about a century since, was governor of one of the West +India Islands. I have heard Cuba named as his government; and it might have +been that, the short time Cuba was in {56} the possession of the English, +he was governor of it; but I am uncertain. If any correspondent, versed in +West Indian affairs, can give me any particulars of the family and +antecedents of the above, or any reference to his services (for I suppose +him to have been a military man), it will great oblige + +TEE BEE. + +_Old Books._--I notice some of your correspondents, having fancied that +they have picked up at some old book-stall an invaluable treasure, are +coolly told by others more learned, "It would be a bad exchange for a +shilling;" and, again, "If it cost three shillings and sixpence, the +purchaser was most unfortunate." + +May I ask the value of the following? They came into possession of my +family about thirty years ago: + + "Epitome Thesauri antiquitatum hoc est Impp. Rom. orientalium et + occidentalium Iconum ex antiquis numismatibus quam fidelissime + delineatum. + + "Ex Musæo Jacobi de Strada Mantuani Antiquatum. + + "Lugduni, apud Jacobum de Strada et Thomam Guercinum, MDLIII. (1553). + Cum Privilegio Regio." + +Handsomely got up; gilt edges, pp. 339. Also, + + "Sommario delle vite de gl'Imperiatore Romani da C. Giolio Cesare sino + a Ferdinando II., con le loro effigie Causte dalle Medaglie: In Roma + apresso, Lodovico Grignani, MDCXXXVII, pp. 80." + +BRISTOLIENSIS. + +_The Privileges of the See of Canterbury._--I find preserved by William of +Malmsbury, in his _Chronicle_, book iii., the following letter from Pope +Boniface to Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury, respecting the privileges of +his see: + + "Far be it from every Christian, that anything concerning the city of + Canterbury be diminished or changed, in present or _future times_, + which was appointed by our predecessor Pope Gregory, _however human + circumstances may be changed_: but more especially by the authority of + St. Peter, the chief of the Apostles, we command and ordain, that the + city of Canterbury _shall ever hereafter be esteemed the Metropolitan + See_ of all Britain; and we decree and appoint _immutably_, that all + the provinces of the kingdom of England shall be subject to the + Metropolitan Church of the aforesaid See. And if any one attempt to + injure this church, which is more especially under the power and + protection of the Holy Roman Church, or to lessen the jurisdiction + conceded to it, may GOD expunge him from the book of life; and let him + know that he is bound by the sentence of a curse." + +How can the expressions I have Italicised be reconciled with the creation +of the Archiepiscopal See of Westminster? + +W. FRASER. + +Tor-Mohun. + +_Heraldic Colour pertaining to Ireland._--There occurs in the _Dublin +University Magazine_ for October, 1852, an article entitled "A Night in the +Fine Arts' Court of our National Exhibition," and at the conclusion a +"Note," in which I find the following remarks:-- + + "This last (the figure of Erin), as described, is purely ideal, but + legitimately brought in, as Hogan's figure of 'Hibernia' occupied a + position in the Fine Arts' Court, and suggested it. It may be as well + to add that Erin is described as wearing a _blue_ mantle, as blue, not + green, is the heraldic colour pertaining to Ireland now." + +May I inquire at what time, and under what circumstances, blue was +substituted for the old favourite green? + +HENRY H. BREEN. + +St. Lucia. + +_Descendants of Judas Iscariot._--In Southey's _Omniana_ is the following: + + "It was believed in Pier della Valle's time that the descendants of + Judas still existed at Corfu, though the persons who suffered this + imputation stoutly denied the truth of the genealogy." + +Is anything farther to be met with on this curious subject? + +G. CREED. + +_Parish Clerks and Politics._--In _Twenty-six Psalms of Thanksgiving and +Praise, Love and Glory, for the use of a Parish Church_ (Exon., And. Brice, +1725), the rector (who compiled it), among other reasons for omitting all +the _imprecatory_ Psalms, says,-- + + "Lest a parish clerk, or any other, should be whetting his _spleen_, or + obliging his _spite_, when he should be entertaining his devotion." + +That such practices were indulged in, we have the farther evidence of +Bramston the satirist: + + "Not long since _parish clerks_, with saucy airs, + Apply'd _King David's Psalms_ to _state-affairs_."[3] + +Can any readers of "N. & Q." point out examples of such misapplication? + +J. O. + +[Footnote 3: _The Art of Politicks, in imitation of Horace_, 1729, with a +hybrid portrait of Heidegger, the _arbit. elegant._ of his day.] + +"_Virgin Wife and widowed Maid._"--Whence come the words "Virgin wife and +widow'd maid," quoted, apparently, by Liddell and Scott in their Greek +Lexicon, s.v. [Greek: aparthenos], as a rendering or illustration of Hec. +610.? + + "[Greek: Numphên t' anumphon, parthenon t' aparthenon]." + +ANON. + +"_Cutting off the little heads of light._"--Perhaps you or one of your +correspondents would help me to the whereabouts of some thoughtful lines +which I recently came across, in a volume which I accidentally took up, but +the name of which has completely skipped my memory. + +{57} + +The lines referred to typified Tyranny under the form of the man who puts +out the gas-lights at dawn: "Cutting off the little heads of light which +lit the world." I am not sure of the rhythm, and so have put the lines like +prose; but they wind up with a fine analogy of the sun in all its glory +bursting on the earth, and putting the proceedings of the light +extinguisher utterly to nought. + +A. B. R. + +_Medal of Sir Robert Walpole._--On a brass medal, without date, rather +larger than half a crown, are these effigies. + +On one side the devil, horned and tailed proper, with a fork in his right +hand, and marching with a very triumphant step, is conducting a courtier in +full dress (no doubt meant for Walpole), by a rope round his neck, into the +open jaws of a monster, which represent the entrance to the place of +punishment. Out of the devil's mouth issues a label with the words, "Make +room for Sir Robert." Underneath, "No Excise." + +On the reverse are the figures of two naval officers, with the legend, "The +British Glory revived by Admiral Vernon and Commodore Brown." This refers +of course to the taking of Porto Bello in November, 1739. + +Is this piece one of rarity and value? + +J. + +_La Fête des Chaudrons._--In the exhibition of pictures in the British +Institution is one (No. 17.) by Teniers, entitled "La Fête des Chaudrons." +In what publication can the description of this fête, or fair, be found? + +C. I. R. + +_Who first thought of Table-turning?_--Whilst the people are amusing +themselves, and the learned are puzzling themselves, on the subject of +table-turning, would you have any objection to answer the following Query? + +Who first thought of table-turning? and whence has it suddenly risen to +celebrity? + +J. G. T. + +Hagley. + +_College Guide._--Will some of your correspondents kindly inform a father, +who is looking forward to his boys going to college, in what work he will +find the fullest particulars respecting scholarships and exhibitions at the +different colleges in both universities? Querist is in possession of +Gilbert's _Liber Scholasticus_ (1843), the _Family Almanack_ for 1852, and, +of course, the _University Calendars_. + +S. S. S. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries with Answers. + +_Done Pedigree._--A very old MS. pedigree of the family of Done of +Utkington, in the county before me, connects with that family no less than +twenty-three Cheshire families of distinction, viz. Cholmondeley, Egerton, +Wilbraham, Booth, Arden, Leicester, and seventeen others. Now, as it +appears by your note on the communication of a correspondent (Vol. vi., p. +273.), that there exists a pedigree of the family of Done, of Utkington, in +the British Museum, Additional MS. No. 5836. pp. 180. and 186., perhaps you +will be good enough to say whether that pedigree discloses the extensive +Cheshire family connexion with the Done family above noticed. + +T. W. JONES. + +Nantwich. + + [The following families connected with Done of Utkington occur in the + pedigree (Add. MS. 5836. p. 186.) "Richard de Kingsley, A.D. 1233; + Venables, Swinerton, Peter de Thornton, Lord Audley, Dutton, Aston, + Gerrard, Wilbraham, Manwaring, Eliz. Trafford, widow of Geo. Booth of + Dunham, Ralph Legh of High Legh, Davenport Thomas Stanley de Alderley, + Thomas Wagstaff of Tachbroke, and Devereux Knightley of Fawsley." This + pedigree was copied by Cole from an old MS. book of pedigrees formerly + belonging to Sir John Crew. See also Ormerod's _Cheshire_, vol. ii. p. + 133., for a pedigree of Done of Utkington, Flax-Yards, and Duddon, + compiled from inquisitions _post mortem_, the parochial registers, and + the Visitations of 1580 and 1664.] + +_Scotch Newspapers, &c._--What are the earliest publications of Scotland +giving an account of the current events of that kingdom? + +T. F. + + [_The Edinburgh Gazette, or Scotch Postman_, printed by Robert Brown on + Tuesdays and Thursdays, appears to have been the earliest gazette. The + first Number was published in March, 1715. This was followed by _The + Edinburgh Evening Courant_, published on Mondays, Tuesdays, and + Thursdays. No. 1. appeared on the 15th December, 1718, and has existed + to the present time. There was another paper issued on May 8, 1692, + called _The Scotch Mercury_, giving a true account of the daily + proceedings and most remarkable public occurrences in Scotland; but + this seems to have been printed in London for R. Baldwin. The earliest + _Almanack_ published in Scotland was in 1677, by Mr. Forbes of + Aberdeen, under the title of _A New Prognostication, calculated for + North Britain_, and which was continued until the year 1700.] + +_Dictum de Kenilworth._--Said to have passed anno 1266. What was the nature +of it? + +ABREDONENSIS. + + [It is a declaration of the parliament of Henry III., containing the + terms on which the king was to grant a general pardon to the + malcontents of Ely, namely, that all who took arms against the king + should pay him the value of their lands, some for five years, others + for three and for one. A copy of it is in the Cottonian Library, + Claudius, D. ii., 119. b., and in Tyrrel's _Hist. of England_, p. + 1064.] + +_Dr. Harwood._--Can you tell me in what year the Rev. Dr. Harwood of +Lichfield, author of a History of that city, and other works, died? I {58} +believe it was about 1849; but I have not been able to ascertain the exact +date. + +A. Z. + + [Dr. Harwood died 23rd December, 1842, aged 75. For a biographical + notice of him, see _Gent. Mag._ for February, 1843, p. 202.] + + * * * * * + + +Replies. + +NAMES OF PLACES. + +(Vol. vii., p. 536.) + +I have been travelling so much about in the country since I left England, +that I have not always the opportunity of seeing your "N. & Q." until long +after the publication of the different Numbers. I have in this way seen +some Queries put to me about matters connected with the history of the +Danish settlements in England. But as I have had no particular information +to give, I have not thought it worth while to write to say that I know +nothing of any great consequence. + +Just when I left Copenhagen, some days ago, a friend of mine showed me that +MR. TAYLOR, of Ormesby in Norfolk, asked some questions regarding the +Danish names of places in Norfolk. + +In answer to them I beg to state, that all the names terminating in _-by_ +unquestionably are of Danish origin. MR. TAYLOR is perfectly right in +supposing that several of these names of places contain the names of the +old Danish conquerors. But I do not think that Ormesby originally has been +Gormsby. Gorm certainly is the same as Guthrum; but both of these names are +distinctly different from the name "Orme" or "Orm," which, in our old +language, signifies a serpent, and also a worm. (The famous ship, on board +of which King Olaf Tryggveson was killed in the year 1000, was called +"Ormen hin lange," _i.e._ the long serpent.) I have observed that several +English families (undoubtedly of old Scandinavian descent) at this day have +the family-name "Orm" or "Orme." + +Among the other names of places quoted by MR. TAYLOR, Rollesby most +probably must be derived from the name "Rollo" or "Rolf;" but I regard the +origin of the other names as being much more doubtful. If we had the +original forms of these names, it might have been easier to decide upon it. +As the names are now, I do not see anything purely Scandinavian in them, +except the termination _-by_. It is not at all unlikely that the name Ashby +or Askeby might have been called so from "Ash-trees" (Danish "Ask eller +Esk"), but I dare not venture into conjectures of this kind. + +I should be very happy if I in any other way could be of any service to MR. +TAYLOR in his researches about the Danish settlements in East Anglia. His +remarks upon the situation of the villages with Danish names are most +interesting and instructive. I always sincerely wish that inhabitants of +the different old Danish districts in the North and East of England would, +in the same way, take up the question about the Danish influence, as I feel +fully convinced that very remarkable and important elucidations might be +gained to the history of England during a long and hitherto very little +known period. + +J. J. A. WORSAAE. + + * * * * * + +CLEANING OLD OAK. + +(Vol. vii., p. 620.; Vol. viii., p. 45.) + +Having been so frequently benefited by the instruction, especially +photographic, issuing from your most useful periodical, I feel myself +almost bound to contribute my mite of information whenever I may chance to +have the power of doing so; consequently, should you not get a better +method of assisting MR. F. M. MIDDLETON out of his difficulty of softening +old paint, as describe in the "N. & Q.," No. 191., I beg to offer him the +following, and from experience I can vouch for its certainty of leading him +to the desired result. + +Some years since, having had occasion to enter a lumber-room of an old +building, I was struck with the antiquated appearance of an arm-chair, +which had, in days long gone by, been daubed over with a dirty bluish +paint. Finding, on inquiry, that its owner set no particular value on it, I +met with but little difficulty in inducing him to make an exchange with me +for a good mahogany one. Soon after its being brought into my house, one of +my domestics discovered that it positively swarmed with a species of lice, +issuing from innumerable minute worm-holes and crevices, which of course +rendered it in its present state worse than useless. Determined not to be +deprived of my prize, I resolved on attempting to rid it of this +troublesome pest by washing it over with a strong solution of caustic soda, +made by mixing some quick-lime with a very strong solution of the common +washing soda (impure carbonate of soda), and pouring off the clear +supernatant liquid for use. This proceeding, much to my satisfaction, not +only succeeded in entirely getting rid of the vermin, but on my servant's +scrubbing the chair with a hard brush and hot soap and water, I found that +the caustic soda had formed a kind of soap, by chemically uniting with the +oil contained in the old paint, thereby reducing it to such a state of +softness, that by a few vigorous applications and soakings of the +above-named solution, and subsequent scrubbings, my new favourite was also +freed from its ugly time-worn jacket of dirty paint, discovering underneath +a beautifully carved and darkly coloured oaken surface. + +After being perfectly dried and saturated with linseed oil, it was +frequently well rubbed, and the {59} chair stands to this day, like some of +the valuable discoveries made by the alchemists when in search of the +Elixir Vitæ, or the Philosopher's Stone, an example of a fortunate and +unexpected disclosure made when not directly in search of it. I have since +learnt that a fluid possessing the above-named detergent qualities, is to +be purchased at some of the oil and colour shops, the formula for its +preparation being kept a secret. + +HENRY HERBERT HELE. + +Ashburton, Devonshire. + +P. S.--In making the solution on a caustic alkali, perhaps I should have +said that the common carbonate of potass of commerce will do as well as the +common carbonate of soda, if not better, from the probability of its making +a stronger solution. + +The following recipe for taking paint off old oak is from No. 151. of _The +Builder_: + + "Make a strong solution of American potash (which can be bought at any + colour-shop, and resembles burnt brick in appearance); mix this with + sawdust into a kind of paste, and spread it all over the paint, which + will become softened in a few hours, and is then easily removed by + washing with cold water. If, after the wood has dried, it becomes + cracked, apply a solution of hot size with a brush, which will bind it + well together and make it better for varnishing, as well as destroy the + beetle which is often met with in old oak, and is erroneously called + the worm." + +The following is also from the same Number: + + "To make dark oak pale in colour, which is sometimes a desideratum, + apply with a brush a little dilute nitric acid judiciously; and to + stain light oak dark, use the dregs of black ink and burnt amber mixed. + It is better to try these plans on oak of little value at first, as, to + make a good job, requires care, practice, and attention." + +H. C. K. + +F. M. MIDDLETON will find that American potash, soft soap, and warm water, +will remove paint from oak. The mixture should be applied with a +paint-brush, and allowed to remain on until the paint and it can be removed +by washing with warm water and a hard brush. + +GETSRN. + + * * * * * + +BURIAL IN AN ERECT POSTURE. + +(Vol. viii., p. 5.) + +Your correspondent CHEVERELLS refers to the "tradition" of one of the +Harcourt family being buried in an erect posture, and asks, "Is the +probability of this being the case supported by any, and what instances?" +As this Query has been raised, it may be worth while to mention the +following circumstance, as a singular illustration of a remarkable subject; +though (as will be seen) the actual burial in an erect posture is here also +probably "traditional." + +Towards the close of the last century, there lived in Kidderminster an +eccentric person of the name of Orton (_not_ that Orton, the friend of +Doddridge, who passed some time in the town), but "Job Orton," the landlord +of the Bell Inn. During his lifetime he erected his tomb in the parish +churchyard, with this _memento-mori_ inscription graven in large characters +on the upper slab: + + "Job Orton, a man from Leicestershire; + And when he's dead, he must lie under here." + +This inscription remains unaltered to this day, and may be seen on the +right-hand of the broad walk on the north side of the spacious churchyard. +His coffin was constructed at the same time; and, until it should be +required for other and personal purposes, was used as a _wine-bin_. But, to +carry his eccentricity even to the grave, he left strict orders that he +should be buried in an _erect posture_: and "tradition" (of course) says +that his request was complied with. Your correspondent says that tradition +"assigns no reason for the peculiarity" of the Harcourt knight's burial; +but tradition has been more explicit in Job Orton's case, whose _reason_ +(?) for his erect posture in the tomb was, that at the last day he might be +able to rise from his grave before his wife, who was buried in the usual +horizontal manner! Job Orton appears to have had a peculiar talent for the +composition of epitaphs; as, in his more playful moments, he was accustomed +to tell his better-half that if he outlived her he should put the following +lines on her tombstone: + + "Esther Orton--a bitter, sour weed; + God never lov'd her, nor increas'd her seed." + +He seems, however, to have spared her this gratuitous insult. As a farther +illustration of the characters of this singular couple, the following +anecdote is told. Esther Orton having frequently declared, that she should +"never die happy until she had rolled in riches," Job, like a good husband, +determined to secure his wife's happiness. Having sold some land for a +thousand pounds, he insisted that the money should be paid wholly in +guineas. Taking these home in a bag, he locked his wife up in a room; +knocked her down, opened his bag of guineas, and raining the golden wealth +upon her, rolled his Danae over and over in the coin. "And now, Esther," +said Job Orton, "thee mayst die as soon as thee pleases: for thee'st had +thy wish, and _roll'd in riches_." + +CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A. + + * * * * * + +LAWYERS' BAGS. + +(Vol. vii., p. 557.) + +Additional evidence of the fact that lawyers used to carry _green_ bags +towards the end of the {60} seventeenth century, is to be found in the +_Plain Dealer_, a comedy by Wycherley. + +One of the principal characters in the play is the Widow Blackacre, a +petulant, litigious woman, always in law, and mother of Jerry Blackacre, "a +true raw squire under age and his mother's government, _bred to the law_." + +In Act I. Sc. 1., I find the following stage directions: + + "Enter Widow Blackacre with a mantle and a _green_ bag, and several + papers in the other hand. Jerry Blackacre, her son, in a gown, laden + with _green_ bags, following her." + +In Act III. Sc. 1. the widow is called impertinent and ignorant by a lawyer +of whom she demands back her fee, on his returning her brief and declining +to plead for her. This draws from her the following reply: + + "Impertinent again and ignorant to me! Gadsbodikins, you puny upstart + in the law to use me so, you _green bag_ carrier, you murderer of + unfortunate causes," &c. + +Farther on, in the same scene, Freeman, a gentleman well educated, but of a +broken fortune, a complier with the age, thus admonishes Jerry: + + "Come, Squire, let your mother and your trees fall as she pleases, + rather than wear this gown and carry _green_ bags all thy life, and be + pointed at for a tony. But you shall be able to deal with her yet the + common way. Thou shalt make false love to some lawyer's daughter, whose + father, upon the hopes of thy marrying her, shall lend thee money and + law to preserve thy estate and trees." + +A. W. S. + +Temple. + + * * * * * + +PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. + + [By the courtesy of our valued cotemporary _The Athenæum_, we are + permitted to reprint the following interesting communication, which + appeared in that journal on Saturday last.] + +"NEW PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS. + +"Henley Street, July 6. + +"Your insertion of the annexed letter from my brother-in-law, Mr. John +Stewart, of Pau, will much oblige me. The utility of this mode of +reproduction seems indisputable. In reference to its concluding paragraph, +I will only add, that the _publication_ of concentrated microscopic +editions of works of reference--maps, atlases, logarithmic tables, or the +concentration for pocket use of private notes and MSS., &c., &c., and +innumerable other similar applications--is brought within the reach of any +one who possesses a small achromatic object-glass of an inch or an inch and +a half in diameter, and a brass tube, with slides before and behind the +lens of a fitting diameter to receive the plate or plates to be operated +upon,--central or nearly central rays only being required. The details are +too obvious to need mention.--I am, &c. + +"J. F. W. HERSCHEL. + + * * * * * + +"Pau, June 11. + +"Dear Herschel.--I sent you some time ago a few small-sized studies of +animals from the life, singly and in flocks, upon collodionised glass. The +great rapidity of exposition required for such subjects, being but the +fraction of a second, together with the very considerable depth and harmony +obtained, gave me reason to hope that ere this I should have been able to +produce microscopic pictures of animated objects. For the present, I have +been interrupted. Meantime, one of my friends here, Mr. Heilmann, following +the same pursuit, has lighted on an ingenious method of taking from glass +negatives positive impressions of different dimensions, and with all the +delicate minuteness which the negative may possess. This discovery is +likely, I think, to extend the resources and the application of +photography,--and with some modifications, which I will explain, to +increase the power of reproduction to an almost unlimited amount. The plan +is as follows:--The negative to be reproduced is placed in a slider at one +end (_a_) of a camera or other box, constructed to exclude the light +throughout. The surface prepared for the reception of the positive--whether +albumen, collodion, or paper--is placed in another slider, as usual, at the +opposite extremity (_c_) of the box, and intermediately between the two +extremities (at _b_) is placed a lens. The negative at _a_ is presented to +the light of the sky, care being taken that no rays enter the box but those +traversing the partly transparent negative. These rays are received and +directed by the lens at _b_ upon the sensitive surface at _c_, and the +impression of the negative is there produced with a rapidity proportioned +to the light admitted, and the sensibility of the surface presented. By +varying the distances between _a_ and _c_, and _c_ and _b_, any dimension +required may be given to the positive impression. Thus, from a medium-sized +negative, I have obtained negatives four times larger than the original, +and other impressions reduced thirty times, capable of figuring on a +watch-glass, brooch, or ring. + +"Undoubtedly one of the most interesting and important advantages gained by +this simple arrangement is, the power of varying the dimensions of a +picture or portrait. Collodion giving results of almost microscopic +minuteness, such negatives bear enlarging considerably without any very +perceptible deterioration in that respect. Indeed, as regards portraits, +there is a gain instead of a loss; the power of obtaining good and pleasing +likenesses appears to me decidedly increased, the facility of subsequent +enlargement permitting them to be taken sufficiently small, at a sufficient +distance (and therefore with greater rapidity and certainty) {61} to avoid +all the focal distortion so much complained of,--while the due enlargement +of a portrait taken on glass has the effect, moreover, of depriving it of +that hardness of outline so objectionable in a collodion portrait, giving +it more artistic effect, and this without quitting the perfect focal point +as has been suggested. + +"But there are many other advantages obtained by this process. For copying +by engraving, &c. the exact dimension required of any picture may at once +be given to be copied from. + +"A very small photographic apparatus can thus be employed when a large one +might be inconvenient or impracticable, the power of reproducing on a +larger scale being always in reserve. Independent of this power of varying +the size, positives so taken of the _same_ dimension as the negative +reproduce, as will be readily understood, much more completely the finer +and more delicate details of the negatives than positives taken by any +other process that I am acquainted with. + +"The negative also may be reversed in its position at _a_ so as to produce +upon glass a positive to be seen either upon or under the glass. And while +the rapidity and facility of printing are the same as in the case of +positives taken on paper prepared with the iodide of silver, the negatives, +those on glass particularly, being so easily injured, are much better +preserved, all actual contact with the positive being avoided. For the same +reason, by this process positive impressions can be obtained not only upon +wet paper, &c., but also upon hard inflexible substances, such as +porcelain, ivory, glass, &c.,--and upon this last, the positives being +transparent are applicable to the stereoscope, magic lantern, &c. + +"By adopting the following arrangement, this process may be used largely to +increase the power and speed of reproduction with little loss of effect. +From a positive thus obtained, say on collodion, _several hundred_ +negatives may be produced either on paper or on albumenised glass. If on +the latter, and the dimension of the original negative is preserved, the +loss in minuteness of detail and harmony is almost imperceptible, and even +when considerably enlarged, is so trifling as in the majority of cases to +prove no objection in comparison with the advantage gained in size, while +in not a few cases, as already stated, the picture actually gains by an +augmentation of size. Thus, by the simultaneous action, if necessary, of +some hundreds of negatives, many thousand impressions of the same picture +may be produced in the course of a day. + +"I cannot but think, therefore, that this simple but ingenious discovery +will prove a valuable addition to our stock of photographic manipulatory +processes. It happily turns to account and utilises one of the chief +excellencies of collodion--that extreme minuteness of detail which from its +excess becomes almost a defect at times,--toning it down by increase of +size till the harshness is much diminished, and landscapes, always more or +less unpleasing on collodion from that cause, are rendered somewhat less +dry and crude. + +"A very little practice will suffice to show the operator the quality of +glass negatives--I mean as to vigour and development--best adapted for +reproducing positives by this method. He will also find that a great power +of correction is obtained, by which overdone parts in the negative can be +reduced and others brought up. Indeed, in consequence of this and other +advantages, I have little doubt that this process will be very generally +adopted in portrait taking. + +"Should your old idea of preserving public records in a concentrated form +on microscopic negatives ever be adopted, the immediate positive +reproduction on an enlarged readable scale, without the possibility of +injury to the plate, will be of service. + +"I am, &c. "JOHN STEWART." + + * * * * * + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + +_The Ring Finger_ (Vol. vii., p. 601.).--The Greek Church directs that the +ring be put on the right hand (Schmid, _Liturgik_, iii. 352.: Nassau, +1842); and although the direction of the Sarum _Manual_ is by no means +clear (see Palmer's _Origines Liturgicæ_, ii. 213., ed. 2.), such may have +formerly been the practice in England, since Rastell, in his +counter-challenge to Bishop Jewel, notes it as novelty of the +Reformation,-- + + "That the man should put the wedding-ring on the fourth finger in the + left hand of the woman, and not on the right hand, as hath been many + hundreds of years continued."--Heylyn, _Hist. Ref._, ii. 430. 8vo. ed. + +But the practice of the Roman communion in general agrees with that of the +Anglican. (Schmid, iii. 350-2.) Martene quotes from an ancient pontifical +an order that the bridegroom should place the ring successively on three +fingers of the right hand, and then shall leave it on the fourth finger of +the left, in order to mark the difference between the marriage ring, the +symbol of a love which is mixed with carnal affection, and the episcopal +ring, the symbol of entire chastity. (_Mart. de Antiquis Eccl. Ritibus_, +ii. 128., ed. Venet. 1783; Schmid, p. 352.) + +J. C. R. + +_The Order of St. John of Jerusalem_ (Vol. vii., pp. 407. 628.).--As my old +neighbour R. L. P. dates from the banks of the Lake of Constance, and may +possibly not see W. W.'s communication for some time, I in the meanwhile +take the liberty of informing W. W. that the order of St. John was restored +in England by Queen Mary, and, with other orders revived by her, was again +suppressed by the act 1 Eliz. c. 24. + +J. C. R. + +{62} + +_Calvin's Correspondence_ (Vol. vii., pp. 501. 621.).--It may be well to +mention that all the letters of Calvin which MR. WALTER quotes, are to be +found in the old collection of his correspondence; perhaps, however, the +latter copies may be fuller or more correct in some parts. + +The original French of the lone letter to Protector Somerset is printed by +Henry in his _Life of Calvin;_ but, like the other documents of that +laborious work, it is omitted without notice in the English travestie which +bears the name of Dr. Stebbing. + +Heylyn's mis-statement as to Calvin and Cranmer is exposed, and the ground +of it is pointed out, in the late edition of the _Ecclesia Restaurata_, +vol. i. p. 134. + +J. C. R. + +_Old Booty's Case_ (Vol. vii., p. 634.).--A friend, on whose accuracy I can +rely, has examined the _London Gazettes_ for 1687 and 1688, in the British +Museum: they do not contain any report of Booty's case. I thought I had +laid Booty's ghost in Vol. iii., p. 170., by showing that the facts of the +case were unlikely and the law impossible. + +H. B. C. + +U. U. Club. + +_Chatterton_ (Vol. vii., p. 267.).--We are all very curious in Bristol to +know what evidence or light J. M. G. of Worcester can bring to bear upon +the Rowley Poems from the researches (as he states) of an individual here +to prove not only that Chatteron was not their author, but that probably +the "Venerable Rowley" himself was. + +I had thought in 1853 no one doubted their authorship. There is abundance +of proof to show Rowley could not have written them, and that only +Chatterton could have done so. + +BRISTOLIENSIS. + +_House-marks, &c._ (Vol. vii., p. 594.).--It is very well known that the +sign of the "Swan with two Necks," in London, is a corruption of the +private mark of the owner of the swans, viz., two nicks made by cutting the +neck feathers close in two spaces. It is also a common custom in Devon to +mark all cattle, horses, &c., with the owner's mark when sent out on +Exmoor, Dartmoor, and other large uninclosed tracts for summering: thus, +Sir Thos. Dyke Acland's mark is an anchor on the near side of each of his +large herd of ponies, on Exmoor. + +W. COLLYNS. + +Harlow. + +_Bibliography_ (Vol. vii., p. 597.).--The following may assist MARICONDA: + + Fischer: Beschreibung einiger Typographischer Seltenheiten nebst + Beyträgen zur Erfindungsgeschichte der Buchdruckerkunst, 8vo. Mainz, + 1800-4. + + Origin of Printing, in Two Essays; with Remarks and Appendix, 8vo. + 1776. + + The Typographical Antiquities of Great Britain, by J. Johnson, Dr. + Dibdin, Dr. Wilkins, and others, Longmans, 1824. + +He will also find a list of works under the head PRINTING in the _Penny +Cyclopædia_. + +GETSRN. + +_Parochial Libraries_ (Vol. vi., p. 432. Vol. vii. _passim._).--A parochial +library was for many years deposited in the room over the south entrance of +Beccles Church. The books consist chiefly of old divinity, &c., and appear +to have been gifts from various persons; among whom were Bishop Trimnel (of +Norwich), Sir Samuel Barnardiston, Sir Edmund Bacon of Gillingham, Sir John +Playters, Mrs. Anna North, and Mr. Ridgly of London. There is a copy of +Walton's _Polyglot Bible_, 1655-7, besides an odd volume of the same work +(Job to Malachi), 1656, uncut. It is probable that many of the books have +been lost, as the room in which they were kept was used as a repository for +discarded ecclesiastical appliances, and, latterly, for charity blankets +during summer. In 1840, with the consent of the late bishop of Norwich, and +of the rector and churchwardens of the parish, the remaining volumes (about +170) were removed to the public library room, and placed under the care of +the committee of that institution. A catalogue of them was then printed. +The greater part have been repaired, with the aid of a donation of 10l. +from a former inhabitant, who had reason to believe that some of the works +had been lost in consequence of their having been in his hands many years +ago. Are there not numerous instances elsewhere in which this example might +be copied with propriety? + +S. W. RIX. + +Beccles. + +_Faithfull Teate_ (Vol. vii., p. 529.).--"Though this author's name be +spelt Teate, there is great reason to believe that he was the father of +Nahum Tate, translator of the Psalms."--_Bibl. Anglopoetica_, p. 361. In +the punning copy of verses preceding the "Ter Tria" is this distich: + + "We wish that Teats and Herberts may inspire + Randals and Davenants with poetick fire.--JO. CHISHUTT." + +My copy is on miserable paper, yet priced 31s. 6d., with this remark in MS. +by some former possessor: "Very rare: which will not be wondered at by any +one who will read five pages carefully." + +E. D. + +_Lack-a-daisy_ (Vol. vi., p. 353.).--Todd had better have allowed Johnson +to speak for himself: _lack-a-daisy, lack-a-day, alack the day_, as +Juliet's nurse exclaims, and _alas-the-day_, are only various readings of +the same expression. And of such inquiries and such solutions as Todd's, I +cannot refrain from expressing my sentiments in the {63} words of poor +Ophelia, "Alack! and fye for shame!" + +Q. + +Bloomsbury. + +_Bacon_ (Vol. ii., p. 247.; Vol. iii., p. 41.).--I think that you have not +noticed one very common use of this word, as evidently meaning _beechen._ +Schoolboys call tops made of boxwood, _boxers;_ while the inferior ones, +which are generally made of beechwood, they call _bacons._ + +H. T. RILEY. + +_Angel-beast--Cleek--Longtriloo_ (Vol. v., p. 559.).--An account of these +games, the nature of which is required by your correspondent, is given in +the _Compleat Gamester_, frequently reprinted in the latter part of the +seventeenth century. The first, which is there called _beast_, is said to +derive its name from the French _la bett_, meaning, no doubt, _bête_. It +seems to have resembled the game of loo. _Gleek_ is the proper name of the +second game, and not _check_, as your correspondent suggests. It was played +by three persons, and the cards bore the names of Tib, Tom, Tiddy, Towser, +and Tumbler. Hence we may conclude that it was an old English game. The +third game, or _lanterloo_, is evidently the original form of the game now +known as _loo_. Its name would seem to indicate a Dutch origin. + +H. T. RILEY. + +_Hans Krauwinckel_ (Vol. v., p. 450.).--When the ground in Charterhouse +Square was opened in 1834, for the purposes of sewerage (I believe), vast +numbers of bones and skeletons were found, being the remains, as was +supposed, of those who died of the Plague in 1348, and had been interred in +that spot, as forming a part of Pardon Churchyard, which had lately been +purchased by Sir Walter Manny, for the purposes of burial, and attached to +the Carthusian convent there. Among the bones a few galley halfpence, and +other coins, were found, as also a considerable number of abbey counters or +jettons. I do not recollect if there was any date on the counters but the +name "Hans Krauwinckel" occurred on some of them which fell into my +possession, and which I gave some years ago to the Museum of the City +Library, Guildhall. If these were coeval, as was generally supposed, with +the Plague of 1348, it is singular that the same name should be found on +abbey counters with the date 1601. I should be obliged if any of your +correspondents could inform me when the use of jettons ceased in England; +and whether Pardon Churchyard was used as a place of sepulture after 1348, +and, if so, how long? + +H. T. RILEY. + +_Revolving Toy_ (Vol. vi., p. 517.).--The Chinese have lanterns with paper +figures in them which revolve by the heat, and are very common about New +Year time. + +H. B. + +Shanghai. + +_Rub-a-dub_ (Vol. iii., p. 388.).--Your correspondent seems at a loss for +an early instance of this expression. In Percy's _Reliques_ there is a +song, the refrain or burden of which is: + + "Rub-a-dub, rub-a-dub, so beat your drums, + Tantara, tantara, the Englishman comes." + +H. T. RILEY. + +_Muffs worn by Gentlemen._--In one of Goldsmith's _Essays_ I remember well +an allusion to the practice. The writer of the letter, or essay, states +that he met his female cousin in the Mall, and after some sparring +conversation, she ridicules him for carrying "a nasty _old_-fashioned [A.D. +1760] muff;" and his retort is, that he "heartily wishes it were a tippet, +for her sake,"--glancing at her dress, which was, I suppose, somewhat what +we moderns call "décolletée". + +E. C. G. + +_Detached Church Towers._--The Norman tower at Bury St. Edmund's should not +be included in the lists. Although now used as the bell tower of the +neighbouring church of St. James, it was erected several centuries before +the church, and was known as the "Great Gate of the Churchyard," or the +"Great Gate of the Church of St. Edmund." It would be very desirable to add +to the list the date of the tower, and its distance from the church. + +BURIENSIS. + +Add to the list the modern Roman Catholic chapel at Baltinglass, Ireland. +It has a detached tower built in a field above it, and, although devoid of +architectural beauty, is so placed that it appears an integral part of the +chapel from almost any point of view. + +ALEXANDER LEEPER. + +Dublin. + +Is not the bell-tower at Hackney detached from the church? I do not +remember that it has been yet named by your correspondents. + +B. H. C. + +_Christian Names_ (Vol. vii., pp. 406. 626.).--On the name of Besilius +Fetiplace, Sheriff of Berkshire, in 26 Elizabeth, Fuller remarks,-- + + "Some may colourably mistake it for _Basilius_ or _Basil_, whereas + indeed it is _Besil_, a surname.... Reader, I am confident an instance + can hardly be produced of a surname made Christian, in England, save + since the Reformation; before which time the priests were scrupulous to + admit any at font, except they were baptised with the name of a + Scripture or legendary saint. Since, it hath been common; and although + the Lord Coke was pleased to say he had noted many of them prove + unfortunate, yet the good success in others confutes the general truth + of the observation."--_Worthies_, vol. i. pp. 159, 160., edit. Nuttall. + +J. C. R. + +Lord C. of Ireland, which MR. WILLIAM BATES guesses to be Lord +_Castlereagh_, was Lord _Clare_, Chancellor of Ireland, who used also to +call men {64} with three names by a term opprobrious among the Romans: +"Homines trium literarum." + +C. + +_Hogarth's Pictures_ (Vol. vii. _passim_).--One of the correspondents of +"N. & Q." inquires where he could see some pictures from this great artist. +May I ask if he is aware of the three very fine large paintings in the +Church of St. Mary, Redcliffe, Bristol? which I am told will shortly be +sold. + +BRISTOLIENSIS. + +P.S.--They were painted for the church, and the vestry holds his autograph +receipt for the payment of them. + +_Old Fogie_ (Vol. vii., pp. 354. 559. 632.).--Whether the origin of this +term be Irish, Scotch, or Swedish I know not; but I cannot help stating the +significant meaning which, as an Edinburgh boy at the beginning of the +century, I was taught to attach to it. Every High-School boy agreed in +applying it to the veterans of the Castle garrison, to the soldiers of the +Town Guard (veterans also, and especial foes of my school-mates), and more +generally to any old and objectionable gentleman, civil or military. It +implied that, like stones which have ceased to roll, they had obtained the +proverbial covering of _moss_, or, as it is called in Scotland (probably in +Ireland also), _fog_. I have heard in Scotland the "_Moss_ Rose" called the +"_Fogie_ Rose;" and there is a well-known species of the humble bee which +has its nest in a mossy bank, and is itself clothed with a moss-like +covering: its name among the Scottish peasantry is the _fogie_ bee. + +G. J. F. + +Bolton. + +_Clem_ (Vol. vii., p. 615.).--MR. KEIGHTLEY considers this word to mean +_press_ or _restrain_, and quotes three passages from Massinger and Jonson +in support of his opinion; admitting, however, that it is usually rendered +_starve_. Now, whatever may have been the root of this word, or +whencesoever it may have been derived, I think it must be admitted that +_starve_ is the correct meaning of the word in these passages. Let the +reader test it by substituting _starve_ for _clem_ in each case. In +Cheshire and Lancashire the word is in common use to this day, and +invariably means _starved_ for want of food. Of a thin, emaciated child it +is said, "His mother _clems_ him." A person exceedingly hungry says, "I'm +welly _clem'd_; I'm almost or well-nigh _starved_." It is the ordinary +appeal of a beggar in the streets, when asking for food. + +EDW. HAWKINS. + +_Kissing Hands_ (Vol. vii., p. 595.).--CAPE will find in Suetonius that +Caligula's hands were kissed. + +C. + +_Uniform of the Foot Guards_ (Vol. vii., p. 595.).--In answer to D. N., as +to where he can see uniforms of the Foot Guards, 1660 to 1670, I have to +refer him to the Orderly-room, Horse Guards, where he will see the costume +of the three regiments since they were raised. In Mackinnon's _History of +the Coldstream Guards_, he will find that regiment's dress from the year +1650 to 1840. + +C. D. + +_Book Inscriptions_ (Vol. vii., p. 455.).--At the end of No. 1801. _Harl. +MSS._ is the following: + + "Hic liber est scriptus, + Qui scripsit sit benedictus. + Qui scriptoris manum + Culpat, basiat anum." + +In the printed catalogue there is this note: + + "Neotricus quidam hos scripsit versiculos, ex alio forsan Codice + depromptos." + +[omega]. [phi]. + +I have not seen the following amongst your deprecatory rhymes. It may come +in with another batch. The nature of the punishment is somewhat different +from that usually selected, and savours of Spain: + + "Si quisquis furetur + This little libellum, + Per Phoebum, per Jovem, + I'll kill him, I'll fell him! + In ventum illius + I'll stick my scalpellum, + And teach him to steal + My little libellum." + +RUBI. + +In a Gesner's _Thesaurus_ I have the following label of the date 1762: + + "Ex Caroli Ferd. Hommelii Bibliotheca. + + "Intra quatuordecim dies comodatum ni reddideris, neq' belle + custodieris, alio tempore, Non habeo, dicam." + +L. + +_Humbug_ (Vol. vii., pp. 550. 631.).--I do not remember any earlier use of +this word than in Fielding's _Amelia_, 1751. Its origin is involved in +obscurity: but may it not be a corruption of the Latin _ambages_, or the +singular ablative _ambage_? which signifies _quibbling, subterfuge_, and +that kind of conduct which is generally supposed to constitute _humbug_. It +is very possible that it may have been pedantically introduced in the +seventeenth century. May, in his translation of Lucan, uses the word +_ambages_ as an English word. + +H. T. RILEY. + +A severe instance of the use of the term "humbug" occurred in a court of +justice. A female in giving her evidence repeatedly used this term. In her +severe cross-examination, the counsel (a very plain, if not an ugly person) +observed she had frequently used the term humbug, and desired to know what +she meant by it, and to {65} have an explanation; to which she replied, +"Why, Sir, if I was to say you were a very handsome man, would you not +think I was humbugging you?" The counsel sat down perfectly satisfied. + +G. H. J. + +_Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire on Railway Travelling_ (Vol. viii., p. +34.).--The passage in Daniel alluded to is probably the following:--"Many +shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased," chap. xii. v. 4. +MR. CRAIG should send to your pages the exact words of Newton and Voltaire, +with references to the books in which the passages may be found. + +JOHN BRUCE. + +_Engine-à-verge_ (Vol. vii., p. 619.).--Is not this what we term a garden +engine? The French _vergier_ (_viridarium_) is doubtless so named, quia +_virgâ_ definita; and we have the old English word _verge_, a garden, from +the same source. + +H. C. K. + +---- Rectory, Hereford. + +_"Populus vult decipi," &c._ (Vol. vii., p. 572.).--The origin of this +phrase is found in Thuanus, lib. xvii. A.D. 1556. See Jackson's _Works_, +book iii. ch. 32. § 9. _note_. + +C. P. E. + +_Sir John Vanbrugh_ (Vol. vii., p. 619.).--Sir John Vanbrugh was the +grandson of a Protestant refugee, from a family originally of Ghent in +Flanders. The Duke of Alva's persecution drove him to England, where he +became a merchant in London. Giles, the son of this refugee, resided in +Chester, became rich by trade, and married the youngest daughter of Sir +Dudley Carleton, by whom he had eight sons, of whom Sir John Vanbrugh was +the second. The presumption is he was born in Chester, but the precise date +is unknown. + +ANON. + +_Erroneous Forms of Speech_ (Vol. vii., pp. 329. 632.).--With regard to +your two correspondents E. G. R. and M., I hold that, with Cowper's +disputants, "both are right and both are wrong." + +The name of the _field_ beet is, in the language of the unlearned, +_mangel-wurzel_, "the root of poverty." It acquired that name from having +been used as food by the poor in Germany during a time of great famine. +Turning to Buchanan's _Technological Dictionary_, I find,-- + + "_Mangel-wurzel._ Field beet; a variety between the red and white. It + has as yet been only partially cultivated in Britain." + +In reference to the assertion of your later correspondent, that "such a +thing as mangel-wurzel is not known on the Continent," I would ask if +either he or his friends are familiar with half the beautiful and +significant terms applied to English flowers and herbs? If he prefer using +mangold for beet, he is quite at liberty to do so, and I believe on +sufficiently good authority. What says Noehden, always a leading authority +in German: + + "_Mangold._ Red beet; name of some other plants, such as lungwort and + sorrel." + +Mangold is here, then, a generic term, standing for other plants equally +with the beet. One suggestion, however; I would recommend the generic term, +when used at all, to be used alone, leaving the more familiar appellation +as it stands, for the adoption of those who prefer the homely but +suggestive phraseology to which it belongs. + +E. L. H. + +_Devonianisms_ (Vol. vii., p. 630.).--_Plum_, adj. I am at a loss for the +origin of this word as employed in Devonshire in the sense of "soft," +_e.g._ "a _plum_ bed:" meaning a soft, downy bed. + +Query: Can it be from the Latin _pluma_? And if so, what is its history? + +There is also a verb _to plum_, which is obscure. Dough, when rising under +the influence of heat and fermentation, is said to be _plumming_ well; and +the word _plum_, as an adjective, is used as the opposite of _heavy_ with +regard to currant and other cakes when baked. If the cake rises well in the +oven, it is commonly said that it is "nice and plum;" and _vice versâ_, +that it is heavy. + +_Clunk_, verb. This word is used by the common people, more especially the +peasantry, to denote the swallowing of masses of unmasticated food; and of +morsels that may not be particularly relished, such as fat. What is the +origin of the word? + +_Dollop_, subs. This word, as well as the one last-named, is very +expressive in the vocabulary of the vulgar. It is applied to lumps of any +substances, whether food or otherwise. Such a phrase as this might be +heard: "What a _dollop_ of fat you have given me!" "Well," would be the +reply, "if you don't like it, _clunk_ it at once." I should be glad to be +enlightened as to the etymology of this term. + +ISAIAH W. N. KEYS. + +Plymouth, Devon. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +A NARRATIVE OF THE HOLY LIFE AND HAPPY DEATH OF MR. JOHN ANGIER. London. +1685. + +MOORE'S MELODIES. 15th Edition. + +WOOD'S ATHENÆ OXONIENSES (ed. Bliss). 4 vols. 4to. 1813-20. + +THE COMPLAYNTS OF SCOTLAND. 8vo. Edited by Leyden. 1804. + +SHAKSPEARE'S PLAYS. Vol. V. of Johnson and Steevens's edition, in 15 vols. +8vo. 1739. + +*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send +their names._ + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * {66} + + +Notices to Correspondents. + +_Owing to the necessity of infringing on the present Number for the +Title-page of our_ Seventh Volume, _we are compelled to omit many +interesting communications, and our usual_ NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. + +ABREDONENSIS _must be referred to the_ Philosophical Transactions, vol. +xliii. p. 249., _for a reply to his Query. It will be sufficient here to +state, that the Willingham Boy was at his birth of gigantic form, and an +object of great curiosity to the philosophical world. It is not stated how +long he lived, or what education he received, so that we cannot ascertain +whether he distinguished himself in any "department of literature or art."_ + +H. N. _will find in our_ Seventh Volume, p. 192., _that the quotation--_ + + "Perhaps it was right to dissemble your love," &c., + +_is from J. P. Kemble's Comedy of_ The Panel, _altered from Bickerstaff's_ +'Tis well 'tis no worse. + +MR. POLLOCK'S PROCESS.--"_In answer to_ N. T. B., _a saturated solution of +hypo. saturated with iodide of silver._ + +"21. Maddox Street. HENRY POLLOCK." + +T. B. (Coventry). _Paper positives are seldom varnished. The glossy +appearance which they possess may depend either upon their being printed on +albumenised paper, or upon their being hot-pressed. The latter process +always much improves the picture. Where the size has been much removed, it +is well to re-size the paper, which may be done by boiling a few parchment +cuttings in water, and soaking the prints in the liquor._ + +H. H. H. (Ashburton). _All the best authorities concur in the uncertain +properties of the salts of gold. We have seen some Daguerreotypes which +have been executed about three years, and were treated with the salts of +gold, and which are now mere shades._ + +C. M. M. (Abbey Road). _Your question as to the spots has been carefully +answered in a late Number. The film which you notice on the surface of your +nit. silver bath depends upon the remaining portion of ether in the +collodion being liberated, which, not being very soluble in water, causes +the greasy appearance. It soon evaporates, and is of no consequence._ + +T. COOK _is thanked for his offer of a cheap and easy method of obtaining +pictures for the stereoscope. We shall be glad to receive it._ + +DR. DIAMOND'S PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES.--_We share in the desire expressed by_ +W. C., J. M. S., _and many other Correspondents, for the speedy publication +of this volume. But we believe the delay is not to be regretted. It is a +very easy matter to write a book upon Photography; but it requires no small +labour, and great consideration, to produce such a volume as_ DR. DIAMOND +_proposes, in which it is his desire to explain everything so clearly, that +a person living in a remote part of the country, or in the colonies, may, +from his directions, make a good photograph._ + +_Errata._--P. 25., last line, read "camp_u_s" for "camp_re_s;" p. 26., +fourth line, read "iar_o_" for "iar_s_;" p. 36., 2nd col. line 18., read +"regularity" for "irregularity." + +_A few complete sets of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. _to_ vii., _price +Three Guineas and a Half, may now be had; for which early application is +desirable._ + +"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country +Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to +their Subscribers on the Saturday._ + + * * * * * + + +GILBERT J. FRENCH, + +BOLTON, LANCASHIRE, + +RESPECTFULLY informs the Clergy, Architects, and Churchwardens, that he +replies immediately to all applications by letter, for information +respecting his Manufactures in CHURCH FURNITURE, ROBES, COMMUNION LINEN, +&c., &c., supplying full information as to Prices, together with Sketches, +Estimates, Patterns of Material, &c., &c. + +Having declined appointing Agents, MR. FRENCH invites direct communications +by Post, as the most economical and satisfactory arrangement. PARCELS +delivered Free by Railway. + + * * * * * + + +BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class X., +in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, +may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made +Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 +guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. +Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with +Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket +Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully +examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and +4l. Thermometers from 1s. each. + +BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the +Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, + +65. CHEAPSIDE. + + * * * * * + + +HEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, sent free by post. It +contains designs and prices of upwards of ONE HUNDRED different Bedsteads; +also of every description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts. And their new +warerooms contain an extensive assortment of Bed-room Furniture, Furniture +Chintzes, Damasks, and Dimities, so as to render their Establishment +complete for the general furnishing of Bed-rooms. + +HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court Road. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions +(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at +BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of +every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography in +all its Branches. + +Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope. + +*** Catalogues may be had on application. + +BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument +Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +BROMIZED COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, are ready +to supply the above Photographic Agent: Vide _Photographic Journal_, June +21st. Their Iodized Collodion is highly sensitive, and retains all its +qualities unimpaired for three months. The Sensitive Solution may be had +separate. Pure Chemicals, Apparatus, and all the requisites for the +practice of Photography, and Instruction in all its Branches. + +A very superior Positive Paper. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's, +Sanford's, and Canson Frères' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process. +Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography. + +Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. +Paternoster Row, London. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous +Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. + +Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest +Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment. + +Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this +beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street. + + * * * * * + + +Just published, price 1s., free by Post 1s. 4d., + +THE WAXED-PAPER PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS of GUSTAVE LE GRAY'S NEW EDITION. +Translated from the French. + +Sole Agents in the United Kingdom for VOIGHTLANDER & SON'S celebrated +Lenses for Portraits and Views. + +General Depôt for Turner's, Whatman's Canson Frères', La Croix, and other +Talbotype Papers. + +Pure Photographic Chemicals. + +Instructions and Specimens in every Branch of the Art. + +GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road, +Islington. + +T. OTTEWILL (from Horne & Co.'s) begs most respectfully to call the +attention of Gentlemen, Tourists, and Photographers, to the superiority of +his newly registered DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERAS, possessing the +efficiency and ready adjustment of the Sliding Camera, with the portability +and convenience of the Folding Ditto. + +Every description of Apparatus to order. + + * * * * * + + +SPECTACLES.--WM. ACKLAND applies his medical knowledge as a Licentiate of +the Apothecaries' Company, London, his theory as a Mathematician, and his +practice as a Working Optician, aided by Smee's Optometer, in the selection +of Spectacles suitable to every derangement of vision, so as to preserve +the sight to extreme old age. + +ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES, with the New Vetzlar Eye-pieces, as exhibited at the +Academy of Sciences in Paris. The Lenses of these Eye-pieces are so +constructed that the rays of Light fall nearly perpendicular to the surface +of the various lenses, by which the aberration is completely removed, and a +telescope so fitted gives one-third more magnifying power and light than +could be obtained by the old Eye-pieces. Prices of the various sizes on +application to + +WM. ACKLAND, Optician, 93. Hatton Garden, London. + + * * * * * + + +{67} + +HAMILTON'S MODERN INSTRUCTIONS for the PIANOFORTE. Thirty-eighth Edition +Price 4s. + + "So simple and clear are the directions laid down that any one with a + moderate degree of application would have no difficulty in overcoming + the intricacies of the instrument. The lessons are progressive, and the + treatise is popular," &c.--Tallis's _London Weekly Paper_. + +ROBERT COCKS & CO.'s CHORISTER'S HAND-BOOK. Edited by JOSEPH WARREN. 1 vol. +4to., white cloth boards, price 8s. or in 52 Numbers, each 2d. + + "Valuable contribution to choral melody; contains no fewer than + fifty-two anthems, arranged for two, three, or four voices (with piano + or organ accompaniment), in a very effective style. The work is + marvellously cheap, and should find a place in every parochial + choir."--Tallis's _London Weekly Paper_, March 12. + +HAMILTON'S MODERN INSTRUCTIONS IN SINGING. Large music folio, 5s. ROBERT +COCKS & CO. + + "One of the most useful of the many works which the Messrs. Cocks have + published. We cordially recommend this volume; like the Author's + 'Modern Instructions for the Pianoforte,' it will become one of the + most popular works of the day."--_Scottish Press_, March 16. + +SACRED MUSIC.--A Select CATALOGUE of SACRED MUSIC, Vocal and for the Organ, +including the favourite Oratorios of Handel and others (with Tables of +Contents), Cathedral Music, Choral Music, Psalmody, &c. New Edition, +enlarged, 4to., 40 pp.--Gratis, and Postage free, on application to the +Publishers, ROBERT COCKS & CO., New Burlington Street, London: and of all +Music-sellers and Booksellers. + +London: ROBERT COCKS & CO., New Burlington Street. + + * * * * * + + +WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY. + +3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. + +Founded A.D. 1842. + + _Directors._ + + H. E. Bicknell, Esq. | T. Grissell, Esq. + T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.P. | J. Hunt, Esq. + G. H. Drew, Esq. | J. A. Lethbridge, Esq. + W. Evans, Esq. | E. Lucas, Esq. + W. Freeman, Esq. | J. Lys Seager, Esq. + F. Fuller, Esq. | J. B. White, Esq. + J. H. Goodhart, Esq. | J. Carter Wood, Esq. + + _Trustees._--W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell, + Esq. + _Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D. + _Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. + +VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. + +POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary +difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to +suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in +the Prospectus. + +Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in +three-fourths of the Profits:-- + + Age £ s. d. | Age £ s. d. + 17 1 14 4 | 32 2 10 8 + 22 1 18 8 | 37 2 18 6 + 27 2 4 5 | 42 3 8 2 + +ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. + +Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions, +INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING +SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in +the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a +Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR +SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. +Parliament Street, London. + + * * * * * + + +INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.--BARRY, +DU BARRY & CO.'S HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS. + +THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual +remedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it saves +fifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, intestinal, +liver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted, dyspepsia +(indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, heartburn, +flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption of the skin, +rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at sea, +and under all other circumstances, debility in the aged as well as infants, +fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &c. + +_A few out of 50,000 Cures:--_ + + Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart de + Decies:--"I have derived considerable benefits from your Revalenta + Arabica Food, and consider it due to yourselves and the public to + authorise the publication of these lines.--STUART DE DECIES." + + Cure, No. 49,832:--"Fifty years' indescribable agony from dyspepsia, + nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sickness + at the stomach, and vomitings have been removed by Du Barry's excellent + food.--MARIA JOLLY, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Norfolk." + + Cure, No. 180:--"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation, + indigestion, and debility, from which I had suffered great misery, and + which no medicine could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured + by Du Barry's food in a very short time.--W. R. REEVES, Pool Anthony, + Tiverton." + + Cure, No. 4,208:--"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility, with + cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the + advice of many, have been effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious + food in a very short time. I shall be happy to answer any + inquiries.--REV. JOHN W. FLAVELL, Ridlington Rectory, Norfolk." + +_Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial._ + + "Bonn, July 19. 1852. + + "This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent, + nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, + all kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of + body, as also diarrhoea, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys + and bladder, such as stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp + of the urethra, cramp of the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and + hemorrhoids. This really invaluable remedy is employed with the most + satisfactory result, not only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints, + where irritation and pain are to be removed, but also in pulmonary and + bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts effectually the + troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth to express the + conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the cure of + incipient hectic complaints and consumption. + + "DR. RUD WURZER. + "Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn." + +London Agents:--Fortnum, Mason & Co., 182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her +Majesty the Queen; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent Street; and through all +respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine venders. In canisters, suitably +packed for all climates, and with full instructions, 1lb. 2s. 9d.; 2lb. 4s. +6d.; 5lb. 11s.; 12lb. 22s.; super-refined, 5lb. 22s.; 10lb. 33s. The 10lb. +and 12lb. carriage free, on receipt of Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry +Co., 77. Regent Street, London. + +IMPORTANT CAUTION.--Many invalids having been seriously injured by spurious +imitations under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta, Arabaca, and +others, the public will do well to see that each canister bears the name +BARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in full, _without which +none is genuine_. + + * * * * * + + +In 2 vols. Imperial 8vo., cloth, 4l. 10s. + +THE IMPERIAL DICTIONARY; ENGLISH, TECHNOLOGICAL, AND SCIENTIFIC. Adapted to +the Present State of Literature, Science, and Art, on the Basis of +Webster's "English Dictionary;" with the Addition of many Thousand Words +and Phrases from the other Standard Dictionaries and Encyclopedias, and +from numerous other sources; comprising all Words purely English, and the +principal and most generally used Technical and Scientific Terms, together +with their Etymologies, and their Pronunciation, according to the best +authorities. + +ILLUSTRATED BY UPWARDS OF TWO THOUSAND ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD. + + "I can safely pronounce it to be the most perfect work of its kind that + has ever appeared. No man, literary or mercantile, should be without + it.--CHARLES EDWARD TINDAL, Rector of St. Andrew's Church, Dublin. + + "I have examined 'Blackie's Imperial Dictionary,' and it appears to me + to be decidedly the best work of the kind in the English + language."--WALTER SCOTT, President and Theological Tutor of Airedale + Castle. + + "I have great pleasure in bearing testimony to the beauty of the type, + the clearness of the definitions, and to the great addition of words of + recent introduction into our language. I have compared it with several + contemporary publications of a similar character, and hesitate not for + one moment to say, it is decidedly the best of those which have come + under my notice."--E. COBHAM BREWER, LL.D., Author of "Guide to + Science," &c. + +BLACKIE & SON, Warwick Square, London, and Edinburgh and Glasgow. + + * * * * * + + +READING FOR TRAVELLERS. + +This day is published, foolscap, price 1s., + +SAMUEL JOHNSON. By THOMAS CARLYLE. 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