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diff --git a/28475-8.txt b/28475-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..21a581c --- /dev/null +++ b/28475-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3518 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 193, July 9, 1853, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 193, July 9, 1853 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: April 2, 2009 [EBook #28475] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + +Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they +are listed at the end of the text. + + * * * * * + + +{25} + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +No. 193.] +SATURDAY, JULY 9. 1853.. +[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + + NOTES:-- Page + The Eye: its primary Idea 25 + Gossiping History--De Quincey's Account of Hatfield 26 + Notes upon the Names of some of the Early Inhabitants + of Hellas 27 + Shakspeare Readings, No. IX. 28 + Göthe's Author-Remuneration 29 + + MINOR NOTES:--Parallel Passages--Unpublished Epitaphs-- + The Colour of Ink in Writings--Literary Parallels-- + Latin Verses prefixed to Parish Registers-- Napoleon's + Bees 30 + + QUERIES:-- + Was Thomas Lord Lyttelton the Author of Junius's + Letters? by Sir F. Madden 31 + + MINOR QUERIES:--Lord Chatham--Slow-worm Superstition-- + Tangiers--Snail Gardens--Naples and the Campagna + Felice--"The Land of Green Ginger"--Mugger-- + Snail-eating--Mysterious Personage--George Wood of + Chester--A Scale of Vowel Sounds--Seven Oaks and Nine + Elms--Murder of Monaldeschi--Governor Dameram--Ancient + Arms of the See of York--Hupfeld--Inscription on a + Tomb in Finland--Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire on + Railway Travelling--Tom Thumb's House at Gonerby, + Lincolnshire--Mr. Payne Collier's Monovolume + Shakspeare 33 + + REPLIES:-- + Wild Plants and their Names 35 + Jacob Bobart, by H. T. Bobart 37 + Heraldic Queries 37 + Door-head Inscriptions 38 + Consecrated Roses 38 + Notes on Serpents 39 + + Photographic Correspondence:--Early Notice of the + Camera Obscura--Queries on Dr. Diamond's Collodion + Process--Baths for the Collodion Process 41 + + REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Mitigation of Capital + Punishment to a Forger--Chronograms and Anagrams-- + Abigail--Burial in unconsecrated Ground--"Cob" and + "Conners"--Coleridge's Unpublished MSS.--Selling a + Wife--Life--Passage of Thucydides on the Greek + Factions--Archbishop King--Devonianisms--Perseverant, + Perseverance--"The Good Old Cause"--Saying of Pascal-- + Paint taken off of old Oak--Passage in the "Tempest" 42 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, &c. 45 + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 45 + Notices to Correspondents 46 + Advertisements 46 + + * * * * * + + +Notes. + +THE EYE: ITS PRIMARY IDEA. + +I do not remember to have remarked that any writer notices how uniformly, +in almost all languages, the same primary idea has been attached to the +eye. This universal consent is the more remarkable, inasmuch as the +connexion in question, though of course most appropriate and significant in +itself, hardly seems to indicate the most prominent characteristic, or what +we should deem to be _par excellence_ the obvious qualities of the eye; in +a word, we should scarcely expect a term derived from a physical attribute +or property. + +The eye is suggestive of life, of divinity, of intellect, piercing +acuteness (_acies_); and again, of truth, of joy, of love: but these seem +to have been disregarded, as being mere indistinctive accidents, and the +primary idea which, by the common consent of almost all nations, has been +thought most properly to symbolise this organ is a spring--_fons_, [Greek: +pêgê]. + +Thus, from [Hebrew: `IYN], _manare, scatere_, a word not in use, according +to Fuerst, we have the Hebrew [Hebrew: `AYIN], _fons aquarum et +lacrimarum_, h. e. _oculus_. This word however, in its simple form, seems +to have almost lost its primary signification, being used most generally in +its secondary--_oculus_. (Old Testament Hebrew version, _passim_.) In the +sense of _fons_, its derivative [Hebrew: MA`YAN] is usually substituted. + +Precisely the same connexion of ideas is to be found in the Syriac, the +Ethiopic, and the Arabic. + +Again, in the Greek we find the rarely-used word [Greek: opê], a fountain, +or more properly the _eye_, whence it wells out,--the same form as [Greek: +opê], _oculus_; [Greek: ôps, opsis, optomai]. Thus, in St. James his +Epistle, cap. iii. 11.: [Greek: mêti hê pêgê ek tês autês opês bruei to +gluku kai to pikron]. + +In the Welsh, likewise, a parallel case occurs: _Llygad_, an eye, signifies +also the spring from which water flows, as in the same passage of St. +James: _a ydyw ffynnon o'r un llygad_ (from one spring or eye) _yn rhoi +dwfr melus a chwerw?_ + +On arriving at the Teutonic or old German tongue, we find the same +connexion still existing: _Avg_, _auga_,--_oculus_; whence _ougen +ostendere_--Gothis _augo_; and _awe, auge, ave, campus ad {26} amnem_. +(Vid. Schilteri, _Thes._, vol. iii. _ad voc._) And here we cannot help +noticing the similarity between these words and the Hebrew [Hebrew: Y'OR], +which (as well as the Coptic _iaro_) means primarily a river or stream from +a spring; but, according to Professor Lee, is allied to [Hebrew: 'WOR], +light, the enlightenment of the mind, the opening of the eyes; and he adds, +"the application of the term to water, as _running, translucid_, &c., is +easy." Here, then, is a similar connexion of ideas with a change in the +metaphor. + +In the dialects which descended from the Teutonic in the Saxon branch, the +connexion between these two distinct objects is also singularly preserved. +It is to be found in the Low German, the Friesic, and the Anglo-Saxon. In +the latter we have _eá_, _eah_, _eagor_, a welling, flowing stream; _eah_, +_ægh_, _eage_, an eye, which might be abundantly illustrated. + +We could hardly fail to find in Shakspeare some allusion to these connected +images in the old tongue; no speck of beauty could exist and escape his +ken. Thus: + + "In that respect, too, like a loving child, + Shed yet some small drops from thy tender spring, + Because kind Nature doth require it so." + _Tit. And._, Act V. Sc. 3. + + "Back, foolish tears, back to your native spring; + Your tributary drops belong to woe, + Which you, mistaking, offer up for joy." + _Rom. and Jul._, Act III. Sc. 2. + +Many of the phrases of the ancient tongues, in which the eye bears a part, +have been handed down to us, and are still preserved in our own. My space, +however, forbids me to do more than allude to them; but there is one very +forcible expression in the Hebrew [Hebrew: `AYIN B`AYIN], literally, eye in +eye, which we render much less forcibly--face to face. The Welsh have +preserved it exactly in their _llygad yn llygad_. Indeed, this is not the +only instance in which they are proud of having handed down the Hebrew +idiom in all its purity. Shakspeare twice uses the old phrase: + + "Since then my office hath so far prevailed, + That face to face, and royal eye to eye, + You have congreeted."--_Hen. V._, Act V. Sc. 2. + +And in _Tro. and Cres._, Act III. Sc. 3; but it appears now to be obsolete. + +Before concluding, I cannot help noticing, in connexion with this subject, +the Old English term "the apple of the eye." I am unable to trace it beyond +the Anglo-Saxon. The Teutonic _sehandes ougen_, _pupilla oculi_, is totally +distinct; _seha_ being merely _medius punctus oculi_, whence _sehan_, +_videre_. In the Semitic languages, as well as in the Greek and Latin, the +origin of the term is the same, and gives no clue to the meaning of the +Saxon term. Thus, in the Hebrew [Hebrew: 'IYSHWON], dim. of [Hebrew: +'IYSH], _homunculus_, the small image of a person seen in the eye. In +Arabic it is the _man_ or _daughter of the eye_. In Greek we have [Greek: +korê, korasion, korasidon]; and in Latin, _pupa, pupula, pupilla_. + +Has any light been thrown on the Anglo-Saxon term? Can it be that _iris_, +not the pupil, is taken to represent an apple? The pupil itself would then +be the eye of the apple of the eye. + +H. C. K. + +---- Rectory, Hereford. + + * * * * * + +GOSSIPING HISTORY--DE QUINCEY'S ACCOUNT OF HATFIELD. + +In proof of the severity with which the laws against forgery were enforced, +I have been referred to the case of Hatfield, hanged in 1803 for forging +franks. It is given very fully in Mr. De Quincey's "Literary Recollections +of Coleridge" in the first volume of the Boston edition of his _Works_. + +The story has some romance in it, and excited great interest fifty years +ago. Hatfield had lived by swindling; and, though he underwent an +imprisonment for debt, had, upon the whole, a long career of success. The +last scene of his depredations was the Lakes, where he married a barmaid, +who was called "The Beauty of Buttermere." Shortly after the marriage he +was arrested, tried, and executed. Mr. De Quincey afterwards lived in the +neighbourhood, dined at the public-house kept by Mary's father, and was +waited upon by her. He had the fullest opportunities of getting correct +information: and his version of the story is so truthlike, that I should +have accepted it without hesitation but for the hanging for forging a +frank. As that offence never was capital, and was made a felony punishable +with transportation for seven years by 42 Geo. III. c. 63., I was impelled +to compare the statement founded on gossip with more formal accounts; and I +send the result in illustration of the small reliance which is to be placed +on tradition in such matters. The arrival of Hatfield in a carriage is +graphically described. He called himself the Hon. Augustus Hope, brother of +the Earl of Hopetoun. Some doubts were felt at first, but-- + + "To remove suspicion, he not only received letters addressed to him + under this assumed name, but he continually franked letters by that + name. Now, _that being a capital offence_, being not only a forgery, + but (as a forgery on the Post-office) sure to be prosecuted, nobody + presumed to question his pretensions any longer; and henceforward he + went to all places with the consideration due to an earl's + brother."--P. 196. + +The marriage with Mary Robinson, and the way in which they passed the +honeymoon, are described: + + "They continued to move backwards and forwards, until at length, _with + the startling of a thunderclap to the_ {27} _affrighted mountaineers_, + the bubble burst; officers of justice appeared, _the stranger was + easily intercepted from flight_, and, _upon a capital charge_, he was + _borne away to Carlisle_. At the ensuing assizes he was _tried for + forgery on the prosecution of the Post-office_, found guilty, left for + execution, and executed accordingly."--P. 199. + + "One common scaffold confounds the most flinty hearts and the + tenderest. However, it was in some measure the heartless part of + Hatfield's conduct which drew upon him his ruin; for _the Cumberland + jury_, as I have been told, _declared their unwillingness to hang him + for having forged a frank_; and both they, and _those who refused to + aid his escape when first apprehended_, were reconciled to this + harshness entirely by what they heard of his conduct _to their injured + young fellow-countrywoman_."--P. 201. + +Hatfield was not "easily intercepted from flight." Sir Frederick Vane +granted a warrant to apprehend him on the charge of forcing franks. +Hatfield ordered dinner at the Queen's Head, Keswick, to be ready at three; +took a boat, and did not return. This was on October 6: he was married to +Mary on the 2nd. In November he was apprehended near Brecknock, in Wales: +so those who refused to aid his escape, if such there were, were not +"reconciled to the hardship by what they heard of his conduct to their +young fellow-countrywoman." The "startling of the thunderclap" was preceded +by an ordinary proclamation, describing the offender, and offering a reward +of 50l. for his apprehension. He was not "hurried away to Carlisle," but +deliberately taken to London on December 12; examined at Bow Street, +remanded three times, and finally committed; and sent to Carlisle, where he +was tried on August 15, 1803. + +Three indictments were preferred against him: the first for forging a bill +of exchange for 20l., drawn by Alexander Augustus Hope on John Crump, +payable to George Wood; the second for a similar bill for 30l.; and the +third for counterfeiting Colonel Hope's handwriting to defraud the +Post-office. + +The Cumberland jury did not "declare their unwillingness to hang him for +forging a frank," that not being a capital offence. I infer, also, that it +was one for which he was not tried. He was convicted on the first +indictment; the court rose immediately after the jury had given their +verdict; and the prisoner was called up for judgment at eight the next +morning. Trying a man under sentence of death for a transportable felony, +is contrary to all practice. Hatfield was executed at Carlisle on September +3, 1803. + +Mary's misfortunes induced the sympathising public to convert her into a +minor heroine. She seems to have been a common-place person, with small +claims to the title of "The Beauty of Buttermere." A cotemporary account +says, "she is rather gap-toothed and somewhat pock-marked." And Mr. De +Quincey, after noticing her good figure, says, "the expression of her +countenance was often disagreeable." + + "A lady, not very scrupulous in her embellishment of facts, used to + tell an anecdote of her which I hope was exaggerated. Some friend of + hers, as she affirmed, in company with a large party, visited + Buttermere a day or two after that on which Hatfield suffered; and she + protested that Mary threw on the table, with an emphatic gesture, the + Carlisle paper containing an elaborate account of the execution."--P. + 204. + +Considering the treatment she had received, it is not unlikely that her +love, if she ever had any for a fat man of forty-five, was turned into +hatred; and it was not to be expected that her taste would keep down the +manifestation of such feeling. When Hatfield was examined at Bow Street, +Sir Richard Ford, the chief magistrate, ordered the clerk to read aloud a +letter which he received from her. It was: + + "Sir,--The man whom I had the misfortune to marry, and who has ruined + me and my aged and unhappy parents, always told me that he was the Hon. + Colonel Hope, the next brother to the Earl of Hopetoun. + + "Your grateful and unfortunate servant, + "MARY ROBINSON." + +I do not blame Mr. De Quincey, having no doubt that he believed what he was +told; but I have put together these facts and discrepancies, to show how +careful we should be in accepting traditions, when a man of very high +ability, with the best opportunities of getting at the truth, was so +egregiously misled. + +My authorities are, _The Annual Register_, 1803, pp. 421. and 428.; _The +Gentleman's Magazine_, 1803, pp. 779. 876. and 983.; Kirby's _Wonderful +Magazine_, vol. i. pp. 309. and 336. _The Newgate Calendar_ gives a similar +account but not having it at hand, I cannot vouch it. + +H. B. C. + +U. U. Club. + + * * * * * + +NOTES UPON THE NAMES OF SOME OF THE EARLY INHABITANTS OF HELLAS. + +I. I have never seen it yet noticed, that the names _Pyrrha_, _Æolus_, +_Xuthus_, _Ion_, are all names of _colours_. Is there anything in this, or +is it fortuitous? + +II. In accordance with the above, I think we may refer most of the names of +the early inhabitants of Greece to words denoting _light_ or _colour_, or +the like. + +(1.) _Pelas-gi._ The first part of this word is, by Mr. Donaldson, +connected with [Greek: mel-as], which is also, probably, the root of +_Mol-ossi_. + +(2.) _Hellenes_, connected with _Helli_, _Selli_, [Greek: selas, heulê, +hêlios]. This derivation is made more probable {28} by the fact, that the +neighbouring Pelasgic tribes have a similar meaning; _e.g._, + +_Perrhæbi_, alike to _Pyrrha_ and [Greek: pur]; _Æthices_, [Greek: aithô], +_Tymphæi_, [Greek: tuphô]; _Hestiæi_, [Greek: hestia]. Add to this, that +the name _Phthiotis_ seems indubitably to derive its name from _Phthah_, +the Egyptian _Hephæstus_, and to be a translation of the word _Hellas_. + +N.B.--The existence of an Egyptian colony in that part is attested by the +existence of a Phthiotic _Thebæ_. + +(3.) On the other hand, the word _Achæus_ seems to be connected with +[Greek: achos, achnumai], and [Greek: achlus] in the sense of gloom (of +[Greek: ouranion achos]). So the Homeric _Cimmerians_ are derived from +[Hebrew: KIMRIYRIY] (Job), denoting _darkness_. + +(4.) Lastly, I submit with great diffidence the following examination of +the words _Dorus_ and the Æolian _Minyæ_, which I shall attempt to derive +from words denoting _sun_ and _moon_ respectively. + +The word _Dorus_ I assume to be connected with the first part of the names +_Dry-opes_ and _Dol-opes_. The metathesis in the first case seems +sanctioned by the analogy of the Sanscrit _drî_ and Greek [Greek: deirô], +and the mutation of _l_ and _r_ in the second is too common in Greek and +Latin to admit of any doubt, _e.g._ [Greek: ar-galeos] and [Greek: +algaletos]; _Sol_ and _Soracte_. With this premised, I think we may be +justified in connecting the following words with one another. + +_Dores_, _Dryopes_ with [Greek: Seirios] (of [Greek: Sios] and [Greek: +Dios]) [Greek: Theros], the Scythian sun-god [Greek: Oito-surus], the +Egyptian _O-siris_, and perhaps the Hebrew [Hebrew: DWOR] and Greek [Greek: +dêros] (the course of the sun being the emblem of eternity).--_Dol-opes_ +with _Sol_, [Greek: heilê], _Selli_, &c. + +On the other hand, the neighbouring _Minyæ_ seem connected with [Greek: +minuthô, minuntha], _minus_,--all with the sense of _decreasing_ or +_waning_; hence referable, both in sense and (I fancy) in derivation, to +Greek [Greek: mên], and Latin _men-sis_. + +J. H. J. + + * * * * * + +SHAKSPEARE READINGS, NO. IX. + + "It lies as sightly on the back of him + As great Alcides' shoes upon an ass."--_King John_, Act II. Sc. 1. + + "The ass was to _wear_ the shoes, and not to bear them on his back, as + Theobald supposed, and therefore would read _shows_. The 'shoes of + Hercules' were as commonly alluded to by our old poets, as the _ex pede + Herculem_ was a familiar allusion of the learned." (Mr. Knight in + 1839.) + +Fourteen years' additional consideration has not altered Mr. Knight's view +of this passage. In 1853 we find him putting forth a prospectus for a new +edition of Shakspeare, to be called "The Stratford Edition," various +portions from which he sets before the public by way of sample. Here we +have over again the same note as above, a little diversified, and placed +parallel to Theobald's edition in this way: + + "It lies as sightly on the back of him + As great Alcides' _shows_ upon an ass." + + "The folio reads 'Great Alcides' shoes.' Theobald says, 'But why + _shoes_, in the name of propriety? For let Hercules and his _shoes_ + have been really as big as they were ever supposed to be, yet they (I + mean the _shoes_) would not have been an overload for an ass.'" + + "The 'shoes of Hercules' were as commonly alluded to in our old poets, + as the _ex pede Herculem_ was a familiar allusion of the learned. It + was not necessary that the ass should be overloaded with the shoes--he + might be _shod_ (shoed) with them." + +Now who, in reading these parallel notes, but would suppose that it is Mr. +Knight who restores _shoes_ to the text, and that it is Mr. Knight who +points out the common allusion by our old poets to the shoes of Hercules? +Who would imagine that the substance of this correction of Theobald was +written by Steevens a couple of generations back, and that, consequently, +Theobald's proposed alteration had never been adopted? + +I should not think of pointing out this, but that Mr. Knight himself, in +this same prospectus, has taken Mr. Collier to task for the very same +thing; that is, for taking credit, in his _Notes and Emendations_, for all +the folio MS. corrections, whether known or unknown, necessary or +unnecessary. + +Indeed, the very words of Mr. Knight's complaint against Mr. Collier are +curiously applicable to himself: + + "It requires the most fixed attention to the nice distinctions of such + constantly-recurring 'notes and emendations,' to disembarrass the + cursory reader from the notion that these are _bonâ fide_ corrections + of the common text.... + + "Who cares to know what errors are corrected in" (the forthcoming + Stratford edition), "that exist in no other, and which have never been + introduced into the modern text?"--_Specimen_, &c., p. xxiv. + +The impression one would receive from Mr. Knight's note upon Theobald is, +that Shakspeare had his notion of _the shoes_ from "our old poets," while +_the learned_ had _theirs_ from _ex pede Herculem_; but where the analogy +lies, wherein the point, or what the application, is not explained. +Steevens' original note was superior to this, in so much that he quoted the +words of these old poets, thereby giving his readers an opportunity of +considering the justness of the deduction. The only set-off to this +omission by Mr. Knight is the introduction of "ex pede Herculem," the merit +of which is doubtless his own. + +But it so happens that the size of the foot of Hercules has no more to do +with the real point of the allusion than the length of Prester John's; +therefore _ex pede Herculem_ is a most unfortunate +illustration,--particularly awkward in a specimen sample, the excellence of +which may be questioned. {29} + +It is singular enough, and it says a great deal for Theobald's common +sense, that _he_ saw what the true intention of the allusion must be, +although he did not know how to reconcile it with the existing letter of +the text. He wished to preserve _the spirit_ by the sacrifice of _the +letter_, while Mr. Knight preserves the letter but misinterprets the +spirit. + +Theobald's word "shows," in the sense of externals, is very nearly what +Shakspeare meant by _shoes_, except that _shoes_ implies a great deal more +than _shows_,--it implies the assumption of the character as well as the +externals of Hercules. + +Out of five quotations from our old poets, given by Steevens in the first +edition of his note, there is not one in which _the shoes_ are not provided +with _feet_. But Malone, to his immortal honour, was the first to furnish +them with _hoofs_: + + "Upon an ass; _i.e._ upon the hoofs of an ass."--_Malone._ + +But Shakspeare nowhere alludes to feet! His ass most probably _had feet_, +and so had Juvenal's verse (when he talks of his "satyrâ sumente +cothurnum"); but neither Shakspeare nor Juvenal dreamed of any necessary +connexion between the feet and the shoes. + +Therein lies the difference between Shakspeare and "our old poets;" a +difference that ought to be sufficient, of itself, to put down the common +cry,--that Shakspeare borrowed his allusions from them. If so, how is it +that his expositors, with these old poets before their eyes all this time, +together with their own scholarship to boot, have so widely mistaken the +true point of his allusion? It is precisely because they _have_ confined +their researches to these old poets, and have _not_ followed Shakspeare to +the fountain head. + +There is a passage in Quintilian which, very probably, has been the common +source of both Shakspeare's version, and that of the old poets; with this +difference, that he understood the original and they did not. + +Quintilian is cautioning against the introduction of solemn bombast in +trifling affairs: + + "To get up," says he, "this sort of pompous tragedy about mean matters, + is as though you would dress up children with the _mask_ and _buskins_ + of Hercules." + + ["Nam in parvis quidem litibus has tragoedias movere tale est quale si + _personam_ Herculis et _cothurnos_ aptare infantibus velis."] + +Here the addition of the _mask_ proves that the allusion is purely +theatrical. The mask and buskins are put for the stage trappings, or +_properties_, of the part of Hercules: of these, one of the items was the +_lion's skin_; and hence the extreme aptitude of the allusion, as applied +by the Bastard, in _King John_, to Austria, who was assuming the importance +of Coeur de Lion! + +It is interesting to observe how nearly Theobald's plain, homely sense, led +him to the necessity of the context. The real points of the allusion can +scarcely be expressed in better words than his own: + + "Faulconbridge, in his resentment, would say this to Austria, 'That + lion's skin which my great father, King Richard, once wore, looks as + uncouthly on thy back, as that other noble hide, which was borne by + Hercules, would look on the back of an ass!' A double allusion was + intended: first, to the fable of the ass in the lion's skin; then + Richard I. is finely set in competition with Alcides, as Austria is + satirically coupled with the ass." + +One step farther, and Theobald would have discovered the true solution: he +only required to know that _the shoes_, by a figure of rhetoric called +synecdoche, may stand for the whole character and attributes of Hercules, +to have saved himself the trouble of conjecturing an ingenious, though +infinitely worse word, as a substitute. + +As for subsequent annotators, it must be from the mental preoccupation of +this unlucky "ex pede Herculem," that _they_ have so often put their foot +in it. They have worked up Alcides' shoe into a sort of antithesis to +Cinderella's; and, like Procrustes, they are resolved to stretch everything +to fit. + +A. E. B. + +Leeds. + + * * * * * + +GÖTHE'S AUTHOR-REMUNERATION. + +The Note in your valuable Journal (Vol. vii., p. 591.) requires, I think, +so far as it relates to Göthe, several corrections which I am in the +position of making. The amount which that great man is said to have +received for his "works (aggregate)" is "30,000 crowns." The person who +_originally_ printed this statement must have been completely ignorant of +Göthe's affairs, and even biography. Göthe had (unlike Byron) several +publishers in his younger years. Subsequently he became closer connected +with M. _J. G. Cotta_ of Stuttgardt, who, in succession, published almost +all Göthe's works. Amongst them were _several_ editions of his complete +works: for instance, that published conjointly at Vienna and Stuttgardt. +Then came, in 1829, what was called the edition of the last hand (_Ausgabe +letzter Hand_), as Göthe was then more than eighty years of age. During all +the time these two editions were published, other detached new works of +Göthe were also printed; as well as new editions of former books, &c. Who +can now say that it was 20,000 crowns (_thalers?_) which the great poet +received for each various performance?--_No one._ And this for many +reasons. Göthe always remained with M. Cotta on terms of polite +acquaintanceship, no more: there was no "My dear Murray" in their strictly +business-like connexion. Göthe also never wrote on such things, even in his +biography or diary. But some talk was going around in Germany, that for +_one_ of the editions of his _complete_ works (there {30} appeared still +many volumes of posthumous), he received the above sum. I can assert on +good authority, that Göthe, foreseeing his increasing popularity even long +after his death, stipulated with M. Cotta to pay his _heirs_ a certain sum +for every new edition of either his complete or single works. One of the +recipients of these yet _current accounts_ is Baron Wolfgang von Göthe, +Attaché of the Prussian Legation at Rome. + +A FOREIGN SURGEON. + +Charlotte Street, Bloomsbury Square. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +_Parallel Passages._-- + + "The Father of the gods his glory shrouds, + Involved in tempests and a night of clouds."--Dryden's _Virgil_. + + "Mars, hovering o'er his Troy, his terror shrouds + In gloomy tempests and a night of clouds."--Pope's _Homer's Iliad_, book + xx. lines 69, 70. + +UNEDA. + +_Unpublished Epitaphs._--I copied the following two epitaphs from monuments +in the churchyard of Llangerrig, Montgomeryshire, last autumn. They perhaps +deserve printing from the slight resemblance they bear to that in Melrose +Churchyard, quoted in Vol. vii., pp. 676, 677.: + + "O earth, O earth! observe this well-- + That earth to earth shall come to dwell: + Then earth in earth shall close remain + Till earth from earth shall rise again." + + "From earth my body first arose; + But here to earth again it goes. + I never desire to have it more, + To plague me as it did before." + +P. H. FISHER. + +_The Colour of Ink in Writings._--My attention was called to this subject +some years ago by an attempt made in a judicial proceeding to prove that +part of a paper produced was written at a different time than the rest, +because part differed from the rest in the shade of the ink. The following +conclusions have been the result of my observations upon the subject: + +1. That if the ink of part of a writing is of a different shade, though of +the same colour, from that of the other parts, we cannot infer from that +circumstance alone that the writing was done at different times. Ink taken +from the top of an inkstand will be lighter than that from the bottom, +where the dregs are; the deeper the pen is dipped into the ink, the darker +the writing will be. + +2. Writing performed with a pen that has been used before, will be darker +than that with a new pen; for the dry residuum of the old ink that is +encrusted on the used pen will mix with the new ink, and make it darker. +And for the same reason-- + +3. Writing with a pen previously used will be darker at first than it is +after the old deposit, having been mixed up with the new ink, is used up. + +M. E. + +Philadelphia. + +_Literary Parallels._--Has it ever been noticed that the well-known +epitaph, sometimes assigned to Robin of Doncaster, sometimes to Edward +Courtenay, third Earl of Devon, and I believe to others besides: "What I +gave, that I have," &c., has been anticipated by, if not imitated from, +Martial, book v. epigr. 42., of which the last two lines are: + + "Extra fortunam est, quicquid donatur amicis; + Quas dederis, solas semper habebis opes." + +The English is so much more terse and sententious, besides involving a much +higher moral signification, that it may well be an original itself; but in +that case, the verbal coincidence is striking enough. + +J. S. WARDEN. + +_Latin Verses prefixed to Parish Registers._--On a fly-leaf in one of the +registers of the parish of Hawsted, Suffolk, is the following note in the +handwriting of the Rev. Sir John Cullum, the rector and historian of the +parish: + + "Many old register books begin with some Latin lines, expressive of + their design. The two following, in that of St. Saviour's at Norwich, + are as good as any I have met with: + + 'Janua, _Baptismus_; medio stat _Tæda jugalis_ + Utroque es felix, _mors_ pia si sequitur.'" + +Can any of your correspondents contribute other examples? + +BURIENSIS. + +_Napoleon's Bees_ (Vol. vii., p. 535.).--No one, I believe, having +addressed you farther on the subject of the Napoleon Bees, the models of +which are stated to have been found in the tomb of Childeric when opened in +1653, "of the purest gold, their wings being inlaid with a red stone, like +a cornelian," I beg to mention that the small ornaments resembling bees +found in the tomb of Childeric, were only what in French are called +_fleurons_ (supposed to have been attached to the harness of his +war-horse). Handfuls of them were found when the tomb was opened at +Tournay, and sent to Louis XIV. They were deposited on a green ground at +Versailles. + +Napoleon wishing to have some regal emblem more ancient than the +_fleur-de-lys_, adopted the _fleurons_ as bees, and the green ground as the +original Merovingian colour. + +This fact was related to me as unquestionable by Augustin Thierry, the +celebrated historian, when I was last in Paris. + +WM. EWART. + +University Club. + + * * * * * + + +{31} + +Queries. + +WAS THOMAS LORD LYTTELTON THE AUTHOR OF JUNIUS'S LETTERS? + +In the _Quarterly Review_ for 1852 (vol. xc. No. 179.) appeared a clever +and speciously written article on the long debated question of the identity +of Junius, in which the writer labours at great length to prove that +Thomas, second Lord Lyttelton, who died in 1779, was the real substance of +the shadow of Junius, hitherto sought in vain. That this Lord Lyttelton was +fully competent to the task, I do not doubt; and that there are many points +in his character which may well be reconciled with the knowledge we possess +of the imaginary Junius, I also admit--but this is all. The author of the +review has wholly failed, in my opinion, to prove his case and the remark +he makes on Mr. Britton's theory (as to Col. Barré) may equally well apply +to his own, namely, that it affords "a [another] curious instance of the +delusion to which ingenious men may resign themselves, when they have a +favourite opinion to uphold!" The reviewer, indeed, admits that he has +"traced the parallel from the scantiest materials;" and in another passage +repeats, that but "few materials exist for a sketch of Thomas Lyttelton's +life." Of these materials used by the reviewer, the principal portion has +been derived from the two volumes of letters published in 1780 and 1782, +attributed to Lord Lyttelton, but the authorship of which has since been +claimed for William Coombe. The reviewer argues, that they are +"substantially genuine;" but evidence, it is believed, exists to the +contrary.[1] According to Chalmers, these letters were "publicly disowned" +by the executors of Lord Lyttelton; and this is confirmed by the notice in +the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1780, p. 138., shortly after the publication +of the first volume. Putting aside, however, this moot-point (which, I +trust, will be taken up by abler hands, as it bears greatly on the theory +advanced by the author of the _Review_), I proceed to another and more +conclusive line of argument. In the _Preliminary Essay_, prefixed to +Woodfall's edition of Junius, 1812 (vol. i. p. *46.), the following +statement is made in regard to that writer, the accuracy of which will +scarcely be doubted: + + "There is another point in the history of his life, during his + appearance as a public writer, which must not be suffered to pass by + without observation: and that is, _that during a great part of this + time, from January 1769 to January 1772, he uniformly resided in + London, or its immediate vicinity, and that he never quitted his stated + habitation for a longer period than a few weeks._" + +Now, do the known facts of Thomas Lyttelton's life correspond with this +statement or not? The reviewer says, p. 115.: + + "For a period of three years after Mr. Lyttelton lost his + seat[2]--_that period during which Junius wrote his acknowledged + compositions_--we hardly find a trace of him in any of the + contemporaneous letters or memoirs that have fallen under our + observation." + +But how is it, let me ask, that the author of the review has so studiously +avoided all mention of one work, which would at once have furnished traces +of Thomas Lyttelton at this very period? I allude to the volume of _Poems +by a Young Nobleman of distinguished Abilities, lately deceased_, published +by G. Kearsley: London, 1780, 4to. Does not this look much like the +_suppressio veri_ which follows close on the footsteps of the _assertio +falsi_? It is hardly credible that the reviewer should not be acquainted +with this book, for he refers to the lines spoken in 1765, at Stowe, in the +character of Queen Mab, which form part of its contents; and the existence +of the work is expressly pointed out by Chalmers, and noticed by Lowndes, +Watt, and other bibliographers. Among the poems here published, are some +which ought to have received a prominent notice from the author of the +review, if he had fairly stated the case. These are: + + 1. Lines "to G----e Ed----d Ays----gh, Esq., [George Edward Ayscough, + cousin to Thomas Lyttelton] _from Venice, the 20th July, 1770_."--P. + 22. + + 2. "An Irregular Ode, _wrote at Vicenza, in Italy, the 20th of August, + 1770_."--P. 29. + + 3. "On Mr. ----, _at Venice, in J----, 1770_." + + 4. "An Invitation to Mrs. A----a D----, _wrote at Ghent in Flanders, + the 23rd of March, 1769_."--P. 41. + + 5. "_An Extempore, by Lord Lyttelton, in Italy, anno 1770_."--P. 48. + +Admitting that these poems are genuine, it is evident that their author, +Thomas Lyttelton, was abroad in Flanders and Italy during the years 1769 +and 1770; and consequently could not have been the mysterious Junius, who +in those years (particularly in 1769) was writing constantly in or near +London to Woodfall and the _Public Advertiser_. Of what value then is the +assertion so confidently made by the reviewer (p. 133.): + + "The position of Thomas Lyttelton in the five years from 1767 to 1772, + is exactly such a one as it is reasonable to suppose that Junius held + during the period of his writings;" + +or how can it be made to agree with the fact of his residence on the +Continent during the greater part of the time? + +{32} + +The reviewer, indeed, tells us that "just as Junius concluded his great +work, Thomas Lyttelton returned to his father's house, and Chatham was one +of the first to congratulate Lord Lyttelton on the event." This was in +February 1772; and in the _Chatham Correspondence_, vol. iv. p. 195., is +Lord Lyttelton's letter of thanks in reply. The reviewer would evidently +have it inferred, that Thomas Lyttelton had returned home like a prodigal +son, after a temporary estrangement, and from a comparatively short +distance; but surely, had the volume of _Poems_ been referred to, it might +or rather _must_ have occurred to a candid inquirer, that in February 1772 +Thomas Lyttelton returned from his _travels on the Continent, after an +absence of nearly three years_! But, perhaps, the authenticity of the +_Poems_ may at once be boldly denied? Is this the case? Chalmers certainly +includes them with the _Letters_, as having been "disowned" by Lord L.'s +executors; but says, "as to the _Poems_, they added, '_great part whereof +are undoubtedly spurious_.'" It is certain, therefore, that _some_ of the +_Poems_ are genuine; and it is a pity that the exceptions were not +specified, as the discussion might then have been confined within narrower +limits. The editor of the _Poems_, in his address "To the Reader," writes +thus in vindication of them: + + "There is scarcely a line in the collection which does not bear + testimony of its origin; the _places and dates_ are also strong + corroborations to such of his friends as he corresponded with _on his + last journey across the Alps_. His style was elegant, and his ideas so + animated, that _spurious productions would be immediately detected_." + +This is the testimony of one who "had the honour of his friendship, which +terminated only with his death," and is not to be lightly rejected.[3] My +own conviction is in favour of the authenticity of the whole; but, at all +events, I shall be able to offer undoubted evidence as to the genuineness +of part of the volume, and additional proof that the author was abroad at +the precise time when, if he were Junius, he must have resided in this +country. By Thomas Lord Lyttelton's will (dated Oct. 30, 1777), he +appointed as his executors his brother-in-law Arthur Viscount Valentia, his +uncle William Henry Lord Westcote, and Wilson Aylesbury Roberts of Bewdley. +To the latter he left all his "letters, verses, speeches, and writings," +with directions that, if published, it should be for his sole emolument. +The important Query therefore at once arises, _what became of these +manuscripts, and were they destroyed or preserved_? + +The above Mr. Roberts was an intimate personal friend; and from his local +influence as bailiff and deputy-recorder of Bewdley, had no doubt +contributed towards Thomas Lyttelton's return for that borough in 1768. His +son continued to keep up a close connexion with the Valentia family at +Arley Hall[4]; and this fact, coupled with the close proximity of Bewdley, +Arley, and Hagley, and the circumstance of the co-executorship of Lord +Valentia and Mr. Roberts, would make us naturally look to the library at +Arley as a not unlikely place of deposit for Thomas Lyttelton's papers. +This is not mere conjecture, and brings me immediately to the point at +issue: for, at the sale of the Valentia Library at Arley Castle, in +December last, a manuscript volume made its appearance in a lot with others +thus designated: + + "Original Diary of Travels [of Lord Valentia] 4 vols.; Five Memorandum + Books of Journeys and Travels; also _Two Old Folio Volumes of Original + Poetic Pieces_." + +One of the folio volumes thus catalogued subsequently came into my hands, +and is evidently one of the manuscripts left by Thomas Lord Lyttelton's +will to the care of Mr. Roberts, since it consists wholly of pieces in +verse and prose of his composition, written either _in his own hand_, as +rough draughts, or copied (apparently by a female scribe) and afterwards +_corrected by himself_. Among the poetry in this MS. I find the greater +part of the long poem printed in the edition of 1780, p. 1., entitled "The +State of England in the year 2199," which is without date in the MS., but +in the edition bears date March 21, 1771; as likewise the "Invitation to +Miss Warb[u]rt[o]n," edit. p. 35., which appears in the MS. without any +name; and the "Extempore Rhapsody, March 21, 1771," edit. p. 37., also +undated in the MS., but which supplies the name of "Yates," expressed in +the edition by asterisks; and also six lines at the end, which were omitted +in the edition on account of their indecency. There are several variations +in the manuscript, which prove that some other copy was followed by the +printer; and many typographical errors in the edition may hence be +corrected. Besides these poems, the following pieces constitute the chief +contents of this manuscript volume: + + Draughts of four letters _written by Thomas Lyttelton from Lyons, the + first of which is dated September_ 10, 1769. + + Heads of a series of Dialogues, in imitation of "Dialogues of the + Dead," by his father George, first Lord Lyttelton. + + Poetical Fragments, imitated from Lucretius. + + {33} Two letters addressed by Thomas Lyttelton to his father; and a + third to "Dear George," probably his cousin George Edward Ayscough. + + Some Latin lines, not remarkable for their delicacy. + + Political letter, _written from Milan_, by Thomas Lyttelton; in which + indignant notice is taken of the commital of Brass Crossby, Lord Mayor, + _which took place in March, 1771_. + + Fragment of a poem on Superstition, and various other unfinished + poetical scraps. + + Private memoranda of expenses. + + A page of writing in a fictitious or short-hand character, of which I + can make nothing. + + Remarks, in prose, on the polypus, priestcraft, &c. + + Poem in French, of an amatory character. + + Portion of a remarkable political letter, containing some bitter + remarks by Thomas Lyttelton on the "first minister." He ends thus: "The + play now draws to a conclusion. I am guilty of a breach of trust in + telling him so, but I shall [not] suffer by my indiscretion, for it is + an absolute impossibility any man should divine who is the author of + the letter signed ARUSPEX." + +It would appear from the water-mark in the paper of which this MS. is +composed, that it was procured in Italy; and there can be little or no +doubt it was used by Thomas Lyttelton as a draught-book, during his travels +there in 1769-1771; during which period, nearly the whole of the contents +seem to have been written. The evidence afforded therefore by this volume, +comes peculiarly in support of the dates and other circumstances put forth +in the printed volume of _Poems_; and leads us inevitably to the +conclusion, _that it was utterly impossible for Thomas Lyttelton to have +had any share in the Letters of Junius_. He has enough to answer for on the +score of his early profligacy and scepticism, without being dragged from +the grave to be arraigned for the crime of deceit. His heart need not, +according to the reviewer, be "stripped bare" by the scalpel of any +literary anatomist; but he may be left to that quiet and oblivion which a +sepulchre in general bestows. Before I conclude these remarks (which I fear +are too diffuse), I will venture to add a few words in regard to the +signature of Thomas Lord Lyttelton. In the _Chatham Correspondence_, a +letter from him to Earl Temple is printed, vol. iv. p. 348., the signature +to which is printed LYTTLETON, and the editors point out in a note the +"alteration adopted" in the spelling of the name; but it is altogether an +error, for the fac-simile of this signature in vol. iv. p. 29., as well as +his will in the Prerogative Court, prove that he wrote his name +_Lyttelton_, in the same manner as his father and uncle. As to the +resemblance pointed out by the author of the _Review_ between the +handwriting of Thomas Lyttelton and that of Junius, it exists only in +imagination, since there is really no similitude whatever between them. + +Some Queries are now annexed, in reference to what has been above +discussed: + +1. In what publication or in what form did the executors of Thomas Lord +Lyttelton disown the _Letters_ and _Poems_? + +2. Is it known who was the editor of the _Poems_ published in 1780? + +3. Can the present representative of the family of Roberts give any farther +information respecting Thomas Lord Lyttelton's manuscripts? + +4. Lastly, Is any letter known to exist in the public journals of the years +1770, 1771, under the signature of ARUSPEX? + +F. MADDEN. + +British Museum. + +[Footnote 1: I have been unable to refer to these letters, as no copy +exists in the British Museum library.] + +[Footnote 2: As M.P. for Bewdley. He was returned in 1768, and unseated in +January, 1769.] + +[Footnote 3: In the _Public Advertiser_ for January 1, 1779 [1780], +appeared a notice of the _Poems_, said to have been "published yesterday;" +and although two pieces are extracted at length, not a syllable of doubt is +expressed as to their genuineness.] + +[Footnote 4: The estate at Arley was left to the Hon. George Annesley +(afterwards Earl of Mountnorris), son of Lord Valentia, by the will of +Thomas Lord Lyttelton, and Mr. Roberts was one of the trustees appointed.] + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + +_Lord Chatham._--I would suggest as a Query, whether Lord Chatham's famous +comparison of the Fox and Newcastle ministry to the confluence of the Rhone +and Saone at Lyons (_Speech_, Nov. 13, 1755), was not adapted from a +passage in Lord Roscommon's _Essay on translated Verse_. Possibly Lord +Chatham may have merely quoted the lines of Roscommon, and reporters may +have converted his quotation into prose. Lord Chatham (then of course Mr. +Pitt) is represented to have said: + + "_I remember_ at Lyons to have been carried to the conflux of the Rhone + and the Soane: the one a gentle, feeble, languid stream, and, though + languid, of no depth; the other, a boisterous and _impetuous_ torrent." + +Lord Roscommon says: + + "Thus _have I seen_ a rapid headlong tide, + With foaming waves the passive Saone divide, + Whose lazy waters without motion lay, + While he, with eager force, urg'd his _impetuous_ way." + +W. EWART. + +University Club. + +_Slow-worm Superstition._--Could any of your correspondents kindly inform +me whether there is any foundation for the superstition, that if a +slow-worm be divided into two or more parts, those parts will continue to +live till sunset (life I suppose to mean that tremulous motion which the +divided parts, for some time after the cruel operation, continue to have), +and whether it exists in any other country or county besides Sussex, in +which county I first heard of it? + +TOWER. + +_Tangiers_ (Vol. vii., p. 12.).--I have not seen any opinion as to these +Queries. + +A. C. + +_Snail Gardens._--What are the continental enclosures called snail gardens? + +C. M. T. + +Oare. + +_Naples and the Campagna Felice._--Who was the author of letters bearing +this title, which {34} originally appeared in Ackermann's _Repository_, and +were published in a collected form in 1815? + +In a catalogue of Jno. Miller's (April, 1853), I see them attributed to +Combe. + +Q. + +Philadelphia. + +"_The Land of Green Ginger_"--the name of a street in Hull. Can any of your +correspondents inform me why so called? + +R. H. B. + +_Mugger._--Why are the gipsies in the North of England called _Muggers?_ Is +it because they sell mugs, and other articles of crockery, that in fact +being their general vocation? or may not the word be a corruption of +_Maghrabee_, which is, I think, a foreign name given to this wandering +race? + +H. T. RILEY. + +_Snail-eating._--Can any of your correspondents inform me in what part of +Surrey a breed of large white snails is still to be found, the first of +which were brought to this country from Italy, by a member, I think, of the +Arundel family, to gratify the palate of his wife, an Italian lady? I have +searched Britton and Brayley's History in vain. + +H. T. RILEY. + +_Mysterious Personage._--Who is the mysterious personage, what is his real +or assumed lineage, who has, not unfrequently, been alluded to in recent +newspaper articles as a legitimate Roman Catholic claimant of the English +throne? Of course I do not allude to those _pseudo_-Stuarts, the brothers +Hay Allan. + +W. PINKERTON. + +_George Wood of Chester._--Of what family was George Wood, Esq., Justice of +Chester in the first year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 1558? + +CESTRIENSIS. + +_A Scale of Vowel Sounds._--Can any correspondent tell me if such scale has +anywhere been agreed on for scientific purposes? Researches into the +philosophy of philology are rendered excessively complex by the want of +such a scale, every different inquirer adopting a peculiar notation, which +is a study in itself, and which, after all, is unsatisfactory. I should +feel obliged by any reference to what has been done in this matter. + +E. C. + +_Seven Oaks and Nine Elms._--Can any reader of "N. & Q." inform me whether +there is any old custom or superstition connected with Seven Oaks and Nine +Elms, even to be traced as far back as the time of the Druids? + +In some old grounds in Warwickshire there is a circle of nine old +elm-trees; and, besides the well-known Nine Elms at Vauxhall, and Seven +Oaks in Kent, there are several other places of the same names in England. + +J. S. A. + +Old Broad Street. + +_Murder of Monaldeschi._--I will thank any of your correspondents who can +give me an account of the murder of Monaldeschi, equerry to Christina, +Queen of Sweden. + +In the 2nd volume of Miss Pardoe's _Louis XIV_. (p. 177.), Christina is +stated to have visited the Court of France, and housed at Fontainebleau, +where she had not long been an inmate ere the tragedy of Monaldeschi took +place and in a letter to Mazarin she says, "Those who acquainted you with +the details regarding Monaldeschi were very ill-informed." + +T. C. T. + +_Governor Dameram._--I should be glad of any particulars respecting the +above, who was Governor of Canada (I think) about the commencement of the +present century. He had previously been the head of the commissariat +department in the continental expeditions. + +TEE BEE. + +_Ancient Arms of the See of York._--Can any correspondent enlighten me as +to the period, and why, the present arms were substituted for the ancient +bearings of York? The modern coat is, Gu. two keys in saltire arg., in +chief an imperial crown proper. The ancient coat was blazoned, Az. an +episcopal staff in pale or, and ensigned with a cross patée arg., +surmounted by a pall of the last, edged and fringed of the second, charged +with six crosses formée fitchée sa., and differed only from that of +Canterbury in the number of crosses formée fitchée with which the pall was +charged. + +TEE BEE. + +_Hupfeld._--Can any correspondent of "N. & Q." tell me where I can see +Hupfeld, _Von der Natur und den Arten der Sprachlaute_, which is quoted by +several German authors? It appeared in Jahn's _Jahrb. der Philol. und +Päd._, 1829. If no correspondent can refer me to any place where the paper +can be seen in London, perhaps they can direct me to some account of its +substance in some English publication. + +E. C. + +_Inscription on a Tomb in Finland._--Can any reader of "N. & Q." explain +the meaning of the following inscription? + + "IETATIS IN SUBDITOS + MARTYRI + .`IET:S CONIUGALIS + :: :::IV." + +It appears on an old monument of considerable size in a Finnish +burial-ground at Martishkin near Peterhoff on the Gulf of Finland. The +letters are in brass on a stone slab. The dots before the IV., and in the +other word, are holes in the stone wherein the missing characters had been +fixed. + +J. S. A. + +Old Broad Street. + +_Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire on Railway Travelling._--Having been +forcibly impressed by a {35} paragraph in a popular periodical (_The +Leisure Hour_, No. 72.), I am desirous of learning upon what authority the +statements therein depend. As, perhaps, it may also prove interesting to +some of the readers of "N. & Q." who may not already have seen it, and in +the hope that some of your contributors may be able to throw a light upon +so curious a subject, I herewith transcribe it: + + "_Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire on Railway Travelling._--Sir Isaac + Newton wrote a work upon the prophet Daniel, and another upon the book + of Revelation, in one of which he said that in order to fulfil certain + prophecies before a certain date was terminated, namely, 1260 years, + there would be a mode of travelling of which the men of his time had no + conception; nay, that the knowledge of mankind would be so increased, + that they would be able to travel at the rate of fifty miles an hour. + Voltaire, who did not believe in the inspiration of the scriptures, got + hold of this, and said 'Now look at that mighty mind of Newton, who + discovered gravity, and told us such marvels for us all to admire. When + he became an old man, and got into his dotage, he began to study that + book called the Bible; and it seems, that in order to credit its + fabulous nonsense, we must believe that the knowledge of mankind will + be so increased that we shall be able to travel at the rate of fifty + miles an hour. The poor dotard!' exclaimed the philosophic infidel + Voltaire, in the self-complacency of his pity. But who is the dotard + now?--_Rev. J. Craig._" + +The Query I would more particularly ask is (presuming the accuracy of the +assertions), What is the prophecy so wonderfully fulfilled? + +R. W. + +_Tom Thumb's House at Gonerby, Lincolnshire._--On the south-west side of +the tower of the church of Great Gonerby, Lincolnshire, is a curious +cornice representing a house with a door in the centre, an oriel window, +&c., which is popularly called "Tom Thumb's Castle." I have a small +engraving of it ("W. T. del. 1820, R. R. sculpt."): and a pencil states +that on the same tower are other "curious carvings." + +I would ask, therefore, Why carved? From what event or occasion? For whom? +Why called "Tom Thumb's House?" And what are the other curious carvings? + +G. CREED. + +_Mr. Payne Collier's Monovolume Shakspeare._--I should be extremely obliged +to MR. COLLIER, if he would kindly give me a public reply to the following +question. + +The express terms of the publication of his monovolune edition of +Shakspeare, as advertised, were-- + + "The text regulated by the _old copies_, and by the _recently + discovered folio of 1632_." + +These terms manifestly exclude corrections from any other source than those +of _collation of the old copies_, and the _MS. corrections_ of the folio of +1632. + +Now the text of MR. COLLIER'S monovolume reprint contains many of the +emendations of the commentators _not_ referred to in _Notes and +Emendations_. For example: in _The Taming of the Shrew_, where Biondello +runs in to announce the coming down the hill of the "ancient angel" +(changed by the corrector into _ambler_), two other alterations in the same +sentence appear without explanation in the _regulated text_, namely, +_mercatante_ substituted by Steevens for "marcantant" of the folios; and +_surely_ in lieu of "surly," which latter is the word of _the folio of +1632_. + +I now ask MR. COLLIER, on what authority were these emendations adopted? + +C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY. + +Birmingham. + + * * * * * + + +Replies. + +WILD PLANTS AND THEIR NAMES. + +(Vol. vii., pp. 175. 233.) + +Perhaps the following may prove of some use to ENIVRI, in reply to his +Query respecting the names of certain wild flowers. + +1. Shepherd's Purse (_Bursa pastoris_). "Sic dict. a folliculis seminum, +qui crumenulam referre videntur." Also called Poor Man's Parmacitty, "Quia +ad contusos et casu afflictos instar spermatis ceti utile est." Also St. +James's Wort, "Quia circa ejus festum florescit," July 28th. Also called +Pick-purse. + +2. Eye-bright, according to Skinner (_Euphrasia_), Teut. _Augentrost_; +"Oculorum solamen, quia visum eximiè acuit." Fluellin (_Veronica femina_), +"Forte a Leolino aliquo Cambro-Brit. ejus inventore." + +3. Pass Wort, or Palsy Wort (_Primula veris_). "Herba paralyseos." + +4. Guelder Rose (_Sambucus rosea_). "Quia ex Gueldriâ huc translata est." +Gueldria is, or rather was, a colony, founded by the Hollanders, on the +coast of Coromandel. + +5. Ladies' Tresses, a corruption of _traces_. A kind of orchis, and used, +with its various appellations, "sensu obsc." + +6. The Kentish term _Gazel_ is not improbably the same as _Gale_, which, +Skinner says, is from the A.-S. _Gagel_ (_Myrtus brabantica_). + +7. Stitch Wort (_Gramen leucanthemum_, alias _Holostium pumilum_). "Sic +dict. quia ad dolores laterum punctorios multum prodesse creditur." + +8. The term _Knappert_, for Bitter Vetch, is probably a corruption of Knap +Wort, the first syllable of which, as in Knap Weed and Knap Bottle, is +derived from the sound or snap emitted by it when struck in the hollow of +the hand. + +9. Charlock (_Rapum sylvestre_); Anglo-Saxon _Cerlice_. {36} + +10. London Pride or Tufts (_Armeria prolifera_). "Sic dict. quia flores +propter pulchritudinem Londini valdè expetuntur." (?) + +11. Avens; also Herb Bennet (_Caryophyllata_). Skinner says, "Herba +Benedicta ab insigni radicis vulnerariâ vi." (?) + +12. Mill Mountain, or Purge Flax (_Linum sylvestre catharticum_, or +_Chamælinum_). "Montibus gaudet." + +13. Jack of the Buttery. "_Sedi_ species sic dict. quia in tecto galacterii +crescit." Pricket: "a sapore acri." + +14. Cudweed or Cotton Weed; Live-long. "Quia planta perennis est." + +15. Sun Spurge. "Quia flores ad ortum solis se aperiunt." Churn Staff, from +its similarity. + +16. Welcome to our House (_Tithymalus Cyparissias_). "Ob pulchritudinem +suam omnibus expetitus." + +17. Ruddes (_Fl. Calendulæ_). "A colore aureo." Wild or Corn Marigold. "Q. +d. aurum Mariæ, a colore sc. floris luteo." Gouls or Goulans, with a +half-suppressed _d_, may very well be supposed to indicate its natural +name--Gold. Another name of this plant is Lockron, or Locker Goulans. + +18. Spurry (_Spergula_). "Sic dict. quia folia ejus octo, angusta, +stelliformia, radios calcaris satis exactè referunt." + +19. Mercury Goose-foot. Probably a goose-foot resembling Mercury +(_Mercurialis_), a herb concerning which Skinner doubts, but suggests, +"Quia Mercurio, ut ceteræ omnes plantæ planetis, appropriata sit." Another +name is Good Henry,--I find not Good _King_ Henry--(_Lapathum unctuosum_), +"A commodo ejus usu in enematis." It is also called All-good, forasmuch as +it is useful, not only for its medicinal qualities, but also in supplying +the table with a substitute for other vegetables, such as asparagus. + +A plant termed in this country Gang Flower is the same as Rogation Flower, +recalling the perambulation of parishes on one of those days. There is a +vast fund of interesting matter in these old names of wild flowers (mixed +up, of course, with much that is trifling); and I cordially agree with your +correspondent, that it is well worth a steady effort to rescue the +fast-fading traditions relating to them. It must be confessed, however, +that the obstacles in the way of tracing the original meaning and supposed +virtues, will in many instances be found very great, arising principally +from the fanciful translations and corruptions which our ancestors made of +the old names. Take, for instance, the following: + +Loose Strife or Herb Willow, from _Lysimachia_, the original being +undoubtedly a man's name, Lysimachus. + +Ale-hoof (_Hedera terrestris_). Anglo-Saxon _Al behófian_. "Herba [Greek: +panchrêstos], ad multos usus efficacissima." + +Herb Ambrose has a Greek origin, [Greek: ambrotos], and is not indebted to +the saint of that name. + +Comfrey or Cumfrey. "Herba vulnera _conferruminans_;" good for joining the +edges of a wound. + +Calathian Violets. Simply cupped violets, from [Greek: kalathos]. + +Brank Ursin (_Acanthus_). "It. brancha, unguis ursinus." + +Blood Strange; properly, _String_. To stanch. + +Bertram. A corruption of [Greek: purethron] (_Pyrethrum_). + +Spreusidany, Hair-strong, Sulphur Wort. Corrupted from _Peucedanum_. + +Pell-a-mountain, Wild Thyme. From _Serpyllum montanum_. + +Faceless. From _Phaseolus_, dim. of _Phaselus_; so called from its shallop +shape. + +Stick-a-dove, French Lavender. From [Greek: stoichas, stoichados], +_Stoechas_; so called from the regularity of the petals. + +Such instances might be multiplied to almost any extent. + +There is, doubtless, a good deal of scattered information respecting old +English wild flowers to be met with, not only in books, but also among our +rural population, stored up by village sages. Contributions of this +description would surely be welcome in "N. & Q." + +H. C. K. + +---- Rectory, Hereford. + +Herbs of all kinds were, some two hundred years ago, esteemed of much value +as medicine; for in a curious, and I believe rather scarce, pharmacopoeia +by Wm. Salmon, date 1693, I find some 414 pages devoted to their uses. This +pharmacopoeia, or _Compleat English Physician_, was dedicated to Mary, +second Queen of England, Scotland, France, Ireland, &c., and appears to +have been the first. The preface says "it was the first of that kind extant +in the world, a subject for which we have no precedent." + + "I have not trusted," he says, "to the reports of authors, but have + wrote as an eye-witness in describing most things therein; and it is + nothing but what I know and have learnt by daily experience for thirty + years together, so that my prescriptions may in some measure plead a + privilege above the performances of other men." + +1. _Capsella_ (_Bursa pastoris_) he describes as cold 1^o, and dry in 2^o, +binding and astringent. Good against spitting of blood or hæmorrhage of the +nose, and other fluxes of the bowels. The leaves, of which [dr.]j. in +powder may be given. The juice inspissate, drunk with wine, helps ague. A +cataplasm applied in inflammations, Anthony's fire, &c., represses them. + +2. _Veronica Chamædrys_ he calls _Euphrasia_, _Euphrosunee_, and says it is +much commended by Arnoldus de Villa Nova, who asserts that it not only +helps dimness of the sight, but the use of it {37} makes old men to read +small letters without spectacles, who could scarcely read great letters +with spectacles before; but that it did restore their sight who had been a +long time blind. Truly a most wonderful plant; and, if he freely used it, +must have been a great drawback to spectacle-makers. + +3. _Primula veris_, he says, more properly belongs to the primrose than +cowslip. The root is haumatic, and helps pains in the back. The herb is +cephalic, neurotic, and arthritic. The juice or essence, with spirits of +wine, stops all manner of fluxes, is excellent against palsy, gout, and +pains, and distempers of the nerves and joints. A cataplasm of the juice, +with rye meal, is good against luxations and ruptures. The flowers are good +against palsy, numbness, convulsions, and cramps, being given in a +sulphurous or a saline tincture, or an oily tincture, or an essence of the +juice with spirits of wine. The juice of the flowers, or an ointment of the +_flower_ or its juice, cleanses the skin from spots, though the worthy old +physician only gives a receipt for making essence as follows: Beat the +whole plant well in a mortar; add to it an equal quantity of brandy or +spirits of wine; close up tight in a large bolt-head, and set it to digest +in a very gentle sand-heat for three months. Strain out all the liquor, +which close up in a bolt-head again, and digest in a gentle sand-heat for +two months more. Rather a troublesome and slow process this. + +4. _Geum urbanum_ he calls _Caryophyllata_, _Herba benedicta_, and _Geum +Plinii_, and should be gathered, he says, in the middle of March, for then +it smells sweetest, and is most aromatic. Hot and dry in the 2^o, binding, +strengthening, discussive, cephalic, neurotic, and cardiac. Is a good +preservative against epidemic and contagious disease; helps digestion. The +powder of the root, dose [dr.]j. The decoction, in wine, stops spitting of +blood, dose [dr.]ss to [dr.]jss. The saline tincture opens all obstructions +of the viscera, dose [dr.]j to [dr.]iij. + +Should ENIVRI wish to know the medical virtues of our wild plants, I have +no doubt but that this worthy old physician will tell him what virtues they +were considered to possess in his day, at least by himself; and I can +assure him that 1195 of the _English Physician's_ pages ascribe marvellous +properties, not only to plants, but to animals, fish, and even the bones of +a stag's heart. + +R. J. SHAW. + + * * * * * + +JACOB BOBART. + +(Vol. vii., pp. 428. 578.) + +I am exceedingly obliged for the information afforded by DR. E. F. RIMBAULT +concerning the Bobarts. Can he give me any more communication concerning +them? I am anxious to learn all I can. I have old Jacob Bobart's signature, +bearing date 1659, in which he spells his name with an _e_ instead of _a_, +which seems to have been altered to an _a_ by his son Jacob. + +In _Vertumnus_ it says Bobart's _Hortes Siccus_ was in twenty volumes; but +the _Oxford Botanic Garden Guide_ only mentions twelve quarto volumes: +which is correct, and where is it? In one of my copies of _Vertumnus_, a +scrap of paper is fixed to p. 29., and the following is written upon it: + + "The Hortus Siccus here alluded to was sold at the Rev. Mr. + Hodgkinson's sale at Sarsden, to Mrs. De Salis, wife of Dr. De Salis." + +Is there any pedigree of the family? + +In a letter of Jno. Ray's to Mr. Aubrey is the following: + + "I am glad that Mr. Bobart hath been so diligent in observing and + making a collection of insects." + +Is there any collection extant? + + "He may give me much assistance in my intended Synopsis of our English + Animals, and contribute much to the perfecting of it." + +Did he do so? + +Is the print of old Jacob Bobart, by W. Richardson, _valuable_? + +Where can I pick up a print of him by Loggan del., Burghers sculp.? There +is a portrait of Jacob Bobart the younger in _Oxford Almanack_ for 1719; +can I procure it? + +H. T. BOBART. + + * * * * * + +HERALDIC QUERIES. + +(Vol. vii., p. 571.) + +CEYREP is informed, 1st, That a shield in the form of a lozenge was +appropriated exclusively to females, both spinsters and widows, in order to +distinguish the sex of the bearer of a coat of arms. It is of doubtful +origin, though supposed, from the form, to symbolise the spindle with yarn +wound round it; of good authority, and not of very modern date. Many +instances may be seen in Fuller, in the coats of arms appended to the +dedications of the various chapters of his _Church History_. In sect. ii. +book vi. p. 282. ed. 1655, he has separated the coats of man and wife, and +placed them side by side; that of the latter upon a lozenge-shaped +shield--Party per pale arg. and gules, two eagles displayed, +counterchanged. + +2ndly, No one has a right to inscribe a motto upon a garter or riband, +except those dignified with one of the various orders of knighthood. For +any other person to do so, is a silly assumption. The motto should be upon +a scroll, either over the crest, or beneath the shield. + +3rdly, I cannot find that it was ever the custom in this country for +ecclesiastics to bear their paternal coat on an oval or circular shield. +Forbidden, as they were, by the first council of {38} Mascon, Bingham, vi. +421., in the Excerptions of Ecgbright, A.D. 740, Item 154., and the +Constitutions of Othobon, A.D. 1268, can. 4., to bear arms for the purposes +of warfare, it is a question whether any below the episcopal order ought, +in strict right, to display any armorial ensigns at all. Archbishops and +bishops bear the arms of their sees impaled (as of their spouse) with their +own paternal coats; the latter probably only in right of their baronies. It +is worthy of remark that, since the Reformation, and consequent marriage of +bishops, there has been no official decision as to the bearing the arms of +their wives, nor has any precedence been granted to the latter. + +H. C. K. + +---- Rectory, Hereford. + + * * * * * + +DOOR-HEAD INSCRIPTIONS. + +(Vol. vii., pp. 23. 190. 585.) + +A few years ago I copied the following inscription from over the door of +the residence of a parish priest at Cologne: + + "Protege Deus parochiam hanc propter + Te et S.S. tuum, sicut protexisti + Jerusalem propter Te et David servum + tuum. IV Reg. xx. 6. + A.D. 1787." + +From the gateway leading into the Villa Borghese, just outside of the +"Porta del Popolo," at Rome, I copied the following: + + "Villæ Burghesiæ Pincianæ + Custos hæc edico. + Quisquis es, si liber + legum compedes ne hic timeas. + Ite quo voles, carpite quæ voles, + Abite quando voles. + Exteris magis hæc parantur + quam hero. + In aureo sæculo ubi cuncta aurea + temporum securitas fecit + bene morato: + Hospiti ferreas leges præfigere + herus velat. + Sit hic pro amico, pro lege + honesta voluntas. + Verum si quis dolo malo, lubens, sciens + aureas urbanitatis leges fregerit, + Caveat ne sibi + Tesseram amicitiæ subiratus villicus + advorsum frangat." + +On the entrance into the Villa Medici are the two following: + + "Aditurus hortos hospes, in + summo ut vides + colle hortulorum consitos, + si forte quid + audes probare, scire debes + hos hero + herique amicis esse apertos + omnibus." + + "Ingressurus hospes hosce quos + ingentibus + instruxit hortos sumptibus + suis Medices + Fernandus expleare visendo + licet: + atque his fruendo plura + Velle nondecet." + +The following I copied from a gateway leading into a vineyard near the +church of San Eusebio, at Rome: + + "Tria sunt mirabilia; + Trinus et unus, + Deus et homo, + Virgo et mater." + +CEYREP. + + * * * * * + +CONSECRATED ROSES. + +(Vol. vii., pp. 407. 480.) + +I forward the accompanying observations on the origin of the Rosa d'Oro, in +compliance with the request contained at page 480. of the 185th No. of "N. +& Q.," in case they should not have come under your observation. They are +to be found in _Histoire de Lorraine_, par R. P. Dom. Calmet: Nancy, 1745. + + "Le troisième monastère fondé par les parens de St. Leon est l'Abbaye + de Volfenheim, à deux lieues de Colmar, vers le Midi, et à deux lieues + environs d'Egesheim, château des Comtes de Dasbourg, aujourd'hui (1745) + inhabité, mais bien remarquable par ces vastes ruines, sur le sommet + des montagnes qui dominent sur l'Alsace. + + "Volfenheim étoit un village considérable, à une lieue et demi de + Colmar. On voie encore aujourd'hui à une demi lieue de Sainte Croix + dans les champs, l'église qui lui servoit autrefois de paroisse. + L'abbaye étoit à quelque distance de là, au lieu où est aujourd'hui le + bourg de Sainte Croix. + + "Volfenheim ayant étoit [_Quære_, été] ruiné par les guerres, les + habitans se sont insensiblement établis autour de l'abbaye, ce qui a + formé un bon bourg, connu sous le nom de Sainte Croix; parceque + l'abbaye étoit consacrée sous cette invocation. Le Pape Leon IX., dans + la Bulle qu'il donna à ce monastère la première année de son + pontificat, de J. C. 1049, nous apprend qu'il avoit été fondé par son + père Hughes et sa mère Heilioilgdis, et ses frères Gerard et Hugues, + qui étoient déjà décédés; il ajoûte que ce lieu lui étoit tombé par + droit de succession; il le met sous la protection spéciale du Saint + Siége, en sorte que nulle personne, de quelque qualité qu'elle soit, + n'y exerce aucune autorité, mais qu'il jouisse d'une pleine liberté, et + que l'abbesse et les religieuses puissent employer quelque evêque ils + jugeroient apropos pour les bénédictions d'autels, et autres fonctions + qui regardent le ministère épiscopal: que son neveu, le Comte Henri + Seigneur d'Egesheim, en soit la voue, et après lui, l'aîné des + Seigneurs d'Egesheim à perpétuité. + + "Que si cette race vient à manquer, l'abbesse et le couvent choisiront + quelque autre de la parenté de ces {39} seigneurs, afin que l'avocatie + ne soit pas de leur race, et qu'après la mort de Kuentza, qui en étoit + abbesse, et à qui le Pape avoit donné la bénédiction abbatiale, les + religieuses choisissent de leur communauté, ou d'ailleurs, celle qui + leur paroîtra la plus propre, reservant toujours au Pape le droit de la + bénir. Et en reconnaissance d'un privilège si singulier, l'abbesse + donnera tous les ans au Saint Siége une Rose d'Or du poids de deux + onces Romaines. Elle l'envoyera toute faite, ou en envoyera la matière + préparée, de telle sorte qu'elle soit rendue au Pape huit jours + auparavant qu'il la porte, c'est-à-dire, le Dimanche de Carême, où l'on + chante à l'Introite, 'Oculi mei semper ad Dominum;' afin qu'il puisse + bénir au Dimanche 'Lætare,' qui est le quatrième du Carême. Telle est + l'origine de la Rose d'Or, que le Pape bénit encore aujourd'hui le + quatrième Dimanche de Carême, nommé 'Lætare,' et qu'il envoye à quelque + prince pour marque d'estime et de bienveillance. Ce jour-là, la station + se fait à Sainte Croix de Jérusalem. Le Pape, accompagné des cardinaux, + vetûs de couleur de rose, marche en cavalcade à l'eglise, tenant la + Rose d'Or à la main. Il la porte, allant à l'autel, chargé de baume et + de mare. Il la quitte au 'Confiteor,' et la reprend après 'l'Introite.' + Il en fait la Bénédiction, et après l'Evangile, il monte en chaise et + explique les propriétés de la rose. Après la Messe il retourne en + cavalcade à son palais, ayant toujours la Rose en main et la couronne + sur la tête. On appelle ce Dimanche 'Pascha rosata,' ou 'Lætare.' + + "Nous avons encore un sermon du Pape Innocent III., composé en cette + occasion, an commencement du treizième siècle. Le Pape Nicholas IV., en + 1290, dans le dénombrement qu'il fait des églises qui doivent des + redevances à l'église de Rome, met le monastère de Sainte Croix, + diocèse de Basle, qui doit deux onces d'or pour la Rose d'Or, qui se + bénit au Dimanche Lætere, Jérusalem." + +P. P. P. + + * * * * * + +NOTES ON SERPENTS. + +(Vol. ii., p. 130.; Vol. vi., p. 177.--Vol. iii., p. 490.; Vol. vi., pp. +42. 147.) + +Loskiel, in his account of the Moravian missions to the North American +Indians[5], tells us that,-- + + "The Indians are remarkably skilled in curing the bite of venomous + serpents, and have found a medicine peculiarly adapted to the bite of + each species. For example, the leaf of the Rattlesnake-root (_Polygala + senega_) is the most efficacious remedy against the bite of this + dreadful animal. God has mercifully granted it to grow in the greatest + plenty in all parts most infested by the rattlesnake. It is very + remarkable that this herb acquires its greatest perfection just at the + time when the bite of these serpents is the most dangerous.... + Virginian Snake-root (_Aristolochia serpentaria_) chewed, makes also an + excellent poultice for wounds of this sort.... The fat of the serpent + itself, rubbed into the wound, is thought to be efficacious. The flesh + of the rattlesnake, dried and boiled to a broth, is said to be more + nourishing than that of the viper, and of service in consumptions. + Their gall is likewise used as medicine."--P. 146. + +Pigs are excepted from the dreadful effects of their bite; they will even +attack and eat them. It is said that, _if a rattlesnake is irritated and +cannot be revenged, it bites itself, and dies in a few hours_: + + "Wird dieses Thier zornig gemacht, und es kann sich nicht rächen, so + beiszt es sich selbst, und in wenig Stunden ist es todt."--P. 113.[6] + + "I have seen some of our Canadians eat these rattlesnakes repeatedly. + The flesh is very white, and they assured me had a delicious taste. + Their manner of dressing them is very simple.... Great caution, + however, is required in killing a snake for eating; for if the first + blow fails, or only partially stuns him, _he instantly bites himself in + different parts of the body, which thereby become poisoned_, and would + prove fatal to any person who should partake of it."--Cox's _Adv. on + the Columbia River_: Lond. 1832, p. 74. + + "Dr. Fordyce knew the black servant of an Indian merchant in America, + who was fond of soup made of rattlesnakes, in which he always boiled + the head along with the rest of the animal, without any regard to the + poisons."--Rees's _Cyclopædia_. + + "There is a religious sect in Africa, not far from Algiers, which eat + the most venomous serpents _alive_; and certainly, it is said, without + extracting their fangs. They declare they enjoy the privilege from + their founder. The creatures writhe and struggle between their teeth; + but possibly, if they do bite them, the bite is innocuous." + +Mrs. Crowe, in the concluding chapter of her _Night-side of Nature_, gives +the testimony of an eye-witness to "the singular phenomenon to be observed +by placing a scorpion and a mouse together under a glass." + + "It is known that _stags renew their age by eating serpents_; so the + phoenix is restored by the nest of spices she makes to burn in. The + pelican hath the same virtue, whose right foot, if it be put under hot + dung, after three months a pelican will be bred from it. Wherefore some + physicians, with some confections made of _a viper_ and hellebore, and + of some of the flesh of these creatures, _do promise to restore youth, + and sometimes they do it_."[7] + +On reading any of our old herbalists, one would imagine that serpents (and +those of the worst kind) abounded in "Merrie Englande," and that they were +the greatest bane of our lives. It is {40} hard to stumble on a plant that +is not an antidote to the bite of serpents. Our old herbals were compiled, +however, almost entirely from the writings of the ancients, and from +foreign sources. The ancients had a curious notion relative to the plant +Basil (_Oscimum basilicum_), viz., "That there is a property in Basil to +propagate scorpions, and that the smell thereof they are bred in the brains +of men." Others deny this wonderful property, and make Basil a simple +antidote. + + "According unto Oribasius, physician unto Julian, the Africans, men + best experienced in poisons, affirm, whosoever hath eaten Basil, + although he be stung with a scorpion, shall feel no pain thereby, which + is a very different effect, and rather antidotally destroying than + seminally promoting its production."--Sir Thomas Browne, _Vulgar + Errors._ + +An old writer gives the following anecdote in point: + + "Francis Marcio, an eminent statesman of Genoa, having sent an + ambassador from that republic to the Duke of Milan, when he could + neither procure an audience of leave from that prince, nor yet prevail + with him to ratify his promises made to the Genoese, taking a fit + opportunity, presented a handful of the herb Basil to the duke. The + duke, somewhat surprised, asked what that meant? 'Sir,' replied the + ambassador, 'this herb is of that nature, that if you handle it gently + without squeezing, it will emit a pleasant and grateful scent; but if + you squeeze and gripe it, 'twill not only lose its colour, but it _will + become productive of scorpions_ in a little time."--_The Entertainer_: + London, 1717, p. 23. + +Pliny tells us that a decoction from the leaves of the ash tree, given as a +drink, is such a remedy that "nothing so soveraigne can be found against +the poison of serpents;" and farther: + + "That a _serpent dare not come neare the shaddow of that tree_. The + serpent will chuse rather to goe into the fire than to flie from it to + the leaves of the ash. A wonderful goodnesse of Dame Nature, that the + ash doth bloome and flourish alwaies before that serpents come abroad, + and never sheddeth leaves, but continueth green untill they be retired + into their holes, and hidden within the ground." + +The ancient opinion respecting the rooted antipathy between the ash and the +serpent is not to be explained merely by the fact in natural history of its +being an antidote, but it has a deeply mythical meaning. See, in the _Prose +Edda_, the account of the ash Yggdrasill, and the serpents gnawing its +roots. Loskiel corroborates Pliny as to the ash being an antidote: + + "A decoction of the buds or bark of the white ash (_Fraxinus carolina_) + taken inwardly is said to be a certain remedy against the effects of + poison," _i.e._ of the rattlesnake. + +Serpents afford Pliny a theme for inexhaustible wonders. The strangest of +his relations perhaps is where he tells us that serpents, "when they have +stung or bitten a man, die for very greefe and sorrow that they have done +such a mischeefe." He makes a special exception, however, of the murderous +salamander, who has no such "pricke and remorse of conscience," but would +"destroy whole nations at one time," if not prevented. In this same book +(xxix.) he gives a receipt for making the famous _theriacum_, or treacle, +of vipers' flesh. Another strange notion of the ancients was "that the +marrow of a man's backe bone will breed to a snake" (_Hist. Nat._, x. 66.). +This perhaps, originally, had a mystic meaning; for a great proportion of +the innumerable serpent stories have a deeper foundation than a credulous +fancy or lively imagination. + +Take, for instance, the wide-spread legend of the sea-serpent. Mr. Deane +says,-- + + "The superstition of 'the serpent in the sea' was known to the Chinese, + as we observed in the chapter on the 'Serpent-worship of China.' But it + was doubtless, at one time, a very general superstition among the + heathens, for we find it mentioned by Isaiah, ch. xxvii. 1., 'In that + day the Lord, with his sore and great and strong sword, shall punish + Leviathan the piercing serpent, even Leviathan that crooked serpent: + and He shall slay _the dragon that is in the sea_.'" + +In _Blackwood's Magazine_, vol. ii. p. 645., vol. iv. pp. 33. 205., may be +found some interesting papers on the "Scrakin, or Great Sea Serpent." + +Mr. Deane's _Worship of the Serpent_ (London, 1830); and _The Cross and the +Serpent_, by the Rev. Wm. Haslam (London, 1849), are noble works both of +them, and ought to be in the hands of every Christian scholar. In these two +words, "Cross" and "Serpent," we have an epitome of the history of the +world and the human race, as well as the ground-work for all our hopes and +fears. In them are bound up the highest mysteries, the truest symbolism, +the deepest realities, and our nearest and dearest interests. + +Lord Bacon thus narrates the classical fable which accounts for the +serpent's being gifted with the power of restoring youth: + + "The gods, in a merry mood, granted unto men not only the use of fire, + but _perpetual youth_ also, a boon most acceptable and desirable. They + being as it were overjoyed, did foolishly lay this gift of the gods + upon the back of an ass, who, being wonderfully oppressed with thirst + and near a fountain, was told by a serpent (which had the custody + thereof) that he should not drink unless he would promise to give him + the burthen that was on his back. The silly ass accepted the condition, + and _so the restoration of youth_ (_sold for a draught of water_) + _passed from men to serpents._"--_The Wisdom of the Ancients_ + (Prometheus, xxvi.). + +That this, as well as the whole of the legend relating to Prometheus, is a +confused account of an early tradition relative to the Fall of Man, and his +forfeiture of immortality, is obvious to any {41} unprejudiced mind. Lord +Bacon's explanation shows that he has been overreached by his fancy and +ingenuity. + +In all the ancient mysteries, the serpent was more or less conspicuously +introduced, and always as a symbol of the invigorating or active power of +nature. The serpent was an emblem of the sun. _Solar_, _Phallic_, and +_Serpent_ worship, are all forms of a single worship.[8] The Hindu _Boodh_, +Chinese _Fo_, Egyptian _Osiris_, Northern _Woden_, Mexican _Quetzalcoatl_ +(feathered serpent), are one and the same. (See the _American Archæological +Researches_, No. 1.; _The Serpent Symbol, and the Worship of the Reciprocal +Principles of Nature in America_, by E. G. Squier: New York, 1851.) + +In Hindostan, to this day, we have the _Chaudravanasas_ and the +_Snaryavanasas_, worshippers of the moon, the aqueous or female; and of the +sun, the igneous or male principle. The _Saivas_ conjoin the two. Clemens +Alexandrinus has a curious remark, referring to the calling on _Evoe_ or +_Eva_ in the orgies of Bacchus; he says: + + "The symbol in the orgies of Bacchus is a consecrated _serpent_; and, + indeed, if we pay attention to the strict sense of the Hebrew, the name + _Evia_, aspirated, signifies _female serpent_." + +In my list of saints who are represented with a dragon or serpent beneath +their feet, I omitted St. Hilary: + + "He is usually represented with three books. In Callot's _Images_ he is + treading on serpents, and accompanied by the text Numb. xxi. 7. Both + these emblems allude to his opposition to Arianism; the books + signifying the treatises he wrote against it, and the serpents the + false doctrines and heresies which he overthrew." _Calendar of the + Anglican Church Illustrated_: London, 1851, p. 37. + +In Didron's splendid work (the _Iconographie_) we have several references +to ancient representations of our blessed Lord treading the dragon under +foot; and sometimes the lion, the asp, and the basilisk are added. (See Ps. +xci. 13.) + +_The Conception_ is usually represented in Christian art by a figure of +Mary setting her foot, as second Eve, on the head of the prostrate serpent +(in allusion to Gen. iii. 15.), and thus we find it in Callot's _Images_. + + "Not seldom, in a series of subjects from the Old Testament, the + pendant to Eve holding the apple is Mary crushing the head of the + fiend: and thus the bane and antidote are both before us." (See Mrs. + Jameson's _Legends of the Madonna._) + +EIRIONNACH. + +[Footnote 5: The title of this curious book is, _Geschichte der Mission der +evangelischen Brüder unter den Indianern in Nordamerika_, durch Georg H. +Loskiel: Barby, 1789, 8vo., pp. 783. Latrobe's translation of this book was +published Lond. 1794.] + +[Footnote 6: This reminds one of the notion respecting + + "The scorpion girt with fire," + +immortalised by Lord Byron's famous simile.] + +[Footnote 7: _Eighteen Books of the Secrets of Art and Nature; being the +Summe and Substance of Naturall Philosophy methodically digested_: London, +1661.] + +[Footnote 8: In O'Brien's work on _The Round Towers of Ireland_, London, +1834, may be found much curious matter on this subject; and a good deal of +light is thrown on the horrors of Serpent or Boodhist worship. It is, +however, a wild and irreverent book, and by no means to be recommended to +the general reader, independently of the nature of its details. Mr. Payne +Knight's book is too well known to need mention here.] + + * * * * * + +PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. + +_Early Notice of the Camera Obscura._--I send you an early notice of the +camera obscura, which is to be found in vol. vi. of the _Nouvelles de la +République des Lettres_ for September, 1686, p. 1016. It is taken from a +letter of Mons. Laurenti, médecin, of Boulogne, "Sur l'érection des espèces +dans une chambre optique." + + "C'est ainsi qu'on nomme one chambre exactement fermée partout, si ce + n'est dans un endroit par où on laisse entrer la lumière, afin de voir + peints, et situés à rebours, sur un morceau de papier blanc, les objets + de dehors qui respondent à ce trou, auquel il faut mettre un verre + convexe. On a souhaité, pour donner plus d'agrément à ce spectacle, que + les objets se peignissent sur ce papier selon leur véritable situation; + et pour cet effet on a cherché des expédiens qui redressassent les + espèces avant qu'elles parvinssent au foier du verre, c'est-à-dire, sur + le papier. L'auteur raporte '10' de ces expédiens, et trouve dans + chacun d'eux quelque chose d'incommode, mais enfin il en raporte un + autre, qui est exempt de toutes ces incommoditéz, et qui, par le moien + d'un prisme, au travers duquel il faut regarder les images peints sur + le papier, les montre dans leur situation droite, et augmente même la + vivacité de leurs couleurs. C'est le hazard qui a découvert ce + phénomène." + +This letter is to be found at length in the _Miscellanea Curiosa, sive +Ephemeridum Medico-Physicarum Germanicarum Academiæ Naturæ curiosorum +decuria II. annus quartus, anni 1685 continens celeberrimorum Virorum +observationes medicas_: Norimbergæ, 1686, in 4to. It may perhaps be worth +consulting, if it were only to know what the ten rejected expedients are. + +ANON. + +_Queries on Dr. Diamond's Collodion Process._--Will you oblige me by +informing DR. DIAMOND through your valuable publication, that I am, in +common with many others, extremely indebted to him for his collodion, and +would esteem it a favour if he would answer the following Queries, viz.: + +1st. He says, in answer to a previous Query, that "nitrate of potassa" is +_not_ formed in his process. Now I wish to ask if (as the iodide of silver +is redissolved in iodide of potassium) it is _not_ formed when the plate is +plunged into the nitrate silver bath, as the nitrate decomposes the iodide +of potassium? + +2nd. How long will the collodion, according to his formulæ, keep, as +collodion made with iodide of silver generally decomposes quickly. + +3rdly. Why does he prohibit _washed_ ether? + +4thly. Does he think cyanide of potassium would do as well as the iodide, +to redissolve the iodide of silver, iodide of potassium being at present so +dear? + +{42} + +5thly. In his paper process, does not the soaking in water after iodizing +merely take away a portion of iodides of silver and potassium from the +paper; or, if not, what end is answered by it? + +W. F. E. + +_Baths for the Collodion Process._--Having lately been assured, by a +gentleman of scientific attainments, that the sensitiveness of the prepared +collodion plate depends rather upon the strength of the nitrate of silver +bath than on the collodion, I am desirous of asking how far the experience +of your correspondents confirms this statement. My informant assured me, +that if, instead of using a solution of thirty grains of nitrate of silver +to the ounce of water for the bath, which is the proportion recommended by +Messrs. Archer, Horne, Delamotte, Diamond, &c., a sixty grain solution be +substituted, the formation of the image would be the work of the fraction +of a second. This seems to me so important as to deserve being brought +under the notice of photographers--especially at this busy season--without +a moment's delay; and I therefore record the statement at once, as, from +circumstances with which I need not encumber your pages, I shall not have +an opportunity of trying any experiment upon the point for a week or two. + +Upon referring to the authorities on the subject of the best solution for +baths, I have been struck with their uniformity. One exception only has +presented itself, which is in a valuable paper by Mr. Thomas in the 6th +Number of the _Journal of the Photographic Society_. That gentleman directs +the bath to be prepared in the following manner: + +Into a 20 oz. stoppered bottle, put-- + + Nitrate of silver 1 oz. + Distilled water 10 oz. + Dissolve. + + Iodide of potassium 5 grs. + Distilled water 1 dr. + Dissolve. + +On mixing these two solutions, a precipitate of iodide of silver is formed. +Place the bottle containing this mixture in a saucepan of hot water, keep +it on the hob for about twelve hours, shake it occasionally, now and then +removing the stopper. The bath is now perfectly saturated with iodide of +silver; when cold, filter through white filtering paper, and add-- + + Alcohol 2 drs. + Sulphuric ether 1 dr. + +The prepared glass is to remain in the bath about eight or ten minutes. +Now, is this bath applicable to all collodion, or only to that prepared by +Mr. Thomas; and if the former, what is the rationale of its beneficial +action? + +A BEGINNER. + + * * * * * + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + +_Mitigation of Capital Punishment to a Forger_ (Vol. vii., p. 573.).--If +your correspondent H. B. C. really wishes to be released from his hard work +in hunting up the truth of my and other narratives of the _mitigation of +capital punishment to forgers_, I shall be happy to receive a note from him +with his name and address, when I will give him the name and address of my +informant in return. By this means I may be able to relieve his shoulder +from a portion of its burden, and myself from any farther imputations of +"mythic accompaniments," &c., which are unpalatable phrases even when +coming from a gentleman who only discloses his initials. + +ALFRED GATTY. + +Ecclesfield. + +_Chronograms_ (Vol. v., p. 585.) and _Anagrams_ (Vol. iv., p. 226).--Though +we have ceased to practise these "literary follies," they are not without +interest; and you will perhaps think it worth while to add the following to +your list: + + "Hugo Grotius, his _Sophompaneas_. + By FranCIs GoLDsMIth." + +has no date on the title-page, the real date of 1652 being supplied by the +chronogram, which is a better one than most of those quoted in "N. & Q.," +inasmuch as all the numerical letters are employed, and it is consequently +not dependent on the typography. + +James Howell concludes his _Parly of Beasts_ as follows: + + "Gloria lausque Deo sæCLorVM in sæcVla sunto. + + A chronogrammaticall verse which includes not onely this year, 1660, + but hath numericall letters enow [an illustration, by the way, of + _enow_ as expressive of number] to reach above a thousand years + farther, untill the year 2867." + +Query, How is this made out? And are there any other letters employed as +numerical than the M, D, C, L, V, and I? If not, I can only make Howell's +chronogram equivalent to 1927. + +The author, in his _German Diet_, after narrating the death of Charles, son +of Philip II. of Spain, says: + + "If you desire to know the yeer, this chronogram will tell you: + + fILIVs ante DIeM patrIos InqVIrIt In annos," + + which would represent the date of 1568. + +The same work contains an anagram on "Frere Jacques Clement," the murderer +of Henry III. of France: "C'est l'enfer qui m'a créé." + +J. F. M. + +_Abigail_ (Vol. iv., p. 424.; Vol. v., pp. 38. 94. 450.).--Can it be shown +that this word was in general use, as meaning a "lady's maid," before the +time of Queen Anne. It probably was so used; {43} but I have always thought +it likely that it became much more extensively employed, after Abigail +Hill, Lady Masham, became the favourite of that queen. She was, I believe, +a poor cousin of Sarah Jennings, Duchess of Marlborough, and early in life +was employed by her in the humble capacity of lady's maid. After she had +supplanted the haughty duchess, it is not unlikely that the Whigs would +take a malicious pleasure in keeping alive the recollection of the early +fortunes of the Tory favourite, and that they would be unwilling to lose +the opportunity of speaking of a lady's maid as anything else but an +"Abigail." Swift, however, in his use of the word, could have no such +design, as he was on the best of terms with the Mashams, of whose party he +was the very life and soul. + +H. T. RILEY. + +_Burial in unconsecrated Ground_ (Vol. vi., p. 448.).--Susanna, the wife of +Philip Carteret Webb, Esq., of Busbridge, in Surrey, died at Bath in March, +1756, and was, at her own desire, buried with two of her children in a cave +in the grounds at Busbridge; it being excavated by a company of soldiers +then quartered at Guildford. Their remains were afterwards disinterred and +buried in Godalming Church. + +H. T. RILEY. + +_"Cob" and "Conners"_ (Vol. vii., pp. 234. 321.).--These names are not +synonymous, nor are they Irish words. It is the pier at Lyme Regis, and not +the harbour, which bears the name of the _Cob_. In the "Y Gododin" of +Aneurin, a British poem supposed to have been written in the sixth century, +the now obsolete word _chynnwr_ occurs in the seventy-sixth stanza. In a +recent translation of this poem, by the Rev. John Williams Ab Ithel, M.A., +this word is rendered, apparently for the sake of the metre, "shore of the +sea." The explanation given in a foot-note is, "Harbour _cynwr_ from _cyn +dwfr_." On the shore of the estuary of the Dee, between Chester and Flint, +on the Welsh side of the river, there is a place called "Connah's Quay." It +is probable that the ancient orthography of the name was _Conner_. + +_Cob_, I think, is also a British word,--_cop_, a mound. All the ancient +earth-works which bear this name, of which I have knowledge, are of a +circular form, except a lone embankment called _The Cop_, which has been +raised on the race-course at Chester, to protect it from the land-floods +and spring-tides of the river Dee. + +N. W. S. (2.) + +_Coleridge's Unpublished MSS._ (Vol. iv., p. 411.; Vol. vi., p. +533.).--THEOPHYLACT, at the first reference, inquired whether we are "ever +likely to receive from any member of Coleridge's family, or from his friend +Mr. J. H. Green, the fragments, if not the entire work, of his +_Logosophia_." Agreeing with your correspondent, that "we can ill afford to +lose a work the conception of which engrossed much of his thoughts," I +repeated the Query in another form, at the second reference (_supra_), +grounding it upon an assurance of Sara Coleridge, in her introduction to +the _Biographia Literaria_, that the fragment on Ideas would hereafter +appear, as a sequel to the _Aids to Reflection_. Whether this fragment be +identical with the _Logosophia_, or, as I suspect, a distinct essay, +certain it is that nothing of the kind has ever been published. + +From an interesting conversation I had with Dr. Green in a railway +carriage, on our return from the Commemoration at Oxford, I learned that he +has in his possession, (1.) A complete section of a work on _The Philosophy +of Nature_ which he took down from the mouth of Coleridge, filling a large +volume; (2.) A complete treatise on _Logic_; and (3.) If I did not mistake, +a fragment on _Ideas_. The reason Dr. Green assigns for their not having +been published, is, that they contain nothing but what has already seen the +light in the _Aids to Reflection_, _The Theory of Life_, and the _Treatise +on Method_. This appears to me a very inadequate reason for withholding +them from the press. That the works would pay, there can be no doubt. +Besides the editing of these MSS., who is so well qualified as Dr. Green to +give us a good biography of Coleridge? + +C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY. + +Birmingham. + +_Selling a Wife_ (Vol. vii., p. 602.).--A case of selling a wife actually +and _bonâ fide_ happened in the provincial town in which I reside, about +eighteen years ago. A man publicly sold his wife at the market cross for +15l.: the buyer carried her away with him some seven miles off, and she +lived with him till his death. The seller and the buyer are both now dead, +but the woman is alive, and is married to a _third_ (or a _second_) +husband. The legality of the transaction has, I believe, some chance of +being tried, as she now claims some property belonging to her first husband +(the seller), her right to which is questioned in consequence of her +supposed alienation by sale; and I am informed that a lawyer has been +applied to in the case. Of course there can be little doubt as to the +result. + +SC. + +_Life_ (Vol. vii., pp. 429. 608.).--Compare with the lines quoted by your +correspondents those of Moore, entitled "My Birthday," the four following +especially: + + "Vain was the man, and false as vain, + Who said[9], 'Were he ordain'd to run + His long career of life again, + He would do all that he had done.'" + +Many a man would gladly live his life over again, were he allowed to bring +to bear on his {44} second life the _experience_ he had acquired in that +past. For in the grave there is no room, either for _ambition_ or +_repentance_; and the degree of our happiness or misery for eternity is +proportioned to the state of preparation or unpreparation in which we leave +_this world_. Instead of many a man, I might have said most good men; and +of the others, all who have not passed the rubicon of hope and grace. The +vista of the past, however, appears a long and dreary retrospect, and _any_ +future is hailed as a relief: yet on second and deeper thought, we would +mount again the rugged hill of life, and try for a brighter prospect, a +higher eminence. + +JARLTZBERG. + +[Footnote 9: Fontenelle.] + + * * * * * + + "Immo Deus mihi si dederit renovare juventam, + Utve iterum in cunis possim vagire; recusem." + Isaac Hawkins Browne, _De Animi Immortalitate_, lib. i., near the + end. + +(See _Selecta Poemata Anglorum Latina_, iii. 251.) + +F. W. J. + +_Passage of Thucydides on the Greek Factions_ (Vol. vii., p. 594.).--The +passage alluded to by SIR A. ALISON appears to be the celebrated +description of the moral effects produced by the conflicts of the Greek +factions, which is subjoined to the account of the Corcyræan sedition, iii. +82. The quotation must, however, have been made from memory, and it is +amplified and expanded from the original. The words adverted to seem to be: + + [Greek: mellêsis de promêthês deilia euprepês, to de sôphron tou + anandrou proschêma, kai to pros hapan xuneton epi pan argon.] + +Thucydides, however, proceeds to say that the cunning which enabled a man +to plot with success against an enemy, or still more to discover his +hostile purposes, was highly esteemed. + +L. + +_Archbishop King_ (Vol. vii., p. 430.).--A few days since I met with the +following passage in a brief sketch of Kane O'Hara, in the last number of +the _Irish Quarterly Review_: + + "In the extremely meagre published notices of O'Hara (the celebrated + burletta writer), no reference has been made to his skill as an artist, + of which we have a specimen in his etching of Dr. William King, + archbishop of Dublin, in a wig and cap, of which portrait a copy has + been made by Richardson." + +This extract is taken from one of a very interesting series of papers upon +"The Streets of Dublin." + +ABHBA. + +_Devonianisms_ (Vol. vii., p. 544.).--_Pilm_, _Forrell_.--_Pillom_ is the +full word, of which _pilm_ is a contraction. It appears to have been +derived from the British word _pylor_, dust. _Forell_ is an archaic name +for the cover of a book. The Welsh appear to have adopted it from the +English, as their name for a bookbinder is _fforelwr_, literally, one who +covers books. I may mention another Devonianism. The cover of a book is +called its _healing_. A man who lays slates on the roof of a house is, in +Devonshire, called a _hellier_. + +N. W. S. (2.) + +_Perseverant, Perseverance_ (Vol. vii., p. 400.).--Can MR. ARROWSMITH +supply any instances of the verb _persever_ (or _perceyuer_, as it is spelt +in the 1555 edition of Hawes, M. i. col. 2.), from any other author? and +will he inform us when this "abortive hog" and his litter became extinct. + +In explaining _speare_ (so strangely misunderstood by the editor of +Dodsley), he should, I think, have added, that it was an old way of writing +_spar_. In Shakspeare's Prologue to _Troilus and Cressida_, it is written +_sperr_. _Sparred_, quoted by Richardson from the _Romance of the Rose_, +and _Troilus and Creseide_, is in the edition of Chaucer referred to by +Tyrwhitt, written in the _Romance_ "spered," and in _Troilus_ "sperred." + +Q. + +Bloomsbury. + +"_The Good Old Cause_" (Vol. vi., _passim_).--Mrs. Behn, who gained some +notoriety for her licentious writings even in Charles II.'s days, was the +author of a play called _The Roundheads, or the Good Old Cause_: London, +1682. In the Epilogue she puts into the mouth of the Puritans the following +lines respecting the Royalists: + + "Yet then they rail'd against _The Good Old Cause_; + Rail'd foolishly for loyalty and laws: + But when the Saints had put them to a stand, + We left them loyalty, and took their land: + Yea, and the pious work of Reformation + Rewarded was with plunder and sequestration." + +The following lines are quoted by Mr. Teale in his _Life of Viscount +Falkland_, p. 131.: + + "The wealthiest man among us is the best: + No grandeur now in Nature or in book + Delights us--repose, avarice, expense, + This is the idolatry; and these we adore: + Plain living and high thinking are no more; + The homely beauty of _The Good Old Cause_ + Is gone: our peace and fearful innocence, + And pure religion breathing household laws." + +Whence did Mr. Teale get these lines? Either _The Good Old Cause_ is here +used in a peculiar sense, or Mr. Teale makes an unhappy use of the +quotation. + +JARLTZBERG. + +_Saying of Pascal_ (Vol. vii., p. 596.).--In reply to the question of W. +FRASER, I would refer him to Pascal's _sixteenth_ Provincial Letter, where, +in the last paragraph but one, we read,-- + + "Mes révérends pères, mes lettres n'avaient pas accoutumé de se suivre + de si près, ni d'être si étendues. _Le peu de temps que j'ai eu a été + cause de l'un et de l'autre. Je n'ai fait celle-ci plus longue que + parceque je {45} n'ai pas eu le loisir de la faire plus courte._ La + raison qui m'a obligé de hâter vous est mieux connue qu'à moi." + +R. E. T. + +_Paint taken off of old Oak_ (Vol. vii., p. 620.).--About twenty-six years +ago, by the adoption of a very simple process recommended by Dr. Wollaston, +the paint was entirely removed from the screen of carved oak which fills +the north end of the great hall at Audley End, and the wood reassumed its +original colour and brilliancy. The result was brought about by the +application of soft-soap, laid on of the thickness of a shilling over the +whole surface of the oak, and allowed to remain there two or three days; at +the end of which it was washed off with plenty of cold water. I am aware +that potash has been often tried with success for the same purpose; but, in +many instances, unless it is used with due caution, the wood becomes of a +darker hue, and has the appearance of having been charred. It is worthy of +remark, that Dr. Wollaston made the suggestion with great diffidence, not +having, as he said, had any practical experience of the effect of such an +application. + +BRAYBROOKE. + +_Passage in the "Tempest"_ (Vol. ii., pp. 259. 299. 337. 429.).--As a +parallel to the expression "most busy least" (meaning "least busy" +emphatically), I would suggest the common expression of the Northumbrians, +"Far over near" (signifying "much too near"). + +H. T. RILEY. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. + +The Committee appointed by the Society of Antiquaries to consider what +improvements could be introduced into its management, has at length issued +a Report; and we are glad to find that the alterations suggested by them +have been frankly adopted by the Council. The principal changes proposed +refer to the election of the Council; the having but one Secretary, who is +not to be a member of that body; the appointment of Local Secretaries; the +retirement annually of the Senior Vice-President; and lastly, that which +more than anything else must operate for the future benefit of the Society, +the appointment of a third Standing Committee, to be called _The Executive +Committee_, whose duty shall be "to superintend the correspondence of the +Society on all subjects relating to literature and antiquities, to direct +any antiquarian operations or excavations carried on by the Society, to +examine all papers sent for reading, all objects sent for exhibition, and +to assist the Director generally in taking care that the publications of +the Society are consistent with its position and importance." It is easy to +see that if a proper selection be made of the Fellows to serve on this +Committee, their activity, and the renewed interest which will be thereby +awakened in the proceedings of the Society, will ensure for the Thursday +Evening Meetings a regular supply of objects for exhibition, and papers for +reading, worthy of the body--and therefore unlike many which we have too +frequently heard, and to which, but for the undeserved imputation which we +should seem to cast upon our good friend Sir Henry Ellis, might be applied, +with a slight alteration, that couplet of Mathias which tells-- + + "How o'er the bulk of these _transacted_ deeds + Sir Henry pants, and d----ns 'em as he reads." + +We have now little doubt that better days are in store for the Society of +Antiquaries. + +The Annual Meeting of the Archæological Institute commences at Chichester +on Tuesday next, under the patronage of the Dukes of Norfolk and Richmond, +and the Bishop of Chichester, and the Presidentship of Lord Talbot de +Malahide. There is a good bill of fare provided in the shape of Lectures on +the Cathedral, by Professor Willis; excursions to Boxgrove Priory, +Halnaker, Godwood, Cowdray, Petworth, Pevensey, Amberley, Shoreham, Lewes, +and Arundel; excavations on Bow Hill; Meetings of the Sections of History, +Antiquities, and Architecture; and, what we think will be one of the +pleasantest features of the programme, the Annual Meeting of the Sussex +Archæological Society, in the proceedings of which the Members of the +Institute are invited to participate. + +BOOKS RECEIVED.--_A Glossary of Provincialisms in Use in the County of +Sussex_, by W. Durrant Cooper, _second edition_: a small but very valuable +addition to our provincial glossaries, with an introduction well worth the +reading. We shall be surprised if the meeting of the Institute this year in +Sussex does not furnish Mr. Cooper with materials for a third and enlarged +edition.--_The Traveller's Library_, No. 44., _A Tour on the Continent by +Rail and Road_, by John Barrow: a brief itinerary of dates and distances, +showing what may be done in a two months' visit to the Continent.--No. 45. +_Swiss Men and Swiss Mountains_, by Robert Ferguson: a very graphic and +well-written narrative of a tour in Switzerland, which deserves a corner in +the knapsack of the "intending" traveller.--_The Essays, or Counsels Civil +and Moral, by Francis Bacon, Viscount St. Alban_, edited by Thomas Markby: +a cheap edition of this valuable "handbook for thinking men," produced by +the ready sale which has attended _The Advancement of Learning_ by the same +editor.--_Reynard the Fox, after the German Version of Göthe_, with +Illustrations by J. Wolf, Part VII., in which the translator carries on the +story to _The Outlawry_ in well-tuned verse.--_Cyclopædia Bibliographica_, +Part X. This tenth Part concludes the first half of the volume of authors +and their works; and the punctuality with which the Parts have succeeded +each other is a sufficient pledge that we shall see this most useful +library companion completed in a satisfactory manner. + + * * * * * + + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +MOORE'S MELODIES. 15th Edition. + +WOOD'S ATHENÆ OXONIENSES (ed. Bliss). 4 vols. 4to. 1813-20. + +THE COMPLAYNTS OF SCOTLAND. 8vo. Edited by Leyden. 1804. + +SHAKSPEARE'S PLAYS. Vol. V. of Johnson and Steevens's edition, in 15 vols. +8vo. 1739. + +CIRCLE OF THE SEASONS. 12mo. London, 1828. (Two Copies.) + +JONES' ACCOUNT OF ABERYSTWITH. Trevecka, 8vo. 1779. + +{46} M. C. H. BROEMEL'S FEST-TANZEN DER ERSTEN CHRISTEN. Jena, 1705. + +COOPER'S ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC RECORDS. 8vo. 1832. Vol. I. + +PASSIONAEL EFTE DAT LEVENT DER HEILIGEN. Basil, 1522. + +LORD LANSDOWNE'S WORKS. Vol. I. Tonson, 1736. + +JAMES BAKER'S PICTURESQUE GUIDE TO THE LOCAL BEAUTIES OF WALES. Vol. I. +4to. 1794. + +SANDERS' HISTORY OF SHENSTONE IN STAFFORDSHIRE. J. Nichols, London, 1794. +Two Copies. + +HERBERT'S CAROLINA THRENODIA. 8vo. 1702. + +THEOBOLD'S SHAKSPEARE RESTORED. 4to. 1726. + +*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send +their names._ + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +Notices to Correspondents. + +J. M. G., _who writes respecting the Leigh Peerage, is informed that we +have a private letter for him. How can it be addressed to him?_ + +W. W. (Malta) _has our best thanks for his letter of the 25th of June. His +suggestion will be adopted; but we shall shortly have the pleasure of +addressing a_ private _communication to him._ + +SHAKSPEARE CRITICISM. _We have to apologise to many friends and +Correspondents for the postponement of their communications. As Soon as the +Index to_ Vol. vii. _is published, we shall take steps to get out of these +arrears._ + +C. P. F. _The_ Ch _in the name of _Ch_obham is soft. There is a _C_obham +within a few miles of the Camp._ + +IODIDE (June 24th). _There is much care required in iodizing paper; we have +no hesitation in saying at present the subject has not met with sufficient +attention. When the iodized paper is immersed in water, it is some time +before it assumes a yellow colour. This may be accelerated by often +changing the water. The brightness of the colour is by no means an index of +its degree of sensitiveness--on the contrary, paper of a bright yellow +colour is more apt to brown than one of a pale primrose. Too bright a +yellow would also indicate an insufficient soaking; and suffering the paper +to remain longer than is needful not only lessens its sensitive powers, but +does much damage by removing all the size._ + +H. N. (Kingston). _Violet-coloured glass, ground on one side, may be +obtained at 11d. per square foot of Messrs. Forest and Brownley, Lime +Street, Liverpool. It may also be had in London, but the price charged is +much higher. This glass obstructs just a sufficient degree of light, and is +most agreeable to the sitter; not much advantage accrues from the use of +large sheets, and it is objectionable for price. No doubt such an +application as you mention would be useful; but, from the difficulty there +is in keeping out the wet from a glass roof, it would be very +objectionable. Beyond a reference to our advertising columns, we cannot +enter upon the subject of the prices of chemicals and their purity. In +making gun cotton, the time of immersion in the acids must be the same for +twenty grains as for any large quantity: when good, there is a peculiar +crispness in the cotton, and it is_ quite _soluble in the ether. If our +Correspondent (who expresses so much earnestness of success) will forward +his address, he shall receive a small portion made according to_ DR. +DIAMOND'S _formulary, which we find extremely soluble; and he can compare +it with that of his own production._ + +F. M. (Malta). _1st. We are informed by_ DR. DIAMOND _that however +beautiful the results obtained by others in the use of Canson's paper, in +his hands he has found no certainty in its action, and, for iodized paper +for negatives, far inferior to the best English papers. If the salts of +gold are to be used, deep tints are very readily obtained by the French +papers. The propriety of using gold is very questionable, not only as +affecting the after permanence of the picture, but from the strong +contrasts generally produced being very offensive to an artist's eye. +2ndly. Xyloidine may be iodized precisely the same as collodion, but no +advantage whatever is gained from its use. A collodion for the taking of +positives on glass should be differently made to one for negative pictures. +There should be less of the iodides contained in it, and it should be more +fluid. When this is the case, the image is never washed out by the hypo., +and the delineation is equal in minuteness to any Daguerreotype on metal +plates, as has been shown by the specimens of the reduction of printing +exhibited by Mr. Rosling at the Society of Arts' Exhibition, where the +letters were reduced to 1-750th of an inch, or less than half the diameter +of a human hair. If the protonitrate of iron_ properly prepared _be used in +the development, the deposit assumes the beautiful appearance of dead white +silver, having none of the reflecting qualities of the metal plates._ + +C. E. F. (June 13th). _The spots in the specimen sent depend upon minute +substances in your collodion not receiving the action of the nitrate of +silver bath; and you will find this upon looking through a prepared plate +after it has been in the nitrate bath, and previously to its ever having +been in the camera. They may be iodide or iodate of silver, or small +crystals of nitrate of potash. If the former, add a little piece of iodide +of potassium, say ten grains to two ounces of collodion; or if the latter, +it would depend upon a defective washing of the gun cotton by which all the +soluble salts have not been removed: thus more care must be used. We would +recommend you to use an entirely new bath and stronger, four ounces of +hypo. to a pint: it is evident that your very nice specimens have been +spoiled by the stains of the bath. Allow us again to draw your attention to +the process given by_ MR. POLLOCK; _we have seen most satisfactory pictures +produced by it._ + +R. H. CHATTOCK (Solihull). _The "freckled" appearance which you mention in +your positives in all probability depends upon the action of the light upon +the silver, which still remains in your proof. We have often found it to be +the case when old hyposulphite of soda is used, and when the strength of +the bath is becoming weak and doubtful. It is certainly a safe process to +soak the picture in clean water for an hour or two,_ the light being +excluded _previous to the immersion into the hypo.; and the water +extracting a large portion of the solutions remaining on the paper, the +after application of the hypo. need not be so long continued, whereby the +tone of the picture is not so much lowered. Your own observation, that a +piece of Whatman's paper being merely divided, and one point exhibiting the +defects and the other not, at once negatives the idea that the size in the +paper has been affected._ + +_The_ Index _to our_ SEVENTH VOLUME _will be ready on Saturday next, the +16th._ + +_A few complete sets of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. _to_ vi., _price +Three Guineas, may now be had; for which early application is desirable._ + +"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country +Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to +their Subscribers on the Saturday._ + + * * * * * + + +The Twenty-eighth Edition. + +NEUROTONICS, or the Art of Strengthening the Nerves, containing Remarks on +the influence of the Nerves upon the Health of Body and Mind, and the means +of Cure for Nervousness, Debility, Melancholy, and all Chronic Diseases, by +DR. NAPIER, M.D. London: HOULSTON & STONEMAN. Price 4d., or Post Free from +the Author for Five Penny Stamps. + + "We can conscientiously recommend 'Neurotonics,' by Dr. Napier, to the + careful perusal of our invalid readers."--_John Bull Newspaper, June 5, + 1852._ + + * * * * * + + +WANTED, for the Ladies' Institute, 83. Regent Street, Quadrant, LADIES of +taste for fancy work,--by paying 21s. will be received as members, and +taught the new style of velvet wool work, which is acquired in a few easy +lessons. Each lady will be guaranteed constant employment and ready cash +payment for her work. Apply personally to Mr. Thoughey. N.B. Ladies taught +by letter at any distance from London. + + * * * * * + + +BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class X., +in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, +may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made +Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6 and 4 +guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. +Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with +Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket +Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully +examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and +4l. Thermometers from 1s. each. + +BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the +Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, + +65. CHEAPSIDE. + + * * * * * + + +SPECTACLES.--WM. ACKLAND applies his medical knowledge as a Licentiate of +the Apothecaries' Company, London, his theory as a Mathematician, and his +practice as a working Optician, aided by Smee's Optometer, in the selection +of Spectacles suitable to every derangement of vision, so as to preserve +the sight to extreme old age. + +ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES, with the New Vetzlar Eye-pieces, as exhibited at the +Academy of Sciences in Paris. The Lenses of these Eye-pieces are so +constructed that the rays of light fall nearly perpendicular to the surface +of the various lenses, by which the aberration is completely removed; and a +telescope so fitted gives one-third more magnifying power and light than +could be obtained by the old Eye-pieces. Prices of the various sizes on +application to + +WM. ACKLAND, Optician, 93. Hatton Garden, London. + + * * * * * + + +{47} + +PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions +(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at +BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of +every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography in +all its Branches. + +Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope. + +*** Catalogues may be had on application. + +BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument +Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road, +Islington. + +T. OTTEWILL (from Horne & Co.'s) begs most respectfully to call the +attention of Gentlemen, Tourists, and Photographers, to the superiority of +his newly registered DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERAS, possessing the +efficiency and ready adjustment of the Sliding Camera, with the portability +and convenience of the Folding Ditto. + +Every description of Apparatus to order. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous +Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. + +Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest +Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment. + +Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this +beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street. + + * * * * * + + +Just published, price 1s., free by Post 1s. 4d., + +THE WAXED-PAPER PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS of GUSTAVE LE GRAY'S NEW EDITION. +Translated from the French. + +Sole Agents in the United Kingdom for VOIGHTLANDER & SON'S celebrated +Lenses for Portraits and Views. + +General Depôt for Turner's, Whatman's, Canson Frères', La Croix, and other +Talbotype Papers. + +Pure Photographic Chemicals. + +Instructions and Specimens in every Branch of the Art. + +GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHY.--Collodion (Iodized with the Ammonio-Iodide of Silver).--J. B. +HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, were the first in England who +published the application of this agent (see _Athenæum_, Aug. 14th). Their +Collodion (price 9d. per oz.) retains its extraordinary sensitiveness, +tenacity, and colour unimpaired for months; it may be exported to any +climate, and the Iodizing Compound mixed as required. J. B. HOCKIN & CO. +manufacture PURE CHEMICALS and all APPARATUS with the latest Improvements +adapted for all the Photographic and Daguerreotype processes. Cameras for +Developing in the open Country. GLASS BATHS adapted to any Camera. Lenses +from the best Makers. Waxed and Iodized Papers, &c. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's Turner's, +Sanford's, and Canson Frères' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process. +Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography. + +Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. +Paternoster Row, London. + + * * * * * + + +CLERICAL, MEDICAL, AND GENERAL LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY. + + * * * * * + +Established 1824. + + * * * * * + +FIVE BONUSES have been declared: at the last in January, 1852, the sum of +131,125l. was added to the Policies, producing a Bonus varying with the +different ages from 24½ to 55 per cent. on the Premiums paid during the +five years, or from 5l. to 12l. 10s. per cent. on the Sum Assured. + +The small share of Profit divisible in future among the Shareholders being +now provided for, the ASSURED will hereafter derive all the benefits +obtainable from a Mutual Office, WITHOUT ANY LIABILITY OR RISK OF +PARTNERSHIP. + +POLICIES effected before the 30th June next, will be entitled, at the next +Division, to one year's additional share of Profits over later Assurers. + +On Assurances for the whole of Life only one half of the Premiums need be +paid for the first five years. + +INVALID LIVES may be Assured at rates proportioned to the risk. + +Claims paid _thirty_ days after proof of death, and all Policies are +_Indisputable_ except in cases of fraud. + +Tables of Rates and forms of Proposal can be obtained of any of the +Society's Agents, or of + +GEORGE H. PINCKARD, Resident Secretary. + +99. _Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, London._ + + * * * * * + + +UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY: established by Act of Parliament in +1834.--8. Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London. + +HONORARY PRESIDENTS. + + Earl of Courtown + Earl Leven and Melville + Earl of Norbury + Earl of Stair + Viscount Falkland + Lord Elphinstone + Lord Belhaven and Stenton + Wm. Campbell, Esq., of Tillichewan + +LONDON BOARD. + +_Chairman._--Charles Graham, Esq. +_Deputy-Chairman._--Charles Downes, Esq. + + H. Blair Avarne, Esq. + E. Lennox Boyd, Esq., F.S.A., _Resident_. + C. Berwick Curtis, Esq. + William Fairlie, Esq. + D. Q. Henriques, Esq. + J. G. Henriques, Esq. + F. C. Maitland, Esq. + William Railton, Esq. + F. H. Thomson, Esq. + Thomas Thorby, Esq. + +MEDICAL OFFICERS. + +_Physician._--Arthur H. Hassall, Esq., M.D., 8. Bennett Street, St. +James's. +_Surgeon._--F. H. Tomson, Esq., 48. Berners Street. + +The Bonus added to Policies from March, 1834, to December 31, 1847, is as +follows:-- + + ---------+----------+--------------------+---------- + Sum | Time | Sum added to | Sum + Assured. | Assured. | Policy | Payable + | +--------------------+ at Death. + | | In 1841. In 1848. | + ---------+----------+---------+----------+---------- + £ | | £ s.d.| £ s.d.| £ s.d. + 5000 | 14 years | 683 6 8 | 787 10 0 | 6470 16 8 + * 1000 | 7 years | - - | 157 10 0 | 1157 10 0 + 500 | 1 year | - - | 11 5 0 | 511 5 0 + ---------+----------+---------+----------+---------- + +* EXAMPLE.--At the commencement of the year 1841, a person aged thirty took +out a Policy for 1000l., the annual payment for which is 24l. 1s. 8d.; in +1847 he had paid in premiums 168l. 11s. 8d.; but the profits being 2¼ per +cent. per annum on the sum insured (which is 22l. 10s. per annum for each +1000l.) he had 157l. 10s. added to the Policy, almost as much as the +premiums paid. + +The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most moderate scale, and only +one-half need be paid for the first five years, when the Insurance is for +Life. Every information will be afforded on application to the Resident +Director. + + * * * * * + + +PURE NERVOUS or MIND COMPLAINTS.--If the readers of NOTES AND QUERIES, who +suffer from depression of spirits, confusion, headache, blushing, +groundless fears, unfitness for business or society, blood to the head, +failure of memory, delusions, suicidal thoughts, fear of insanity, &c., +will call on, or correspond with, REV. DR. WILLIS MOSELEY, who, out of +above 22,000 applicants, knows not fifty uncured who have followed his +advice, he will instruct them how to get well, without a fee, and will +render the same service to the friends of the insane.--At home from 11 to +3. + +18. BLOOMSBURY STREET, BEDFORD SQUARE. + + * * * * * + + +WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY. + +3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. + +Founded A.D. 1842. + + _Directors._ + + H. E. Bicknell, Esq. | T. Grissell, Esq. + T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.P. | J. Hunt, Esq. + G. H. Drew, Esq. | J. A. Lethbridge, Esq. + W. Evans, Esq. | E. Lucas, Esq. + W. Freeman, Esq. | J. Lys Seager, Esq. + F. Fuller, Esq. | J. B. White, Esq. + J. H. Goodhart, Esq. | J. Carter Wood, Esq. + + _Trustees._--W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell, + Esq. + _Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D. + _Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. + +VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. + +POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary +difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to +suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in +the Prospectus. + +Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in +three-fourths of the Profits:-- + + Age £ s. d. | Age £ s. d. + 17 1 14 4 | 32 2 10 8 + 22 1 18 8 | 37 2 18 6 + 27 2 4 5 | 42 3 8 2 + +ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. + +Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions, +INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING +SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in +the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a +Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR +SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. +Parliament Street, London. + + * * * * * + + +{48} + +MURRAY'S RAILWAY READING. + +This Day, new and revised Edition, post 8vo., 2s. 6d. + +ANCIENT SPANISH BALLADS: Historical and Romantic. Translated, with Notes, +by JOHN GIBSON LOCKHART, ESQ. + +Also, fcap. 8vo., 2s. + +A MONTH IN NORWAY, during the Summer of 1852. By JOHN G. HOLLWAY, ESQ. + +The former Volumes of Murray's Railway Reading are-- + +LIFE OF LORD BACON. By LORD CAMPBELL. + +WELLINGTON. By JULES MAUREL. + +FALL OF JERUSALEM. By DEAN MILMAN. + +STORY OF JOAN OF ARC. By LORD MAHON. + +LITERARY ESSAYS AND CHARACTERS. By HENRY HALLAM. + +LIFE OF THEODORE HOOK. + +THE EMIGRANT. By SIR F. B. HEAD. + +CHARACTER OF WELLINGTON. By LORD ELLESMERE. + +MUSIC AND DRESS. By a LADY. + +POPULAR ACCOUNT OF NINEVEH. By A. H. LAYARD. + +BEES AND FLOWERS. By a CLERGYMAN. + +"THE FORTY-FIVE." By LORD MAHON. + +ESSAYS FROM "THE TIMES." + +DEEDS of NAVAL DARING. By EDWARD GIFFARD. + +THE ART OF DINING. + +JOURNEY TO NEPAUL. By LAURENCE OLIPHANT. + +THE CHACE, TURF, AND ROAD. By NIMROD. + +Just ready, + +HISTORY, AS A CONDITION OF SOCIAL PROGRESS. By SAMUEL LUCAS. Fcap. 8vo., +price 6d. + +JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. + + * * * * * + + +DUTCH LANGUAGE.--Werninck's Dutch Dictionary, 1824 (published at 12s.), bd. +5s.--Van der Pyl's Dutch Grammar, 8vo. 1819, bds. 6s.;--and a variety of +other Dutch Works for sale at + +BERNARD QUARITCH'S, +16. Castle Street, Leicester Square. + +*** B. Q.'s Catalogue, containing an extensive stock of Books in all the +Languages of the World, may be had for 6d.--B. Q.'s Monthly Catalogues are +sent for a year on receipt of Twelve Postage Stamps. + + * * * * * + + +TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS. + +THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE, + +(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. LINDLEY) + +Of Saturday, July 2, contains Articles on + + Aloes, to water, by Mr. Burgess + Analyses of roots + Ants, black + Banana, by Mr. Bidwell + Beetles, to kill + Begonia Prestoniensis + Books noticed + Botanic Garden, Glasnevin, fete in + Calendar, horticultural + ---- agricultural + Celery, to blanch, by Mr. Bennett + Chopwell Wood + Digger, Samuelson's + Drainage, land + Farming on Dartmoor + Fences, land occupied by + Fir, miniature Scotch, by Mr. McPherson + Forests, royal + Fruit, to pack + Grapes, to pack + ---- at Chiswick + Grape mildew + Grasses for lawns + Grubbers or scufflers + Horticultural Society's garden + Law of fixtures + Lawn grasses + Lisianthus Russellianus + Lycoperdon Proteus, by Mr. Richardson + Mangold Wurzel + Manuring, liquid, by Professor Hay + Mildew, grape + Newbury Horticultural Show + Packing fruit + Peaches, to pack + Pear disease (with engraving) + Pelargoniums, to bed out + ---- window + Poultry literature + Rhubarb wine + Root crops + Roots, best size of, by Mr. Hamilton + Royal Botanic Gardens + Scufflers or grubbers + Seeding, thin + Societies, proceedings of the Horticultural, Agricultural of England + Turnip crops + Wine, rhubarb + +THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in addition to +the above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and Liverpool prices, +with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, Bark, Wool, and Seed +Markets, and a _complete Newspaper, with a condensed account of all the +transactions of the week_. + +ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper Wellington +Street, Covent Garden. London. + + * * * * * + + +ARCHÆOLOGICAL INSTITUTE + +OF + +Great Britain and Ireland. + +ANNUAL MEETING, CHICHESTER, 1853. + +PATRONS. +His Grace the Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal, K.G. +His Grace the Duke of Richmond, K.G., Lord Lieutenant of Sussex, and Custos +Rotulorum. +The Lord Bishop of Chichester, D.D. + +PRESIDENT. +The Lord Talbot de Malahide, M.R.I.A. + +PRESIDENTS OF SECTIONS. +_History._--The Earl of Chichester. +_Antiquities._--The Hon. Robert Curzon, Jun. +_Architecture._--The Very Rev. the Dean of Chichester. + +The ANNUAL MEETING will commence at CHICHESTER on TUESDAY next, July the +12th. + +All persons who propose to communicate Memoirs, or to send Antiquities, +&c., for Exhibition, are requested to make known their intention forthwith. + + GEO. VULLIAMY, Sec. + _26. Suffolk Street, Pall Mall._ + + * * * * * + + +MADVIG'S GREEK SYNTAX, BY ARNOLD AND BROWNE. + +In square 8vo., price 8s. 6d. + +SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE, especially of the Attic Dialect, for the Use +of Schools. By PROFESSOR MADVIG. Translated from the German by the REV. H. +BROWNE, M.A., and edited by the REV. T. K. ARNOLD, M.A., late Rector of +Lyndon, and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. With an Appendix +on the GREEK PARTICLES, by the Translator. + +RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place. + + * * * * * + + +ARNOLD'S EDITIONS OF THE GREEK DRAMAS, WITH ENGLISH NOTES. + +Just published, price 3s. + +THE MEDEA of EURIPIDES; with ENGLISH NOTES, from the German of Witzschel. +Edited by the REV. THOMAS KERCHEVER ARNOLD, M.A., late Rector of Lyndon, +and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. + +RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place. + +Recently published in this Series: + +1. EURIPIDIS BACCHÆ, 3s.--HIPPOLYTUS, 3s.--HECUBA, 3s. + +2. SOPHOCLIS OEDIPUS COLONEUS, 4s.--OEDIPUS TYRANNUS, 4s.--PHILOCTETES, +3s.--AJAX, 3s.--ANTIGONE, 4s. + +3. ECLOGÆ ARISTOPHANICÆ. (CLOUDS), 3s. 6d.--(BIRDS), 3s. 6d. + + * * * * * + + +Now ready, with Woodcuts, Post 8vo., 10s. 6d. + +THE STORY OF CORFE CASTLE, and of many who have lived there. Collected from +Ancient Chronicles and Records; also from the Private Memoirs of a Family +resident there in the Time of the Civil Wars, which include various +particulars of the Court of Charles I., when at York, and afterwards at +Oxford. By the RIGHT HON. GEORGE BANKES, M.P. + +JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. + + * * * * * + + +THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE for JULY, 1853, being the First of a New Volume, +contains:--1. Memoirs of Thomas Moore. 2. Wanderings of an Antiquary, from +York to Godmanham (with Engravings). 3. Female Novelists. 4. A Political +Caricature, temp. Charles I. 5. A Midland Town (Leicester) in the Reign of +George III., and Mr. Gardiner's Anecdotes of T. Moore. 6. Historical Notes +on the Retaining of Counsel. 7. Roman Antiquities found at Kingsholm, near +Gloucester. 8. Remains of Norman Cross at Birstall, co. York (with an +Engraving). 9. The Bourne Stream near Croydon. 10. Dr. Guest on the +Etymology of Stonehenge. Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban: The Itinerary of +Richard of Cirencester.--The Roches and Viscounty of Fermoy.--Recent +repairs of Lambeth Church.--Early state of St. James's Park.--Postmen, +temp. Charles I., &c. &c. With Notes of the Month, Reviews of New +Publications, Historical Chronicle, and OBITUARY, including Memoirs of the +Earl of Ducie, Lord Dacre, Sir John Hope, Bart., Sir Charles A. Elton, +Bart., Lt.-Gen. Sir R. Arbuthnot, Vice-Adm. Sir F. Mason, Sir Richard B. +Comyn, Culling C. Smith, Esq., J. L. Dampier, Esq., Ludwig Tieck, &c. Price +2s. 6d. + +NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street. + + * * * * * + + +Now ready, price 4s. 6d. By Post, 5s. + +THE PRACTICE OF PHOTOGRAPHY. A Manual for Students and Amateurs. By PHILIP +DELAMOTTE, F.S.A. Illustrated with a Photographic Picture taken by the +Collodion Process. This Manual contains much practical information of a +valuable nature. + +JOSEPH CUNDALL, 168. New Bond Street. + + * * * * * + + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10 Stonefield Street, in the Parish of +St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. +Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. +Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of +London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, July 9, +1853. + + * * * * * + + +Corrections made to printed original. + +page 25, "awe, auge, ave, campus": 'campres' in original (Errata, Issue +194). + +page 26, "the Coptic iaro": 'iars' in original (Errata, Issue 194). + +page 28, "connecting the following words with one another": 'word' in +original. + +page 35, "any other source than those": 'that those' in original. + +page 36, "the regularity of the petals.": 'irregularity' in original +(Errata, Issue 194). + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 193, July 9, +1853, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + +***** This file should be named 28475-8.txt or 28475-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/4/7/28475/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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