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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 02:38:32 -0700 |
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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 193, July 9, 1853 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: April 2, 2009 [EBook #28475] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + + +</pre> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;"> +<tr> +<td style="width:25%; vertical-align:top"> +Transcriber's note: +</td> +<td> +A few typographical errors have been corrected. They +appear in the text <span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like this</span>, and the +explanation will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked +passage. +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 25 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page25"></a>{25}</span></p> + +<h1>NOTES AND QUERIES:</h1> + +<h2>A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC.</h2> + +<h3><b>"When found, make a note of."</b>—<span class="sc">Captain Cuttle</span>.</h3> + +<hr class="full" /> + + +<table width="100%" class="nomar" summary="masthead" title="masthead"> + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:25%"> + <p><b>No. 193.</b></p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center; width:50%"> + <p><b><span class="sc">Saturday, July 9. 1853.</span></b></p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right; width:25%"> + <p><b>Price Fourpence<br />Stamped Edition 5<i>d.</i></b></p> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + + +<table width="100%" class="nomar" summary="Contents" title="Contents"> + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:94%"> + <p><span class="sc">Notes</span>:—</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right; width:5%"> + <p>Page</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>The Eye: its primary Idea</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page25">25</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Gossiping History—De Quincey's Account of Hatfield</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page26">26</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Notes upon the Names of some of the Early Inhabitants of + Hellas</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page27">27</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Shakspeare Readings, No. IX.</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page28">28</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Göthe's Author-Remuneration</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page29">29</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Minor Notes</span>:—Parallel + Passages—Unpublished Epitaphs—The Colour of Ink in + Writings—Literary Parallels—Latin Verses prefixed to + Parish Registers—Napoleon's Bees</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page30">30</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Queries</span>:—</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Was Thomas Lord Lyttelton the Author of Junius's Letters? by Sir + F. Madden</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page31">31</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Minor Queries</span>:—Lord + Chatham—Slow-worm Superstition—Tangiers—Snail + Gardens—Naples and the Campagna Felice—"The Land of Green + Ginger"—Mugger—Snail-eating—Mysterious + Personage—George Wood of Chester—A Scale of Vowel + Sounds—Seven Oaks and Nine Elms—Murder of + Monaldeschi—Governor Dameram—Ancient Arms of the See of + York—Hupfeld—Inscription on a Tomb in Finland—Sir + Isaac Newton and Voltaire on Railway Travelling—Tom Thumb's + House at Gonerby, Lincolnshire—Mr. Payne Collier's Monovolume + Shakspeare</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page33">33</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Replies</span>:—</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Wild Plants and their Names</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page35">35</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Jacob Bobart, by H. T. Bobart</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page37">37</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Heraldic Queries</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page37">37</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Door-head Inscriptions</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page38">38</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Consecrated Roses</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page38">38</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Notes on Serpents</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page39">39</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Photographic Correspondence</span>:—Early + Notice of the Camera Obscura—Queries on Dr. Diamond's Collodion + Process—Baths for the Collodion Process</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page41">41</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Replies to Minor Queries</span>:—Mitigation + of Capital Punishment to a Forger—Chronograms and + Anagrams—Abigail—Burial in unconsecrated + Ground—"Cob" and "Conners"—Coleridge's Unpublished + MSS.—Selling a Wife—Life—Passage of Thucydides on + the Greek Factions—Archbishop + King—Devonianisms—Perseverant, Perseverance—"The + Good Old Cause"—Saying of Pascal—Paint taken off of old + Oak—Passage in the "Tempest"</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page42">42</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Miscellaneous</span>:—</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Notes on Books, &c.</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page45">45</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Books and Odd Volumes wanted</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page45">45</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Notices to Correspondents</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page46">46</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Advertisements</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page46">46</a></p> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Notes.</h2> + +<h3>THE EYE: ITS PRIMARY IDEA.</h3> + + <p>I do not remember to have remarked that any writer notices how + uniformly, in almost all languages, the same primary idea has been + attached to the eye. This universal consent is the more remarkable, + inasmuch as the connexion in question, though of course most appropriate + and significant in itself, hardly seems to indicate the most prominent + characteristic, or what we should deem to be <i>par excellence</i> the + obvious qualities of the eye; in a word, we should scarcely expect a term + derived from a physical attribute or property.</p> + + <p>The eye is suggestive of life, of divinity, of intellect, piercing + acuteness (<i>acies</i>); and again, of truth, of joy, of love: but these + seem to have been disregarded, as being mere indistinctive accidents, and + the primary idea which, by the common consent of almost all nations, has + been thought most properly to symbolise this organ is a + spring—<i>fons</i>, <span title="pêgê" class="grk" + >πηγή</span>.</p> + + <p>Thus, from <span lang="he" class="heb" title="`IYN" ><bdo + dir="rtl">עִין</bdo></span>, <i>manare, + scatere</i>, a word not in use, according to Fuerst, we have the Hebrew + <span lang="he" class="heb" title="`AYIN" ><bdo + dir="rtl">עַיִן</bdo></span>, <i>fons + aquarum et lacrimarum</i>, h. e. <i>oculus</i>. This word however, in its + simple form, seems to have almost lost its primary signification, being + used most generally in its secondary—<i>oculus</i>. (Old Testament + Hebrew version, <i>passim</i>.) In the sense of <i>fons</i>, its + derivative <span lang="he" class="heb" title="MA`YAN" ><bdo + dir="rtl">מַעְיָן</bdo></span> + is usually substituted.</p> + + <p>Precisely the same connexion of ideas is to be found in the Syriac, + the Ethiopic, and the Arabic.</p> + + <p>Again, in the Greek we find the rarely-used word <span title="opê" class="grk" + >ὀπή</span>, a fountain, or more properly the + <i>eye</i>, whence it wells out,—the same form as <span title="opê" class="grk" + >ὀπή</span>, <i>oculus</i>; <span title="ôps, opsis, optomai" class="grk" + >ὢψ, ὄψις, + ὄπτομαι</span>. Thus, in St. James + his Epistle, cap. iii. 11.: <span title="mêti hê pêgê ek tês autês opês bruei to gluku kai to pikron" class="grk" + >μήτι ἡ πηγὴ + ἐκ τῆς + αὐτῆς ὀπῆς + βρύει τὸ + γλυκὺ καὶ + τὸ πικρόν</span>.</p> + + <p>In the Welsh, likewise, a parallel case occurs: <i>Llygad</i>, an eye, + signifies also the spring from which water flows, as in the same passage + of St. James: <i>a ydyw ffynnon o'r un llygad</i> (from one spring or + eye) <i>yn rhoi dwfr melus a chwerw?</i></p> + + <p>On arriving at the Teutonic or old German tongue, we find the same + connexion still existing: <i>Avg</i>, <i>auga</i>,—<i>oculus</i>; + whence <i>ougen ostendere</i>—Gothis <i>augo</i>; and <i>awe, auge, + ave, <span class="correction" title="Original reads `campres', corrected by errata in Issue 194." + >campus</span> ad <!-- Page 26 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page26"></a>{26}</span>amnem</i>. (Vid. Schilteri, <i>Thes.</i>, + vol. iii. <i>ad voc.</i>) And here we cannot help noticing the similarity + between these words and the Hebrew <span lang="he" class="heb" + title="Y'OR" ><bdo + dir="rtl">יְאֹר</bdo></span>, which (as + well as the Coptic <span class="correction" title="Original reads `iars', corrected by errata in Issue 194." + ><i>iaro</i></span>) means primarily a river or stream from a spring; + but, according to Professor Lee, is allied to <span lang="he" class="heb" + title="'WOR" ><bdo dir="rtl">אוֹר</bdo></span>, + light, the enlightenment of the mind, the opening of the eyes; and he + adds, "the application of the term to water, as <i>running, + translucid</i>, &c., is easy." Here, then, is a similar connexion of + ideas with a change in the metaphor.</p> + + <p>In the dialects which descended from the Teutonic in the Saxon branch, + the connexion between these two distinct objects is also singularly + preserved. It is to be found in the Low German, the Friesic, and the + Anglo-Saxon. In the latter we have <i>eá</i>, <i>eah</i>, <i>eagor</i>, a + welling, flowing stream; <i>eah</i>, <i>ægh</i>, <i>eage</i>, an eye, + which might be abundantly illustrated.</p> + + <p>We could hardly fail to find in Shakspeare some allusion to these + connected images in the old tongue; no speck of beauty could exist and + escape his ken. Thus:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"In that respect, too, like a loving child,</p> + <p>Shed yet some small drops from thy tender spring,</p> + <p>Because kind Nature doth require it so."</p> + <p class="i8"><i>Tit. And.</i>, Act V. Sc. 3.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Back, foolish tears, back to your native spring;</p> + <p>Your tributary drops belong to woe,</p> + <p>Which you, mistaking, offer up for joy."</p> + <p class="i8"><i>Rom. and Jul.</i>, Act III. Sc. 2.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Many of the phrases of the ancient tongues, in which the eye bears a + part, have been handed down to us, and are still preserved in our own. My + space, however, forbids me to do more than allude to them; but there is + one very forcible expression in the Hebrew <span lang="he" class="heb" + title="`AYIN B`AYIN" ><bdo dir="rtl">עַיִן + בְּעַיִן</bdo></span>, + literally, eye in eye, which we render much less forcibly—face to + face. The Welsh have preserved it exactly in their <i>llygad yn + llygad</i>. Indeed, this is not the only instance in which they are proud + of having handed down the Hebrew idiom in all its purity. Shakspeare + twice uses the old phrase:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Since then my office hath so far prevailed,</p> + <p>That face to face, and royal eye to eye,</p> + <p>You have congreeted."—<i>Hen. V.</i>, Act V. Sc. 2.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>And in <i>Tro. and Cres.</i>, Act III. Sc. 3; but it appears now to be + obsolete.</p> + + <p>Before concluding, I cannot help noticing, in connexion with this + subject, the Old English term "the apple of the eye." I am unable to + trace it beyond the Anglo-Saxon. The Teutonic <i>sehandes ougen</i>, + <i>pupilla oculi</i>, is totally distinct; <i>seha</i> being merely + <i>medius punctus oculi</i>, whence <i>sehan</i>, <i>videre</i>. In the + Semitic languages, as well as in the Greek and Latin, the origin of the + term is the same, and gives no clue to the meaning of the Saxon term. + Thus, in the Hebrew <span lang="he" class="heb" title="'IYSHWON" ><bdo + dir="rtl">אִישׁוֹן</bdo></span>, + dim. of <span lang="he" class="heb" title="'IYSH" ><bdo + dir="rtl">אִישׁ</bdo></span>, + <i>homunculus</i>, the small image of a person seen in the eye. In Arabic + it is the <i>man</i> or <i>daughter of the eye</i>. In Greek we have + <span title="korê, korasion, korasidon" class="grk" + >κόρη, + κοράσιον, + κορασίδον</span>; + and in Latin, <i>pupa, pupula, pupilla</i>.</p> + + <p>Has any light been thrown on the Anglo-Saxon term? Can it be that + <i>iris</i>, not the pupil, is taken to represent an apple? The pupil + itself would then be the eye of the apple of the eye.</p> + + <p class="author">H. C. K.</p> + + <p class="address">—— Rectory, Hereford.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>GOSSIPING HISTORY—DE QUINCEY'S ACCOUNT OF HATFIELD.</h3> + + <p>In proof of the severity with which the laws against forgery were + enforced, I have been referred to the case of Hatfield, hanged in 1803 + for forging franks. It is given very fully in Mr. De Quincey's "Literary + Recollections of Coleridge" in the first volume of the Boston edition of + his <i>Works</i>.</p> + + <p>The story has some romance in it, and excited great interest fifty + years ago. Hatfield had lived by swindling; and, though he underwent an + imprisonment for debt, had, upon the whole, a long career of success. The + last scene of his depredations was the Lakes, where he married a barmaid, + who was called "The Beauty of Buttermere." Shortly after the marriage he + was arrested, tried, and executed. Mr. De Quincey afterwards lived in the + neighbourhood, dined at the public-house kept by Mary's father, and was + waited upon by her. He had the fullest opportunities of getting correct + information: and his version of the story is so truthlike, that I should + have accepted it without hesitation but for the hanging for forging a + frank. As that offence never was capital, and was made a felony + punishable with transportation for seven years by 42 Geo. III. c. 63., I + was impelled to compare the statement founded on gossip with more formal + accounts; and I send the result in illustration of the small reliance + which is to be placed on tradition in such matters. The arrival of + Hatfield in a carriage is graphically described. He called himself the + Hon. Augustus Hope, brother of the Earl of Hopetoun. Some doubts were + felt at first, but—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"To remove suspicion, he not only received letters addressed to him + under this assumed name, but he continually franked letters by that name. + Now, <i>that being a capital offence</i>, being not only a forgery, but + (as a forgery on the Post-office) sure to be prosecuted, nobody presumed + to question his pretensions any longer; and henceforward he went to all + places with the consideration due to an earl's brother."—P. + 196.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>The marriage with Mary Robinson, and the way in which they passed the + honeymoon, are described:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"They continued to move backwards and forwards, until at length, + <i>with the startling of a thunderclap to the</i> <!-- Page 27 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page27"></a>{27}</span><i>affrighted + mountaineers</i>, the bubble burst; officers of justice appeared, <i>the + stranger was easily intercepted from flight</i>, and, <i>upon a capital + charge</i>, he was <i>borne away to Carlisle</i>. At the ensuing assizes + he was <i>tried for forgery on the prosecution of the Post-office</i>, + found guilty, left for execution, and executed accordingly."—P. + 199.</p> + + <p>"One common scaffold confounds the most flinty hearts and the + tenderest. However, it was in some measure the heartless part of + Hatfield's conduct which drew upon him his ruin; for <i>the Cumberland + jury</i>, as I have been told, <i>declared their unwillingness to hang + him for having forged a frank</i>; and both they, and <i>those who + refused to aid his escape when first apprehended</i>, were reconciled to + this harshness entirely by what they heard of his conduct <i>to their + injured young fellow-countrywoman</i>."—P. 201.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Hatfield was not "easily intercepted from flight." Sir Frederick Vane + granted a warrant to apprehend him on the charge of forcing franks. + Hatfield ordered dinner at the Queen's Head, Keswick, to be ready at + three; took a boat, and did not return. This was on October 6: he was + married to Mary on the 2nd. In November he was apprehended near + Brecknock, in Wales: so those who refused to aid his escape, if such + there were, were not "reconciled to the hardship by what they heard of + his conduct to their young fellow-countrywoman." The "startling of the + thunderclap" was preceded by an ordinary proclamation, describing the + offender, and offering a reward of 50<i>l.</i> for his apprehension. He + was not "hurried away to Carlisle," but deliberately taken to London on + December 12; examined at Bow Street, remanded three times, and finally + committed; and sent to Carlisle, where he was tried on August 15, + 1803.</p> + + <p>Three indictments were preferred against him: the first for forging a + bill of exchange for 20<i>l.</i>, drawn by Alexander Augustus Hope on + John Crump, payable to George Wood; the second for a similar bill for + 30<i>l.</i>; and the third for counterfeiting Colonel Hope's handwriting + to defraud the Post-office.</p> + + <p>The Cumberland jury did not "declare their unwillingness to hang him + for forging a frank," that not being a capital offence. I infer, also, + that it was one for which he was not tried. He was convicted on the first + indictment; the court rose immediately after the jury had given their + verdict; and the prisoner was called up for judgment at eight the next + morning. Trying a man under sentence of death for a transportable felony, + is contrary to all practice. Hatfield was executed at Carlisle on + September 3, 1803.</p> + + <p>Mary's misfortunes induced the sympathising public to convert her into + a minor heroine. She seems to have been a common-place person, with small + claims to the title of "The Beauty of Buttermere." A cotemporary account + says, "she is rather gap-toothed and somewhat pock-marked." And Mr. De + Quincey, after noticing her good figure, says, "the expression of her + countenance was often disagreeable."</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"A lady, not very scrupulous in her embellishment of facts, used to + tell an anecdote of her which I hope was exaggerated. Some friend of + hers, as she affirmed, in company with a large party, visited Buttermere + a day or two after that on which Hatfield suffered; and she protested + that Mary threw on the table, with an emphatic gesture, the Carlisle + paper containing an elaborate account of the execution."—P. + 204.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Considering the treatment she had received, it is not unlikely that + her love, if she ever had any for a fat man of forty-five, was turned + into hatred; and it was not to be expected that her taste would keep down + the manifestation of such feeling. When Hatfield was examined at Bow + Street, Sir Richard Ford, the chief magistrate, ordered the clerk to read + aloud a letter which he received from her. It was:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Sir,—The man whom I had the misfortune to marry, and who has + ruined me and my aged and unhappy parents, always told me that he was the + Hon. Colonel Hope, the next brother to the Earl of Hopetoun.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">"Your grateful and unfortunate servant,<br /> +"<span class="sc">Mary Robinson</span>."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>I do not blame Mr. De Quincey, having no doubt that he believed what + he was told; but I have put together these facts and discrepancies, to + show how careful we should be in accepting traditions, when a man of very + high ability, with the best opportunities of getting at the truth, was so + egregiously misled.</p> + + <p>My authorities are, <i>The Annual Register</i>, 1803, pp. 421. and + 428.; <i>The Gentleman's Magazine</i>, 1803, pp. 779. 876. and 983.; + Kirby's <i>Wonderful Magazine</i>, vol. i. pp. 309. and 336. <i>The + Newgate Calendar</i> gives a similar account but not having it at hand, I + cannot vouch it.</p> + + <p class="author">H. B. C.</p> + + <p class="address">U. U. Club.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>NOTES UPON THE NAMES OF SOME OF THE EARLY INHABITANTS OF HELLAS.</h3> + + <p>I. I have never seen it yet noticed, that the names <i>Pyrrha</i>, + <i>Æolus</i>, <i>Xuthus</i>, <i>Ion</i>, are all names of <i>colours</i>. + Is there anything in this, or is it fortuitous?</p> + + <p>II. In accordance with the above, I think we may refer most of the + names of the early inhabitants of Greece to words denoting <i>light</i> + or <i>colour</i>, or the like.</p> + + <p>(1.) <i>Pelas-gi.</i> The first part of this word is, by Mr. + Donaldson, connected with <span title="mel-as" class="grk" + >μέλ-ας</span>, which is also, probably, + the root of <i>Mol-ossi</i>.</p> + + <p>(2.) <i>Hellenes</i>, connected with <i>Helli</i>, <i>Selli</i>, <span + title="selas, heulê, hêlios" class="grk" + >σέλας, εὕλη, + ἥλιος</span>. This derivation is made + more probable <!-- Page 28 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page28"></a>{28}</span>by the fact, that the neighbouring Pelasgic + tribes have a similar meaning; <i>e.g.</i>,</p> + + <p><i>Perrhæbi</i>, alike to <i>Pyrrha</i> and <span title="pur" class="grk" + >πῦρ</span>; <i>Æthices</i>, <span title="aithô" class="grk" + >αἴθω</span>, <i>Tymphæi</i>, <span + title="tuphô" class="grk">τύφω</span>; + <i>Hestiæi</i>, <span title="hestia" class="grk" + >ἑστία</span>. Add to this, that the name + <i>Phthiotis</i> seems indubitably to derive its name from <i>Phthah</i>, + the Egyptian <i>Hephæstus</i>, and to be a translation of the word + <i>Hellas</i>.</p> + + <p>N.B.—The existence of an Egyptian colony in that part is + attested by the existence of a Phthiotic <i>Thebæ</i>.</p> + + <p>(3.) On the other hand, the word <i>Achæus</i> seems to be connected + with <span title="achos, achnumai" class="grk" + >ἄχος, + ἀχνύμαι</span>, and <span + title="achlus" class="grk">ἄχλυς</span> + in the sense of gloom (of <span title="ouranion achos" class="grk" + >οὐράνιον + ἄχος</span>). So the Homeric <i>Cimmerians</i> + are derived from <span lang="he" class="heb" title="KIMRIYRIY" ><bdo + dir="rtl">כִּמְרִירִי</bdo></span> + (Job), denoting <i>darkness</i>.</p> + + <p>(4.) Lastly, I submit with great diffidence the following examination + of the words <i>Dorus</i> and the Æolian <i>Minyæ</i>, which I shall + attempt to derive from words denoting <i>sun</i> and <i>moon</i> + respectively.</p> + + <p>The word <i>Dorus</i> I assume to be connected with the first part of + the names <i>Dry-opes</i> and <i>Dol-opes</i>. The metathesis in the + first case seems sanctioned by the analogy of the Sanscrit <i>drî</i> and + Greek <span title="deirô" class="grk" + >δείρω</span>, and the mutation of + <i>l</i> and <i>r</i> in the second is too common in Greek and Latin to + admit of any doubt, <i>e.g.</i> <span title="ar-galeos" class="grk" + >ἀρ-γαλέος</span> and + <span title="algaletos" class="grk" + >ἀλγαλέτος</span>; + <i>Sol</i> and <i>Soracte</i>. With this premised, I think we may be + justified in connecting the following <span class="correction" + title="Original reads `word'.">words</span> with one another.</p> + + <p><i>Dores</i>, <i>Dryopes</i> with <span title="Seirios" class="grk" + >Σείριος</span> (of <span + title="Sios" class="grk">Σιός</span> and <span + title="Dios" class="grk">Δῖος</span>) <span + title="Theros" class="grk">Θέρος</span>, + the Scythian sun-god <span title="Oito-surus" class="grk" + >Οἰτό-συρυς</span>, + the Egyptian <i>O-siris</i>, and perhaps the Hebrew <span lang="he" + class="heb" title="DWOR" ><bdo + dir="rtl">דוֹר</bdo></span> and Greek <span + title="dêros" class="grk">δηρὸς</span> (the + course of the sun being the emblem of eternity).—<i>Dol-opes</i> + with <i>Sol</i>, <span title="heilê" class="grk" + >εἵλη</span>, <i>Selli</i>, &c.</p> + + <p>On the other hand, the neighbouring <i>Minyæ</i> seem connected with + <span title="minuthô, minuntha" class="grk" + >μινύθω, + μίνυνθα</span>, + <i>minus</i>,—all with the sense of <i>decreasing</i> or + <i>waning</i>; hence referable, both in sense and (I fancy) in + derivation, to Greek <span title="mên" class="grk" + >μὴν</span>, and Latin <i>men-sis</i>.</p> + + <p class="author">J. H. J.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>SHAKSPEARE READINGS, NO. IX.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"It lies as sightly on the back of him</p> + <p>As great Alcides' shoes upon an ass."—<i>King John</i>, Act II. Sc. 1.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"The ass was to <i>wear</i> the shoes, and not to bear them on his + back, as Theobald supposed, and therefore would read <i>shows</i>. The + 'shoes of Hercules' were as commonly alluded to by our old poets, as the + <i>ex pede Herculem</i> was a familiar allusion of the learned." (Mr. + Knight in 1839.)</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Fourteen years' additional consideration has not altered Mr. Knight's + view of this passage. In 1853 we find him putting forth a prospectus for + a new edition of Shakspeare, to be called "The Stratford Edition," + various portions from which he sets before the public by way of sample. + Here we have over again the same note as above, a little diversified, and + placed parallel to Theobald's edition in this way:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"It lies as sightly on the back of him</p> + <p>As great Alcides' <i>shows</i> upon an ass."</p> + </div> + </div> + +<table class="nob" summary="Parallel comments." title="Parallel comments." style="width:50%"> +<tr><td valign="top" class="spacsingle">"The folio reads 'Great Alcides' +shoes.' Theobald says, +'But why <i>shoes</i>, in the name of +propriety? For let Hercules and +his <i>shoes</i> have been really as big +as they were ever supposed to +be, yet they (I mean the <i>shoes</i>) +would not have been an overload +for an ass.'" +</td><td valign="top" class="spacsingle"> +"The 'shoes of Hercules' +were as commonly alluded to +in our old poets, as the <i>ex pede +Herculem</i> was a familiar allusion +of the learned. It was not +necessary that the ass should be +overloaded with the shoes—he +might be <i>shod</i> (shoed) with +them." +</td></tr></table> + + <p>Now who, in reading these parallel notes, but would suppose that it is + Mr. Knight who restores <i>shoes</i> to the text, and that it is Mr. + Knight who points out the common allusion by our old poets to the shoes + of Hercules? Who would imagine that the substance of this correction of + Theobald was written by Steevens a couple of generations back, and that, + consequently, Theobald's proposed alteration had never been adopted?</p> + + <p>I should not think of pointing out this, but that Mr. Knight himself, + in this same prospectus, has taken Mr. Collier to task for the very same + thing; that is, for taking credit, in his <i>Notes and Emendations</i>, + for all the folio MS. corrections, whether known or unknown, necessary or + unnecessary.</p> + + <p>Indeed, the very words of Mr. Knight's complaint against Mr. Collier + are curiously applicable to himself:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"It requires the most fixed attention to the nice distinctions of such + constantly-recurring 'notes and emendations,' to disembarrass the cursory + reader from the notion that these are <i>bonâ fide</i> corrections of the + common text....</p> + + <p>"Who cares to know what errors are corrected in" (the forthcoming + Stratford edition), "that exist in no other, and which have never been + introduced into the modern text?"—<i>Specimen</i>, &c., p. + xxiv.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>The impression one would receive from Mr. Knight's note upon Theobald + is, that Shakspeare had his notion of <i>the shoes</i> from "our old + poets," while <i>the learned</i> had <i>theirs</i> from <i>ex pede + Herculem</i>; but where the analogy lies, wherein the point, or what the + application, is not explained. Steevens' original note was superior to + this, in so much that he quoted the words of these old poets, thereby + giving his readers an opportunity of considering the justness of the + deduction. The only set-off to this omission by Mr. Knight is the + introduction of "ex pede Herculem," the merit of which is doubtless his + own.</p> + + <p>But it so happens that the size of the foot of Hercules has no more to + do with the real point of the allusion than the length of Prester John's; + therefore <i>ex pede Herculem</i> is a most unfortunate + illustration,—particularly awkward in a specimen sample, the + excellence of which may be questioned. <!-- Page 29 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page29"></a>{29}</span></p> + + <p>It is singular enough, and it says a great deal for Theobald's common + sense, that <i>he</i> saw what the true intention of the allusion must + be, although he did not know how to reconcile it with the existing letter + of the text. He wished to preserve <i>the spirit</i> by the sacrifice of + <i>the letter</i>, while Mr. Knight preserves the letter but + misinterprets the spirit.</p> + + <p>Theobald's word "shows," in the sense of externals, is very nearly + what Shakspeare meant by <i>shoes</i>, except that <i>shoes</i> implies a + great deal more than <i>shows</i>,—it implies the assumption of the + character as well as the externals of Hercules.</p> + + <p>Out of five quotations from our old poets, given by Steevens in the + first edition of his note, there is not one in which <i>the shoes</i> are + not provided with <i>feet</i>. But Malone, to his immortal honour, was + the first to furnish them with <i>hoofs</i>:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Upon an ass; <i>i.e.</i> upon the hoofs of an ass."—<i>Malone.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>But Shakspeare nowhere alludes to feet! His ass most probably <i>had + feet</i>, and so had Juvenal's verse (when he talks of his "satyrâ + sumente cothurnum"); but neither Shakspeare nor Juvenal dreamed of any + necessary connexion between the feet and the shoes.</p> + + <p>Therein lies the difference between Shakspeare and "our old poets;" a + difference that ought to be sufficient, of itself, to put down the common + cry,—that Shakspeare borrowed his allusions from them. If so, how + is it that his expositors, with these old poets before their eyes all + this time, together with their own scholarship to boot, have so widely + mistaken the true point of his allusion? It is precisely because they + <i>have</i> confined their researches to these old poets, and have + <i>not</i> followed Shakspeare to the fountain head.</p> + + <p>There is a passage in Quintilian which, very probably, has been the + common source of both Shakspeare's version, and that of the old poets; + with this difference, that he understood the original and they did + not.</p> + + <p>Quintilian is cautioning against the introduction of solemn bombast in + trifling affairs:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"To get up," says he, "this sort of pompous tragedy about mean + matters, is as though you would dress up children with the <i>mask</i> + and <i>buskins</i> of Hercules."</p> + + <p>["Nam in parvis quidem litibus has tragœdias movere tale est + quale si <i>personam</i> Herculis et <i>cothurnos</i> aptare infantibus + velis."]</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Here the addition of the <i>mask</i> proves that the allusion is + purely theatrical. The mask and buskins are put for the stage trappings, + or <i>properties</i>, of the part of Hercules: of these, one of the items + was the <i>lion's skin</i>; and hence the extreme aptitude of the + allusion, as applied by the Bastard, in <i>King John</i>, to Austria, who + was assuming the importance of Cœur de Lion!</p> + + <p>It is interesting to observe how nearly Theobald's plain, homely + sense, led him to the necessity of the context. The real points of the + allusion can scarcely be expressed in better words than his own:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Faulconbridge, in his resentment, would say this to Austria, 'That + lion's skin which my great father, King Richard, once wore, looks as + uncouthly on thy back, as that other noble hide, which was borne by + Hercules, would look on the back of an ass!' A double allusion was + intended: first, to the fable of the ass in the lion's skin; then Richard + I. is finely set in competition with Alcides, as Austria is satirically + coupled with the ass."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>One step farther, and Theobald would have discovered the true + solution: he only required to know that <i>the shoes</i>, by a figure of + rhetoric called synecdoche, may stand for the whole character and + attributes of Hercules, to have saved himself the trouble of conjecturing + an ingenious, though infinitely worse word, as a substitute.</p> + + <p>As for subsequent annotators, it must be from the mental preoccupation + of this unlucky "ex pede Herculem," that <i>they</i> have so often put + their foot in it. They have worked up Alcides' shoe into a sort of + antithesis to Cinderella's; and, like Procrustes, they are resolved to + stretch everything to fit.</p> + + <p class="author">A. E. B.</p> + + <p class="address">Leeds.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>GÖTHE'S AUTHOR-REMUNERATION.</h3> + + <p>The Note in your valuable Journal (Vol. vii., p. 591.) requires, I + think, so far as it relates to Göthe, several corrections which I am in + the position of making. The amount which that great man is said to have + received for his "works (aggregate)" is "30,000 crowns." The person who + <i>originally</i> printed this statement must have been completely + ignorant of Göthe's affairs, and even biography. Göthe had (unlike Byron) + several publishers in his younger years. Subsequently he became closer + connected with M. <i>J. G. Cotta</i> of Stuttgardt, who, in succession, + published almost all Göthe's works. Amongst them were <i>several</i> + editions of his complete works: for instance, that published conjointly + at Vienna and Stuttgardt. Then came, in 1829, what was called the edition + of the last hand (<i>Ausgabe letzter Hand</i>), as Göthe was then more + than eighty years of age. During all the time these two editions were + published, other detached new works of Göthe were also printed; as well + as new editions of former books, &c. Who can now say that it was + 20,000 crowns (<i>thalers?</i>) which the great poet received for each + various performance?—<i>No one.</i> And this for many reasons. + Göthe always remained with M. Cotta on terms of polite acquaintanceship, + no more: there was no "My dear Murray" in their strictly business-like + connexion. Göthe also never wrote on such things, even in his biography + or diary. But some talk was going around in Germany, that for <i>one</i> + of the editions of his <i>complete</i> works (there <!-- Page 30 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page30"></a>{30}</span>appeared still many + volumes of posthumous), he received the above sum. I can assert on good + authority, that Göthe, foreseeing his increasing popularity even long + after his death, stipulated with M. Cotta to pay his <i>heirs</i> a + certain sum for every new edition of either his complete or single works. + One of the recipients of these yet <i>current accounts</i> is Baron + Wolfgang von Göthe, Attaché of the Prussian Legation at Rome.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">A Foreign Surgeon.</span></p> + + <p class="address">Charlotte Street, Bloomsbury Square.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Minor Notes.</h2> + + <p><i>Parallel Passages.</i>—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"The Father of the gods his glory shrouds,</p> + <p>Involved in tempests and a night of clouds."—Dryden's <i>Virgil</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Mars, hovering o'er his Troy, his terror shrouds</p> + <p>In gloomy tempests and a night of clouds."—Pope's <i>Homer's Iliad</i>, book xx. lines 69, 70.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Uneda.</span></p> + + <p><i>Unpublished Epitaphs.</i>—I copied the following two epitaphs + from monuments in the churchyard of Llangerrig, Montgomeryshire, last + autumn. They perhaps deserve printing from the slight resemblance they + bear to that in Melrose Churchyard, quoted in Vol. vii., pp. 676, + 677.:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"O earth, O earth! observe this well—</p> + <p>That earth to earth shall come to dwell:</p> + <p>Then earth in earth shall close remain</p> + <p>Till earth from earth shall rise again."</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"From earth my body first arose;</p> + <p>But here to earth again it goes.</p> + <p>I never desire to have it more,</p> + <p>To plague me as it did before."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">P. H. Fisher.</span></p> + + <p><i>The Colour of Ink in Writings.</i>—My attention was called to + this subject some years ago by an attempt made in a judicial proceeding + to prove that part of a paper produced was written at a different time + than the rest, because part differed from the rest in the shade of the + ink. The following conclusions have been the result of my observations + upon the subject:</p> + + <p>1. That if the ink of part of a writing is of a different shade, + though of the same colour, from that of the other parts, we cannot infer + from that circumstance alone that the writing was done at different + times. Ink taken from the top of an inkstand will be lighter than that + from the bottom, where the dregs are; the deeper the pen is dipped into + the ink, the darker the writing will be.</p> + + <p>2. Writing performed with a pen that has been used before, will be + darker than that with a new pen; for the dry residuum of the old ink that + is encrusted on the used pen will mix with the new ink, and make it + darker. And for the same reason—</p> + + <p>3. Writing with a pen previously used will be darker at first than it + is after the old deposit, having been mixed up with the new ink, is used + up.</p> + + <p class="author">M. E.</p> + + <p class="address">Philadelphia.</p> + + <p><i>Literary Parallels.</i>—Has it ever been noticed that the + well-known epitaph, sometimes assigned to Robin of Doncaster, sometimes + to Edward Courtenay, third Earl of Devon, and I believe to others + besides: "What I gave, that I have," &c., has been anticipated by, if + not imitated from, Martial, book v. epigr. 42., of which the last two + lines are:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Extra fortunam est, quicquid donatur amicis;</p> + <p class="i1">Quas dederis, solas semper habebis opes."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The English is so much more terse and sententious, besides involving a + much higher moral signification, that it may well be an original itself; + but in that case, the verbal coincidence is striking enough.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. S. Warden.</span></p> + + <p><i>Latin Verses prefixed to Parish Registers.</i>—On a fly-leaf + in one of the registers of the parish of Hawsted, Suffolk, is the + following note in the handwriting of the Rev. Sir John Cullum, the rector + and historian of the parish:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Many old register books begin with some Latin lines, expressive of + their design. The two following, in that of St. Saviour's at Norwich, are + as good as any I have met with:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg1">'Janua, <i>Baptismus</i>; medio stat <i>Tæda jugalis</i></p> + <p class="i1">Utroque es felix, <i>mors</i> pia si sequitur.'"</p> + </div> + </div> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Can any of your correspondents contribute other examples?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Buriensis.</span></p> + + <p><i>Napoleon's Bees</i> (Vol. vii., p. 535.).—No one, I believe, + having addressed you farther on the subject of the Napoleon Bees, the + models of which are stated to have been found in the tomb of Childeric + when opened in 1653, "of the purest gold, their wings being inlaid with a + red stone, like a cornelian," I beg to mention that the small ornaments + resembling bees found in the tomb of Childeric, were only what in French + are called <i>fleurons</i> (supposed to have been attached to the harness + of his war-horse). Handfuls of them were found when the tomb was opened + at Tournay, and sent to Louis XIV. They were deposited on a green ground + at Versailles.</p> + + <p>Napoleon wishing to have some regal emblem more ancient than the + <i>fleur-de-lys</i>, adopted the <i>fleurons</i> as bees, and the green + ground as the original Merovingian colour.</p> + + <p>This fact was related to me as unquestionable by Augustin Thierry, the + celebrated historian, when I was last in Paris.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Wm. Ewart.</span></p> + + <p class="address">University Club.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 31 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page31"></a>{31}</span></p> + +<h2>Queries.</h2> + +<h3>WAS THOMAS LORD LYTTELTON THE AUTHOR OF JUNIUS'S LETTERS?</h3> + + <p>In the <i>Quarterly Review</i> for 1852 (vol. xc. No. 179.) appeared a + clever and speciously written article on the long debated question of the + identity of Junius, in which the writer labours at great length to prove + that Thomas, second Lord Lyttelton, who died in 1779, was the real + substance of the shadow of Junius, hitherto sought in vain. That this + Lord Lyttelton was fully competent to the task, I do not doubt; and that + there are many points in his character which may well be reconciled with + the knowledge we possess of the imaginary Junius, I also admit—but + this is all. The author of the review has wholly failed, in my opinion, + to prove his case and the remark he makes on Mr. Britton's theory (as to + Col. Barré) may equally well apply to his own, namely, that it affords "a + [another] curious instance of the delusion to which ingenious men may + resign themselves, when they have a favourite opinion to uphold!" The + reviewer, indeed, admits that he has "traced the parallel from the + scantiest materials;" and in another passage repeats, that but "few + materials exist for a sketch of Thomas Lyttelton's life." Of these + materials used by the reviewer, the principal portion has been derived + from the two volumes of letters published in 1780 and 1782, attributed to + Lord Lyttelton, but the authorship of which has since been claimed for + William Coombe. The reviewer argues, that they are "substantially + genuine;" but evidence, it is believed, exists to the contrary.<a + name="footnotetag1" href="#footnote1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> According to + Chalmers, these letters were "publicly disowned" by the executors of Lord + Lyttelton; and this is confirmed by the notice in the <i>Gentleman's + Magazine</i> for 1780, p. 138., shortly after the publication of the + first volume. Putting aside, however, this moot-point (which, I trust, + will be taken up by abler hands, as it bears greatly on the theory + advanced by the author of the <i>Review</i>), I proceed to another and + more conclusive line of argument. In the <i>Preliminary Essay</i>, + prefixed to Woodfall's edition of Junius, 1812 (vol. i. p. *46.), the + following statement is made in regard to that writer, the accuracy of + which will scarcely be doubted:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"There is another point in the history of his life, during his + appearance as a public writer, which must not be suffered to pass by + without observation: and that is, <i>that during a great part of this + time, from January 1769 to January 1772, he uniformly resided in London, + or its immediate vicinity, and that he never quitted his stated + habitation for a longer period than a few weeks.</i>"</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Now, do the known facts of Thomas Lyttelton's life correspond with + this statement or not? The reviewer says, p. 115.:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"For a period of three years after Mr. Lyttelton lost his seat<a + name="footnotetag2" href="#footnote2"><sup>[2]</sup></a>—<i>that + period during which Junius wrote his acknowledged + compositions</i>—we hardly find a trace of him in any of the + contemporaneous letters or memoirs that have fallen under our + observation."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>But how is it, let me ask, that the author of the review has so + studiously avoided all mention of one work, which would at once have + furnished traces of Thomas Lyttelton at this very period? I allude to the + volume of <i>Poems by a Young Nobleman of distinguished Abilities, lately + deceased</i>, published by G. Kearsley: London, 1780, 4to. Does not this + look much like the <i>suppressio veri</i> which follows close on the + footsteps of the <i>assertio falsi</i>? It is hardly credible that the + reviewer should not be acquainted with this book, for he refers to the + lines spoken in 1765, at Stowe, in the character of Queen Mab, which form + part of its contents; and the existence of the work is expressly pointed + out by Chalmers, and noticed by Lowndes, Watt, and other bibliographers. + Among the poems here published, are some which ought to have received a + prominent notice from the author of the review, if he had fairly stated + the case. These are:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1. Lines "to G——e Ed——d Ays——gh, + Esq., [George Edward Ayscough, cousin to Thomas Lyttelton] <i>from + Venice, the 20th July, 1770</i>."—P. 22.</p> + + <p>2. "An Irregular Ode, <i>wrote at Vicenza, in Italy, the 20th of + August, 1770</i>."—P. 29.</p> + + <p>3. "On Mr. ——, <i>at Venice, in J——, + 1770</i>."</p> + + <p>4. "An Invitation to Mrs. A——a D——, <i>wrote + at Ghent in Flanders, the 23rd of March, 1769</i>."—P. 41.</p> + + <p>5. "<i>An Extempore, by Lord Lyttelton, in Italy, anno + 1770</i>."—P. 48.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Admitting that these poems are genuine, it is evident that their + author, Thomas Lyttelton, was abroad in Flanders and Italy during the + years 1769 and 1770; and consequently could not have been the mysterious + Junius, who in those years (particularly in 1769) was writing constantly + in or near London to Woodfall and the <i>Public Advertiser</i>. Of what + value then is the assertion so confidently made by the reviewer (p. + 133.):</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"The position of Thomas Lyttelton in the five years from 1767 to 1772, + is exactly such a one as it is reasonable to suppose that Junius held + during the period of his writings;"</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>or how can it be made to agree with the fact of his residence on the + Continent during the greater part of the time?</p> + +<p><!-- Page 32 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page32"></a>{32}</span></p> + + <p>The reviewer, indeed, tells us that "just as Junius concluded his + great work, Thomas Lyttelton returned to his father's house, and Chatham + was one of the first to congratulate Lord Lyttelton on the event." This + was in February 1772; and in the <i>Chatham Correspondence</i>, vol. iv. + p. 195., is Lord Lyttelton's letter of thanks in reply. The reviewer + would evidently have it inferred, that Thomas Lyttelton had returned home + like a prodigal son, after a temporary estrangement, and from a + comparatively short distance; but surely, had the volume of <i>Poems</i> + been referred to, it might or rather <i>must</i> have occurred to a + candid inquirer, that in February 1772 Thomas Lyttelton returned from his + <i>travels on the Continent, after an absence of nearly three years</i>! + But, perhaps, the authenticity of the <i>Poems</i> may at once be boldly + denied? Is this the case? Chalmers certainly includes them with the + <i>Letters</i>, as having been "disowned" by Lord L.'s executors; but + says, "as to the <i>Poems</i>, they added, '<i>great part whereof are + undoubtedly spurious</i>.'" It is certain, therefore, that <i>some</i> of + the <i>Poems</i> are genuine; and it is a pity that the exceptions were + not specified, as the discussion might then have been confined within + narrower limits. The editor of the <i>Poems</i>, in his address "To the + Reader," writes thus in vindication of them:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"There is scarcely a line in the collection which does not bear + testimony of its origin; the <i>places and dates</i> are also strong + corroborations to such of his friends as he corresponded with <i>on his + last journey across the Alps</i>. His style was elegant, and his ideas so + animated, that <i>spurious productions would be immediately + detected</i>."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>This is the testimony of one who "had the honour of his friendship, + which terminated only with his death," and is not to be lightly + rejected.<a name="footnotetag3" href="#footnote3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> My + own conviction is in favour of the authenticity of the whole; but, at all + events, I shall be able to offer undoubted evidence as to the genuineness + of part of the volume, and additional proof that the author was abroad at + the precise time when, if he were Junius, he must have resided in this + country. By Thomas Lord Lyttelton's will (dated Oct. 30, 1777), he + appointed as his executors his brother-in-law Arthur Viscount Valentia, + his uncle William Henry Lord Westcote, and Wilson Aylesbury Roberts of + Bewdley. To the latter he left all his "letters, verses, speeches, and + writings," with directions that, if published, it should be for his sole + emolument. The important Query therefore at once arises, <i>what became + of these manuscripts, and were they destroyed or preserved</i>?</p> + + <p>The above Mr. Roberts was an intimate personal friend; and from his + local influence as bailiff and deputy-recorder of Bewdley, had no doubt + contributed towards Thomas Lyttelton's return for that borough in 1768. + His son continued to keep up a close connexion with the Valentia family + at Arley Hall<a name="footnotetag4" href="#footnote4"><sup>[4]</sup></a>; + and this fact, coupled with the close proximity of Bewdley, Arley, and + Hagley, and the circumstance of the co-executorship of Lord Valentia and + Mr. Roberts, would make us naturally look to the library at Arley as a + not unlikely place of deposit for Thomas Lyttelton's papers. This is not + mere conjecture, and brings me immediately to the point at issue: for, at + the sale of the Valentia Library at Arley Castle, in December last, a + manuscript volume made its appearance in a lot with others thus + designated:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Original Diary of Travels [of Lord Valentia] 4 vols.; Five Memorandum + Books of Journeys and Travels; also <i>Two Old Folio Volumes of Original + Poetic Pieces</i>."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>One of the folio volumes thus catalogued subsequently came into my + hands, and is evidently one of the manuscripts left by Thomas Lord + Lyttelton's will to the care of Mr. Roberts, since it consists wholly of + pieces in verse and prose of his composition, written either <i>in his + own hand</i>, as rough draughts, or copied (apparently by a female + scribe) and afterwards <i>corrected by himself</i>. Among the poetry in + this MS. I find the greater part of the long poem printed in the edition + of 1780, p. 1., entitled "The State of England in the year 2199," which + is without date in the MS., but in the edition bears date March 21, 1771; + as likewise the "Invitation to Miss Warb[u]rt[o]n," edit. p. 35., + which appears in the MS. without any name; and the "Extempore Rhapsody, + March 21, 1771," edit. p. 37., also undated in the MS., but which + supplies the name of "Yates," expressed in the edition by asterisks; and + also six lines at the end, which were omitted in the edition on account + of their indecency. There are several variations in the manuscript, which + prove that some other copy was followed by the printer; and many + typographical errors in the edition may hence be corrected. Besides these + poems, the following pieces constitute the chief contents of this + manuscript volume:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Draughts of four letters <i>written by Thomas Lyttelton from Lyons, + the first of which is dated September</i> 10, 1769.</p> + + <p>Heads of a series of Dialogues, in imitation of "Dialogues of the + Dead," by his father George, first Lord Lyttelton.</p> + + <p>Poetical Fragments, imitated from Lucretius.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 33 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page33"></a>{33}</span></p> + + <p>Two letters addressed by Thomas Lyttelton to his father; and a third + to "Dear George," probably his cousin George Edward Ayscough.</p> + + <p>Some Latin lines, not remarkable for their delicacy.</p> + + <p>Political letter, <i>written from Milan</i>, by Thomas Lyttelton; in + which indignant notice is taken of the commital of Brass Crossby, Lord + Mayor, <i>which took place in March, 1771</i>.</p> + + <p>Fragment of a poem on Superstition, and various other unfinished + poetical scraps.</p> + + <p>Private memoranda of expenses.</p> + + <p>A page of writing in a fictitious or short-hand character, of which I + can make nothing.</p> + + <p>Remarks, in prose, on the polypus, priestcraft, &c.</p> + + <p>Poem in French, of an amatory character.</p> + + <p>Portion of a remarkable political letter, containing some bitter + remarks by Thomas Lyttelton on the "first minister." He ends thus: "The + play now draws to a conclusion. I am guilty of a breach of trust in + telling him so, but I shall [not] suffer by my indiscretion, for it is an + absolute impossibility any man should divine who is the author of the + letter signed <span class="sc">Aruspex</span>."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>It would appear from the water-mark in the paper of which this MS. is + composed, that it was procured in Italy; and there can be little or no + doubt it was used by Thomas Lyttelton as a draught-book, during his + travels there in 1769-1771; during which period, nearly the whole of the + contents seem to have been written. The evidence afforded therefore by + this volume, comes peculiarly in support of the dates and other + circumstances put forth in the printed volume of <i>Poems</i>; and leads + us inevitably to the conclusion, <i>that it was utterly impossible for + Thomas Lyttelton to have had any share in the Letters of Junius</i>. He + has enough to answer for on the score of his early profligacy and + scepticism, without being dragged from the grave to be arraigned for the + crime of deceit. His heart need not, according to the reviewer, be + "stripped bare" by the scalpel of any literary anatomist; but he may be + left to that quiet and oblivion which a sepulchre in general bestows. + Before I conclude these remarks (which I fear are too diffuse), I will + venture to add a few words in regard to the signature of Thomas Lord + Lyttelton. In the <i>Chatham Correspondence</i>, a letter from him to + Earl Temple is printed, vol. iv. p. 348., the signature to which is + printed <span class="sc">Lyttleton</span>, and the editors point out in a + note the "alteration adopted" in the spelling of the name; but it is + altogether an error, for the fac-simile of this signature in vol. iv. p. + 29., as well as his will in the Prerogative Court, prove that he wrote + his name <i>Lyttelton</i>, in the same manner as his father and uncle. As + to the resemblance pointed out by the author of the <i>Review</i> between + the handwriting of Thomas Lyttelton and that of Junius, it exists only in + imagination, since there is really no similitude whatever between + them.</p> + + <p>Some Queries are now annexed, in reference to what has been above + discussed:</p> + + <p>1. In what publication or in what form did the executors of Thomas + Lord Lyttelton disown the <i>Letters</i> and <i>Poems</i>?</p> + + <p>2. Is it known who was the editor of the <i>Poems</i> published in + 1780?</p> + + <p>3. Can the present representative of the family of Roberts give any + farther information respecting Thomas Lord Lyttelton's manuscripts?</p> + + <p>4. Lastly, Is any letter known to exist in the public journals of the + years 1770, 1771, under the signature of <span + class="sc">Aruspex</span>?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">F. Madden.</span></p> + + <p class="address">British Museum.</p> + +<div class="note"> + <a name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b><a + href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + <p>I have been unable to refer to these letters, as no copy exists in the + British Museum library.</p> + + <a name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b><a + href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + <p>As M.P. for Bewdley. He was returned in 1768, and unseated in January, + 1769.</p> + + <a name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b><a + href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + <p>In the <i>Public Advertiser</i> for January 1, 1779 [1780], appeared a + notice of the <i>Poems</i>, said to have been "published yesterday;" and + although two pieces are extracted at length, not a syllable of doubt is + expressed as to their genuineness.</p> + + <a name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b><a + href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> + <p>The estate at Arley was left to the Hon. George Annesley (afterwards + Earl of Mountnorris), son of Lord Valentia, by the will of Thomas Lord + Lyttelton, and Mr. Roberts was one of the trustees appointed.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Minor Queries.</h2> + + <p><i>Lord Chatham.</i>—I would suggest as a Query, whether Lord + Chatham's famous comparison of the Fox and Newcastle ministry to the + confluence of the Rhone and Saone at Lyons (<i>Speech</i>, Nov. 13, + 1755), was not adapted from a passage in Lord Roscommon's <i>Essay on + translated Verse</i>. Possibly Lord Chatham may have merely quoted the + lines of Roscommon, and reporters may have converted his quotation into + prose. Lord Chatham (then of course Mr. Pitt) is represented to have + said:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"<i>I remember</i> at Lyons to have been carried to the conflux of the + Rhone and the Soane: the one a gentle, feeble, languid stream, and, + though languid, of no depth; the other, a boisterous and <i>impetuous</i> + torrent."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Lord Roscommon says:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Thus <i>have I seen</i> a rapid headlong tide,</p> + <p>With foaming waves the passive Saone divide,</p> + <p>Whose lazy waters without motion lay,</p> + <p>While he, with eager force, urg'd his <i>impetuous</i> way."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. Ewart.</span></p> + + <p class="address">University Club.</p> + + <p><i>Slow-worm Superstition.</i>—Could any of your correspondents + kindly inform me whether there is any foundation for the superstition, + that if a slow-worm be divided into two or more parts, those parts will + continue to live till sunset (life I suppose to mean that tremulous + motion which the divided parts, for some time after the cruel operation, + continue to have), and whether it exists in any other country or county + besides Sussex, in which county I first heard of it?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Tower.</span></p> + + <p><i>Tangiers</i> (Vol. vii., p. 12.).—I have not seen any opinion + as to these Queries.</p> + + <p class="author">A. C.</p> + + <p><i>Snail Gardens.</i>—What are the continental enclosures called + snail gardens?</p> + + <p class="author">C. M. T.</p> + + <p class="address">Oare.</p> + + <p><i>Naples and the Campagna Felice.</i>—Who was the author of + letters bearing this title, which <!-- Page 34 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page34"></a>{34}</span>originally appeared in + Ackermann's <i>Repository</i>, and were published in a collected form in + 1815?</p> + + <p>In a catalogue of Jno. Miller's (April, 1853), I see them attributed + to Combe.</p> + + <p class="author">Q.</p> + + <p class="address">Philadelphia.</p> + + <p>"<i>The Land of Green Ginger</i>"—the name of a street in Hull. + Can any of your correspondents inform me why so called?</p> + + <p class="author">R. H. B.</p> + + <p><i>Mugger.</i>—Why are the gipsies in the North of England + called <i>Muggers?</i> Is it because they sell mugs, and other articles + of crockery, that in fact being their general vocation? or may not the + word be a corruption of <i>Maghrabee</i>, which is, I think, a foreign + name given to this wandering race?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">H. T. Riley</span>.</p> + + <p><i>Snail-eating.</i>—Can any of your correspondents inform me in + what part of Surrey a breed of large white snails is still to be found, + the first of which were brought to this country from Italy, by a member, + I think, of the Arundel family, to gratify the palate of his wife, an + Italian lady? I have searched Britton and Brayley's History in vain.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">H. T. Riley</span>.</p> + + <p><i>Mysterious Personage.</i>—Who is the mysterious personage, + what is his real or assumed lineage, who has, not unfrequently, been + alluded to in recent newspaper articles as a legitimate Roman Catholic + claimant of the English throne? Of course I do not allude to those + <i>pseudo</i>-Stuarts, the brothers Hay Allan.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">W. Pinkerton</span>.</p> + + <p><i>George Wood of Chester.</i>—Of what family was George Wood, + Esq., Justice of Chester in the first year of the reign of Queen + Elizabeth, 1558?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Cestriensis</span>.</p> + + <p><i>A Scale of Vowel Sounds.</i>—Can any correspondent tell me if + such scale has anywhere been agreed on for scientific purposes? + Researches into the philosophy of philology are rendered excessively + complex by the want of such a scale, every different inquirer adopting a + peculiar notation, which is a study in itself, and which, after all, is + unsatisfactory. I should feel obliged by any reference to what has been + done in this matter.</p> + + <p class="author">E. C.</p> + + <p><i>Seven Oaks and Nine Elms.</i>—Can any reader of "N. & Q." + inform me whether there is any old custom or superstition connected with + Seven Oaks and Nine Elms, even to be traced as far back as the time of + the Druids?</p> + + <p>In some old grounds in Warwickshire there is a circle of nine old + elm-trees; and, besides the well-known Nine Elms at Vauxhall, and Seven + Oaks in Kent, there are several other places of the same names in + England.</p> + + <p class="author">J. S. A.</p> + + <p class="address">Old Broad Street.</p> + + <p><i>Murder of Monaldeschi.</i>—I will thank any of your + correspondents who can give me an account of the murder of Monaldeschi, + equerry to Christina, Queen of Sweden.</p> + + <p>In the 2nd volume of Miss Pardoe's <i>Louis XIV</i>. (p. 177.), + Christina is stated to have visited the Court of France, and housed at + Fontainebleau, where she had not long been an inmate ere the tragedy of + Monaldeschi took place and in a letter to Mazarin she says, "Those who + acquainted you with the details regarding Monaldeschi were very + ill-informed."</p> + + <p class="author">T. C. T.</p> + + <p><i>Governor Dameram.</i>—I should be glad of any particulars + respecting the above, who was Governor of Canada (I think) about the + commencement of the present century. He had previously been the head of + the commissariat department in the continental expeditions.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Tee Bee</span>.</p> + + <p><i>Ancient Arms of the See of York.</i>—Can any correspondent + enlighten me as to the period, and why, the present arms were substituted + for the ancient bearings of York? The modern coat is, Gu. two keys in + saltire arg., in chief an imperial crown proper. The ancient coat was + blazoned, Az. an episcopal staff in pale or, and ensigned with a cross + patée arg., surmounted by a pall of the last, edged and fringed of the + second, charged with six crosses formée fitchée sa., and differed only + from that of Canterbury in the number of crosses formée fitchée with + which the pall was charged.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Tee Bee</span>.</p> + + <p><i>Hupfeld.</i>—Can any correspondent of "N. & Q." tell me + where I can see Hupfeld, <i>Von der Natur und den Arten der + Sprachlaute</i>, which is quoted by several German authors? It appeared + in Jahn's <i>Jahrb. der Philol. und Päd.</i>, 1829. If no correspondent + can refer me to any place where the paper can be seen in London, perhaps + they can direct me to some account of its substance in some English + publication.</p> + + <p class="author">E. C.</p> + + <p><i>Inscription on a Tomb in Finland.</i>—Can any reader of "N. + & Q." explain the meaning of the following inscription?</p> + +<p class="cenhead">"IETATIS IN SUBDITOS<br /> +MARTYRI<br /> +.’IET:S CONIUGALIS<br /> +:: :::IV."</p> + + <p>It appears on an old monument of considerable size in a Finnish + burial-ground at Martishkin near Peterhoff on the Gulf of Finland. The + letters are in brass on a stone slab. The dots before the IV., and in the + other word, are holes in the stone wherein the missing characters had + been fixed.</p> + + <p class="author">J. S. A.</p> + + <p class="address">Old Broad Street.</p> + + <p><i>Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire on Railway + Travelling.</i>—Having been forcibly impressed by a <!-- Page 35 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page35"></a>{35}</span>paragraph in a + popular periodical (<i>The Leisure Hour</i>, No. 72.), I am desirous of + learning upon what authority the statements therein depend. As, perhaps, + it may also prove interesting to some of the readers of "N. & Q." who + may not already have seen it, and in the hope that some of your + contributors may be able to throw a light upon so curious a subject, I + herewith transcribe it:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"<i>Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire on Railway Travelling.</i>—Sir + Isaac Newton wrote a work upon the prophet Daniel, and another upon the + book of Revelation, in one of which he said that in order to fulfil + certain prophecies before a certain date was terminated, namely, 1260 + years, there would be a mode of travelling of which the men of his time + had no conception; nay, that the knowledge of mankind would be so + increased, that they would be able to travel at the rate of fifty miles + an hour. Voltaire, who did not believe in the inspiration of the + scriptures, got hold of this, and said 'Now look at that mighty mind of + Newton, who discovered gravity, and told us such marvels for us all to + admire. When he became an old man, and got into his dotage, he began to + study that book called the Bible; and it seems, that in order to credit + its fabulous nonsense, we must believe that the knowledge of mankind will + be so increased that we shall be able to travel at the rate of fifty + miles an hour. The poor dotard!' exclaimed the philosophic infidel + Voltaire, in the self-complacency of his pity. But who is the dotard + now?—<i>Rev. J. Craig.</i>"</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>The Query I would more particularly ask is (presuming the accuracy of + the assertions), What is the prophecy so wonderfully fulfilled?</p> + + <p class="author">R. W.</p> + + <p><i>Tom Thumb's House at Gonerby, Lincolnshire.</i>—On the + south-west side of the tower of the church of Great Gonerby, + Lincolnshire, is a curious cornice representing a house with a door in + the centre, an oriel window, &c., which is popularly called "Tom + Thumb's Castle." I have a small engraving of it ("W. T. del. 1820, R. R. + sculpt."): and a pencil states that on the same tower are other "curious + carvings."</p> + + <p>I would ask, therefore, Why carved? From what event or occasion? For + whom? Why called "Tom Thumb's House?" And what are the other curious + carvings?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">G. Creed.</span></p> + + <p><i>Mr. Payne Collier's Monovolume Shakspeare.</i>—I should be + extremely obliged to <span class="sc">Mr. Collier</span>, if he would + kindly give me a public reply to the following question.</p> + + <p>The express terms of the publication of his monovolune edition of + Shakspeare, as advertised, were—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"The text regulated by the <i>old copies</i>, and by the <i>recently + discovered folio of 1632</i>."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>These terms manifestly exclude corrections from any other source <span + class="correction" title="Original reads `that'.">than</span> those of + <i>collation of the old copies</i>, and the <i>MS. corrections</i> of the + folio of 1632.</p> + + <p>Now the text of <span class="sc">Mr. Collier's</span> monovolume + reprint contains many of the emendations of the commentators <i>not</i> + referred to in <i>Notes and Emendations</i>. For example: in <i>The + Taming of the Shrew</i>, where Biondello runs in to announce the coming + down the hill of the "ancient angel" (changed by the corrector into + <i>ambler</i>), two other alterations in the same sentence appear without + explanation in the <i>regulated text</i>, namely, <i>mercatante</i> + substituted by Steevens for "marcantant" of the folios; and <i>surely</i> + in lieu of "surly," which latter is the word of <i>the folio of + 1632</i>.</p> + + <p>I now ask <span class="sc">Mr. Collier</span>, on what authority were + these emendations adopted?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">C. Mansfield Ingleby.</span></p> + + <p class="address">Birmingham.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Replies.</h2> + +<h3>WILD PLANTS AND THEIR NAMES.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. vii., pp. 175. 233.)</p> + + <p>Perhaps the following may prove of some use to <span + class="sc">Enivri</span>, in reply to his Query respecting the names of + certain wild flowers.</p> + + <p>1. Shepherd's Purse (<i>Bursa pastoris</i>). "Sic dict. a folliculis + seminum, qui crumenulam referre videntur." Also called Poor Man's + Parmacitty, "Quia ad contusos et casu afflictos instar spermatis ceti + utile est." Also St. James's Wort, "Quia circa ejus festum florescit," + July 28th. Also called Pick-purse.</p> + + <p>2. Eye-bright, according to Skinner (<i>Euphrasia</i>), Teut. + <i>Augentrost</i>; "Oculorum solamen, quia visum eximiè acuit." Fluellin + (<i>Veronica femina</i>), "Forte a Leolino aliquo Cambro-Brit. ejus + inventore."</p> + + <p>3. Pass Wort, or Palsy Wort (<i>Primula veris</i>). "Herba + paralyseos."</p> + + <p>4. Guelder Rose (<i>Sambucus rosea</i>). "Quia ex Gueldriâ huc + translata est." Gueldria is, or rather was, a colony, founded by the + Hollanders, on the coast of Coromandel.</p> + + <p>5. Ladies' Tresses, a corruption of <i>traces</i>. A kind of orchis, + and used, with its various appellations, "sensu obsc."</p> + + <p>6. The Kentish term <i>Gazel</i> is not improbably the same as + <i>Gale</i>, which, Skinner says, is from the A.-S. <i>Gagel</i> + (<i>Myrtus brabantica</i>).</p> + + <p>7. Stitch Wort (<i>Gramen leucanthemum</i>, alias <i>Holostium + pumilum</i>). "Sic dict. quia ad dolores laterum punctorios multum + prodesse creditur."</p> + + <p>8. The term <i>Knappert</i>, for Bitter Vetch, is probably a + corruption of Knap Wort, the first syllable of which, as in Knap Weed and + Knap Bottle, is derived from the sound or snap emitted by it when struck + in the hollow of the hand.</p> + + <p>9. Charlock (<i>Rapum sylvestre</i>); Anglo-Saxon <i>Cerlice</i>. <!-- + Page 36 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page36"></a>{36}</span></p> + + <p>10. London Pride or Tufts (<i>Armeria prolifera</i>). "Sic dict. quia + flores propter pulchritudinem Londini valdè expetuntur." (?)</p> + + <p>11. Avens; also Herb Bennet (<i>Caryophyllata</i>). Skinner says, + "Herba Benedicta ab insigni radicis vulnerariâ vi." (?)</p> + + <p>12. Mill Mountain, or Purge Flax (<i>Linum sylvestre catharticum</i>, + or <i>Chamælinum</i>). "Montibus gaudet."</p> + + <p>13. Jack of the Buttery. "<i>Sedi</i> species sic dict. quia in tecto + galacterii crescit." Pricket: "a sapore acri."</p> + + <p>14. Cudweed or Cotton Weed; Live-long. "Quia planta perennis est."</p> + + <p>15. Sun Spurge. "Quia flores ad ortum solis se aperiunt." Churn Staff, + from its similarity.</p> + + <p>16. Welcome to our House (<i>Tithymalus Cyparissias</i>). "Ob + pulchritudinem suam omnibus expetitus."</p> + + <p>17. Ruddes (<i>Fl. Calendulæ</i>). "A colore aureo." Wild or Corn + Marigold. "Q. d. aurum Mariæ, a colore sc. floris luteo." Gouls or + Goulans, with a half-suppressed <i>d</i>, may very well be supposed to + indicate its natural name—Gold. Another name of this plant is + Lockron, or Locker Goulans.</p> + + <p>18. Spurry (<i>Spergula</i>). "Sic dict. quia folia ejus octo, + angusta, stelliformia, radios calcaris satis exactè referunt."</p> + + <p>19. Mercury Goose-foot. Probably a goose-foot resembling Mercury + (<i>Mercurialis</i>), a herb concerning which Skinner doubts, but + suggests, "Quia Mercurio, ut ceteræ omnes plantæ planetis, appropriata + sit." Another name is Good Henry,—I find not Good <i>King</i> + Henry—(<i>Lapathum unctuosum</i>), "A commodo ejus usu in + enematis." It is also called All-good, forasmuch as it is useful, not + only for its medicinal qualities, but also in supplying the table with a + substitute for other vegetables, such as asparagus.</p> + + <p>A plant termed in this country Gang Flower is the same as Rogation + Flower, recalling the perambulation of parishes on one of those days. + There is a vast fund of interesting matter in these old names of wild + flowers (mixed up, of course, with much that is trifling); and I + cordially agree with your correspondent, that it is well worth a steady + effort to rescue the fast-fading traditions relating to them. It must be + confessed, however, that the obstacles in the way of tracing the original + meaning and supposed virtues, will in many instances be found very great, + arising principally from the fanciful translations and corruptions which + our ancestors made of the old names. Take, for instance, the + following:</p> + + <p>Loose Strife or Herb Willow, from <i>Lysimachia</i>, the original + being undoubtedly a man's name, Lysimachus.</p> + + <p>Ale-hoof (<i>Hedera terrestris</i>). Anglo-Saxon <i>Al behófian</i>. + "Herba <span title="panchrêstos" class="grk" + >πάγχρηστος</span>, + ad multos usus efficacissima."</p> + + <p>Herb Ambrose has a Greek origin, <span title="ambrotos" class="grk" + >ἄμβροτος</span>, and is + not indebted to the saint of that name.</p> + + <p>Comfrey or Cumfrey. "Herba vulnera <i>conferruminans</i>;" good for + joining the edges of a wound.</p> + + <p>Calathian Violets. Simply cupped violets, from <span title="kalathos" class="grk" + >κάλαθος</span>.</p> + + <p>Brank Ursin (<i>Acanthus</i>). "It. brancha, unguis ursinus."</p> + + <p>Blood Strange; properly, <i>String</i>. To stanch.</p> + + <p>Bertram. A corruption of <span title="purethron" class="grk" + >πύρεθρον</span> + (<i>Pyrethrum</i>).</p> + + <p>Spreusidany, Hair-strong, Sulphur Wort. Corrupted from + <i>Peucedanum</i>.</p> + + <p>Pell-a-mountain, Wild Thyme. From <i>Serpyllum montanum</i>.</p> + + <p>Faceless. From <i>Phaseolus</i>, dim. of <i>Phaselus</i>; so called + from its shallop shape.</p> + + <p>Stick-a-dove, French Lavender. From <span title="stoichas, stoichados" class="grk" + >στοιχὰς, + στοιχάδος</span>, + <i>Stœchas</i>; so called from the <span class="correction" + title="Original reads `irregularity', corrected by errata in Issue 194." + >regularity</span> of the petals.</p> + + <p>Such instances might be multiplied to almost any extent.</p> + + <p>There is, doubtless, a good deal of scattered information respecting + old English wild flowers to be met with, not only in books, but also + among our rural population, stored up by village sages. Contributions of + this description would surely be welcome in "N. & Q."</p> + + <p class="author">H. C. K.</p> + + <p class="address">—— Rectory, Hereford.</p> + + <p>Herbs of all kinds were, some two hundred years ago, esteemed of much + value as medicine; for in a curious, and I believe rather scarce, + pharmacopœia by Wm. Salmon, date 1693, I find some 414 pages + devoted to their uses. This pharmacopœia, or <i>Compleat English + Physician</i>, was dedicated to Mary, second Queen of England, Scotland, + France, Ireland, &c., and appears to have been the first. The preface + says "it was the first of that kind extant in the world, a subject for + which we have no precedent."</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"I have not trusted," he says, "to the reports of authors, but have + wrote as an eye-witness in describing most things therein; and it is + nothing but what I know and have learnt by daily experience for thirty + years together, so that my prescriptions may in some measure plead a + privilege above the performances of other men."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>1. <i>Capsella</i> (<i>Bursa pastoris</i>) he describes as cold + 1<sup>o</sup>, and dry in 2<sup>o</sup>, binding and astringent. Good + against spitting of blood or hæmorrhage of the nose, and other fluxes of + the bowels. The leaves, of which ʒj. in powder may be given. The + juice inspissate, drunk with wine, helps ague. A cataplasm applied in + inflammations, Anthony's fire, &c., represses them.</p> + + <p>2. <i>Veronica Chamædrys</i> he calls <i>Euphrasia</i>, + <i>Euphrosunee</i>, and says it is much commended by Arnoldus de Villa + Nova, who asserts that it not only helps dimness of the sight, but the + use of it <!-- Page 37 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page37"></a>{37}</span>makes old men to read small letters without + spectacles, who could scarcely read great letters with spectacles before; + but that it did restore their sight who had been a long time blind. Truly + a most wonderful plant; and, if he freely used it, must have been a great + drawback to spectacle-makers.</p> + + <p>3. <i>Primula veris</i>, he says, more properly belongs to the + primrose than cowslip. The root is haumatic, and helps pains in the back. + The herb is cephalic, neurotic, and arthritic. The juice or essence, with + spirits of wine, stops all manner of fluxes, is excellent against palsy, + gout, and pains, and distempers of the nerves and joints. A cataplasm of + the juice, with rye meal, is good against luxations and ruptures. The + flowers are good against palsy, numbness, convulsions, and cramps, being + given in a sulphurous or a saline tincture, or an oily tincture, or an + essence of the juice with spirits of wine. The juice of the flowers, or + an ointment of the <i>flower</i> or its juice, cleanses the skin from + spots, though the worthy old physician only gives a receipt for making + essence as follows: Beat the whole plant well in a mortar; add to it an + equal quantity of brandy or spirits of wine; close up tight in a large + bolt-head, and set it to digest in a very gentle sand-heat for three + months. Strain out all the liquor, which close up in a bolt-head again, + and digest in a gentle sand-heat for two months more. Rather a + troublesome and slow process this.</p> + + <p>4. <i>Geum urbanum</i> he calls <i>Caryophyllata</i>, <i>Herba + benedicta</i>, and <i>Geum Plinii</i>, and should be gathered, he says, + in the middle of March, for then it smells sweetest, and is most + aromatic. Hot and dry in the 2<sup>o</sup>, binding, strengthening, + discussive, cephalic, neurotic, and cardiac. Is a good preservative + against epidemic and contagious disease; helps digestion. The powder of + the root, dose ʒj. The decoction, in wine, stops spitting of blood, + dose ʒss to ʒjss. The saline tincture opens all obstructions + of the viscera, dose ʒj to ʒiij.</p> + + <p>Should <span class="sc">Enivri</span> wish to know the medical virtues + of our wild plants, I have no doubt but that this worthy old physician + will tell him what virtues they were considered to possess in his day, at + least by himself; and I can assure him that 1195 of the <i>English + Physician's</i> pages ascribe marvellous properties, not only to plants, + but to animals, fish, and even the bones of a stag's heart.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">R. J. Shaw.</span></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>JACOB BOBART.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. vii., pp. 428. 578.)</p> + + <p>I am exceedingly obliged for the information afforded by <span + class="sc">Dr. E. F. Rimbault</span> concerning the Bobarts. Can he give + me any more communication concerning them? I am anxious to learn all I + can. I have old Jacob Bobart's signature, bearing date 1659, in which he + spells his name with an <i>e</i> instead of <i>a</i>, which seems to have + been altered to an <i>a</i> by his son Jacob.</p> + + <p>In <i>Vertumnus</i> it says Bobart's <i>Hortes Siccus</i> was in + twenty volumes; but the <i>Oxford Botanic Garden Guide</i> only mentions + twelve quarto volumes: which is correct, and where is it? In one of my + copies of <i>Vertumnus</i>, a scrap of paper is fixed to p. 29., and the + following is written upon it:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"The Hortus Siccus here alluded to was sold at the Rev. Mr. + Hodgkinson's sale at Sarsden, to Mrs. De Salis, wife of Dr. De + Salis."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Is there any pedigree of the family?</p> + + <p>In a letter of Jno. Ray's to Mr. Aubrey is the following:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"I am glad that Mr. Bobart hath been so diligent in observing and + making a collection of insects."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Is there any collection extant?</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"He may give me much assistance in my intended Synopsis of our English + Animals, and contribute much to the perfecting of it."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Did he do so?</p> + + <p>Is the print of old Jacob Bobart, by W. Richardson, + <i>valuable</i>?</p> + + <p>Where can I pick up a print of him by Loggan del., Burghers sculp.? + There is a portrait of Jacob Bobart the younger in <i>Oxford Almanack</i> + for 1719; can I procure it?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">H. T. Bobart.</span></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>HERALDIC QUERIES.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. vii., p. 571.)</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Ceyrep</span> is informed, 1st, That a shield in the + form of a lozenge was appropriated exclusively to females, both spinsters + and widows, in order to distinguish the sex of the bearer of a coat of + arms. It is of doubtful origin, though supposed, from the form, to + symbolise the spindle with yarn wound round it; of good authority, and + not of very modern date. Many instances may be seen in Fuller, in the + coats of arms appended to the dedications of the various chapters of his + <i>Church History</i>. In sect. ii. book vi. p. 282. ed. 1655, he has + separated the coats of man and wife, and placed them side by side; that + of the latter upon a lozenge-shaped shield—Party per pale arg. and + gules, two eagles displayed, counterchanged.</p> + + <p>2ndly, No one has a right to inscribe a motto upon a garter or riband, + except those dignified with one of the various orders of knighthood. For + any other person to do so, is a silly assumption. The motto should be + upon a scroll, either over the crest, or beneath the shield.</p> + + <p>3rdly, I cannot find that it was ever the custom in this country for + ecclesiastics to bear their paternal coat on an oval or circular shield. + Forbidden, as they were, by the first council of <!-- Page 38 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page38"></a>{38}</span>Mascon, Bingham, vi. + 421., in the Excerptions of Ecgbright, <span class="scac">A.D.</span> + 740, Item 154., and the Constitutions of Othobon, <span + class="scac">A.D.</span> 1268, can. 4., to bear arms for the purposes of + warfare, it is a question whether any below the episcopal order ought, in + strict right, to display any armorial ensigns at all. Archbishops and + bishops bear the arms of their sees impaled (as of their spouse) with + their own paternal coats; the latter probably only in right of their + baronies. It is worthy of remark that, since the Reformation, and + consequent marriage of bishops, there has been no official decision as to + the bearing the arms of their wives, nor has any precedence been granted + to the latter.</p> + + <p class="author">H. C. K.</p> + + <p class="address">—— Rectory, Hereford.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>DOOR-HEAD INSCRIPTIONS.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. vii., pp. 23. 190. 585.)</p> + + <p>A few years ago I copied the following inscription from over the door + of the residence of a parish priest at Cologne:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Protege Deus parochiam hanc propter</p> + <p>Te et S.S. tuum, sicut protexisti</p> + <p>Jerusalem propter Te et David servum</p> + <p>tuum. IV Reg. xx. 6.</p> + <p class="i6"><span class="scac">A.D.</span> 1787."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>From the gateway leading into the Villa Borghese, just outside of the + "Porta del Popolo," at Rome, I copied the following:</p> + +<p class="cenhead">"Villæ Burghesiæ Pincianæ<br /> +Custos hæc edico.<br /> +Quisquis es, si liber<br /> +legum compedes ne hic timeas.<br /> +Ite quo voles, carpite quæ voles,<br /> +Abite quando voles.<br /> +Exteris magis hæc parantur<br /> +quam hero.<br /> +In aureo sæculo ubi cuncta aurea<br /> +temporum securitas fecit<br /> +bene morato:<br /> +Hospiti ferreas leges præfigere<br /> +herus velat.<br /> +Sit hic pro amico, pro lege<br /> +honesta voluntas.<br /> +Verum si quis dolo malo, lubens, sciens<br /> +aureas urbanitatis leges fregerit,<br /> +Caveat ne sibi<br /> +Tesseram amicitiæ subiratus villicus<br /> +advorsum frangat."</p> + + <p>On the entrance into the Villa Medici are the two following:</p> + +<p class="cenhead">"Aditurus hortos hospes, in<br /> +summo ut vides<br /> +colle hortulorum consitos,<br /> +si forte quid<br /> +audes probare, scire debes<br /> +hos hero<br /> +herique amicis esse apertos<br /> +omnibus."</p> + +<p class="cenhead">"Ingressurus hospes hosce quos<br /> +ingentibus<br /> +instruxit hortos sumptibus<br /> +suis Medices<br /> +Fernandus expleare visendo<br /> +licet:<br /> +atque his fruendo plura<br /> +Velle nondecet."</p> + + <p>The following I copied from a gateway leading into a vineyard near the + church of San Eusebio, at Rome:</p> + +<p class="cenhead">"Tria sunt mirabilia;<br /> +Trinus et unus,<br /> +Deus et homo,<br /> +Virgo et mater."</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Ceyrep.</span></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>CONSECRATED ROSES.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. vii., pp. 407. 480.)</p> + + <p>I forward the accompanying observations on the origin of the Rosa + d'Oro, in compliance with the request contained at page 480. of the 185th + No. of "N. & Q.," in case they should not have come under your + observation. They are to be found in <i>Histoire de Lorraine</i>, par + R. P. Dom. Calmet: Nancy, 1745.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Le troisième monastère fondé par les parens de St. Leon est l'Abbaye + de Volfenheim, à deux lieues de Colmar, vers le Midi, et à deux lieues + environs d'Egesheim, château des Comtes de Dasbourg, aujourd'hui (1745) + inhabité, mais bien remarquable par ces vastes ruines, sur le sommet des + montagnes qui dominent sur l'Alsace.</p> + + <p>"Volfenheim étoit un village considérable, à une lieue et demi de + Colmar. On voie encore aujourd'hui à une demi lieue de Sainte Croix dans + les champs, l'église qui lui servoit autrefois de paroisse. L'abbaye + étoit à quelque distance de là, au lieu où est aujourd'hui le bourg de + Sainte Croix.</p> + + <p>"Volfenheim ayant étoit [<i>Quære</i>, été] ruiné par les guerres, les + habitans se sont insensiblement établis autour de l'abbaye, ce qui a + formé un bon bourg, connu sous le nom de Sainte Croix; parceque l'abbaye + étoit consacrée sous cette invocation. Le Pape Leon IX., dans la Bulle + qu'il donna à ce monastère la première année de son pontificat, de J. C. + 1049, nous apprend qu'il avoit été fondé par son père Hughes et sa mère + Heilioilgdis, et ses frères Gerard et Hugues, qui étoient déjà décédés; + il ajoûte que ce lieu lui étoit tombé par droit de succession; il le met + sous la protection spéciale du Saint Siége, en sorte que nulle personne, + de quelque qualité qu'elle soit, n'y exerce aucune autorité, mais qu'il + jouisse d'une pleine liberté, et que l'abbesse et les religieuses + puissent employer quelque evêque ils jugeroient apropos pour les + bénédictions d'autels, et autres fonctions qui regardent le ministère + épiscopal: que son neveu, le Comte Henri Seigneur d'Egesheim, en soit la + voue, et après lui, l'aîné des Seigneurs d'Egesheim à perpétuité.</p> + + <p>"Que si cette race vient à manquer, l'abbesse et le couvent choisiront + quelque autre de la parenté de ces <!-- Page 39 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page39"></a>{39}</span>seigneurs, afin que + l'avocatie ne soit pas de leur race, et qu'après la mort de Kuentza, qui + en étoit abbesse, et à qui le Pape avoit donné la bénédiction abbatiale, + les religieuses choisissent de leur communauté, ou d'ailleurs, celle qui + leur paroîtra la plus propre, reservant toujours au Pape le droit de la + bénir. Et en reconnaissance d'un privilège si singulier, l'abbesse + donnera tous les ans au Saint Siége une Rose d'Or du poids de deux onces + Romaines. Elle l'envoyera toute faite, ou en envoyera la matière + préparée, de telle sorte qu'elle soit rendue au Pape huit jours + auparavant qu'il la porte, c'est-à-dire, le Dimanche de Carême, où l'on + chante à l'Introite, 'Oculi mei semper ad Dominum;' afin qu'il puisse + bénir au Dimanche 'Lætare,' qui est le quatrième du Carême. Telle est + l'origine de la Rose d'Or, que le Pape bénit encore aujourd'hui le + quatrième Dimanche de Carême, nommé 'Lætare,' et qu'il envoye à quelque + prince pour marque d'estime et de bienveillance. Ce jour-là, la station + se fait à Sainte Croix de Jérusalem. Le Pape, accompagné des cardinaux, + vetûs de couleur de rose, marche en cavalcade à l'eglise, tenant la Rose + d'Or à la main. Il la porte, allant à l'autel, chargé de baume et de + mare. Il la quitte au 'Confiteor,' et la reprend après 'l'Introite.' Il + en fait la Bénédiction, et après l'Evangile, il monte en chaise et + explique les propriétés de la rose. Après la Messe il retourne en + cavalcade à son palais, ayant toujours la Rose en main et la couronne sur + la tête. On appelle ce Dimanche 'Pascha rosata,' ou 'Lætare.'</p> + + <p>"Nous avons encore un sermon du Pape Innocent III., composé en cette + occasion, an commencement du treizième siècle. Le Pape Nicholas IV., en + 1290, dans le dénombrement qu'il fait des églises qui doivent des + redevances à l'église de Rome, met le monastère de Sainte Croix, diocèse + de Basle, qui doit deux onces d'or pour la Rose d'Or, qui se bénit au + Dimanche Lætere, Jérusalem."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author">P. P. P.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>NOTES ON SERPENTS.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. ii., p. 130.; Vol. vi., p. 177.—Vol. iii., p. 490.; Vol. vi., pp. 42. 147.)</p> + + <p>Loskiel, in his account of the Moravian missions to the North American + Indians<a name="footnotetag5" href="#footnote5"><sup>[5]</sup></a>, tells + us that,—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"The Indians are remarkably skilled in curing the bite of venomous + serpents, and have found a medicine peculiarly adapted to the bite of + each species. For example, the leaf of the Rattlesnake-root (<i>Polygala + senega</i>) is the most efficacious remedy against the bite of this + dreadful animal. God has mercifully granted it to grow in the greatest + plenty in all parts most infested by the rattlesnake. It is very + remarkable that this herb acquires its greatest perfection just at the + time when the bite of these serpents is the most dangerous.... Virginian + Snake-root (<i>Aristolochia serpentaria</i>) chewed, makes also an + excellent poultice for wounds of this sort.... The fat of the serpent + itself, rubbed into the wound, is thought to be efficacious. The flesh of + the rattlesnake, dried and boiled to a broth, is said to be more + nourishing than that of the viper, and of service in consumptions. Their + gall is likewise used as medicine."—P. 146.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Pigs are excepted from the dreadful effects of their bite; they will + even attack and eat them. It is said that, <i>if a rattlesnake is + irritated and cannot be revenged, it bites itself, and dies in a few + hours</i>:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Wird dieses Thier zornig gemacht, und es kann sich nicht rächen, so + beiszt es sich selbst, und in wenig Stunden ist es todt."—P. 113.<a + name="footnotetag6" href="#footnote6"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p> + + <p>"I have seen some of our Canadians eat these rattlesnakes repeatedly. + The flesh is very white, and they assured me had a delicious taste. Their + manner of dressing them is very simple.... Great caution, however, is + required in killing a snake for eating; for if the first blow fails, or + only partially stuns him, <i>he instantly bites himself in different + parts of the body, which thereby become poisoned</i>, and would prove + fatal to any person who should partake of it."—Cox's <i>Adv. on the + Columbia River</i>: Lond. 1832, p. 74.</p> + + <p>"Dr. Fordyce knew the black servant of an Indian merchant in America, + who was fond of soup made of rattlesnakes, in which he always boiled the + head along with the rest of the animal, without any regard to the + poisons."—Rees's <i>Cyclopædia</i>.</p> + + <p>"There is a religious sect in Africa, not far from Algiers, which eat + the most venomous serpents <i>alive</i>; and certainly, it is said, + without extracting their fangs. They declare they enjoy the privilege + from their founder. The creatures writhe and struggle between their + teeth; but possibly, if they do bite them, the bite is innocuous."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Mrs. Crowe, in the concluding chapter of her <i>Night-side of + Nature</i>, gives the testimony of an eye-witness to "the singular + phenomenon to be observed by placing a scorpion and a mouse together + under a glass."</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"It is known that <i>stags renew their age by eating serpents</i>; so + the phœnix is restored by the nest of spices she makes to burn in. + The pelican hath the same virtue, whose right foot, if it be put under + hot dung, after three months a pelican will be bred from it. Wherefore + some physicians, with some confections made of <i>a viper</i> and + hellebore, and of some of the flesh of these creatures, <i>do promise to + restore youth, and sometimes they do it</i>."<a name="footnotetag7" + href="#footnote7"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>On reading any of our old herbalists, one would imagine that serpents + (and those of the worst kind) abounded in "Merrie Englande," and that + they were the greatest bane of our lives. It is <!-- Page 40 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page40"></a>{40}</span>hard to stumble on a + plant that is not an antidote to the bite of serpents. Our old herbals + were compiled, however, almost entirely from the writings of the + ancients, and from foreign sources. The ancients had a curious notion + relative to the plant Basil (<i>Oscimum basilicum</i>), viz., "That there + is a property in Basil to propagate scorpions, and that the smell thereof + they are bred in the brains of men." Others deny this wonderful property, + and make Basil a simple antidote.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"According unto Oribasius, physician unto Julian, the Africans, men + best experienced in poisons, affirm, whosoever hath eaten Basil, although + he be stung with a scorpion, shall feel no pain thereby, which is a very + different effect, and rather antidotally destroying than seminally + promoting its production."—Sir Thomas Browne, <i>Vulgar + Errors.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>An old writer gives the following anecdote in point:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Francis Marcio, an eminent statesman of Genoa, having sent an + ambassador from that republic to the Duke of Milan, when he could neither + procure an audience of leave from that prince, nor yet prevail with him + to ratify his promises made to the Genoese, taking a fit opportunity, + presented a handful of the herb Basil to the duke. The duke, somewhat + surprised, asked what that meant? 'Sir,' replied the ambassador, 'this + herb is of that nature, that if you handle it gently without squeezing, + it will emit a pleasant and grateful scent; but if you squeeze and gripe + it, 'twill not only lose its colour, but it <i>will become productive of + scorpions</i> in a little time."—<i>The Entertainer</i>: London, + 1717, p. 23.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Pliny tells us that a decoction from the leaves of the ash tree, given + as a drink, is such a remedy that "nothing so soveraigne can be found + against the poison of serpents;" and farther:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"That a <i>serpent dare not come neare the shaddow of that tree</i>. + The serpent will chuse rather to goe into the fire than to flie from it + to the leaves of the ash. A wonderful goodnesse of Dame Nature, that the + ash doth bloome and flourish alwaies before that serpents come abroad, + and never sheddeth leaves, but continueth green untill they be retired + into their holes, and hidden within the ground."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>The ancient opinion respecting the rooted antipathy between the ash + and the serpent is not to be explained merely by the fact in natural + history of its being an antidote, but it has a deeply mythical meaning. + See, in the <i>Prose Edda</i>, the account of the ash Yggdrasill, and the + serpents gnawing its roots. Loskiel corroborates Pliny as to the ash + being an antidote:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"A decoction of the buds or bark of the white ash (<i>Fraxinus + carolina</i>) taken inwardly is said to be a certain remedy against the + effects of poison," <i>i.e.</i> of the rattlesnake.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Serpents afford Pliny a theme for inexhaustible wonders. The strangest + of his relations perhaps is where he tells us that serpents, "when they + have stung or bitten a man, die for very greefe and sorrow that they have + done such a mischeefe." He makes a special exception, however, of the + murderous salamander, who has no such "pricke and remorse of conscience," + but would "destroy whole nations at one time," if not prevented. In this + same book (xxix.) he gives a receipt for making the famous + <i>theriacum</i>, or treacle, of vipers' flesh. Another strange notion of + the ancients was "that the marrow of a man's backe bone will breed to a + snake" (<i>Hist. Nat.</i>, x. 66.). This perhaps, originally, had a + mystic meaning; for a great proportion of the innumerable serpent stories + have a deeper foundation than a credulous fancy or lively + imagination.</p> + + <p>Take, for instance, the wide-spread legend of the sea-serpent. Mr. + Deane says,—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"The superstition of 'the serpent in the sea' was known to the + Chinese, as we observed in the chapter on the 'Serpent-worship of China.' + But it was doubtless, at one time, a very general superstition among the + heathens, for we find it mentioned by Isaiah, ch. xxvii. 1., 'In that day + the Lord, with his sore and great and strong sword, shall punish + Leviathan the piercing serpent, even Leviathan that crooked serpent: and + He shall slay <i>the dragon that is in the sea</i>.'"</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>In <i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>, vol. ii. p. 645., vol. iv. pp. 33. + 205., may be found some interesting papers on the "Scrakin, or Great Sea + Serpent."</p> + + <p>Mr. Deane's <i>Worship of the Serpent</i> (London, 1830); and <i>The + Cross and the Serpent</i>, by the Rev. Wm. Haslam (London, 1849), are + noble works both of them, and ought to be in the hands of every Christian + scholar. In these two words, "Cross" and "Serpent," we have an epitome of + the history of the world and the human race, as well as the ground-work + for all our hopes and fears. In them are bound up the highest mysteries, + the truest symbolism, the deepest realities, and our nearest and dearest + interests.</p> + + <p>Lord Bacon thus narrates the classical fable which accounts for the + serpent's being gifted with the power of restoring youth:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"The gods, in a merry mood, granted unto men not only the use of fire, + but <i>perpetual youth</i> also, a boon most acceptable and desirable. + They being as it were overjoyed, did foolishly lay this gift of the gods + upon the back of an ass, who, being wonderfully oppressed with thirst and + near a fountain, was told by a serpent (which had the custody thereof) + that he should not drink unless he would promise to give him the burthen + that was on his back. The silly ass accepted the condition, and <i>so the + restoration of youth</i> (<i>sold for a draught of water</i>) <i>passed + from men to serpents.</i>"—<i>The Wisdom of the Ancients</i> + (Prometheus, xxvi.).</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>That this, as well as the whole of the legend relating to Prometheus, + is a confused account of an early tradition relative to the Fall of Man, + and his forfeiture of immortality, is obvious to any <!-- Page 41 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page41"></a>{41}</span>unprejudiced + mind. Lord Bacon's explanation shows that he has been overreached by his + fancy and ingenuity.</p> + + <p>In all the ancient mysteries, the serpent was more or less + conspicuously introduced, and always as a symbol of the invigorating or + active power of nature. The serpent was an emblem of the sun. + <i>Solar</i>, <i>Phallic</i>, and <i>Serpent</i> worship, are all forms + of a single worship.<a name="footnotetag8" + href="#footnote8"><sup>[8]</sup></a> The Hindu <i>Boodh</i>, Chinese + <i>Fo</i>, Egyptian <i>Osiris</i>, Northern <i>Woden</i>, Mexican + <i>Quetzalcoatl</i> (feathered serpent), are one and the same. (See the + <i>American Archæological Researches</i>, No. 1.; <i>The Serpent Symbol, + and the Worship of the Reciprocal Principles of Nature in America</i>, by + E. G. Squier: New York, 1851.)</p> + + <p>In Hindostan, to this day, we have the <i>Chaudravanasas</i> and the + <i>Snaryavanasas</i>, worshippers of the moon, the aqueous or female; and + of the sun, the igneous or male principle. The <i>Saivas</i> conjoin the + two. Clemens Alexandrinus has a curious remark, referring to the calling + on <i>Evoe</i> or <i>Eva</i> in the orgies of Bacchus; he says:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"The symbol in the orgies of Bacchus is a consecrated <i>serpent</i>; + and, indeed, if we pay attention to the strict sense of the Hebrew, the + name <i>Evia</i>, aspirated, signifies <i>female serpent</i>."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>In my list of saints who are represented with a dragon or serpent + beneath their feet, I omitted St. Hilary:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"He is usually represented with three books. In Callot's <i>Images</i> + he is treading on serpents, and accompanied by the text Numb. xxi. 7. + Both these emblems allude to his opposition to Arianism; the books + signifying the treatises he wrote against it, and the serpents the false + doctrines and heresies which he overthrew." <i>Calendar of the Anglican + Church Illustrated</i>: London, 1851, p. 37.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>In Didron's splendid work (the <i>Iconographie</i>) we have several + references to ancient representations of our blessed Lord treading the + dragon under foot; and sometimes the lion, the asp, and the basilisk are + added. (See Ps. xci. 13.)</p> + + <p><i>The Conception</i> is usually represented in Christian art by a + figure of Mary setting her foot, as second Eve, on the head of the + prostrate serpent (in allusion to Gen. iii. 15.), and thus we find it in + Callot's <i>Images</i>.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Not seldom, in a series of subjects from the Old Testament, the + pendant to Eve holding the apple is Mary crushing the head of the fiend: + and thus the bane and antidote are both before us." (See Mrs. Jameson's + <i>Legends of the Madonna.</i>)</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Eirionnach.</span></p> + +<div class="note"> + <a name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b><a + href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> + <p>The title of this curious book is, <i>Geschichte der Mission der + evangelischen Brüder unter den Indianern in Nordamerika</i>, durch Georg + H. Loskiel: Barby, 1789, 8vo., pp. 783. Latrobe's translation of this + book was published Lond. 1794.</p> + + <a name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b><a + href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a> + <p>This reminds one of the notion respecting</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"The scorpion girt with fire,"</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>immortalised by Lord Byron's famous simile.</p> + + <a name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b><a + href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a> + <p><i>Eighteen Books of the Secrets of Art and Nature; being the Summe + and Substance of Naturall Philosophy methodically digested</i>: London, + 1661.</p> + + <a name="footnote8"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b><a + href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a> + <p>In O'Brien's work on <i>The Round Towers of Ireland</i>, London, 1834, + may be found much curious matter on this subject; and a good deal of + light is thrown on the horrors of Serpent or Boodhist worship. It is, + however, a wild and irreverent book, and by no means to be recommended to + the general reader, independently of the nature of its details. Mr. Payne + Knight's book is too well known to need mention here.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.</h3> + + <p><i>Early Notice of the Camera Obscura.</i>—I send you an early + notice of the camera obscura, which is to be found in vol. vi. of the + <i>Nouvelles de la République des Lettres</i> for September, 1686, p. + 1016. It is taken from a letter of Mons. Laurenti, médecin, of Boulogne, + "Sur l'érection des espèces dans une chambre optique."</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"C'est ainsi qu'on nomme one chambre exactement fermée partout, si ce + n'est dans un endroit par où on laisse entrer la lumière, afin de voir + peints, et situés à rebours, sur un morceau de papier blanc, les objets + de dehors qui respondent à ce trou, auquel il faut mettre un verre + convexe. On a souhaité, pour donner plus d'agrément à ce spectacle, que + les objets se peignissent sur ce papier selon leur véritable situation; + et pour cet effet on a cherché des expédiens qui redressassent les + espèces avant qu'elles parvinssent au foier du verre, c'est-à-dire, sur + le papier. L'auteur raporte '10' de ces expédiens, et trouve dans chacun + d'eux quelque chose d'incommode, mais enfin il en raporte un autre, qui + est exempt de toutes ces incommoditéz, et qui, par le moien d'un prisme, + au travers duquel il faut regarder les images peints sur le papier, les + montre dans leur situation droite, et augmente même la vivacité de leurs + couleurs. C'est le hazard qui a découvert ce phénomène."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>This letter is to be found at length in the <i>Miscellanea Curiosa, + sive Ephemeridum Medico-Physicarum Germanicarum Academiæ Naturæ + curiosorum decuria II. annus quartus, anni 1685 continens celeberrimorum + Virorum observationes medicas</i>: Norimbergæ, 1686, in 4to. It may + perhaps be worth consulting, if it were only to know what the ten + rejected expedients are.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Anon.</span></p> + + <p><i>Queries on Dr. Diamond's Collodion Process.</i>—Will you + oblige me by informing <span class="sc">Dr. Diamond</span> through your + valuable publication, that I am, in common with many others, extremely + indebted to him for his collodion, and would esteem it a favour if he + would answer the following Queries, viz.:</p> + + <p>1st. He says, in answer to a previous Query, that "nitrate of potassa" + is <i>not</i> formed in his process. Now I wish to ask if (as the iodide + of silver is redissolved in iodide of potassium) it is <i>not</i> formed + when the plate is plunged into the nitrate silver bath, as the nitrate + decomposes the iodide of potassium?</p> + + <p>2nd. How long will the collodion, according to his formulæ, keep, as + collodion made with iodide of silver generally decomposes quickly.</p> + + <p>3rdly. Why does he prohibit <i>washed</i> ether?</p> + + <p>4thly. Does he think cyanide of potassium would do as well as the + iodide, to redissolve the iodide of silver, iodide of potassium being at + present so dear?</p> + +<p><!-- Page 42 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page42"></a>{42}</span></p> + + <p>5thly. In his paper process, does not the soaking in water after + iodizing merely take away a portion of iodides of silver and potassium + from the paper; or, if not, what end is answered by it?</p> + + <p class="author">W. F. E.</p> + + <p><i>Baths for the Collodion Process.</i>—Having lately been + assured, by a gentleman of scientific attainments, that the sensitiveness + of the prepared collodion plate depends rather upon the strength of the + nitrate of silver bath than on the collodion, I am desirous of asking how + far the experience of your correspondents confirms this statement. My + informant assured me, that if, instead of using a solution of thirty + grains of nitrate of silver to the ounce of water for the bath, which is + the proportion recommended by Messrs. Archer, Horne, Delamotte, Diamond, + &c., a sixty grain solution be substituted, the formation of the + image would be the work of the fraction of a second. This seems to me so + important as to deserve being brought under the notice of + photographers—especially at this busy season—without a + moment's delay; and I therefore record the statement at once, as, from + circumstances with which I need not encumber your pages, I shall not have + an opportunity of trying any experiment upon the point for a week or + two.</p> + + <p>Upon referring to the authorities on the subject of the best solution + for baths, I have been struck with their uniformity. One exception only + has presented itself, which is in a valuable paper by Mr. Thomas in the + 6th Number of the <i>Journal of the Photographic Society</i>. That + gentleman directs the bath to be prepared in the following manner:</p> + + <p>Into a 20 oz. stoppered bottle, put—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Nitrate of silver 1 oz.</p> + <p>Distilled water 10 oz.</p> + <p class="i2">Dissolve.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Iodide of potassium 5 grs.</p> + <p>Distilled water 1 dr.</p> + <p class="i2">Dissolve.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>On mixing these two solutions, a precipitate of iodide of silver is + formed. Place the bottle containing this mixture in a saucepan of hot + water, keep it on the hob for about twelve hours, shake it occasionally, + now and then removing the stopper. The bath is now perfectly saturated + with iodide of silver; when cold, filter through white filtering paper, + and add—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Alcohol 2 drs.</p> + <p>Sulphuric ether 1 dr.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The prepared glass is to remain in the bath about eight or ten + minutes. Now, is this bath applicable to all collodion, or only to that + prepared by Mr. Thomas; and if the former, what is the rationale of its + beneficial action?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">A Beginner.</span></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Replies to Minor Queries.</h2> + + <p><i>Mitigation of Capital Punishment to a Forger</i> (Vol. vii., p. + 573.).—If your correspondent H. B. C. really wishes to be released + from his hard work in hunting up the truth of my and other narratives of + the <i>mitigation of capital punishment to forgers</i>, I shall be happy + to receive a note from him with his name and address, when I will give + him the name and address of my informant in return. By this means I may + be able to relieve his shoulder from a portion of its burden, and myself + from any farther imputations of "mythic accompaniments," &c., which + are unpalatable phrases even when coming from a gentleman who only + discloses his initials.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Alfred Gatty.</span></p> + + <p class="address">Ecclesfield.</p> + + <p><i>Chronograms</i> (Vol. v., p. 585.) and <i>Anagrams</i> (Vol. iv., + p. 226).—Though we have ceased to practise these "literary + follies," they are not without interest; and you will perhaps think it + worth while to add the following to your list:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Hugo Grotius, his <i>Sophompaneas</i>.</p> + <p class="i1">By FranCIs GoLDsMIth."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>has no date on the title-page, the real date of 1652 being supplied by + the chronogram, which is a better one than most of those quoted in "N. + & Q.," inasmuch as all the numerical letters are employed, and it is + consequently not dependent on the typography.</p> + + <p>James Howell concludes his <i>Parly of Beasts</i> as follows:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Gloria lausque Deo sæCLorVM in sæcVla sunto.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>A chronogrammaticall verse which includes not onely this year, 1660, + but hath numericall letters enow [an illustration, by the way, of + <i>enow</i> as expressive of number] to reach above a thousand years + farther, untill the year 2867."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Query, How is this made out? And are there any other letters employed + as numerical than the M, D, C, L, V, and I? If not, I can only make + Howell's chronogram equivalent to 1927.</p> + + <p>The author, in his <i>German Diet</i>, after narrating the death of + Charles, son of Philip II. of Spain, says:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"If you desire to know the yeer, this chronogram will tell you:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>fILIVs ante DIeM patrIos InqVIrIt In annos,"</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>which would represent the date of 1568.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>The same work contains an anagram on "Frere Jacques Clement," the + murderer of Henry III. of France: "C'est l'enfer qui m'a créé."</p> + + <p class="author">J. F. M.</p> + + <p><i>Abigail</i> (Vol. iv., p. 424.; Vol. v., pp. 38. 94. + 450.).—Can it be shown that this word was in general use, as + meaning a "lady's maid," before the time of Queen Anne. It probably was + so used; <!-- Page 43 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page43"></a>{43}</span>but I have always thought it likely that it + became much more extensively employed, after Abigail Hill, Lady Masham, + became the favourite of that queen. She was, I believe, a poor cousin of + Sarah Jennings, Duchess of Marlborough, and early in life was employed by + her in the humble capacity of lady's maid. After she had supplanted the + haughty duchess, it is not unlikely that the Whigs would take a malicious + pleasure in keeping alive the recollection of the early fortunes of the + Tory favourite, and that they would be unwilling to lose the opportunity + of speaking of a lady's maid as anything else but an "Abigail." Swift, + however, in his use of the word, could have no such design, as he was on + the best of terms with the Mashams, of whose party he was the very life + and soul.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">H. T. Riley.</span></p> + + <p><i>Burial in unconsecrated Ground</i> (Vol. vi., p. + 448.).—Susanna, the wife of Philip Carteret Webb, Esq., of + Busbridge, in Surrey, died at Bath in March, 1756, and was, at her own + desire, buried with two of her children in a cave in the grounds at + Busbridge; it being excavated by a company of soldiers then quartered at + Guildford. Their remains were afterwards disinterred and buried in + Godalming Church.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">H. T. Riley.</span></p> + + <p><i>"Cob" and "Conners"</i> (Vol. vii., pp. 234. 321.).—These + names are not synonymous, nor are they Irish words. It is the pier at + Lyme Regis, and not the harbour, which bears the name of the <i>Cob</i>. + In the "Y Gododin" of Aneurin, a British poem supposed to have been + written in the sixth century, the now obsolete word <i>chynnwr</i> occurs + in the seventy-sixth stanza. In a recent translation of this poem, by the + Rev. John Williams Ab Ithel, M.A., this word is rendered, apparently for + the sake of the metre, "shore of the sea." The explanation given in a + foot-note is, "Harbour <i>cynwr</i> from <i>cyn dwfr</i>." On the shore + of the estuary of the Dee, between Chester and Flint, on the Welsh side + of the river, there is a place called "Connah's Quay." It is probable + that the ancient orthography of the name was <i>Conner</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Cob</i>, I think, is also a British word,—<i>cop</i>, a + mound. All the ancient earth-works which bear this name, of which I have + knowledge, are of a circular form, except a lone embankment called <i>The + Cop</i>, which has been raised on the race-course at Chester, to protect + it from the land-floods and spring-tides of the river Dee.</p> + + <p class="author">N. W. S. (2.)</p> + + <p><i>Coleridge's Unpublished MSS.</i> (Vol. iv., p. 411.; Vol. vi., p. + 533.).—<span class="sc">Theophylact</span>, at the first reference, + inquired whether we are "ever likely to receive from any member of + Coleridge's family, or from his friend Mr. J. H. Green, the fragments, if + not the entire work, of his <i>Logosophia</i>." Agreeing with your + correspondent, that "we can ill afford to lose a work the conception of + which engrossed much of his thoughts," I repeated the Query in another + form, at the second reference (<i>supra</i>), grounding it upon an + assurance of Sara Coleridge, in her introduction to the <i>Biographia + Literaria</i>, that the fragment on Ideas would hereafter appear, as a + sequel to the <i>Aids to Reflection</i>. Whether this fragment be + identical with the <i>Logosophia</i>, or, as I suspect, a distinct essay, + certain it is that nothing of the kind has ever been published.</p> + + <p>From an interesting conversation I had with Dr. Green in a railway + carriage, on our return from the Commemoration at Oxford, I learned that + he has in his possession, (1.) A complete section of a work on <i>The + Philosophy of Nature</i> which he took down from the mouth of Coleridge, + filling a large volume; (2.) A complete treatise on <i>Logic</i>; and + (3.) If I did not mistake, a fragment on <i>Ideas</i>. The reason Dr. + Green assigns for their not having been published, is, that they contain + nothing but what has already seen the light in the <i>Aids to + Reflection</i>, <i>The Theory of Life</i>, and the <i>Treatise on + Method</i>. This appears to me a very inadequate reason for withholding + them from the press. That the works would pay, there can be no doubt. + Besides the editing of these MSS., who is so well qualified as Dr. Green + to give us a good biography of Coleridge?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">C. Mansfield Ingleby.</span></p> + + <p class="address">Birmingham.</p> + + <p><i>Selling a Wife</i> (Vol. vii., p. 602.).—A case of selling a + wife actually and <i>bonâ fide</i> happened in the provincial town in + which I reside, about eighteen years ago. A man publicly sold his wife at + the market cross for 15<i>l.</i>: the buyer carried her away with him + some seven miles off, and she lived with him till his death. The seller + and the buyer are both now dead, but the woman is alive, and is married + to a <i>third</i> (or a <i>second</i>) husband. The legality of the + transaction has, I believe, some chance of being tried, as she now claims + some property belonging to her first husband (the seller), her right to + which is questioned in consequence of her supposed alienation by sale; + and I am informed that a lawyer has been applied to in the case. Of + course there can be little doubt as to the result.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Sc.</span></p> + + <p><i>Life</i> (Vol. vii., pp. 429. 608.).—Compare with the lines + quoted by your correspondents those of Moore, entitled "My Birthday," the + four following especially:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Vain was the man, and false as vain,</p> + <p class="i1">Who said<a name="footnotetag9" href="#footnote9"><sup>[9]</sup></a>, 'Were he ordain'd to run</p> + <p>His long career of life again,</p> + <p class="i1">He would do all that he had done.'"</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Many a man would gladly live his life over again, were he allowed to + bring to bear on his <!-- Page 44 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page44"></a>{44}</span>second life the <i>experience</i> he had + acquired in that past. For in the grave there is no room, either for + <i>ambition</i> or <i>repentance</i>; and the degree of our happiness or + misery for eternity is proportioned to the state of preparation or + unpreparation in which we leave <i>this world</i>. Instead of many a man, + I might have said most good men; and of the others, all who have not + passed the rubicon of hope and grace. The vista of the past, however, + appears a long and dreary retrospect, and <i>any</i> future is hailed as + a relief: yet on second and deeper thought, we would mount again the + rugged hill of life, and try for a brighter prospect, a higher + eminence.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Jarltzberg.</span></p> + +<div class="note"> + <a name="footnote9"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b><a + href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a> + <p>Fontenelle.</p> + +</div> +<hr class="short" /> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Immo Deus mihi si dederit renovare juventam,</p> + <p>Utve iterum in cunis possim vagire; recusem."</p> + <p class="i2">Isaac Hawkins Browne, <i>De Animi Immortalitate</i>, lib. i., near the end.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>(See <i>Selecta Poemata Anglorum Latina</i>, iii. 251.)</p> + + <p class="author">F. W. J.</p> + + <p><i>Passage of Thucydides on the Greek Factions</i> (Vol. vii., p. + 594.).—The passage alluded to by <span class="sc">Sir A. + Alison</span> appears to be the celebrated description of the moral + effects produced by the conflicts of the Greek factions, which is + subjoined to the account of the Corcyræan sedition, iii. 82. The + quotation must, however, have been made from memory, and it is amplified + and expanded from the original. The words adverted to seem to be:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p><span title="'mellêsis de promêthês deilia euprepês, to de sôphron tou anandrou proschêma, kai to pros hapan xuneton epi pan argon.'" class="grk" + >"μέλλησις δὲ + προμηθὴς + δειλία + εὐπρεπὴς, τὸ + δὲ σῶφρον + τοῦ + ἀνάνδρου + πρόσχημα, καὶ + τὸ πρὸς ἅπαν + ξυνετὸν ἐπὶ + πᾶν ἀργόν."</span></p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Thucydides, however, proceeds to say that the cunning which enabled a + man to plot with success against an enemy, or still more to discover his + hostile purposes, was highly esteemed.</p> + + <p class="author">L.</p> + + <p><i>Archbishop King</i> (Vol. vii., p. 430.).—A few days since I + met with the following passage in a brief sketch of Kane O'Hara, in the + last number of the <i>Irish Quarterly Review</i>:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"In the extremely meagre published notices of O'Hara (the celebrated + burletta writer), no reference has been made to his skill as an artist, + of which we have a specimen in his etching of Dr. William King, + archbishop of Dublin, in a wig and cap, of which portrait a copy has been + made by Richardson."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>This extract is taken from one of a very interesting series of papers + upon "The Streets of Dublin."</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Abhba.</span></p> + + <p><i>Devonianisms</i> (Vol. vii., p. 544.).—<i>Pilm</i>, + <i>Forrell</i>.—<i>Pillom</i> is the full word, of which + <i>pilm</i> is a contraction. It appears to have been derived from the + British word <i>pylor</i>, dust. <i>Forell</i> is an archaic name for the + cover of a book. The Welsh appear to have adopted it from the English, as + their name for a bookbinder is <i>fforelwr</i>, literally, one who covers + books. I may mention another Devonianism. The cover of a book is called + its <i>healing</i>. A man who lays slates on the roof of a house is, in + Devonshire, called a <i>hellier</i>.</p> + + <p class="author">N. W. S. (2.)</p> + + <p><i>Perseverant, Perseverance</i> (Vol. vii., p. 400.).—Can <span + class="sc">Mr. Arrowsmith</span> supply any instances of the verb + <i>persever</i> (or <i>perceyuer</i>, as it is spelt in the 1555 edition + of Hawes, M. i. col. 2.), from any other author? and will he inform us + when this "abortive hog" and his litter became extinct.</p> + + <p>In explaining <i>speare</i> (so strangely misunderstood by the editor + of Dodsley), he should, I think, have added, that it was an old way of + writing <i>spar</i>. In Shakspeare's Prologue to <i>Troilus and + Cressida</i>, it is written <i>sperr</i>. <i>Sparred</i>, quoted by + Richardson from the <i>Romance of the Rose</i>, and <i>Troilus and + Creseide</i>, is in the edition of Chaucer referred to by Tyrwhitt, + written in the <i>Romance</i> "spered," and in <i>Troilus</i> + "sperred."</p> + + <p class="author">Q.</p> + + <p class="address">Bloomsbury.</p> + + <p>"<i>The Good Old Cause</i>" (Vol. vi., <i>passim</i>).—Mrs. + Behn, who gained some notoriety for her licentious writings even in + Charles II.'s days, was the author of a play called <i>The Roundheads, or + the Good Old Cause</i>: London, 1682. In the Epilogue she puts into the + mouth of the Puritans the following lines respecting the Royalists:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Yet then they rail'd against <i>The Good Old Cause</i>;</p> + <p>Rail'd foolishly for loyalty and laws:</p> + <p>But when the Saints had put them to a stand,</p> + <p>We left them loyalty, and took their land:</p> + <p>Yea, and the pious work of Reformation</p> + <p>Rewarded was with plunder and sequestration."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The following lines are quoted by Mr. Teale in his <i>Life of Viscount + Falkland</i>, p. 131.:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"The wealthiest man among us is the best:</p> + <p>No grandeur now in Nature or in book</p> + <p>Delights us—repose, avarice, expense,</p> + <p>This is the idolatry; and these we adore:</p> + <p>Plain living and high thinking are no more;</p> + <p>The homely beauty of <i>The Good Old Cause</i></p> + <p>Is gone: our peace and fearful innocence,</p> + <p>And pure religion breathing household laws."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Whence did Mr. Teale get these lines? Either <i>The Good Old Cause</i> + is here used in a peculiar sense, or Mr. Teale makes an unhappy use of + the quotation.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Jarltzberg.</span></p> + + <p><i>Saying of Pascal</i> (Vol. vii., p. 596.).—In reply to the + question of <span class="sc">W. Fraser</span>, I would refer him to + Pascal's <i>sixteenth</i> Provincial Letter, where, in the last paragraph + but one, we read,—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Mes révérends pères, mes lettres n'avaient pas accoutumé de se suivre + de si près, ni d'être si étendues. <i>Le peu de temps que j'ai eu a été + cause de l'un et de l'autre. Je n'ai fait celle-ci plus longue que + parceque je <!-- Page 45 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page45"></a>{45}</span>n'ai pas eu le loisir de la faire plus + courte.</i> La raison qui m'a obligé de hâter vous est mieux connue qu'à + moi."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author">R. E. T.</p> + + <p><i>Paint taken off of old Oak</i> (Vol. vii., p. 620.).—About + twenty-six years ago, by the adoption of a very simple process + recommended by Dr. Wollaston, the paint was entirely removed from the + screen of carved oak which fills the north end of the great hall at + Audley End, and the wood reassumed its original colour and brilliancy. + The result was brought about by the application of soft-soap, laid on of + the thickness of a shilling over the whole surface of the oak, and + allowed to remain there two or three days; at the end of which it was + washed off with plenty of cold water. I am aware that potash has been + often tried with success for the same purpose; but, in many instances, + unless it is used with due caution, the wood becomes of a darker hue, and + has the appearance of having been charred. It is worthy of remark, that + Dr. Wollaston made the suggestion with great diffidence, not having, as + he said, had any practical experience of the effect of such an + application.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Braybrooke.</span></p> + + <p><i>Passage in the "Tempest"</i> (Vol. ii., pp. 259. 299. 337. + 429.).—As a parallel to the expression "most busy least" (meaning + "least busy" emphatically), I would suggest the common expression of the + Northumbrians, "Far over near" (signifying "much too near").</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">H. T. Riley.</span></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Miscellaneous.</h2> + +<h3>NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.</h3> + + <p>The Committee appointed by the Society of Antiquaries to consider what + improvements could be introduced into its management, has at length + issued a Report; and we are glad to find that the alterations suggested + by them have been frankly adopted by the Council. The principal changes + proposed refer to the election of the Council; the having but one + Secretary, who is not to be a member of that body; the appointment of + Local Secretaries; the retirement annually of the Senior Vice-President; + and lastly, that which more than anything else must operate for the + future benefit of the Society, the appointment of a third Standing + Committee, to be called <i>The Executive Committee</i>, whose duty shall + be "to superintend the correspondence of the Society on all subjects + relating to literature and antiquities, to direct any antiquarian + operations or excavations carried on by the Society, to examine all + papers sent for reading, all objects sent for exhibition, and to assist + the Director generally in taking care that the publications of the + Society are consistent with its position and importance." It is easy to + see that if a proper selection be made of the Fellows to serve on this + Committee, their activity, and the renewed interest which will be thereby + awakened in the proceedings of the Society, will ensure for the Thursday + Evening Meetings a regular supply of objects for exhibition, and papers + for reading, worthy of the body—and therefore unlike many which we + have too frequently heard, and to which, but for the undeserved + imputation which we should seem to cast upon our good friend Sir Henry + Ellis, might be applied, with a slight alteration, that couplet of + Mathias which tells—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"How o'er the bulk of these <i>transacted</i> deeds</p> + <p>Sir Henry pants, and d——ns 'em as he reads."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>We have now little doubt that better days are in store for the Society + of Antiquaries.</p> + + <p>The Annual Meeting of the Archæological Institute commences at + Chichester on Tuesday next, under the patronage of the Dukes of Norfolk + and Richmond, and the Bishop of Chichester, and the Presidentship of Lord + Talbot de Malahide. There is a good bill of fare provided in the shape of + Lectures on the Cathedral, by Professor Willis; excursions to Boxgrove + Priory, Halnaker, Godwood, Cowdray, Petworth, Pevensey, Amberley, + Shoreham, Lewes, and Arundel; excavations on Bow Hill; Meetings of the + Sections of History, Antiquities, and Architecture; and, what we think + will be one of the pleasantest features of the programme, the Annual + Meeting of the Sussex Archæological Society, in the proceedings of which + the Members of the Institute are invited to participate.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Books Received.</span>—<i>A Glossary of + Provincialisms in Use in the County of Sussex</i>, by W. Durrant Cooper, + <i>second edition</i>: a small but very valuable addition to our + provincial glossaries, with an introduction well worth the reading. We + shall be surprised if the meeting of the Institute this year in Sussex + does not furnish Mr. Cooper with materials for a third and enlarged + edition.—<i>The Traveller's Library</i>, No. 44., <i>A Tour on the + Continent by Rail and Road</i>, by John Barrow: a brief itinerary of + dates and distances, showing what may be done in a two months' visit to + the Continent.—No. 45. <i>Swiss Men and Swiss Mountains</i>, by + Robert Ferguson: a very graphic and well-written narrative of a tour in + Switzerland, which deserves a corner in the knapsack of the "intending" + traveller.—<i>The Essays, or Counsels Civil and Moral, by Francis + Bacon, Viscount St. Alban</i>, edited by Thomas Markby: a cheap edition + of this valuable "handbook for thinking men," produced by the ready sale + which has attended <i>The Advancement of Learning</i> by the same + editor.—<i>Reynard the Fox, after the German Version of Göthe</i>, + with Illustrations by J. Wolf, Part VII., in which the translator carries + on the story to <i>The Outlawry</i> in well-tuned + verse.—<i>Cyclopædia Bibliographica</i>, Part X. This tenth Part + concludes the first half of the volume of authors and their works; and + the punctuality with which the Parts have succeeded each other is a + sufficient pledge that we shall see this most useful library companion + completed in a satisfactory manner.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.</h3> + + <p><span class="sc">Moore's Melodies.</span> 15th Edition.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Wood's Athenæ Oxonienses</span> (ed. Bliss). 4 vols. + 4to. 1813-20.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">The Complaynts of Scotland.</span> 8vo. Edited by + Leyden. 1804.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Shakspeare's Plays.</span> Vol. V. of Johnson and + Steevens's edition, in 15 vols. 8vo. 1739.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Circle of the Seasons.</span> 12mo. London, 1828. + (Two Copies.)</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Jones' Account of Aberystwith.</span> Trevecka, 8vo. + 1779.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 46 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page46"></a>{46}</span></p> + + <p><span class="sc">M. C. H. Broemel's Fest-Tanzen der Ersten + Christen.</span> Jena, 1705.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Cooper's Account of Public Records.</span> 8vo. 1832. + Vol. I.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Passionael efte dat Levent der Heiligen.</span> + Basil, 1522.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Lord Lansdowne's Works.</span> Vol. I. Tonson, + 1736.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">James Baker's Picturesque Guide to the Local Beauties + of Wales.</span> Vol. I. 4to. 1794.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Sanders' History of Shenstone in + Staffordshire.</span> J. Nichols, London, 1794. Two Copies.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Herbert's Carolina Threnodia.</span> 8vo. 1702.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Theobold's Shakspeare Restored.</span> 4to. 1726.</p> + + <p>*** <i>Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to + send their names.</i></p> + + <p>*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, <i>carriage + free</i>, to be sent to <span class="sc">Mr. Bell</span>, Publisher of + "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Notices to Correspondents.</h2> + + <p>J. M. G., <i>who writes respecting the Leigh Peerage, is informed that + we have a private letter for him. How can it be addressed to him?</i></p> + + <p>W. W. (Malta) <i>has our best thanks for his letter of the 25th of + June. His suggestion will be adopted; but we shall shortly have the + pleasure of addressing a</i> private <i>communication to him.</i></p> + + <p><span class="sc">Shakspeare Criticism.</span> <i>We have to apologise + to many friends and Correspondents for the postponement of their + communications. As Soon as the Index to</i> Vol. vii. <i>is published, we + shall take steps to get out of these arrears.</i></p> + + <p>C. P. F. <i>The</i> Ch <i>in the name of </i>Ch<i>obham is soft. There + is a </i>C<i>obham within a few miles of the Camp.</i></p> + + <p><span class="sc">Iodide</span> (June 24th). <i>There is much care + required in iodizing paper; we have no hesitation in saying at present + the subject has not met with sufficient attention. When the iodized paper + is immersed in water, it is some time before it assumes a yellow colour. + This may be accelerated by often changing the water. The brightness of + the colour is by no means an index of its degree of + sensitiveness—on the contrary, paper of a bright yellow colour is + more apt to brown than one of a pale primrose. Too bright a yellow would + also indicate an insufficient soaking; and suffering the paper to remain + longer than is needful not only lessens its sensitive powers, but does + much damage by removing all the size.</i></p> + + <p>H. N. (Kingston). <i>Violet-coloured glass, ground on one side, may be + obtained at 11d. per square foot of Messrs. Forest and Brownley, Lime + Street, Liverpool. It may also be had in London, but the price charged is + much higher. This glass obstructs just a sufficient degree of light, and + is most agreeable to the sitter; not much advantage accrues from the use + of large sheets, and it is objectionable for price. No doubt such an + application as you mention would be useful; but, from the difficulty + there is in keeping out the wet from a glass roof, it would be very + objectionable. Beyond a reference to our advertising columns, we cannot + enter upon the subject of the prices of chemicals and their purity. In + making gun cotton, the time of immersion in the acids must be the same + for twenty grains as for any large quantity: when good, there is a + peculiar crispness in the cotton, and it is</i> quite <i>soluble in the + ether. If our Correspondent (who expresses so much earnestness of + success) will forward his address, he shall receive a small portion made + according to</i> <span class="sc">Dr. Diamond's</span> <i>formulary, + which we find extremely soluble; and he can compare it with that of his + own production.</i></p> + + <p>F. M. (Malta). <i>1st. We are informed by</i> <span class="sc">Dr. + Diamond</span> <i>that however beautiful the results obtained by others + in the use of Canson's paper, in his hands he has found no certainty in + its action, and, for iodized paper for negatives, far inferior to the + best English papers. If the salts of gold are to be used, deep tints are + very readily obtained by the French papers. The propriety of using gold + is very questionable, not only as affecting the after permanence of the + picture, but from the strong contrasts generally produced being very + offensive to an artist's eye. 2ndly. Xyloidine may be iodized precisely + the same as collodion, but no advantage whatever is gained from its use. + A collodion for the taking of positives on glass should be differently + made to one for negative pictures. There should be less of the iodides + contained in it, and it should be more fluid. When this is the case, the + image is never washed out by the hypo., and the delineation is equal in + minuteness to any Daguerreotype on metal plates, as has been shown by the + specimens of the reduction of printing exhibited by Mr. Rosling at the + Society of Arts' Exhibition, where the letters were reduced to 1-750th of + an inch, or less than half the diameter of a human hair. If the + protonitrate of iron</i> properly prepared <i>be used in the development, + the deposit assumes the beautiful appearance of dead white silver, having + none of the reflecting qualities of the metal plates.</i></p> + + <p>C. E. F. (June 13th). <i>The spots in the specimen sent depend upon + minute substances in your collodion not receiving the action of the + nitrate of silver bath; and you will find this upon looking through a + prepared plate after it has been in the nitrate bath, and previously to + its ever having been in the camera. They may be iodide or iodate of + silver, or small crystals of nitrate of potash. If the former, add a + little piece of iodide of potassium, say ten grains to two ounces of + collodion; or if the latter, it would depend upon a defective washing of + the gun cotton by which all the soluble salts have not been removed: thus + more care must be used. We would recommend you to use an entirely new + bath and stronger, four ounces of hypo. to a pint: it is evident that + your very nice specimens have been spoiled by the stains of the bath. + Allow us again to draw your attention to the process given by</i> <span + class="sc">Mr. Pollock</span>; <i>we have seen most satisfactory pictures + produced by it.</i></p> + + <p><span class="sc">R. H. Chattock</span> (Solihull). <i>The "freckled" + appearance which you mention in your positives in all probability depends + upon the action of the light upon the silver, which still remains in your + proof. We have often found it to be the case when old hyposulphite of + soda is used, and when the strength of the bath is becoming weak and + doubtful. It is certainly a safe process to soak the picture in clean + water for an hour or two,</i> the light being excluded <i>previous to the + immersion into the hypo.; and the water extracting a large portion of the + solutions remaining on the paper, the after application of the hypo. need + not be so long continued, whereby the tone of the picture is not so much + lowered. Your own observation, that a piece of Whatman's paper being + merely divided, and one point exhibiting the defects and the other not, + at once negatives the idea that the size in the paper has been + affected.</i></p> + + <p><i>The</i> Index <i>to our</i> <span class="sc">Seventh Volume</span> + <i>will be ready on Saturday next, the 16th.</i></p> + + <p><i>A few complete sets of</i> "<span class="sc">Notes and + Queries</span>," Vols. i. <i>to</i> vi., <i>price Three Guineas, may now + be had; for which early application is desirable.</i></p> + + <p>"<span class="sc">Notes and Queries</span>" <i>is published at noon on + Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that + night's parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the + Saturday.</i></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="cenhead">The Twenty-eighth Edition.</p> + + <p>NEUROTONICS, or the Art of Strengthening the Nerves, containing + Remarks on the influence of the Nerves upon the Health of Body and Mind, + and the means of Cure for Nervousness, Debility, Melancholy, and all + Chronic Diseases, by DR. NAPIER, M.D. London: HOULSTON & STONEMAN. + Price 4<i>d.</i>, or Post Free from the Author for Five Penny Stamps.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"We can conscientiously recommend 'Neurotonics,' by Dr. Napier, to the + careful perusal of our invalid readers."—<i>John Bull Newspaper, + June 5, 1852.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="full" /> + + <p>WANTED, for the Ladies' Institute, 83. Regent Street, Quadrant, LADIES + of taste for fancy work,—by paying 21<i>s.</i> will be received as + members, and taught the new style of velvet wool work, which is acquired + in a few easy lessons. Each lady will be guaranteed constant employment + and ready cash payment for her work. Apply personally to Mr. Thoughey. + N.B. Ladies taught by letter at any distance from London.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + <p>BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class + X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all + Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold + London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver + Cases, 8, 6 and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, + 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior + Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's + Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch + skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, + 2<i>l.</i>, 3<i>l.</i>, and 4<i>l.</i> Thermometers from 1<i>s.</i> + each.</p> + + <p>BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, + the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,</p> + +<p class="cenhead">65. CHEAPSIDE.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + <p>SPECTACLES.—WM. ACKLAND applies his medical knowledge as a + Licentiate of the Apothecaries' Company, London, his theory as a + Mathematician, and his practice as a working Optician, aided by Smee's + Optometer, in the selection of Spectacles suitable to every derangement + of vision, so as to preserve the sight to extreme old age.</p> + + <p>ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES, with the New Vetzlar Eye-pieces, as exhibited + at the Academy of Sciences in Paris. The Lenses of these Eye-pieces are + so constructed that the rays of light fall nearly perpendicular to the + surface of the various lenses, by which the aberration is completely + removed; and a telescope so fitted gives one-third more magnifying power + and light than could be obtained by the old Eye-pieces. Prices of the + various sizes on application to</p> + +<p class="cenhead">WM. ACKLAND, Optician, 93. Hatton Garden, London.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 47 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page47"></a>{47}</span></p> + + <p>PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.—A Selection of the above beautiful + Productions (comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) + may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be + procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the + practice of Photography in all its Branches.</p> + + <p>Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.</p> + + <p>*** Catalogues may be had on application.</p> + + <p>BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical + Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + <p>PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road, + Islington.</p> + + <p>T. OTTEWILL (from Horne & Co.'s) begs most respectfully to call + the attention of Gentlemen, Tourists, and Photographers, to the + superiority of his newly registered DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERAS, + possessing the efficiency and ready adjustment of the Sliding Camera, + with the portability and convenience of the Folding Ditto.</p> + + <p>Every description of Apparatus to order.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + <p>PHOTOGRAPHY.—HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining + Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, + according to light.</p> + + <p>Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the + choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their + Establishment.</p> + + <p>Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used + in this beautiful Art.—123. and 121. Newgate Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="cenhead">Just published, price 1<i>s.</i>, free by Post 1<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i>,</p> + + <p>THE WAXED-PAPER PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS of GUSTAVE LE GRAY'S NEW EDITION. + Translated from the French.</p> + + <p>Sole Agents in the United Kingdom for VOIGHTLANDER & SON'S + celebrated Lenses for Portraits and Views.</p> + + <p>General Depôt for Turner's, Whatman's, Canson Frères', La Croix, and + other Talbotype Papers.</p> + + <p>Pure Photographic Chemicals.</p> + + <p>Instructions and Specimens in every Branch of the Art.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, +London.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + <p>PHOTOGRAPHY.—Collodion (Iodized with the Ammonio-Iodide of + Silver).—J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, were the + first in England who published the application of this agent (see + <i>Athenæum</i>, Aug. 14th). Their Collodion (price 9<i>d.</i> per oz.) + retains its extraordinary sensitiveness, tenacity, and colour unimpaired + for months; it may be exported to any climate, and the Iodizing Compound + mixed as required. J. B. HOCKIN & CO. manufacture PURE CHEMICALS and + all APPARATUS with the latest Improvements adapted for all the + Photographic and Daguerreotype processes. Cameras for Developing in the + open Country. GLASS BATHS adapted to any Camera. Lenses from the best + Makers. Waxed and Iodized Papers, &c.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + <p>PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.—Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's + Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Frères' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's + Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.</p> + + <p>Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. + Paternoster Row, London.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>CLERICAL, MEDICAL, AND GENERAL +LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY.</h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">Established 1824.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + <p>FIVE BONUSES have been declared: at the last in January, 1852, the sum + of 131,125<i>l.</i> was added to the Policies, producing a Bonus varying + with the different ages from 24½ to 55 per cent. on the Premiums paid + during the five years, or from 5<i>l.</i> to 12<i>l.</i> 10<i>s.</i> per + cent. on the Sum Assured.</p> + + <p>The small share of Profit divisible in future among the Shareholders + being now provided for, the ASSURED will hereafter derive all the + benefits obtainable from a Mutual Office, WITHOUT ANY LIABILITY OR RISK + OF PARTNERSHIP.</p> + + <p>POLICIES effected before the 30th June next, will be entitled, at the + next Division, to one year's additional share of Profits over later + Assurers.</p> + + <p>On Assurances for the whole of Life only one half of the Premiums need + be paid for the first five years.</p> + + <p>INVALID LIVES may be Assured at rates proportioned to the risk.</p> + + <p>Claims paid <i>thirty</i> days after proof of death, and all Policies + are <i>Indisputable</i> except in cases of fraud.</p> + + <p>Tables of Rates and forms of Proposal can be obtained of any of the + Society's Agents, or of</p> + + <p class="author">GEORGE H. PINCKARD, Resident Secretary.</p> + + <p class="address">99. <i>Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, London.</i></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + <p>UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY: established by Act of + Parliament in 1834.—8. Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">HONORARY PRESIDENTS.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Honorary Presidents." title="Honorary Presidents."> +<tr><td class="rightbsing" valign="top" style="width:50%"> +Earl of Courtown<br /> +Earl Leven and Melville<br /> +Earl of Norbury<br /> +Earl of Stair<br /> +Viscount Falkland +</td><td class="hspcsingle" valign="top" style="width:50%"> +Lord Elphinstone<br /> +Lord Belhaven and Stenton<br /> +Wm. Campbell, Esq.,<br /> +of Tillichewan +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">LONDON BOARD.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>Chairman.</i>—Charles Graham, Esq.<br /> +<i>Deputy-Chairman.</i>—Charles Downes, Esq.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="London Board." title="London Board."> +<tr><td class="rightbsing" valign="top" style="width:50%"> +H. Blair Avarne, Esq.<br /> +E. Lennox Boyd, Esq.,<br /> +F.S.A., <i>Resident</i>.<br /> +C. Berwick Curtis, Esq.<br /> +William Fairlie, Esq.<br /> +D. Q. Henriques, Esq. +</td><td class="hspcsingle" valign="top" style="width:50%"> +J. G. Henriques, Esq.<br /> +F. C. Maitland, Esq.<br /> +William Railton, Esq.<br /> +F. H. Thomson, Esq.<br /> +Thomas Thorby, Esq. +</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">MEDICAL OFFICERS.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>Physician.</i>—Arthur H. Hassall, Esq., M.D., 8. Bennett Street, St. James's.<br /> +<i>Surgeon.</i>—F. H. Tomson, Esq., 48. Berners Street.</p> + + <p>The Bonus added to Policies from March, 1834, to December 31, 1847, is + as follows:—</p> + + +<table class="topbotbctr" summary="Bonus added to Policies" title="Bonus added to Policies"> + <tr> + <td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> + <p>Sum<br /> + Assured</p> + + </td> + <td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> + <p>Time<br /> + Assured.</p> + + </td> + <td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> + <p>Sum added to<br /> + Policy</p> + + </td> + <td class="botbsing" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"> + <p>Sum<br /> + Payable<br /> + at Death.</p> + + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> + <p>In 1841.</p> + + </td> + <td class="allb" style="text-align:center"> + <p>In 1848.</p> + + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:right"> + <p><i>£ </i></p> + + </td> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:left"> + </td> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:right"> + <p><i>£ s. d.</i></p> + + </td> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:right"> + <p><i>£ s. d.</i></p> + + </td> + <td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><i>£ s. d.</i></p> + + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:right"> + <p>5000</p> + + </td> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:left"> + <p>14 years</p> + + </td> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:right"> + <p>683 6 8 </p> + + </td> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:right"> + <p>787 10 0 </p> + + </td> + <td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p>6470 16 8 </p> + + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:right"> + <p>* 1000</p> + + </td> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:left"> + <p> 7 years</p> + + </td> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p>—</p> + + </td> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:right"> + <p>157 10 0 </p> + + </td> + <td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p>1157 10 0 </p> + + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:right"> + <p>500</p> + + </td> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:left"> + <p> 1 year</p> + + </td> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p>—</p> + + </td> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:right"> + <p>11 5 0 </p> + + </td> + <td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p>511 5 0 </p> + + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <p>* <span class="sc">Example.</span>—At the commencement of the + year 1841, a person aged thirty took out a Policy for 1000<i>l.</i>, the + annual payment for which is 24<i>l.</i> 1<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>; in 1847 he + had paid in premiums 168<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>; but the profits + being 2¼ per cent. per annum on the sum insured (which is 22<i>l.</i> + 10<i>s.</i> per annum for each 1000<i>l.</i>) he had 157<i>l.</i> + 10<i>s.</i> added to the Policy, almost as much as the premiums paid.</p> + + <p>The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most moderate scale, and only + one-half need be paid for the first five years, when the Insurance is for + Life. Every information will be afforded on application to the Resident + Director.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + <p>PURE NERVOUS or MIND COMPLAINTS.—If the readers of <span + class="sc">Notes and Queries</span>, who suffer from depression of + spirits, confusion, headache, blushing, groundless fears, unfitness for + business or society, blood to the head, failure of memory, delusions, + suicidal thoughts, fear of insanity, &c., will call on, or correspond + with, REV. DR. WILLIS MOSELEY, who, out of above 22,000 applicants, knows + not fifty uncured who have followed his advice, he will instruct them how + to get well, without a fee, and will render the same service to the + friends of the insane.—At home from 11 to 3.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">18. BLOOMSBURY STREET, BEDFORD SQUARE.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE +AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">Founded A.D. 1842.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>Directors.</i></p> + + +<table class="nobctr" summary="directors" title="directors"> + <tr> + <td class="rightbsing" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> + <p>H. E. Bicknell, Esq.<br /> + T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.P.<br /> + G. H. Drew, Esq.<br /> + W. Evans, Esq.<br /> + W. Freeman, Esq.<br /> + F. Fuller, Esq.<br /> + J. H. Goodhart, Esq.</p> + + </td> + <td class="hspcsingle" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> + <p>T. Grissell, Esq.<br /> + J. Hunt, Esq.<br /> + J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.<br /> + E. Lucas, Esq.<br /> + J. Lys Seager, Esq.<br /> + J. B. White, Esq.<br /> + J. Carter Wood, Esq.</p> + + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>Trustees.</i>—W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell, Esq.<br /> +<i>Physician.</i>—William Rich. Basham, M.D.<br /> +<i>Bankers.</i>—Messrs. 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With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and + Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life + Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 48 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page48"></a>{48}</span></p> + +<h3>MURRAY'S RAILWAY READING.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">This Day, new and revised Edition, post 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + + <p>ANCIENT SPANISH BALLADS: Historical and Romantic. Translated, with + Notes, by JOHN GIBSON LOCKHART, ESQ.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">Also, fcap. 8vo., 2<i>s.</i></p> + + <p>A MONTH IN NORWAY, during the Summer of 1852. By JOHN G. HOLLWAY, + ESQ.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">The former Volumes of Murray's Railway +Reading are—</p> + + <p>LIFE OF LORD BACON. By LORD CAMPBELL.</p> + + <p>WELLINGTON. By JULES MAUREL.</p> + + <p>FALL OF JERUSALEM. By DEAN MILMAN.</p> + + <p>STORY OF JOAN OF ARC. By LORD MAHON.</p> + + <p>LITERARY ESSAYS AND CHARACTERS. By HENRY HALLAM.</p> + + <p>LIFE OF THEODORE HOOK.</p> + + <p>THE EMIGRANT. By SIR F. B. HEAD.</p> + + <p>CHARACTER OF WELLINGTON. By LORD ELLESMERE.</p> + + <p>MUSIC AND DRESS. By a LADY.</p> + + <p>POPULAR ACCOUNT OF NINEVEH. By A. H. LAYARD.</p> + + <p>BEES AND FLOWERS. By a CLERGYMAN.</p> + + <p>"THE FORTY-FIVE." By LORD MAHON.</p> + + <p>ESSAYS FROM "THE TIMES."</p> + + <p>DEEDS of NAVAL DARING. By EDWARD GIFFARD.</p> + + <p>THE ART OF DINING.</p> + + <p>JOURNEY TO NEPAUL. By LAURENCE OLIPHANT.</p> + + <p>THE CHACE, TURF, AND ROAD. By NIMROD.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">Just ready,</p> + + <p>HISTORY, AS A CONDITION OF SOCIAL PROGRESS. By SAMUEL LUCAS. Fcap. + 8vo., price 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class="cenhead">JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + <p>DUTCH LANGUAGE.—Werninck's Dutch Dictionary, 1824 (published at + 12<i>s.</i>), bd. 5<i>s.</i>—Van der Pyl's Dutch Grammar, 8vo. + 1819, bds. 6<i>s.</i>;—and a variety of other Dutch Works for sale + at</p> + +<p class="cenhead">BERNARD QUARITCH'S,<br /> +16. Castle Street, Leicester Square.</p> + + <p>*** B. Q.'s Catalogue, containing an extensive stock of Books in all + the Languages of the World, may be had for 6<i>d.</i>—B. Q.'s + Monthly Catalogues are sent for a year on receipt of Twelve Postage + Stamps.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="cenhead">TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR +GARDENS.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE +AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. +LINDLEY)</p> + +<p class="cenhead">Of Saturday, July 2, contains Articles on</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Contents." title="Contents."> +<tr><td class="rightbsing" valign="top"> +Aloes, to water, by Mr. Burgess<br /> +Analyses of roots<br /> +Ants, black<br /> +Banana, by Mr. Bidwell<br /> +Beetles, to kill<br /> +Begonia Prestoniensis<br /> +Books noticed<br /> +Botanic Garden, Glasnevin, fete in<br /> +Calendar, horticultural<br /> +—— agricultural<br /> +Celery, to blanch, by Mr. Bennett<br /> +Chopwell Wood<br /> +Digger, Samuelson's<br /> +Drainage, land<br /> +Farming on Dartmoor<br /> +Fences, land occupied by<br /> +Fir, miniature Scotch, by Mr. M<sup>c</sup>Pherson<br /> +Forests, royal<br /> +Fruit, to pack<br /> +Grapes, to pack<br /> +—— at Chiswick<br /> +Grape mildew<br /> +Grasses for lawns<br /> +Grubbers or scufflers +</td><td class="spacsingle" valign="top"> +Horticultural Society's garden<br /> +Law of fixtures<br /> +Lawn grasses<br /> +Lisianthus Russellianus<br /> +Lycoperdon Proteus, by Mr. Richardson<br /> +Mangold Wurzel<br /> +Manuring, liquid, by Professor Hay<br /> +Mildew, grape<br /> +Newbury Horticultural Show<br /> +Packing fruit<br /> +Peaches, to pack<br /> +Pear disease (with engraving)<br /> +Pelargoniums, to bed out<br /> +—— window<br /> +Poultry literature<br /> +Rhubarb wine<br /> +Root crops<br /> +Roots, best size of, by Mr. Hamilton<br /> +Royal Botanic Gardens<br /> +Scufflers or grubbers<br /> +Seeding, thin<br /> +Societies, proceedings of the Horticultural, Agricultural of England<br /> +Turnip crops<br /> +Wine, rhubarb +</td></tr></table><p></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + <p>THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in + addition to the above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and + Liverpool prices, with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, + Bark, Wool, and Seed Markets, and a <i>complete Newspaper, with a + condensed account of all the transactions of the week</i>.</p> + + <p>ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper + Wellington Street, Covent Garden. London.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>ARCHÆOLOGICAL INSTITUTE</h2> + +<p class="cenhead">OF</p> + +<h3>Great Britain and Ireland.</h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">ANNUAL MEETING, CHICHESTER, 1853.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Patrons.</span><br /> +His Grace the Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal, K.G.<br /> +His Grace the Duke of Richmond, K.G., Lord Lieutenant of Sussex, and Custos Rotulorum.<br /> +The Lord Bishop of Chichester, D.D.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">President.</span><br /> +The Lord Talbot de Malahide, M.R.I.A.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Presidents of Sections.</span><br /> +<i>History.</i>—The Earl of Chichester.<br /> +<i>Antiquities.</i>—The Hon. Robert Curzon, Jun.<br /> +<i>Architecture.</i>—The Very Rev. the Dean of Chichester.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + <p>The ANNUAL MEETING will commence at CHICHESTER on TUESDAY next, July + the 12th.</p> + + <p>All persons who propose to communicate Memoirs, or to send + Antiquities, &c., for Exhibition, are requested to make known their + intention forthwith.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>GEO. VULLIAMY, Sec.</p> + <p><i>26. Suffolk Street, Pall Mall.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="cenhead">MADVIG'S GREEK SYNTAX, BY +ARNOLD AND BROWNE.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">In square 8vo., price 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + + <p>SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE, especially of the Attic Dialect, for the + Use of Schools. By PROFESSOR MADVIG. Translated from the German by the + REV. H. BROWNE, M.A., and edited by the REV. T. K. ARNOLD, M.A., late + Rector of Lyndon, and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. With + an Appendix on the GREEK PARTICLES, by the Translator.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="cenhead">ARNOLD'S EDITIONS OF THE GREEK +DRAMAS, WITH ENGLISH NOTES.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">Just published, price 3<i>s.</i></p> + + <p>THE MEDEA of EURIPIDES; with ENGLISH NOTES, from the German of + Witzschel. Edited by the REV. THOMAS KERCHEVER ARNOLD, M.A., late Rector + of Lyndon, and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">Recently published in this Series:</p> + + <p>1. EURIPIDIS BACCHÆ, 3<i>s.</i>—HIPPOLYTUS, + 3<i>s.</i>—HECUBA, 3<i>s.</i></p> + + <p>2. SOPHOCLIS ŒDIPUS COLONEUS, 4<i>s.</i>—ŒDIPUS + TYRANNUS, 4<i>s.</i>—PHILOCTETES, 3<i>s.</i>—AJAX, + 3<i>s.</i>—ANTIGONE, 4<i>s.</i></p> + + <p>3. ECLOGÆ ARISTOPHANICÆ. (CLOUDS), 3<i>s.</i> + 6<i>d.</i>—(BIRDS), 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="cenhead">Now ready, with Woodcuts, Post 8vo., 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + + <p>THE STORY OF CORFE CASTLE, and of many who have lived there. Collected + from Ancient Chronicles and Records; also from the Private Memoirs of a + Family resident there in the Time of the Civil Wars, which include + various particulars of the Court of Charles I., when at York, and + afterwards at Oxford. By the RIGHT HON. GEORGE BANKES, M.P.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + <p>THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE for JULY, 1853, being the First of a New + Volume, contains:—1. Memoirs of Thomas Moore. 2. Wanderings of an + Antiquary, from York to Godmanham (with Engravings). 3. Female Novelists. + 4. A Political Caricature, temp. Charles I. 5. A Midland Town (Leicester) + in the Reign of George III., and Mr. Gardiner's Anecdotes of T. Moore. 6. + Historical Notes on the Retaining of Counsel. 7. Roman Antiquities found + at Kingsholm, near Gloucester. 8. Remains of Norman Cross at Birstall, + co. York (with an Engraving). 9. The Bourne Stream near Croydon. 10. Dr. + Guest on the Etymology of Stonehenge. Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban: + The Itinerary of Richard of Cirencester.—The Roches and Viscounty + of Fermoy.—Recent repairs of Lambeth Church.—Early state of + St. James's Park.—Postmen, temp. Charles I., &c. &c. With + Notes of the Month, Reviews of New Publications, Historical Chronicle, + and <span class="sc">Obituary</span>, including Memoirs of the Earl of + Ducie, Lord Dacre, Sir John Hope, Bart., Sir Charles A. Elton, Bart., + Lt.-Gen. Sir R. Arbuthnot, Vice-Adm. Sir F. Mason, Sir Richard B. Comyn, + Culling C. Smith, Esq., J. L. Dampier, Esq., Ludwig Tieck, &c. Price + 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class="cenhead">NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="cenhead">Now ready, price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> By Post, 5<i>s.</i></p> + + <p>THE PRACTICE OF PHOTOGRAPHY. A Manual for Students and Amateurs. By + PHILIP DELAMOTTE, F.S.A. Illustrated with a Photographic Picture taken by + the Collodion Process. This Manual contains much practical information of + a valuable nature.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">JOSEPH CUNDALL, 168. New Bond Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + <p>Printed by <span class="sc">Thomas Clark Shaw</span>, of No. 10 + Stonefield Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New + Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and + published by <span class="sc">George Bell</span>, of No. 186. Fleet + Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, + Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, July 9, + 1853.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 193, July 9, +1853, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + +***** This file should be named 28475-h.htm or 28475-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/4/7/28475/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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