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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Life of Flavius Josephus + +Author: Flavius Josephus + +Translator: William Whiston + +Release Date: December 23, 2008 [EBook #2846] +Last Updated: January 9, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS *** + + + + +Produced by David Reed, and David Widger + + + + + + +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + THE LIFE OF FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS + </h1> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h2> + By Flavius Josephus + </h2> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h3> + Translated by William Whiston + </h3> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <h3> + <a href="#link2H_FOOT"> Footnotes </a> + </h3> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <p> + 1. The family from which I am derived is not an ignoble one, but hath + descended all along from the priests; and as nobility among several people + is of a different origin, so with us to be of the sacerdotal dignity, is + an indication of the splendor of a family. Now, I am not only sprung from + a sacerdotal family in general, but from the first of the twenty-four <a + href="#linknote-1" name="linknoteref-1" id="linknoteref-1"><small>1</small></a> + courses; and as among us there is not only a considerable difference + between one family of each course and another, I am of the chief family of + that first course also; nay, further, by my mother I am of the royal + blood; for the children of Asamoneus, from whom that family was derived, + had both the office of the high priesthood, and the dignity of a king, for + a long time together. I will accordingly set down my progenitors in order. + My grandfather's father was named Simon, with the addition of Psellus: he + lived at the same time with that son of Simon the high priest, who first + of all the high priests was named Hyrcanus. This Simon Psellus had nine + sons, one of whom was Matthias, called Ephlias: he married the daughter of + Jonathan the high priest, which Jonathan was the first of the sons of + Asamoneus, who was high priest, and was the brother of Simon the high + priest also. This Matthias had a son called Matthias Curtus, and that in + the first year of the government of Hyrcanus: his son's name was Joseph, + born in the ninth year of the reign of Alexandra: his son Matthias was + born in the tenth year of the reign of Archclaus; as was I born to + Matthias in the first year of the reign of Caius Caesar. I have three + sons: Hyrcanus, the eldest, was born in the fourth year of the reign of + Vespasian, as was Justus born in the seventh, and Agrippa in the ninth. + Thus have I set down the genealogy of my family as I have found it + described <a href="#linknote-2" name="linknoteref-2" id="linknoteref-2"><small>2</small></a> + in the public records, and so bid adieu to those who calumniate me [as of + a lower original]. + </p> + <p> + 2. Now, my father Matthias was not only eminent on account of his + nobility, but had a higher commendation on account of his righteousness, + and was in great reputation in Jerusalem, the greatest city we have. I was + myself brought up with my brother, whose name was Matthias, for he was my + own brother, by both father and mother; and I made mighty proficiency in + the improvements of my learning, and appeared to have both a great memory + and understanding. Moreover, when I was a child, and about fourteen years + of age, I was commended by all for the love I had to learning; on which + account the high priests and principal men of the city came then + frequently to me together, in order to know my opinion about the accurate + understanding of points of the law. And when I was about sixteen years + old, I had a mind to make trim of the several sects that were among us. + These sects are three:— The first is that of the Pharisees, the + second that Sadducees, and the third that of the Essens, as we have + frequently told you; for I thought that by this means I might choose the + best, if I were once acquainted with them all; so I contented myself with + hard fare, and underwent great difficulties, and went through them all. + Nor did I content myself with these trials only; but when I was informed + that one, whose name was Banus, lived in the desert, and used no other + clothing than grew upon trees, and had no other food than what grew of its + own accord, and bathed himself in cold water frequently, both by night and + by day, in order to preserve his chastity, I imitated him in those things, + and continued with him three years. <a href="#linknote-3" + name="linknoteref-3" id="linknoteref-3"><small>3</small></a> So when I had + accomplished my desires, I returned back to the city, being now nineteen + years old, and began to conduct myself according to the rules of the sect + of the Pharisees, which is of kin to the sect of the Stoics, as the Greeks + call them. + </p> + <p> + 3. But when I was in the twenty-sixth year of my age, it happened that I + took a voyage to Rome, and this on the occasion which I shall now + describe. At the time when Felix was procurator of Judea there were + certain priests of my acquaintance, and very excellent persons they were, + whom on a small and trifling occasion he had put into bonds, and sent to + Rome to plead their cause before Caesar. These I was desirous to procure + deliverance for, and that especially because I was informed that they were + not unmindful of piety towards God, even under their afflictions, but + supported themselves with figs and nuts. <a href="#linknote-4" + name="linknoteref-4" id="linknoteref-4"><small>4</small></a> Accordingly I + came to Rome, though it were through a great number of hazards by sea; for + as our ship was drowned in the Adriatic Sea, we that were in it, being + about six hundred in number, <a href="#linknote-5" name="linknoteref-5" + id="linknoteref-5"><small>5</small></a> swam for our lives all the night; + when, upon the first appearance of the day, and upon our sight of a ship + of Cyrene, I and some others, eighty in all, by God's providence, + prevented the rest, and were taken up into the other ship. And when I had + thus escaped, and was come to Dieearchia, which the Italians call Puteoli, + I became acquainted with Aliturius, an actor of plays, and much beloved by + Nero, but a Jew by birth; and through his interest became known to Poppea, + Caesar's wife, and took care, as soon as possible, to entreat her to + procure that the priests might be set at liberty. And when, besides this + favor, I had obtained many presents from Poppea, I returned home again. + </p> + <p> + 4. And now I perceived innovations were already begun, and that there were + a great many very much elevated in hopes of a revolt from the Romans. I + therefore endeavored to put a stop to these tumultuous persons, and + persuaded them to change their minds; and laid before their eyes against + whom it was that they were going to fight, and told them that they were + inferior to the Romans not only in martial skill, but also in good + fortune; and desired them not rashly, and after the most foolish manner, + to bring on the dangers of the most terrible mischiefs upon their country, + upon their families, and upon themselves. And this I said with vehement + exhortation, because I foresaw that the end of such a war would be most + unfortunate to us. But I could not persuade them; for the madness of + desperate men was quite too hard for me. + </p> + <p> + 5. I was then afraid, lest, by inculcating these things so often, I should + incur their hatred and their suspicions, as if I were of our enemies' + party, and should run into the danger of being seized by them, and slain; + since they were already possessed of Antonia, which was the citadel; so I + retired into the inner court of the temple. Yet did I go out of the temple + again, after Manahem and the principal of the band of robbers were put to + death, when I abode among the high priests and the chief of the Pharisees. + But no small fear seized upon us when we saw the people in arms, while we + ourselves knew not what we should do, and were not able to restrain the + seditious. However, as the danger was directly upon us, we pretended that + we were of the same opinion with them, but only advised them to be quiet + for the present, and to let the enemy go away, still hoping that Gessius + [Florus] would not be long ere he came, and that with great forces, and so + put an end to these seditious proceedings. + </p> + <p> + 6. But, upon his coming and fighting, he was beaten, and a great many of + those that were with him fell. And this disgrace which Gessius [with + Cestius] received, became the calamity of our whole nation; for those that + were fond of the war were so far elevated with this success, that they had + hopes of finally conquering the Romans. Of which war another occasion was + ministered; which was this:— Those that dwelt in the neighboring + cities of Syria seized upon such Jews as dwelt among them, with their + wives and children, and slew them, when they had not the least occasion of + complaint against them; for they did neither attempt any innovation or + revolt from the Romans, nor had they given any marks of hatred or + treacherous designs towards the Syrians. But what was done by the + inhabitants of Scythopolis was the most impious and most highly criminal + of all; <a href="#linknote-6" name="linknoteref-6" id="linknoteref-6"><small>6</small></a> + for when the Jews their enemies came upon them from without, they forced + the Jews that were among them to bear arms against their own countrymen, + which it is unlawful for us to do; <a href="#linknote-7" + name="linknoteref-7" id="linknoteref-7"><small>7</small></a> and when, by + their assistance, they had joined battle with those who attacked them, and + had beaten them, after that victory they forgot the assurances they had + given these their fellow citizens and confederates, and slew them all, + being in number many ten thousands [13,000]. The like miseries were + undergone by those Jews that were the inhabitants of Damascus. But we have + given a more accurate account of these things in the books of the Jewish + war. I only mention them now, because I would demonstrate to my readers, + that the Jews' war with the Romans was not voluntary, but that, for the + main, they were forced by necessity to enter into it. + </p> + <p> + 7. So when Gessius had been beaten, as we have said already, the principal + men of Jerusalem, seeing that the robbers and innovators had arms in great + plenty, and fearing lest they, while they were unprovided of arms, should + be in subjection to their enemies, which also came to be the case + afterward; and, being informed that all Galilee had not yet revolted from + the Romans, but that some part of it was still quiet; they sent me and two + others of the priests, who were men of excellent characters, Joazar and + Judas, in order to persuade the ill men there to lay down their arms, and + to teach them this lesson,—That it were better to have those arms + reserved for the most courageous men that the nation had [than to be kept + there]; for that it had been resolved, That those our best men should + always have their arms ready against futurity; but still so, that they + should wait to see what the Romans would do. + </p> + <p> + 8. When I had therefore received these instructions, I came into Galilee, + and found the people of Sepphoris in no small agony about their country, + by reason that the Galileans had resolved to plunder it, on account of the + friendship they had with the Romans, and because they had given their + right hand, and made a league with Cestius Gallus, the president of Syria. + But I delivered them all out of the fear they were in, and persuaded the + multitude to deal kindly with them, and permitted them to send to those + that were their own hostages with Gessius to Dora, which is a city of + Phoenicia, as often as they pleased; though I still found the inhabitants + of Tiberias ready to take arms, and that on the occasion following:— + </p> + <p> + 9. There were three factions in this city. The first was composed of men + of worth and gravity; of these Julius Capellus was the head. Now he, as + well as all his companions, Herod the son of Miarus, and Herod the son of + Gamalus, and Compsus the son of Compsus; [for as to Compsus's brother + Crispus, who had once been governor of the city under the great king + [Agrippa] <a href="#linknote-8" name="linknoteref-8" id="linknoteref-8"><small>8</small></a> + he was beyond Jordan in his own possessions;] all these persons before + named gave their advice, that the city should then continue in their + allegiance to the Romans and to the king. But Pistus, who was guided by + his son Justus, did not acquiesce in that resolution; otherwise he was + himself naturally of a good and virtuous character. But the second faction + was composed of the most ignoble persons, and was determined for war. But + as for Justus, the son of Pistus, who was the head of the third faction, + although he pretended to be doubtful about going to war, yet was he really + desirous of innovation, as supposing that he should gain power to himself + by the change of affairs. He therefore came into the midst of them, and + endeavored to inform the multitude that "the city Tiberius had ever been a + city of Galilee, and that in the days of Herod the tetrarch, who had built + it, it had obtained the principal place, and that he had ordered that the + city Sepphoris should be subordinate to the city Tiberias; that they had + not lost this preeminence even under Agrippa the father, but had retained + it until Felix was procurator of Judea. But he told them, that now they + had been so unfortunate as to be made a present by Nero to Agrippa, + junior; and that, upon Sepphoris's submission of itself to the Romans, + that was become the capital city of Galilee, and that the royal library + and the archives were now removed from them." When he had spoken these + things, and a great many more, against king Agrippa, in order to provoke + the people to a revolt, he added that "this was the time for them to take + arms, and join with the Galileans as their confederates [whom they might + command, and who would now willingly assist them, out of the hatred they + bare to the people of Sepphoris; because they preserved their fidelity to + the Romans], and to gather a great number of forces, in order to punish + them." And as he said this, he exhorted the multitude, [to go to war;] for + his abilities lay in making harangues to the people, and in being too hard + in his speeches for such as opposed him, though they advised what was more + to their advantage, and this by his craftiness and his fallacies, for he + was not unskilful in the learning of the Greeks; and in dependence on that + skill it was, that he undertook to write a history of these affairs, as + aiming, by this way of haranguing, to disguise the truth. But as to this + man, and how ill were his character and conduct of life, and how he and + his brother were, in great measure, the authors of our destruction, I + shall give the reader an account in the progress of my narration. So when + Justus had, by his persuasions, prevailed with the citizens of Tiberias to + take arms, nay, and had forced a great many so to do against their wills, + he went out, and set the villages that belonged to Gadara and Hippos on + fire; which villages were situated on the borders of Tiberias, and of the + region of Scythopolis. + </p> + <p> + 10. And this was the state Tiberias was now in. But as for Gischala, its + affairs were thus:— When John, the son of Levi, saw some of the + citizens much elevated upon their revolt from the Romans, he labored to + restrain them, and entreated them that they would keep their allegiance to + them. But he could not gain his purpose, although he did his endeavors to + the utmost; for the neighboring people of Gadara, Gabara, and Sogana, with + the Tyrians, got together a great army, and fell upon Gischala, and took + Gischala by force, and set it on fire; and when they had entirely + demolished it, they returned home. Upon which John was so enraged, that he + armed all his men, and joined battle with the people forementioned; and + rebuilt Gischala after a manner better than before, and fortified it with + walls for its future security. + </p> + <p> + 11. But Gamala persevered in its allegiance to the Romans, for the reason + following:— Philip, the son of Jacimus, who was their governor under + king Agrippa, had been unexpectedly preserved when the royal palace at + Jerusalem had been besieged; but, as he fled away, had fallen into another + danger, and that was, of being killed by Manahem, and the robbers that + were with him; but certain Babylonians, who were of his kindred, and were + then in Jerusalem, hindered the robbers from executing their design. So + Philip staid there four days, and fled away on the fifth, having disguised + himself with fictitious hair, that he might not be discovered; and when he + was come to one of the villages to him belonging, but one that was + situated at the borders of the citadel of Gamala, he sent to some of those + that were under him, and commanded them to come to him. But God himself + hindered that his intention, and this for his own advantage also; for had + it not so happened, he had certainly perished. For a fever having seized + upon him immediately, he wrote to Agrippa and Bernice, and gave them to + one of his freed-men to carry them to Varus, who at this time was + procurator of the kingdom, which the king and his sister had intrusted him + withal, while they were gone to Berytus with an intention of meeting + Gessius. When Varus had received these letters of Philip, and had learned + that he was preserved, he was very uneasy at it, as supposing that he + should appear useless to the king and his sister, now Philip was come. He + therefore produced the carrier of the letters before the multitude, and + accused him of forging the same; and said that he spake falsely when he + related that Philip was at Jerusalem, fighting among the Jews against the + Romans. So he slew him. And when this freed-man of Philip did not return + again, Philip was doubtful what should be the occasion of his stay, and + sent a second messenger with letters, that he might, upon his return, + inform him what had befallen the other that had been sent before, and why + he tarried so long. Varus accused this messenger also, when he came, of + telling a falsehood, and slew him. For he was puffed up by the Syrians + that were at Caesarea, and had great expectations; for they said that + Agrippa would be slain by the Romans for the crimes which the Jews had + committed, and that he should himself take the government, as derived from + their kings; for Varus was, by the confession of all, of the royal family, + as being a descendant of Sohemus, who had enjoyed a tetrarchy about + Libanus; for which reason it was that he was puffed up, and kept the + letters to himself. He contrived, also, that the king should not meet with + those writings, by guarding all the passes, lest any one should escape, + and inform the king what had been done. He moreover slew many of the Jews, + in order to gratify the Syrians of Cesarea. He had a mind also to join + with the Trachonites in Batanea, and to take up arms and make an assault + upon the Babylonian Jews that were at Ecbatana; for that was the name they + went by. He therefore called to him twelve of the Jews of Cesarea, of the + best character, and ordered them to go to Ecbatana, and inform their + countrymen who dwelt there, That Varus hath heard that "you intend to + march against the king; but, not believing that report, he hath sent us to + persuade you to lay down your arms, and that this compliance will be a + sign that he did well not to give credit to those that raised the report + concerning you." He also enjoined them to send seventy of their principal + men to make a defense for them as to the accusation laid against them. So + when the twelve messengers came to their countrymen at Ecbatana, and found + that they had no designs of innovation at all, they persuaded them to send + the seventy men also; who, not at all suspecting what would come, sent + them accordingly. So these seventy went down to Caesarea, together with + the twelve ambassadors; where Varus met them with the king's forces, and + slew them all, together with the [twelve] <a href="#linknote-9" + name="linknoteref-9" id="linknoteref-9"><small>9</small></a> ambassadors, + and made an expedition against the Jews of Ecbatana. But one there was of + the seventy who escaped, and made haste to inform the Jews of their + coming; upon which they took their arms, with their wives and children, + and retired to the citadel at Gamala, leaving their own villages full of + all sorts of good things, and having many ten thousands of cattle therein. + When Philip was informed of these things, he also came to the citadel of + Gamala; and when he was come, the multitude cried aloud, and desired him + to resume the government, and to make an expedition against Varus, and the + Syrians of Cesarea; for it was reported that they had slain the king. But + Philip restrained their zeal, and put them in mind of the benefits the + king had bestowed upon them; and told them how powerful the Romans were, + and said it was not for their advantage to make war with them; and at + length he prevailed with them. But now, when the king was acquainted with + Varus's design, which was to cut off the Jews of Caesarea, being many ten + thousands, with their wives and children, and all in one day, he called to + him Equiculus Modius, and sent him to be Varus's successor, as we have + elsewhere related. But still Philip kept possession of the citadel of + Gamala, and of the country adjoining to it, which thereby continued in + their allegiance to the Romans. + </p> + <p> + 12. Now, as soon as I was come into Galilee, and had learned this state of + things by the information of such as told me of them, I wrote to the + sanhedrim at Jerusalem about them, and required their direction what I + should do. Their direction was, that I should continue there, and that, if + my fellow legates were willing, I should join with them in the care of + Galilee. But those my fellow legates, having gotten great riches from + those tithes which as priests were their dues, and were given to them, + determined to return to their own country. Yet when I desired them to stay + so long, that we might first settle the public affairs, they complied with + me. So I removed, together with them, from the city of Sepphoris, and came + to a certain village called Bethmaus, four furlongs distant from Tiberius; + and thence I sent messengers to the senate of Tiberius, and desired that + the principal men of the city would come to me: and when they were come, + Justus himself being also with them, I told them that I was sent to them + by the people of Jerusalem as a legate, together with these other priests, + in order to persuade them to demolish that house which Herod the tetrarch + had built there, and which had the figures of living creatures in it, + although our laws have forbidden us to make any such figures; and I + desired that they would give us leave so to do immediately. But for a good + while Capellus and the principal men belonging to the city would not give + us leave, but were at length entirely overcome by us, and were induced to + be of our opinion. So Jesus the son of Sapphias, one of those whom we have + already mentioned as the leader of a seditious tumult of mariners and poor + people, prevented us, and took with him certain Galileans, and set the + entire palace on fire, and thought he should get a great deal of money + thereby, because he saw some of the roofs gilt with gold. They also + plundered a great deal of the furniture, which was done without our + approbation; for after we had discoursed with Capellus and the principal + men of the city, we departed from Bethmaus, and went into the Upper + Galilee. But Jesus and his party slew all the Greeks that were inhabitants + of Tiberias, and as many others as were their enemies before the war + began. + </p> + <p> + 13. When I understood this state of things, I was greatly provoked, and + went down to Tiberias, and took all the care I could of the royal + furniture, to recover all that could be recovered from such as had + plundered it. They consisted of candlesticks made of Corinthian brass, and + of royal tables, and of a great quantity of uncoined silver; and I + resolved to preserve whatsoever came to my hand for the king. So I sent + for ten of the principal men of the senate, and for Capellus the son of + Antyllus, and committed the furniture to them, with this charge, That they + should part with it to nobody else but to myself. From thence I and my + fellow legates went to Gichala, to John, as desirous to know his + intentions, and soon saw that he was for innovations, and had a mind to + the principality; for he desired me to give him authority to carry off + that corn which belonged to Caesar, and lay in the villages of Upper + Galilee; and he pretended that he would expend what it came to in building + the walls of his own city. But when I perceived what he endeavored at, and + what he had in his mind, I said I would not permit him so to do; for that + I thought either to keep it for the Romans or for myself, now I was + intrusted with the public affairs there by the people of Jerusalem. But, + when he was not able to prevail with me, he betook himself to my fellow + legates; for they had no sagacity in providing for futurity, and were very + ready to take bribes. So he corrupted them with money to decree, That all + that corn which was within his province should be delivered to him; while + I, who was but one, was outvoted by two, and held my tongue. Then did John + introduce another cunning contrivance of his; for he said that those Jews + who inhabited Cesarea Philippi, and were shut up by the order of the + king's deputy there, had sent to him to desire him, that, since they had + no oil that was pure for their use, he would provide a sufficient quantity + of such oil for them, lest they should be forced to make use of oil that + came from the Greeks, and thereby transgress their own laws. Now this was + said by John, not out of his regard to religion, but out of his most + flagrant desire of gain; for he knew that two sextaries were sold with + them of Caesarea for one drachma, but that at Gischala fourscore sextaxies + were sold for four sextaries. So he gave order that all the oil which was + there should be carried away, as having my permission for so doing; which + yet I did not grant him voluntarily, but only out of fear of the + multitude, since, if I had forbidden him, I should have been stoned by + them. When I had therefore permitted this to be done by John, he gained + vast sums of money by this his knavery. + </p> + <p> + 14. But when I had dismissed my fellow legates, and sent them back to + Jerusalem, I took care to have arms provided, and the cities fortified. + And when I had sent for the most hardy among the robbers, I saw that it + was not in my power to take their arms from them; but I persuaded the + multitude to allow them money as pay, and told them it was better for them + to give them a little willingly, rather than to [be forced to] overlook + them when they plundered their goods from them. And when I had obliged + them to take an oath not to come into that country, unless they were + invited to come, or else when they had not their pay given them, I + dismissed them, and charged them neither to make an expedition against the + Romans, nor against those their neighbors that lay round about them; for + my first care was to keep Galilee in peace. So I was willing to have the + principal of the Galileans, in all seventy, as hostages for their + fidelity, but still under the notion of friendship. Accordingly, I made + them my friends and companions as I journeyed, and set them to judge + causes; and with their approbation it was that I gave my sentences, while + I endeavored not to mistake what justice required, and to keep my hands + clear of all bribery in those determinations. + </p> + <p> + 15. I was now about the thirtieth year of my age; in which time of life it + is a hard thing for any one to escape the calumnies of the envious, + although he restrain himself from fulfilling any unlawful desires, + especially where a person is in great authority. Yet did I preserve every + woman free from injuries; and as to what presents were offered me, I + despised them, as not standing in need of them. Nor indeed would I take + those tithes, which were due to me as a priest, from those that brought + them. Yet do I confess, that I took part of the spoils of those Syrians + which inhabited the cities that adjoined to us, when I had conquered them, + and that I sent them to my kindred at Jerusalem; although, when I twice + took Sepphoris by force, and Tiberias four times, and Gadara once, and + when I had subdued and taken John, who often laid treacherous snares for + me, I did not punish [with death] either him or any of the people + forenamed, as the progress of this discourse will show. And on this + account, I suppose, it was that God, <a href="#linknote-10" + name="linknoteref-10" id="linknoteref-10"><small>10</small></a> who is + never unacquainted with those that do as they ought to do, delivered me + still out of the hands of these my enemies, and afterwards preserved me + when I fell into those many dangers which I shall relate hereafter. + </p> + <p> + 16. Now the multitude of the Galileans had that great kindness for me, and + fidelity to me, that when their cities were taken by force, and their + wives and children carried into slavery, they did not so deeply lament for + their own calamities, as they were solicitous for my preservation. But + when John saw this, he envied me, and wrote to me, desiring that I would + give him leave to come down, and make use of the hot-baths of Tiberias for + the recovery of the health of his body. Accordingly, I did not hinder him, + as having no suspicion of any wicked designs of his; and I wrote to those + to whom I had committed the administration of the affairs of Tiberius by + name, that they should provide a lodging for John, and for such as should + come with him, and should procure him what necessaries soever he should + stand in need of. Now at this time my abode was in a village of Galilee, + which is named Cans. + </p> + <p> + 17. But when John was come to the city of Tiberias, he persuaded the men + to revolt from their fidelity to me, and to adhere to him; and many of + them gladly received that invitation of his, as ever fond of innovations, + and by nature disposed to changes, and delighting in seditions; but they + were chiefly Justus and his father Pistus, that were earnest for their + revolt from me, and their adherence to John. But I came upon them, and + prevented them; for a messenger had come to me from Silas, whom I had made + governor of Tiberias, as I have said already, and had told me of the + inclinations of the people of Tiberias, and advised me to make haste + thither; for that, if I made any delay, the city would come under + another's jurisdiction. Upon the receipt of this letter of Silas, I took + two hundred men along with me, and traveled all night, having sent before + a messenger to let the people of Tiberias know that I was coming to them. + When I came near to the city, which was early in the morning, the + multitude came out to meet me; and John came with them, and saluted me, + but in a most disturbed manner, as being afraid that my coming was to call + him to an account for what I was now sensible he was doing. So he, in + great haste, went to his lodging. But when I was in the open place of the + city, having dismissed the guards I had about me, excepting one, and ten + armed men that were with him, I attempted to make a speech to the + multitude of the people of Tiberias: and, standing on a certain elevated + place, I entreated them not to be so hasty in their revolt; for that such + a change in their behavior would be to their reproach, and that they would + then justly be suspected by those that should be their governors + hereafter, as if they were not likely to be faithful to them neither. + </p> + <p> + 18. But before I had spoken all I designed, I heard one of my own + domestics bidding me come down, for that it was not a proper time to take + care of retaining the good-will of the people of Tiberias, but to provide + for my own safety, and escape my enemies there; for John had chosen the + most trusty of those armed men that were about him out of those thousand + that he had with him, and had given them orders when he sent them, to kill + me, having learned that I was alone, excepting some of my domestics. So + those that were sent came as they were ordered, and they had executed what + they came about, had I not leaped down from the elevation I stood on, and + with one of my guards, whose name was James, been carried [out of the + crowd] upon the back of one Herod of Tiberias, and guided by him down to + the lake, where I seized a ship, and got into it, and escaped my enemies + unexpectedly, and came to Tarichese. + </p> + <p> + 19. Now, as soon as the inhabitants of that city understood the + perfidiousness of the people of Tiberias, they were greatly provoked at + them. So they snatched up their arms, and desired me to be their leader + against them; for they said they would avenge their commander's cause upon + them. They also carried the report of what had been done to me to all the + Galileans, and eagerly endeavored to irritate them against the people of + Tiberias, and desired that vast numbers of them would get together, and + come to them, that they might act in concert with their commander, what + should be determined as fit to be done. Accordingly, the Galileans came to + me in great numbers, from all parts, with their weapons, and besought me + to assault Tiberias, to take it by force, and to demolish it, till it lay + even with the ground, and then to make slaves of its inhabitants, with + their wives and children. Those that were Josephus's friends also, and had + escaped out of Tiberias, gave him the same advice. But I did not comply + with them, thinking it a terrible thing to begin a civil war among them; + for I thought that this contention ought not to proceed further than + words; nay, I told them that it was not for their own advantage to do what + they would have me to do, while the Romans expected no other than that we + should destroy one another by our mutual seditions. And by saying this, I + put a stop to the anger of the Galileans. + </p> + <p> + 20. But now John was afraid for himself, since his treachery had proved + unsuccessful. So he took the armed men that were about him, and removed + from Tiberias to Gischala, and wrote to me to apologize for himself + concerning What had been done, as if it had been done without his + approbation, and desired me to have no suspicion of him to his + disadvantage. He also added oaths and certain horrible curses upon + himself, and supposed he should be thereby believed in the points he wrote + about to me. + </p> + <p> + 21. But now another great number of the Galileans came together again with + their weapons, as knowing the man, how wicked and how sadly perjured he + was, and desired me to lead them against him and promised me that they + would utterly both him and Gischala. Hereupon I professed that I was + obliged to them for their readiness to serve me, and that I would more + than requite their good-will to me. However, I entreated them to restrain + themselves, and begged of them to give me leave to do what I intended, + which was to put an end to these troubles without bloodshed; and when I + had prevailed with the multitude of the Galileans to let me do so, I came + to Sepphoris. + </p> + <p> + 22. But the inhabitants of this city having determined to continue in + their allegiance to the Romans, were afraid of my coming to them, and + tried, by putting me upon another action, to divert me, that they might be + freed from the terror they were in. Accordingly, they sent to Jesus, the + captain of those robbers who were in the confines of Ptolemais, and + promised to give him a great deal of money, if he would come with those + forces he had with him, which were in number eight hundred, and fight with + us. Accordingly, he complied with what they desired, upon the promises + they had made him, and was desirous to fall upon us when we were + unprepared for him, and knew nothing of his coming beforehand. So he sent + to me, and desired that I would give him leave to come and salute me. When + I had given him that leave, which I did without the least knowledge of his + treacherous intentions beforehand, he took his band of robbers, and made + haste to come to me. Yet did not this his knavery succeed well at last; + for as he was already nearly approaching, one of those with him deserted + him, and came to me, and told me what he had undertaken to do. When I was + informed of this, I went into the market-place, and pretended to know + nothing of his treacherous purpose. I took with me many Galileans that + were armed, as also some of those of Tiberias; and, when I had given + orders that all the roads should be carefully guarded, I charged the + keepers of the gates to give admittance to none but Jesus, when he came, + with the principal of his men, and to exclude the rest; and in case they + aimed to force themselves in, to use stripes [in order to repel them]. + Accordingly, those that had received such a charge did as they were + bidden, and Jesus came in with a few others; and when I had ordered him to + throw down his arms immediately, and told him, that if he refused so to + do, he was a dead man, he seeing armed men standing all round about him, + was terrified, and complied; and as for those of his followers that were + excluded, when they were informed that he was seized, they ran away. I + then called Jesus to me by himself, and told him, "that I was not a + stranger to that treacherous design he had against me, nor was I ignorant + by whom he was sent for; that, however, I would forgive him what he had + done already, if he would repent of it, and be faithful to me hereafter." + And thus, upon his promise to do all that I desired, I let him go, and + gave him leave to get those whom he had formerly had with him together + again. But I threatened the inhabitants of Sepphoris, that, if they would + not leave off their ungrateful treatment of me, I would punish them + sufficiently. + </p> + <p> + 23. At this time it was that two great men, who were under the + jurisdiction of the king [Agrippa] came to me out of the region of + Trachonius, bringing their horses and their arms, and carrying with them + their money also; and when the Jews would force them to be circumcised, if + they would stay among them, I would not permit them to have any force put + upon them, <a href="#linknote-11" name="linknoteref-11" id="linknoteref-11"><small>11</small></a> + but said to them, "Every one ought to worship God according to his own + inclinations, and not to be constrained by force; and that these men, who + had fled to us for protection, ought not to be so treated as to repent of + their coming hither." And when I had pacified the multitude, I provided + for the men that were come to us whatsoever it was they wanted, according + to their usual way of living, and that in great plenty also. + </p> + <p> + 24. Now king Agrippa sent an army to make themselves masters of the + citadel of Gamala, and over it Equieulus Modius; but the forces that were + sent were not allow to encompass the citadel quite round, but lay before + it in the open places, and besieged it. But when Ebutius the decurion, who + was intrusted with the government of the great plain, heard that I was at + Simonias, a village situated in the confines of Galilee, and was distant + from him sixty furlongs, he took a hundred horsemen that were with him by + night, and a certain number of footmen, about two hundred, and brought the + inhabitants of the city Gibea along with him as auxiliaries, and marched + in the night, and came to the village where I abode. Upon this I pitched + my camp over against him, which had a great number of forces in it: but + Ebutius tried to draw us down into the plain, as greatly depending upon + his horsemen; but we would not come down; for when I was satisfied of the + advantage that his horse would have if we came down into the plain, while + we were all footmen, I resolved to join battle with the enemy where I was. + Now Ebutius and his party made a courageous opposition for some time; but + when he saw that his horse were useless to him in that place, he retired + back to the city Gibea, having lost three of his men in the fight. So I + followed him directly with two thousand armed men; and when I was at the + city Besara, that lay in the confines of Ptolemais, but twenty furlongs + from Gibea, where Ebutius abode, I placed my armed men on the outside of + the village, and gave orders that they should guard the passes with great + care, that the enemy might not disturb us until we should have carried off + the corn, a great quantity of which lay there: it belonged to Bernice the + queen, and had been gathered together out of the neighboring villages into + Besara; so I loaded my camels and asses, a great number of which I had + brought along with me, and sent the corn into Galilee. When I had done + this, I offered Ebutius battle; but when he would not accept of the offer, + for he was terrified at our readiness and courage, I altered my route, and + marched towards Neopolitanus, because I had heard that the country about + Tiberias was laid waste by him. This Neopolitanus was captain of a troop + of horse, and had the custody of Scythopolis intrusted to his care by the + enemy; and when I had hindered him from doing any further mischief to + Tiberias, I set myself to make provision for the affairs of Galilee. + </p> + <p> + 25. But when John, the son of Levi, who, as we before told you, abode at + Gischala, was informed how all things had succeeded to my mind, and that I + was much in favor with those that were under me, as also that the enemy + were greatly afraid of me, he was not pleased with it, as thinking my + prosperity tended to his ruin. So he took up a bitter envy and enmity + against me; and hoping, that if he could inflame those that were under me + to hate me, he should put an end to the prosperity I was in, he tried to + persuade the inhabitants of Tiberias and of Sepphoris, [and for those of + Gabara he supposed they would be also of the same mind with the others,] + which were the greatest cities of Galilee, to revolt from their subjection + to me, and to be of his party; and told them that he would command them + better than I did. As for the people of Sepphoris, who belonged to neither + of us, because they had chosen to be in subjection to the Romans, they did + not comply with his proposal; and for those of Tiberias, they did not + indeed so far comply as to make a revolt from under me, but they agreed to + be his friends, while the inhabitants of Gabara did go over to John; and + it was Simon that persuaded them so to do, one who was both the principal + man in the city, and a particular friend and companion of John. It is + true, these did not openly own the making a revolt, because they were in + great fear of the Galileans, and had frequent experience of the good-will + they bore to me; yet did they privately watch for a proper opportunity to + lay snares for me; and indeed I thereby came into the greatest danger, on + the occasion following. + </p> + <p> + 26. There were some bold young men of the village of Dabaritta, who + observed that the wife of Ptolemy, the king's procurator, was to make a + progress over the great plain with a mighty attendance, and with some + horsemen that followed as a guard to them, and this out of a country that + was subject to the king and queen, into the jurisdiction of the Romans; + and fell upon them on a sudden, and obliged the wife of Ptolemy to fly + away, and plundered all the carriages. They also came to me to Tarichese, + with four mules' loading of garments, and other furniture; and the weight + of the silver they brought was not small, and there were five hundred + pieces of gold also. Now I had a mind to preserve these spoils for + Ptolemy, who was my countryman; and it is prohibited <a href="#linknote-12" + name="linknoteref-12" id="linknoteref-12"><small>12</small></a> by our + laws even to spoil our enemies; so I said to those that brought these + spoils, that they ought to be kept, in order to rebuild the walls of + Jerusalem with them when they came to be sold. But the young men took it + very ill that they did not receive a part of those spoils for themselves, + as they expected to have done; so they went among the villages in the + neighborhood of Tiberias, and told the people that I was going to betray + their country to the Romans, and that I used deceitful language to them, + when I said, that what had been thus gotten by rapine should be kept for + the rebuilding of the walls of the city of Jerusalem; although I had + resolved to restore these spoils again to their former owner. And indeed + they were herein not mistaken as to my intentions; for when I had gotten + clear of them, I sent for two of the principal men, Dassion, and Janneus + the son of Levi, persons that were among the chief friends of the king, + and commanded them to take the furniture that had been plundered, and to + send it to him; and I threatened that I would order them to be put to + death by way of punishment, if they discovered this my command to any + other person. + </p> + <p> + 27. Now, when all Galilee was filled with this rumor, that their country + was about to be betrayed by me to the Romans, and when all men were + exasperated against me, and ready to bring me to punishment, the + inhabitants of Tarichee did also themselves suppose that what the young + men said was true, and persuaded my guards and armed men to leave me when + I was asleep, and to come presently to the hippodrome, in order there to + take counsel against me their commander. And when they had prevailed with + them, and they were gotten together, they found there a great company + assembled already, who all joined in one clamor, to bring the man who was + so wicked to them as to betray them, to his due punishment; and it was + Jesus, the son of Sapphias, who principally set them on. He was ruler in + Tiberias, a wicked man, and naturally disposed to make disturbances in + matters of consequence; a seditious person he was indeed, and an innovator + beyond every body else. He then took the laws of Moses into his hands, and + came into the midst of the people, and said, "O my fellow citizens! if you + are not disposed to hate Josephus on your own account, have regard, + however, to these laws of your country, which your commander-in-chief is + going to betray; hate him therefore on both these accounts, and bring the + man who hath acted thus insolently, to his deserved punishment." + </p> + <p> + 28. When he had said this, and the multitude had openly applauded him for + what he had said, he took some of the armed men, and made haste away to + the house in which I lodged, as if he would kill me immediately, while I + was wholly insensible of all till this disturbance happened; and by reason + of the pains I had been taking, was fallen fast asleep. But Simon, who was + intrusted with the care of my body, and was the only person that stayed + with me, and saw the violent incursion the citizens made upon me, awaked + me, and told me of the danger I was in, and desired me to let him kill me, + that I might die bravely and like a general, before my enemies came in, + and forced me [to kill myself], or killed me themselves. Thus did he + discourse to me; but I committed the care of my life to God, and made + haste to go out to the multitude. Accordingly, I put on a black garment, + and hung my sword at my neck, and went by such a different way to the + hippodrome, wherein I thought none of my adversaries would meet me; so I + appeared among them on the sudden, and fell down flat on the earth, and + bedewed the ground with my tears: then I seemed to them all an object of + compassion. And when I perceived the change that was made in the + multitude, I tried to divide their opinions before the armed men should + return from my house; so I granted them that I had been as wicked as they + supposed me to be; but still I entreated them to let me first inform them + for what use I had kept that money which arose from the plunder, and, that + they might then kill me if they pleased: and upon the multitude's ordering + me to speak, the armed men came upon me, and when they saw me, they ran to + kill me; but when the multitude bade them hold their hands, they complied, + and expected that as soon as I should own to them that I kept the money + for the king, it would be looked on as a confession of my treason, and + they should then be allowed to kill me. + </p> + <p> + 29. When, therefore, silence was made by the whole multitude, I spake thus + to them: "O my countrymen! I refuse not to die, if justice so require. + However, I am desirous to tell you the truth of this matter before I die; + for as I know that this city of yours [Tarichee] was a city of great + hospitality, and filled with abundance of such men as have left their own + countries, and are come hither to be partakers of your fortune, whatever + it be, I had a mind to build walls about it, out of this money, for which + you are so angry with me, while yet it was to be expended in building your + own walls." Upon my saying this, the people of Taricheae and the strangers + cried out, that "they gave me thanks, and desired me to be of good + courage," although the Galileans and the people of Tiberias continued in + their wrath against me, insomuch that there arose a tumult among them, + while some threatened to kill me, and some bade me not to regard them; but + when I promised them that I would build them walls at Tiberias, and at + other cities that wanted them, they gave credit to what I promised, and + returned every one to his own home. So I escaped the forementioned danger, + beyond all my hopes, and returned to my own house, accompanied with my + friends, and twenty armed men also. + </p> + <p> + 30. However, these robbers and other authors of this tumult, who were + afraid, on their own account, lest I should punish them for what they had + done, took six hundred armed men, and came to the house where I abode, in + order to set it on fire. When this their insult was told me, I thought it + indecent for me to run away, and I resolved to expose myself to danger, + and to act with some boldness; so I gave order to shut the doors, and went + up into an upper room, and desired that they would send in some of their + men to receive the money [from the spoils] for I told them they would then + have no occasion to be angry with me; and when they had sent in one of the + boldest of them all, I had him whipped severely, and I commanded that one + of his hands should be cut off, and hung about his neck; and in this case + was he put out to those that sent him. At which procedure of mine they + were greatly affrighted, and in no small consternation, and were afraid + that they should themselves be served in like manner, if they staid there; + for they supposed that I had in the house more armed men than they had + themselves; so they ran away immediately, while I, by the use of this + stratagem, escaped this their second treacherous design against me. + </p> + <p> + 31. But there were still some that irritated the multitude against me, and + said that those great men that belonged to the king ought not to be + suffered to live, if they would not change their religion to the religion + of those to whom they fled for safety: they spake reproachfully of them + also, and said that they were wizards, and such as called in the Romans + upon them. So the multitude was soon deluded by such plausible pretenses + as were agreeable to their own inclinations, and were prevailed on by + them. But when I was informed of this, I instructed the multitude again, + that those who fled to them for refuge ought not to be persecuted: I also + laughed at the allegation about witchcraft, <a href="#linknote-13" + name="linknoteref-13" id="linknoteref-13"><small>13</small></a> and told + them that the Romans would not maintain so many ten thousand soldiers, if + they could overcome their enemies by wizards. Upon my saying this, the + people assented for a while; but they returned again afterwards, as + irritated by some ill people against the great men; nay, they once made an + assault upon the house in which they dwelt at Tarichess, in order to kill + them; which, when I was informed of, I was afraid lest so horrid a crime + should take effect, and nobody else would make that city their refuge any + more. I therefore came myself, and some others with me, to the house where + these great men lived, and locked the doors, and had a trench drawn from + their house leading to the lake, and sent for a ship, and embarked therein + with them, and sailed to the confines of Hippos: I also paid them the + value of their horses; nor in such a flight could I have their horses + brought to them. I then dismissed them, and begged of them earnestly that + they would courageously bear I this distress which befell them. I was also + myself I greatly displeased that I was compelled to expose those that had + fled to me to go again into an enemy's country; yet did I think it more + eligible that they should perish among the Romans, if it should so happen, + than in the country that was under my jurisdiction. However, they escaped + at length, and king Agrippa forgave them their offenses. And this was the + conclusion of what concerned these men. + </p> + <p> + 32. But as for the inhabitants of the city of Tiberias, they wrote to the + king, and desired him to send them forces sufficient to be a guard to + their country; for that they were desirous to come over to him: this was + what they wrote to him. But when I came to them, they desired me to build + their walls, as I had promised them to do; for they had heard that the + walls of Tarichess were already built. I agreed to their proposal + accordingly; and when I had made preparation for the entire building, I + gave order to the architects to go to work; but on the third day, when I + was gone to Tarichess, which was thirty furlongs distant from Tiberias, it + so fell out, that some Roman horsemen were discovered on their march, not + far from the city, which made it to be supposed that the forces were come + from the king; upon which they shouted, and lifted up their voices in + commendations of the king, and in reproaches against me. Hereupon one came + running to me, and told me what their dispositions were, and that they had + resolved to revolt from me: upon hearing which news I was very much + alarmed; for I had already sent away my armed men from Tarichess, to their + own homes, because the next day was our sabbath; for I would not have the + people of Tarichess disturbed [on that day] by a multitude of soldiers; + and indeed, whenever I sojourned at that city, I never took any particular + care for a guard about my own body, because I had had frequent instances + of the fidelity its inhabitants bore to me. I had now about me no more + than seven armed men, besides some friends, and was doubtful what to do; + for to send to recall my own forces I did not think proper, because the + present day was almost over; and had those forces been with me, I could + not take up arms on the next day, because our laws forbade us so to do, + even though our necessity should be very great; and if I should permit the + people of Tarichess, and the strangers with them, to guard the city, I saw + that they would not be sufficient for that purpose, and I perceived that I + should be obliged to delay my assistance a great while; for I thought with + myself that the forces that came from the king would prevent me, and that + I should be driven out of the city. I considered, therefore, how to get + clear of these forces by a stratagem; so I immediately placed those my + friends of Tarichee, on whom I could best confide, at the gates, to watch + those very carefully who went out at those gates: I also called to me the + heads of families, and bade every one of them to seize upon a ship <a + href="#linknote-14" name="linknoteref-14" id="linknoteref-14"><small>14</small></a> + to go on board it, and to take a master with them, and follow him to the + city of Tiberias. I also myself went on board one of those ships, with my + friends, and the seven armed men already mentioned, and sailed for + Tiberias. + </p> + <p> + 33. But now, when the people of Tiberias perceived that there were no + forces come from the king, and yet saw the whole lake full of ships, they + were in fear what would become of their city, and were greatly terrified, + as supposing that the ships were full of men on board; so they then + changed their minds, and threw down their weapons, and met me with their + wives and children, and made acclamations to me with great commendations; + for they imagined that I did not know their former inclinations [to have + been against me]; so they persuaded me to spare the city. But when I was + come near enough, I gave order to the masters of the ships to cast anchor + a good way off the land, that the people of Tiberias might not perceive + that the ships had no men on board; but I went nearer to the people in one + of the ships, and rebuked them for their folly, and that they were so + fickle as, without any just occasion in the world, to revolt from their + fidelity to me. However, assured them that I would entirely forgive them + for the time to come, if they would send ten of the ringleaders of the + multitude to me; and when they complied readily with this proposal, and + sent me the men forementioned, I put them on board a ship, and sent them + away to Tarichese; and ordered them to be kept in prison. + </p> + <p> + 34. And by this stratagem it was that I gradually got all the senate of + Tiberias into my power, and sent them to the city forementioned, with many + of the principal men among the populace, and those not fewer in number + than the other. But when the multitude saw into what great miseries they + had brought themselves, they desired me to punish the author of this + sedition: his name was Clitus, a young man, bold and rash in his + undertakings. Now, since I thought it not agreeable to piety to put one of + my own people to death, and yet found it necessary to punish him, I + ordered Levi, one of my own guards, to go to him, and cut off one of + Clitus's hands; but as he that was ordered to do this, was afraid to go + out of the ship alone, among 'so great a multitude, I was not willing that + the timorousness of the soldier should appear to the people of Tiberias. + So I called to Clitus himself and said to him, "Since thou deservest to + lose both thine hands for thy ingratitude to me, be thou thine own + executioner, lest, if thou refusest so to be, thou undergo a worse + punishment." And when he earnestly begged of me to spare him one of his + hands, it was with difficulty that I granted it. So, in order to prevent + the loss of both his hands, he willingly took his sword, and cut off his + own left hand; and this put an end to the sedition. + </p> + <p> + 35. Now the men of Tiberias, after I was gone to Taricheae, perceived what + stratagem I had used against them, and they admired how I had put an end + to their foolish sedition, without shedding of blood. But now, when I had + sent for some of those multitudes of the people of Tiberias out of prison, + among whom were Justus and his father Pistus, I made them to sup with me; + and during our supper time I said to them, that I knew the power of the + Romans was superior to all others, but did not say so [publicly] because + of the robbers. So I advised them to do as I did, and to wait for a proper + opportunity, and not to be uneasy at my being their commander; for that + they could not expect to have another who would use the like moderation + that I had done. I also put Justus in mind how the Galileans had cut off + his brother's hands before ever I came to Jerusalem, upon an accusation + laid against him, as if he had been a rogue, and had forged some letters; + as also how the people of Gamala, in a sedition they raised against the + Babylonians, after the departure of Philip, slew Chares, who was a kinsman + of Philip, and withal how they had wisely punished Jesus, his brother + Justuses sister's husband [with death]. When I had said this to them + during supper time, I in the morning ordered Justus, and all the rest that + were in prison, to be loosed out of it, and sent away. + </p> + <p> + 36. But before this, it happened that Philip, the son of Jacimus, went out + of the citadel of Gamala upon the following occasion: When Philip had been + informed that Varus was put out of his government by king Agrippa, and + that Equieulus Modius, a man that was of old his friend and companion, was + come to succeed him, he wrote to him, and related what turns of fortune he + had had, and desired him to forward the letters he sent to the king and + queen. Now, when Modius had received these letters, he was exceedingly + glad, and sent the letters to the king and queen, who were then about + Berytus. But when king Agrippa knew that the story about Philip was false, + [for it had been given out, that the Jews had begun a war with the Romans, + and that this Philip had been their commander in that war,] he sent some + horsemen to conduct Philip to him; and when he was come, he saluted him + very obligingly, and showed him to the Roman commanders, and told them + that this was the man of whom the report had gone about as if he had + revolted from the Romans. He also bid him to take some horsemen with him, + and to go quickly to the citadel of Gamala, and to bring out thence all + his domestics, and to restore the Babylonians to Batanea again. He also + gave it him in charge to take all possible care that none of his subjects + should be guilty of making any innovation. Accordingly, upon these + directions from the king, he made haste to do what he was commanded. + </p> + <p> + 37. Now there was one Joseph, the son of a female physician, who excited a + great many young men to join with him. He also insolently addressed + himself to the principal persons at Gamala, and persuaded them to revolt + from the king; and take up arms, and gave them hopes that they should, by + his means, recover their liberty. And some they forced into the service, + and those that would not acquiesce in what they had resolved on, they + slew. They also slew Chares, and with him Jesus, one of his kinsmen, and a + brother of Justus of Tiberias, as we have already said. Those of Gamala + also wrote to me, desiring me to send them an armed force, and workmen to + raise up the walls of their city; nor did I reject either of their + requests. The region of Gaulanitis did also revolt from the king, as far + as the village Solyma. I also built a wall about Seleucia and Soganni, + which are villages naturally of ver great strength. Moreover, I, in like + manner, walled several villages of Upper Galilee, though they were very + rocky of themselves. Their names are Jamnia, and Meroth, and Achabare. I + also fortified, in the Lower Galilee, the cities Tarichee, Tiberias, + Sepphoris, and the villages, the cave of Arbela, Bersobe, Selamin, + Jotapata, Capharecho, and Sigo, and Japha, and Mount Tabor. <a + href="#linknote-15" name="linknoteref-15" id="linknoteref-15"><small>15</small></a> + I also laid up a great quantity of corn in these places, and arms withal, + that might be for their security afterward. + </p> + <p> + 38. But the hatred that John, the son of Levi, bore to me, grew now more + violent, while he could not bear my prosperity with patience. So he + proposed to himself, by all means possible, to make away with me; and + built the walls of Gischala, which was the place of his nativity. He then + sent his brother Simon, and Jonathan, the son of Sisenna, and about a + hundred armed men, to Jerusalem, to Simon, the son of Gamaliel, <a + href="#linknote-16" name="linknoteref-16" id="linknoteref-16"><small>16</small></a> + in order to persuade him to induce the commonalty of Jerusalem to take + from me the government over the Galileans, and to give their suffrages for + conferring that authority upon him. This Simon was of the city of + Jerusalem, and of a very noble family of the sect of the Pharisees, which + are supposed to excel others in the accurate knowledge of the laws of + their country. He was a man of great wisdom and reason, and capable of + restoring public affairs by his prudence, when they were in an ill + posture. He was also an old friend and companion of John; but at that time + he had a difference with me. When therefore he had received such an + exhortation, he persuaded the high priests, Ananus, and Jesus the son of + Gamala, and some others of the same seditious faction, to cut me down, now + I was growing so great, and not to overlook me while I was aggrandizing + myself to the height of glory; and he said that it would be for the + advantage of the Galileans, if I were deprived of my government there. + Ananus also, and his friends, desired them to make no delay about the + matter, lest I should get the knowledge of what was doing too soon, and + should come and make an assault upon the city with a great army. This was + the counsel of Simon; but Artanus the high priest demonstrated to them + that this was not an easy thing to be done, because many of the high + priests and of the rulers of the people bore witness that I had acted like + an excellent general, and that it was the work of ill men to accuse one + against whom they had nothing to say. + </p> + <p> + 39. When Simon heard Ananus say this, he desired that the messengers would + conceal the thing, and not let it come among many; for that he would take + care to have Josephus removed out of Galilee very quickly. So he called + for John's brother, [Simon,] and charged him that they should send + presents to Ananus and his friends; for, as he said, they might probably + by that means persuade them to change their minds. And indeed Simon did at + length thus compass what he aimed at; for Artanus, and those with him, + being corrupted by bribes, agreed to expel me out of Galilee, without + making the rest of the citizens acquainted with what they were doing. + Accordingly, they resolved to send men of distinction as to their + families, and of distinction as to their learning also. Two of these were + of the populace, Jonathan <a href="#linknote-17" name="linknoteref-17" + id="linknoteref-17"><small>17</small></a> and Ananias, by sect Pharisees; + while the third, Jozar, was of the stock of the priests, and a Pharisee + also; and Simon, the last of them, was of the youngest of the high + priests. These had it given them in charge, that, when they were come to + the multitude of the Galileans, they should ask them, what was the reason + of their love to me? and if they said that it was because I was born at + Jerusalem, that they should reply, that they four were all born at the + same place; and if they should say, it was because I was well versed in + their law, they should reply, that neither were they unacquainted with the + practices of their country; but if, besides these, they should say, they + loved me because I was a priest, they should reply, that two of these were + priests also. + </p> + <p> + 40. Now, when they had given Jonathan and his companions these + instructions, they gave them forty thousand [drachmae] out of the public + money: but when they heard that there was a certain Galilean that then + sojourned at Jerusalem, whose name was Jesus, who had about him a band of + six hundred armed men, they sent for him, and gave him three months pay, + and gave him orders to follow Jonathan and his companions, and be obedient + to them. They also gave money to three hundred men that were citizens of + Jerusalem, to maintain them all, and ordered them also to follow the + ambassadors; and when they had complied, and were gotten ready for the + march, Jonathan and his companions went out with them, having along with + them John's brother and a hundred armed men. The charge that was given + them by those that sent them was this: That if I would voluntarily lay + down my arms, they should send me alive to the city of Jerusalem; but + that, in case I opposed them, they should kill me, and fear nothing; for + that it was their command for them so to do. They also wrote to John to + make all ready for fighting me, and gave orders to the inhabitants of + Sepphoris, and Gabara, and Tiberins, to send auxiliaries to John. + </p> + <p> + 41. Now, as my father wrote me an account of this, [for Jesus the son of + Gamala, who was present in that council, a friend and companion of mine, + told him of it,] I was very much troubled, as discovering thereby that my + fellow citizens proved so ungrateful to me, as, out of envy, to give order + that I should be slain: my father earnestly pressed me also in his letter + to come to him, for that he longed to see his son before he died. I + informed my friends of these things, and that in three days' time I should + leave the country, and go home. Upon hearing this, they were all very + sorry, and desired me, with tears in their eyes, not to leave them to be + destroyed; for so they thought they should be, if I were deprived of the + command over them: but as I did not grant their request, but was taking + care of my own safety, the Galileans, out of their dread of the + consequence of my departure, that they should then be at the mercy of the + robbers, sent messengers over all Galilee to inform them of my resolution + to leave them. Whereupon, as soon as they heard it, they got together in + great numbers, from all parts, with their wives and children; and this + they did, as it appeared to me, not more out of their affection to me, + than out of their fear on their own account; for while I staid with them, + they supposed that they should suffer no harm. So they all came into the + great plain, wherein I lived, the name of which was Asochis. + </p> + <p> + 42. But wonderful it was what a dream I saw that very night; for when I + had betaken myself to my bed, as grieved and disturbed at the news that + had been written to me, it seemed to me, that a certain person stood by + me, <a href="#linknote-18" name="linknoteref-18" id="linknoteref-18"><small>18</small></a> + and said, "O Josephus! leave off to afflict thy soul, and put away all + fear; for what now grieves thee will render thee very considerable, and in + all respects most happy; for thou shalt get over not only these + difficulties, but many others, with great success. However, be not cast + down, but remember that thou art to fight with the Romans." When I had + seen this dream, I got up with an intention of going down to the plain. + Now, when the whole multitude of the Galileans, among whom were the women + and children, saw me, they threw themselves down upon their faces, and, + with tears in their eyes, besought me not to leave them exposed to their + enemies, nor to go away and permit their country to be injured by them. + But when I did not comply, with their entreaties, they compelled me to + take an oath, that I would stay with them: they also cast abundance of + reproaches upon the people of Jerusalem, that they would not let their + country enjoy peace. + </p> + <p> + 43. When I heard this, and saw what sorrow the people were in, I was moved + with compassion to them, and thought it became me to undergo the most + manifest hazards for the sake of so great a multitude; so I let them know + I would stay with them. And when I had given order that five thousand off + them should come to me armed, and with provisions for their maintenance, I + sent the rest away to their own homes; and when those five thousand were + come, I took them, together with three thousand of the soldiers that were + with me before, and eighty horsemen, and marched to the village of + Chabolo, situated in the confines of Ptolimias, and there kept my forces + together, pretending to get ready to fight with Placidus, who was come + with two cohorts of footmen, and one troop of horsemen, and was sent + thither by Cestius Gallus to burn those villages of Galilee that were near + Ptolemais. Upon whose casting up a bank before the city Ptolemais, I also + pitched my camp at about the distance of sixty furlongs from that village. + And now we frequently brought out our forces as if we would fight, but + proceeded no further than skirmishes at a distance; for when Placidus + perceived that I was earnest to come to a battle, he was afraid, and + avoided it. Yet did he not remove from the neighborhood of Ptolemais. + </p> + <p> + 44. About this time it was that Jonathan and his fellow legates came. They + were sent, as we have said already, by Simon, and Ananus the high priest. + And Jonathan contrived how he might catch me by treachery; for he durst + not make any attempt upon me openly. So he wrote me the following epistle: + "Jonathan and those that are with him, and are sent by the people of + Jerusalem, to Josephus, send greeting. We are sent by the principal men of + Jerusalem, who have heard that John of Gischala hath laid many snares for + thee, to rebuke him, and to exhort him to be subject to thee hereafter. We + are also desirous to consult with thee about our common concerns, and what + is fit to be done. We therefore desire thee to come to us quickly, and to + bring only a few men with thee; for this village will not contain a great + number of soldiers." Thus it was that they wrote, as expecting one of + these two things; either that I should come without armed men, and then + they should have me wholly in their power; or, if I came with a great + number, they should judge me to be a public enemy. Now it was a horseman + who brought the letter, a man at other times bold, and one that had served + in the army under the king. It was the second hour of the night that he + came, when I was feasting with my friends, and the principal of the + Galileans. This man, upon my servant's telling me that a certain horseman + of the Jewish nation was come, was called in at my command, but did not so + much as salute me at all, but held out a letter, and said, "This letter is + sent thee by those that are come from Jerusalem; do thou write an answer + to it quickly; for I am obliged to return to them very soon." Now my + guests could not but wonder at the boldness of the soldier. But I desired + him to sit down and sup with us; but when he refused so to do, I held the + letter in my hands as I received it, and fell a talking with my guests + about other matters. But a few hours afterwards, I got up, and when I had + dismissed the rest to go to their beds, I bid only four of my intimate + friends to stay, and ordered my servant to get some wine ready. I also + opened the letter so, that nobody could perceive it; and understanding + thereby presently the purportú of the writing, I sealed it up again, and + appeared as if I had not yet read it, but only held it in my hands. I + ordered twenty drachmae should be given the soldier for the charges of his + journey; and when he took the money, and said that he thanked me for it, I + perceived that he loved money, and that he was to be caught chiefly by + that means; and I said to him, "If thou wilt but drink with us, thou shalt + have a drachma for every glass thou drinkest." So he gladly embraced this + proposal, and drank a great deal of wine, in order to get the more money, + and was so drunk, that at last he could not keep the secrets he was + intrusted with, but discovered them without my putting questions to him, + viz. That a treacherous design was contrived against me, and that I was + doomed to die by those that sent him. When I heard this, I wrote back this + answer: "Josephus to Jonathan, and those that are with him, sendeth + greeting. Upon the information that you are come in health into Galilee, I + rejoice, and this especially because I can now resign the care of public + affairs here into your hands, and return into my native country, which is + what I have desired to do a great while; and I confess I ought not only to + come to you as far as Xaloth, but farther, and this without your commands. + But I desire you to excuse me, because I cannot do it now, since I watch + the motions of Placidus, who hath a mind to go up into Galilee; and this I + do here at Chabolo. Do you therefore, on the receipt of this epistle, come + hither to me. Fare you well." + </p> + <p> + 45. When I had written thus, and given the letter to be carried by the + soldier, I sent along with him thirty of the Galileans of the best + characters, and gave them instructions to salute those ambassadors, but to + say nothing else to them. I also gave orders to as many of those armed + men, whom I esteemed most faithful to me, to go along with the others, + every one with him whom he was to guard, lest some conversation might pass + between those whom I sent and those who were with Jonathan. So those men + went [to Jonathan]. But when Jonathan and his partners had failed in this + their first attempt, they sent me another letter, the contents whereof + were as follows: "Jonathan, and those with him, to Josephus, send + greeting. We require thee to come to us to the village Gabaroth, on the + third day, without any armed men, that we may hear what thou hast to lay + to the charge of John [of Gischala]." When they had written this letter, + they saluted the Galileans whom I sent, and came to Japha, which was the + largest village of all Galilee, and encompassed with very strong walls, + and had a great number of inhabitants in it. There the multitude of men, + with their wives and children, met them, and exclaimed loudly against + them; and desired them to be gone, and not to envy them the advantage of + an excellent commander. With these clamors Jonathan and his partners were + greatly provoked, although they durst not show their anger openly; so they + made them no answer, but went to other villages. But still the same + clamors met them from all the people, who said, "Nobody should persuade + them to have any other commander besides Josephus." So Jonathan and his + partners went away from them without success, and came to Sepphoris, the + greatest city of all Galilee. Now the men of that city, who inclined to + the Romans in their sentiments, met them indeed, but neither praised nor + reproached me and when they were gone down from Sepphoris to Asochis, the + people of that place made a clamor against them, as those of Japha had + done; whereupon they were able to contain themselves no longer, but + ordered the armed men that were with them to beat those that made the + clamor with their clubs. And when they came to Gabara, John met them with + three thousand armed men; but, as I understood by their letter that they + had resolved to fight against me, I arose from Chabolo, with three + thousand armed men also; but left in my camp one of my fastest friends, + and came to Jotapata, as desirous to be near them, the distance being no + more than forty furlongs. Whence I wrote thus to them: "If you are very + desirous that I should come to you, you know there are two hundred and + forty cities and villages in Galilee; I will come to any of them which you + please, excepting Gaburn and Gischala; the one of which is John's native + city, and the other in confederacy and friendship with him." + </p> + <p> + 46. When Jonathan and his partners had received this letter, they wrote me + no more answers, but called a council of their friends together; and + taking John into their consultation, they took counsel together by what + means they might attack me. John's opinion was, that they should write to + all the cities and villages that were in Galilee; for that there must be + certainly one or two persons in every one of them that were at variance + with me, and that they should be invited to come to oppose me as an enemy. + He would also have them send this resolution of theirs to the city of + Jerusalem, that its citizens, upon the knowledge of my being adjudged to + be an enemy by the Galileans, might themselves I also confirm that + determination. He said also, that when this was done, even those Galileans + who were well affected to me, would desert me out of fear. When John had + given them this counsel, what he had said was very agreeable to the rest + of them. I was also made acquainted with these affairs about the third + hour of the night, by the means of one Saccheus, who had belonged to them, + but now deserted them and came over to me, and told me what they were + about; so I perceived that no time was to be lost. Accordingly, I gave + command to Jacob, an armed man of my guard, whom I esteemed faithful to + me, to take two hundred men, and to guard the passages that led from + Gahara to Galilee, and to seize upon the passengers, and send them to me, + especially such as were caught with letters about them: I also sent + Jeremias himself, one of my friends, with six hundred armed men, to the + borders of Galilee, in order to watch the roads that led from this country + to the city Jerusalem, and gave him charge to lay hold of such as traveled + with letters about them, to keep the men in bonds upon the place, but to + send me the letters. + </p> + <p> + 47. When I had laid these commands upon them, I gave them orders, and bid + them take their arms and bring three days' provision with them, and be + with me the next day. I also parted those that were about me into four + parts, and ordained those of them that were most faithful to me to be a + guard to my body. I also set over them centurions, and commanded them to + take care that not a soldier which they did not know should mingle himself + among them. Now, on the fifth day following, when I was at Gabaroth, I + found the entire plain that was before the village full of armed men, who + were come out of Galilee to assist me: many others of the multitude, also, + out of the village, ran along with me. But as soon as I had taken my + place, and began to speak to them, they all made an acclamation, and + called me the benefactor and savior of the country. And when I had made + them my acknowledgments, and thanked them [for their affection to me], I + also advised them to fight with nobody, <a href="#linknote-19" + name="linknoteref-19" id="linknoteref-19"><small>19</small></a> nor to + spoil the country; but to pitch their tents in the plain, and be content + with their sustenance they had brought with them; for I told them that I + had a mind to compose these troubles without shedding any blood. Now it + came to pass, that on the very same day those who were sent by John with + letters, fell among the guards whom I had appointed to watch the roads; so + the men were themselves kept upon the place, as my orders were, but I got + the letters, which were full of reproaches and lies; and I intended to + fall upon these men, without saying a word of these matters to any body. + </p> + <p> + 48. Now, as soon as Jonathan and his companions heard of my coming, they + took all their own friends, and John with them, and retired to the house + of Jesus, which indeed was a large castle, and no way unlike a citadel; so + they privately laid a band of armed men therein, and shut all the other + doors but one, which they kept open, and they expected that I should come + out of the road to them, to salute them. And indeed they had given orders + to the armed men, that when I came they should let nobody besides me come + in, but should exclude others; as supposing that, by this means, they + should easily get me under their power: but they were deceived in their + expectation; for I perceived what snares they had laid for me. Now, as + soon as I was got off my journey, I took up my lodgings over against them, + and pretended to be asleep; so Jonathan and his party, thinking that I was + really asleep and at rest, made haste to go down into the plain, to + persuade the people that I was an ill governor. But the matter proved + otherwise; for, upon their appearance, there was a cry made by the + Galileans immediately, declaring their good opinion of me as their + governor; and they made a clamor against Jonathan and his partners for + coming to them when they had suffered no harm, and as though they would + overturn their happy settlement; and desired them by all means to go back + again, for that they would never be persuaded to have any other to rule + over them but myself. When I heard of this, I did not fear to go down into + the midst of them; I went, therefore, myself down presently to hear what + Jonathan and his companions said. As soon as I appeared, there was + immediately an acclamation made to me by the whole multitude, and a cry in + my commendation by them, who confessed their thanks was owing to me for my + good government of them. + </p> + <p> + 49. When Jonathan and his companions heard this, they were in fear of + their own lives, and in danger lest they should be assaulted by the + Galileans on nay account; so they contrived how they might run away. But + as they were not able to get off, for I desired them to stay, they looked + down with concern at my words to them. I ordered, therefore, the multitude + to restrain entirely their acclamations, and placed the most faithful of + my armed men upon the avenues, to be a guard to us, lest John should + unexpected fall upon us; and I encouraged the Galileans to take their + weapons, lest they should be disturbed at their enemies, if any sudden + insult should be made upon them. And then, in the first place, I put + Jonathan and his partners in mind of their [former] letter, and after what + manner they had written to me, and declared they were sent by the common + consent to the people of Jerusalem, to make up the differences I had with + John, and how they had desired me to come to them; and as I spake thus, I + publicly showed that letter they had written, till they could not at all + deny what they had done, the letter itself convicting them. I then said, + "O Jonathan! and you that are sent with him as his colleagues, if I were + to be judged as to my behavior, compared with that of John's, and had + brought no more than two or three witnesses, <a href="#linknote-20" + name="linknoteref-20" id="linknoteref-20"><small>20</small></a> good men + and true, it is plain you had been forced, upon the examination of their + characters beforehand, to discharge the accusations: that therefore you + may be informed that I have acted well in the affairs of Galilee, I think + three witnesses too few to be brought by a man that hath done as he ought + to do; so I gave you all these for witnesses. Inquire of them <a + href="#linknote-21" name="linknoteref-21" id="linknoteref-21"><small>21</small></a> + how I have lived, and whether I have not behaved myself with all decency, + and after a virtuous manner, among them. And I further conjure you, O + Galileans! to hide no part of the truth, but to speak before these men as + before judges, whether I have in any thing acted otherwise than well." + </p> + <p> + 50. While I was thus speaking, the united voices of all the people joined + together, and called me their benefactor and savior, and attested to my + former behavior, and exhorted me to continue so to do hereafter; and they + all said, upon their oaths, that their wives had been preserved free from + injuries, and that no one had ever been aggrieved by me. After this, I + read to the Galileans two of those epistles which had been sent by + Jonathan and his colleagues, and which those whom I had appointed to guard + the road had taken, and sent to me. These were full of reproaches, and of + lies, as if I had acted more like a tyrant than a governor against them, + with many other things besides therein contained, which were no better + indeed than impudent falsities. I also informed the multitude how I came + by these letters, and that those who carried them delivered them up + voluntarily; for I was not willing that my enemies should know any thing + of the guards I had set, lest they should be afraid, and leave off writing + hereafter. + </p> + <p> + 51. When the multitude heard these things, they were greatly provoked at + Jonathan, and his colleagues that were with him, and were going to attack + them, and kill them; and this they had certainly done, unless I had + restrained the anger of the Galileans, and said, that "I forgave Jonathan + and his colleagues what was past, if they would repent, and go to their + own country, and tell those who sent them the truth, as to my conduct." + When I had said this, I let them go, although I knew they would do nothing + of what they had promised. But the multitude were very much enraged + against them, and entreated me to give them leave to punish them for their + insolence; yet did I try all methods to persuade them to spare the men; + for I knew that every instance of sedition was pernicious to the public + welfare. But the multitude was too angry with them to be dissuaded, and + all of them went immediately to the house in which Jonathan and his + colleagues abode. However, when I perceived that their rage could not be + restrained, I got on horseback, and ordered the multitude to follow me to + the village Sogane, which was twenty furlongs off Gabara; and by using + this stratagem, I so managed myself, as not to appear to begin a civil war + amongst them. + </p> + <p> + 52. But when I was come near Sogane, I caused the multitude to make a + halt, and exhorted them not to be so easily provoked to anger, and to the + inflicting such punishments as could not be afterwards recalled: I also + gave order, that a hundred men, who were already in years, and were + principal men among them, should get themselves ready to go to the city of + Jerusalem, and should make a complaint before the people of such as raised + seditions in the country. And I said to them, that "in case they be moved + with what you say, you shall desire the community to write to me, and to + enjoin me to continue in Galilee, and to order Jonathan and his colleagues + to depart out of it." When I had suggested these instructions to them, and + while they were getting themselves ready as fast as they could, I sent + them on this errand the third day after they had been assembled: I also + sent five hundred armed men with them [as a guard]. I then wrote to my + friends in Samaria, to take care that they might safely pass through the + country: for Samaria was already under the Romans, and it was absolutely + necessary for those that go quickly [to Jerusalem] to pass through that + country; for in that road you may, in three days' time, go from Galilee to + Jerusalem. I also went myself, and conducted the old men as far as the + bounds of Galilee, and set guards in the roads, that it might not be + easily known by any one that these men were gone. And when I had thus + done, I went and abode at Japha. + </p> + <p> + 53. Now Jonathan and his colleagues, having failed of accomplishing what + they would have done against me, sent John back to Gischala, but went + themselves to the city of Tiberias, expecting it would submit itself to + them; and this was founded on a letter which Jesus, their then governor, + had written them, promising that, if they came, the multitude would + receive them, and choose to be under their government; so they went their + ways with this expectation. But Silas, who, as I said, had been left + curator of Tiberias by me, informed me of this, and desired me to make + haste thither. Accordingly, I complied with his advice immediately, and + came thither; but found myself in danger of my life, from the following + occasion: Jonathan and his colleagues had been at Tiberias, and had + persuaded a great many of such as had a quarrel with me to desert me; but + when they heard of my coming, they were in fear for themselves, and came + to me; and when they had saluted me, they said, that I was a happy man in + having behaved myself so well in the government of Galilee; and they + congratulated me upon the honors that were paid me: for they said that my + glory was a credit to them, since they had been my teachers and fellow + citizens; and they said further, that it was but just that they should + prefer my friendship to them rather than John's, and that they would have + immediately gone home, but that they staid that they might deliver up John + into my power; and when they said this they took their oaths of it, and + those such as are most tremendous amongst us, and such as I did not think + fit to disbelieve. However, they desired me to lodge some where else, + because the next day was the sabbath, and that it was not fit the city of + Tiberias should be disturbed [on that day]. + </p> + <p> + 54. So I suspected nothing, and went away to Tarichese; yet did I withal + leave some to make inquiry in the city how matters went, and whether any + thing was said about me: I also set many persons all the way that led from + Tarichese to Tiberias, that they might communicate from one to another, if + they learned any news from those that were left in the city. On the next + day, therefore, they all came into the Proseucha; <a href="#linknote-22" + name="linknoteref-22" id="linknoteref-22"><small>22</small></a> it was a + large edifice, and capable of receiving a great number of people; thither + Jonathan went in, and though he durst not openly speak of a revolt, yet + did he say that their city stood in need of a better governor than it then + had. But Jesus, who was the ruler, made no scruple to speak out, and said + openly, "O fellow citizens! it is better for you to be in subjection to + four than to one; and those such as are of high birth, and not without + reputation for their wisdom;" and pointed to Jonathan and his colleagues. + Upon his saying this, Justus came in and commended him for what he had + said, and persuaded some of the people to be of his mind also. But the + multitude were not pleased with what was said, and had certainly gone into + a tumult, unless the sixth hour, which was now come, had dissolved the + assembly, at which hour our laws require us to go to dinner on sabbath + days; so Jonathan and his colleagues put off their council till the next + day, and went off without success. When I was informed of these affairs, I + determined to go to the city of Tiberias in the morning. Accordingly, on + the next day, about the first hour of the day, I came from Tarichee, and + found the multitude already assembled in the Proseucha; but on what + account they were gotten together, those that were assembled did not know. + But when Jonathan and his colleagues saw me there unexpectedly, they were + in disorder; after which they raised a report of their own contrivance, + that Roman horsemen were seen at a place called Union, in the borders of + Galilee, thirty furlongs distant from the city. Upon which report, + Jonathan and his colleagues cunningly exhorted me not to neglect this + matter, nor to suffer the land to be spoiled by the enemy. And this they + said with a design to remove me out of the city, under the pretense of the + want of extraordinary assistance, while they might dispose the city to be + my enemy. + </p> + <p> + 55. As for myself, although I knew of their design, yet did I comply with + what they proposed, lest the people of Tiberias should have occasion to + suppose that I was not careful of their security. I therefore went out; + but, when I was at the place, I found not the least footsteps of any + enemy, so I returned as fast as ever I could, and found the whole council + assembled, and the body of the people gotten together, and Jonathan and + his colleagues bringing vehement accusations against me, as one who had no + concern to ease them of the burdens of war, and as one that lived + luxuriously. And as they were discoursing thus, they produced four + letters, as written to them from some people that lived at the borders of + Galilee, imploring that they would come to their assistance, for that + there was an army of Romans, both horsemen and footmen, who would come and + lay waste the country on the third day; they desired them also to make + haste, and not to overlook them. When the people of Tiberias heard this, + they thought they spake truth, and made a clamor against me, and said I + ought not to sit still, but to go away to the assistance of their + countrymen. Hereupon I said [for I understood the meaning of Jonathan and + his colleagues] that I was ready to comply with what they proposed, and + without delay to march to the war which they spake of, yet did I advise + them, at the same time, that since these letters declared that the Romans + would make their assault in four several places, they should part their + forces into five bodies, and make Jonathan and his colleagues generals of + each body of them, because it was fit for brave men, not only to give + counsel, but to take the place of leaders, and assist their countrymen + when such a necessity pressed them; for, said I, it is not possible for me + to lead more than one party. This advice of mine greatly pleased the + multitude; so they compelled them to go forth to the war. But their + designs were put into very much disorder, because they had not done what + they had designed to do, on account of my stratagem, which was opposite to + their undertakings. + </p> + <p> + 56. Now there was one whose name was Ananias [a wicked man he was, and + very mischievous]; he proposed that a general religious fast <a + href="#linknote-23" name="linknoteref-23" id="linknoteref-23"><small>23</small></a> + should be appointed the next day for all the people, and gave order that + at the same hour they should come to the same place, without any weapons, + to make it manifest before God, that while they obtained his assistance, + they thought all these weapons useless. This he said, not out of piety, + but that they might catch me and my friends unarmed. Now, I was hereupon + forced to comply, lest I should appear to despise a proposal that tended + to piety. As soon, therefore, as we were gone home, Jonathan and his + colleagues wrote to John to come to them in the morning, and desiring him + to come with as many soldiers as he possibly could, for that they should + then be able easily to get me into their hands, and to do all they desired + to do. When John had received this letter, he resolved to comply with it. + As for myself, on the next day, I ordered two of the guards of my body, + whom I esteemed the most courageous and most faithful, to hide daggers + under their garments, and to go along with me, that we might defend + ourselves, if any attack should be made upon us by our enemies. I also + myself took my breastplate, and girded on my sword, so that it might be, + as far as it was possible, concealed, and came into the Proseucha. + </p> + <p> + 57. Now Jesus, who was the ruler, commanded that they should exclude all + that came with me, for he kept the door himself, and suffered none but his + friends to go in. And while we were engaged in the duties of the day, and + had betaken ourselves to our prayers, Jesus got up, and inquired of me + what was become of the vessels that were taken out of the king's palace, + when it was burnt down [and] of that uncoined silver; and in whose + possession they now were? This he said, in order to drive away time till + John should come. I said that Capellus, and the ten principal men of + Tiberias, had them all; and I told him that they might ask them whether I + told a lie or not. And when they said they had them, he asked me, What is + become of those twenty pieces of gold which thou didst receive upon the + sale of a certain weight of uncoined money? I replied, that I had given + them to those ambassadors of theirs, as a maintenance for them, when they + were sent by them to Jerusalem. So Jonathan and his colleagues said that I + had not done well to pay the ambassadors out of the public money. And when + the multitude were very angry at them for this, for they perceived the + wickedness of the men, I understood that a tumult was going to arise; and + being desirous to provoke the people to a greater rage against the men, I + said, "But if I have not done well in paying our ambassadors out of the + public stock, leave off your anger at me, for I will repay the twenty + pieces of gold myself." + </p> + <p> + 58. When I had said this, Jonathan and his colleagues held their peace; + but the people were still more irritated against them, upon their openly + showing their unjust ill-will to me. When Jesus saw this change in file + people, he ordered them to depart, but desired the senate to stay; for + that they could not examine things of such a nature in a tumult: and as + the people were crying out that they would not leave me alone, there came + one and told Jesus and his friends privately, that John and his armed men + were at hand: whereupon Jonathan and his colleagues, being able to contain + themselves no longer, [and perhaps the providence of God hereby procuring + my deliverance, for had not this been so, I had certainly been destroyed + by John,] said, "O you people of Tiberias! leave off this inquiry about + the twenty pieces of gold; for Josephus hath not deserved to die for them; + but he hath deserved it by his desire of tyrannizing, and by cheating the + multitude of the Galileans with his speeches, in order to gain the + dominion over them." When he had said this, they presently laid hands upon + me, and endeavored to kill me: but as soon as those that were with me saw + what they did, they drew their swords, and threatened to smite them, if + they offered any violence to me. The people also took up stones, and were + about to throw them at Jonathan; and so they snatched me from the violence + of my enemies. + </p> + <p> + 59. But as I was gone out a little way, I was just upon meeting John, who + was marching with his armed men. So I was afraid of him, and turned aside, + and escaped by a narrow passage to the lake, and seized on a ship, and + embarked in it, and sailed over to Tarichese. So, beyond my expectation, I + escaped this danger. Whereupon I presently sent for the chief of the + Galileans, and told them after what manner, against all faith given, I had + been very near to destruction from Jonathan and his colleagues, and the + people of Tiberias. Upon which the multitude of the Galileans were very + angry, and encouraged me to delay no longer to make war upon them, but to + permit them to go against John, and utterly to destroy him, as well as + Jonathan and his colleagues. However, I restrained them, though they were + in such a rage, and desired them to tarry a while, till we should be + informed what orders those ambassadors, that were sent by them to the city + of Jerusalem, should bring thence; for I told them that it was best for + them to act according to their determination; whereupon they were + prevailed on. At which time, also, John, when the snares he had laid did + not take effect, returned back to Gischala. + </p> + <p> + 60. Now, in a few days, those ambassadors whom he had sent, came back + again and informed us, that the people were greatly provoked at Ananus, + and Simon the son of Gamaliel, and their friends; that, without any public + determination, they had sent to Galilee, and had done their endeavors that + I might be turned out of the government. The ambassadors said further, + that the people were ready to burn their houses. They also brought + letters, whereby the chief men of Jerusalem, at the earnest petition of + the people, confirmed me in the government of Galilee, and enjoined + Jonathan and his colleagues to return home quickly. When I had gotten + these letters, I came to the village Arbela, where I procured an assembly + of the Galileans to meet, and bid the ambassadors declare to them the + anger of the people of Jerusalem at what had been done by Jonathan and his + colleagues, and how much they hated their wicked doings, and how they had + confirmed me in the government of their country, as also what related to + the order they had in writing for Jonathan and his colleagues to return + home. So I immediately sent them the letter, and bid him that carried it + to inquire, as well as he could, how they intended to act [on this + occasion.] + </p> + <p> + 61. Now, when they had received that letter, and were thereby greatly + disturbed, they sent for John, and for the senators of Tiberias, and for + the principal men of the Gabarens, and proposed to hold a council, and + desired them to consider what was to be done by them. However, the + governors of Tiberias were greatly disposed to keep the government to + themselves; for they said it was not fit to desert their city, now it was + committed to their trust, and that otherwise I should not delay to fall + upon them; for they pretended falsely that so I had threatened to do. Now + John was not only of their opinion, but advised them, that two of them + should go to accuse me before the multitude [at Jerusalem], that I do not + manage the affairs of Galilee as I ought to do; and that they would easily + persuade the people, because of their dignity, and because the whole + multitude are very mutable. When, therefore, it appeared that John had + suggested the wisest advice to them, they resolved that two of them, + Jonathan and Ananias, should go to the people of Jerusalem, and the other + two [Simon and Joazar] should be left behind to tarry at Tiberins. They + also took along with them a hundred soldiers for their guard. + </p> + <p> + 62. However, the governors of Tiberias took care to have their city + secured with walls, and commanded their inhabitants to take their arms. + They also sent for a great many soldiers from John, to assist them against + me, if there should be occasion for them. Now John was at Gischala. + Jonathan, therefore, and those that were with him, when they were departed + from Tiberias, and as soon as they were come to Dabaritta, a village that + lay in the utmost parts of Galilee, in the great plain, they, about + midnight, fell among the guards I had set, who both commanded them to lay + aside their weapons, and kept them in bonds upon the place, as I had + charged them to do. This news was written to me by Levi, who had the + command of that guard committed to him by me. Hereupon I said nothing of + it for two days; and, pretending to know nothing about it, I sent a + message to the people of Tiberias, and advised them to lay their arms + aside, and to dismiss their men, that they might go home. But, supposing + that Jonathan, and those that were with him, were already arrived at + Jerusalem, they made reproachful answers to me; yet was I not terrified + thereby, but contrived another stratagem against them, for I did not think + it agreeable with piety to kindle the fire of war against the citizens. As + I was desirous to draw those men away from Tiberias, I chose out ten + thousand of the best of my armed men, and divided them into three bodies, + and ordered them to go privately, and lie still as an ambush, in the + villages. I also led a thousand into another village, which lay indeed in + the mountains, as did the others, but only four furlongs distant from + Tiberias; and gave orders, that when they saw my signal, they should come + down immediately, while I myself lay with my soldiers in the sight of + every body. Hereupon the people of Tiberias, at the sight of me, came + running out of the city perpetually, and abused me greatly. Nay, their + madness was come to that height, that they made a decent bier for me, and, + standing about it, they mourned over me in the way of jest and sport; and + I could not but be myself in a pleasant humor upon the sight of this + madness of theirs. + </p> + <p> + 63. And now being desirous to catch Simon by a wile, and Joazar with him, + I sent a message to them, and desired them to come a little way out of the + city, and many of their friends to guard them; for I said I would come + down to them, and make a league with them, and divide the government of + Galilee with them. Accordingly, Simon was deluded on account of his + imprudence, and out of the hopes of gain, and did not delay to come; but + Joazar, suspecting snares were laid for him, staid behind. So when Simon + was come out, and his friends with him, for his guard, I met him, and + saluted him with great civility, and professed that I was obliged to him + for his coming up to me; but a little while afterward I walked along with + him as though I would say something to him by myself; and when I had drawn + him a good way from his friends, I took him about the middle, and gave him + to my friends that were with me, to carry him into a village; and, + commanding my armed men to come down, I with them made an assault upon + Tiberias. Now, as the fight grew hot on both sides, and the soldiers + belonging to Tiberias were in a fair way to conquer me, [for my armed men + were already fled away,] I saw the posture of my affairs; and encouraging + those that were with me, I pursued those of Tiberias, even when they were + already conquerors, into the city. I also sent another band of soldiers + into the city by the lake, and gave them orders to set on fire the first + house they could seize upon. When this was done, the people of Tiberinas + thought that their city was taken by force, and so threw down their arms + for fear, and implored, they, their wives, and children, that I would + spare their city. So I was over-persuaded by their entreaties, and + restrained the soldiers from the vehemency with which they pursued them; + while I myself, upon the coming on of the evening, returned back with my + soldiers, and went to refresh myself. I also invited Simon to sup with me, + and comforted him on occasion of what had happened; and I promised that I + would send him safe and secure to Jerusalem, and withal would give him + provisions for his journey thither. + </p> + <p> + 64. But on the next day, I brought ten thousand armed men with me, and + came to Tiberias. I then sent for the principal men of the multitude into + the public place, and enjoined them to tell me who were the authors of the + revolt; and when they told me who the men were, I sent them bound to the + city Jotapata. But as to Jonathan and Ananias, I freed them from their + bonds, and gave them provisions for their journey, together with Simon and + Joazar, and five hundred armed men who should guard them; and so I sent + them to Jerusalem. The people of Tiberias also came to me again, and + desired that I would forgive them for what they had done; and they said + they would amend what they had done amiss with regard to me, by their + fidelity for the time to come; and they besought me to preserve what + spoils remained upon the plunder of the city, for those that had lost + them. Accordingly, I enjoined those that had got them, to bring them all + before us; and when they did not comply for a great while, and I saw one + of the soldiers that were about me with a garment on that was more + splendid than ordinary, I asked him whence he had it; and when he replied + that he had it out of the plunder of the city, I had him punished with + stripes; and I threatened all the rest to inflict a severer punishment + upon them, unless they produced before us whatsoever they had plundered; + and when a great many spoils were brought together, I restored to every + one of Tiberias what they claimed to be their own. + </p> + <p> + 65. And now I am come to this part of my narration, I have a mind to say a + few things to Justus, who hath himself written a history concerning these + affairs, as also to others who profess to write history, but have little + regard to truth, and are not afraid, either out of ill-will or good-will + to some persons, to relate falsehoods. These men do like those who compose + forged deeds and conveyances; and because they are not brought to the like + punishment with them, they have no regard to truth. When, therefore, + Justus undertook to write about these facts, and about the Jewish war, + that he might appear to have been an industrious man, he falsified in what + he related about me, and could not speak truth even about his own country; + whence it is that, being belied by him, I am under a necessity to make my + defense; and so I shall say what I have concealed till now. And let no one + wonder that I have not told the world these things a great while ago. For + although it be necessary for an historian to write the truth, yet is such + a one not bound severely to animadvert on the wickedness of certain men; + not out of any favor to them, but out of an author's own moderation. How + then comes it to pass, O Justus! thou most sagacious of writers, [that I + may address myself to him as if he were here present,] for so thou + boastest of thyself, that I and the Galileans have been the authors of + that sedition which thy country engaged in, both against the Romans and + against the king [Agrippa, junior] For before ever I was appointed + governor of Galilee by the community of Jerusalem, both thou and all the + people of Tiberias had not only taken up arms, but had made war with + Decapolis of Syria. Accordingly, thou hadst ordered their villages to be + burnt, and a domestic servant of thine fell in the battle. Nor is it I + only who say this; but so it is written in the Commentaries of Vespasian, + the emperor; as also how the inhabitants of Decapolis came clamoring to + Vespasian at Ptolemais, and desired that thou, who wast the author [of + that war], mightest be brought to punishment. And thou hadst certainly + been punished at the command of Vespasian, had not king Agrippa, who had + power given him to have thee put to death, at the earnest entreaty of his + sister Bernice, changed the punishment from death into a long + imprisonment. Thy political administration of affairs afterward doth also + clearly discover both thy other behavior in life, and that thou wast the + occasion of thy country's revolt from the Romans; plain signs of which I + shall produce presently. I have also a mind to say a few things to the + rest of the people of Tiberias on thy account, and to demonstrate to those + that light upon this history, that you bare no good-will, neither to the + Romans, nor to the king. To be sure, the greatest cities of Galilee, O + Justus! were Sepphoris, and thy country Tiberias. But Sepphoris, situated + in the very midst of Galilee, and having many villages about it, and able + with ease to have been bold and troublesome to the Romans, if they had so + pleased, yet did it resolve to continue faithful to those their masters, + and at the same time excluded me out of their city, and prohibited all + their citizens from joining with the Jews in the war; and, that they might + be out of danger from me, they, by a wile, got leave of me to fortify + their city with walls: they also, of their own accord, admitted of a + garrison of Roman legions, sent them by Cestlus Gallus, who was then + president of Syria, and so had me in contempt, though I was then very + powerful, and all were greatly afraid of me; and at the same time that the + greatest of our cities, Jerusalem, was besieged, and that temple of ours, + which belonged to us all, was in danger of falling under the enemy's + power, they sent no assistance thither, as not willing to have it thought + they would bear arms against the Romans. But as for thy country, O Justus: + situated upon the lake of Gennesareth, and distance from Hippos thirty + furlongs, from Gadara sixty, and from Scythopolis, which was under the + king's jurisdiction, a hundred and twenty; when there was no Jewish city + near, it might easily have preserved its fidelity [to the Romans,] if it + had so pleased them to do, for the city and its people had plenty of + weapons. But, as thou sayest, I was then the author [of their revolts]. + And pray, O Justus! who was that author afterwards? For thou knowest that + I was in the power of the Romans before Jerusalem was besieged, and before + the same time Jotapata was taker by force, as well as many other + fortresses, and a great many of the Galileans fell in the war. It was + therefore then a proper time, when you were certainly freed from any fear + on my account, to throw away your weapons, and to demonstrate to the king + and to the Romans, that it was not of choice, but as forced by necessity, + that you fell into the war against them; but you staid till Vespasian came + himself as far as your walls, with his whole army; and then you did indeed + lay aside your weapons out of fear, and your city had for certain been + taken by force, unless Vespasian had complied with the king's supplication + for you, and had excused your madness. It was not I, therefore, who was + the author of this, but your own inclinations to war. Do not you remember + how often I got you under my power, and yet put none of you to death? Nay, + you once fell into a tumult one against another, and slew one hundred and + eighty-five of your citizens, not on account of your good-will to the king + and to the Romans, but on account of your own wickedness, and this while I + was besieged by the Romans in Jotapata. Nay, indeed, were there not + reckoned up two thousand of the people of Tiberias during the siege of + Jerusalem, some of whom were slain, and the rest caught and carried + captives? But thou wilt pretend that thou didst not engage in the war, + since thou didst flee to the king. Yes, indeed, thou didst flee to him; + but I say it was out of fear of me. Thou sayest, indeed, that it is I who + am a wicked man. But then, for what reason was it that king Agrippa, who + procured thee thy life when thou wast condemned to die by Vespian, and who + bestowed so much riches upon thee, did twice afterward put thee in bonds, + and as often obliged thee to run away from thy country, and, when he had + once ordered thee to be put to death, he granted thee a pardon at the + earnest desire of Bernice? And when [after so many of thy wicked pranks] + he made thee his secretary, he caught thee falsifying his epistles, and + drove thee away from his sight. But I shall not inquire accurately into + these matters of scandal against thee. Yet cannot I but wonder at thy + impudence, when thou hast the assurance to say, that thou hast better + related these affairs [of the war] than have all the others that have + written about them, whilst thou didst not know what was done in Galilee; + for thou wast then at Berytus with the king; nor didst thou know how much + the Romans suffered at the siege of Jotapata, or what miseries they + brought upon us; nor couldst thou learn by inquiry what I did during that + siege myself; for all those that might afford such information were quite + destroyed in that siege. But perhaps thou wilt say, thou hast written of + what was done against the people of Jerusalem exactly. But how should that + be? for neither wast thou concerned in that war, nor hast thou read the + commentaries of Caesar; of which we have evident proof, because thou hast + contradicted those commentaries of Caesar in thy history. But if thou art + so hardy as to affirm, that thou hast written that history better than all + the rest, why didst thou not publish thy history while the emperors + Vespasian and Titus, the generals in that war, as well as king Agrippa and + his family, who were men very well skilled in the learning of the Greeks, + were all alive? for thou hast had it written these twenty years, and then + mightest thou have had the testimony of thy accuracy. But now when these + men are no longer with us, and thou thinkest thou canst not be + contradicted, thou venturest to publish it. But then I was not in like + manner afraid of my own writing, but I offered my books to the emperors + themselves, when the facts were almost under men's eyes; for I was + conscious to myself, that I had observed the truth of the facts; and as I + expected to have their attestation to them, so I was not deceived in such + expectation. Moreover, I immediately presented my history to many other + persons, some of whom were concerned in the war, as was king Agrippa and + some of his kindred. Now the emperor Titus was so desirous that the + knowledge of these affairs should be taken from these books alone, that he + subscribed his own hand to them, and ordered that they should be + published; and for king Agrippa, he wrote me sixty-two letters, and + attested to the truth of what I had therein delivered; two of which + letters I have here subjoined, and thou mayst thereby know their contents:— + "King Agrippa to Josephus, however, when thou comest to me, I will inform + thee of a great many things which thou dost not know." So when this + history was perfected, Agrippa, neither by way of flattery, which was not + agreeable to him, nor by way of irony, as thou wilt say, [for he was + entirely a stranger to such an evil disposition of mind,] but he wrote + this by way of attestation to what was true, as all that read histories + may do. And so much shall be said concerning Justus <a href="#linknote-24" + name="linknoteref-24" id="linknoteref-24"><small>24</small></a> which I am + obliged to add by way of digression. + </p> + <p> + 66. Now, when I had settled the affairs of Tiberias, and had assembled my + friends as a sanhedrim, I consulted what I should do as to John. Whereupon + it appeared to be the opinion of all the Galileans, that I should arm them + all, and march against John, and punish him as the author of all the + disorders that had happened. Yet was not I pleased with their + determination; as purposing to compose these troubles without bloodshed. + Upon this I exhorted them to use the utmost care to learn the names of all + that were under John; which when they had done, and I thereby was apprized + who the men were, I published an edict, wherein I offered security and my + right hand to such of John's party as had a mind to repent; and I allowed + twenty days' time to such as would take this most advantageous course for + themselves. I also threatened, that unless they threw down their arms, I + would burn their houses, and expose their goods to public sale. When the + men heard of this, they were in no small disorder, and deserted John; and + to the number of four thousand threw down their arms, and came to me. So + that no others staid with John but his own citizens, and about fifteen + hundred strangers that came from the metropolis of Tyre; and when John saw + that he had been outwitted by my stratagem, he continued afterward in his + own country, and was in great fear of me. + </p> + <p> + 67. But about this time it was that the people of Sepphoris grew insolent, + and took up arms, out of a confidence they had in the strength of their + walls, and because they saw me engaged in other affairs also. So they sent + to Cestius Gallus, who was president of Syria, and desired that he would + either come quickly to them, and take their city under his protection, or + send them a garrison. Accordingly, Gallus promised them to come, but did + not send word when he would come: and when I had learned so much, I took + the soldiers that were with me, and made an assault upon the people of + Sepphoris, and took the city by force. The Galileans took this + opportunity, as thinking they had now a proper time for showing their + hatred to them, since they bore ill-will to that city also. They then + exerted themselves, as if they would destroy them all utterly, with those + that sojourned there also. So they ran upon them, and set their houses on + fire, as finding them without inhabitants; for the men, out of fear, ran + together to the citadel. So the Galileans carried off every thing, and + omitted no kind of desolation which they could bring upon their + countrymen. When I saw this, I was exceedingly troubled at it, and + commanded them to leave off, and put them in mind that it was not + agreeable to piety to do such things to their countrymen: but since they + neither would hearken to what I exhorted, nor to what I commanded them to + do, [for the hatred they bore to the people there was too hard for my + exhortations to them,] I bade those my friends, who were most faithful to + me, and were about me, to give on reports, as if the Romans were falling + upon the other part of the city with a great army; and this I did, that, + by such a report being spread abroad, I might restrain the violence of the + Galileans, and preserve the city of Sepphoris. And at length this + stratagem had its effect; for, upon hearing this report, they were in fear + for themselves, and so they left off plundering and ran away; and this + more especially, because they saw me, their general, do the same also; + for, that I might cause this report to be believed, I pretended to be in + fear as well as they. Thus were the inhabitants of Sepphoris unexpectedly + preserved by this contrivance of mine. + </p> + <p> + 68. Nay, indeed, Tiberias had like to have been plundered by the Galileans + also upon the following occasion:— The chief men of the senate wrote + to the king, and desired that he would come to them, and take possession + of their city. The king promised to come, and wrote a letter in answer to + theirs, and gave it to one of his bed-chamber, whose name was Crispus, and + who was by birth a Jew, to carry it to Tiberias. When the Galileans knew + that this man carried such a letter, they caught him, and brought him to + me; but as soon as the whole multitude heard of it, they were enraged, and + betook themselves to their arms. So a great many of them together from all + quarters the next day, and came to the city Asochis, where I then lodged, + and made heavy clamors, and called the city of Tiberias a traitor to them, + and a friend to the king; and desired leave of me to go down and utterly + destroy it; for they bore the like ill-will to the people of Tiberias, as + they did to those of Sepphoris. + </p> + <p> + 69. When I heard this, I was in doubt what to do, and hesitated by what + means I might deliver Tiberias from the rage of the Galileans; for I could + not deny that those of Tiborias had written to the king, and invited him + to come to them; for his letters to them, in answer thereto, would fully + prove the truth of that. So I sat a long time musing with myself, and then + said to them, "I know well enough that the people of Tiberias have + offended; nor shall I forbid you to plunder the city. However, such things + ought to be done with discretion; for they of Tiberias have not been the + only betrayers of our liberty, but many of the most eminent patriots of + the Galileans, as they pretended to be, have done the same. Tarry + therefore till I shall thoroughly find out those authors of our danger, + and then you shall have them all at once under your power, with all such + as you shall yourselves bring in also." Upon my saying this, I pacifie the + multitude, and they left off their anger, and went their ways; and I gave + orders that he who brought the king's letters should be put into bonds; + but in a few days I pretended that I was obliged, by a necessary affair of + my own, to out of the kingdom. I then called Crispus privately, and + ordered him to make the soldier that kept him drunk, and to run away to + the king. So when Tiberias was in danger of being utterly destroyed a + second time, it escaped the danger by my skillful management, and the care + that I had for its preservation. + </p> + <p> + 70. About this time it was that Justus, the son of Pistus, without my + knowledge, ran away to the king; the occasion of which I will here relate. + Upon the beginning of the war between the Jews and Romans, the people of + Tiberias resolved to submit to the king, and not to revolt from the + Romans; while Justus tried to persuade them to betake themselves to their + arms, as being himself desirous of innovations, and having hopes of + obtaining the government of Galilee, as well as of his own country + [Tiberias] also. Yet did he not obtain what he hoped for, because the + Galileans bore ill-will to those of Tiberias, and this on account of their + anger at what miseries they had suffered from them before the war; thence + it was that they would not endure that Justus should be their governor. I + myself also, who had been intrusted by the community of Jerusalem with the + government of Galilee, did frequently come to that degree of rage at + Justus, that I had almost resolved to kill him, as not able to bear his + mischievous disposition. He was therefore much afraid of me, lest at + length my passion should come to extremity; so he went to the king, as + supposing that he would dwell better and more safely with him. + </p> + <p> + 71. Now, when the people of Sepphoris had, in so surprising a manner, + escaped their first danger, they sent to Cestius Gallus, and desired him + to come to them immediately, and take possession of their city, or else to + send forces sufficient to repress all their enemies' incursions upon them; + and at the last they did prevail with Gallus to send them a considerable + army, both of horse and foot, which came in the night time, and which they + admitted into the city. But when the country round about it was harassed + by the Roman army, I took those soldiers that were about me, and came to + Garisme, where I cast up a bank, a good way off the city Sepphoris; and + when I was at twenty furlongs distance, I came upon it by night, and made + an assault upon its walls with my forces; and when I had ordered a + considerable number of my soldiers to scale them with ladders, I became + master of the greatest part of the city. But soon after, our + unacquaintedness with the places forced us to retire, after we had killed + twelve of the Roman footmen, and two horsemen, and a few of the people of + Sepphoris, with the loss of only a single man of our own. And when it + afterwards came to a battle in the plain against the horsemen, and we had + undergone the dangers of it courageously for a long time, we were beaten; + for upon the Romans encompassing me about, my soldiers were afraid, and + fell back. There fell in that battle one of those that had been intrusted + to guard my body; his name was Justus, who at this time had the same post + with the king. At the same time also there came forces, both horsemen and + footmen, from the king, and Sylla their commander, who was the captain of + his guard: this Sylla pitched his camp at five furlongs' distance from + Julias, and set a guard upon the roads, both that which led to Cana, and + that which led to the fortress Gamala, that he might hinder their + inhabitants from getting provisions out of Galilee. + </p> + <p> + 72. As soon as I had gotten intelligence of this, I sent two thousand + armed men, and a captain over them, whose name was Jeremiah, who raised a + bank a furlong off Julias, near to the river Jordan, and did no more than + skirmish with the enemy; till I took three thousand soldiers myself, and + came to them. But on the next day, when I had laid an ambush in a certain + valley, not far from the banks, I provoked those that belonged to the king + to come to a battle, and gave orders to my own soldiers to turn their + backs upon them, until they should have drawn the enemy away from their + camp, and brought them out into the field, which was done accordingly; for + Sylla, supposing that our party did really run away, was ready to pursue + them, when our soldiers that lay in ambush took them on their backs, and + put them all into great disorder. I also immediately made a sudden turn + with my own forces, and met those of the king's party, and put them to + flight. And I had performed great things that day, if a certain fate had + not been my hinderance; for the horse on which I rode, and upon whose back + I fought, fell into a quagmire, and threw me on the ground, and I was + bruised on my wrist, and carried into a village named Cepharnome, or + Capernaum. When my soldiers heard of this, they were afraid I had been + worse hurt than I was; and so they did not go on with their pursuit any + further, but returned in very great concern for me. I therefore sent for + the physicians, and while I was under their hands, I continued feverish + that day; and as the physicians directed, I was that night removed to + Taricheee. + </p> + <p> + 73. When Sylla and his party were informed what happened to me, they took + courage again; and understanding that the watch was negligently kept in + our camp, they by night placed a body of horsemen in ambush beyond Jordan, + and when it was day they provoked us to fight; and as we did not refuse + it, but came into the plain, their horsemen appeared out of that ambush in + which they had lain, and put our men into disorder, and made them run + away; so they slew six men of our side. Yet did they not go off with the + victory at last; for when they heard that some armed men were sailed from + Taricheae to Juli, they were afraid, and retired. + </p> + <p> + 74. It was not now long before Vespasian came to Tyre, and king Agrippa + with him; but the Tyrians began to speak reproachfully of the king, and + called him an enemy to the Romans. For they said that Philip, the general + of his army, had betrayed the royal palace and the Roman forces that were + in Jerusalem, and that it was done by his command. When Vespasian heard of + this report, he rebuked the Tyrians for abusing a man who was both a king + and a friend to the Romans; but he exhorted the king to send Philip to + Rome, to answer for what he had done before Nero. But when Philip was sent + thither, he did not come into the sight of Nero, for he found him very + near death, on account of the troubles that then happened, and a civil + war; and so he returned to the king. But when Vespasian was come to + Ptolemais, the chief men of Decapolis of Syria made a clamor against + Justus of Tiberias, because he had set their villages on fire: so + Vespasian delivered him to the king, to be put to death by those under the + king's jurisdiction; yet did the king only put him into bonds, and + concealed what he had done from Vespasian, as I have before related. But + the people of Sepphoris met Vespasian, and saluted him, and had forces + sent him, with Placidus their commander: he also went up with them, as I + also followed them, till Vespasian came into Galilee. As to which coming + of his, and after what manner it was ordered, and how he fought his first + battle with me near the village Taricheae, and how from thence they went + to Jotapata, and how I was taken alive, and bound, and how I was afterward + loosed, with all that was done by me in the Jewish war, and during the + siege of Jerusalem, I have accurately related them in the books concerning + the War of the Jews. However, it will, I think, be fit for me to add now + an account of those actions of my life which I have not related in that + book of the Jewish war. + </p> + <p> + 75. For when the siege of Jotapata was over, and I was among the Romans, I + was kept with much Care, by means of the great respect that Vespasian + showed me. Moreover, at his command, I married a virgin, who was from + among the captives of that country <a href="#linknote-25" + name="linknoteref-25" id="linknoteref-25"><small>25</small></a> yet did + she not live with me long, but was divorced, upon my being freed from my + bonds, and my going to Alexandria. However, I married another wife at + Alexandria, and was thence sent, together with Titus, to the siege of + Jerusalem, and was frequently in danger of being put to death; while both + the Jews were very desirous to get me under their power, in order to haw + me punished. And the Romans also, whenever they were beaten, supposed that + it was occasioned by my treachery, and made continual clamors to the + emperors, and desired that they would bring me to punishment, as a traitor + to them: but Titus Caesar was well acquainted with the uncertain fortune + of war, and returned no answer to the soldiers' vehement solicitations + against me. Moreover, when the city Jerusalem was taken by force, Titus + Caesar persuaded me frequently to take whatsoever I would of the ruins of + my country; and did that he gave me leave so to do. But when my country + was destroyed, I thought nothing else to be of any value, which I could + take and keep as a comfort under my calamities; so I made this request to + Titus, that my family might have their liberty: I had also the holy books + by Titus's concession. Nor was it long after that I asked of him the life + of my brother, and of fifty friends with him, and was not denied. When I + also went once to the temple, by the permission of Titus, where there were + a great multitude of captive women and children, I got all those that I + remembered as among my own friends and acquaintances to be set free, being + in number about one hundred and ninety; and so I delivered them without + their paying any price of redemption, and restored them to their former + fortune. And when I was sent by Titus Caesar with Cerealins, and a + thousand horsemen, to a certain village called Thecoa, in order to know + whether it were a place fit for a camp, as I came back, I saw many + captives crucified, and remembered three of them as my former + acquaintance. I was very sorry at this in my mind, and went with tears in + my eyes to Titus, and told him of them; so he immediately commanded them + to be taken down, and to have the greatest care taken of them, in order to + their recovery; yet two of them died under the physician's hands, while + the third recovered. + </p> + <p> + 76. But when Titus had composed the troubles in Judea, and conjectured + that the lands which I had in Judea would bring me no profit, because a + garrison to guard the country was afterward to pitch there, he gave me + another country in the plain. And when he was going away to Rome, he made + choice of me to sail along with him, and paid me great respect: and when + we were come to Rome, I had great care taken of me by Vespasian; for he + gave me an apartment in his own house, which he lived in before he came to + the empire. He also honored me with the privilege of a Roman citizen, and + gave me an annual pension; and continued to respect me to the end of his + life, without any abatement of his kindness to me; which very thing made + me envied, and brought me into danger; for a certain Jew, whose name was + Jonathan, who had raised a tumult in Cyrene, and had persuaded two + thousand men of that country to join with him, was the occasion of their + ruin. But when he was bound by the governor of that country, and sent to + the emperor, he told him that I had sent him both weapons and money. + However, he could not conceal his being a liar from Vespasian, who + condemned him to die; according to which sentence he was put to death. + Nay, after that, when those that envied my good fortune did frequently + bring accusations against me, by God's providence I escaped them all. I + also received from Vespasian no small quantity of land, as a free gift, in + Judea; about which time I divorced my wife also, as not pleased with her + behavior, though not till she had been the mother of three children, two + of whom are dead, and one whom I named Hyrcanus, is alive. After this I + married a wife who had lived at Crete, but a Jewess by birth: a woman she + was of eminent parents, and such as were the most illustrious in all the + country, and whose character was beyond that of most other women, as her + future life did demonstrate. By her I had two sons; the elder's name was + Justus, and the next Simonides, who was also named Agrippa. And these were + the circumstances of my domestic affairs. However, the kindness of the + emperor to me continued still the same; for when Vespasian was dead, + Titus, who succeeded him in the government, kept up the same respect for + me which I had from his father; and when I had frequent accusations laid + against me, he would not believe them. And Domitian, who succeeded, still + augmented his respects to me; for he punished those Jews that were my + accusers, and gave command that a servant of mine, who was a eunuch, and + my accuser, should be punished. He also made that country I had in Judea + tax free, which is a mark of the greatest honor to him who hath it; nay, + Domitia, the wife of Caesar, continued to do me kindnesses. And this is + the account of the actions of my whole life; and let others judge of my + character by them as they please. But to thee, O Epaphroditus, <a + href="#linknote-28" name="linknoteref-28" id="linknoteref-28"><small>28</small></a> + thou most excellent of men! do I dedicate all this treatise of our + Antiquities; and so, for the present, I here conclude the whole. + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_FOOT" id="link2H_FOOT"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <h2> + Footnotes + </h2> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1" id="linknote-1"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1 (<a href="#linknoteref-1">return</a>)<br /> [ We may hence correct the + error of the Latin copy of the second book Against Apion, sect. 8, [for + the Greek is there lost,] which says, there were then only four tribes or + courses of the priests, instead of twenty-four. Nor is this testimony to + be disregarded, as if Josephus there contradicted what he had affirmed + here; because even the account there given better agrees to twenty-four + than to four courses, while he says that each of those courses contained + above 5000 men, which, multiplied by only four, will make not more than + 20,000 priests; whereas the number 120,000, as multiplied by 24, seems + much the most probable, they being about one-tenth of the whole people, + even after the captivity. See Ezra 2:36-39; Nehemiah 7:39-42; 1 Esdras + 5:24, 25, with Ezra 2;64; Nehemiah 7:66; 1 Esdras 5:41. Nor will this + common reading or notion of but four courses of priests, agree with + Josephus's own further assertion elsewhere, Antiq. B. VII. ch. 14. sect. + 7, that David's partition of the priests into twenty-four courses had + continued to that day.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-2" id="linknote-2"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 2 (<a href="#linknoteref-2">return</a>)<br /> [ An eminent example of the + care of the Jews about their genealogies, especially as to the priests. + See Against Ap. B. 1 sect. 7.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-3" id="linknote-3"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 3 (<a href="#linknoteref-3">return</a>)<br /> [ When Josephus here says, + that from sixteen to nineteen, or for three years, he made trial of the + three Jewish sects, the Pharisees, the Sadducees, and the Essens, and yet + says presently, in all our copies, that he stayed besides with one + particular ascetic, called Banus, with him, and this still before he was + nineteen, there is little room left for his trial of the three other + sects. I suppose, therefore, that for, with him, the old reading might be, + with them; which is a very small emendation, and takes away the difficulty + before us. Nor is Dr. Hudson's conjecture, hinted at by Mr. Hall in his + preface to the Doctor's edition of Josephus, at all improbable, that this + Banus, by this his description, might well be a follower of John the + Baptist, and that from him Josephus might easily imbibe such notions, as + afterwards prepared him to have a favorable opinion of Jesus Christ + himself, who was attested to by John the Baptist.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-4" id="linknote-4"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 4 (<a href="#linknoteref-4">return</a>)<br /> [ We may note here, that + religious men among the Jews, or at least those that were priests, were + sometimes ascetics also, and, like Daniel and his companions in Babylon, + Daniel 1:8-16, ate no flesh, but figs and nuts, etc. only. This was like + the austere diet of the Christian ascetics in Passion-week. Constitut. V. + 18.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-5" id="linknote-5"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 5 (<a href="#linknoteref-5">return</a>)<br /> [ It has been thought the + number of Paul and his companions on ship-board, Acts 27:38, which are 276 + in our copies, are too many; whereas we find here, that Josephus and his + companions, a very few years after the other, were about 600.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-6" id="linknote-6"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 6 (<a href="#linknoteref-6">return</a>)<br /> [ See Jewish War, B. II. ch. + 18. sect. 3.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-7" id="linknote-7"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 7 (<a href="#linknoteref-7">return</a>)<br /> [ The Jews might collect this + unlawfulness of fighting against their brethren from that law of Moses, + Leviticus 19:16, "Thou shalt not stand against the blood of thy neighbor;" + and that, ver. 17, "Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the + children of thy people; but thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself;" as + well as from many other places in the Pentateuch and Prophets. See Antiq. + B. VIII. ch. 8. sect. 3.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-8" id="linknote-8"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 8 (<a href="#linknoteref-8">return</a>)<br /> [ That this Herod Agrippa, + the father, was of old called a Great King, as here, appears by his coins + still remaining; to which Havercamp refers us.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-9" id="linknote-9"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 9 (<a href="#linknoteref-9">return</a>)<br /> [ The famous Jewish numbers + of twelve and seventy are here remarkable.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-10" id="linknote-10"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 10 (<a href="#linknoteref-10">return</a>)<br /> [ Our Josephus shows, both + here and every where, that he was a most religious person, and one that + had a deep sense of God and his providence upon his mind, and ascribed all + his numerous and wonderful escapes and preservations, in times of danger, + to God's blessing him, and taking care of him, and this on account of his + acts of piety, justice, humanity, and charity, to the Jews his brethren.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-11" id="linknote-11"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 11 (<a href="#linknoteref-11">return</a>)<br /> [ Josephus's opinion is + here well worth noting:— That every one is to be permitted to + worship God according to his own conscience, and is not to be compelled in + matters of religion: as one may here observe, on the contrary, that the + rest of the Jews were still for obliging all those who married Jewesses to + be circumcised, and become Jews, and were ready to destroy all that would + not submit to do so. See sect. 31, and Luke 11:54.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-12" id="linknote-12"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 12 (<a href="#linknoteref-12">return</a>)<br /> [ How Josephus could say + here that the Jewish laws forbade them to "spoil even their enemies," + while yet, a little before his time, our Savior had mentioned it as then a + current maxim with them, "Thou shalt love thy neighbor, and hate thine + enemy," Matthew 5:43, is worth our inquiry. I take it that Josephus, + having been now for many years an Ebionite Christian, had learned this + interpretation of the law of Moses from Christ, whom he owned for the true + Melah, as it follows in the succeeding verses, which, though he might not + read in St. Matthew's Gospel, yet might he have read much the same + exposition in their own Ebionite or Nazarene Gospel itself; of which + improvements made by Josephus, after he was become a Christian, we have + already had several examples in this his life, sect. 3, 13, 15, 19, 21, + 23, and shall have many more therein before its conclusion, as well as we + have them elsewhere in all his later writings.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-13" id="linknote-13"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 13 (<a href="#linknoteref-13">return</a>)<br /> [ Here we may observe the + vulgar Jewish notion of witchcraft, but that our Josephus was too wise to + give any countenance to it.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-14" id="linknote-14"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 14 (<a href="#linknoteref-14">return</a>)<br /> [ In this section, as well + as in the 18 and 33. those small vessels that sailed on the sea of + Galilee, are called by Josephus, i.e. plainly ships; so that we need not + wander at our evangelists, who still call them ships; nor ought we to + render them boats, as some do, Their number was in all 230, as we learn + from our author elsewhere. Jewish War. B. II. ch. 21. sect. 8.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-15" id="linknote-15"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 15 (<a href="#linknoteref-15">return</a>)<br /> [ Part of these + fortifications on Mount Tabor may be those still remaining, and which were + seen lately by Mr. Maundrel. See his Travels, p. 112.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-16" id="linknote-16"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 16 (<a href="#linknoteref-16">return</a>)<br /> [ This Gamaliel may be the + very same that is mentioned by the rabbins in the Mishna, in Juchasin, and + in Porta Mosis, as is observed in the Latin notes. He might be also that + Gamaliel II., whose grandfather was Gamaliel I., who is mentioned in Acts + 5:34, and at whose feet St. Paul was brought up, Acts 22:3. See Prid. at + the year 449.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-17" id="linknote-17"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 17 (<a href="#linknoteref-17">return</a>)<br /> [ This Jonathan is also + taken notice of in the Latin notes, as the same that is mentioned by the + rabbins in Porta Mosis.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-18" id="linknote-18"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 18 (<a href="#linknoteref-18">return</a>)<br /> [ This I take to be the + first of Josephus's remarkable or divine dreams, which were predictive of + the great things that afterwards came to pass; of which see more in the + note on Antiq. B. III. ch. 8. sect. 9. The other is in the War, B. III. + ch. 8. sect. 3, 9.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-19" id="linknote-19"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 19 (<a href="#linknoteref-19">return</a>)<br /> [ Josephus's directions to + his soldiers here are much the same that John the Baptist gave, Luke 3:14, + "Do violence to no man, neither accuse any falsely, and be content with + your wages." Whence Dr. Hudson confirms this conjecture, that Josephus, in + some things, was, even now, a follower of John the Baptist, which is no + way improbable. See the note on sect. 2.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-20" id="linknote-20"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 20 (<a href="#linknoteref-20">return</a>)<br /> [ We here learn the + practice of the Jews, in the days of Josephus, to inquire into the + characters of witnesses before they were admitted; and that their number + ought to be three, or two at the least, also exactly as in the law of + Moses, and in the Apostolical Constitutions, B. II. ch. 37. See Horeb + Covenant Revived, page 97, 98.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-21" id="linknote-21"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 21 (<a href="#linknoteref-21">return</a>)<br /> [ This appeal to the whole + body of the Galileans by Josephus, and the testimony they gave him of + integrity in his conduct as their governor, is very like that appeal and + testimony in the case of the prophet Samuel, 1 Samuel 12:1-5, and perhaps + was done by Josephus in imitation of him.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-22" id="linknote-22"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 22 (<a href="#linknoteref-22">return</a>)<br /> [ It is worth noting here, + that there was now a great Proseucha, or place of prayer, in the city of + Tiberias itself, though such Proseucha used to be out of cities, as the + synagogues were within them. Of them, see Le Moyne on Polycarp's Epistle, + page 76. It is also worth our remark, that the Jews, in the days of + Josephus, used to dine at the sixth hour, or noon; and that in obedience + to their notions of the law of Moses also.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-23" id="linknote-23"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 23 (<a href="#linknoteref-23">return</a>)<br /> [ One may observe here, + that this lay Pharisee, Ananias, is we have seen he was, sect. 39, took + upon him to appoint a fast at Tiberias, and was obeyed; though indeed it + was not out of religion, but knavish policy.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-24" id="linknote-24"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 24 (<a href="#linknoteref-24">return</a>)<br /> [ The character of this + history of Justus of Tiberias, the rival of our Josephus, which is now + lost, with its only remaining fragment, are given us by a very able + critic, Photius, who read that history. It is in the 33rd code of his + Bibliotheca, and runs thus: "I have read [says Photius] the chronology of + Justus of Tiberias, whose title is this, [Footnote The Chronology of] the + Kings of Judah which succeeded one another. This [Justus] came out of the + city of Tiberias in Galilee. He begins his history from Moses, and ends it + not till the death of Agrippa, the seventh [ruler] of the family of Herod, + and the last king of the Jews; who took the government under Claudius, had + it augmented under Nero, and still more augmented by Vespasian. He died in + the third year of Trajan, where also his history ends. He is very concise + in his language, and slightly passes over those affairs that were most + necessary to be insisted on; and being under the Jewish prejudices, as + indeed he was himself also a Jew by birth, he makes not the least mention + of the appearance of Christ, or what things happened to him, or of the + wonderful works that he did. He was the son of a certain Jew, whose name + was Pistus. He was a man, as he is described by Josephus, of a most + profligate character; a slave both to money and to pleasures. In public + affairs he was opposite to Josephus; and it is related, that he laid many + plots against him; but that Josephus, though he had his enemy frequently + under his power, did only reproach him in words, and so let him go without + further punishment. He says also, that the history which this man wrote + is, for the main, fabulous, and chiefly as to those parts where he + describes the Roman war with the Jews, and the taking of Jerusalem."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-25" id="linknote-25"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 25 (<a href="#linknoteref-25">return</a>)<br /> [ Here Josephus, a priest, + honestly confesses that he did that at the command of Vespasian, which he + had before told us was not lawful for a priest to do by the law of Moses, + Antiq. B. III. ch. 12. sect. 2. I mean, the taking a captive woman to + wife. See also Against Apion, B. I. sect. 7. But he seems to have been + quickly sensible that his compliance with the commands of an emperor would + not excuse him, for he soon put her away, as Reland justly observes here.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-28" id="linknote-28"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 28 (<a href="#linknoteref-28">return</a>)<br /> [ Of this Epaphroditus, see + the note on the Preface to the Antiquities.] + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Life of Flavius Josephus, by Flavius Josephus + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS *** + +***** This file should be named 2846-h.htm or 2846-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/4/2846/ + +Produced by David Reed, and David Widger + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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