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+Project Gutenberg's The Life of Flavius Josephus, by Flavius Josephus
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life of Flavius Josephus
+
+Author: Flavius Josephus
+
+Translator: William Whiston
+
+Posting Date: December 23, 2008 [EBook #2846]
+Release Date: October, 2001
+[Last updated: August 10, 2011]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Reed
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS
+
+By Flavius Josephus
+
+
+Translated by William Whiston
+
+
+
+1. The family from which I am derived is not an ignoble one, but hath
+descended all along from the priests; and as nobility among several
+people is of a different origin, so with us to be of the sacerdotal
+dignity, is an indication of the splendor of a family. Now, I am not
+only sprung from a sacerdotal family in general, but from the first
+of the twenty-four [1] courses; and as among us there is not only a
+considerable difference between one family of each course and another,
+I am of the chief family of that first course also; nay, further, by my
+mother I am of the royal blood; for the children of Asamoneus, from whom
+that family was derived, had both the office of the high priesthood, and
+the dignity of a king, for a long time together. I will accordingly set
+down my progenitors in order. My grandfather's father was named Simon,
+with the addition of Psellus: he lived at the same time with that son
+of Simon the high priest, who first of all the high priests was named
+Hyrcanus. This Simon Psellus had nine sons, one of whom was Matthias,
+called Ephlias: he married the daughter of Jonathan the high priest,
+which Jonathan was the first of the sons of Asamoneus, who was high
+priest, and was the brother of Simon the high priest also. This Matthias
+had a son called Matthias Curtus, and that in the first year of the
+government of Hyrcanus: his son's name was Joseph, born in the ninth
+year of the reign of Alexandra: his son Matthias was born in the tenth
+year of the reign of Archclaus; as was I born to Matthias in the first
+year of the reign of Caius Caesar. I have three sons: Hyrcanus, the
+eldest, was born in the fourth year of the reign of Vespasian, as was
+Justus born in the seventh, and Agrippa in the ninth. Thus have I set
+down the genealogy of my family as I have found it described [2] in the
+public records, and so bid adieu to those who calumniate me [as of a
+lower original].
+
+2. Now, my father Matthias was not only eminent on account of his
+nobility, but had a higher commendation on account of his righteousness,
+and was in great reputation in Jerusalem, the greatest city we have. I
+was myself brought up with my brother, whose name was Matthias, for
+he was my own brother, by both father and mother; and I made mighty
+proficiency in the improvements of my learning, and appeared to have
+both a great memory and understanding. Moreover, when I was a child, and
+about fourteen years of age, I was commended by all for the love I had
+to learning; on which account the high priests and principal men of the
+city came then frequently to me together, in order to know my opinion
+about the accurate understanding of points of the law. And when I was
+about sixteen years old, I had a mind to make trim of the several sects
+that were among us. These sects are three:-- The first is that of the
+Pharisees, the second that Sadducees, and the third that of the Essens,
+as we have frequently told you; for I thought that by this means I might
+choose the best, if I were once acquainted with them all; so I contented
+myself with hard fare, and underwent great difficulties, and went
+through them all. Nor did I content myself with these trials only; but
+when I was informed that one, whose name was Banus, lived in the desert,
+and used no other clothing than grew upon trees, and had no other food
+than what grew of its own accord, and bathed himself in cold water
+frequently, both by night and by day, in order to preserve his chastity,
+I imitated him in those things, and continued with him three years.
+[3] So when I had accomplished my desires, I returned back to the city,
+being now nineteen years old, and began to conduct myself according to
+the rules of the sect of the Pharisees, which is of kin to the sect of
+the Stoics, as the Greeks call them.
+
+3. But when I was in the twenty-sixth year of my age, it happened that
+I took a voyage to Rome, and this on the occasion which I shall now
+describe. At the time when Felix was procurator of Judea there were
+certain priests of my acquaintance, and very excellent persons they
+were, whom on a small and trifling occasion he had put into bonds, and
+sent to Rome to plead their cause before Caesar. These I was desirous to
+procure deliverance for, and that especially because I was informed
+that they were not unmindful of piety towards God, even under
+their afflictions, but supported themselves with figs and nuts. [4]
+Accordingly I came to Rome, though it were through a great number of
+hazards by sea; for as our ship was drowned in the Adriatic Sea, we that
+were in it, being about six hundred in number, [5] swam for our lives
+all the night; when, upon the first appearance of the day, and upon our
+sight of a ship of Cyrene, I and some others, eighty in all, by God's
+providence, prevented the rest, and were taken up into the other ship.
+And when I had thus escaped, and was come to Dieearchia, which the
+Italians call Puteoli, I became acquainted with Aliturius, an actor of
+plays, and much beloved by Nero, but a Jew by birth; and through his
+interest became known to Poppea, Caesar's wife, and took care, as soon
+as possible, to entreat her to procure that the priests might be set at
+liberty. And when, besides this favor, I had obtained many presents from
+Poppea, I returned home again.
+
+4. And now I perceived innovations were already begun, and that there
+were a great many very much elevated in hopes of a revolt from the
+Romans. I therefore endeavored to put a stop to these tumultuous
+persons, and persuaded them to change their minds; and laid before their
+eyes against whom it was that they were going to fight, and told them
+that they were inferior to the Romans not only in martial skill, but
+also in good fortune; and desired them not rashly, and after the most
+foolish manner, to bring on the dangers of the most terrible mischiefs
+upon their country, upon their families, and upon themselves. And this I
+said with vehement exhortation, because I foresaw that the end of such a
+war would be most unfortunate to us. But I could not persuade them; for
+the madness of desperate men was quite too hard for me.
+
+5. I was then afraid, lest, by inculcating these things so often, I
+should incur their hatred and their suspicions, as if I were of our
+enemies' party, and should run into the danger of being seized by them,
+and slain; since they were already possessed of Antonia, which was the
+citadel; so I retired into the inner court of the temple. Yet did I go
+out of the temple again, after Manahem and the principal of the band of
+robbers were put to death, when I abode among the high priests and the
+chief of the Pharisees. But no small fear seized upon us when we saw the
+people in arms, while we ourselves knew not what we should do, and were
+not able to restrain the seditious. However, as the danger was directly
+upon us, we pretended that we were of the same opinion with them, but
+only advised them to be quiet for the present, and to let the enemy go
+away, still hoping that Gessius [Florus] would not be long ere he
+came, and that with great forces, and so put an end to these seditious
+proceedings.
+
+6. But, upon his coming and fighting, he was beaten, and a great many
+of those that were with him fell. And this disgrace which Gessius [with
+Cestius] received, became the calamity of our whole nation; for those
+that were fond of the war were so far elevated with this success, that
+they had hopes of finally conquering the Romans. Of which war another
+occasion was ministered; which was this:-- Those that dwelt in the
+neighboring cities of Syria seized upon such Jews as dwelt among them,
+with their wives and children, and slew them, when they had not the
+least occasion of complaint against them; for they did neither attempt
+any innovation or revolt from the Romans, nor had they given any marks
+of hatred or treacherous designs towards the Syrians. But what was done
+by the inhabitants of Scythopolis was the most impious and most highly
+criminal of all; [6] for when the Jews their enemies came upon them from
+without, they forced the Jews that were among them to bear arms against
+their own countrymen, which it is unlawful for us to do; [7] and when,
+by their assistance, they had joined battle with those who attacked
+them, and had beaten them, after that victory they forgot the assurances
+they had given these their fellow citizens and confederates, and slew
+them all, being in number many ten thousands [13,000]. The like miseries
+were undergone by those Jews that were the inhabitants of Damascus. But
+we have given a more accurate account of these things in the books of
+the Jewish war. I only mention them now, because I would demonstrate to
+my readers, that the Jews' war with the Romans was not voluntary, but
+that, for the main, they were forced by necessity to enter into it.
+
+7. So when Gessius had been beaten, as we have said already, the
+principal men of Jerusalem, seeing that the robbers and innovators had
+arms in great plenty, and fearing lest they, while they were unprovided
+of arms, should be in subjection to their enemies, which also came to
+be the case afterward; and, being informed that all Galilee had not yet
+revolted from the Romans, but that some part of it was still quiet;
+they sent me and two others of the priests, who were men of excellent
+characters, Joazar and Judas, in order to persuade the ill men there to
+lay down their arms, and to teach them this lesson,--That it were better
+to have those arms reserved for the most courageous men that the nation
+had [than to be kept there]; for that it had been resolved, That those
+our best men should always have their arms ready against futurity; but
+still so, that they should wait to see what the Romans would do.
+
+8. When I had therefore received these instructions, I came into
+Galilee, and found the people of Sepphoris in no small agony about their
+country, by reason that the Galileans had resolved to plunder it, on
+account of the friendship they had with the Romans, and because they
+had given their right hand, and made a league with Cestius Gallus, the
+president of Syria. But I delivered them all out of the fear they were
+in, and persuaded the multitude to deal kindly with them, and permitted
+them to send to those that were their own hostages with Gessius to Dora,
+which is a city of Phoenicia, as often as they pleased; though I still
+found the inhabitants of Tiberias ready to take arms, and that on the
+occasion following:--
+
+9. There were three factions in this city. The first was composed of men
+of worth and gravity; of these Julius Capellus was the head. Now he, as
+well as all his companions, Herod the son of Miarus, and Herod the son
+of Gamalus, and Compsus the son of Compsus; [for as to Compsus's brother
+Crispus, who had once been governor of the city under the great king
+[Agrippa] [8] he was beyond Jordan in his own possessions;] all these
+persons before named gave their advice, that the city should then
+continue in their allegiance to the Romans and to the king. But Pistus,
+who was guided by his son Justus, did not acquiesce in that resolution;
+otherwise he was himself naturally of a good and virtuous character.
+But the second faction was composed of the most ignoble persons, and was
+determined for war. But as for Justus, the son of Pistus, who was the
+head of the third faction, although he pretended to be doubtful about
+going to war, yet was he really desirous of innovation, as supposing
+that he should gain power to himself by the change of affairs. He
+therefore came into the midst of them, and endeavored to inform the
+multitude that "the city Tiberius had ever been a city of Galilee,
+and that in the days of Herod the tetrarch, who had built it, it had
+obtained the principal place, and that he had ordered that the city
+Sepphoris should be subordinate to the city Tiberias; that they had not
+lost this preeminence even under Agrippa the father, but had retained it
+until Felix was procurator of Judea. But he told them, that now they had
+been so unfortunate as to be made a present by Nero to Agrippa, junior;
+and that, upon Sepphoris's submission of itself to the Romans, that was
+become the capital city of Galilee, and that the royal library and the
+archives were now removed from them." When he had spoken these things,
+and a great many more, against king Agrippa, in order to provoke the
+people to a revolt, he added that "this was the time for them to take
+arms, and join with the Galileans as their confederates [whom they might
+command, and who would now willingly assist them, out of the hatred they
+bare to the people of Sepphoris; because they preserved their fidelity
+to the Romans], and to gather a great number of forces, in order to
+punish them." And as he said this, he exhorted the multitude, [to go to
+war;] for his abilities lay in making harangues to the people, and in
+being too hard in his speeches for such as opposed him, though they
+advised what was more to their advantage, and this by his craftiness and
+his fallacies, for he was not unskilful in the learning of the Greeks;
+and in dependence on that skill it was, that he undertook to write
+a history of these affairs, as aiming, by this way of haranguing, to
+disguise the truth. But as to this man, and how ill were his character
+and conduct of life, and how he and his brother were, in great measure,
+the authors of our destruction, I shall give the reader an account in
+the progress of my narration. So when Justus had, by his persuasions,
+prevailed with the citizens of Tiberias to take arms, nay, and had
+forced a great many so to do against their wills, he went out, and set
+the villages that belonged to Gadara and Hippos on fire; which
+villages were situated on the borders of Tiberias, and of the region of
+Scythopolis.
+
+10. And this was the state Tiberias was now in. But as for Gischala,
+its affairs were thus:-- When John, the son of Levi, saw some of the
+citizens much elevated upon their revolt from the Romans, he labored to
+restrain them, and entreated them that they would keep their allegiance
+to them. But he could not gain his purpose, although he did his
+endeavors to the utmost; for the neighboring people of Gadara, Gabara,
+and Sogana, with the Tyrians, got together a great army, and fell upon
+Gischala, and took Gischala by force, and set it on fire; and when they
+had entirely demolished it, they returned home. Upon which John was so
+enraged, that he armed all his men, and joined battle with the people
+forementioned; and rebuilt Gischala after a manner better than before,
+and fortified it with walls for its future security.
+
+11. But Gamala persevered in its allegiance to the Romans, for the
+reason following:-- Philip, the son of Jacimus, who was their governor
+under king Agrippa, had been unexpectedly preserved when the royal
+palace at Jerusalem had been besieged; but, as he fled away, had fallen
+into another danger, and that was, of being killed by Manahem, and the
+robbers that were with him; but certain Babylonians, who were of his
+kindred, and were then in Jerusalem, hindered the robbers from executing
+their design. So Philip staid there four days, and fled away on the
+fifth, having disguised himself with fictitious hair, that he might
+not be discovered; and when he was come to one of the villages to him
+belonging, but one that was situated at the borders of the citadel of
+Gamala, he sent to some of those that were under him, and commanded them
+to come to him. But God himself hindered that his intention, and this
+for his own advantage also; for had it not so happened, he had certainly
+perished. For a fever having seized upon him immediately, he wrote to
+Agrippa and Bernice, and gave them to one of his freed-men to carry them
+to Varus, who at this time was procurator of the kingdom, which the king
+and his sister had intrusted him withal, while they were gone to Berytus
+with an intention of meeting Gessius. When Varus had received these
+letters of Philip, and had learned that he was preserved, he was very
+uneasy at it, as supposing that he should appear useless to the king and
+his sister, now Philip was come. He therefore produced the carrier of
+the letters before the multitude, and accused him of forging the same;
+and said that he spake falsely when he related that Philip was at
+Jerusalem, fighting among the Jews against the Romans. So he slew him.
+And when this freed-man of Philip did not return again, Philip was
+doubtful what should be the occasion of his stay, and sent a second
+messenger with letters, that he might, upon his return, inform him what
+had befallen the other that had been sent before, and why he tarried
+so long. Varus accused this messenger also, when he came, of telling a
+falsehood, and slew him. For he was puffed up by the Syrians that were
+at Caesarea, and had great expectations; for they said that Agrippa
+would be slain by the Romans for the crimes which the Jews had
+committed, and that he should himself take the government, as derived
+from their kings; for Varus was, by the confession of all, of the royal
+family, as being a descendant of Sohemus, who had enjoyed a tetrarchy
+about Libanus; for which reason it was that he was puffed up, and kept
+the letters to himself. He contrived, also, that the king should not
+meet with those writings, by guarding all the passes, lest any one
+should escape, and inform the king what had been done. He moreover slew
+many of the Jews, in order to gratify the Syrians of Cesarea. He had a
+mind also to join with the Trachonites in Batanea, and to take up arms
+and make an assault upon the Babylonian Jews that were at Ecbatana; for
+that was the name they went by. He therefore called to him twelve of
+the Jews of Cesarea, of the best character, and ordered them to go to
+Ecbatana, and inform their countrymen who dwelt there, That Varus hath
+heard that "you intend to march against the king; but, not believing
+that report, he hath sent us to persuade you to lay down your arms, and
+that this compliance will be a sign that he did well not to give credit
+to those that raised the report concerning you." He also enjoined them
+to send seventy of their principal men to make a defense for them as to
+the accusation laid against them. So when the twelve messengers came
+to their countrymen at Ecbatana, and found that they had no designs of
+innovation at all, they persuaded them to send the seventy men also;
+who, not at all suspecting what would come, sent them accordingly.
+So these seventy went down to Caesarea, together with the twelve
+ambassadors; where Varus met them with the king's forces, and slew them
+all, together with the [twelve] [9] ambassadors, and made an expedition
+against the Jews of Ecbatana. But one there was of the seventy who
+escaped, and made haste to inform the Jews of their coming; upon which
+they took their arms, with their wives and children, and retired to the
+citadel at Gamala, leaving their own villages full of all sorts of good
+things, and having many ten thousands of cattle therein. When Philip
+was informed of these things, he also came to the citadel of Gamala; and
+when he was come, the multitude cried aloud, and desired him to resume
+the government, and to make an expedition against Varus, and the Syrians
+of Cesarea; for it was reported that they had slain the king. But Philip
+restrained their zeal, and put them in mind of the benefits the king had
+bestowed upon them; and told them how powerful the Romans were, and said
+it was not for their advantage to make war with them; and at length he
+prevailed with them. But now, when the king was acquainted with Varus's
+design, which was to cut off the Jews of Caesarea, being many ten
+thousands, with their wives and children, and all in one day, he called
+to him Equiculus Modius, and sent him to be Varus's successor, as we
+have elsewhere related. But still Philip kept possession of the citadel
+of Gamala, and of the country adjoining to it, which thereby continued
+in their allegiance to the Romans.
+
+12. Now, as soon as I was come into Galilee, and had learned this state
+of things by the information of such as told me of them, I wrote to the
+sanhedrim at Jerusalem about them, and required their direction what I
+should do. Their direction was, that I should continue there, and that,
+if my fellow legates were willing, I should join with them in the care
+of Galilee. But those my fellow legates, having gotten great riches from
+those tithes which as priests were their dues, and were given to them,
+determined to return to their own country. Yet when I desired them
+to stay so long, that we might first settle the public affairs, they
+complied with me. So I removed, together with them, from the city of
+Sepphoris, and came to a certain village called Bethmaus, four furlongs
+distant from Tiberius; and thence I sent messengers to the senate of
+Tiberius, and desired that the principal men of the city would come to
+me: and when they were come, Justus himself being also with them, I told
+them that I was sent to them by the people of Jerusalem as a legate,
+together with these other priests, in order to persuade them to demolish
+that house which Herod the tetrarch had built there, and which had the
+figures of living creatures in it, although our laws have forbidden us
+to make any such figures; and I desired that they would give us leave so
+to do immediately. But for a good while Capellus and the principal
+men belonging to the city would not give us leave, but were at length
+entirely overcome by us, and were induced to be of our opinion. So Jesus
+the son of Sapphias, one of those whom we have already mentioned as the
+leader of a seditious tumult of mariners and poor people, prevented us,
+and took with him certain Galileans, and set the entire palace on fire,
+and thought he should get a great deal of money thereby, because he saw
+some of the roofs gilt with gold. They also plundered a great deal of
+the furniture, which was done without our approbation; for after we had
+discoursed with Capellus and the principal men of the city, we departed
+from Bethmaus, and went into the Upper Galilee. But Jesus and his party
+slew all the Greeks that were inhabitants of Tiberias, and as many
+others as were their enemies before the war began.
+
+13. When I understood this state of things, I was greatly provoked,
+and went down to Tiberias, and took all the care I could of the royal
+furniture, to recover all that could be recovered from such as had
+plundered it. They consisted of candlesticks made of Corinthian brass,
+and of royal tables, and of a great quantity of uncoined silver; and I
+resolved to preserve whatsoever came to my hand for the king. So I sent
+for ten of the principal men of the senate, and for Capellus the son of
+Antyllus, and committed the furniture to them, with this charge, That
+they should part with it to nobody else but to myself. From thence I
+and my fellow legates went to Gichala, to John, as desirous to know his
+intentions, and soon saw that he was for innovations, and had a mind to
+the principality; for he desired me to give him authority to carry off
+that corn which belonged to Caesar, and lay in the villages of Upper
+Galilee; and he pretended that he would expend what it came to in
+building the walls of his own city. But when I perceived what he
+endeavored at, and what he had in his mind, I said I would not permit
+him so to do; for that I thought either to keep it for the Romans or for
+myself, now I was intrusted with the public affairs there by the people
+of Jerusalem. But, when he was not able to prevail with me, he betook
+himself to my fellow legates; for they had no sagacity in providing for
+futurity, and were very ready to take bribes. So he corrupted them with
+money to decree, That all that corn which was within his province should
+be delivered to him; while I, who was but one, was outvoted by two, and
+held my tongue. Then did John introduce another cunning contrivance of
+his; for he said that those Jews who inhabited Cesarea Philippi, and
+were shut up by the order of the king's deputy there, had sent to him to
+desire him, that, since they had no oil that was pure for their use,
+he would provide a sufficient quantity of such oil for them, lest they
+should be forced to make use of oil that came from the Greeks, and
+thereby transgress their own laws. Now this was said by John, not out of
+his regard to religion, but out of his most flagrant desire of gain;
+for he knew that two sextaries were sold with them of Caesarea for one
+drachma, but that at Gischala fourscore sextaxies were sold for four
+sextaries. So he gave order that all the oil which was there should be
+carried away, as having my permission for so doing; which yet I did not
+grant him voluntarily, but only out of fear of the multitude, since,
+if I had forbidden him, I should have been stoned by them. When I had
+therefore permitted this to be done by John, he gained vast sums of
+money by this his knavery.
+
+14. But when I had dismissed my fellow legates, and sent them back to
+Jerusalem, I took care to have arms provided, and the cities fortified.
+And when I had sent for the most hardy among the robbers, I saw that it
+was not in my power to take their arms from them; but I persuaded the
+multitude to allow them money as pay, and told them it was better for
+them to give them a little willingly, rather than to [be forced to]
+overlook them when they plundered their goods from them. And when I had
+obliged them to take an oath not to come into that country, unless they
+were invited to come, or else when they had not their pay given them, I
+dismissed them, and charged them neither to make an expedition against
+the Romans, nor against those their neighbors that lay round about them;
+for my first care was to keep Galilee in peace. So I was willing to have
+the principal of the Galileans, in all seventy, as hostages for their
+fidelity, but still under the notion of friendship. Accordingly, I made
+them my friends and companions as I journeyed, and set them to judge
+causes; and with their approbation it was that I gave my sentences,
+while I endeavored not to mistake what justice required, and to keep my
+hands clear of all bribery in those determinations.
+
+15. I was now about the thirtieth year of my age; in which time of life
+it is a hard thing for any one to escape the calumnies of the envious,
+although he restrain himself from fulfilling any unlawful desires,
+especially where a person is in great authority. Yet did I preserve
+every woman free from injuries; and as to what presents were offered
+me, I despised them, as not standing in need of them. Nor indeed would
+I take those tithes, which were due to me as a priest, from those that
+brought them. Yet do I confess, that I took part of the spoils of those
+Syrians which inhabited the cities that adjoined to us, when I had
+conquered them, and that I sent them to my kindred at Jerusalem;
+although, when I twice took Sepphoris by force, and Tiberias four times,
+and Gadara once, and when I had subdued and taken John, who often laid
+treacherous snares for me, I did not punish [with death] either him
+or any of the people forenamed, as the progress of this discourse will
+show. And on this account, I suppose, it was that God, [10] who is never
+unacquainted with those that do as they ought to do, delivered me still
+out of the hands of these my enemies, and afterwards preserved me when I
+fell into those many dangers which I shall relate hereafter.
+
+16. Now the multitude of the Galileans had that great kindness for me,
+and fidelity to me, that when their cities were taken by force, and
+their wives and children carried into slavery, they did not so deeply
+lament for their own calamities, as they were solicitous for my
+preservation. But when John saw this, he envied me, and wrote to me,
+desiring that I would give him leave to come down, and make use of
+the hot-baths of Tiberias for the recovery of the health of his body.
+Accordingly, I did not hinder him, as having no suspicion of any
+wicked designs of his; and I wrote to those to whom I had committed
+the administration of the affairs of Tiberius by name, that they should
+provide a lodging for John, and for such as should come with him, and
+should procure him what necessaries soever he should stand in need of.
+Now at this time my abode was in a village of Galilee, which is named
+Cans.
+
+17. But when John was come to the city of Tiberias, he persuaded the men
+to revolt from their fidelity to me, and to adhere to him; and many
+of them gladly received that invitation of his, as ever fond of
+innovations, and by nature disposed to changes, and delighting in
+seditions; but they were chiefly Justus and his father Pistus, that were
+earnest for their revolt from me, and their adherence to John. But I
+came upon them, and prevented them; for a messenger had come to me from
+Silas, whom I had made governor of Tiberias, as I have said already, and
+had told me of the inclinations of the people of Tiberias, and advised
+me to make haste thither; for that, if I made any delay, the city would
+come under another's jurisdiction. Upon the receipt of this letter of
+Silas, I took two hundred men along with me, and traveled all night,
+having sent before a messenger to let the people of Tiberias know that I
+was coming to them. When I came near to the city, which was early in the
+morning, the multitude came out to meet me; and John came with them,
+and saluted me, but in a most disturbed manner, as being afraid that my
+coming was to call him to an account for what I was now sensible he was
+doing. So he, in great haste, went to his lodging. But when I was in
+the open place of the city, having dismissed the guards I had about me,
+excepting one, and ten armed men that were with him, I attempted to make
+a speech to the multitude of the people of Tiberias: and, standing on
+a certain elevated place, I entreated them not to be so hasty in their
+revolt; for that such a change in their behavior would be to their
+reproach, and that they would then justly be suspected by those that
+should be their governors hereafter, as if they were not likely to be
+faithful to them neither.
+
+18. But before I had spoken all I designed, I heard one of my own
+domestics bidding me come down, for that it was not a proper time to
+take care of retaining the good-will of the people of Tiberias, but to
+provide for my own safety, and escape my enemies there; for John had
+chosen the most trusty of those armed men that were about him out of
+those thousand that he had with him, and had given them orders when he
+sent them, to kill me, having learned that I was alone, excepting some
+of my domestics. So those that were sent came as they were ordered, and
+they had executed what they came about, had I not leaped down from the
+elevation I stood on, and with one of my guards, whose name was James,
+been carried [out of the crowd] upon the back of one Herod of Tiberias,
+and guided by him down to the lake, where I seized a ship, and got into
+it, and escaped my enemies unexpectedly, and came to Tarichese.
+
+19. Now, as soon as the inhabitants of that city understood the
+perfidiousness of the people of Tiberias, they were greatly provoked at
+them. So they snatched up their arms, and desired me to be their leader
+against them; for they said they would avenge their commander's cause
+upon them. They also carried the report of what had been done to me to
+all the Galileans, and eagerly endeavored to irritate them against the
+people of Tiberias, and desired that vast numbers of them would get
+together, and come to them, that they might act in concert with their
+commander, what should be determined as fit to be done. Accordingly,
+the Galileans came to me in great numbers, from all parts, with their
+weapons, and besought me to assault Tiberias, to take it by force,
+and to demolish it, till it lay even with the ground, and then to make
+slaves of its inhabitants, with their wives and children. Those that
+were Josephus's friends also, and had escaped out of Tiberias, gave him
+the same advice. But I did not comply with them, thinking it a
+terrible thing to begin a civil war among them; for I thought that this
+contention ought not to proceed further than words; nay, I told them
+that it was not for their own advantage to do what they would have me to
+do, while the Romans expected no other than that we should destroy one
+another by our mutual seditions. And by saying this, I put a stop to the
+anger of the Galileans.
+
+20. But now John was afraid for himself, since his treachery had proved
+unsuccessful. So he took the armed men that were about him, and removed
+from Tiberias to Gischala, and wrote to me to apologize for himself
+concerning What had been done, as if it had been done without his
+approbation, and desired me to have no suspicion of him to his
+disadvantage. He also added oaths and certain horrible curses upon
+himself, and supposed he should be thereby believed in the points he
+wrote about to me.
+
+21. But now another great number of the Galileans came together again
+with their weapons, as knowing the man, how wicked and how sadly
+perjured he was, and desired me to lead them against him and promised me
+that they would utterly both him and Gischala. Hereupon I professed that
+I was obliged to them for their readiness to serve me, and that I would
+more than requite their good-will to me. However, I entreated them to
+restrain themselves, and begged of them to give me leave to do what I
+intended, which was to put an end to these troubles without bloodshed;
+and when I had prevailed with the multitude of the Galileans to let me
+do so, I came to Sepphoris.
+
+22. But the inhabitants of this city having determined to continue in
+their allegiance to the Romans, were afraid of my coming to them, and
+tried, by putting me upon another action, to divert me, that they might
+be freed from the terror they were in. Accordingly, they sent to Jesus,
+the captain of those robbers who were in the confines of Ptolemais, and
+promised to give him a great deal of money, if he would come with those
+forces he had with him, which were in number eight hundred, and fight
+with us. Accordingly, he complied with what they desired, upon the
+promises they had made him, and was desirous to fall upon us when we
+were unprepared for him, and knew nothing of his coming beforehand.
+So he sent to me, and desired that I would give him leave to come and
+salute me. When I had given him that leave, which I did without the
+least knowledge of his treacherous intentions beforehand, he took his
+band of robbers, and made haste to come to me. Yet did not this his
+knavery succeed well at last; for as he was already nearly approaching,
+one of those with him deserted him, and came to me, and told me what
+he had undertaken to do. When I was informed of this, I went into the
+market-place, and pretended to know nothing of his treacherous purpose.
+I took with me many Galileans that were armed, as also some of those
+of Tiberias; and, when I had given orders that all the roads should be
+carefully guarded, I charged the keepers of the gates to give admittance
+to none but Jesus, when he came, with the principal of his men, and to
+exclude the rest; and in case they aimed to force themselves in, to use
+stripes [in order to repel them]. Accordingly, those that had received
+such a charge did as they were bidden, and Jesus came in with a few
+others; and when I had ordered him to throw down his arms immediately,
+and told him, that if he refused so to do, he was a dead man, he seeing
+armed men standing all round about him, was terrified, and complied;
+and as for those of his followers that were excluded, when they were
+informed that he was seized, they ran away. I then called Jesus to me
+by himself, and told him, "that I was not a stranger to that treacherous
+design he had against me, nor was I ignorant by whom he was sent for;
+that, however, I would forgive him what he had done already, if he
+would repent of it, and be faithful to me hereafter." And thus, upon his
+promise to do all that I desired, I let him go, and gave him leave
+to get those whom he had formerly had with him together again. But I
+threatened the inhabitants of Sepphoris, that, if they would not leave
+off their ungrateful treatment of me, I would punish them sufficiently.
+
+23. At this time it was that two great men, who were under the
+jurisdiction of the king [Agrippa] came to me out of the region of
+Trachonius, bringing their horses and their arms, and carrying with them
+their money also; and when the Jews would force them to be circumcised,
+if they would stay among them, I would not permit them to have any force
+put upon them, [11] but said to them, "Every one ought to worship God
+according to his own inclinations, and not to be constrained by force;
+and that these men, who had fled to us for protection, ought not to be
+so treated as to repent of their coming hither." And when I had pacified
+the multitude, I provided for the men that were come to us whatsoever
+it was they wanted, according to their usual way of living, and that in
+great plenty also.
+
+24. Now king Agrippa sent an army to make themselves masters of the
+citadel of Gamala, and over it Equieulus Modius; but the forces that
+were sent were not allow to encompass the citadel quite round, but lay
+before it in the open places, and besieged it. But when Ebutius the
+decurion, who was intrusted with the government of the great plain,
+heard that I was at Simonias, a village situated in the confines of
+Galilee, and was distant from him sixty furlongs, he took a hundred
+horsemen that were with him by night, and a certain number of footmen,
+about two hundred, and brought the inhabitants of the city Gibea along
+with him as auxiliaries, and marched in the night, and came to the
+village where I abode. Upon this I pitched my camp over against him,
+which had a great number of forces in it: but Ebutius tried to draw
+us down into the plain, as greatly depending upon his horsemen; but we
+would not come down; for when I was satisfied of the advantage that
+his horse would have if we came down into the plain, while we were
+all footmen, I resolved to join battle with the enemy where I was. Now
+Ebutius and his party made a courageous opposition for some time; but
+when he saw that his horse were useless to him in that place, he retired
+back to the city Gibea, having lost three of his men in the fight. So I
+followed him directly with two thousand armed men; and when I was at the
+city Besara, that lay in the confines of Ptolemais, but twenty furlongs
+from Gibea, where Ebutius abode, I placed my armed men on the outside
+of the village, and gave orders that they should guard the passes with
+great care, that the enemy might not disturb us until we should have
+carried off the corn, a great quantity of which lay there: it belonged
+to Bernice the queen, and had been gathered together out of the
+neighboring villages into Besara; so I loaded my camels and asses, a
+great number of which I had brought along with me, and sent the corn
+into Galilee. When I had done this, I offered Ebutius battle; but when
+he would not accept of the offer, for he was terrified at our readiness
+and courage, I altered my route, and marched towards Neopolitanus,
+because I had heard that the country about Tiberias was laid waste by
+him. This Neopolitanus was captain of a troop of horse, and had the
+custody of Scythopolis intrusted to his care by the enemy; and when
+I had hindered him from doing any further mischief to Tiberias, I set
+myself to make provision for the affairs of Galilee.
+
+25. But when John, the son of Levi, who, as we before told you, abode at
+Gischala, was informed how all things had succeeded to my mind, and
+that I was much in favor with those that were under me, as also that the
+enemy were greatly afraid of me, he was not pleased with it, as thinking
+my prosperity tended to his ruin. So he took up a bitter envy and enmity
+against me; and hoping, that if he could inflame those that were under
+me to hate me, he should put an end to the prosperity I was in, he
+tried to persuade the inhabitants of Tiberias and of Sepphoris, [and for
+those of Gabara he supposed they would be also of the same mind with the
+others,] which were the greatest cities of Galilee, to revolt from their
+subjection to me, and to be of his party; and told them that he would
+command them better than I did. As for the people of Sepphoris, who
+belonged to neither of us, because they had chosen to be in subjection
+to the Romans, they did not comply with his proposal; and for those of
+Tiberias, they did not indeed so far comply as to make a revolt from
+under me, but they agreed to be his friends, while the inhabitants of
+Gabara did go over to John; and it was Simon that persuaded them so to
+do, one who was both the principal man in the city, and a particular
+friend and companion of John. It is true, these did not openly own the
+making a revolt, because they were in great fear of the Galileans, and
+had frequent experience of the good-will they bore to me; yet did they
+privately watch for a proper opportunity to lay snares for me; and
+indeed I thereby came into the greatest danger, on the occasion
+following.
+
+26. There were some bold young men of the village of Dabaritta, who
+observed that the wife of Ptolemy, the king's procurator, was to make
+a progress over the great plain with a mighty attendance, and with some
+horsemen that followed as a guard to them, and this out of a country
+that was subject to the king and queen, into the jurisdiction of the
+Romans; and fell upon them on a sudden, and obliged the wife of Ptolemy
+to fly away, and plundered all the carriages. They also came to me to
+Tarichese, with four mules' loading of garments, and other furniture;
+and the weight of the silver they brought was not small, and there were
+five hundred pieces of gold also. Now I had a mind to preserve these
+spoils for Ptolemy, who was my countryman; and it is prohibited [12]
+by our laws even to spoil our enemies; so I said to those that brought
+these spoils, that they ought to be kept, in order to rebuild the walls
+of Jerusalem with them when they came to be sold. But the young men
+took it very ill that they did not receive a part of those spoils
+for themselves, as they expected to have done; so they went among the
+villages in the neighborhood of Tiberias, and told the people that I was
+going to betray their country to the Romans, and that I used deceitful
+language to them, when I said, that what had been thus gotten by rapine
+should be kept for the rebuilding of the walls of the city of Jerusalem;
+although I had resolved to restore these spoils again to their former
+owner. And indeed they were herein not mistaken as to my intentions; for
+when I had gotten clear of them, I sent for two of the principal men,
+Dassion, and Janneus the son of Levi, persons that were among the chief
+friends of the king, and commanded them to take the furniture that had
+been plundered, and to send it to him; and I threatened that I would
+order them to be put to death by way of punishment, if they discovered
+this my command to any other person.
+
+27. Now, when all Galilee was filled with this rumor, that their country
+was about to be betrayed by me to the Romans, and when all men were
+exasperated against me, and ready to bring me to punishment, the
+inhabitants of Tarichee did also themselves suppose that what the young
+men said was true, and persuaded my guards and armed men to leave me
+when I was asleep, and to come presently to the hippodrome, in order
+there to take counsel against me their commander. And when they had
+prevailed with them, and they were gotten together, they found there a
+great company assembled already, who all joined in one clamor, to
+bring the man who was so wicked to them as to betray them, to his due
+punishment; and it was Jesus, the son of Sapphias, who principally set
+them on. He was ruler in Tiberias, a wicked man, and naturally disposed
+to make disturbances in matters of consequence; a seditious person he
+was indeed, and an innovator beyond every body else. He then took the
+laws of Moses into his hands, and came into the midst of the people, and
+said, "O my fellow citizens! if you are not disposed to hate Josephus on
+your own account, have regard, however, to these laws of your country,
+which your commander-in-chief is going to betray; hate him therefore on
+both these accounts, and bring the man who hath acted thus insolently,
+to his deserved punishment."
+
+28. When he had said this, and the multitude had openly applauded him
+for what he had said, he took some of the armed men, and made haste
+away to the house in which I lodged, as if he would kill me immediately,
+while I was wholly insensible of all till this disturbance happened; and
+by reason of the pains I had been taking, was fallen fast asleep. But
+Simon, who was intrusted with the care of my body, and was the only
+person that stayed with me, and saw the violent incursion the citizens
+made upon me, awaked me, and told me of the danger I was in, and desired
+me to let him kill me, that I might die bravely and like a general,
+before my enemies came in, and forced me [to kill myself], or killed me
+themselves. Thus did he discourse to me; but I committed the care of my
+life to God, and made haste to go out to the multitude. Accordingly, I
+put on a black garment, and hung my sword at my neck, and went by such
+a different way to the hippodrome, wherein I thought none of my
+adversaries would meet me; so I appeared among them on the sudden, and
+fell down flat on the earth, and bedewed the ground with my tears: then
+I seemed to them all an object of compassion. And when I perceived the
+change that was made in the multitude, I tried to divide their opinions
+before the armed men should return from my house; so I granted them that
+I had been as wicked as they supposed me to be; but still I entreated
+them to let me first inform them for what use I had kept that money
+which arose from the plunder, and, that they might then kill me if they
+pleased: and upon the multitude's ordering me to speak, the armed men
+came upon me, and when they saw me, they ran to kill me; but when the
+multitude bade them hold their hands, they complied, and expected that
+as soon as I should own to them that I kept the money for the king, it
+would be looked on as a confession of my treason, and they should then
+be allowed to kill me.
+
+29. When, therefore, silence was made by the whole multitude, I spake
+thus to them: "O my countrymen! I refuse not to die, if justice so
+require. However, I am desirous to tell you the truth of this matter
+before I die; for as I know that this city of yours [Tarichee] was a
+city of great hospitality, and filled with abundance of such men as have
+left their own countries, and are come hither to be partakers of your
+fortune, whatever it be, I had a mind to build walls about it, out of
+this money, for which you are so angry with me, while yet it was to be
+expended in building your own walls." Upon my saying this, the people
+of Taricheae and the strangers cried out, that "they gave me thanks, and
+desired me to be of good courage," although the Galileans and the people
+of Tiberias continued in their wrath against me, insomuch that there
+arose a tumult among them, while some threatened to kill me, and some
+bade me not to regard them; but when I promised them that I would build
+them walls at Tiberias, and at other cities that wanted them, they gave
+credit to what I promised, and returned every one to his own home. So I
+escaped the forementioned danger, beyond all my hopes, and returned to
+my own house, accompanied with my friends, and twenty armed men also.
+
+30. However, these robbers and other authors of this tumult, who were
+afraid, on their own account, lest I should punish them for what they
+had done, took six hundred armed men, and came to the house where I
+abode, in order to set it on fire. When this their insult was told me, I
+thought it indecent for me to run away, and I resolved to expose myself
+to danger, and to act with some boldness; so I gave order to shut the
+doors, and went up into an upper room, and desired that they would send
+in some of their men to receive the money [from the spoils] for I told
+them they would then have no occasion to be angry with me; and when they
+had sent in one of the boldest of them all, I had him whipped severely,
+and I commanded that one of his hands should be cut off, and hung about
+his neck; and in this case was he put out to those that sent him. At
+which procedure of mine they were greatly affrighted, and in no small
+consternation, and were afraid that they should themselves be served in
+like manner, if they staid there; for they supposed that I had in
+the house more armed men than they had themselves; so they ran away
+immediately, while I, by the use of this stratagem, escaped this their
+second treacherous design against me.
+
+31. But there were still some that irritated the multitude against me,
+and said that those great men that belonged to the king ought not to
+be suffered to live, if they would not change their religion to the
+religion of those to whom they fled for safety: they spake reproachfully
+of them also, and said that they were wizards, and such as called in the
+Romans upon them. So the multitude was soon deluded by such plausible
+pretenses as were agreeable to their own inclinations, and were
+prevailed on by them. But when I was informed of this, I instructed the
+multitude again, that those who fled to them for refuge ought not to be
+persecuted: I also laughed at the allegation about witchcraft, [13]
+and told them that the Romans would not maintain so many ten thousand
+soldiers, if they could overcome their enemies by wizards. Upon my
+saying this, the people assented for a while; but they returned again
+afterwards, as irritated by some ill people against the great men;
+nay, they once made an assault upon the house in which they dwelt at
+Tarichess, in order to kill them; which, when I was informed of, I was
+afraid lest so horrid a crime should take effect, and nobody else would
+make that city their refuge any more. I therefore came myself, and some
+others with me, to the house where these great men lived, and locked the
+doors, and had a trench drawn from their house leading to the lake,
+and sent for a ship, and embarked therein with them, and sailed to the
+confines of Hippos: I also paid them the value of their horses; nor
+in such a flight could I have their horses brought to them. I
+then dismissed them, and begged of them earnestly that they would
+courageously bear I this distress which befell them. I was also myself I
+greatly displeased that I was compelled to expose those that had fled to
+me to go again into an enemy's country; yet did I think it more eligible
+that they should perish among the Romans, if it should so happen, than
+in the country that was under my jurisdiction. However, they escaped at
+length, and king Agrippa forgave them their offenses. And this was the
+conclusion of what concerned these men.
+
+32. But as for the inhabitants of the city of Tiberias, they wrote to
+the king, and desired him to send them forces sufficient to be a guard
+to their country; for that they were desirous to come over to him: this
+was what they wrote to him. But when I came to them, they desired me to
+build their walls, as I had promised them to do; for they had heard that
+the walls of Tarichess were already built. I agreed to their proposal
+accordingly; and when I had made preparation for the entire building, I
+gave order to the architects to go to work; but on the third day, when I
+was gone to Tarichess, which was thirty furlongs distant from Tiberias,
+it so fell out, that some Roman horsemen were discovered on their march,
+not far from the city, which made it to be supposed that the forces were
+come from the king; upon which they shouted, and lifted up their voices
+in commendations of the king, and in reproaches against me. Hereupon one
+came running to me, and told me what their dispositions were, and that
+they had resolved to revolt from me: upon hearing which news I was very
+much alarmed; for I had already sent away my armed men from Tarichess,
+to their own homes, because the next day was our sabbath; for I would
+not have the people of Tarichess disturbed [on that day] by a multitude
+of soldiers; and indeed, whenever I sojourned at that city, I never took
+any particular care for a guard about my own body, because I had had
+frequent instances of the fidelity its inhabitants bore to me. I had
+now about me no more than seven armed men, besides some friends, and was
+doubtful what to do; for to send to recall my own forces I did not think
+proper, because the present day was almost over; and had those forces
+been with me, I could not take up arms on the next day, because our laws
+forbade us so to do, even though our necessity should be very great; and
+if I should permit the people of Tarichess, and the strangers with them,
+to guard the city, I saw that they would not be sufficient for that
+purpose, and I perceived that I should be obliged to delay my assistance
+a great while; for I thought with myself that the forces that came from
+the king would prevent me, and that I should be driven out of the
+city. I considered, therefore, how to get clear of these forces by a
+stratagem; so I immediately placed those my friends of Tarichee, on whom
+I could best confide, at the gates, to watch those very carefully who
+went out at those gates: I also called to me the heads of families, and
+bade every one of them to seize upon a ship [14] to go on board it, and
+to take a master with them, and follow him to the city of Tiberias. I
+also myself went on board one of those ships, with my friends, and the
+seven armed men already mentioned, and sailed for Tiberias.
+
+33. But now, when the people of Tiberias perceived that there were no
+forces come from the king, and yet saw the whole lake full of ships,
+they were in fear what would become of their city, and were greatly
+terrified, as supposing that the ships were full of men on board; so
+they then changed their minds, and threw down their weapons, and met me
+with their wives and children, and made acclamations to me with great
+commendations; for they imagined that I did not know their former
+inclinations [to have been against me]; so they persuaded me to spare
+the city. But when I was come near enough, I gave order to the masters
+of the ships to cast anchor a good way off the land, that the people of
+Tiberias might not perceive that the ships had no men on board; but
+I went nearer to the people in one of the ships, and rebuked them for
+their folly, and that they were so fickle as, without any just occasion
+in the world, to revolt from their fidelity to me. However, assured them
+that I would entirely forgive them for the time to come, if they would
+send ten of the ringleaders of the multitude to me; and when they
+complied readily with this proposal, and sent me the men forementioned,
+I put them on board a ship, and sent them away to Tarichese; and ordered
+them to be kept in prison.
+
+34. And by this stratagem it was that I gradually got all the senate of
+Tiberias into my power, and sent them to the city forementioned, with
+many of the principal men among the populace, and those not fewer
+in number than the other. But when the multitude saw into what great
+miseries they had brought themselves, they desired me to punish the
+author of this sedition: his name was Clitus, a young man, bold and rash
+in his undertakings. Now, since I thought it not agreeable to piety to
+put one of my own people to death, and yet found it necessary to punish
+him, I ordered Levi, one of my own guards, to go to him, and cut off one
+of Clitus's hands; but as he that was ordered to do this, was afraid to
+go out of the ship alone, among 'so great a multitude, I was not willing
+that the timorousness of the soldier should appear to the people of
+Tiberias. So I called to Clitus himself and said to him, "Since thou
+deservest to lose both thine hands for thy ingratitude to me, be thou
+thine own executioner, lest, if thou refusest so to be, thou undergo a
+worse punishment." And when he earnestly begged of me to spare him one
+of his hands, it was with difficulty that I granted it. So, in order to
+prevent the loss of both his hands, he willingly took his sword, and cut
+off his own left hand; and this put an end to the sedition.
+
+35. Now the men of Tiberias, after I was gone to Taricheae, perceived
+what stratagem I had used against them, and they admired how I had put
+an end to their foolish sedition, without shedding of blood. But now,
+when I had sent for some of those multitudes of the people of Tiberias
+out of prison, among whom were Justus and his father Pistus, I made them
+to sup with me; and during our supper time I said to them, that I knew
+the power of the Romans was superior to all others, but did not say so
+[publicly] because of the robbers. So I advised them to do as I did, and
+to wait for a proper opportunity, and not to be uneasy at my being their
+commander; for that they could not expect to have another who would use
+the like moderation that I had done. I also put Justus in mind how
+the Galileans had cut off his brother's hands before ever I came to
+Jerusalem, upon an accusation laid against him, as if he had been a
+rogue, and had forged some letters; as also how the people of Gamala, in
+a sedition they raised against the Babylonians, after the departure of
+Philip, slew Chares, who was a kinsman of Philip, and withal how they
+had wisely punished Jesus, his brother Justuses sister's husband [with
+death]. When I had said this to them during supper time, I in the
+morning ordered Justus, and all the rest that were in prison, to be
+loosed out of it, and sent away.
+
+36. But before this, it happened that Philip, the son of Jacimus, went
+out of the citadel of Gamala upon the following occasion: When Philip
+had been informed that Varus was put out of his government by king
+Agrippa, and that Equieulus Modius, a man that was of old his friend and
+companion, was come to succeed him, he wrote to him, and related what
+turns of fortune he had had, and desired him to forward the letters he
+sent to the king and queen. Now, when Modius had received these letters,
+he was exceedingly glad, and sent the letters to the king and queen, who
+were then about Berytus. But when king Agrippa knew that the story about
+Philip was false, [for it had been given out, that the Jews had begun
+a war with the Romans, and that this Philip had been their commander in
+that war,] he sent some horsemen to conduct Philip to him; and when he
+was come, he saluted him very obligingly, and showed him to the Roman
+commanders, and told them that this was the man of whom the report had
+gone about as if he had revolted from the Romans. He also bid him to
+take some horsemen with him, and to go quickly to the citadel of
+Gamala, and to bring out thence all his domestics, and to restore the
+Babylonians to Batanea again. He also gave it him in charge to take all
+possible care that none of his subjects should be guilty of making any
+innovation. Accordingly, upon these directions from the king, he made
+haste to do what he was commanded.
+
+37. Now there was one Joseph, the son of a female physician, who excited
+a great many young men to join with him. He also insolently addressed
+himself to the principal persons at Gamala, and persuaded them to revolt
+from the king; and take up arms, and gave them hopes that they should,
+by his means, recover their liberty. And some they forced into the
+service, and those that would not acquiesce in what they had resolved
+on, they slew. They also slew Chares, and with him Jesus, one of his
+kinsmen, and a brother of Justus of Tiberias, as we have already said.
+Those of Gamala also wrote to me, desiring me to send them an armed
+force, and workmen to raise up the walls of their city; nor did I reject
+either of their requests. The region of Gaulanitis did also revolt
+from the king, as far as the village Solyma. I also built a wall
+about Seleucia and Soganni, which are villages naturally of ver great
+strength. Moreover, I, in like manner, walled several villages of Upper
+Galilee, though they were very rocky of themselves. Their names are
+Jamnia, and Meroth, and Achabare. I also fortified, in the Lower
+Galilee, the cities Tarichee, Tiberias, Sepphoris, and the villages, the
+cave of Arbela, Bersobe, Selamin, Jotapata, Capharecho, and Sigo, and
+Japha, and Mount Tabor. [15] I also laid up a great quantity of corn
+in these places, and arms withal, that might be for their security
+afterward.
+
+38. But the hatred that John, the son of Levi, bore to me, grew now
+more violent, while he could not bear my prosperity with patience. So
+he proposed to himself, by all means possible, to make away with me;
+and built the walls of Gischala, which was the place of his nativity. He
+then sent his brother Simon, and Jonathan, the son of Sisenna, and about
+a hundred armed men, to Jerusalem, to Simon, the son of Gamaliel, [16]
+in order to persuade him to induce the commonalty of Jerusalem to take
+from me the government over the Galileans, and to give their suffrages
+for conferring that authority upon him. This Simon was of the city of
+Jerusalem, and of a very noble family of the sect of the Pharisees,
+which are supposed to excel others in the accurate knowledge of the laws
+of their country. He was a man of great wisdom and reason, and capable
+of restoring public affairs by his prudence, when they were in an ill
+posture. He was also an old friend and companion of John; but at that
+time he had a difference with me. When therefore he had received such an
+exhortation, he persuaded the high priests, Ananus, and Jesus the son of
+Gamala, and some others of the same seditious faction, to cut me
+down, now I was growing so great, and not to overlook me while I was
+aggrandizing myself to the height of glory; and he said that it would be
+for the advantage of the Galileans, if I were deprived of my government
+there. Ananus also, and his friends, desired them to make no delay about
+the matter, lest I should get the knowledge of what was doing too soon,
+and should come and make an assault upon the city with a great army.
+This was the counsel of Simon; but Artanus the high priest demonstrated
+to them that this was not an easy thing to be done, because many of the
+high priests and of the rulers of the people bore witness that I had
+acted like an excellent general, and that it was the work of ill men to
+accuse one against whom they had nothing to say.
+
+39. When Simon heard Ananus say this, he desired that the messengers
+would conceal the thing, and not let it come among many; for that he
+would take care to have Josephus removed out of Galilee very quickly. So
+he called for John's brother, [Simon,] and charged him that they should
+send presents to Ananus and his friends; for, as he said, they might
+probably by that means persuade them to change their minds. And indeed
+Simon did at length thus compass what he aimed at; for Artanus, and
+those with him, being corrupted by bribes, agreed to expel me out of
+Galilee, without making the rest of the citizens acquainted with what
+they were doing. Accordingly, they resolved to send men of distinction
+as to their families, and of distinction as to their learning also.
+Two of these were of the populace, Jonathan [17] and Ananias, by sect
+Pharisees; while the third, Jozar, was of the stock of the priests, and
+a Pharisee also; and Simon, the last of them, was of the youngest of the
+high priests. These had it given them in charge, that, when they were
+come to the multitude of the Galileans, they should ask them, what was
+the reason of their love to me? and if they said that it was because I
+was born at Jerusalem, that they should reply, that they four were all
+born at the same place; and if they should say, it was because I was
+well versed in their law, they should reply, that neither were they
+unacquainted with the practices of their country; but if, besides these,
+they should say, they loved me because I was a priest, they should
+reply, that two of these were priests also.
+
+40. Now, when they had given Jonathan and his companions these
+instructions, they gave them forty thousand [drachmae] out of the public
+money: but when they heard that there was a certain Galilean that then
+sojourned at Jerusalem, whose name was Jesus, who had about him a band
+of six hundred armed men, they sent for him, and gave him three months
+pay, and gave him orders to follow Jonathan and his companions, and be
+obedient to them. They also gave money to three hundred men that were
+citizens of Jerusalem, to maintain them all, and ordered them also to
+follow the ambassadors; and when they had complied, and were gotten
+ready for the march, Jonathan and his companions went out with them,
+having along with them John's brother and a hundred armed men. The
+charge that was given them by those that sent them was this: That if
+I would voluntarily lay down my arms, they should send me alive to the
+city of Jerusalem; but that, in case I opposed them, they should kill
+me, and fear nothing; for that it was their command for them so to do.
+They also wrote to John to make all ready for fighting me, and gave
+orders to the inhabitants of Sepphoris, and Gabara, and Tiberins, to
+send auxiliaries to John.
+
+41. Now, as my father wrote me an account of this, [for Jesus the son of
+Gamala, who was present in that council, a friend and companion of mine,
+told him of it,] I was very much troubled, as discovering thereby that
+my fellow citizens proved so ungrateful to me, as, out of envy, to give
+order that I should be slain: my father earnestly pressed me also in his
+letter to come to him, for that he longed to see his son before he died.
+I informed my friends of these things, and that in three days' time I
+should leave the country, and go home. Upon hearing this, they were all
+very sorry, and desired me, with tears in their eyes, not to leave them
+to be destroyed; for so they thought they should be, if I were deprived
+of the command over them: but as I did not grant their request, but was
+taking care of my own safety, the Galileans, out of their dread of the
+consequence of my departure, that they should then be at the mercy
+of the robbers, sent messengers over all Galilee to inform them of my
+resolution to leave them. Whereupon, as soon as they heard it, they
+got together in great numbers, from all parts, with their wives and
+children; and this they did, as it appeared to me, not more out of their
+affection to me, than out of their fear on their own account; for while
+I staid with them, they supposed that they should suffer no harm. So
+they all came into the great plain, wherein I lived, the name of which
+was Asochis.
+
+42. But wonderful it was what a dream I saw that very night; for when I
+had betaken myself to my bed, as grieved and disturbed at the news that
+had been written to me, it seemed to me, that a certain person stood by
+me, [18] and said, "O Josephus! leave off to afflict thy soul, and
+put away all fear; for what now grieves thee will render thee very
+considerable, and in all respects most happy; for thou shalt get over
+not only these difficulties, but many others, with great success.
+However, be not cast down, but remember that thou art to fight with the
+Romans." When I had seen this dream, I got up with an intention of going
+down to the plain. Now, when the whole multitude of the Galileans, among
+whom were the women and children, saw me, they threw themselves down
+upon their faces, and, with tears in their eyes, besought me not to
+leave them exposed to their enemies, nor to go away and permit their
+country to be injured by them. But when I did not comply, with their
+entreaties, they compelled me to take an oath, that I would stay
+with them: they also cast abundance of reproaches upon the people of
+Jerusalem, that they would not let their country enjoy peace.
+
+43. When I heard this, and saw what sorrow the people were in, I was
+moved with compassion to them, and thought it became me to undergo the
+most manifest hazards for the sake of so great a multitude; so I let
+them know I would stay with them. And when I had given order that five
+thousand off them should come to me armed, and with provisions for their
+maintenance, I sent the rest away to their own homes; and when those
+five thousand were come, I took them, together with three thousand of
+the soldiers that were with me before, and eighty horsemen, and marched
+to the village of Chabolo, situated in the confines of Ptolimias, and
+there kept my forces together, pretending to get ready to fight with
+Placidus, who was come with two cohorts of footmen, and one troop of
+horsemen, and was sent thither by Cestius Gallus to burn those villages
+of Galilee that were near Ptolemais. Upon whose casting up a bank before
+the city Ptolemais, I also pitched my camp at about the distance of
+sixty furlongs from that village. And now we frequently brought out our
+forces as if we would fight, but proceeded no further than skirmishes at
+a distance; for when Placidus perceived that I was earnest to come to
+a battle, he was afraid, and avoided it. Yet did he not remove from the
+neighborhood of Ptolemais.
+
+44. About this time it was that Jonathan and his fellow legates came.
+They were sent, as we have said already, by Simon, and Ananus the high
+priest. And Jonathan contrived how he might catch me by treachery;
+for he durst not make any attempt upon me openly. So he wrote me the
+following epistle: "Jonathan and those that are with him, and are sent
+by the people of Jerusalem, to Josephus, send greeting. We are sent by
+the principal men of Jerusalem, who have heard that John of Gischala
+hath laid many snares for thee, to rebuke him, and to exhort him to be
+subject to thee hereafter. We are also desirous to consult with thee
+about our common concerns, and what is fit to be done. We therefore
+desire thee to come to us quickly, and to bring only a few men with
+thee; for this village will not contain a great number of soldiers."
+Thus it was that they wrote, as expecting one of these two things;
+either that I should come without armed men, and then they should have
+me wholly in their power; or, if I came with a great number, they should
+judge me to be a public enemy. Now it was a horseman who brought the
+letter, a man at other times bold, and one that had served in the army
+under the king. It was the second hour of the night that he came, when
+I was feasting with my friends, and the principal of the Galileans. This
+man, upon my servant's telling me that a certain horseman of the Jewish
+nation was come, was called in at my command, but did not so much as
+salute me at all, but held out a letter, and said, "This letter is sent
+thee by those that are come from Jerusalem; do thou write an answer to
+it quickly; for I am obliged to return to them very soon." Now my guests
+could not but wonder at the boldness of the soldier. But I desired him
+to sit down and sup with us; but when he refused so to do, I held the
+letter in my hands as I received it, and fell a talking with my guests
+about other matters. But a few hours afterwards, I got up, and when
+I had dismissed the rest to go to their beds, I bid only four of my
+intimate friends to stay, and ordered my servant to get some wine
+ready. I also opened the letter so, that nobody could perceive it; and
+understanding thereby presently the purportú of the writing, I sealed it
+up again, and appeared as if I had not yet read it, but only held it in
+my hands. I ordered twenty drachmae should be given the soldier for the
+charges of his journey; and when he took the money, and said that he
+thanked me for it, I perceived that he loved money, and that he was to
+be caught chiefly by that means; and I said to him, "If thou wilt but
+drink with us, thou shalt have a drachma for every glass thou drinkest."
+So he gladly embraced this proposal, and drank a great deal of wine, in
+order to get the more money, and was so drunk, that at last he could not
+keep the secrets he was intrusted with, but discovered them without my
+putting questions to him, viz. That a treacherous design was contrived
+against me, and that I was doomed to die by those that sent him. When I
+heard this, I wrote back this answer: "Josephus to Jonathan, and those
+that are with him, sendeth greeting. Upon the information that you are
+come in health into Galilee, I rejoice, and this especially because
+I can now resign the care of public affairs here into your hands, and
+return into my native country, which is what I have desired to do a
+great while; and I confess I ought not only to come to you as far as
+Xaloth, but farther, and this without your commands. But I desire you
+to excuse me, because I cannot do it now, since I watch the motions of
+Placidus, who hath a mind to go up into Galilee; and this I do here at
+Chabolo. Do you therefore, on the receipt of this epistle, come hither
+to me. Fare you well."
+
+45. When I had written thus, and given the letter to be carried by
+the soldier, I sent along with him thirty of the Galileans of the best
+characters, and gave them instructions to salute those ambassadors,
+but to say nothing else to them. I also gave orders to as many of those
+armed men, whom I esteemed most faithful to me, to go along with the
+others, every one with him whom he was to guard, lest some conversation
+might pass between those whom I sent and those who were with Jonathan.
+So those men went [to Jonathan]. But when Jonathan and his partners had
+failed in this their first attempt, they sent me another letter, the
+contents whereof were as follows: "Jonathan, and those with him, to
+Josephus, send greeting. We require thee to come to us to the village
+Gabaroth, on the third day, without any armed men, that we may hear what
+thou hast to lay to the charge of John [of Gischala]." When they had
+written this letter, they saluted the Galileans whom I sent, and came
+to Japha, which was the largest village of all Galilee, and encompassed
+with very strong walls, and had a great number of inhabitants in it.
+There the multitude of men, with their wives and children, met them, and
+exclaimed loudly against them; and desired them to be gone, and not to
+envy them the advantage of an excellent commander. With these clamors
+Jonathan and his partners were greatly provoked, although they durst not
+show their anger openly; so they made them no answer, but went to other
+villages. But still the same clamors met them from all the people, who
+said, "Nobody should persuade them to have any other commander besides
+Josephus." So Jonathan and his partners went away from them without
+success, and came to Sepphoris, the greatest city of all Galilee. Now
+the men of that city, who inclined to the Romans in their sentiments,
+met them indeed, but neither praised nor reproached me and when they
+were gone down from Sepphoris to Asochis, the people of that place made
+a clamor against them, as those of Japha had done; whereupon they were
+able to contain themselves no longer, but ordered the armed men that
+were with them to beat those that made the clamor with their clubs. And
+when they came to Gabara, John met them with three thousand armed men;
+but, as I understood by their letter that they had resolved to fight
+against me, I arose from Chabolo, with three thousand armed men also;
+but left in my camp one of my fastest friends, and came to Jotapata,
+as desirous to be near them, the distance being no more than forty
+furlongs. Whence I wrote thus to them: "If you are very desirous that I
+should come to you, you know there are two hundred and forty cities
+and villages in Galilee; I will come to any of them which you please,
+excepting Gaburn and Gischala; the one of which is John's native city,
+and the other in confederacy and friendship with him."
+
+46. When Jonathan and his partners had received this letter, they wrote
+me no more answers, but called a council of their friends together; and
+taking John into their consultation, they took counsel together by what
+means they might attack me. John's opinion was, that they should write
+to all the cities and villages that were in Galilee; for that there
+must be certainly one or two persons in every one of them that were at
+variance with me, and that they should be invited to come to oppose me
+as an enemy. He would also have them send this resolution of theirs to
+the city of Jerusalem, that its citizens, upon the knowledge of my
+being adjudged to be an enemy by the Galileans, might themselves I also
+confirm that determination. He said also, that when this was done, even
+those Galileans who were well affected to me, would desert me out of
+fear. When John had given them this counsel, what he had said was very
+agreeable to the rest of them. I was also made acquainted with these
+affairs about the third hour of the night, by the means of one Saccheus,
+who had belonged to them, but now deserted them and came over to me,
+and told me what they were about; so I perceived that no time was to be
+lost. Accordingly, I gave command to Jacob, an armed man of my guard,
+whom I esteemed faithful to me, to take two hundred men, and to guard
+the passages that led from Gahara to Galilee, and to seize upon the
+passengers, and send them to me, especially such as were caught with
+letters about them: I also sent Jeremias himself, one of my friends,
+with six hundred armed men, to the borders of Galilee, in order to watch
+the roads that led from this country to the city Jerusalem, and gave him
+charge to lay hold of such as traveled with letters about them, to keep
+the men in bonds upon the place, but to send me the letters.
+
+47. When I had laid these commands upon them, I gave them orders, and
+bid them take their arms and bring three days' provision with them, and
+be with me the next day. I also parted those that were about me into
+four parts, and ordained those of them that were most faithful to me to
+be a guard to my body. I also set over them centurions, and commanded
+them to take care that not a soldier which they did not know should
+mingle himself among them. Now, on the fifth day following, when I was
+at Gabaroth, I found the entire plain that was before the village full
+of armed men, who were come out of Galilee to assist me: many others of
+the multitude, also, out of the village, ran along with me. But as soon
+as I had taken my place, and began to speak to them, they all made an
+acclamation, and called me the benefactor and savior of the country.
+And when I had made them my acknowledgments, and thanked them [for their
+affection to me], I also advised them to fight with nobody, [19] nor to
+spoil the country; but to pitch their tents in the plain, and be content
+with their sustenance they had brought with them; for I told them that I
+had a mind to compose these troubles without shedding any blood. Now it
+came to pass, that on the very same day those who were sent by John with
+letters, fell among the guards whom I had appointed to watch the roads;
+so the men were themselves kept upon the place, as my orders were, but I
+got the letters, which were full of reproaches and lies; and I intended
+to fall upon these men, without saying a word of these matters to any
+body.
+
+48. Now, as soon as Jonathan and his companions heard of my coming, they
+took all their own friends, and John with them, and retired to the house
+of Jesus, which indeed was a large castle, and no way unlike a citadel;
+so they privately laid a band of armed men therein, and shut all the
+other doors but one, which they kept open, and they expected that I
+should come out of the road to them, to salute them. And indeed they had
+given orders to the armed men, that when I came they should let nobody
+besides me come in, but should exclude others; as supposing that, by
+this means, they should easily get me under their power: but they were
+deceived in their expectation; for I perceived what snares they had laid
+for me. Now, as soon as I was got off my journey, I took up my lodgings
+over against them, and pretended to be asleep; so Jonathan and his
+party, thinking that I was really asleep and at rest, made haste to go
+down into the plain, to persuade the people that I was an ill governor.
+But the matter proved otherwise; for, upon their appearance, there was
+a cry made by the Galileans immediately, declaring their good opinion
+of me as their governor; and they made a clamor against Jonathan and
+his partners for coming to them when they had suffered no harm, and as
+though they would overturn their happy settlement; and desired them by
+all means to go back again, for that they would never be persuaded to
+have any other to rule over them but myself. When I heard of this, I did
+not fear to go down into the midst of them; I went, therefore, myself
+down presently to hear what Jonathan and his companions said. As soon as
+I appeared, there was immediately an acclamation made to me by the whole
+multitude, and a cry in my commendation by them, who confessed their
+thanks was owing to me for my good government of them.
+
+49. When Jonathan and his companions heard this, they were in fear of
+their own lives, and in danger lest they should be assaulted by the
+Galileans on nay account; so they contrived how they might run away.
+But as they were not able to get off, for I desired them to stay, they
+looked down with concern at my words to them. I ordered, therefore, the
+multitude to restrain entirely their acclamations, and placed the most
+faithful of my armed men upon the avenues, to be a guard to us, lest
+John should unexpected fall upon us; and I encouraged the Galileans to
+take their weapons, lest they should be disturbed at their enemies,
+if any sudden insult should be made upon them. And then, in the first
+place, I put Jonathan and his partners in mind of their [former] letter,
+and after what manner they had written to me, and declared they were
+sent by the common consent to the people of Jerusalem, to make up the
+differences I had with John, and how they had desired me to come to
+them; and as I spake thus, I publicly showed that letter they had
+written, till they could not at all deny what they had done, the letter
+itself convicting them. I then said, "O Jonathan! and you that are sent
+with him as his colleagues, if I were to be judged as to my behavior,
+compared with that of John's, and had brought no more than two or three
+witnesses, [20] good men and true, it is plain you had been forced,
+upon the examination of their characters beforehand, to discharge the
+accusations: that therefore you may be informed that I have acted well
+in the affairs of Galilee, I think three witnesses too few to be brought
+by a man that hath done as he ought to do; so I gave you all these for
+witnesses. Inquire of them [21] how I have lived, and whether I have
+not behaved myself with all decency, and after a virtuous manner, among
+them. And I further conjure you, O Galileans! to hide no part of the
+truth, but to speak before these men as before judges, whether I have in
+any thing acted otherwise than well."
+
+50. While I was thus speaking, the united voices of all the people
+joined together, and called me their benefactor and savior, and attested
+to my former behavior, and exhorted me to continue so to do hereafter;
+and they all said, upon their oaths, that their wives had been preserved
+free from injuries, and that no one had ever been aggrieved by me. After
+this, I read to the Galileans two of those epistles which had been sent
+by Jonathan and his colleagues, and which those whom I had appointed to
+guard the road had taken, and sent to me. These were full of reproaches,
+and of lies, as if I had acted more like a tyrant than a governor
+against them, with many other things besides therein contained, which
+were no better indeed than impudent falsities. I also informed the
+multitude how I came by these letters, and that those who carried them
+delivered them up voluntarily; for I was not willing that my enemies
+should know any thing of the guards I had set, lest they should be
+afraid, and leave off writing hereafter.
+
+51. When the multitude heard these things, they were greatly provoked
+at Jonathan, and his colleagues that were with him, and were going to
+attack them, and kill them; and this they had certainly done, unless
+I had restrained the anger of the Galileans, and said, that "I forgave
+Jonathan and his colleagues what was past, if they would repent, and go
+to their own country, and tell those who sent them the truth, as to
+my conduct." When I had said this, I let them go, although I knew they
+would do nothing of what they had promised. But the multitude were very
+much enraged against them, and entreated me to give them leave to punish
+them for their insolence; yet did I try all methods to persuade them to
+spare the men; for I knew that every instance of sedition was pernicious
+to the public welfare. But the multitude was too angry with them to
+be dissuaded, and all of them went immediately to the house in which
+Jonathan and his colleagues abode. However, when I perceived that
+their rage could not be restrained, I got on horseback, and ordered the
+multitude to follow me to the village Sogane, which was twenty furlongs
+off Gabara; and by using this stratagem, I so managed myself, as not to
+appear to begin a civil war amongst them.
+
+52. But when I was come near Sogane, I caused the multitude to make a
+halt, and exhorted them not to be so easily provoked to anger, and to
+the inflicting such punishments as could not be afterwards recalled: I
+also gave order, that a hundred men, who were already in years, and were
+principal men among them, should get themselves ready to go to the city
+of Jerusalem, and should make a complaint before the people of such as
+raised seditions in the country. And I said to them, that "in case they
+be moved with what you say, you shall desire the community to write to
+me, and to enjoin me to continue in Galilee, and to order Jonathan
+and his colleagues to depart out of it." When I had suggested these
+instructions to them, and while they were getting themselves ready as
+fast as they could, I sent them on this errand the third day after they
+had been assembled: I also sent five hundred armed men with them [as a
+guard]. I then wrote to my friends in Samaria, to take care that they
+might safely pass through the country: for Samaria was already under the
+Romans, and it was absolutely necessary for those that go quickly [to
+Jerusalem] to pass through that country; for in that road you may, in
+three days' time, go from Galilee to Jerusalem. I also went myself, and
+conducted the old men as far as the bounds of Galilee, and set guards in
+the roads, that it might not be easily known by any one that these men
+were gone. And when I had thus done, I went and abode at Japha.
+
+53. Now Jonathan and his colleagues, having failed of accomplishing what
+they would have done against me, sent John back to Gischala, but went
+themselves to the city of Tiberias, expecting it would submit itself to
+them; and this was founded on a letter which Jesus, their then governor,
+had written them, promising that, if they came, the multitude would
+receive them, and choose to be under their government; so they went
+their ways with this expectation. But Silas, who, as I said, had been
+left curator of Tiberias by me, informed me of this, and desired me to
+make haste thither. Accordingly, I complied with his advice immediately,
+and came thither; but found myself in danger of my life, from the
+following occasion: Jonathan and his colleagues had been at Tiberias,
+and had persuaded a great many of such as had a quarrel with me to
+desert me; but when they heard of my coming, they were in fear for
+themselves, and came to me; and when they had saluted me, they
+said, that I was a happy man in having behaved myself so well in the
+government of Galilee; and they congratulated me upon the honors that
+were paid me: for they said that my glory was a credit to them, since
+they had been my teachers and fellow citizens; and they said further,
+that it was but just that they should prefer my friendship to them
+rather than John's, and that they would have immediately gone home, but
+that they staid that they might deliver up John into my power; and when
+they said this they took their oaths of it, and those such as are most
+tremendous amongst us, and such as I did not think fit to disbelieve.
+However, they desired me to lodge some where else, because the next day
+was the sabbath, and that it was not fit the city of Tiberias should be
+disturbed [on that day].
+
+54. So I suspected nothing, and went away to Tarichese; yet did I withal
+leave some to make inquiry in the city how matters went, and whether any
+thing was said about me: I also set many persons all the way that led
+from Tarichese to Tiberias, that they might communicate from one to
+another, if they learned any news from those that were left in the city.
+On the next day, therefore, they all came into the Proseucha; [22] it
+was a large edifice, and capable of receiving a great number of people;
+thither Jonathan went in, and though he durst not openly speak of
+a revolt, yet did he say that their city stood in need of a better
+governor than it then had. But Jesus, who was the ruler, made no scruple
+to speak out, and said openly, "O fellow citizens! it is better for you
+to be in subjection to four than to one; and those such as are of high
+birth, and not without reputation for their wisdom;" and pointed to
+Jonathan and his colleagues. Upon his saying this, Justus came in and
+commended him for what he had said, and persuaded some of the people to
+be of his mind also. But the multitude were not pleased with what was
+said, and had certainly gone into a tumult, unless the sixth hour, which
+was now come, had dissolved the assembly, at which hour our laws require
+us to go to dinner on sabbath days; so Jonathan and his colleagues put
+off their council till the next day, and went off without success.
+When I was informed of these affairs, I determined to go to the city of
+Tiberias in the morning. Accordingly, on the next day, about the first
+hour of the day, I came from Tarichee, and found the multitude already
+assembled in the Proseucha; but on what account they were gotten
+together, those that were assembled did not know. But when Jonathan and
+his colleagues saw me there unexpectedly, they were in disorder; after
+which they raised a report of their own contrivance, that Roman horsemen
+were seen at a place called Union, in the borders of Galilee, thirty
+furlongs distant from the city. Upon which report, Jonathan and his
+colleagues cunningly exhorted me not to neglect this matter, nor to
+suffer the land to be spoiled by the enemy. And this they said with a
+design to remove me out of the city, under the pretense of the want of
+extraordinary assistance, while they might dispose the city to be my
+enemy.
+
+55. As for myself, although I knew of their design, yet did I comply
+with what they proposed, lest the people of Tiberias should have
+occasion to suppose that I was not careful of their security. I
+therefore went out; but, when I was at the place, I found not the least
+footsteps of any enemy, so I returned as fast as ever I could, and found
+the whole council assembled, and the body of the people gotten together,
+and Jonathan and his colleagues bringing vehement accusations against
+me, as one who had no concern to ease them of the burdens of war, and
+as one that lived luxuriously. And as they were discoursing thus, they
+produced four letters, as written to them from some people that lived
+at the borders of Galilee, imploring that they would come to their
+assistance, for that there was an army of Romans, both horsemen and
+footmen, who would come and lay waste the country on the third day;
+they desired them also to make haste, and not to overlook them. When the
+people of Tiberias heard this, they thought they spake truth, and made a
+clamor against me, and said I ought not to sit still, but to go away to
+the assistance of their countrymen. Hereupon I said [for I understood
+the meaning of Jonathan and his colleagues] that I was ready to comply
+with what they proposed, and without delay to march to the war which
+they spake of, yet did I advise them, at the same time, that since
+these letters declared that the Romans would make their assault in four
+several places, they should part their forces into five bodies, and make
+Jonathan and his colleagues generals of each body of them, because it
+was fit for brave men, not only to give counsel, but to take the place
+of leaders, and assist their countrymen when such a necessity pressed
+them; for, said I, it is not possible for me to lead more than one
+party. This advice of mine greatly pleased the multitude; so they
+compelled them to go forth to the war. But their designs were put into
+very much disorder, because they had not done what they had designed
+to do, on account of my stratagem, which was opposite to their
+undertakings.
+
+56. Now there was one whose name was Ananias [a wicked man he was, and
+very mischievous]; he proposed that a general religious fast [23] should
+be appointed the next day for all the people, and gave order that at the
+same hour they should come to the same place, without any weapons, to
+make it manifest before God, that while they obtained his assistance,
+they thought all these weapons useless. This he said, not out of piety,
+but that they might catch me and my friends unarmed. Now, I was hereupon
+forced to comply, lest I should appear to despise a proposal that tended
+to piety. As soon, therefore, as we were gone home, Jonathan and his
+colleagues wrote to John to come to them in the morning, and desiring
+him to come with as many soldiers as he possibly could, for that they
+should then be able easily to get me into their hands, and to do all
+they desired to do. When John had received this letter, he resolved to
+comply with it. As for myself, on the next day, I ordered two of
+the guards of my body, whom I esteemed the most courageous and most
+faithful, to hide daggers under their garments, and to go along with me,
+that we might defend ourselves, if any attack should be made upon us by
+our enemies. I also myself took my breastplate, and girded on my sword,
+so that it might be, as far as it was possible, concealed, and came into
+the Proseucha.
+
+57. Now Jesus, who was the ruler, commanded that they should exclude all
+that came with me, for he kept the door himself, and suffered none but
+his friends to go in. And while we were engaged in the duties of
+the day, and had betaken ourselves to our prayers, Jesus got up, and
+inquired of me what was become of the vessels that were taken out of the
+king's palace, when it was burnt down [and] of that uncoined silver; and
+in whose possession they now were? This he said, in order to drive away
+time till John should come. I said that Capellus, and the ten principal
+men of Tiberias, had them all; and I told him that they might ask them
+whether I told a lie or not. And when they said they had them, he asked
+me, What is become of those twenty pieces of gold which thou didst
+receive upon the sale of a certain weight of uncoined money? I replied,
+that I had given them to those ambassadors of theirs, as a maintenance
+for them, when they were sent by them to Jerusalem. So Jonathan and his
+colleagues said that I had not done well to pay the ambassadors out of
+the public money. And when the multitude were very angry at them for
+this, for they perceived the wickedness of the men, I understood that a
+tumult was going to arise; and being desirous to provoke the people to
+a greater rage against the men, I said, "But if I have not done well in
+paying our ambassadors out of the public stock, leave off your anger at
+me, for I will repay the twenty pieces of gold myself."
+
+58. When I had said this, Jonathan and his colleagues held their peace;
+but the people were still more irritated against them, upon their openly
+showing their unjust ill-will to me. When Jesus saw this change in file
+people, he ordered them to depart, but desired the senate to stay; for
+that they could not examine things of such a nature in a tumult: and
+as the people were crying out that they would not leave me alone, there
+came one and told Jesus and his friends privately, that John and his
+armed men were at hand: whereupon Jonathan and his colleagues, being
+able to contain themselves no longer, [and perhaps the providence of
+God hereby procuring my deliverance, for had not this been so, I had
+certainly been destroyed by John,] said, "O you people of Tiberias!
+leave off this inquiry about the twenty pieces of gold; for Josephus
+hath not deserved to die for them; but he hath deserved it by his desire
+of tyrannizing, and by cheating the multitude of the Galileans with his
+speeches, in order to gain the dominion over them." When he had said
+this, they presently laid hands upon me, and endeavored to kill me: but
+as soon as those that were with me saw what they did, they drew their
+swords, and threatened to smite them, if they offered any violence to
+me. The people also took up stones, and were about to throw them at
+Jonathan; and so they snatched me from the violence of my enemies.
+
+59. But as I was gone out a little way, I was just upon meeting John,
+who was marching with his armed men. So I was afraid of him, and turned
+aside, and escaped by a narrow passage to the lake, and seized on a
+ship, and embarked in it, and sailed over to Tarichese. So, beyond my
+expectation, I escaped this danger. Whereupon I presently sent for the
+chief of the Galileans, and told them after what manner, against all
+faith given, I had been very near to destruction from Jonathan and his
+colleagues, and the people of Tiberias. Upon which the multitude of the
+Galileans were very angry, and encouraged me to delay no longer to make
+war upon them, but to permit them to go against John, and utterly
+to destroy him, as well as Jonathan and his colleagues. However, I
+restrained them, though they were in such a rage, and desired them to
+tarry a while, till we should be informed what orders those ambassadors,
+that were sent by them to the city of Jerusalem, should bring thence;
+for I told them that it was best for them to act according to their
+determination; whereupon they were prevailed on. At which time, also,
+John, when the snares he had laid did not take effect, returned back to
+Gischala.
+
+60. Now, in a few days, those ambassadors whom he had sent, came back
+again and informed us, that the people were greatly provoked at Ananus,
+and Simon the son of Gamaliel, and their friends; that, without any
+public determination, they had sent to Galilee, and had done their
+endeavors that I might be turned out of the government. The ambassadors
+said further, that the people were ready to burn their houses. They
+also brought letters, whereby the chief men of Jerusalem, at the earnest
+petition of the people, confirmed me in the government of Galilee, and
+enjoined Jonathan and his colleagues to return home quickly. When I had
+gotten these letters, I came to the village Arbela, where I procured an
+assembly of the Galileans to meet, and bid the ambassadors declare
+to them the anger of the people of Jerusalem at what had been done
+by Jonathan and his colleagues, and how much they hated their wicked
+doings, and how they had confirmed me in the government of their
+country, as also what related to the order they had in writing for
+Jonathan and his colleagues to return home. So I immediately sent them
+the letter, and bid him that carried it to inquire, as well as he could,
+how they intended to act [on this occasion.]
+
+61. Now, when they had received that letter, and were thereby greatly
+disturbed, they sent for John, and for the senators of Tiberias, and for
+the principal men of the Gabarens, and proposed to hold a council,
+and desired them to consider what was to be done by them. However, the
+governors of Tiberias were greatly disposed to keep the government to
+themselves; for they said it was not fit to desert their city, now it
+was committed to their trust, and that otherwise I should not delay to
+fall upon them; for they pretended falsely that so I had threatened to
+do. Now John was not only of their opinion, but advised them, that two
+of them should go to accuse me before the multitude [at Jerusalem], that
+I do not manage the affairs of Galilee as I ought to do; and that they
+would easily persuade the people, because of their dignity, and because
+the whole multitude are very mutable. When, therefore, it appeared that
+John had suggested the wisest advice to them, they resolved that two of
+them, Jonathan and Ananias, should go to the people of Jerusalem, and
+the other two [Simon and Joazar] should be left behind to tarry at
+Tiberins. They also took along with them a hundred soldiers for their
+guard.
+
+62. However, the governors of Tiberias took care to have their city
+secured with walls, and commanded their inhabitants to take their arms.
+They also sent for a great many soldiers from John, to assist them
+against me, if there should be occasion for them. Now John was at
+Gischala. Jonathan, therefore, and those that were with him, when they
+were departed from Tiberias, and as soon as they were come to Dabaritta,
+a village that lay in the utmost parts of Galilee, in the great
+plain, they, about midnight, fell among the guards I had set, who both
+commanded them to lay aside their weapons, and kept them in bonds upon
+the place, as I had charged them to do. This news was written to me by
+Levi, who had the command of that guard committed to him by me. Hereupon
+I said nothing of it for two days; and, pretending to know nothing about
+it, I sent a message to the people of Tiberias, and advised them to lay
+their arms aside, and to dismiss their men, that they might go home.
+But, supposing that Jonathan, and those that were with him, were already
+arrived at Jerusalem, they made reproachful answers to me; yet was I not
+terrified thereby, but contrived another stratagem against them, for I
+did not think it agreeable with piety to kindle the fire of war against
+the citizens. As I was desirous to draw those men away from Tiberias,
+I chose out ten thousand of the best of my armed men, and divided them
+into three bodies, and ordered them to go privately, and lie still as
+an ambush, in the villages. I also led a thousand into another village,
+which lay indeed in the mountains, as did the others, but only four
+furlongs distant from Tiberias; and gave orders, that when they saw my
+signal, they should come down immediately, while I myself lay with my
+soldiers in the sight of every body. Hereupon the people of Tiberias, at
+the sight of me, came running out of the city perpetually, and abused
+me greatly. Nay, their madness was come to that height, that they made a
+decent bier for me, and, standing about it, they mourned over me in the
+way of jest and sport; and I could not but be myself in a pleasant humor
+upon the sight of this madness of theirs.
+
+63. And now being desirous to catch Simon by a wile, and Joazar with
+him, I sent a message to them, and desired them to come a little way out
+of the city, and many of their friends to guard them; for I said I
+would come down to them, and make a league with them, and divide the
+government of Galilee with them. Accordingly, Simon was deluded on
+account of his imprudence, and out of the hopes of gain, and did not
+delay to come; but Joazar, suspecting snares were laid for him, staid
+behind. So when Simon was come out, and his friends with him, for his
+guard, I met him, and saluted him with great civility, and professed
+that I was obliged to him for his coming up to me; but a little while
+afterward I walked along with him as though I would say something to him
+by myself; and when I had drawn him a good way from his friends, I took
+him about the middle, and gave him to my friends that were with me, to
+carry him into a village; and, commanding my armed men to come down, I
+with them made an assault upon Tiberias. Now, as the fight grew hot on
+both sides, and the soldiers belonging to Tiberias were in a fair way to
+conquer me, [for my armed men were already fled away,] I saw the posture
+of my affairs; and encouraging those that were with me, I pursued those
+of Tiberias, even when they were already conquerors, into the city. I
+also sent another band of soldiers into the city by the lake, and gave
+them orders to set on fire the first house they could seize upon. When
+this was done, the people of Tiberinas thought that their city was taken
+by force, and so threw down their arms for fear, and implored, they,
+their wives, and children, that I would spare their city. So I was
+over-persuaded by their entreaties, and restrained the soldiers from the
+vehemency with which they pursued them; while I myself, upon the coming
+on of the evening, returned back with my soldiers, and went to refresh
+myself. I also invited Simon to sup with me, and comforted him on
+occasion of what had happened; and I promised that I would send him safe
+and secure to Jerusalem, and withal would give him provisions for his
+journey thither.
+
+64. But on the next day, I brought ten thousand armed men with me, and
+came to Tiberias. I then sent for the principal men of the multitude
+into the public place, and enjoined them to tell me who were the authors
+of the revolt; and when they told me who the men were, I sent them bound
+to the city Jotapata. But as to Jonathan and Ananias, I freed them from
+their bonds, and gave them provisions for their journey, together with
+Simon and Joazar, and five hundred armed men who should guard them;
+and so I sent them to Jerusalem. The people of Tiberias also came to me
+again, and desired that I would forgive them for what they had done; and
+they said they would amend what they had done amiss with regard to me,
+by their fidelity for the time to come; and they besought me to preserve
+what spoils remained upon the plunder of the city, for those that had
+lost them. Accordingly, I enjoined those that had got them, to bring
+them all before us; and when they did not comply for a great while, and
+I saw one of the soldiers that were about me with a garment on that was
+more splendid than ordinary, I asked him whence he had it; and when
+he replied that he had it out of the plunder of the city, I had him
+punished with stripes; and I threatened all the rest to inflict a
+severer punishment upon them, unless they produced before us whatsoever
+they had plundered; and when a great many spoils were brought together,
+I restored to every one of Tiberias what they claimed to be their own.
+
+65. And now I am come to this part of my narration, I have a mind to say
+a few things to Justus, who hath himself written a history concerning
+these affairs, as also to others who profess to write history, but have
+little regard to truth, and are not afraid, either out of ill-will or
+good-will to some persons, to relate falsehoods. These men do like
+those who compose forged deeds and conveyances; and because they are not
+brought to the like punishment with them, they have no regard to truth.
+When, therefore, Justus undertook to write about these facts, and about
+the Jewish war, that he might appear to have been an industrious man,
+he falsified in what he related about me, and could not speak truth
+even about his own country; whence it is that, being belied by him, I
+am under a necessity to make my defense; and so I shall say what I have
+concealed till now. And let no one wonder that I have not told the world
+these things a great while ago. For although it be necessary for an
+historian to write the truth, yet is such a one not bound severely to
+animadvert on the wickedness of certain men; not out of any favor to
+them, but out of an author's own moderation. How then comes it to pass,
+O Justus! thou most sagacious of writers, [that I may address myself to
+him as if he were here present,] for so thou boastest of thyself, that
+I and the Galileans have been the authors of that sedition which
+thy country engaged in, both against the Romans and against the king
+[Agrippa, junior] For before ever I was appointed governor of Galilee by
+the community of Jerusalem, both thou and all the people of Tiberias
+had not only taken up arms, but had made war with Decapolis of Syria.
+Accordingly, thou hadst ordered their villages to be burnt, and a
+domestic servant of thine fell in the battle. Nor is it I only who
+say this; but so it is written in the Commentaries of Vespasian, the
+emperor; as also how the inhabitants of Decapolis came clamoring to
+Vespasian at Ptolemais, and desired that thou, who wast the author [of
+that war], mightest be brought to punishment. And thou hadst certainly
+been punished at the command of Vespasian, had not king Agrippa, who had
+power given him to have thee put to death, at the earnest entreaty
+of his sister Bernice, changed the punishment from death into a long
+imprisonment. Thy political administration of affairs afterward doth
+also clearly discover both thy other behavior in life, and that thou
+wast the occasion of thy country's revolt from the Romans; plain signs
+of which I shall produce presently. I have also a mind to say a few
+things to the rest of the people of Tiberias on thy account, and to
+demonstrate to those that light upon this history, that you bare no
+good-will, neither to the Romans, nor to the king. To be sure, the
+greatest cities of Galilee, O Justus! were Sepphoris, and thy country
+Tiberias. But Sepphoris, situated in the very midst of Galilee, and
+having many villages about it, and able with ease to have been bold and
+troublesome to the Romans, if they had so pleased, yet did it resolve to
+continue faithful to those their masters, and at the same time excluded
+me out of their city, and prohibited all their citizens from joining
+with the Jews in the war; and, that they might be out of danger from me,
+they, by a wile, got leave of me to fortify their city with walls: they
+also, of their own accord, admitted of a garrison of Roman legions, sent
+them by Cestlus Gallus, who was then president of Syria, and so had
+me in contempt, though I was then very powerful, and all were greatly
+afraid of me; and at the same time that the greatest of our cities,
+Jerusalem, was besieged, and that temple of ours, which belonged to
+us all, was in danger of falling under the enemy's power, they sent no
+assistance thither, as not willing to have it thought they would bear
+arms against the Romans. But as for thy country, O Justus: situated upon
+the lake of Gennesareth, and distance from Hippos thirty furlongs,
+from Gadara sixty, and from Scythopolis, which was under the king's
+jurisdiction, a hundred and twenty; when there was no Jewish city near,
+it might easily have preserved its fidelity [to the Romans,] if it
+had so pleased them to do, for the city and its people had plenty of
+weapons. But, as thou sayest, I was then the author [of their revolts].
+And pray, O Justus! who was that author afterwards? For thou knowest
+that I was in the power of the Romans before Jerusalem was besieged, and
+before the same time Jotapata was taker by force, as well as many other
+fortresses, and a great many of the Galileans fell in the war. It was
+therefore then a proper time, when you were certainly freed from any
+fear on my account, to throw away your weapons, and to demonstrate to
+the king and to the Romans, that it was not of choice, but as forced by
+necessity, that you fell into the war against them; but you staid till
+Vespasian came himself as far as your walls, with his whole army; and
+then you did indeed lay aside your weapons out of fear, and your city
+had for certain been taken by force, unless Vespasian had complied with
+the king's supplication for you, and had excused your madness. It was
+not I, therefore, who was the author of this, but your own inclinations
+to war. Do not you remember how often I got you under my power, and yet
+put none of you to death? Nay, you once fell into a tumult one against
+another, and slew one hundred and eighty-five of your citizens, not on
+account of your good-will to the king and to the Romans, but on account
+of your own wickedness, and this while I was besieged by the Romans in
+Jotapata. Nay, indeed, were there not reckoned up two thousand of the
+people of Tiberias during the siege of Jerusalem, some of whom were
+slain, and the rest caught and carried captives? But thou wilt pretend
+that thou didst not engage in the war, since thou didst flee to the
+king. Yes, indeed, thou didst flee to him; but I say it was out of fear
+of me. Thou sayest, indeed, that it is I who am a wicked man. But then,
+for what reason was it that king Agrippa, who procured thee thy life
+when thou wast condemned to die by Vespian, and who bestowed so much
+riches upon thee, did twice afterward put thee in bonds, and as often
+obliged thee to run away from thy country, and, when he had once ordered
+thee to be put to death, he granted thee a pardon at the earnest desire
+of Bernice? And when [after so many of thy wicked pranks] he made thee
+his secretary, he caught thee falsifying his epistles, and drove thee
+away from his sight. But I shall not inquire accurately into these
+matters of scandal against thee. Yet cannot I but wonder at thy
+impudence, when thou hast the assurance to say, that thou hast better
+related these affairs [of the war] than have all the others that have
+written about them, whilst thou didst not know what was done in Galilee;
+for thou wast then at Berytus with the king; nor didst thou know how
+much the Romans suffered at the siege of Jotapata, or what miseries they
+brought upon us; nor couldst thou learn by inquiry what I did during
+that siege myself; for all those that might afford such information
+were quite destroyed in that siege. But perhaps thou wilt say, thou hast
+written of what was done against the people of Jerusalem exactly. But
+how should that be? for neither wast thou concerned in that war, nor
+hast thou read the commentaries of Caesar; of which we have evident
+proof, because thou hast contradicted those commentaries of Caesar
+in thy history. But if thou art so hardy as to affirm, that thou hast
+written that history better than all the rest, why didst thou not
+publish thy history while the emperors Vespasian and Titus, the generals
+in that war, as well as king Agrippa and his family, who were men very
+well skilled in the learning of the Greeks, were all alive? for thou
+hast had it written these twenty years, and then mightest thou have had
+the testimony of thy accuracy. But now when these men are no longer with
+us, and thou thinkest thou canst not be contradicted, thou venturest to
+publish it. But then I was not in like manner afraid of my own writing,
+but I offered my books to the emperors themselves, when the facts were
+almost under men's eyes; for I was conscious to myself, that I had
+observed the truth of the facts; and as I expected to have their
+attestation to them, so I was not deceived in such expectation.
+Moreover, I immediately presented my history to many other persons, some
+of whom were concerned in the war, as was king Agrippa and some of his
+kindred. Now the emperor Titus was so desirous that the knowledge of
+these affairs should be taken from these books alone, that he subscribed
+his own hand to them, and ordered that they should be published; and for
+king Agrippa, he wrote me sixty-two letters, and attested to the truth
+of what I had therein delivered; two of which letters I have here
+subjoined, and thou mayst thereby know their contents:-- "King Agrippa
+to Josephus, however, when thou comest to me, I will inform thee of a
+great many things which thou dost not know." So when this history was
+perfected, Agrippa, neither by way of flattery, which was not agreeable
+to him, nor by way of irony, as thou wilt say, [for he was entirely a
+stranger to such an evil disposition of mind,] but he wrote this by way
+of attestation to what was true, as all that read histories may do. And
+so much shall be said concerning Justus [24] which I am obliged to add
+by way of digression.
+
+66. Now, when I had settled the affairs of Tiberias, and had assembled
+my friends as a sanhedrim, I consulted what I should do as to John.
+Whereupon it appeared to be the opinion of all the Galileans, that
+I should arm them all, and march against John, and punish him as the
+author of all the disorders that had happened. Yet was not I pleased
+with their determination; as purposing to compose these troubles without
+bloodshed. Upon this I exhorted them to use the utmost care to learn
+the names of all that were under John; which when they had done, and I
+thereby was apprized who the men were, I published an edict, wherein I
+offered security and my right hand to such of John's party as had a mind
+to repent; and I allowed twenty days' time to such as would take this
+most advantageous course for themselves. I also threatened, that unless
+they threw down their arms, I would burn their houses, and expose their
+goods to public sale. When the men heard of this, they were in no small
+disorder, and deserted John; and to the number of four thousand threw
+down their arms, and came to me. So that no others staid with John but
+his own citizens, and about fifteen hundred strangers that came from the
+metropolis of Tyre; and when John saw that he had been outwitted by my
+stratagem, he continued afterward in his own country, and was in great
+fear of me.
+
+67. But about this time it was that the people of Sepphoris grew
+insolent, and took up arms, out of a confidence they had in the strength
+of their walls, and because they saw me engaged in other affairs also.
+So they sent to Cestius Gallus, who was president of Syria, and desired
+that he would either come quickly to them, and take their city under his
+protection, or send them a garrison. Accordingly, Gallus promised
+them to come, but did not send word when he would come: and when I had
+learned so much, I took the soldiers that were with me, and made an
+assault upon the people of Sepphoris, and took the city by force. The
+Galileans took this opportunity, as thinking they had now a proper time
+for showing their hatred to them, since they bore ill-will to that city
+also. They then exerted themselves, as if they would destroy them all
+utterly, with those that sojourned there also. So they ran upon them,
+and set their houses on fire, as finding them without inhabitants; for
+the men, out of fear, ran together to the citadel. So the Galileans
+carried off every thing, and omitted no kind of desolation which they
+could bring upon their countrymen. When I saw this, I was exceedingly
+troubled at it, and commanded them to leave off, and put them in
+mind that it was not agreeable to piety to do such things to their
+countrymen: but since they neither would hearken to what I exhorted, nor
+to what I commanded them to do, [for the hatred they bore to the
+people there was too hard for my exhortations to them,] I bade those
+my friends, who were most faithful to me, and were about me, to give on
+reports, as if the Romans were falling upon the other part of the city
+with a great army; and this I did, that, by such a report being spread
+abroad, I might restrain the violence of the Galileans, and preserve
+the city of Sepphoris. And at length this stratagem had its effect; for,
+upon hearing this report, they were in fear for themselves, and so they
+left off plundering and ran away; and this more especially, because they
+saw me, their general, do the same also; for, that I might cause this
+report to be believed, I pretended to be in fear as well as they.
+Thus were the inhabitants of Sepphoris unexpectedly preserved by this
+contrivance of mine.
+
+68. Nay, indeed, Tiberias had like to have been plundered by the
+Galileans also upon the following occasion:-- The chief men of the
+senate wrote to the king, and desired that he would come to them, and
+take possession of their city. The king promised to come, and wrote a
+letter in answer to theirs, and gave it to one of his bed-chamber, whose
+name was Crispus, and who was by birth a Jew, to carry it to Tiberias.
+When the Galileans knew that this man carried such a letter, they caught
+him, and brought him to me; but as soon as the whole multitude heard of
+it, they were enraged, and betook themselves to their arms. So a great
+many of them together from all quarters the next day, and came to the
+city Asochis, where I then lodged, and made heavy clamors, and called
+the city of Tiberias a traitor to them, and a friend to the king; and
+desired leave of me to go down and utterly destroy it; for they bore
+the like ill-will to the people of Tiberias, as they did to those of
+Sepphoris.
+
+69. When I heard this, I was in doubt what to do, and hesitated by what
+means I might deliver Tiberias from the rage of the Galileans; for
+I could not deny that those of Tiborias had written to the king, and
+invited him to come to them; for his letters to them, in answer thereto,
+would fully prove the truth of that. So I sat a long time musing with
+myself, and then said to them, "I know well enough that the people of
+Tiberias have offended; nor shall I forbid you to plunder the city.
+However, such things ought to be done with discretion; for they of
+Tiberias have not been the only betrayers of our liberty, but many of
+the most eminent patriots of the Galileans, as they pretended to be,
+have done the same. Tarry therefore till I shall thoroughly find out
+those authors of our danger, and then you shall have them all at once
+under your power, with all such as you shall yourselves bring in also."
+Upon my saying this, I pacifie the multitude, and they left off their
+anger, and went their ways; and I gave orders that he who brought the
+king's letters should be put into bonds; but in a few days I pretended
+that I was obliged, by a necessary affair of my own, to out of the
+kingdom. I then called Crispus privately, and ordered him to make
+the soldier that kept him drunk, and to run away to the king. So when
+Tiberias was in danger of being utterly destroyed a second time, it
+escaped the danger by my skillful management, and the care that I had
+for its preservation.
+
+70. About this time it was that Justus, the son of Pistus, without
+my knowledge, ran away to the king; the occasion of which I will here
+relate. Upon the beginning of the war between the Jews and Romans, the
+people of Tiberias resolved to submit to the king, and not to revolt
+from the Romans; while Justus tried to persuade them to betake
+themselves to their arms, as being himself desirous of innovations, and
+having hopes of obtaining the government of Galilee, as well as of his
+own country [Tiberias] also. Yet did he not obtain what he hoped for,
+because the Galileans bore ill-will to those of Tiberias, and this on
+account of their anger at what miseries they had suffered from them
+before the war; thence it was that they would not endure that Justus
+should be their governor. I myself also, who had been intrusted by the
+community of Jerusalem with the government of Galilee, did frequently
+come to that degree of rage at Justus, that I had almost resolved
+to kill him, as not able to bear his mischievous disposition. He was
+therefore much afraid of me, lest at length my passion should come to
+extremity; so he went to the king, as supposing that he would dwell
+better and more safely with him.
+
+71. Now, when the people of Sepphoris had, in so surprising a manner,
+escaped their first danger, they sent to Cestius Gallus, and desired him
+to come to them immediately, and take possession of their city, or else
+to send forces sufficient to repress all their enemies' incursions
+upon them; and at the last they did prevail with Gallus to send them a
+considerable army, both of horse and foot, which came in the night time,
+and which they admitted into the city. But when the country round about
+it was harassed by the Roman army, I took those soldiers that were about
+me, and came to Garisme, where I cast up a bank, a good way off the city
+Sepphoris; and when I was at twenty furlongs distance, I came upon it by
+night, and made an assault upon its walls with my forces; and when I had
+ordered a considerable number of my soldiers to scale them with ladders,
+I became master of the greatest part of the city. But soon after, our
+unacquaintedness with the places forced us to retire, after we had
+killed twelve of the Roman footmen, and two horsemen, and a few of the
+people of Sepphoris, with the loss of only a single man of our own. And
+when it afterwards came to a battle in the plain against the horsemen,
+and we had undergone the dangers of it courageously for a long time, we
+were beaten; for upon the Romans encompassing me about, my soldiers were
+afraid, and fell back. There fell in that battle one of those that had
+been intrusted to guard my body; his name was Justus, who at this
+time had the same post with the king. At the same time also there
+came forces, both horsemen and footmen, from the king, and Sylla their
+commander, who was the captain of his guard: this Sylla pitched his camp
+at five furlongs' distance from Julias, and set a guard upon the roads,
+both that which led to Cana, and that which led to the fortress Gamala,
+that he might hinder their inhabitants from getting provisions out of
+Galilee.
+
+72. As soon as I had gotten intelligence of this, I sent two thousand
+armed men, and a captain over them, whose name was Jeremiah, who raised
+a bank a furlong off Julias, near to the river Jordan, and did no
+more than skirmish with the enemy; till I took three thousand soldiers
+myself, and came to them. But on the next day, when I had laid an ambush
+in a certain valley, not far from the banks, I provoked those that
+belonged to the king to come to a battle, and gave orders to my own
+soldiers to turn their backs upon them, until they should have drawn the
+enemy away from their camp, and brought them out into the field, which
+was done accordingly; for Sylla, supposing that our party did really
+run away, was ready to pursue them, when our soldiers that lay in ambush
+took them on their backs, and put them all into great disorder. I also
+immediately made a sudden turn with my own forces, and met those of the
+king's party, and put them to flight. And I had performed great things
+that day, if a certain fate had not been my hinderance; for the horse
+on which I rode, and upon whose back I fought, fell into a quagmire, and
+threw me on the ground, and I was bruised on my wrist, and carried into
+a village named Cepharnome, or Capernaum. When my soldiers heard of
+this, they were afraid I had been worse hurt than I was; and so they
+did not go on with their pursuit any further, but returned in very great
+concern for me. I therefore sent for the physicians, and while I was
+under their hands, I continued feverish that day; and as the physicians
+directed, I was that night removed to Taricheee.
+
+73. When Sylla and his party were informed what happened to me, they
+took courage again; and understanding that the watch was negligently
+kept in our camp, they by night placed a body of horsemen in ambush
+beyond Jordan, and when it was day they provoked us to fight; and as we
+did not refuse it, but came into the plain, their horsemen appeared out
+of that ambush in which they had lain, and put our men into disorder,
+and made them run away; so they slew six men of our side. Yet did they
+not go off with the victory at last; for when they heard that some armed
+men were sailed from Taricheae to Juli, they were afraid, and retired.
+
+74. It was not now long before Vespasian came to Tyre, and king Agrippa
+with him; but the Tyrians began to speak reproachfully of the king,
+and called him an enemy to the Romans. For they said that Philip, the
+general of his army, had betrayed the royal palace and the Roman forces
+that were in Jerusalem, and that it was done by his command. When
+Vespasian heard of this report, he rebuked the Tyrians for abusing a man
+who was both a king and a friend to the Romans; but he exhorted the king
+to send Philip to Rome, to answer for what he had done before Nero. But
+when Philip was sent thither, he did not come into the sight of Nero,
+for he found him very near death, on account of the troubles that then
+happened, and a civil war; and so he returned to the king. But when
+Vespasian was come to Ptolemais, the chief men of Decapolis of Syria
+made a clamor against Justus of Tiberias, because he had set their
+villages on fire: so Vespasian delivered him to the king, to be put to
+death by those under the king's jurisdiction; yet did the king only put
+him into bonds, and concealed what he had done from Vespasian, as I have
+before related. But the people of Sepphoris met Vespasian, and saluted
+him, and had forces sent him, with Placidus their commander: he also
+went up with them, as I also followed them, till Vespasian came into
+Galilee. As to which coming of his, and after what manner it was
+ordered, and how he fought his first battle with me near the village
+Taricheae, and how from thence they went to Jotapata, and how I was
+taken alive, and bound, and how I was afterward loosed, with all that
+was done by me in the Jewish war, and during the siege of Jerusalem,
+I have accurately related them in the books concerning the War of the
+Jews. However, it will, I think, be fit for me to add now an account of
+those actions of my life which I have not related in that book of the
+Jewish war.
+
+75. For when the siege of Jotapata was over, and I was among the Romans,
+I was kept with much Care, by means of the great respect that Vespasian
+showed me. Moreover, at his command, I married a virgin, who was from
+among the captives of that country [25] yet did she not live with me
+long, but was divorced, upon my being freed from my bonds, and my going
+to Alexandria. However, I married another wife at Alexandria, and was
+thence sent, together with Titus, to the siege of Jerusalem, and was
+frequently in danger of being put to death; while both the Jews were
+very desirous to get me under their power, in order to haw me punished.
+And the Romans also, whenever they were beaten, supposed that it was
+occasioned by my treachery, and made continual clamors to the emperors,
+and desired that they would bring me to punishment, as a traitor to
+them: but Titus Caesar was well acquainted with the uncertain fortune
+of war, and returned no answer to the soldiers' vehement solicitations
+against me. Moreover, when the city Jerusalem was taken by force, Titus
+Caesar persuaded me frequently to take whatsoever I would of the ruins
+of my country; and did that he gave me leave so to do. But when my
+country was destroyed, I thought nothing else to be of any value, which
+I could take and keep as a comfort under my calamities; so I made this
+request to Titus, that my family might have their liberty: I had also
+the holy books by Titus's concession. Nor was it long after that I
+asked of him the life of my brother, and of fifty friends with him, and
+was not denied. When I also went once to the temple, by the permission
+of Titus, where there were a great multitude of captive women and
+children, I got all those that I remembered as among my own friends
+and acquaintances to be set free, being in number about one hundred
+and ninety; and so I delivered them without their paying any price of
+redemption, and restored them to their former fortune. And when I was
+sent by Titus Caesar with Cerealins, and a thousand horsemen, to a
+certain village called Thecoa, in order to know whether it were a place
+fit for a camp, as I came back, I saw many captives crucified, and
+remembered three of them as my former acquaintance. I was very sorry at
+this in my mind, and went with tears in my eyes to Titus, and told him
+of them; so he immediately commanded them to be taken down, and to have
+the greatest care taken of them, in order to their recovery; yet two of
+them died under the physician's hands, while the third recovered.
+
+76. But when Titus had composed the troubles in Judea, and conjectured
+that the lands which I had in Judea would bring me no profit, because a
+garrison to guard the country was afterward to pitch there, he gave me
+another country in the plain. And when he was going away to Rome, he
+made choice of me to sail along with him, and paid me great respect: and
+when we were come to Rome, I had great care taken of me by Vespasian;
+for he gave me an apartment in his own house, which he lived in before
+he came to the empire. He also honored me with the privilege of a Roman
+citizen, and gave me an annual pension; and continued to respect me to
+the end of his life, without any abatement of his kindness to me; which
+very thing made me envied, and brought me into danger; for a certain
+Jew, whose name was Jonathan, who had raised a tumult in Cyrene, and
+had persuaded two thousand men of that country to join with him, was the
+occasion of their ruin. But when he was bound by the governor of that
+country, and sent to the emperor, he told him that I had sent him both
+weapons and money. However, he could not conceal his being a liar from
+Vespasian, who condemned him to die; according to which sentence he was
+put to death. Nay, after that, when those that envied my good fortune
+did frequently bring accusations against me, by God's providence I
+escaped them all. I also received from Vespasian no small quantity of
+land, as a free gift, in Judea; about which time I divorced my wife
+also, as not pleased with her behavior, though not till she had been
+the mother of three children, two of whom are dead, and one whom I named
+Hyrcanus, is alive. After this I married a wife who had lived at Crete,
+but a Jewess by birth: a woman she was of eminent parents, and such as
+were the most illustrious in all the country, and whose character was
+beyond that of most other women, as her future life did demonstrate. By
+her I had two sons; the elder's name was Justus, and the next Simonides,
+who was also named Agrippa. And these were the circumstances of my
+domestic affairs. However, the kindness of the emperor to me continued
+still the same; for when Vespasian was dead, Titus, who succeeded him
+in the government, kept up the same respect for me which I had from his
+father; and when I had frequent accusations laid against me, he would
+not believe them. And Domitian, who succeeded, still augmented his
+respects to me; for he punished those Jews that were my accusers, and
+gave command that a servant of mine, who was a eunuch, and my accuser,
+should be punished. He also made that country I had in Judea tax free,
+which is a mark of the greatest honor to him who hath it; nay, Domitia,
+the wife of Caesar, continued to do me kindnesses. And this is the
+account of the actions of my whole life; and let others judge of my
+character by them as they please. But to thee, O Epaphroditus, [28]
+thou most excellent of men! do I dedicate all this treatise of our
+Antiquities; and so, for the present, I here conclude the whole.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes
+
+
+[Footnote 1: We may hence correct the error of the Latin copy of the
+second book Against Apion, sect. 8, [for the Greek is there lost,]
+which says, there were then only four tribes or courses of the priests,
+instead of twenty-four. Nor is this testimony to be disregarded, as if
+Josephus there contradicted what he had affirmed here; because even the
+account there given better agrees to twenty-four than to four courses,
+while he says that each of those courses contained above 5000 men,
+which, multiplied by only four, will make not more than 20,000 priests;
+whereas the number 120,000, as multiplied by 24, seems much the most
+probable, they being about one-tenth of the whole people, even after the
+captivity. See Ezra 2:36-39; Nehemiah 7:39-42; 1 Esdras 5:24, 25, with
+Ezra 2;64; Nehemiah 7:66; 1 Esdras 5:41. Nor will this common reading or
+notion of but four courses of priests, agree with Josephus's own further
+assertion elsewhere, Antiq. B. VII. ch. 14. sect. 7, that David's
+partition of the priests into twenty-four courses had continued to that
+day.]
+
+[Footnote 2: An eminent example of the care of the Jews about their
+genealogies, especially as to the priests. See Against Ap. B. 1 sect.
+7.]
+
+[Footnote 3: When Josephus here says, that from sixteen to nineteen, or
+for three years, he made trial of the three Jewish sects, the Pharisees,
+the Sadducees, and the Essens, and yet says presently, in all our
+copies, that he stayed besides with one particular ascetic, called
+Banus, with him, and this still before he was nineteen, there is little
+room left for his trial of the three other sects. I suppose, therefore,
+that for, with him, the old reading might be, with them; which is a very
+small emendation, and takes away the difficulty before us. Nor is
+Dr. Hudson's conjecture, hinted at by Mr. Hall in his preface to the
+Doctor's edition of Josephus, at all improbable, that this Banus, by
+this his description, might well be a follower of John the Baptist, and
+that from him Josephus might easily imbibe such notions, as afterwards
+prepared him to have a favorable opinion of Jesus Christ himself, who
+was attested to by John the Baptist.]
+
+[Footnote 4: We may note here, that religious men among the Jews, or at
+least those that were priests, were sometimes ascetics also, and, like
+Daniel and his companions in Babylon, Daniel 1:8-16, ate no flesh, but
+figs and nuts, etc. only. This was like the  austere diet of the
+Christian ascetics in Passion-week. Constitut. V. 18.]
+
+[Footnote 5: It has been thought the number of Paul and his companions
+on ship-board, Acts 27:38, which are 276 in our copies, are too many;
+whereas we find here, that Josephus and his companions, a very few years
+after the other, were about 600.]
+
+[Footnote 6: See Jewish War, B. II. ch. 18. sect. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Jews might collect this unlawfulness of fighting
+against their brethren from that law of Moses, Leviticus 19:16, "Thou
+shalt not stand against the blood of thy neighbor;" and that, ver. 17,
+"Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy
+people; but thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself;" as well as from
+many other places in the Pentateuch and Prophets. See Antiq. B. VIII.
+ch. 8. sect. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 8: That this Herod Agrippa, the father, was of old called
+a Great King, as here, appears by his coins still remaining; to which
+Havercamp refers us.]
+
+[Footnote 9: The famous Jewish numbers of twelve and seventy are here
+remarkable.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Our Josephus shows, both here and every where, that he was
+a most religious person, and one that had a deep sense of God and his
+providence upon his mind, and ascribed all his numerous and wonderful
+escapes and preservations, in times of danger, to God's blessing him,
+and taking care of him, and this on account of his acts of piety,
+justice, humanity, and charity, to the Jews his brethren.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Josephus's opinion is here well worth noting:-- That every
+one is to be permitted to worship God according to his own conscience,
+and is not to be compelled in matters of religion: as one may here
+observe, on the contrary, that the rest of the Jews were still for
+obliging all those who married Jewesses to be circumcised, and become
+Jews, and were ready to destroy all that would not submit to do so. See
+sect. 31, and Luke 11:54.]
+
+[Footnote 12: How Josephus could say here that the Jewish laws forbade
+them to "spoil even their enemies," while yet, a little before his time,
+our Savior had mentioned it as then a current maxim with them, "Thou
+shalt love thy neighbor, and hate thine enemy," Matthew 5:43, is worth
+our inquiry. I take it that Josephus, having been now for many years an
+Ebionite Christian, had learned this interpretation of the law of Moses
+from Christ, whom he owned for the true Melah, as it follows in the
+succeeding verses, which, though he might not read in St. Matthew's
+Gospel, yet might he have read much the same exposition in their own
+Ebionite or Nazarene Gospel itself; of which improvements made by
+Josephus, after he was become a Christian, we have already had several
+examples in this his life, sect. 3, 13, 15, 19, 21, 23, and shall
+have many more therein before its conclusion, as well as we have them
+elsewhere in all his later writings.]
+
+[Footnote 13: Here we may observe the vulgar Jewish notion of
+witchcraft, but that our Josephus was too wise to give any countenance
+to it.]
+
+[Footnote 14: In this section, as well as in the 18 and 33. those small
+vessels that sailed on the sea of Galilee, are called by Josephus, i.e.
+plainly ships; so that we need not wander at our evangelists, who still
+call them ships; nor ought we to render them boats, as some do, Their
+number was in all 230, as we learn from our author elsewhere. Jewish
+War. B. II. ch. 21. sect. 8.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Part of these fortifications on Mount Tabor may be those
+still remaining, and which were seen lately by Mr. Maundrel. See his
+Travels, p. 112.]
+
+[Footnote 16: This Gamaliel may be the very same that is mentioned
+by the rabbins in the Mishna, in Juchasin, and in Porta Mosis, as is
+observed in the Latin notes. He might be also that Gamaliel II., whose
+grandfather was Gamaliel I., who is mentioned in Acts 5:34, and at whose
+feet St. Paul was brought up, Acts 22:3. See Prid. at the year 449.]
+
+[Footnote 17: This Jonathan is also taken notice of in the Latin notes,
+as the same that is mentioned by the rabbins in Porta Mosis.]
+
+[Footnote 18: This I take to be the first of Josephus's remarkable or
+divine dreams, which were predictive of the great things that afterwards
+came to pass; of which see more in the note on Antiq. B. III. ch. 8.
+sect. 9. The other is in the War, B. III. ch. 8. sect. 3, 9.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Josephus's directions to his soldiers here are much the
+same that John the Baptist gave, Luke 3:14, "Do violence to no man,
+neither accuse any falsely, and be content with your wages." Whence Dr.
+Hudson confirms this conjecture, that Josephus, in some things, was,
+even now, a follower of John the Baptist, which is no way improbable.
+See the note on sect. 2.]
+
+[Footnote 20: We here learn the practice of the Jews, in the days of
+Josephus, to inquire into the characters of witnesses before they were
+admitted; and that their number ought to be three, or two at the
+least, also exactly as in the law of Moses, and in the Apostolical
+Constitutions, B. II. ch. 37. See Horeb Covenant Revived, page 97, 98.]
+
+[Footnote 21: This appeal to the whole body of the Galileans by
+Josephus, and the testimony they gave him of integrity in his conduct
+as their governor, is very like that appeal and testimony in the case of
+the prophet Samuel, 1 Samuel 12:1-5, and perhaps was done by Josephus in
+imitation of him.]
+
+[Footnote 22: It is worth noting here, that there was now a great
+Proseucha, or place of prayer, in the city of Tiberias itself, though
+such Proseucha used to be out of cities, as the synagogues were within
+them. Of them, see Le Moyne on Polycarp's Epistle, page 76. It is also
+worth our remark, that the Jews, in the days of Josephus, used to dine
+at the sixth hour, or noon; and that in obedience to their notions of
+the law of Moses also.]
+
+[Footnote 23: One may observe here, that this lay Pharisee, Ananias,
+is we have seen he was, sect. 39, took upon him to appoint a fast at
+Tiberias, and was obeyed; though indeed it was not out of religion, but
+knavish policy.]
+
+[Footnote 24: The character of this history of Justus of Tiberias,
+the rival of our Josephus, which is now lost, with its only remaining
+fragment, are given us by a very able critic, Photius, who read that
+history. It is in the 33rd code of his Bibliotheca, and runs thus: "I
+have read [says Photius] the chronology of Justus of Tiberias, whose
+title is this, [Footnote The Chronology of] the Kings of Judah which
+succeeded one another. This [Justus] came out of the city of Tiberias
+in Galilee. He begins his history from Moses, and ends it not till the
+death of Agrippa, the seventh [ruler] of the family of Herod, and the
+last king of the Jews; who took the government under Claudius, had it
+augmented under Nero, and still more augmented by Vespasian. He died
+in the third year of Trajan, where also his history ends. He is very
+concise in his language, and slightly passes over those affairs that
+were most necessary to be insisted on; and being under the Jewish
+prejudices, as indeed he was himself also a Jew by birth, he makes not
+the least mention of the appearance of Christ, or what things happened
+to him, or of the wonderful works that he did. He was the son of a
+certain Jew, whose name was Pistus. He was a man, as he is described by
+Josephus, of a most profligate character; a slave both to money and
+to pleasures. In public affairs he was opposite to Josephus; and it is
+related, that he laid many plots against him; but that Josephus, though
+he had his enemy frequently under his power, did only reproach him in
+words, and so let him go without further punishment. He says also, that
+the history which this man wrote is, for the main, fabulous, and chiefly
+as to those parts where he describes the Roman war with the Jews, and
+the taking of Jerusalem."]
+
+[Footnote 25: Here Josephus, a priest, honestly confesses that he did
+that at the command of Vespasian, which he had before told us was not
+lawful for a priest to do by the law of Moses, Antiq. B. III. ch. 12.
+sect. 2. I mean, the taking a captive woman to wife. See also Against
+Apion, B. I. sect. 7. But he seems to have been quickly sensible that
+his compliance with the commands of an emperor would not excuse him, for
+he soon put her away, as Reland justly observes here.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Of this most remarkable clause, and its most important
+consequences, see Essay on the Old Testament, page 193--195.]
+
+[Footnote 28: Of this Epaphroditus, see the note on the Preface to the
+Antiquities.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Life of Flavius Josephus, by Flavius Josephus
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