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+**The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Life of Flavius Josephus**
+#1 in our series by Flavius Josephus translated by William Whiston
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+Title:  The Life of Flavius Josephus
+
+Author:  Flavius Josephus
+
+Translator: William Whiston
+
+October, 2001  [Etext #2846]
+
+**The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Life of Flavius Josephus**
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+Prepared by David Reed haradda@aol.com or davidr@inconnect.com
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+The Life of Flavius Josephus.
+
+by Flavius Josephus
+
+
+
+
+Translated by William Whiston
+
+
+
+
+1. The family from which I am derived is not an ignoble one, but
+hath descended all along from the priests; and as nobility among
+several people is of a different origin, so with us to be of the
+sacerdotal dignity, is an indication of the splendor of a family.
+Now, I am not only sprung from a sacerdotal family in general,
+but from the first of the twenty-four (1) courses; and as among
+us there is not only a considerable difference between one family
+of each course and another, I am of the chief family of that
+first course also; nay, further, by my mother I am of the royal
+blood; for the children of Asamoneus, from whom that family was
+derived, had both the office of the high priesthood, and the
+dignity of a king, for a long time together. I will accordingly
+set down my progenitors in order. My grandfather's father was
+named Simon, with the addition of Psellus: he lived at the same
+time with that son of Simon the high priest, who first of all the
+high priests was named Hyrcanus. This Simon Psellus had nine
+sons, one of whom was Matthias, called Ephlias: he married the
+daughter of Jonathan the high priest, which Jonathan was the
+first of the sons of Asamoneus, who was high priest, and was the
+brother of Simon the high priest also. This Matthias had a son
+called Matthias Curtus, and that in the first year of the
+government of Hyrcanus: his son's name was Joseph, born in the
+ninth year of the reign of Alexandra: his son Matthias was born
+in the tenth year of the reign of Archclaus; as was I born to
+Matthias in the first year of the reign of Caius Caesar. I have
+three sons: Hyrcanus, the eldest, was born in the fourth year of
+the reign of Vespasian, as was Justus born in the seventh, and
+Agrippa in the ninth. Thus have I set down the genealog of my
+family as I have found it described (2) in the public records,
+and so bid adieu to those who calumniate me [as of a lower
+original].
+
+2. Now, my father Matthias was not only eminent on account of is
+nobility, but had a higher commendation on account of his
+righteousness, and was in great reputation in Jerusalem, the
+greatest city we have. I was myself brought up with my brother,
+whose name was Matthias, for he was my own brother, by both
+father and mother; and I made mighty proficiency in the
+improvements of my learning, and appeared to have both a great
+memory and understanding. Moreover, when I was a child, and about
+fourteen years of age, I was commended by all for the love I had
+to learning; on which account the high priests and principal men
+of the city came then frequently to me together, in order to know
+my opinion about the accurate understanding of points of the law.
+And when I was about sixteen years old, I had a mind to make trim
+of the several sects that were among us. These sects are three: -
+The first is that of the Pharisees, the second that Sadducees,
+and the third that of the Essens, as we have frequently told you;
+for I thought that by this means I might choose the best, if I
+were once acquainted with them all; so I contented myself with
+hard fare, and underwent great difficulties, and went through
+them all. Nor did I content myself with these trials only; but
+when I was informed that one, whose name was Banus, lived in the
+desert, and used no other clothing than grew upon trees, and had
+no other food than what grew of its own accord, and bathed
+himself in cold water frequently, both by night and by day, in
+order to preserve his chastity, I imitated him in those things,
+and continued with him three years. (3) So when I had
+accomplished my desires, I returned back to the city, being now
+nineteen years old, and began to conduct myself according to the
+rules of the sect of the Pharisees, which is of kin to the sect
+of the Stoics, as the Greeks call them.
+
+3. But when I was in the twenty-sixth year of my age, it happened
+that I took a voyage to Rome, and this on the occasion which I
+shall now describe. At the time when Felix was procurator of
+Judea there were certain priests of my acquaintance, and very
+excellent persons they were, whom on a small and trifling
+occasion he had put into bonds, and sent to Rome to plead their
+cause before Caesar. These I was desirous to procure deliverance
+for, and that especially because I was informed that they were
+not unmindful of piety towards God, even under their afflictions,
+but supported themselves with figs and nuts. (4) Accordingly I
+came to Rome, though it were through a great number of hazards by
+sea; for as our ship was drowned in the Adriatic Sea, we that
+were in it, being about six hundred in number, (5) swam for our
+lives all the night; when, upon the first appearance of the day,
+and upon our sight of a ship of Cyrene, I and some others, eighty
+in all, by God's providence, prevented the rest, and were taken
+up into the other ship. And when I had thus escaped, and was come
+to Dieearchia, which the Italians call Puteoli, I became
+acquainted with Aliturius, an actor of plays, and much beloved by
+Nero, but a Jew by birth; and through his interest became known
+to Poppea, Caesar's wife, and took care, as soon as possible, to
+entreat her to procure that the priests might be set at liberty.
+And when, besides this favor, I had obtained many presents from
+Poppea, I returned home again.
+
+4. And now I perceived innovations were already begun, and that
+there were a great many very much elevated in hopes of a revolt
+from the Romans. I therefore endeavored to put a stop to these
+tumultuous persons, and persuaded them to change their minds; and
+laid before their eyes against whom it was that they were going
+to fight, and told them that they were inferior to the Romans not
+only in martial skill, but also in good fortune; and desired them
+not rashly, and after the most foolish manner, to bring on the
+dangers of the most terrible mischiefs upon their country, upon
+their families, and upon themselves. And this I said with
+vehement exhortation, because I foresaw that the end of such a
+war would be most unfortunate to us. But I could not persuade
+them; for the madness of desperate men was quite too hard for me.
+
+5. I was then afraid, lest, by inculcating these things so often,
+I should incur their hatred and their suspicions, as if I were of
+our enemies' party, and should run into the danger of being
+seized by them, and slain; since they were already possessed of
+Antonia, which was the citadel; so I retired into the inner court
+of the temple. Yet did I go out of the temple again, after
+Manahem and the principal of the band of robbers were put to
+death, when I abode among the high priests and the chief of the
+Pharisees. But no small fear seized upon us when we saw the
+people in arms, while we ourselves knew not what we should do,
+and were not able to restrain the seditious. However, as the
+danger was directly upon us, we pretended that we were of the
+same opinion with them, but only advised them to be quiet for the
+present, and to let the enemy go away, still hoping that Gessius
+[Florus] would not be long ere he came, and that with great
+forces, and so put an end to these seditious proceedings.
+
+6. But, upon his coming and fighting, he was beaten, and a great
+many of those that were with him fell. And this disgrace which
+Gessius [with Cestius] received, became the calamity of our whole
+nation; for those that were fond of the war were so far elevated
+with this success, that they had hopes of finally conquering the
+Romans. Of which war another occasion was ministered; which was
+this: - Those that dwelt in the neighboring cities of Syria
+seized upon such Jews as dwelt among them, with their wives and
+children, and slew them, when they had not the least occasion of
+complaint against them; for they did neither attempt any
+innovation or revolt from the Romans, nor had they given any
+marks of hatred or treacherous designs towards the Syrians. But
+what was done by the inhabitants of Scythopolis was the most
+impious and most highly criminal of all; (6) for when the Jews
+their enemies came upon them from without, they forced the Jews
+that were among them to bear arms against their own countrymen,
+which it is unlawful for us to do; (7) and when, by their
+assistance, they had joined battle with those who attacked them,
+and had beaten them, after that victory they forgot the
+assurances they had given these their fellow citizens and
+confederates, and slew them all, being in number many ten
+thousands [13,000]. The like miseries were undergone by those
+Jews that were the inhabitants of Damascus. But we have given a
+more accurate account of these things in the books of the Jewish
+war. I only mention them now, because I would demonstrate to my
+readers, that the Jews' war with the Romans was not voluntary,
+but that, for the main, they were forced by necessity to enter
+into it.
+
+7. So when Gessius had been beaten, as we have said already, the
+principal men of Jerusalem, seeing that the robbers and
+innovators had arms in great plenty, and fearing lest they, while
+they were unprovided of arms, should be in subjection to their
+enemies, which also came to be the case afterward; and, being
+informed that all Galilee had not yet revolted from the Romans,
+but that some part of it was still quiet; they sent me and two
+others of the priests, who were men of excellent characters,
+Joazar and Judas, in order to persuade the ill men there to lay
+down their arms, and to teach them this lesson, - That it were
+better to have those arms reserved for the most courageous men
+that the nation had [than to be kept there]; for that it had been
+resolved, That those our best men should always have their arms
+ready against futurity; but still so, that they should wait to
+see what the Romans would do.
+
+8. When I had therefore received these instructions, I came into
+Galilee, and found the people of Sepphoris in no small agony
+about their country, by reason that the Galileans had resolved to
+plunder it, on account of the friendship they had with the
+Romans, and because they had given their right hand, and made a
+league with Cestius Gallus, the president of Syria. But I
+delivered them all out of the fear they were in, and persuaded
+the multitude to deal kindly with them, and permitted them to
+send to those that were their own hostages with Gessius to Dora,
+which is a city of Phoenicia, as often as they pleased; though I
+still found the inhabitants of Tiberias ready to take arms, and
+that on the occasion following: - 
+
+9. There were three factions in this city. The first was composed
+of men of worth and gravity; of these Julius Capellus was the
+head. Now he, as well as all his companions, Herod the son of
+Miarus, and Herod the son of Gamalus, and Compsus the son of
+Compsus; (for as to Compsus's brother Crispus, who had once been
+governor of the city under the great king [Agrippa] (8) he was
+beyond Jordan in his own possessions;) all these persons before
+named gave their advice, that the city should then continue in
+their allegiance to the Romans and to the king. But Pistus, who
+was guided by his son Justus, did not acquiesce in that
+resolution; otherwise he was himself naturally of a good and
+virtuous character. But the second faction was composed of the
+most ignoble persons, and was determined for war. But as for
+Justus, the son of Pistus, who was the head of the third faction,
+although he pretended to be doubtful about going to war, yet was
+he really desirous of innovation, as supposing that he should
+gain power to himself by the change of affairs. He therefore came
+into the midst of them, and endeavored to inform the multitude
+that "the city Tiberius had ever been a city of Galilee, and that
+in the days of Herod the tetrarch, who had built it, it had
+obtained the principal place, and that he had ordered that the
+city Sepphoris should be subordinate to the city Tiberias; that
+they had not lost this preeminence even under Agrippa the father,
+but had retained it until Felix was procurator of Judea. But he
+told them, that now they had been so unfortunate as to be made a
+present by Nero to Agrippa, junior; and that, upon Sepphoris's
+submission of itself to the Romans, that was become the capital
+city of Galilee, and that the royal library and the archives were
+now removed from them." When he had spoken these things, and a
+great many more, against king Agrippa, in order to provoke the
+people to a revolt, he added that "this was the time for them to
+take arms, and join with the Galileans as their confederates
+(whom they might command, and who would now willingly assist
+them, out of the hatred they bare to the people of Sepphoris;
+because they preserved their fidelity to the Romans), and to
+gather a great number of forces, in order to punish them." And as
+he said this, he exhorted the multitude, [to go to war;] for his
+abilities lay in making harangues to the people, and in being too
+hard in his speeches for such as opposed him, though they advised
+what was more to their advantage, and this by his craftiness and
+his fallacies, for he was not unskilful in the learning of the
+Greeks; and in dependence on that skill it was, that he undertook
+to write a history of these affairs, as aiming, by this way of
+haranguing, to disguise the truth. But as to this man, and how
+ill were his character and conduct of life, and how he and his
+brother were, in great measure, the authors of our destruction, I
+shall give the reader an account in the progress of my narration.
+So when Justus had, by his persuasions, prevailed with the
+citizens of Tiberias to take arms, nay, and had forced a great
+many so to do against their wills, he went out, and set the
+villages that belonged to Gadara and Hippos on fire; which
+villages were situated on the borders of Tiberias, and of the
+region of Scythopolis.
+
+10. And this was the state Tiberias was now in. But as for
+Gischala, its affairs were thus: - When John, the son of Levi,
+saw some of the citizens much elevated upon their revolt from the
+Romans, he labored to restrain them, and entreated them that they
+would keep their allegiance to them. But he could not gain his
+purpose, although he did his endeavors to the utmost; for the
+neighboring people of Gadara, Gabara, and Sogana, wth the
+Tyrians, got together a great army, and fell upon Gischala, and
+took Gischala by force, and set it on fire; and when they had
+entirely demolished it, they returned home. Upon which John was
+so enraged, that he armed all his men, and joined battle with the
+people forementioned; and rebuilt Gischala after a manner better
+than before, and fortified it with walls for its future security.
+
+11. But Gamala persevered in its allegiance to the Romans, for
+the reason following: - Philip, the son of Jacimus, who was their
+governor under king Agrippa, had been unexpectedly preserved when
+the royal palace at Jerusalem had been besieged; but, as he fled
+away, had fallen into another danger, and that was, of being
+killed by Manahem, and the robbers that were with him; but
+certain Babylonians, who were of his kindred, and were then in
+Jerusalem, hindered the robbers from executing their design. So
+Philip staid there four days, and fled away on the fifth, having
+disguised himself with fictitious hair, that he might not be
+discovered; and when he was come to one of the villages to him
+belonging, but one that was situated at the borders of the
+citadel of Gamala, he sent to some of those that were under him,
+and commanded them to come to him. But God himself hindered that
+his intention, and this for his own advantage also; for had it
+not so happened, he had certainly perished. For a fever having
+seized upon him immediately, he wrote to Agrippa and Bernice, and
+gave them to one of his freed-men to carry them to Varus, who at
+this time was procurator of the kingdom, which the king and his
+sister had intrusted him withal, while they were gone to Berytus
+with an intention of meeting Gessius. When Varus had received
+these letters of Philip, and had learned that he was preserved,
+he was very uneasy at it, as supposing that he should appear
+useless to the king and his sister, now Philip was come. He
+therefore produced the carrier of the letters before the
+multitude, and accused him of forging the same; and said that he
+spake falsely when he related that Philip was at Jerusalem,
+fighting among the Jews against the Romans. So he slew him. And
+when this freed-man of Philip did not return again, Philip was
+doubtful what should be the occasion of his stay, and sent a
+second messenger with letters, that he might, upon his return,
+inform him what had befallen the other that had been sent before,
+and why he tarried so long. Varus accused this messenger also,
+when he came, of telling a falsehood, and slew him. For he was
+puffed up by the Syrians that were at Caesarea, and had great
+expectations; for they said that Agrippa would be slain by the
+Romans for the crimes which the Jews had committed, and that he
+should himself take the government, as derived from their kings;
+for Varus was, by the confession of all, of the royal family, as
+being a descendant of Sohemus, who had enjoyed a tetrarchy about
+Libanus; for which reason it was that he was puffed up, and kept
+the letters to himself. He contrived, also, that the king should
+not meet with those writings, by guarding all the passes, lest
+any one should escape, and inform the king what had been done. He
+moreover slew many of the Jews, in order to gratify the Syrians
+of Cesarea. He had a mind also to join with the Trachonites in
+Batanea, and to take up arms and make an assault upon the
+Babylonian Jews that were at Ecbatana; for that was the name they
+went by. He therefore called to him twelve of the Jews of
+Cesarea, of the best character, and ordered them to go to
+Ecbatana, and inform their countrymen who dwelt there, That Varus
+hath heard that "you intend to march against the king; but, not
+believing that report, he hath sent us to persuade you to lay
+down your arms, and that this compliance will be a sign that he
+did well not to give credit to those that raised the report
+concerning you." He also enjoined them to send seventy of their
+principal men to make a defense for them as to the accusation
+laid against them. So when the twelve messengers came to their
+countrymen at Ecbatana, and found that they had no designs of
+innovation at all, they persuaded them to send the seventy men
+also; who, not at all suspecting what would come, sent them
+accordingly. So these seventy went down to Caesarea, together
+with the twelve ambassadors; where Varus met them with the king's
+forces, and slew them all, together with the [twelve] (9)
+ambassadors, and made an expedition against the Jews of Ecbatana.
+But one there was of the seventy who escaped, and made haste to
+inform the Jews of their coming; upon which they took their arms,
+with their wives and children, and retired to the citadel at
+Gamala, leaving their own villages full of all sorts of good
+things, and having many ten thousands of cattle therein. When
+Philip was informed of these things, he also came to the citadel
+of Gamala; and when he was come, the multitude cried aloud, and
+desired him to resume the government, and to make an expedition
+against Varus, and the Syrians of Cesarea; for it was reported
+that they had slain the king. But Philip restrained their zeal,
+and put them in mind of the benefits the king had bestowed upon
+them; and told them how powerful the Romans were, and said it was
+not for their advantage to make war with them; and at length he
+prevailed with them. But now, when the king was acquainted with
+Varus's design, which was to cut off the Jews of Caesarea, being
+many ten thousands, with their wives and children, and all in one
+day, he called to him Equiculus Modius, and sent him to be
+Varus's successor, as we have elsewhere related. But still Philip
+kept possession of the citadel of Gamala, and of the country
+adjoining to it, which thereby continued in their allegiance to
+the Romans.
+
+12. Now, as soon as I was come into Galilee, and had learned this
+state of things by the information of such as told me of them, I
+wrote to the sanhedrim at Jerusalem about them, and required
+their direction what I should do. Their direction was, that I
+should continue there, and that, if my fellow legates were
+willing, I should join with them in the care of Galilee. But
+those my fellow legates, having gotten great riches from those
+tithes which as priests were their dues, and were given to them,
+determined to return to their own country. Yet when I desired
+them to stay so long, that we might first settle the public
+affairs, they complied with me. So I removed, together with them,
+from the city of Sepphoris, and came to a certain village called
+Bethmaus, four furlongs distant from Tiberius; and thence I sent
+messengers to the senate of Tiberius, and desired that the
+principal men of the city would come to me: and when they were
+come, Justus himself being also with them, I told them that I was
+sent to them by the people of Jerusalem as a legate, together
+with these other priests, in order to persuade them to demolish
+that house which Herod the tetrarch had built there, and which
+had the figures of living creatures in it, although our laws have
+forbidden us to make any such figures; and I desired that they
+would give us leave so to do immediately. But for a good while
+Capellus and the principal men belonging to the city would not
+give us leave, but were at length entirely overcome by us, and
+were induced to be of our opinion. So Jesus the son of Sapphias,
+one of those whom we have already mentioned as the leader of a
+seditious tumult of mariners and poor people, prevented us, and
+took with him certain Galileans, and set the entire palace on
+fire, and thought he should get a great deal of money thereby,
+because he saw some of the roofs gilt with gold. They also
+plundered a great deal of the furniture, which was done without
+our approbation; for after we had discoursed with Capellus and
+the principal men of the city, we departed from Bethmaus, and
+went into the Upper Galilee. But Jesus and his party slew all the
+Greeks that were inhabitants of Tiberias, and as many others as
+were their enemies before the war began.
+
+13. When I understood this state of things, I was greatly
+provoked, and went down to Tiberias, and took all the care I
+could of the royal furniture, to recover all that could be
+recovered from such as had plundered it. They consisted of
+candlesticks made of Corinthian brass, and of royal tables, and
+of a great quantity of uncoined silver; and I resolved to
+preserve whatsoever came to my hand for the king. So I sent for
+ten of the principal men of the senate, and for Capellus the son
+of Antyllus, and committed the furniture to them, with this
+charge, That they should part with it to nobody else but to
+myself. From thence I and my fellow legates went to Gichala, to
+John, as desirous to know his intentions, and soon saw that he
+was for innovations, and had a mind to the principality; for he
+desired me to give him authority to carry off that corn which
+belonged to Caesar, and lay in the villages of Upper Galilee; and
+he pretended that he would expend what it came to in building the
+walls of his own city. But when I perceived what he endeavored
+at, and what he had in his mind, I said I would not permit him so
+to do; for that I thought either to keep it for the Romans or for
+myself, now I was intrusted with the public affairs there by the
+people of Jerusalem. But, when he was not able to prevail with
+me, he betook himself to my fellow legates; for they had no
+sagacity in providing for futurity, and were very ready to take
+bribes. So he corrupted them with money to decree, That all that
+corn which was within his province should be delivered to him;
+while I, who was but one, was outvoted by two, and held my
+tongue. Then did John introduce another cunning contrivance of
+his; for he said that those Jews who inhabited Cesarea Philippi,
+and were shut up by the order of the king's deputy there, had
+sent to him to desire him, that, since they had no oil that was
+pure for their use, he would provide a sufficient quantity of
+such oil for them, lest they should be forced to make use of oil
+that came from the Greeks, and thereby transgress their own laws.
+Now this was said by John, not out of his regard to religion, but
+out of his most flagrant desire of gain; for he knew that two
+sextaries were sold with them of Caesarea for one drachma, but
+that at Gischala fourscore sextaxies were sold for four
+sextaries. So he gave order that all the oil which was there
+should be carried away, as having my permission for so doing;
+which yet I did not grant him voluntarily, but only out of fear
+of the multitude, since, if I had forbidden him, I should have
+been stoned by them. When I had therefore permitted this to be
+done by John, he gained vast sums of money by this his knavery.
+
+14. But when I had dismissed my fellow legates, and sent them
+back to Jerusalem, I took care to have arms provided, and the
+cities fortified. And when I had sent for the most hardy among
+the robbers, I saw that it was not in my power to take their arms
+from them; but I persuaded the multitude to allow them money as
+pay, and told them it was better for them to give them a little
+willingly, rather than to [be forced to] overlook them when they
+plundered their goods from them. And when I had obliged them to
+take an oath not to come into that country, unless they were
+invited to come, or else when they had not their pay given them,
+I dismissed them, and charged them neither to make an expedition
+against the Romans, nor against those their neighbors that lay
+round about them; for my first care was to keep Galilee in peace.
+So I was willing to have the principal of the Galileans, in all
+seventy, as hostages for their fidelity, but still under the
+notion of friendship. Accordingly, I made them my friends and
+companions as I journeyed, and set them to judge causes; and with
+their approbation it was that I gave my sentences, while I
+endeavored not to mistake what justice required, and to keep my
+hands clear of all bribery in those determinations.
+
+15. I was now about the thirtieth year of my age; in which time
+of life it is a hard thing for any one to escape the calumnies of
+the envious, although he restrain himself from fulfilling any
+unlawful desires, especially where a person is in great
+authority. Yet did I preserve every woman free from injuries; and
+as to what presents were offered me, I despised them, as not
+standing in need of them. Nor indeed would I take those tithes,
+which were due to me as a priest, from those that brought them.
+Yet do I confess, that I took part of the spoils of those Syrians
+which inhabited the cities that adjoined to us, when I had
+conquered them, and that I sent them to my kindred at Jerusalem;
+although, when I twice took Sepphoris by force, and Tiberias four
+times, and Gadara once, and when I had subdued and taken John,
+who often laid treacherous snares for me, I did not punish [with
+death] either him or any of the people forenamed, as the progress
+of this discourse will show. And on this account, I suppose, it
+was that God, (10) who is never unacquainted with those that do
+as they ought to do, delivered me still out of the hands of these
+my enemies, and afterwards preserved me when I fell into those
+many dangers which I shall relate hereafter.
+
+16. Now the multitude of the Galileans had that great kindness
+for me, and fidelity to me, that when their cities were taken by
+force, and their wives and children carried into slavery, they
+did not so deeply lament for their own calamities, as they were
+solicitous for my preservation. But when John saw this, he envied
+me, and wrote to me, desiring that I would give him leave to come
+down, and make use of the hot-baths of Tiberias for the recovery
+of the health of his body. Accordingly, I did not hinder him, as
+having no suspicion of any wicked designs of his; and I wrote to
+those to whom I had committed the administration of the affairs
+of Tiberius by name, that they should provide a lodging for John,
+and for such as should come with him, and should procure him what
+necessaries soever he should stand in need of. Now at this time
+my abode was in a village of Galilee, which is named Cans.
+
+17. But when John was come to the city of Tiberias, he persuaded
+the men to revolt from their fidelity to me, and to adhere to
+him; and many of them gladly received that invitation of his, as
+ever fond of innovations, and by nature disposed to changes, and
+delighting in seditions; but they were chiefly Justus and his
+father Pistus, that were earnest for their revolt from me, and
+their adherence to John. But I came upon them, and prevented
+them; for a messenger had come to me from Silas, whom I had made
+governor of Tiberias, as I have said already, and had told me of
+the inclinations of the people of Tiberias, and advised me to
+make haste thither; for that, if I made any delay, the city would
+come under another's jurisdiction. Upon the receipt of this
+letter of Silas, I took two hundred men along with me, and
+traveled all night, having sent before a messenger to let the
+people of Tiberias know that I was coming to them. When I came
+near to the city, which was early in the morning, the multitude
+came out to meet me; and John came with them, and saluted me, but
+in a most disturbed manner, as being afraid that my coming was to
+call him to an account for what I was now sensible he was doing.
+So he, in great haste, went to his lodging. But when I was in the
+open place of the city, having dismissed the guards I had about
+me, excepting one, and ten armed men that were with him, I
+attempted to make a speech to the multitude of the people of
+Tiberias: and, standing on a certain elevated place, I entreated
+them not to be so hasty in their revolt; for that such a change
+in their behavior would be to their reproach, and that they would
+then justly be suspected by those that should be their governors
+hereafter, as if they were not likely to be faithful to them
+neither.
+
+18. But before I had spoken all I designed, I heard one of my own
+domestics bidding me come down, for that it was not a proper time
+to take care of retaining the good-will of the people of
+Tiberias, but to provide for my own safety, and escape my enemies
+there; for John had chosen the most trusty of those armed men
+that were about him out of those thousand that he had with him,
+and had given them orders when he sent them, to kill me, having
+learned that I was alone, excepting some of my domestics. So
+those that were sent came as they were ordered, and they had
+executed what they came about, had I not leaped down from the
+elevation I stood on, and with one of my guards, whose name was
+James, been carried [out of the crowd] upon the back of one Herod
+of Tiberias, and guided by him down to the lake, where I seized a
+ship, and got into it, and escaped my enemies unexpectedly, and
+came to Tarichese.
+
+19. Now, as soon as the inhabitants of that city understood the
+perfidiousness of the people of Tiberias, they were greatly
+provoked at them. So they snatched up their arms, and desired me
+to be their leader against them; for they said they would avenge
+their commander's cause upon them. They also carried the report
+of what had been done to me to all the Galileans, and eagerly
+endeavored to irritate them against the people of Tiberias, and
+desired that vast numbers of them would get together, and come to
+them, that they might act in concert with their commander, what
+should be determined as fit to be done. Accordingly, the
+Galileans came to me in great numbers, from all parts, with their
+weapons, and besought me to assault Tiberias, to take it by
+force, and to demolish it, till it lay even with the ground, and
+then to make slaves of its inhabitants, with their wives and
+children. Those that were Josephus's friends also, and had
+escaped out of Tiberias, gave him the same advice. But I did not
+comply with them, thinking it a terrible thing to begin a civil
+war among them; for I thought that this contention ought not to
+proceed further than words; nay, I told them that it was not for
+their own advantage to do what they would have me to do, while
+the Romans expected no other than that we should destroy one
+another by our mutual seditions. And by saying this, I put a stop
+to the anger of the Galileans.
+
+20. But now John was afraid for himself, since his treachery had
+proved unsuccessful. So he took the armed men that were about
+him, and removed from Tiberias to Gischala, and wrote to me to
+apologize for himself concerning What had been done, as if it had
+been done without his approbation, and desired me to have no
+suspicion of him to his disadvantage. He also added oaths and
+certain horrible curses upon himself, and supposed he should be
+thereby believed in the points he wrote about to me.
+
+21. But now another great number of the Galileans came together
+again with their weapons, as knowing the man, how wicked and how
+sadly perjured he was, and desired me to lead them against him
+and promised me that they would utterly both him and Gischala.
+Hereupon I professed that I was obliged to them for their
+readiness to serve me, and that I would more than requite their
+good-will to me. However, I entreated them to restrain
+themselves, and begged of them to give me leave to do what I
+intended, which was to put an end to these troubles without
+bloodshed; and when I had prevailed with the multitude of the
+Galileans to let me do so, I came to Sepphoris.
+
+22. But the inhabitants of this city having determined to
+continue in their allegiance to the Romans, were afraid of my
+coming to them, and tried, by putting me upon another action, to
+divert me, that they might be freed from the terror they were in.
+Accordingly, they sent to Jesus, the captain of those robbers who
+were in the confines of Ptolemais, and promised to give him a
+great deal of money, if he would come with those forces he had
+with him, which were in number eight hundred, and fight with us.
+Accordingly, he complied with what they desired, upon the
+promises they had made him, and was desirous to fall upon us when
+we were unprepared for him, and knew nothing of his coming
+beforehand. So he sent to me, and desired that I would give him
+leave to come and salute me. When I had given him that leave,
+which I did without the least knowledge of his treacherous
+intentions beforehand, he took his band of robbers, and made
+haste to come to me. Yet did not this his knavery succeed well at
+last; for as he was already nearly approaching, one of those with
+him deserted him, and came to me, and told me what he had
+undertaken to do. When I was informed of this, I went into the
+market-place, and pretended to know nothing of his treacherous
+purpose. I took with me many Galileans that were armed, as also
+some of those of Tiberias; and, when I had given orders that all
+the roads should be carefully guarded, I charged the keepers of
+the gates to give admittance to none but Jesus, when he came,
+with the principal of his men, and to exclude the rest; and in
+case they aimed to force themselves in, to use stripes [in order
+to repel them]. Accordingly, those that had received such a
+charge did as they were bidden, and Jesus came in with a few
+others; and when I had ordered him to throw down his arms
+immediately, and told him, that if he refused so to do, he was a
+dead man, he seeing armed men standing all round about him, was
+terrified, and complied; and as for those of his followers that
+were excluded, when they were informed that he was seized, they
+ran away. I then called Jesus to me by himself, and told him,
+that" I was not a stranger to that treacherous design he had
+against me, nor was I ignorant by whom he was sent for; that,
+however, I would forgive him what he had done already, if he
+would repent of it, and be faithful to me hereafter." And thus,
+upon his promise to do all that I desired, I let him go, and gave
+him leave to get those whom he had formerly had with him together
+again. But I threatened the inhabitants of Sepphoris, that, if
+they would not leave off their ungrateful treatment of me, I
+would punish them sufficiently.
+
+23. At this time it was that two great men, who were under the
+jurisdiction of the king [Agrippa] came to me out of the region
+of Trachonius, bringing their horses and their arms, and carrying
+with them their money also; and when the Jews would force them to
+be circumcised, if they would stay among them, I would not permit
+them to have any force put upon them, (11) but said to them,
+"Every one ought to worship God according to his own
+inclinations, and not to be constrained by force; and that these
+men, who had fled to us for protection, ought not to be so
+treated as to repent of their coming hither." And when I had
+pacified the multitude, I provided for the men that were come to
+us whatsoever it was they wanted, according to their usual way of
+living, and that in great plenty also.
+
+24. Now king Agrippa sent an army to make themselves masters of
+the citadel of Gamala, and over it Equieulus Modius; but the
+forces that were sent were not allow to encompass the citadel
+quite round, but lay before it in the open places, and besieged
+it. But when Ebutius the decurion, who was intrusted with the
+government of the great plain, heard that I was at Simonias, a
+village situated in the confines of Galilee, and was distant from
+him sixty furlongs, he took a hundred horsemen that were with him
+by night, and a certain number of footmen, about two hundred, and
+brought the inhabitants of the city Gibea along with him as
+auxiliaries, and marched in the night, and came to the village
+where I abode. Upon this I pitched my camp over against him,
+which had a great number of forces in it: but Ebutius tried to
+draw us down into the plain, as greatly depending upon his
+horsemen; but we would not come down; for when I was satisfied of
+the advantage that his horse would have if we came down into the
+plain, while we were all footmen, I resolved to join battle with
+the enemy where I was. Now Ebutius and his party made a
+courageous opposition for some time; but when he saw that his
+horse were useless to him in that place, he retired back to the
+city Gibea, having lost three of his men in the fight. So I
+followed him directy with two thousand armed men; and when I was
+at the city Besara, that lay in the confines of Ptolemais, but
+twenty furlongs from Gibea, where Ebutius abode, I placed my
+armed men on the outside of the village, and gave orders that
+they should guard the passes with great care, that the enemy
+might not disturb us until we should have carried off the corn, a
+great quantity of which lay there: it belonged to Bernice the
+queen, and had been gathered together out of the neighboring
+villages into Besara; so I loaded my camels and asses, a great
+number of which I had brought along with me, and sent the corn
+into Galilee. When I had done this, I offered Ebutius battle; but
+when he would not accept of the offer, for he was terrified at
+our readiness and courage, I altered my route, and marched
+towards Neopolitanus, because I had heard that the country about
+Tiberias was laid waste by him. This Neopolitanus was captain of
+a troop of horse, and had the custody of Scythopolis intrusted to
+his care by the enemy; and when I had hindered him from doing any
+further mischief to Tiberias, I set myself to make provision for
+the affairs of Galilee.
+
+25. But when John, the son of Levi, who, as we before told you,
+abode at Gischala, was informed how all things had succeeded to
+my mind, and that I was much in favor with those that were under
+me, as also that the enemy were greatly afraid of me, he was not
+pleased with it, as thinking my prosperity tended to his ruin. So
+he took up a bitter envy and enmity against me; and hoping, that
+if he could inflame those that were under me to hate me,. he
+should put an end to the prosperity I was in, he tried to
+persuade the inhabitants of Tiberias and of Sepphoris, (and for
+those of Gabara he supposed they would be also of the same mind
+with the others,) which were the greatest cities of Galilee, to
+revolt from their subjection to me, and to be of his party; and
+told them that he would command them better than I did. As for
+the people of Sepphoris, who belonged to neither of us, because
+they had chosen to be in subjection to the Romans, they did not
+comply with his proposal; and for those of Tiberias, they did not
+indeed so far comply as to make a revolt from under me, but they
+agreed to be his friends, while the inhabitants of Gabara did go
+over to John; and it was Simon that persuaded them so to do, one
+who was both the principal man in the city, and a particular
+friend and companion of John. It is true, these did not openly
+own the making a revolt, because they were in great fear of the
+Galileans, and had frequent experience of the good-will they bore
+to me; yet did they privately watch for a proper opportunity to
+lay snares for me; and indeed I thereby came into the greatest
+danger, on the occasion following.
+
+26. There were some bold young men of the village of Dabaritta,
+who observed that the wife of Ptolemy, the king's procurator, was
+to make a progress over the great plain with a mighty attendance,
+and with some horsemen that followed as a guard to them, and this
+out of a country that was subject to the king and queen, into the
+jurisdiction of the Romans; and fell upon them on a sudden, and
+obliged the wife of Ptolemy to fly away, and plundered all the
+carriages. They also came to me to Tarichese, with four mules'
+loading of garments, and other furniture; and the weight of the
+silver they brought was not small, and there were five hundred
+pieces of gold also. Now I had a mind to preserve these spoils
+for Ptolemy, who was my countryman; and it is prohibited (12) by
+our laws even to spoil our enemies; so I said to those that
+brought these spoils, that they ought to be kept, in order to
+rebuild the walls of Jerusalem with them when they came to be
+sold. But the young men took it very ill that they did not
+receive a part of those spoils for themselves, as they expected
+to have done; so they went among the villages in the neighborhood
+of Tiberias, and told the people that I was going to betray their
+country to the Romans, and that I used deceitful language to
+them, when I said, that what had been thus gotten by rapine
+should be kept for the rebuilding of the walls of the city of
+Jerusalem; although I had resolved to restore these spoils again
+to their former owner. And indeed they were herein not mistaken
+as to my intentions; for when I had gotten clear of them, I sent
+for two of the principal men, Dassion, and Janneus the son of
+Levi, persons that were among the chief friends of the king, and
+commanded them to take the furniture that had been plundered, and
+to send it to him; and I threatened that I would order them to be
+put to death by way of punishment, if they discovered this my
+command to any other person.
+
+27. Now, when all Galilee was filled with this rumor, that their
+country was about to be betrayed by me to the Romans, and when
+all men were exasperated against me, and ready to bring me to
+punishment, the inhabitants of Tarichee did also themselves
+suppose that what the young men said was true, and persuaded my
+guards and armed men to leave me when I was asleep, and to come
+presently to the hippodrome, in order there to take counsel
+against me their commander. And when they had prevailed with
+them, and they were gotten together, they found there a great
+company assembled already, who all joined in one clamor, to bring
+the man who was so wicked to them as to betray them, to his due
+punishment; and it was Jesus, the son of Sapphias, who
+principally set them on. He was ruler in Tiberias, a wicked man,
+and naturally disposed to make disturbances in matters of
+consequence; a seditious person he was indeed, and an innovator
+beyond every body else. He then took the laws of Moses into his
+hands, and came into the midst of the people, and said," O my
+fellow citizens! if you are not disposed to hate Josephus on your
+own account, have regard, however, to these laws of your country,
+which your commander-in-chief is going to betray; hate him
+therefore on both these accounts, and bring the man who hath
+acted thus insolently, to his deserved punishment."
+
+28. When he had said this, and the multitude had openly applauded
+him for what he had said, he took some of the armed men, and made
+haste away to the house in which I lodged, as if he would kill me
+immediately, while I was wholly insensible of all till this
+disturbance happened; and by reason of the pains I had been
+taking, was fallen fast asleep. But Simon, who was intrusted with
+the care of my body, and was the only person that stayed with me,
+and saw the violent incursion the citizens made upon me, awaked
+me, and told me of the danger I was in, and desired me to let him
+kill me, that I might die bravely and like a general, before my
+enemies came in, and forced me [to kill myself], or killed me
+themselves. Thus did he discourse to me; but I committed the care
+of my life to God, and made haste to go out to the multitude.
+Accordingly, I put on a black garment, and hung my sword at my
+neck, and went by such a different way to the hippodrome, wherein
+I thought none of my adversaries would meet me; so I appeared
+among them on the sudden, and fell down flat on the earth, and
+bedewed the ground with my tears: then I seemed to them all an
+object of compassion. And when I perceived the change that was
+made in the multitude, I tried to divide their opinions before
+the armed men should return from my house; so I granted them that
+I had been as wicked as they supposed me to be; but still I
+entreated them to let me first inform them for what use I had
+kept that money which arose from the plunder, and, that they
+might then kill me if they pleased: and upon the multitude's
+ordering me to speak, the armed men came upon me, and when they
+saw me, they ran to kill me; but when the multitude bade them
+hold their hands, they complied, and expected that as soon as I
+should own to them that I kept the money for the king, it would
+be looked on as a confession of my treason, and they should then
+be allowed to kill me.
+
+29. When, therefore, silence was made by the whole multitude, I
+spake thus to them: "O my countrymen! I refuse not to die, if
+justice so require. However, I am desirous to tell you the truth
+of this matter before I die; for as I know that this city of
+yours [Tarichee] was a city of great hospitality, and filled with
+abundance of such men as have left their own countries, and are
+come hither to be partakers of your fortune, whatever it be, I
+had a mind to build walls about it, out of this money, for which
+you are so angry with me, while yet it was to be expended in
+building your own walls." Upon my saying this, the people of
+Taricheae and the strangers cried out, that" they gave me thanks,
+and desired me to be of good courage," although the Galileans and
+the people of Tiberias continued in their wrath against me,
+insomuch that there arose a tumult among them, while some
+threatened to kill me, and some bade me not to regard them; but
+when I promised them that I would build them walls at Tiberias,
+and at other cities that wanted them, they gave credit to what I
+promised, and returned every one to his own home. So I escaped
+the forementioned danger, beyond all my hopes, and returned to my
+own house, accompanied with my friends, and twenty armed men
+also.
+
+30. However, these robbers and other authors of this tumult, who
+were afraid, on their own account, lest I should punish them for
+what they had done, took six hundred armed men, and came to the
+house where I abode, in order to set it on fire. When this their
+insult was told me, I thought it indecent for me to run away, and
+I resolved to expose myself to danger, and to act with some
+boldness; so I gave order to shut the doors, and went up into an
+upper room, and desired that they would send in some of their men
+to receive the money [from the spoils] for I told them they would
+then have no occasion to be angry with me; and when they had sent
+in one of the boldest of them all, I had him whipped severely,
+and I commanded that one of his hands should be cut off, and hung
+about his neck; and in this case was he put out to those that
+sent him. At which procedure of mine they were greatly
+affrighted, and in no small consternation, and were afraid that
+they should themselves be served in like manner, if they staid
+there; for they supposed that I had in the house more armed men
+than they had themselves; so they ran away immediately, while I,
+by the use of this stratagem, escaped this their second
+treacherous design against me.
+
+31. But there were still some that irritated the multitude
+against me, and said that those great men that belonged to the
+king ought not to be suffered to live, if they would not change
+their religion to the religion of those to whom they fled for
+safety: they spake reproachfully of them also, and said that they
+were wizards, and such as called in the Romans upon them. So the
+multitude was soon deluded by such plausible pretenses as were
+agreeable to their own inclinations, and were prevailed on by
+them. But when I was informed of this, I instructed the multitude
+again, that those who fled to them for refuge ought not to be
+persecuted: I also laughed at the allegation about witchcraft,
+(13) and told them that the Romans would not maintain so many ten
+thousand soldiers, if they could overcome their enemies by
+wizards. Upon my saying this, the people assented for a while;
+but they returned again afterwards, as irritated by some ill
+people against the great men; nay, they once made an assault upon
+the house in which they dwelt at Tarichess, in order to kill
+them; which, when I was informed of, I was afraid lest so horrid
+a crime should take effect, and nobody else would make that city
+their refuge any more. I therefore came myself, and some others
+with me, to the house where these great men lived, and locked the
+doors, and had a trench drawn from their house leading to the
+lake, and sent for a ship, and embarked therein with them, and
+sailed to the confines of Hippos: I also paid them the value of
+their horses; nor in such a flight could I have their horses
+brought to them. I then dismissed them, and begged of them
+earnestly that they would courageously bear I this distress which
+befell them. I was also myself I greatly displeased that I was
+compelled to expose those that had fled to me to go again into an
+enemy's country; yet did I think it more eligible that they
+should perish among the Romans, if it should so happen, than in
+the country that was under my jurisdiction. However, they escaped
+at length, and king Agrippa forgave them their offenses. And this
+was the conclusion of what concerned these men.
+
+32. But as for the inhabitants of the city of Tiberias, they
+wrote to the king, and desired him to send them forces sufficient
+to be a guard to their country; for that they were desirous to
+come over to him: this was what they wrote to him. But when I
+came to them, they desired me to build their walls, as I had
+promised them to do; for they had heard that the walls of
+Tarichess were already built. I agreed to their proposal
+accordingly; and when I had made preparation for the entire
+building, I gave order to the architects to go to work; but on
+the third day, when I was gone to Tarichess, which was thirty
+furlongs distant from Tiberias, it so fell out, that some Roman
+horsemen were discovered on their march, not far from the city,
+which made it to be supposed that the forces were come from the
+king; upon which they shouted, and lifted up their voices in
+commendations of the king, and in reproaches against me. Hereupon
+one came running to me, and told me what their dispositions were,
+and that they had resolved to revolt from me: upon hearing which
+news I was very much alarmed; for I had already sent away my
+armed men from Tarichess, to their own homes, because the next
+day was our sabbath; for I would not have the people of Tarichess
+disturbed [on that day] by a multitude of soldiers; and indeed,
+whenever I sojourned at that city, I never took any particular
+care for a guard about my own body, because I had had frequent
+instances of the fidelity its inhabitants bore to me. I had now
+about me no more than seven armed men, besides some friends, and
+was doubtful what to do; for to send to recall my own forces I
+did not think proper, because the present day was almost over;
+and had those forces been with me, I could not take up arms on
+the next day, because our laws forbade us so to do, even though
+our necessity should be very great; and if I should permit the
+people of Tarichess, and the strangers with them, to guard the
+city, I saw that they would not be sufficient for that purpose,
+and I perceived that I should be obliged to delay my assistance a
+great while; for I thought with myself that the forces that came
+from the king would prevent me, and that I should be driven out
+of the city. I considered, therefore, how to get clear of these
+forces by a stratagem; so I immediately placed those my friends
+of Tarichee, on whom I could best confide, at the gates, to watch
+those very carefully who went out at those gates: I also called
+to me the heads of families, and bade every one of them to seize
+upon a ship (14) to go on board it, and to take a master with
+them, and follow him to the city of Tiberias. I also myself went
+on board one of those ships, with my friends, and the seven armed
+men already mentioned, and sailed for Tiberias.
+
+33. But now, when the people of Tiberias perceived that there
+were no forces come from the king, and yet saw the whole lake
+full of ships, they were in fear what would become of their city,
+and were greatly terrified, as supposing that the ships were full
+of men on board; so they then changed their minds, and threw down
+their weapons, and met me with their wives and children, and made
+acclamations to me with great commendations; for they imagined
+that I did not know their former inclinations [to have been
+against me]; so they persuaded me to spare the city. But when I
+was come near enough, I gave order to the masters of the ships to
+cast anchor a good way off the land, that the people of Tiberias
+might not perceive that the ships had no men on board; but I went
+nearer to the people in one of the ships, and rebuked them for
+their folly, ,and that they were so fickle as, without any just
+occasion in the world, to revolt from their fidelity to me.
+However, assured them that I would entirely forgive them for the
+time to come, if they would send ten of the ringleaders of the
+multitude to me; and when they complied readily with this
+proposal, and sent me the men forementioned, I put them on board
+a ship, and sent them away to Tarichese; and ordered them to be
+kept in prison.
+
+34. And by this stratagem it was that I gradually got all the
+senate of Tiberias into my power, and sent them to the city
+forementioned, with many of the principal men among the populace,
+and those not fewer in number than the other. But when the
+multitude saw into what great miseries they had brought
+themselves, they desired me to punish the author of this
+sedition: his name was Clitus, a young man, bold and rash in his
+undertakings. Now, since I thought it not agreeable to piety to
+put one of my own people to death, and yet found it necessary to
+punish him, I ordered Levi, one of my own guards, to go to him,
+and cut off one of Clitus's hands; but as he that was ordered to
+do this, was afraid to go out of the ship alone, among 'so great
+a multitude, I was not willing that the timorousness of the
+soldier should appear to the people of Tiberias. So I called to
+Clitus himself and said to him," Since thou deservest to lose
+both thine hands for thy ingratitude to me, be thou thine own
+executioner, lest, if thou refusest so to be, thou undergo a
+worse punishment." And when he earnestly begged of me to spare
+him one of his hands, it was with difficulty that I granted it.
+So, in order to prevent the loss of both his hands, he willingly
+took his sword, and cut off his own left hand; and this put an
+end to the sedition.
+
+35. Now the men of Tiberias, after I was gone to Taricheae,
+perceived what stratagem I had used against them, and they
+admired how I had put an end to their foolish sedition, without
+shedding of blood. But now, when I had sent for some of those
+multitudes of the people of Tiberias out of prison, among whom
+were Justus and his father Pistus, I made them to sup with me;
+and during our supper time I said to them, that I knew the power
+of the Romans was superior to all others, but did not say so
+[publicly] because of the robbers. So I advised them to do as I
+did, and to wait for a proper opportunity, and not to be uneasy
+at my being their commander; for that they could not expect to
+have another who would use the like moderation that I had done. I
+also put Justus in mind how the Galileans had cut off his
+brother's hands before ever I came to Jerusalem, upon an
+accusation laid against him, as if he had been a rogue, and had
+forged some letters; as also how the people of Gamala, in a
+sedition they raised against the Babylonians, after the departure
+of Philip, slew Chares, who was a kinsman of Philip, and withal
+how they had wisely punished Jesus, his brother Justuses sister's
+husband [with death]. When I had said this to them during supper
+time, I in the morning ordered Justus, and all the rest that were
+in prison, to be loosed out of it, and sent away.
+
+36. But before this, it happened that Philip, the son of Jacimus,
+went out of the citadel of Gamala upon the following occasion:
+When Philip had been informed that Varus was put out of his
+government by king Agrippa, and that Equieulus Modius, a man that
+was of old his friend and companion, was come to succeed him, he
+wrote to him, and related what turns of fortune he had had, and
+desired him to forward the letters he sent to the king and queen.
+Now, when Modius had received these letters, he was exceedingly
+glad, and sent the letters to the king and queen, who were then
+about Berytus. But when king Agrippa knew that the story about
+Philip was false, (for it had been given out, that the Jews had
+begun a war with the Romans, and that this Philip had been their
+commander in that war,) he sent some horsemen to conduct Philip
+to him; and when he was come, he saluted him very obligingly, and
+showed him to the Roman commanders, and told them that this was
+the man of whom the report had gone about as if he had revolted
+from the Romans. He also bid him to take some horsemen with him,
+and to go quickly to the citadel of Gamala, and to bring out
+thence all his domestics, and to restore the Babylonians to
+Batanea again. He also gave it him in charge to take all possible
+care that none of his subjects should be guilty of making any
+innovation. Accordingly, upon these directions from the king, he
+made haste to do what he was commanded.
+
+37. Now there was one Joseph, the son of a female physician, who
+excited a great many young men to join with him. He also
+insolently addressed himself to the principal persons at Gamala,
+and persuaded them to revolt from the king; and take up arms, and
+gave them hopes that they should, by his means, recover their
+liberty. And some they forced into the service, and those that
+would not acquiesce in what they had resolved on, they slew. They
+also slew Chares, and with him Jesus, one of his kinsmen, and a
+brother of Justus of Tiberias, as we have already said. Those of
+Gamala also wrote to me, desiring me to send them an armed force,
+and workmen to raise up the walls of their city; nor did I reject
+either of their requests. The region of Gaulanitis did also
+revolt from the king, as far as the village Solyma. I also built
+a wall about Seleucia and Soganni, which are villages naturally
+of ver great strength. Moreover, I, in like manner, walled
+several villages of Upper Galilee, though they were very rocky of
+themselves. Their names are Jamnia, and Meroth, and Achabare. I
+also fortified, in the Lower Galilee, the cities Tarichee,
+Tiberias, Sepphoris, and the villages, the cave of Arbela,
+Bersobe, Selamin, Jotapata, Capharecho, and Sigo, and Japha, and
+Mount Tabor. (15) I also laid up a great quantity of corn in
+these places, and arms withal, that might be for their security
+afterward.
+
+38. But the hatred that John, the son of Levi, bore to me, grew
+now more violent, while he could not bear my prosperity with
+patience. So he proposed to himself, by all means possible, to
+make away with me; and built the walls of Gischala, which was the
+place of his nativity. He then sent his brother Simon, and
+Jonathan, the son of Sisenna, and about a hundred armed men, to
+Jerusalem, to Simon, the son of Gamaliel, (16) in order to
+persuade him to induce the commonalty of Jerusalem to take from
+me the government over the Galileans, and to give their suffrages
+for conferring that authority upon him. This Simon was of the
+city of Jerusalem, and of a very noble family of the sect of the
+Pharisees, which are supposed to excel others in the accurate
+knowledge of the laws of their country. He was a man of great
+wisdom and reason, and capable of restoring public affairs by his
+prudence, when they were in an ill posture. He was also an old
+friend and companion of John; but at that time he had a
+difference with me. When therefore he had received such an
+exhortation, he persuaded the high priests, Ananus, and Jesus the
+son of Gamala, and some others of the same seditious faction, to
+cut me down, now I was growing so great, and not to overlook me
+while I was aggrandizing myself to the height of glory; and he
+said that it would be for the advantage of the Galileans, if I
+were deprived of my government there. Ananus also, and his
+friends, desired them to make no delay about the matter, lest I
+should get the knowledge of what was doing too soon, and should
+come and make an assault upon the city with a great army. This
+was the counsel of Simon; but Artanus the high priest
+demonstrated to them that this was not an easy thing to be done,
+because many of the high priests and of the rulers of the people
+bore witness that I had acted like an excellent general, and that
+it was the work of ill men to accuse one against whom they had
+nothing to say.
+
+39. When Simon heard Ananus say this, he desired that the
+messengers would conceal the thing, and not let it come among
+many; for that he would take care to have Josephus removed out of
+Galilee very quickly. So he called for John's brother, [Simon,]
+and charged him that they should send presents to Ananus and his
+friends; for, as he said, they might probably by that means
+persuade them to change their minds. And indeed Simon did at
+length thus compass what he aimed at; for Artanus, and those with
+him, being corrupted by bribes, agreed to expel me out of
+Galilee, without making the rest of the citizens acquainted with
+what they were doing. Accordingly, they resolved to send men of
+distinction as to their families, and of distinction as to their
+learning also. Two of these were of the populace, Jonathan (17)
+and Ananias, by sect Pharisees; while the third, Jozar, was of
+the stock of the priests, and a Pharisee also; and Simon, the
+last of them, was of the youngest of the high priests. These had
+it given them in charge, that, when they were come to the
+multitude of the Galileans, they should ask them, what was the
+reason of their love to me? and if they said that it was because
+I was born at Jerusalem, that they should reply, that they four
+were all born at the same place; and if they should say, it was
+because I was well versed in their law, they should reply, that
+neither were they unacquainted with the practices of their
+country; but if, besides these, they should say, they loved me
+because I was a priest, they should reply, that two of these were
+priests also.
+
+40. Now, when they had given Jonathan and his companions these
+instructions, they gave them forty thousand [drachmae] out of the
+public money: but when they heard that there was a certain
+Galilean that then sojourned at Jerusalem, whose name was Jesus,
+who had about him a band of six hundred armed men, they sent for
+him, and gave him three months pay, and gave him orders to follow
+Jonathan and his companions, and be obedient to them. They also
+gave money to three hundred men that were citizens of Jerusalem,
+to maintain them all, and ordered them also to follow the
+ambassadors; and when they had complied, and were gotten ready
+for the march, Jonathan and his companions went out with them,
+having along with them John's brother and a hundred armed men.
+The charge that was given them by those that sent them was this:
+That if I would voluntarily lay down my arms, they should send me
+alive to the city of Jerusalem; but that, in case I opposed them,
+they should kill me, and fear nothing; for that it was their
+command for them so to do. They also wrote to John to make all
+ready for fighting me, and gave orders to the inhabitants of
+Sepphoris, and Gabara, and Tiberins, to send auxiliaries to John.
+
+41. Now, as my father wrote me an account of this, (for Jesus the
+son of Gamala, who was present in that council, a friend and
+companion of mine, told him of it,) I was very much troubled, as
+discovering thereby that my fellow citizens proved so ungrateful
+to me, as, out of envy, to give order that I should be slain: my
+father earnestly pressed me also in his letter to come to him,
+for that he longed to see his son before he died. I informed my
+friends of these things, and that in three days' time I should
+leave the country, and go home. Upon hearing this, they were all
+very sorry, and desired me, with tears in their eyes, not to
+leave them to be destroyed; for so they thought they should be,
+if I were deprived of the command over them: but as I did not
+grant their request, but was taking care of my own safety, the
+Galileans, out of their dread of the consequence of my departure,
+that they should then be at the mercy of the robbers, sent
+messengers over all Galilee to inform them of my resolution to
+leave them. Whereupon, as soon as they heard it, they got
+together in great numbers, from all parts, with their wives and
+children; and this they did, as it appeared to me, not more out
+of their affection to me, than out of their fear on their own
+account; for while I staid with them, they supposed that they
+should suffer no harm. So they all came into the great plain,
+wherein I lived, the name of which was Asochis.
+
+42. But wonderful it was what a dream I saw that very night; for
+when I had betaken myself to my bed, as grieved and disturbed at
+the news that had been written to me, it seemed to me, that a
+certain person stood by me, (18) and said, "O Josephus! leave off
+to afflict thy soul, and put away all fear; for what now grieves
+thee will render thee very considerable, and in all respects most
+happy; for thou shalt get over not only these difficulties, but
+many others, with great success. However, be not cast down, but
+remember that thou art to fight with the Romans." When I had seen
+this dream, I got up with an intention of going down to the
+plain. Now, when the whole multitude of the Galileans, among whom
+were the women and children, saw me, they threw themselves down
+upon their faces, and, with tears in their eyes, besought me not
+to leave them exposed to their enemies, nor to go away and permit
+their country to be injured by them. But when I did not comply,
+with their entreaties, they compelled me to take an oath, that I
+would stay with them: they also cast abundance of reproaches upon
+the people of Jerusalem, that they would not let their country
+enjoy peace.
+
+43. When I heard this, and saw what sorrow the people were in, I
+was moved with compassion to them, and thought it became me to
+undergo the most manifest hazards for the sake of so great a
+multitude; so I let them know I would stay with them. And when I
+had given order that five thousand off them should come to me
+armed, and with provisions for their maintenance, I sent the rest
+away to their own homes; and when those five thousand were come,
+I took them, together with three thousand of the soldiers that
+were with me before, and eighty horsemen, and marched to
+thevillage of Chabolo, situated in the confines of Ptolimias, and
+there kept my forces together, pretending to get ready to fight
+with Placidus, who was come with two cohorts of footmen, and one
+troop of horsemen, and was sent thither by Cestius Gallus to burn
+those villages of Galilee that were near Ptolemais. Upon whose
+casting up a bank before the city Ptolemais, I also pitched my
+camp at about the distance of sixty furlongs from that village.
+And now we frequently brought out our forces as if we would
+fight, but proceeded no further than skirmishes at a distance;
+for when Placidus perceived that I was earnest to come to a
+battle, he was afraid, and avoided it. Yet did he not remove from
+the neighborhood of Ptolemais.
+
+44. About this time it was that Jonathan and his fellow legates
+came. They were sent, as we have said already, by Simon, and
+Ananus the high priest. And Jonathan contrived how he might catch
+me by treachery; for he durst not make any attempt upon me
+openly. So he wrote me the following epistle: "Jonathan and those
+that are with him, and are sent by the people of Jerusalem, to
+Josephus, send greeting. We are sent by the principal men of
+Jerusalem, who have heard that John of Gischala hath laid many
+snares for thee, to rebuke him, and to exhort him to be subject
+to thee hereafter. We are also desirous to consult with thee
+about our common concerns, and what is fit to be done. We
+therefore desire thee to come to us quickly, and to bring only a
+few men with thee; for this village will not contain a great
+number of soldiers." Thus it was that they wrote, as expecting
+one of these two things; either that I should come without armed
+men, and then they should have me wholly in their power; or, if I
+came with a great number, they should judge me to be a public
+enemy. Now it was a horseman who brought the letter, a man at
+other times bold, and one that had served in the army under the
+king. It was the second hour of the night that he came, when I
+was feasting with my friends, and the principal of the Galileans.
+This man, upon my servant's telling me that a certain horseman of
+the Jewish nation was come, was called in at my command, but did
+not so much as salute me at all, but held out a letter, and said,
+"This letter is sent thee by those that are come from Jerusalem;
+do thou write an answer to it quickly; for I am obliged to return
+to them very soon. Now my guests could not but wonder at the
+boldness of the soldier. But I desired him to sit down and sup
+with us; but when he refused so to do, I held the letter in my
+hands as I received it, and fell a talking with my guests about
+other matters. But a few hours afterwards, I got up, and when I
+had dismissed the rest to go to their beds, I bid only four of my
+intimate friends to stay, and ordered my servant to get some wine
+ready. I also opened the letter so, that nobody could perceive
+it; and understanding thereby presently the purportú of the
+writing, I sealed it up again, and appeared as if I had not yet
+read it, but only held it in my hands. I ordered twenty drachmae
+should be given the soldier for the charges of his journey; and
+when he took the money, and said that he thanked me for it, I
+perceived that he loved money, and that he was to be caught
+chiefly by that means; and I said to him," If thou wilt but drink
+with us, thou shalt have a drachma for every glass thou
+drinkest." So he gladly embraced this proposal, and drank a great
+deal of wine, in order to get the more money, and was so drunk,
+that at last he could not keep the secrets he was intrusted with,
+but discovered them without my putting questions to him, viz.
+That a treacherous design was contrived against me, and that I
+was doomed to die by those that sent him. When I heard this, I
+wrote back this answer: "Josephus to Jonathan, and those that are
+with him, sendeth greeting. Upon the information that you are
+come in health into Galilee, I rejoice, and this especially
+because I can now resign the care of public affairs here into
+your hands, and return into my native country, which is what I
+have desired to do a great while; and I confess I ought not only
+to come to you as far as Xaloth, but farther, and this without
+your commands. But I desire you to excuse me, because I cannot do
+it now, since I watch the motions of Placidus, who hath a mind to
+go up into Galilee; and this I do here at Chabolo. Do you
+therefore, on the receipt of this epistle, come hither to me.
+Fare you well."
+
+45. When I had written thus, and given the letter to be carried
+by the soldier, I sent along with him thirty of the Galileans of
+the best characters, and gave them instructions to salute those
+ambassadors, but to say nothing else to them. I also gave orders
+to as many of those armed men, whom I esteemed most faithful to
+me, to go along with the others, every one with him whom he was
+to guard, lest some conversation might pass between those whom I
+sent and those who were with Jonathan. So those men went [to
+Jonathan]. But when Jonathan and his partners had failed in this
+their first attempt, they sent me another letter, the contents
+whereof were as follows: "Jonathan, and those with him, to
+Josephus, send greeting. We require thee to come to us to the
+village Gabaroth, on the third day, without any armed men, that
+we may hear what thou hast to lay to the charge of John [of
+Gischala]." When they had written this letter, they saluted the
+Galileans whom I sent, and came to Japha, which was the largest
+village of all Galilee, and encompassed with very strong walls,
+and had a great number of inhabitants in it. There the multitude
+of men, with their wives and children, met them, and exclaimed
+loudly against them; and desired them to be gone, and not to envy
+them the advantage of an excellent commander. With these clamors
+Jonathan and his partners were greatly provoked, although they
+durst not show their anger openly; so they made them no answer,
+but went to other villages. But still the same clamors met them
+from all the people, who said, "Nobody should persuade them to
+have any other commander besides Josephus." So Jonathan and his
+partners went away from them without success, and came to
+Sepphoris, the greatest city of all Galilee. Now the men of that
+city, who inclined to the Romans in their sentiments, met them
+indeed, but neither praised nor reproached me and when they were
+gone down from Sepphoris to Asochis, the people of that place
+made a clamor against them, as those of Japha had done; whereupon
+they were able to contain themselves no longer, but ordered the
+armed men that were with them to beat those that made the clamor
+with their clubs. And when they came to Gabara, John met them
+with three thousand armed men; but, as I understood by their
+letter that they had resolved to fight against me, I arose from
+Chabolo, with three thousand armed men also; but left in my camp
+one of my fastest friends, and came to Jotapata, as desirous to
+be near them, the distance being no more than forty furlongs.
+Whence I wrote thus to them: "If you are very desirous that I
+should come to you, you know there are two hundred and forty
+cities and villages in Galilee; I will come to any of them which
+you please, excepting Gaburn and Gischala; the one of which is
+John's native city, and the other in confederacy and friendship
+with him."
+
+46. When Jonathan and his partners had received this letter, they
+wrote me no more answers, but called a council of their friends
+together; and taking John into their consultation, they took
+counsel together by what means they might attack me. John's
+opinion was, that they should write to all the cities and
+villages that were in Galilee; for that there must be certainly
+one or two persons in every one of them that were at variance
+with me, and that they should be invited to come to oppose me as
+an enemy. He would also have them send this resolution of theirs
+to the city of Jerusalem, that its citizens, upon the knowledge
+of my being adjudged to be an enemy by the Galileans, might
+themselves I also confirm that determination. He said also, that
+when this was done, even those Galileans who were well affected
+to me, would desert me out of fear. When John had given them this
+counsel, what he had said was very agreeable to the rest of them.
+I was also made acquainted with these affairs about the third
+hour of the night, by the means of one Saccheus, who had belonged
+to them, but now deserted them and came over to me, and told me
+what they were about; so I perceived that no time was to be lost.
+Accordingly, I gave command to Jacob, an armed man of my guard,
+whom I esteemed faithful to me, to take two hundred men, and to
+guard the passages that led from Gahara to Galilee, and to seize
+upon the passengers, and send them to me, especially such as were
+caught with letters about them: I also sent Jeremias himself, one
+of my friends, with six hundred armed men, to the borders of
+Galilee, in order to watch the roads that led from this country
+to the city Jerusalem, and gave him charge to lay hold of such as
+traveled with letters about them, to keep the men in bonds upon
+the place, but to send me the letters.
+
+47. When I had laid these commands upon them, I gave them orders,
+and bid them take their arms and bring three days' provision with
+them, and be with me the next day. I also parted those that were
+about me into four parts, and ordained those of them that were
+most faithful to me to be a guard to my body. I also set over
+them centurions, and commanded them to take care that not a
+soldier which they did not know should mingle himself among them.
+Now, on the fifth day following, when I was at Gabaroth, I found
+the entire plain that was before the village full of armed men,
+who were come out of Galilee to assist me: many others of the
+multitude, also, out of the village, ran along with me. But as
+soon as I had taken my place, and began to speak to them, they
+all made an acclamation, and called me the benefactor and savior
+of the country. And when I had made them my acknowledgments, and
+thanked them [for their affection to me], I also advised them to
+fight with nobody, (19) nor to spoil the country; but to pitch
+their tents in the plain, and be content with their sustenance
+they had brought with them; for I told them that I had a mind to
+compose these troubles without shedding any blood. Now it came to
+pass, that on the very same day those who were sent by John with
+letters, fell among the guards whom I had appointed to watch the
+roads; so the men were themselves kept upon the place, as my
+orders were, but I got the letters, which were full of reproaches
+and lies; and I intended to fall upon these men, without saying a
+word of these matters to any body.
+
+48. Now, as soon as Jonathan and his companions heard of my
+coming, they took all their own friends, and John with them, and
+retired to the house of Jesus, which indeed was a large castle,
+and no way unlike a citadel; so they privately laid a band of
+armed men therein, and shut all the other doors but one, which
+they kept open, and they expected that I should come out of the
+road to them, to salute them. And indeed they had given orders to
+the armed men, that when I came they should let nobody besides me
+come in, but should exclude others; as supposing that, by this
+means, they should easily get me under their power: but they were
+deceived in their expectation; for I perceived what snares they
+had laid for me. Now, as soon as I was got off my journey, I took
+up my lodgings over against them, and pretended to be asleep; so
+Jonathan and his party, thinking that I was really asleep and at
+rest, made haste to go down into the plain, to persuade the
+people that I was an ill governor. But the matter proved
+otherwise; for, upon their appearance, there was a cry made by
+the Galileans immediately, declaring their good opinion of me as
+their governor; and they made a clamor against Jonathan and his
+partners for coming to them when they had suffered no harm, and
+as though they would overturn their happy settlement; and desired
+them by all means to go back again, for that they would never be
+persuaded to have any other to rule over them but myself. When I
+heard of this, I did not fear to go down into the midst of them;
+I went, therefore, myself down presently to hear what Jonathan
+and his companions said. As soon as I appeared, there was
+immediately an acclamation made to me by the whole multitude, and
+a cry in my commendation by them, who confessed their thanks was
+owing to me for my good government of them.
+
+49. When Jonathan and his companions heard this, they were in
+fear of their own lives, and in danger lest they should be
+assaulted by the Galileans on nay account; so they contrived how
+they might run away. But as they were not able to get off, for I
+desired them to stay, they looked down with concern at my words
+to them. I ordered, therefore, the multitude to restrain entirely
+their acclamations, and placed the most faithful of my armed men
+upon the avenues, to be a guard to us, lest John should
+unexpected fall upon us; and I encouraged the Galileans to take
+their weapons, lest they should be disturbed at their enemies, if
+any sudden insult should be made upon them. And then, in the
+first place, I put Jonathan and his partners in mind of their
+[former] letter, and after what manner they had written to me,
+and declared they were sent by the common consent to the people
+of Jerusalem, to make up the differences I had with John, and how
+they had desired me to come to them; and as I spake thus, I
+publicly showed that letter they had written, till they could not
+at all deny what they had done, the letter itself convicting
+them. I then said, "O Jonathan! and you that are sent with him as
+his colleagues, if I were to be judged as to my behavior,
+compared with that of John's, and had brought no more than two or
+three witnesses, (20) good men and true, it is plain you had been
+forced, upon the examination of their characters beforehand, to
+discharge the accusations: that therefore you may be informed
+that I have acted well in the affairs of Galilee, I think three
+witnesses too few to be brought by a man that hath done as he
+ought to do; so I gave you all these for witnesses. Inquire of
+them (21) how I have lived, and whether I have not behaved myself
+with all decency, and after a virtuous manner, among them. And I
+further conjure you, O Galileans! to hide no part of the truth,
+but to speak before these men as before judges, whether I have in
+any thing acted otherwise than well."
+
+50. While I was thus speaking, the united voices of all the
+people joined together, and called me their benefactor and
+savior, and attested to my former behavior, and exhorted me to
+continue so to do hereafter; and they all said, upon their oaths,
+that their wives had been preserved free from injuries, and that
+no one had ever been aggrieved by me. After this, I read to the
+Galileans two of those epistles which had been sent by Jonathan
+and his colleagues, and which those whom I had appointed to guard
+the road had taken, and sent to me. These were full of
+reproaches, and of lies, as if I had acted more like a tyrant
+than a governor against them, with many other things besides
+therein contained, which were no better indeed than impudent
+falsities. I also informed the multitude how I came by these
+letters, and that those who carried them delivered them up
+voluntarily; for I was not willing that my enemies should know
+any thing of the guards I had set, lest they should be afraid,
+and leave off writing hereafter.
+
+51. When the multitude heard these things, they were greatly
+provoked at Jonathan, and his colleagues that were with him, and
+were going to attack them, and kill them; and this they had
+certainly done, unless I had restrained the anger of the
+Galileans, and said, that" I forgave Jonathan and his colleagues
+what was past, if they would repent, and go to their own country,
+and tell those who sent them the truth, as to my conduct." When I
+had said this, I let them go, although I knew they would do
+nothing of what they had promised. But the multitude were very
+much enraged against them, and entreated me to give them leave to
+punish them for their insolence; yet did I try all methods to
+persuade them to spare the men; for I knew that every instance of
+sedition was pernicious to the public welfare. But the multitude
+was too angry with them to be dissuaded, and all of them went
+immediately to the house in which Jonathan and his colleagues
+abode. However, when I perceived that their rage could not be
+restrained, I got on horseback, and ordered the multitude to
+follow me to the village Sogane, which was twenty furlongs off
+Gabara; and by using this stratagem, I so managed myself, as not
+to appear to begin a civil war ,amongst them.
+
+52. But when I was come near Sogane, I caused the multitude to
+make a halt, and exhorted them not to be so easily provoked to
+anger, and to the inflicting such punishments as could not be
+afterwards recalled: I also gave order, that a hundred men, who
+were already in years, and were principal men among them, should
+get themselves ready to go to the city of Jerusalem, and should
+.make a complaint before the people of such as raised seditions
+in the country. And I said to them, that" in case they be moved
+with what you say, you shall desire the community to write to me,
+and to enjoin me to continue in Galilee, and to order Jonathan
+and his colleagues to depart out of it." When I had suggested
+these instructions to them, and while they were getting
+themselves ready as fast as they could, I sent them on this
+errand the third day after they had been assembled: I also sent
+five hundred armed men with them [as a guard]. I then wrote to my
+friends in Samaria, to take care that they might safely pass
+through the country: for Samaria was already under the Romans,
+and it was absolutely necessary for those that go quickly [to
+Jerusalem] to pass through that country; for in that road you
+may, in three days' time, go from Galilee to Jerusalem. I also
+went myself, and conducted the old men as far as the bounds of
+Galilee, and set guards in the roads, that it might not be easily
+known by any one that these men were gone. And when I had thus
+done, I went and abode at Japha.
+
+53. Now Jonathan and his colleagues, having failed of
+accomplishing what they would have done against me, sent John
+back to Gischala, but went themselves to the city of Tiberias,
+expecting it would submit itself to them; and this was founded on
+a letter which Jesus, their then governor, had written them,
+promising that, if they came, the multitude would receive them,
+and choose to be under their government; so they went their ways
+with this expectation. But Silas, who, as I said, had been left
+curator of Tiberias by me, informed me of this, and desired me to
+make haste thither. Accordingly, I complied with his advice
+immediately, and came thither; but found myself in danger of my
+life, from the following occasion: Jonathan and his colleagues
+had been at Tiberias, and had persuaded a great many of such as
+had a quarrel with me to desert me; but when they heard of my
+coming, they were in fear for themselves, and came to me; and
+when they had saluted me, they said, that I was a happy man in
+having behaved myself so well in the government of Galilee; and
+they congratulated me upon the honors that were paid me: for they
+said that my glory was a credit to them, since they had been my
+teachers and fellow citizens; and they said further, that it was
+but just that they should prefer my friendship to them rather
+than John's, and that they would have immediately gone home, but
+that they staid that they might deliver up John into my power;
+and when they said this they took their oaths of it, and those
+such as are most tremendous amongst us, and such as I did not
+think fit to disbelieve. However, they desired me to lodge some
+where else, because the next day was the sabbath, and that it was
+not fit the city of Tiberias should be disturbed [on that day].
+
+54. So I suspected nothing, and went away to Tarichese; yet did I
+withal leave some to make inquiry in the city how matters went,
+and whether any thing was said about me: I also set many persons
+all the way that led from Tarichese to Tiberias, that they might
+communicate from one to another, if they learned any news from
+those that were left in the city. On the next day, therefore,
+they all came into the Proseucha; (22) it was a large edifice,
+and capable of receiving a great number of people; thither
+Jonathan went in, and though he durst not openly speak of a
+revolt, yet did he say that their city stood in need of a better
+governor than it then had. But Jesus, who was the ruler, made no
+scruple to speak out, and said openly," O fellow citizens! it is
+better for you to be in subjection to four than to one; and those
+such as are of high birth, and not without reputation for their
+wisdom;" and pointed to Jonathan and his colleagues. Upon his
+saying this, Justus came in and commended him for what he had
+said, and persuaded some of the people to be of his mind also.
+But the multitude were not pleased with what was said, and had
+certainly gone into a tumult, unless the sixth hour, which was
+now come, had dissolved the assembly, at which hour our laws
+require us to go to dinner on sabbath days; so Jonathan and his
+colleagues put off their council till the next day, and went off
+without success. When I was informed of these affairs, I
+determined to go to the city of Tiberias in the morning.
+Accordingly, on the next day, about the first hour of the day, I
+came from Tarichee, and found the multitude already assembled in
+the Proseucha; but on what account they were gotten together,
+those that were assembled did not know. But when Jonathan and his
+colleagues saw me there unexpectedly, they were in disorder;
+after which they raised a report of their own contrivance, that
+Roman horsemen were seen at a place called Union, in the borders
+of Galilee, thirty furlongs distant from the city. Upon which
+report, Jonathan and his colleagues cunningly exhorted me not to
+neglect this matter, nor to suffer the land to be spoiled by the
+enemy. And this they said with a design to remove me out of the
+city, under the pretense of the want of extraordinary assistance,
+while they might dispose the city to be my enemy.
+
+55. As for myself, although I knew of their design, yet did I
+comply with what they proposed, lest the people of Tiberias
+should have occasion to suppose that I was not careful of their
+security. I therefore went out; but, when I was at the place, I
+found not the least footsteps of any enemy, so I returned as fast
+as ever I could, and found the whole council assembled, and the
+body of the people gotten together, and Jonathan and his
+colleagues bringing vehement accusations against me, as one who
+had no concern to ease them of the burdens of war, and as one
+that lived luxuriously. And as they were discoursing thus, they
+produced four letters, as written to them from some people that
+lived at the borders of Galilee, imploring that they would come
+to their assistance, for that there was an army of Romans, both
+horsemen and footmen, who would come and lay waste the country on
+the third day; they desired them also to make haste, and not to
+overlook them. When the people of Tiberias heard this, they
+thought they spake truth, and made a clamor against me, and said
+I ought not to sit still, but to go away to the assistance of
+their countrymen. Hereupon I said (for I understood the meaning
+of Jonathan and his colleagues) that I was ready to comply with
+what they proposed, and without delay to march to the war which
+they spake of, yet did I advise them, at the same time, that
+since these letters declared that the Romans would make their
+assault in four several places, they should part their forces
+into five bodies, and make Jonathan and his colleagues generals
+of each body of them, because it was fit for brave men, not only
+to give counsel, but to take the place of leaders, and assist
+their countrymen when such a necessity pressed them; for, said I,
+it is not possible for me to lead more than one party. This
+advice of mine greatly pleased the multitude; so they compelled
+them to go forth to the war. But their designs were put into very
+much disorder, because they had not done what they had designed
+to do, on account of my stratagem, which was opposite to their
+undertakings.
+
+56. Now there was one whose name was Ananias (a wicked man he
+was, and very mischievous); he proposed that a general religious
+fast (23) should be appointed the next day for all the people,
+and gave order that at the same hour they should come to the same
+place, without any weapons, to make it manifest before God, that
+while they obtained his assistance, they thought all these
+weapons useless. This he said, not out of piety, but that they
+might catch me and my friends unarmed. Now, I was hereupon forced
+to comply, lest I should appear to despise a proposal that tended
+to piety. As soon, therefore, as we were gone home, Jonathan and
+his colleagues wrote to John to come to them in the morning, and
+desiring him to come with as many soldiers as he possibly could,
+for that they should then be able easily to get me into their
+hands, and to do all they desired to do. When John had received
+this letter, he resolved to comply with it. As for myself, on the
+next day, I ordered two of the guards of my body, whom I esteemed
+the most courageous and most faithful, to hide daggers under
+their garments, and to go along with me, that we might defend
+ourselves, if any attack should be made upon us by our enemies. I
+also myself took my breastplate, and girded on my sword, so that
+it might be, as far as it was possible, concealed, and came into
+the Proseucha.
+
+57. Now Jesus, who was the ruler, commanded that they should
+exclude all that came with me, for he kept the door himself, and
+suffered none but his friends to go in. And while we were engaged
+in the duties of the day, and had betaken ourselves to our
+prayers, Jesus got up, and inquired of me what was become of the
+vessels that were taken out of the king's palace, when it was
+burnt down [and] of that uncoined silver; and in whose possession
+they now were? This he said, in order to drive away time till
+John should come. I said that Capellus, and the ten principal men
+of Tiberias, had them all; and I told him that they might ask
+them whether I told a lie or not. And when they said they had
+them, he asked me, What is become of those twenty pieces of gold
+which thou didst receive upon the sale of a certain weight of
+uncoined money? I replied, that I had given them to those
+ambassadors of theirs, as a maintenance for them, when they were
+sent by them to Jerusalem. So Jonathan and his colleagues said
+that I had not done well to pay the ambassadors out of the public
+money. And when the multitude were very angry at them for this,
+for they perceived the wickednes of the men, I understood that a
+tumult was going to arise; and being desirous to provoke the
+people to a greater rage against the men, I said, "But if I have
+not done well in paying our ambassadors out of the public stock,
+leave off your anger at me, for I will repay the twenty pieces of
+gold myself."
+
+58. When I had said this, Jonathan and his colleagues held their
+peace; but the people were still more irritated against them,
+upon their openly showing their unjust ill-will to me. When Jesus
+saw this change in file people, he ordered them to depart, but
+desired the senate to stay; for that they could not examine
+things of such a nature in a tumult: and as the people were
+crying out that they would not leave me alone, there came one and
+told Jesus and his friends privately, that John and his armed men
+were at hand: whereupon Jonathan and his colleagues, being able
+to contain themselves no longer, (and perhaps the providence of
+God hereby procuring my deliverance, for had not this been so, I
+had certainly been destroyed by John,) said, "O you people of
+Tiberias! leave off this inquiry about the twenty pieces of gold;
+for Josephus hath not deserved to die for them; but he hath
+deserved it by his desire of tyrannizing, and by cheating the
+multitude of the Galileans with his speeches, in order to gain
+the dominion over them." When he had said this, they presently
+laid hands upon me, and endeavored to kill me: but as soon as
+those that were with me saw what they did, they drew their
+swords, and threatened to smite them, if they offered any
+violence to me. The people also took up stones, and were about to
+throw them at Jonathan; and so they snatched me from the violence
+of my enemies.
+
+59. But as I was gone out a little way, I was just upon meeting
+John, who was marching with his armed men. So I was afraid of
+him, and turned aside, and escaped by a narrow passage to the
+lake, and seized on a ship, and embarked in it, and sailed over
+to Tarichese. So, beyond my expectation, I escaped this danger.
+Whereupon I presently sent for the chief of the Galileans, and
+told them after what manner, against all faith given, I had been
+very near to destruction from Jonathan and his colleagues, and
+the people of Tiberias. Upon which the multitude of the Galileans
+were very. angry, and encouraged me to delay no longer to make
+war upon them, but to permit them to go against John, and utterly
+to destroy him, as well as Jonathan and his colleagues. However,
+I restrained them, though they were in such a rage, and desired
+them to tarry a while, till we should be informed what orders
+those ambassadors, that were sent by them to the city of
+Jerusalem, should bring thence; for I told them that it was best
+for them to act according to their determination; whereupon they
+were prevailed on. At which time, also, John, when the snares he
+had laid did not take effect, returned back to Gischala.
+
+60. Now, in a few days, those ambassadors whom he had sent, came
+back again and informed us, that the people were greatly provoked
+at Ananus, and Simon the son of Gamaliel, and their friends;
+that, without any public determination, they had sent to Galilee,
+and had done their endeavors that I might be turned out of the
+government. The ambassadors said further, that the people were
+ready to burn their houses. They also brought letters, whereby
+the chief men of Jerusalem, at the earnest petition of the
+people, confirmed me in the government of Galilee, and enjoined
+Jonathan and his colleagues to return home quickly. When I had
+gotten these letters, I came to the village Arbela, where I
+procured an assembly of the Galileans to meet, and bid the
+ambassadors declare to them the anger of the people of Jerusalem
+at what had been done by Jonathan and his colleagues, and how
+much they hated their wicked doings, and how they had confirmed
+me in the government of their country, as also what related to
+the order they had in writing for Jonathan and his colleagues to
+return home. So I immediately sent them the letter, and bid him
+that carried it to inquire, as well as he could, how they
+intended to act [on this occasion.]
+
+61. Now, when they had received that letter, and were thereby
+greatly disturbed, they sent for John, and for the senators of
+Tiberias, and for the principal men of the Gabarens, and proposed
+to hold a council, and desired them to consider what was to be
+done by them. However, the governors of Tiberias were greatly
+disposed to keep the government to themselves; for they said it
+was not fit to desert their city, now it was committed to their
+trust, and that otherwise I should not delay to fall upon them;
+for they pretended falsely that so I had threatened to do. Now
+John was not only of their opinion, but advised them, that two of
+them should go to accuse me before the multitude [at Jerusalem],
+that I do not manage the affairs of Galilee as I ought to do; and
+that they would easily persuade the people, because of their
+dignity, and because the whole multitude are very mutable. When,
+therefore, it appeared that John had suggested the wisest advice
+to them, they resolved that two of them, Jonathan and Ananias,
+should go to the people of Jerusalem, and the other two [Simon
+and Joazar] should be left behind to tarry at Tiberins. They also
+took along with them a hundred soldiers for their guard.
+
+62. However, the governors of Tiberias took care to have their
+city secured with walls, and commanded their inhabitants to take
+their arms. They also sent for a great many soldiers from John,
+to assist them against me, if there should be occasion for them.
+Now John was at Gischala. Jonathan, therefore, and those that
+were with him, when they were departed from Tiberias, and as soon
+as they were come to Dabaritta, a village that lay in the utmost
+parts of Galilee, in the great plain, they, about midnight, fell
+among the guards I had set, who both commanded them to lay aside
+their weapons, and kept them in bonds upon the place, as I had
+charged them to do. This news was written to me by Levi, who had
+the command of that guard committed to him by me. Hereupon I said
+nothing of it for two days; and, pretending to know nothing about
+it, I sent a message to the people of Tiberias, and advised them
+to lay their arms aside, and to dismiss their men, that they
+might go home. But, supposing that Jonathan, and those that were
+with him, were already arrived at Jerusalem, they made
+reproachful answers to me; yet was I not terrified thereby, but
+contrived another stratagem against them, for I did not think it
+agreeable with piety to kindle the fire of war against the
+citizens. As I was desirous to draw those men away from Tiberias,
+I chose out ten thousand of the best of my armed men, and divided
+them into three bodies, and ordered them to go privately, and lie
+still as an ambush, in the villages. I also led a thousand into
+another village, which lay indeed in the mountains, as did the
+others, but only four furlongs distant from Tiberias; and gave
+orders, that when they saw my signal, they should come down
+immediately, while I myself lay with my soldiers in the sight of
+every body. Hereupon the people of Tiberias, at the sight of me,
+came running out of the city perpetually, and abused me greatly.
+Nay, their madness was come to that height, that they made a
+decent bier for me, and, standing about it, they mourned over me
+in the way of jest and sport; and I could not but be myself in a
+pleasant humor upon the sight of this madness of theirs.
+
+63. And now being desirous to catch Simon by a wile, and Joazar
+with him, I sent a message to them, and desired them to come a
+little way out of the city, and many of their friends to guard
+them; for I said I would come down to them, and make a league
+with them, and divide the government of Galilee with them.
+Accordingly, Simon was deluded on account of his imprudence, and
+out of the hopes of gain, and did not delay to come; but Joazar,
+suspecting snares were laid for him, staid behind. So when Simon
+was come out, and his friends with him, for his guard, I met him,
+and saluted him with great civility, and professed that I was
+obliged to him for his coming up to me; but a little while
+afterward I walked along with him as though I would say something
+to him by myself; and when I had drawn him a good way from his
+friends, I took him about the middle, and gave him to my friends
+that were with me, to carry him into a village; and, commanding
+my armed men to come down, I with them made an assault upon
+Tiberias. Now, as the fight grew hot on both sides, and the
+soldiers belonging to Tiberias were in a fair way to conquer me,
+(for my armed men were already fled away,) I saw the posture of
+my affairs; and encouraging those that were with me, I pursued
+those of Tiberias, even when they were already conquerors, into
+the city. I also sent another band of soldiers into the city by
+the lake, and gave them orders to set on fire the first house
+they could seize upon. When this was done, the people of
+Tiberinas thought that their city was taken by force, and so
+threw down their arms for fear, and implored, they, their wives,
+and children, that I would spare their city. So I was
+over-persuaded by their entreaties, and restrained the soldiers
+from the vehemency with which they pursued them; while I myself,
+upon the coming on of the evening, returned back with my
+soldiers, and went to refresh myself. I also invited Simon to sup
+with me, and comforted him on occasion of what had happened; and
+I promised that I would send him safe and secure to Jerusalem,
+and withal would give him provisions for his journey thither.
+
+64. But on the next day, I brought ten thousand armed men with
+me, and came to Tiberias. I then sent for the principal men of
+the multitude into the public place, and enjoined them to tell me
+who were the authors of the revolt; and when they told me who the
+men were, I sent them bound to the city Jotapata. But as to
+Jonathan and Ananias, I freed them from their bonds, and gave
+them provisions for their journey, together with Simon and
+Joazar, and five hundred armed men who should guard them; and so
+I sent them to Jerusalem. The people of Tiberias also came to me
+again, and desired that I would forgive them for what they had
+done; and they said they would amend what they had done amiss
+with regard to me, by their fidelity for the time to come; and
+they besought me to preserve what spoils remained upon the
+plunder of the city, for those that had lost them. Accordingly, I
+enjoined those that had got them, to bring them all before us;
+and when they did not comply for a great while, and I saw one of
+the soldiers that were about me with a garment on that was more
+splendid than ordinary, I asked him whence he had it; and when he
+replied that he had it out of the plunder of the city, I had him
+punished with stripes; and I threatened all the rest to inflict a
+severer punishment upon them, unless they produced before us
+whatsoever they had plundered; and when a great many spoils were
+brought together, I restored to every one of Tiberias what they
+claimed to be their own.
+
+65. And now I am come to this part of my narration, I have a mind
+to say a few things to Justus, who hath himself written a history
+concerning these affairs, as also to others who profess to write
+history, but have little regard to truth, and are not afraid,
+either out of ill-will or good-will to some persons, to relate
+falsehoods. These men do like those who compose forged deeds and
+conveyances; and because they are not brought to the like
+punishment with them, they have no regard to truth. When,
+therefore, Justus undertook to write about these facts, and about
+the Jewish war, that he might appear to have been an industrious
+man, he falsified in what he related about me, and could not
+speak truth even about his own country; whence it is that, being
+belied by him, I am under a necessity to make my defense; and so
+I shall say what I have concealed till now. And let no one wonder
+that I have not told the world these things a great while ago.
+For although it be necessary for an historian to write the truth,
+yet is such a one not bound severely to animadvert on the
+wickedness of certain men; not out of any favor to them, but out
+of an author's own moderation. How then comes it to pass, O
+Justus! thou most sagacious of writers, (that I may address
+myself to him as if he were here present,) for so thou boastest
+of thyself, that I and the Galileans have been the authors of
+that sedition which thy country engaged in, both against the
+Romans and against the king [Agrippa, junior] For before ever I
+was appointed governor of Galilee by the community of Jerusalem,
+both thou and all the people of Tiberias had not only taken up
+arms, but had made war with Decapolis of Syria. Accordingly, thou
+hadst ordered their villages to be burnt, and a domestic servant
+of thine fell in the battle. Nor is it I only who say this; but
+so it is written in the Commentaries of Vespasian, the emperor;
+as also how the inhabitants of Decapolis came clamoring to
+Vespasian at Ptolemais, and desired that thou, who wast the
+author [of that war], mightest be brought to punishment. And thou
+hadst certainly been punished at the command of Vespasian, had
+not king Agrippa, who had power given him to have thee put to
+death, at the earnest entreaty of his sister Bernice, changed the
+punishment from death into a long imprisonment. Thy political
+administration of affairs afterward doth also clearly discover
+both thy other behavior in life, and that thou wast the occasion
+of thy country's revolt from the Romans; plain signs of which I
+shall produce presently. I have also a mind to say a few things
+to the rest of the people of Tiberias on thy account, and to
+demonstrate to those that light upon this history, that you bare
+no good-will, neither to the Romans, nor to the king. To be sure,
+the greatest cities of Galilee, O Justus! were Sepphoris, and thy
+country Tiberias. But Sepphoris, situated in the very midst of
+Galilee, and having many villages about it, and able with ease to
+have been bold and troublesome to the Romans, if they had so
+pleased, yet did it resolve to continue faithful to those their
+masters, and at the same time excluded me out of their city, and
+prohibited all their citizens from joining with the Jews in the
+war; and, that they might be out of danger from me, they, by a
+wile, got leave of me to fortify their city with walls: they
+also, of their own accord, admitted of a garrison of Roman
+legions, sent them by Cestlus Gallus, who was then president of
+Syria, and so had me in contempt, though I was then very
+powerful, and all were greatly afraid of me; and at the same time
+that the greatest of our cities, Jerusalem, was besieged, and
+that temple of ours, which belonged to us all, was in danger of
+falling under the enemy's power, they sent no assistance thither,
+as not willing to have it thought they would bear arms against
+the Romans. But as for thy country, O Justus: situated upon the
+lake of Gennesareth, and distance from Hippos thirty furlongs,
+from Gadara sixty, and from Scythopolis, which was under the
+king's jurisdiction, a hundred and twenty; when there was no
+Jewish city near, it might easily have preserved its fidelity [to
+the Romans,] if it had so pleased them to do, for the city and
+its people had plenty of weapons. But, as thou sayest, I was then
+the author [of their revolts]. And pray, O Justus! who was that
+author afterwards? For thou knowest that I was in the power of
+the Romans before Jerusalem was besieged, and before the same
+time Jotapata was taker by force, as well as many other
+fortresses, and a great many of the Galileans fell in the war. It
+was therefore then a proper time, when you were certainly freed
+from any fear on my account, to throw away your weapons, and to
+demonstrate to the king and to the Romans, that it was not of
+choice, but as forced by necessity, that you fell into the war
+against them; but you staid till Vespasian came himself as far as
+your walls, with his whole army; and then you did indeed lay
+aside your weapons out of fear, and your city had for certain
+been taken by force, unless Vespasian had complied with the
+king's supplication for you, and had excused your madness. It was
+not I, therefore, who was the author of this, but your own
+inclinations to war. Do not you remember how often I got you
+under my power, and yet put none of you to death? Nay, you once
+fell into a tumult one against another, and slew one hundred and
+eighty-five of your citizens, not on account of your good-will to
+the king and to the Romans, but on account of your own
+wickedness, and this while I was besieged by the Romans in
+Jotapata. Nay, indeed, were there not reckoned up two thousand of
+the people of Tiberias during the siege of Jerusalem, some of
+whom were slain, and the rest caught and carried captives? But
+thou wilt pretend that thou didst not engage in the war, since
+thou didst flee to the king. Yes, indeed, thou didst flee to him;
+but I say it was out of fear of me. Thou sayest, indeed, that it
+is I who am a wicked man. But then, for what reason was it that
+king Agrippa, who procured thee thy life when thou wast condemned
+to die by Vespian, and who bestowed so much riches upon thee, did
+twice afterward put thee in bonds, and as often obliged thee to
+run away from thy country, and, when he had once ordered thee to
+be put to death, he granted thee a pardon at the earnest desire
+of Bernice? And when (after so many of thy wicked pranks) he made
+thee his secretary, he caught thee falsifying his epistles, and
+drove thee away from his sight. But I shall not inquire
+accurately into these matters of scandal against thee. Yet cannot
+I but wonder at thy impudence, when thou hast the assurance to
+say, that thou hast better related these affairs [of the war]
+than have all the others that have written about them, whilst
+thou didst not know what was done in Galilee; for thou wast then
+at Berytus with the king; nor didst thou know how much the Romans
+suffered at the siege of Jotapata, or what miseries they brought
+upon us; nor couldst thou learn by inquiry what I did during that
+siege myself; for all those that might afford such information
+were quite destroyed in that siege. But perhaps thou wilt say,
+thou hast written of what was done against the people of
+Jerusalem exactly. But how should that be? for neither wast thou
+concerned in that war, nor hast thou read the commentaries of
+Caesar; of which we have evident proof, because thou hast
+contradicted those commentaries of Caesar in thy history. But if
+thou art so hardy as to affirm, that thou hast written that
+history better than all the rest, why didst thou not publish thy
+history while the emperors Vespasian and Titus, the generals in
+that war, as well as king Agrippa and his family, who were men
+very well skilled in the learning of the Greeks, were all alive?
+for thou hast had it written these twenty years, and then
+mightest thou have had the testimony of thy accuracy. But now
+when these men are no longer with us, and thou thinkest thou
+canst not be contradicted, thou venturest to publish it. But then
+I was not in like manner afraid of my own writing, but I offered
+my books to the emperors themselves, when the facts were almost
+under men's eyes; for I was conscious to myself, that I had
+observed the truth of the facts; and as I expected to have their
+attestation to them, so I was not deceived in such expectation.
+Moreover, I immediately presented my history to many other
+persons, some of whom were concerned in the war, as was king
+Agrippa and some of his kindred. Now the emperor Titus was so
+desirous that the knowledge of these affairs should be taken from
+these books alone, that he subscribed his own hand to them, and
+ordered that they should be published; and for king Agrippa, he
+wrote me sixty-two letters, and attested to the truth of what I
+had therein delivered; two of which letters I have here
+subjoined, and thou mayst thereby know their contents: - "King
+Agrippa to Josephus, however, when thou comest to me, I will
+inform thee of a great many things which thou dost not know." So
+when this history was perfected, Agrippa, neither by way of
+flattery, which was not agreeable to him, nor by way of irony, as
+thou wilt say, (for he was entirely a stranger to such an evil
+disposition of mind,) but he wrote this by way of attestation to
+what was true, as all that read histories may do. And so much
+shall be said concerning Justus (24) which I am obliged to add by
+way of digression.
+
+66. Now, when I had settled the affairs of Tiberias, and had
+assembled my friends as a sanhedrim, I consulted what I should do
+as to John. Whereupon it appeared to be the opinion of all the
+Galileans, that I should arm them all, and march against John,
+and punish him as the author of all the disorders that had
+happened. Yet was not I pleased with their determination; as
+purposing to compose these troubles without bloodshed. Upon this
+I exhorted them to use the utmost care to learn the names of all
+that were under John; which when they had done, and I thereby was
+apprized who the men were, I published an edict, wherein I
+offered security and my right hand to such of John's party as had
+a mind to repent; and I allowed twenty days' time to such as
+would take this most advantageous course for themselves. I also
+threatened, that unless they threw down their arms, I would burn
+their houses, and expose their goods to public sale. When the men
+heard of this, they were in no small disorder, and deserted John;
+and to the number of four thousand threw down their arms, and
+came to me. So that no others staid with John but his own
+citizens, and about fifteen hundred strangers that came from the
+metropolis of Tyre; and when John saw that he had been outwitted
+by my stratagem, he continued afterward in his own country, and
+was in great fear of me.
+
+67. But about this time it was that the people of Sepphoris grew
+insolent, and took up arms, out of a confidence they had in the
+strength of their walls, and because they saw me engaged in other
+affairs also. So they sent to Cestius Gallus, who was president
+of Syria, and desired that he would either come quickly to them,
+and take their city under his protection, or send them a
+garrison. Accordingly, Gallus promised them to come, but did not
+send word when he would come: and when I had learned so much, I
+took the soldiers that were with me, and made an assault upon the
+people of Sepphoris, and took the city by force. The Galileans
+took this opportunity, as thinking they had now a proper time for
+showing their hatred to them, since they bore ill-will to that
+city also. They then exerted themselves, as if they would destroy
+them all utterly, with those that sojourned there also. So they
+ran upon them, and set their houses on fire, as finding them
+without inhabitants; for the men, out of fear, ran together to
+the citadel. So the Galileans carried off every thing, and
+omitted no kind of desolation which they could bring upon their
+countrymen. When I saw this, I was exceedingly troubled at it,
+and commanded them to leave off, and put them in mind that it was
+not agreeable to piety to do such things to their countrymen: but
+since they neither would hearken to what I exhorted, nor to what
+I commanded them to do, (for the hatred they bore to the people
+there was too hard for my exhortations to them,) I bade those my
+friends, who were most faithful to me, and were about me, to give
+on reports, as if the Romans were falling upon the other part of
+the city with a great army; and this I did, that, by such a
+report being spread abroad, I might restrain the violence of the
+Galileans, and preserve the city of Sepphoris. And at length this
+stratagem had its effect; for, upon hearing this report, they
+were in fear for themselves, and so they left off plundering and
+ran away; and this more especially, because they saw me, their
+general, do the same also; for, that I might cause this report to
+be believed, I pretended to be in fear as well as they. Thus were
+the inhabitants of Sepphoris unexpectedly preserved by this
+contrivance of mine.
+
+68. Nay, indeed, Tiberias had like to have been plundered by the
+Galileans also upon the following occasion: - The chief men of
+the senate wrote to the king, and desired that he would come to
+them, and take possession of their city. The king promised to
+come, and wrote a letter in answer to theirs, and gave it to one
+of his bed-chamber, whose name was Crispus, and who was by birth
+a Jew, to carry it to Tiberias. When the Galileans knew that this
+man carried such a letter, they caught him, and brought him to
+me; but as soon as the whole multitude heard of it, they were
+enraged, and betook themselves to their arms. So a great many of
+them together from all quarters the next day, and came to the
+city Asochis, where I then lodged, and made heavy clamors, and
+called the city of Tiberias a traitor to them, and a friend to
+the king; and desired leave of me to go down and utterly destroy
+it; for they bore the like ill-will to the people of Tiberias, as
+they did to those of Sepphoris.
+
+69. When I heard this, I was in doubt what to do, and hesitated
+by what means I might deliver Tiberias from the rage of the
+Galileans; for I could not deny that those of Tiborias had
+written to the king, and invited him to come to them; for his
+letters to them, in answer thereto, would fully prove the truth
+of that. So I sat a long time musing with myself, and then said
+to them, "I know well enough that the people of Tiberias have
+offended; nor shall I forbid you to plunder the city. However,
+such things ought to be done with discretion; for they of
+Tiberias have not been the only betrayers of our liberty, but
+many of the most eminent patriots of the Galileans, as they
+pretended to be, have done the same. Tarry therefore till I shall
+thoroughly find out those authors of our danger, and then you
+shall have them all at once under your power, with all such as
+you shall yourselves bring in also." Upon my saying this, I
+pacifie the multitude, and they left off their anger, and went
+their ways; and I gave orders that he who brought the king's
+letters should be put into bonds; but in a few days I pretended
+that I was obliged, by a necessary affair of my own, to out of
+the kingdom. I then called Crispus privately, and ordered him to
+make the soldier that kept him drunk, and to run away to the
+king. So when Tiberias was in danger of being utterly destroyed a
+second time, it escaped the danger by my skillful management, and
+the care that I had for its preservation.
+
+70. About this time it was that Justus, the son of Pistus,
+without my knowledge, ran away to the king; the occasion of which
+I will here relate. Upon the beginning of the war between the
+Jews and Romans, the people of Tiberias resolved to submit to the
+king, and not to revolt from the Romans; while Justus tried to
+persuade them to betake themselves to their arms, as being
+himself desirous of innovations, and having hopes of obtaining
+the government of Galilee, as well as of his own country
+[Tiberias] also. Yet did he not obtain what he hoped for, because
+the Galileans bore ill-will to those of Tiberias, and this on
+account of their anger at what miseries they had suffered from
+them before the war; thence it was that they would not endure
+that Justus should be their governor. I myself also, who had been
+intrusted by the community of Jerusalem with the government of
+Galilee, did frequently come to that degree of rage at Justus,
+that I had almost resolved to kill him, as not able to bear his
+mischievous disposition. He was therefore much afraid of me, lest
+at length my passion should come to extremity; so he went to the
+king, as supposing that he would dwell better and more safely
+with him.
+
+71. Now, when the people of Sepphoris had, in so surprising a
+manner, escaped their first danger, they sent to Cestius Gallus,
+and desired him to come to them immediately, and take possession
+of their city, or else to send forces sufficient to repress all
+their enemies' incursions upon them; and at the last they did
+prevail with Gallus to send them a considerable army, both of
+horse and foot, which came in the night time, and which they
+admitted into the city. But when the country round about it was
+harassed by the Roman army, I took those soldiers that were about
+me, and came to Garisme, where I cast up a bank, a good way off
+the city Sepphoris; and when I was at twenty furlongs distance, I
+came upon it by night, and made an assault upon its walls with my
+forces; and when I had ordered a considerable number of my
+soldiers to scale them with ladders, I became master of the
+greatest part of the city. But soon after, our unacquaintedness
+with the places forced us to retire, after we had killed twelve
+of the Roman footmen, and two horsemen, and a few of the people
+of Sepphoris, with the loss of only a single man of our own. And
+when it afterwards came to a battle in the plain against the
+horsemen, and we had undergone the dangers of it courageously for
+a long time, we were beaten; for upon the Romans encompassing me
+about, my soldiers were afraid, and fell back. There fell in that
+battle one of those that had been intrusted to guard my body; his
+name was Justus, who at this time had the same post with the
+king. At the same time also there came forces, both horsemen and
+footmen, from the king, and Sylla their commander, who was the
+captain of his guard: this Sylla pitched his camp at five
+furlongs' distance from Julias, and set a guard upon the roads,
+both that which led to Cana, and that which led to the fortress
+Gamala, that he might hinder their inhabitants from getting
+provisions out of Galilee.
+
+72. As soon as I had gotten intelligence of this, I sent two
+thousand armed men, and a captain over them, whose name was
+Jeremiah, who raised a bank a furlong off Julias, near to the
+river Jordan, and did no more than skirmish with the enemy; till
+I took three thousand soldiers myself, and came to them. But on
+the next day, when I had laid an ambush in a certain valley, not
+far from the banks, I provoked those that belonged to the king to
+come to a battle, and gave orders to my own soldiers to turn
+their backs upon them, until they should have drawn the enemy
+away from their camp, and brought them out into the field, which
+was done accordingly; for Sylla, supposing that our party did
+really run away, was ready to pursue them, when our soldiers that
+lay in ambush took them on their backs, and put them all into
+great disorder. I also immediately made a sudden turn with my own
+forces, and met those of the king's party, and put them to
+flight. And I had performed great things that day, if a certain
+fate had not been my hinderance; for the horse on which I rode,
+and upon whose back I fought, fell into a quagmire, and threw me
+on the ground, and I was bruised on my wrist, and carried into a
+village named Cepharnome, or Capernaum. When my soldiers heard of
+this, they were afraid I had been worse hurt than I was; and so
+they did not go on with their pursuit any further, but returned
+in very great concern for me. I therefore sent for the
+physicians, and while I was under their hands, I continued
+feverish that day; and as the physicians directed, I was that
+night removed to Taricheee.
+
+73. When Sylla and his party were informed what happened to me,
+they took courage again; and understanding that the watch was
+negligently kept in our camp, they by night placed a body of
+horsemen in ambush beyond Jordan, and when it was day they
+provoked us to fight; and as we did not refuse it, but came into
+the plain, their horsemen appeared out of that ambush in which
+they had lain, and put our men into disorder, and made them run
+away; so they slew six men of our side. Yet did they not go off
+with the victory at last; for when they heard that some armed men
+were sailed from Taricheae to Juli, they were afraid, and
+retired.
+
+74. It was not now long before Vespasian came to Tyre, and king
+Agrippa with him; but the Tyrians began to speak reproachfully of
+the king, and called him an enemy to the Romans. For they said
+that Philip, the general of his army, had betrayed the royal
+palace and the Roman forces that were in Jerusalem, and that it
+was done by his command. When Vespasian heard of this report, he
+rebuked the Tyrians for abusing a man who was both a king and a
+friend to the Romans; but he exhorted the king to send Philip to
+Rome, to answer for what he had done before Nero. But when Philip
+was sent thither, he did not come into the sight of Nero, for he
+found him very near death, on account of the troubles that then
+happened, and a civil war; and so he returned to the king. But
+when Vespasian was come to Ptolemais, the chief men of Decapolis
+of Syria made a clamor against Justus of Tiberias, because he had
+set their villages on fire: so Vespasian delivered him to the
+king, to he put to death by those under the king's jurisdiction;
+yet did the king only put him into bonds, and concealed what he
+had done from Vespasian, as I have before related. But the people
+of Sepphoris met Vespasian, and saluted him, and had forces sent
+him, with Placidus their commander: he also went up with them, as
+I also followed them, till Vespasian came into Galilee. As to
+which coming of his, and after what manner it was ordered, and
+how he fought his first battle with me near the village
+Taricheae, and how from thence they went to Jotapata, and how I
+was taken alive, and bound, and how I was afterward loosed, with
+all that was done by me in the Jewish war, and during the siege
+of Jerusalem, I have accurately related them in the books
+concerning the War of the Jews. However, it will, I think, he fit
+for me to add now an account of those actions of my life which I
+have not related in that book of the Jewish war.
+
+75. For when the siege of Jotapata was over, and I was among the
+Romans, I was kept with much Care, by means of the great respect
+that Vespasian showed me. Moreover, at his command, I married a
+virgin, who was from among the captives of that country (25) yet
+did she not live with me long, but was divorced, upon my being
+freed from my bonds, and my going to Alexandria. However, I
+married another wife at Alexandria, and was thence sent, together
+with Titus, to the siege of Jerusalem, and was frequently in
+danger of being put to death; while both the Jews were very
+desirous to get me under their power, in order to haw me
+punished. And the Romans also, whenever they were beaten,
+supposed that it was occasioned by my treachery, and made
+continual clamors to the emperors, and desired that they would
+bring me to punishment, as a traitor to them: but Titus Caesar
+was well acquainted with the uncertain fortune of war, and
+returned no answer to the soldiers' vehement solicitations
+against me. Moreover, when the city Jerusalem was taken by force,
+Titus Caesar persuaded me frequently to take whatsoever I would
+of the ruins of my country; and did that he gave me leave so to
+do. But when my country was destroyed, I thought nothing else to
+be of any value, which I could take and keep as a comfort under
+my calamities; so I made this request to Titus, that my family
+might have their liberty: I had also the holy books (26) by
+Titus's concession. Nor was it long after that I asked of him the
+life of my brother, and of fifty friends with him, and was not
+denied. When I also went once to the temple, by the permission of
+Titus, where there were a great multitude of captive women and
+children, I got all those that I remembered as among my own
+friends and acquaintances to be set free, being in number about
+one hundred and ninety; and so I delivered them without their
+paying any price of redemption, and restored them to their former
+fortune. And when I was sent by Titus Caesar with Cerealins, and
+a thousand horsemen, to a certain village called Thecoa, in order
+to know whether it were a place fit for a camp, as I came back, I
+saw many captives crucified, and remembered three of them as my
+former acquaintance. I was very sorry at this in my mind, and
+went with tears in my eyes to Titus, and told him of them; so he
+immediately commanded them to be taken down, and to have the
+greatest care taken of them, in order to their recovery; yet two
+of them died under the physician's hands, while the third
+recovered.
+
+76. But when Titus had composed the troubles in Judea, and
+conjectured that the lands which I had in Judea would bring me no
+profit, because a garrison to guard the country was afterward to
+pitch there, he gave me another country in the plain. And when he
+was going away to Rome, he made choice of me to sail along with
+him, and paid me great respect: and when we were come to Rome, I
+had great care taken of me by Vespasian; for he gave me an
+apartment in his own house, which he lived in before he came to
+the empire. He also honored me with the privilege of a Roman
+citizen, and gave me an annual pension; and continued to respect
+me to the end of his life, without any abatement of his kindness
+to me; which very thing made me envied, and brought me into
+danger; for a certain Jew, whose name was Jonathan, who had
+raised a tumult in Cyrene, and had persuaded two thousand men of
+that country to join with him, was the occasion of their ruin.
+But when he was bound by the governor of that country, and sent
+to the emperor, he told him that I had sent him both weapons and
+money. However, he could not conceal his being a liar from
+Vespasian, who condemned him to die; according to which sentence
+he was put to death. Nay, after that, when those that envied my
+good fortune did frequently bring accusations against me, by
+God's providence I escaped them all. I also received from
+Vespasian no small quantity of land, as a free gift, in Judea;
+about which time I divorced my wife also, as not pleased with her
+behavior, though not till she had been the mother of three
+children, two of whom are dead, and one whom I named Hyrcanus, is
+alive. After this I married a wife who had lived at Crete, but a
+Jewess by birth: a woman she was of eminent parents, and such as
+were the most illustrious in all the country, and whose character
+was beyond that of most other women, as her future life did
+demonstrate. By her I had two sons; the elder's name was Justus,
+and the next Simonides, who was also named Agrippa. And these
+were the circumstances of my domestic affairs. However, the
+kindness of the emperor to me continued still the same; for when
+Vespasian was dead, Titus, who succeeded him in the government,
+kept up the same respect for me which I had from his father; and
+when I had frequent accusations laid against me, he would not
+believe them. And Domitian, who succeeded, still augmented his
+respects to me; for he punished those Jews that were my accusers,
+and gave command that a servant of mine, who was a eunuch, and my
+accuser, should be punished. He also made that country I had in
+Judea tax free, which is a mark of the greatest honor to him who
+hath it; nay, Domitia, the wife of Caesar, continued to do me
+kindnesses. And this is the account of the actions of my whole
+life; and let others judge of my character by them as they
+please. But to thee, O Epaphroditus, (28) thou most excellent of
+men! do I dedicate all this treatise of our Antiquities; and so,
+for the present, I here conclude the whole.
+
+Autobiography Footnotes
+
+(1) We may hence correct the error of the Latin copy of the
+second book Against Apion, sect. 8, (for the Greek is there
+lost,) which says, there were then only four tribes or courses of
+the priests, instead of twenty-four. Nor is this testimony to be
+disregarded, as if Josephus there contradicted what he had
+affirmed here; because even the account there given better agrees
+to twenty-four than to four courses, while he says that each of
+those courses contained above 5000 men, which, multiplied by only
+four, will make not more than 20,000 priests; whereas the number
+120,000, as multiplied by 24, seems much the most probable, they
+being about one-tenth of the whole people, even after the
+captivity. See Ezra 2:36-39; Nehemiah 7:39-42; 1 Esdras 5:24, 25,
+with Ezra 2;64; Nehemiah 7:66; 1 Esdras 5:41. Nor will this
+common reading or notion of but four courses of priests, agree
+with Josephus's own further assertion elsewhere, Antiq. B. VII.
+ch. 14. sect. 7, that David's partition of the priests into
+twenty-four courses had continued to that day.
+
+(2) An eminent example of the care of the Jews about their
+genealogies, especially as to the priests. See Against Ap. B. 1
+sect. 7.
+
+(3) When Josephus here says, that from sixteen to nineteen, or
+for three years, he made trial of the three Jewish sects, the
+Pharisees, the Sadducees, and the Essens, and yet says presently,
+in all our copies, that he stayed besides with one particular
+ascetic, called Banus, with him, and this still before he was
+nineteen, there is little room left for his trial of the three
+other sects. I suppose, therefore, that for, with him, the old
+reading might be, with them; which is a very small emendation,
+and takes away the difficulty before us. Nor is Dr. Hudson's
+conjecture, hinted at by Mr. Hall in his preface to the Doctor's
+edition of Josephus, at all improbable, that this Banus, by this
+his description, might well be a follower of John the Baptist,
+and that from him Josephus might easily imbibe such notions, as
+afterwards prepared him to have a favorable opinion of Jesus
+Christ himself, who was attested to by John the Baptist.
+
+(4) We may note here, that religious men among the Jews, or at
+least those that were priests, were sometimes ascetics also, and,
+like Daniel and his companions in Babylon, Daniel 1:8-16, ate no
+flesh, but figs and nuts, etc. only. This was like the, or
+austere diet of the Christian ascetics in Passion-week.
+Constitut. V. 18.
+
+(5) It has been thought the number of Paul and his companions on
+ship-board, Acts 27:38, which are 276 in our copies, are too
+many; whereas we find here, that Josephus and his companions, a
+very few years after the other, were about 600.
+
+(6) See Jewish War, B. II. ch. 18. sect. 3.
+
+(7) The Jews might collect this unlawfulness of fighting against
+their brethren from that law of Moses, Leviticus 19:16, "Thou
+shalt not stand against the blood of thy neighbor;" and that,
+ver. 17, "Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the
+children of thy people; but thou shalt love thy neighbor as
+thyself;" as well as from many other places in the Pentateuch and
+Prophets. See Antiq. B. VIII. ch. 8. sect. 3.
+
+(8) That this Herod Agrippa, the father, was of old called a
+Great King, as here, appears by his coins still remaining; to
+which Havercamp refers us.
+
+(9) The famous Jewish numbers of twelve and seventy are here
+remarkable.
+
+(10) Our Josephus shows, both here and every where, that he was a
+most religious person, and one that had a deep sense of God and
+his providence upon his mind, and ascribed all his numerous and
+wonderful escapes and preservations, in times of danger, to God's
+blessing him, and taking care of him, and this on account of his
+acts of piety, justice, humanity, and charity, to the Jews his
+brethren.
+
+(11) Josephus's opinion is here well worth noting: - That every
+one is to be permitted to worship God according to his own
+conscience, and is not to be compelled in matters of religion: as
+one may here observe, on the contrary, that the rest of the Jews
+were still for obliging all those who married Jewesses to be
+circumcised, and become Jews, and were ready to destroy all that
+would not submit to do so. See sect. 31, and Luke 11:54.
+
+(12) How Josephus could say here that the Jewish laws forbade
+them to "spoil even their enemies, while yet, a little before his
+time, our Savior had mentioned it as then a current maxim with
+them, "Thou shalt love thy neighbor, and hate thine enemy,"
+Matthew 5:43, is worth our inquiry. I take it that Josephus,
+having been now for many years an Ebionite Christian, had learned
+this interpretation of the law of Moses from Christ, whom he
+owned for the true Melah, as it follows in the succeeding verses,
+which, though he might not read in St. Matthew's Gospel, yet
+might he have read much the same exposition in their own Ebionite
+or Nazarene Gospel itself; of which improvements made by
+Josephus, after he was become a Christian, we have already had
+several examples in this his life, sect. 3, 13, 15, 19, 21, 23,
+and shall have many more therein before its conclusion, as well
+as we have them elsewhere in all his later writings.
+
+(13) Here we may observe the vulgar Jewish notion of witchcraft,
+but that our Josephus was too wise to give any countenance to it.
+
+(14) In this section, as well as in the 18 and 33. those small
+vessels that sailed on the sea of Galilee, are called by
+Josephus, i.e. plainly ships; so that we need not wander at our
+evangelists, who still call them ships; nor ought we to render
+them boats, as some do, Their number was in all 230, as we learn
+from our author elsewhere. Jewish War. B. II. ch. 21. sect. 8.
+
+(15) Part of these fortifications on Mount Tabor may be those
+still remaining, and which were seen lately by Mr. Maundrel. See
+his Travels, p. 112.
+
+(16) This Gamaliel may be the very same that is mentioned by the
+rabbins in the Mishna, in Juchasin, and in Porta Mosis, as is
+observed in the Latin notes. He might be also that Gamaliel II.,
+whose grandfather was Gamaliel I., who is mentioned in Acts 5:34,
+and at whose feet St. Paul was brought up, Acts 22:3. See Prid.
+at the year 449.
+
+(17) This Jonathan is also taken notice of in the Latin notes, as
+the same that is mentioned by the rabbins in Porta Mosis.
+
+(18) This I take to be the first of Josephus's remarkable or
+divine dreams, which were predictive of the great things that
+afterwards came to pass; of which see more in the note on Antiq.
+B. III. ch. 8. sect. 9. The other is in the War, B. III. ch. 8.
+sect. 3, 9.
+
+(19) Josephus's directions to his soldiers here are much the same
+that John the Baptist gave, Luke 3:14, "Do violence to no man,
+neither accuse any falsely, and be content with your wages."
+Whence Dr. Hudson confirms this conjecture, that Josephus, in
+some things, was, even now, a follower of John the Baptist, which
+is no way improbable. See the note on sect. 2.
+
+(20) We here learn the practice of the Jews, in the days of
+Josephus, to inquire into the characters of witnesses before they
+were admitted; and that their number ought to be three, or two at
+the least, also exactly as in the law of Moses, and in the
+Apostolical Constitutions, B. II. ch. 37. See Horeb Covenant
+Revived, page 97, 98.
+
+(21) This appeal to the whole body of the Galileans by Josephus,
+and the testimony they gave him of integrity in his conduct as
+their governor, is very like that appeal and testimony in the
+case of the prophet Samuel, 1 Samuel 12:1-5, and perhaps was done
+by Josephus in imitation of him.
+
+(22) It is worth noting here, that there was now a great
+Proseucha, or place of prayer, in the city of Tiberias itself,
+though such Proseucha used to be out of cities, as the synagogues
+were within them. Of them, see Le Moyne on Polycarp's Epistle,
+page 76. It is also worth our remark, that the Jews, in the days
+of Josephus, used to dine at the sixth hour, or noon; and that in
+obedience to their notions of the law of Moses also.
+
+(23) One may observe here, that this lay Pharisee, Ananias, is we
+have seen he was, sect. 39, took upon him to appoint a fast at
+Tiberias, and was obeyed; though indeed it was not out of
+religion, but knavish policy.
+
+(24) The character of this history of Justus of Tiberias, the
+rival of our Josephus, which is now lost, with its only remaining
+fragment, are given us by a very able critic, Photius, who read
+that history. It is in the 33rd code of his Bibliotheea, and runs
+thus: "I have read (says Photius) the chronology of Justus of
+Tiberias, whose title is this, [The Chronology of] the Kings of
+Judah which succeeded one another. This [Justus] came out of the
+city of Tiberias in Galilee. He begins his history from Moses,
+and ends it not till the death of Agrippa, the seventh [ruler] of
+the family of Herod, and the last king of the Jews; who took the
+government under Claudius, had it augmented under Nero, and still
+more augmented by Vespasian. He died in the third year of Trajan,
+where also his history ends. He is very concise in his language,
+and slightly passes over those affairs that were most necessary
+to be insisted on; and being under the Jewish prejudices, as
+indeed he was himself also a Jew by birth, he makes not the least
+mention of the appearance of Christ, or what things happened to
+him, or of the wonderful works that he did. He was the son of a
+certain Jew, whose name was Pistus. He was a man, as he is
+described by Josephus, of a most profligate character; a slave
+both to money and to pleasures. In public affairs he was opposite
+to Josephus; and it is related, that he laid many plots against
+him; but that Josephus, though he had his enemy frequently under
+his power, did only reproach him in words, and so let him go
+without further punishment. He says also, that the history which
+this man wrote is, for the main, fabulous, and chiefly as to
+those parts where he describes the Roman war with the Jews, and
+the taking of Jerusalem."
+
+(25) Here Josephus, a priest, honestly confesses that he did that
+at the command of Vespasian, which he had before told us was not
+lawful for a priest to do by the law of Moses, Antiq. B. III. ch.
+12. sect. 2. I mean, the taking a captive woman to wife. See also
+Against Apion, B. I. sect. 7. But he seems to have been quickly
+sensible that his compliance with the commands of an emperor
+would not excuse him, for he soon put her away, as Reland justly
+observes here.
+
+(27) Of this most remarkable clause, and its most important
+consequences, see Essay on the Old Testament, page 193--195.
+
+(28) Of this Epaphroditus, see the note on the Preface to the
+Antiquities.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Life of Flavius Josephus**
+
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