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diff --git a/28405-8.txt b/28405-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2676429 --- /dev/null +++ b/28405-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3748 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 223, February 4, +1854, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 223, February 4, 1854 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Geneologists, etc + +Author: Various + +Other: George Bell + +Release Date: March 25, 2009 [EBook #28405] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, FEB 4, 1854 *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Katherine Ward, Jonathan +Ingram and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + + + +------------------------------------------------------------+ + | Transcriber's Note: Italicized words, phrases, etc. are | + | surrounded by _underline characters_. Emphasized words | + | within italics indicated by +plus signs+. | + | Greek transliterations are surrounded by ~tildes~. | + | Hebrew transliterations appear like €this€. Superscripts | + | indicated with ^s. One typo, anticipitated, fixed. Other | + | Archaic spellings have been retained. | + +------------------------------------------------------------+ + +{93} +NOTES and QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + No. 223.] + SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 4. 1854. + [Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition, 5d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + +NOTES:-- Page + Dryden on Shakspeare, by Bolton Corney 95 + Party Similes of the Seventeenth Century:-- + No. 1. "Foxes and Firebrands." + No. 2. "The Trojan Horse" 96 + Dutch East India Company.--Slavery in England, by James Graves 98 + Original Royal Letters to the Grand Masters of Malta, + by Wm. Winthrop 99 + Enareans 101 + + MINOR NOTES:--Russia and Turkey--Social Effects of the severe + Weather, Jan. 3 and 4, 1854--Star of Bethlehem--Origin of + the Word "Cant"--Epigram on Four Lawyers 103 + +QUERIES:-- + Contributors to "Knight's Quarterly Magazine" 103 + The Stationers' Company and Almanack 104 + + MINOR QUERIES:--John Bunyan--Tragedy by Mary Leapor-- + Repairing old Prints--Arch-priest in the Diocese of + Exeter--Medal in honour of the Chevalier de St. George-- + Robert Bloet--Sir J. Wallace and Mr. Browne-- + Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester--Abbott Families-- + Authorship of a Ballad--Elias Petley--Canaletto's + Views round London--A Monster found at Maidstone--Page 104 + + MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--The Fish "Ruffins"--Origin of + the Word Etiquette--Henri Quatre--"He that complies + against his will," &c., and "To kick the bucket"-- + St. Nicholas Cole Abbey 106 + +REPLIES:-- + Trench on Proverbs, by the Rev. M. Margoliouth 107 + Inscriptions on Bells 109 + Arms of Geneva 110 + + PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Multiplying + Negatives--Towgood's Paper--Adulteration + of Nitrate of Silver 110 + + REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Passage of Cicero--Major André-- + Catholic Bible Society--Cassiterides--Wooden Tombs + and Effigies--Tailless Cats--Warville--Green Eyes--Came-- + "Epitaphium Lucretiæ"--Oxford Commemoration Squib-- + "Imp"--False Spellings from Sound--"Good wine needs + no bush"--Three Fleurs-de-Lys--Portrait of Plowden-- + St. Stephen's Day and Mr. Riley's "Hoveden"--Death + Warnings in Ancient Families--"The Secunde Personne + in the Trinitie" 111 + +MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, &c. 114 + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 115 + Notices to Correspondents 115 + + * * * * * + +PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY.--THE EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHS AND DAGUERREOTYPES +is now open at the Gallery of the Society of British Artists, Suffolk +Street, Pall Mall, in the Morning from 10 A.M. to half-past 4 P.M., and +in the Evening from 7 to 10 P.M. 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(_Now ready._) + + * * * * * + +The following Works are at Press, and will be issued from time to time, +as soon as ready: + +58. THE CORRESPONDENCE OF LADY BRILLIANA HARLEY, during the Civil Wars. +To be edited by the REV. T. T. LEWIS, M.A. (Will be ready immediately.) + +ROLL of the HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES of RICHARD SWINFIELD, Bishop of Hereford, +in the years 1289, 1290, with Illustrations from other and coeval +Documents. To be edited by the REV. JOHN WEBB, M.A., F.S.A. + +THE DOMESDAY OF ST. PAUL'S: a Description of the Manors belonging to the +Church of St. Paul's in London in the year 1222. By the VEN. ARCHDEACON +HALE. + +ROMANCE OF JEAN AND BLONDE OF OXFORD, by Philippe de Reims, an +Anglo-Norman Poet of the latter end of the Twelfth Century. Edited, from +the unique MS. in the Royal Library at Paris, by M. LE ROUX DE LINCY, +Editor of the Roman de Brut. + + +Communications from Gentlemen desirous of becoming Members may be +addressed to the Secretary, or to Messrs. 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By the RABBI MAIMONIDES. +Now first translated into English, with an Introduction upon the Rights +and upon the Treatment of the Poor, the Life of Maimonides, and Notes. +By J. W. PEPPERCORNE, ESQ. + + "Deeply learned and of inestimable value."--_Church of England + Quarterly Review._ + +London: PELHAM RICHARDSON, 23. Cornhill; and E. LUMLEY, 126. High +Holborn. + + * * * * * + +COMPLETION OF THE CATHOLIC HISTORY OF ENGLAND. + +By WM. BERNARD MAC CABE, ESQ. + + +In the Press. + +THE THIRD AND LAST VOLUME OF A CATHOLIC HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Price 18s. + +Orders to complete Sets can be addressed to the Publisher, T. C. NEWBY, +30. Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, London. + +N.B.--Only a limited number of Copies of this Edition will be published. +It will be therefore necessary for intending purchasers to give their +orders as early as possible. + + "Carefully compiled from our earliest records, and purporting to + be a literal translation of the writings of the old Chroniclers, + miracles, visions, &c., from the time of Gildas; richly + illustrated with notes, which throw a clear, and in many + instances a new light on what would otherwise be difficult and + obscure passages."--Thomas Miller, _History of the + Anglo-Saxons_, p. 88. + + +Works by the same Author. + +BERTHA; or, The POPE and the EMPEROR. + +THE LAST DAYS OF O'CONNELL. + +A TRUE HISTORY OF THE HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION. + +THE LIFE OF ST. ETHELBERT, KING of the EAST ANGLES. + +A GRANDFATHER'S STORY-BOOK; or, TALES and LEGENDS, by a POOR SCHOLAR. + + * * * * *{95} + +_LONDON, SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 1854._ + + * * * * * + + +Notes. + + +DRYDEN ON SHAKSPERE. + +"_Dryden may be properly considered as the father of English criticism, +as the writer who first taught us to determine upon principles the merit +of composition._"--Samuel JOHNSON. + +No one of the early prose testimonies to the genius of Shakspere has +been more admired than that which bears the signature of John Dryden. I +must transcribe it, accessible as it is elsewhere, for the sake of its +juxtaposition with a less-known metrical specimen of the same nature. + + "He [Shakspere] was the man who of all modern, and perhaps + ancient poets, had the largest and most comprehensive soul. All + the images of nature were still present to him, and he drew them + not laboriously, but luckily: when he describes any thing, you + more than see it, you feel it too. Those who accuse him to have + wanted learning, give him the greater commendation: he was + naturally learned; he needed not the spectacles of books to read + nature; he looked inwards, and found her there. I cannot say he + is every where alike; were he so, I should do him injury to + compare him with the greatest of mankind. He is many times flat, + insipid; his comic wit degenerating into clenches, his serious + swelling into bombast. But he is always great when some great + occasion is presented to him: no man can say he ever had a fit + subject for his wit, and did not then raise himself as high + above the rest of poets, + + _'Quantùm lenta solent inter viburna cupressi.'_" + + John DRYDEN, _Of dramatick poesie, an essay_. + London, 1668. 4to. p. 47. + +The metrical specimen shall now take its place. Though printed somewhat +later than the other, it has a much better chance of being accepted as a +rarity in literature. + +_Prologue to_ IULIUS CÆSAR. + + "In country beauties as we often see + Something that takes in their simplicity, + Yet while they charm they know not they are fair, + And take without their spreading of the snare-- + Such artless beauty lies in _Shakespear's_ wit; + 'Twas well in spite of him whate'r he writ. + His excellencies came, and were not sought, + His words like casual atoms made a thought; + Drew up themselves in rank and file, and writ, + He wondering how the devil it were, such wit. + Thus, like the drunken tinker in his play, + He grew a prince, and never knew which way. + He did not know what trope or figure meant, + But to persuade is to be eloquent; + So in this _Cæsar_ which this day you see, + _Tully_ ne'er spoke as he makes _Anthony_. + Those then that tax his learning are to blame, + He knew the thing, but did not know the name; + Great _Iohnson_ did that ignorance adore, + And though he envied much, admir'd him more. + The faultless _Iohnson_ equally writ well; + _Shakespear_ made faults--but then did more excel. + One close at guard like some old fencer lay, + T'other more open, but he shew'd more play. + In imitation _Iohnson's_ wit was shown, + Heaven made _his_ men, but _Shakespear_ made his own. + Wise _Iohnson's_ talent in observing lay, + But others' follies still made up his play. + He drew the like in each elaborate line, + But _Shakespear_ like a master did design. + _Iohnson_ with skill dissected human kind, + And show'd their faults, that they their faults might find; + But then, as all anatomists must do, + He to the meanest of mankind did go, + And took from gibbets such as he would show. + Both are so great, that he must boldly dare + Who both of them does judge, and both compare; + If amongst poets one more bold there be, + The man that dare attempt in either way, is he." + +_Covent Garden drolery_, London, 1672. 8^o p. 9. + +A short historical comment on the above extracts is all that must be +expected. The rest shall be left to the critical discernment of those +persons who may be attracted by the heading of this Note--_Dryden on +Shakspere_. + +When Johnson wrote his preface to Shakspere, he quoted the _first_ of +the above extracts to prove that the plays were once admired without the +aid of comment. This was written in 1765. In 1769 Garrick placed the +same extract at the head of his collection of _undeniable_ +prose-testimonies to the genius of Shakspere. Johnson afterwards +pronounced it to be "a perpetual model of encomiastic criticism;" and +Malone quoted it as an _admirable character_ of Shakspere. Now, +_admirable_ as it is, I doubt if it can be considered as expressive of +the deliberate opinion of Dryden. The essayist himself, in his +epistolary address to lord Buckhurst, gives a caution on that point. He +observes, "All I have said is problematical." In short, the essay _Of +dramatick poesie_ is in the form of a dialogue--and a dialogue is "a +chace of wit kept up on both sides." + +I proceed to the second extract.--Who wrote the _Prologue to Julius +Cæsar_? To what master-hand are we to ascribe this twofold specimen of +psychologic portraiture? Take up the dramatic histories of Langbaine and +Baker; take up the _Theatrical register_ of the reverend Charles Burney; +take up the voluminous _Some account_ of the reverend John Genest; +examine the mass of commendatory verses in the twenty-one-volume +editions of Shakspere; examine also the commendatory verses in the +nine-volume edition of Ben. Jonson. Here is the result: Langbaine calls +attention to the prologue in question as an _excellent prologue_, and +Genest repeats what had been said one hundred and forty years before by +Langbaine. There is not the slightest hint on its authorship. + +{96} +I must therefore leave the stronghold of facts, and advance into the of +conjecture. _I ascribe the prologue to John Dryden._ + +It appears by the list of plays altered from Shakspere, as drawn up by +Steevens and Reed, that _Julius Cæsar_ had been altered by sir William +D'Avenant and Dryden jointly, and acted at the Theatre-royal in +Drury-lane. It would therefore seem probable that one of those poets +wrote the _prologue_ on that occasion. Nevertheless, it does not appear +in the works of either poet. + +The _Works_ of sir William D'Avenant were edited by Mr. Herringman, with +the sanction of lady D'Avenant, in 1673; and its exclusion so far +decides the question. + +The non-appearance of it in the _Poems_ of Dryden, as published by Mr. +Tonson in 1701, is no disproof of the claim which I advocate. The volume +contains only twenty prologues and epilogues--but Dryden wrote _twice_ +that number! + +I shall now produce some circumstantial evidence in favour of Dryden. It +is derived from an examination of the volume entitled _Covent Garden +drolery_. This small volume contains twenty-two prologues or epilogues, +and more than fifty songs--all anonymous, but said to be written by the +_refinedest wits of the age_. We have, 1. A prologue and epilogue to the +_Maiden queen_ of Dryden--not those printed in 1668; 2. A prologue and +epilogue to the _Parson's wedding_ of Thomas Killigrew; 3. A prologue +and epilogue to the _Marriage à la mode_ of Dryden--printed with the +play in 1673; 4. The prologue to JULIUS CÆSAR; 5. A prologue to the _Wit +without money_ of Beaumont and Fletcher--printed in the _Poems_ of +Dryden, 1701; 6. A prologue to the _Pilgrim_ of Fletcher--not that +printed in 1700. These pieces occupy the first twelve pages of the +volume. It cannot be requisite to give any further account of its +contents. + +I waive the question of internal evidence; but have no misgiving, on +that score, as to the opinion which may henceforth prevail on the +validity of the claim now advanced in favour of Dryden. + +Sir Walter Scott observes, with reference to the essay _Of dramatick +poesie_, "The contrast of Ben. Jonson and Shakspere is peculiarly and +strikingly felicitous." He could have said no less--whatever he might +have said as to its authorship--had he seen the _Prologue to Julius +Cæsar_. + +BOLTON CORNEY. + + * * * * * + + +PARTY SIMILES OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY:--NO. I. "FOXES AND +FIREBRANDS." NO. II. "THE TROJAN HORSE." + +(_Continued from_ Vol. viii., p. 488.) + +The following works I omitted to mention in my last Note from want of +room. The first is by that _amiable_ Nimrod, John Bale, Bishop of +Ossory: + + "Yet a Course at the Romyshe Foxe, &c. Compyled by Johan + Harrison. Zurich. 1543. 4to." + +The four following are by William Turner, M.D., who also wrote under an +assumed name: + + "The Huntyng of the Romishe Foxe, &c. By William Wraughton. + Basil. 1543." + + "The Rescuynge of the Romishe Foxe, &c. Winchester. 1545. 8vo." + + "The Huntyng of the Romyshe Wolfe. 8vo. 1554(?)." + + "The Huntyng of the Foxe and Wolfe, &c. 8vo." + +The next is the most important work, and I give the title in full: + + "The Hunting of the Romish Fox, and the Quenching of Sectarian + _Firebrands_. Being a Specimen of Popery and Separation. + Collected by the Honourable Sir James Ware, Knight, out of the + Memorials of Eminent Men, both in Church and State: A. B. + Cranmer, A. B. Usher, A. B. Parker, Sir Henry Sidney, A. B. + Abbot, Lord Cecil, A. B. Laud, and others. And now published for + the Public Good. By Robert Ware, Gent. Dublin. 1683. 12mo. pp. + 248." + +The work concludes with this paragraph: + + "Now he that hath given us all our hearts, give unto His + Majesties subjects of these nations _an heart of unity_, to + quash division and separation; _of obedience_, to quench the + fury of rebellious firebrands: and _a heart of constancy_ to the + Reformed Church of England, the better to expel Popery, and to + confound dissention. _Amen._" + +The last work, with reference to the first simile of my note, which I +shall mention, is that by Zephaniah Smith, one of the leaders of the +English Antinomians: + + "The Doome of Heretiques; or a Discovery of Subtle Foxes who wer + tyed Tayle to Tayle, and crept into the Church to doe Mischiefe, + &c. Lond. 1648."[1] + +{97} +With regard to the second simile, see-- + + "The Trojan Horse, or the Presbyterian Government Unbowelled. + London. 1646. 4to. By Henry Parker of Lincoln's Inn." + + "Comprehension and Toleration Considered, in a Sermon on Gal. + ii. 5. By Dr. South." + + "Remarks on a Bill of Comprehension. London. 1684. By Dr. + Hickes." + + "The New Distemper, or The Dissenters' Usual Pleas for + Comprehension, Toleration, and the Renouncing the Covenant, + Considered and Discussed. Non Quis sed Quid. London. 1680. 12mo. + Second Edition. Pp. 184. (With a figurative frontispiece, + representing the 'Ecclesia Anglicana.')" + +The first edition was published in 1675. Thomas Tomkins, Fellow of All +Souls' College, was the author; but the two editions are anonymous. + +As to the Service Book, see the curious work of George Lightbodie: + + "Against the Apple of the Left Eye of Antichrist; or The + Masse-Booke of Lurking Darknesse (_The Liturgy_), making Way for + the Apple of the Right Eye of Antichrist, the Compleate + Masse-Booke of Palpable Darknesse. London. 1638. 8vo." + +Baylie's _Parallel_ (before referred to) was a popular work; it was +first printed London, 1641, in 4to.; and reprinted 1641, 1642, 1646, +1661. + +As to "High Church" and "Low Church," see an article in the _Edinburgh +Review_ for last October, on "Church Parties," and the following works: + + "The True Character of a Churchman, showing the False Pretences + to that Name. By Dr. West." (No date. 1702?) Answered by + Sacheverell in "The Character of a Low Churchman. 4to. 1702." + "Low Churchmen vindicated from the Charge of being no Churchmen. + London. 1706. 8vo. By John Handcock, D.D., Rector of St. + Margaret's, Lothbury." + + "Inquiry into the Duty of a Low Churchman. London. 1711. 8vo." + (By James Peirce, a Nonconformist divine, largely quoted in _The + Scourge_: where he is spoken of as "A gentleman of figure, of + the most apostolical moderation, of the most Christian temper, + and is esteemed as the Evangelical Doctor of the Presbyterians + in this kingdom," &c.--P. 342.) + +He also wrote: + + "The Loyalty, Integrity, and Ingenuity of High Churchmen and + Dissenters, and their respective Writers, Compared. London. + 1719. 8vo." + +See also the following periodical, which Lowndes thus describes: + + "_The Independent Whig._ From Jan. 20, 1719-20, to Jan. 4, 1721. + 53 Numbers. London. Written by Gordon and Trenchard in order to + oppose the High Church Party; 1732-5, 12mo., 2 vols.; 1753, + 12mo., 4 vols." + +Will some correspondent kindly furnish me with the date, author's name, +&c., of the pamphlet entitled _Merciful Judgments of High Church +Triumphant on Offending Clergymen and others in the Reign of Charles +I._?[2] + +I omitted Wordsworth's lines in my first note: + + "_High_ and _Low_, + Watchwords of party, on all tongues are rife; + As if a Church, though sprung from heaven, must owe + To opposites and fierce extremes her life;-- + Not to the golden mean and quiet flow + Of truths, that soften hatred, temper strife." + +Wordsworth, and most Anglican writers down to Dr. Hook, are ever +extolling the Golden Mean and the moderation of the Church of England. A +fine old writer of the same Church (Dr. Joseph Beaumont) seems to think +that this love of the Mean can be carried too far: + + "And witty too in self-delusion, we + Against highstreined piety can plead, + Gravely pretending that extremity + Is Vice's clime; that by the Catholick creed + Of all the world it is acknowledged that + The temperate _mean_ is always Virtue's seat. + Hence comes the race of mongrel goodness: hence + Faint tepidness usurpeth fervour's name; + Hence will the earth-born meteor needs commence, + In his gay glaring robes, sydereal flame; + Hence foolish man, if moderately evil, + Dreams he's a saint because he's not a devil." + +_Psyche_, cant. xxi. 4, 5. + +{98} +Cf. Bishop Taylor's _Life of Christ_, part I. sect. v. 9. + +JARLTZBERG. + +Nov. 28, 1853. + +P.S.--Not having the fear of Sir Roger Twisden or MR. THOMAS COLLIS +before my eyes, I advisedly made what the latter gentleman is pleased to +term a "loose statement" (Vol. viii., p. 631.), when I spoke of the +Church of England separating from Rome. As to the Romanists "conforming" +for the first twelve (or as some have it nineteen) years of Elizabeth's +reign, the less said about that the better for both parties, and +especially for the dominant party.[3] + +MR. COLLIS'S dogmatic assertions, that the Roman Catholics "conformed" +for the twelve years, and that Popes Paul IV. and Pius IV. offered to +confirm the Book of Common Prayer if Elizabeth would acknowledge the +papal supremacy, are evidently borrowed, word for word, from Dr. +Wordsworth's[4] _Theophilus Anglicanus_, cap. vii. p. 219. A careful +examination of the evidence adduced in support of the latter assertion, +shows it to be of the most flimsy description, and refers it to its true +basis, viz. _hearsay_: the reasoning and inferences which prop the +evidence are equally flimsy. + +Fuller, speaking of this report, says that it originated with "some who +love to feign what they cannot find, that they may never appear to be at +a loss." (_Ch. Hist._, b. IX. 69.) + +As the question at issue is one of great historical importance, I am +prepared, if called on, to give a summary of the case in all its +bearings; for the present I content myself with giving the following +references: + + "Sir Roger Twisden's Historical Vindication of the Church of + England in point of Schism, as it stands separated from the + Roman. Lond. 1675."--P. 175. + + "Bp. Andrewes' Tortura Torti. Lond. 1609."--P. 142. + + "Parallel Torti et Tortoris."--P. 241. + + "Abp. Bramhall ag. Bp. Chal."--Ch. ii. (vol. ii. p. 85., Oxf. + ed.) + + "Sir E. Cook's Speech and Charge at Norwich Assizes. 1607." + + "Babington upon Numbers. Lond. 1615."--Ch. vii. § 2. p. 35. + + "Servi Fidelis subdito infideli Responsis, apud Johannem Dayum. + Lond. 1573." (In reply to Saunders' _De Visibili Monarchia_.) + + "Camd. Annal. an. 1560. Lond. 1639."--Pt. I. pp. 47. 49. + +(See also Heylin, 303.; Burnet, ii. 387.; Strype, _Annal._ ch. xix.; +Tierney's _Dodd_, ii. 147.) + +The letter which the pontiff _did_ address to Elizabeth is given in +Fuller, ix. 68., and Dodd, ii. app. xlvii. p. cccxxi. + +N.B.--In the P.S. to my last note, "N. & Q.," Vol. _viii._, p. 156., was +a misprint for Vol. V. + +[Footnote 1: The titles of these books remind one of "a merry disport," +which formerly took place in the hall of the Inner Temple. "At the +conclusion of the ceremony, a huntsman came into the hall bearing a fox, +a pursenet, and a cat, both bound at the end of a staff, attended by +nine or ten couples of hounds with the blowing of hunting-horns. Then +were the fox and cat set upon and killed by the dogs beneath the fire, +to the no small pleasure of the spectators." One of the masque-names in +this ceremony was "Sir Morgan Mumchance, of Much Monkery, in the county +of Mad Popery." + +In _Ane Compendious Boke of Godly and Spiritual Songs_, Edinburgh, 1621, +printed from an old copy, are the following lines, seemingly referring +to some such pageant: + + "The Hunter is Christ that hunts in haist, + The Hunds are Peter and Pawle, + The Paip is the Fox, Rome is the Rox + That rubbis us on the gall." + +See Hone's _Year-Book_, p. 1513. + +The symbolism of the brute creation is copiously employed in Holy +Scripture and in ancient writings, and furnishes a magazine of arms in +all disputes and party controversies. Thus, the strange sculptures on +_misereres_, &c. are ascribed to contests between the secular and +regular clergy: and thus Dryden, in his polemical poem of _The Hind and +the Panther_, made these two animals symbolise respectively the Church +of Rome and the Church of England, while the Independents, Calvinists, +Quakers, Anabaptists, and other sects are characterised as wolves, +bears, boars, foxes--all that is odious and horrible in the brute +creation. + +"A Jesuit has collected _An Alphabetical Catalogue of the Names of +Beasts by which the Fathers characterised the Heretics_. It may be found +in _Erotemata de malis ac bonis Libris_, p. 93., 4to., 1653, of Father +Raynaud. This list of brutes and insects, among which are a variety of +serpents, is accompanied by the names of the heretics designated." (See +the chapter in D'Israeli's _Curios. Lit._ on "Literary Controversy," +where many other instances of this kind of complimentary epithets are +given, especially from the writings of Luther, Calvin, and Beza.)] + +[Footnote 2: [We are enabled to give the remainder of the title and the +date:--"Together with the Lord Falkland's Speech in Parliament, 1640, +relating to that subject: London, printed for Ben. Bragg, at the Black +Raven in Paternoster Row. 1710."--ED.]] + +[Footnote 3: See the authorities given by Mr. Palmer, _Church of +Christ_, 3rd ed., Lond. 1842, pp. 347-349.; and Mr. Percival _On the +Roman Schism_: see also Tierney's _Dodd_, vols. ii. and iii. + +A full and impartial history of the "conformity" of Roman Catholics and +Puritans duping the penal laws is much wanting, especially of the former +during the first twelve years of Elizabeth. With the Editor's permission +I shall probably send in a few notes on the latter subject, with a list +of the works for and against outward conformity, which was published +during that period. (See Bp. Earle's character of "A Church Papist," +_Microcosmography_, Bliss's edition, p. 29.)] + +[Footnote 4: It is painful to see party spirit lead aside so learned and +estimable a man as Dr. Wordsworth, and induce him to convert a +ridiculous report into a grave and indisputable matter of fact. The more +we know, the greater is our reverence for accuracy, truthfulness, and +candour; and the older we grow in years and wisdom, the more we estimate +that glorious motto--_Audi alteram partem_. + +What are our ordinary histories of the Reformation from Burnet to +Cobbett but so many caricatures? Would that there were more Maitlands in +the English Church, and more Pascals and Pugins in the Roman! + +Let me take this occasion to recommend to the particular attention of +all candid inquirers a little brochure, by the noble-minded writer last +named, entitled _An Earnest Address on the Establishment of the +Hierarchy_, by A. Welby Pugin: Lond. Dolman, 1851. And let me here +inquire whether this lamented writer completed his _New View of an Old +Subject; or, the English Schism impartially Considered_, which he +advertised as in preparation? + +I should mention, perhaps, that Sir Roger Twisden's book was reprinted +in 1847: I have, however, met with the original edition only.] + + * * * * * + + +DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY.--SLAVERY IN ENGLAND. + + +Having come across an old _Daily Post_ of Thursday, August 4, 1720, I +send you the following cuttings from it, which perhaps you may think +worth insertion: + + "Hague, August 9. + + "It was on the 5th that the first of our East-India ships + appear'd off of the Texel, four of the ships came to an anchor + that evening, nine others kept out at sea till day-light, and + came up with the flood the next morning, and four more came in + this afternoon; but as they belong to the Chambers of Zealand, + and other towns, its thought they will stand away for the Maese. + This fleet is very rich, and including the single ship which + arriv'd about a fortnight since, and one still expected, are + valued at near seven millions of guilders prime cost in the + Indies, not reckoning the freight or value at the sale, which + may be suppos'd to make treble that sum." + + "We have an account from Flanders, that two ships more are come in + to Ostend for the new East India {99} Company there; it is said, + these ships touch no where after they quit the coast of Malabar + till they come upon the coast of Guinea, where they put in for + fresh water; and as for those which come from China, they water + on the bank of the Island of Ceylon, and again on the east shore + of Madagascar; but that none of them touch either at the Cape de + bon Esperance, or at St. Helena, not caring to venture falling + into the hands of any of the Dutch or other nations trading to + the east. These ships they say are exceedingly rich, and the + captains confirm the account of the treaty which one of their + former captains made with the Great Mogul, for the settling a + factory on his dominions, and that with very advantageous + conditions; what the particulars may be we yet know not." + + "Went away the 22d of July last, from the house of William Webb + in Limehouse Hole, a negro man, about twenty years old, call'd + Dick, yellow complection, wool hair, about five foot six inches + high, having on his right breast the word HARE burnt. Whoever + brings him to the said Mr. Webb's shall have half a guinea + reward, and reasonable charges." + +JAMES GRAVES. + +Kilkenny. + + * * * * * + + +ORIGINAL ROYAL LETTERS TO THE GRAND MASTERS OF MALTA. + +(_Continued from_ Vol. viii., p. 558.) + +I am now enabled to forward, according to my promise, literal +translations, so far as they could be made, of three more letters, which +were written in the Latin language, and addressed by Henry VIII. to the +Grand Masters of Malta. The first two were directed to Philip de +Villiers L'Isle Adam, and the last to his successor Pierino Dupont, an +Italian knight, who, from his very advanced age, and consequent +infirmity, was little disposed to accept of the high dignity which his +brethren of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem had unanimously conferred +upon him. The life of Dupont was spared "long enough," not only for him +to take an active part in the expedition which Charles V. sent against +Tunis at his suggestion, to reinstate Muley Hassan on the throne of that +kingdom, but also to see his knights return to the convent covered with +glory, and galleys laden with plunder. + + +No. IV. Fol. 6th. + + Henry by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender + of the Faith, and Lord of Ireland, to our Reverend Father in + Christ, Dominus F. de Villiers L'Isle Adam, our most dear + friend--Greeting: + + For a long period of time, Master Peter Vanes, of _Luca_, has + been serving as private secretary; and as we have always found + his service loving and faithful, we not only love him from our + heart, and hold him dear, but we are also extremely desirous of + his interest and advancement. As he has declared to us that his + most ardent wish is by our influence and favour to be in some + way invested with honour in his own country, we have most + willingly promised to do for him in this matter whatever lay in + our power; and we trust that from the good offices which your + most worthy Reverence has always received from us, this our + desire with regard to promoting the aforesaid Master Peter will + be furthered, and the more readily on this account, because what + we beg for may be granted without injury to any one. Since, + then, a certain Dominus Livius, concerning whom your Reverend + Lordship will be more fully informed by our same Secretary, is + in possession of a Priory in the Collegiate Church of SS. John + and Riparata in the city of _Luca_, we most earnestly desire + that the said Livius, through your Reverend Lordship's + intercession, may resign the said Priory and Collegiate Church + to our said Latin Secretary, on this condition, however, that + your Reverend Lordship, as a special favour to us, will provide + the said Dominus Livius with a Commandery of equal or of greater + value. We therefore most earnestly entreat that you will have a + care of this matter, so that we may obtain the object of our + wishes; and we shall be greatly indebted to your Reverend + Lordship, to whom, when occasion offers, we will make a return + for the twofold favour, in a matter of like or of greater + moment. + +May all happiness attend you. + From our palace of Greenwich, + 13th day of January, 1526, + Your good friend, + HENRY REX. + + +No. V. Fol. 9th. + + Henry by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender + of the Faith, and Lord of Ireland, to our Reverend Father in + Christ, Dominus F. de Villiers L'Isle Adam, our most dear + friend--Greeting: + + Although, by many proofs, we have often before been convinced + that our Reverend Lordship, and your venerable Brethren, after + the loss of Rhodes, have had nothing more to heart than that by + your actions you might deserve most highly of the Christian + republic, and that you might sometimes give proof of this by + your deeds, that you have zealously sought for some convenient + spot where you might at length fix your abode; nevertheless, + what we have lately learnt from the letters of your Reverend + Lordship, and from the conversation and prudent discourse of + your venerable Brother De Dentirville has caused us the greatest + joy; and although, with regard to the recovery of Rhodes, + complete success has not answered your intentions, nevertheless + we think that this your Order of Jerusalem has always wished to + seek after whatever it has judged might in any {100} manner tend + to the propagation of the Catholic Faith and the tranquillity of + the Christian Republic. But that his Imperial Majesty has + granted to your Order the _island_ of _Malta_, Gozo, and + Tripoli, we cannot but rejoice; places which, as we hear, are + most strongly fortified by nature, and most excellently adapted + for repelling the attacks of the Infidels, should have now come + into your hands, where your Order can assemble in all safety, + recover its strength, and settle and confirm its position.[5] + And we wish to convince you that fresh increase is daily made to + the affection with which we have always cherished this Order of + Jerusalem, inasmuch as we perceive that your actions have been + directed to a good and upright end, both because these + undertakings of your Reverend Lordship, and of your venerable + Brethren, are approved by us as highly beneficial and + profitable; and because we trust that your favour and protection + will ever be ready to assist our nation, if there be any need; + nor shall we on our part be ever wanting in any friendly office + which we can perform towards preserving and protecting your + Order, as your Reverend Lordship will gather more at length of + our well affected mind towards you from Dominus Dentirville, the + bearer of these presents. + +May all happiness attend you. + From our Palace at Hampton Court, + The 22nd day of November, 1530. + Your good friend, + HENRY REX. + + +No. VI. + + Henry by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender + of the Faith, and Lord of Ireland, to our Reverend Father in + Christ, Don Pierino de Ponte, Grand Master of Jerusalem. + + Our most dear friend--Greeting: + + We had conceived so great a hope and opinion of the probity, + integrity, and prudence of your predecessor, that, from his care + and vigilance, we securely trusted that the business and affairs + of this your Order, which hitherto has always wont to be of no + slight assistance to our most Holy Faith, and to the Christian + name, would as far as was needful have been amended and settled + most quietly and effectually with God and his Holy Religion. + From the love then and affection which we have hitherto shown in + no ordinary manner to your Order, for the sake of the + propagation of the Christian Faith, we were not a little grieved + at the death of your predecessor, because we very much feared + that serious loss would in consequence be entailed on that + Religion. But since, both from your letters and from the + discourse of others, we now hear that your venerable Brethren + agreed by their unanimous voice and consent to choose your + Reverence as the {101} person to whom the care and government of + so weighty an office should be intrusted, considering this dignity + to be especially worthy of you and your spirit of Religion, we + cannot but sincerely be glad; and rejoice especially if, by your + eminent virtues, it shall be effected that only such matters + shall be undertaken, and presided over by the strength and + counsels of the Order of Jerusalem, as are most in accordance + with the True Religion of Christ our Redeemer, and best adapted + to the propagation of his doctrine and Faith. And if you shall + seriously apply your mind to this, as you are especially bound + to, we shall by no means repent of the favours which we have + bestowed neither seldom nor secretly upon this your Order, nay + rather this object shall be attained that you shall have no + reason to think that you have been foiled in that your + confidence, and in our protection and the guardianship which we + extend over your concerns through reverence for the Almighty + God. And we shall not find that this guardianship and protection + of your Order, assumed by us, has been borne for so long a + period by us without any fruit. + + Those things which the Reverend Prior of our Kingdom, and the + person who brought your Reverend Lordship's letter to us, have + listened to with attention and kindness, and returned an answer + to, as we doubt not will be intimated by them to your Reverend + Lordship. + +May all happiness attend you. + From our Palace at Westminster, + The 17th day of November, 1534. + HENRY REX. + + +From the date and superscription of the above truly Catholic letter, it +will be seen that it was written about the period of the Reformation in +England, and addressed to the Grand Master of an Order, which for four +centuries had been at all times engaged in Paynim war; and won for +itself among the Catholic powers of Europe, by its many noble and daring +achievements, the style and title of being the "bulwark of the Christian +faith." Bound as the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem were in all ages +to pay a perfect obedience to the Roman Pontiffs, it is not surprising +that this should be the last letter which we have found filed away in +the archives of their Order, bearing the autograph of Henry VIII. + +WILLIAM WINTHROP. + +La Valetta, Malta. + +[Footnote 5: H. M. Henry VIII. was certainly labouring under an error, +when supposing that the islands of Malta and Gozo "were strongly +fortified by nature, and excellently adapted for repelling the attacks +of the infidels;" as in truth nature had done nothing for their defence, +unless it be in furnishing an abundance of soft stone with its yellow +tinge, of which all their fortifications are built. + +When L'Isle Adam landed at Malta in October, 1530, it was with the rank +of a monarch; and when, in company with the authorities of the island, +"he appeared before its capital, and swore to protect its inhabitants, +the gates of the old city were opened, and he was admitted with the +knights; the Maltese declaring to them their fealty, without prejudice +to the interests of Charles V., to whom they had heretofore been +subject." Never, since the establishment of the Order, had the affairs +of the Hospitallers appeared more desperate than at this period. For the +loss of Rhodes, so famed in its history, so prized for its singular +fertility, and rich and varied fruits; an island which, as De Lamartine +so beautifully expressed it, appeared to rise "like a bouquet of verdure +out of the bosom of the sea," with its groves of orange trees, its +sycamores and palms; what had L'Isle Adam received in return, but an +arid African rock, without palaces or dwellings, without fortifications +or inland streams, and which, were it not for its harbours, would have +been as difficult to hold as it would have been unworthy of his +acceptance. (Vertot.) + +A person who has never been at Malta can, by reading its history, hardly +picture to himself the change which the island underwent for the better, +under the long and happy rule of the Order of St. John. Look whither one +will, at this day, he sees some of the most perfect fortresses in the +world,--fortifications which it took millions of money to erect; and two +hundred and fifty years of continual toil and labour, before the work on +them was finished. As a ship of war now enters the great harbour, she +passes immediately under the splendid castles of St. Elmo, Ricasoli, and +St. Angelo. Going to her anchorage, she "comes to" under some one of the +extensive fortifications of the Borgo, La Sangle, Burmola, Cotonera, and +La Valetta. In all directions, and at all times, she is entirely +commanded by a line of walls, which are bristling with cannon above her. +Should the more humble merchantman be entering the small port of +Marsamuscetto, to perform her quarantine, she also is sailing under St. +Elmo and Florianna on the one side, and forts Tigné and Manoel on the +other; from the cannon of which there is no escape. But besides these +numerous fortifications, the whole coast of the island is protected by +forts and batteries, towers and redoubts. We name those of the Red +Tower, the Melleha, St. Paul, St. Julien, Marsa Sirocco, and St. Thomas; +only to show how thoroughly the knights had guarded their convent, and +how totally different the protection of the Maltese was under their +rule, from what it was when they first landed; and found them with their +inconsiderable fort, with one cannon and two falconets, which, as +Boisgelin has mentioned, was their only defence.] + + * * * * * + + +ENAREANS. + +When Psammeticus turned back the conquering Scythians from their +contemplated invasion of Egypt, some stragglers of the rear-guard +plundered the temple of Venus Urania at Ascalon. The goddess punished +this sacrilege by inflicting on the Scythian nation the "female +disease." Herodotus, from whom we learn this, says: + + "The Scythians themselves confess that their countrymen suffer + this malady in consequence of the above crime; their condition + also may be seen by those who visit Scythia, where they are + called Enareæ."--Beloe's Translation, vol. i. p. 112., ed. 8vo. + +And again, vol. ii. p. 261., Hippocrates says: + + "There are likewise among the Scythians, persons who come into + the world as eunuchs, and do all the work of women; they are + called Enaræans, or womanish," &c. + +It would occupy too much space to detail here all the speculations to +which this passage has given rise; sufficient for us be the fact, that +in Scythia there were men who dressed as, and associated with, the +women; that they were considered as victims of an offended female deity; +and yet, strange contradiction! they were revered as prophets or +diviners, and even acquired wealth by their predictions, &c. (See +_Universal History_, xx. p. 15., ed. 8vo.) + +The curse still hangs over the descendants of the Scythians. Reineggo +found the "female disease" among the Nogay Tatars, who call persons so +afflicted "Choss." In 1797-8, Count Potocki saw one of them. The Turks +apply the same term to men wanting a beard. (See Klaproth's _Georgia and +Caucasus_, p. 160., ed. 4to.) From the Turkish use of the word "choss," +we may infer that Enareans existed in the cradle of their race, and that +the meaning only had suffered a slight modification on their descent +from the Altai. De Pauw, in his _Recherches sur les Américains_, without +quoting any authority, says there are men in Mogulistan, who dress as +women, but are obliged to wear a man's turban. + +It must be interesting to the ethnologist to find this curse extending +into the New World, and actually now existing amongst Dr. Latham's +American _Mongolidæ_. It would be doubly interesting could we trace its +course from ancient Scythia to the Atlantic coast. In this attempt, +however, we have not been successful, a few isolated facts only +presenting themselves as probably descending from the same source. The +relations of travellers in Eastern Asia offer nothing of the sort among +the Tungusi, Yakuti, &c. The two Mahometans (A.D. 833, thereabout), +speaking of Chinese depravity, assert that it is somehow connected with +the worship of their idols, &c. (Harris' _Collection_, p. 443. ed. fol.) +Sauer mentions boys dressed as females, and performing all the domestic +duties in common with the women, among the Kodiaks; and crossing to the +American coast, found the same practised by the inhabitants of +Oonalashka (ed. 4to., pp. 160. 176.). More accurate observation might +probably detect its existence amongst intermediate tribes, but want +{102} of information obliges us here to jump at once over the whole +range of the Rocky Mountains, and then we find Enareanism (if I may so +term it) extending from Canada to Florida inclusive, and thence at +intervals to the Straits of Magellan. + +Most of the earlier visitors to America have noticed the numerous +hermaphrodites everywhere met with. De Pauw (who, I believe, never was +in America) devotes a whole chapter to the subject in his _Recherches +sur les Américains_, in which he talks a great deal of nonsense. It +assisted his hypothesis, that everything American, in the animal and +vegetable kingdoms, was inferior to their synonymes in the Old World. + +The calm and more philosophical observation of subsequent travellers, +however, soon discovered that the so-called hermaphrodites were men in +female attire, associating with the women, and partaking of all their +labours and occupations. Père Hennepin had already mentioned the +circumstance (Amstel. ed. in 12mo., p. 219.), but he seems to have had +no idea of the practice being in any way connected with religion. +Charlevoix went a step farther, for speaking of those he met with among +the Illinois, he says: + + "On a prétendu que cet usage venait de je ne sais quel principe + de la religion, mais cette religion avait, comme bien d'autres, + prit sa naissance dans la corruption du coeur," &c. + +Here he stopped, not caring to inform himself as to the real origin of +the usage. Lafitau says these so-called hermaphrodites were numerous in +Louisiana, Florida, Yucatan, and amongst the Sioux, Illinois, &c.; and +goes on,-- + + "Il y a de jeunes gens qui prennent l'habit de femme qu'ils + gardent toute leur vie, et qui se croyent honorez de s'abaisser + à toutes leurs occupations; ils ne se marient jamais, ils + assistent à tous les exercises où la religion semble avoir part, + et cette profession de vie extraordinaire les fait passer pour + des gens d'un ordre supérieur et au-dessus du commun des + hommes," &c. + +Are not these, he asks, the same people as those Asiatic worshippers of +Cybele? or those who, according to Julius Firmicus, consecrated +themselves, the one to the Phrygian goddess, the others to Venus +Urania?--priests who dressed as women, &c. (See _Moeurs des Sauvages +américains_, vol. i. p. 52., ed. 4to., Paris, 1724.) He farther tells us +that Vasco Nuñez de Balbao met many of them, and in the fury of his +religious zeal had them torn to pieces by dogs. Was this in Darien? I +believe neither Heckewelder, Adair, Colden, nor J. Dunn Hunter, mention +this subject, though they must all have been aware of the existence of +Enareans in some one or more of the tribes with which they were +acquainted; and I do not remember having ever met with mention of them +among the Indian nations of New England, and Tanner testifies to their +existence amongst the Chepewa and Ottawa nations, by whom they are +called A-go-kwa. Catlin met with them among the Sioux, and gives a +sketch of a dance in honour of the I-coo-coo, as they call them. Southey +speaks of them among the Guayacuru under the name of "Cudinas," and so +does Von Martius. Captain Fitzroy, quoting the Jesuit Falkner, says the +Patagonian wizards (query priests) are dressed in female attire: they +are chosen for the office when young, preference being given to boys +evincing a feminine disposition. + +Lafitau's conjecture as to the connexion between these American Enareans +and the worshippers of Venus Urania, seems to receive some confirmation +from our next evidence, viz. in Major Long's _Expedition to St. Peter's +River_, some of these people were met with, and inquiry being made +concerning them, it was ascertained that-- + + "The Indians believe the moon is the residence of a hostile + female deity, and should she appear to them in their dreams, it + is an injunction to become Cinædi, and they immediately assume + feminine attire."--Vol. i. p. 216. + +Farther it is stated, that two of these people whom they found among the +Sauks, though generally held in contempt, were pitied by many-- + + "As labouring under an unfortunate destiny that they cannot + avoid, being supposed to be impelled to this course by a vision + from the female spirit that resides in the moon," &c.--Vol. i. + p. 227. + +Venus Urania is placed among the Scythian deities by Herodotus, under +the name "Artimpasa." We are, for obvious reasons, at liberty to +conjecture that the adoption of her worship, and the development of "the +female disease," may have been contemporaneous, or nearly so. It were +needless entering on a long story to show the connexion between Venus +and the moon, which was styled Urania, Juno, Jana, Diana, Venus, &c. +Should it be conceded that the American _Mongolidæ_ brought with them +this curse of Scythia, the date of their emigration will be +approximated, since it must have taken place subsequently to the affair +of Ascalon, or between 400 or 500 years B.C. + +The adoption of female attire by the priesthood, however, was not +confined to the worshippers of Venus Urania; it was widely spread +throughout Heathendom; so widely that, as we learn from Tacitus, the +priests of the Naharvali (in modern Denmark) officiated in the dress of +women. Like many other heathenish customs and costumes, traces of this +have descended to our own times; such, for example, may have been the +exchange of dresses on New Year's Eve, &c.: see Drake's _Shakspeare and +his Times_, vol. i. p. 124., ed. 4to. And what else is the effeminate +costume of the clergy in many parts of Europe, the girded waist, and the +petticoat-like cassock, but a relique {103} of the ancient priestly +predilection for female attire? + +A. C. M. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + + +_Russia and Turkey._--The following paragraph from an old newspaper +reads with a strange significance at the present time: + + "The last advices from Leghorn describe the genius of discord + still prevailing in the unfortunate city of Constantinople, the + people clamouring against their rulers, and the janissaries ripe + for insurrection, in consequence of the backwardness of the + Porte to commence hostilities with Russia."--_English Chronicle, + or Universal Evening Post_, February 6th to 8th, 1783. + +J. LOCKE. + + +_Social Effects of the severe Weather, Jan. 3 and 4, 1854._--The daily +and local newspapers have detailed many public incidents of the severe +weather of the commencement of 1854: such as snow ten yards deep; roads +blocked up; mails delayed; the streets of the metropolis, for a time, +impassible; omnibuses with four horses; Hansom cabs driven tandem, &c. +The effects of the storms of snow, socially, were not the least curious. +In the neighbourhood of Manchester seventy persons were expected at an +evening party, one only arrived. At another house one hundred guests +were expected, nine only arrived. Many other readers of your valuable +paper have, no doubt, made similar notes, and will probably forward +them. + +ROBERT RAWLINSON. + + +_Star of Bethlehem._--Lord Nugent, in his _Lands, Classical and Sacred_, +vol. ii. p. 18., says: + + "The spot shown as the place of the Nativity, and that of the + manger, both of which are in a crypt or subterraneous chapel + under the church of St. Katherine, are in the hands of the Roman + Catholicks. The former is marked by this simple inscription on a + silver star set in the pavement: + + 'Hic de Virgine Maria Jesus Christus natus est.'" + +The Emperor of the French, as representative of the Latin Church, first +raised the question of the sacred places, now likely to involve the +Pentarchy of Europe in a _quasi_ civil war, by attempting, through the +authority of the Sultan of Turkey, to restore the above inscription, +which had been defaced, as is supposed, by the Greek Christians; and +thereby encountering the opposition of the Emperor of the Russias, who +claims to represent the Eastern Church. + +T. J. BUCKTON. + +Birmingham. + + +_Origin of the Word "Cant."_--From the _Mercurius Publicus_ of Feb. 28, +1661, Edinburgh: + + "Mr. Alexander Cant, son to Mr. Andrew Cant (who in his + discourse _De Excommunicato trucidando_ maintained that all + refusers of the Covenant ought to be excommunicated, and that + all so excommunicated might lawfully be killed), was lately + deposed by the Synod for divers seditious and impudent passages + in his sermons at several places, as at the pulpit of Banchry; + 'That whoever would own or make use of a service-book, king, + nobleman, or minister, the curse of God should be upon him.' + + "In his Grace after Meat, he praid for those phanaticques and + seditious ministers (who are now secured) in these words, 'The + Lord pity and deliver the precious prisoners who are now + suffering for the truth, and close up the mouths of the + _Edomites_, who are now rejoicing;' with several other articles + too long to recite." + +From these two Cants (Andrew and Alexander) all seditious praying and +preaching in Scotland is called "Canting." + +J. B. + + +_Epigram on Four Lawyers._--It used to be said that four lawyers were +wont to go down from Lincoln's Inn and the Temple in one hackney coach +for one shilling. The following epigram records the economical practice: + + "Causidici curru felices quatuor uno + Quoque die repetunt limina nota 'fori.' + Quanta sodalitium præstabit commoda! cui non + Contigerint socii cogitur ire pedes." + +See _Poemata Anglorum Latina_, p. 446. Lemma, "Defendit +numerus."--_Juv._ + +J. W. FARRER. + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + + +CONTRIBUTORS TO "KNIGHT'S QUARTERLY MAGAZINE." + +I shall feel exceedingly obliged if you or any of your correspondents +will inform me who were the writers in _Knight's Quarterly Magazine_, +bearing the following fictitious signatures:--1. Marmaduke Villars; 2. +Davenant Cecil; 3. Tristram Merton; 4. Irvine Montagu; 5. Gerard +Montgomery; 6. Henry Baldwin; 7. Joseph Haller; 8. Peter Ellis; 9. +Paterson Aymer; 10. Eustace Heron; 11. Edward Haselfoot; 12. William +Payne; 13. Archibald Frazer; 14. Hamilton Murray; 15. Charles Pendragon; +16. Lewis Willoughby; 17. John Tell; 18. Edmund Bruce; 19. Reginald +Holyoake; 20. Richard Mills; 21. Oliver Medley; 22. Peregrine Courtenay; +23. Vyvyan Joyeuse; 24. Martin Lovell; 25. Martin Danvers Heaviside. + +I fear I have given you so long a list as to deter you from replying to +my inquiry but if you cannot spare time or space to answer me fully, I +have numbered the writers in such a way as that you may be induced to +give the numbers without the names, except you think that many of your +readers would be glad to have the information given to them which I ask +of you. + +_Tristram Merton_ is T. B. Macaulay, who wrote several sketches and five +ballads in the _Magazine_; {104} indeed, it was in it that his fine +English ballads first appeared. + +_Peregrine Courtenay_ was the late Winthrop Mackworth Praed, who was, I +believe, its editor. + +Henry Nelson Coleridge and John Moultire were also contributors, but +under what signatures they wrote I cannot tell. + +_Knight's Quarterly Magazine_ never extended beyond three volumes, and +it is now a rather scarce book. Any light you can throw upon this +subject will have an interest for most people, and will be duly +appreciated by + +E. H. + +Leeds. + + * * * * * + + +THE STATIONERS' COMPANY AND ALMANACK. + +Having recently had occasion to consult the Lansdown MSS., No. 905., a +volume containing documents formerly belonging to Mr. Umfreville, I +observed the following: + + "Ordinances, constitutions, rules, and articles made by the + Court of Star Chamber relating to Printers and Printing, Jan. + 23, anno 28 Eliz." + +Appended to these ordinances, &c. is a statement from which I have made +the following extracts: + + "Viii^o Januarii, 1583. + + "Bookes yeilded into the hands and disposition of the Master, + Wardens, and Assistants of the Mysterie of the Stationers of + London for the releife of y^e poore of y^e saide companie + according to the discretion of the Master, Wardens, and + Assistants, or the more parte of them. + + "Mr. Barker, her Ma^{ties} printer, hath yeilded unto the saide + disposition and purpose these bookes following: viz. + + "The first and second volume of Homelies. + + "The whole statutes at large, w^{th} y^e pamble as they are + now extant. + + "The Paraphrasis of Erasmus upon y^e Epistles and Gospells + appoynted to be readd in Churches. + + "Articles of Religion agreed upon 1562 for y^e Ministers. + + "The Several Injunctions and Articles to be enquired of through + y^e whole Realme. + + "The Profitt and Benefite of the two most vendible volumes of + the New Testament in English, commonlie called Mr. Cheekes' + translation: that is, in the volume called _Octavo_, w^{th} + Annotacions as they be now: and in the volume called _Decimo + Sexto_ of the same translation w^{th}out notes, in the Brevier + English letter only. + + "Provided that Mr. Barker himselfe print the sayde Testaments at + the lowest value by the direction of the Master and Wardens of + the Company of Stationers for the tyme being. Provided alwaye + that Mr. Barker do reteyn some small number of these for diverse + services in her Ma^{ties} Courtes or ... [MS. illegible] and + lastlye that nothing that he yeildeth unto by meanes aforesaide + be preiudiciall to her Ma^{ties} highe prerogative, or to any + that shall succeed in the office of her Ma^{ties} printer." + +The other printers named are, Mr. Totell, Mr. Watkins, Mr. John Daye, +Mr. Newberye, and Henrie Denham. + +I wish to raise a Query upon the following: + + "Mr. Watkins, now Wardein, hath yeilded to the disposcion and + purpose aforesaide this that followeth: viz. + + "The Broad Almanack; that is to say, the same to be printed on + one syde of a sheete, to be sett on walls as usuallie it hath + bene." + +Query 1. Is this _Broad Almanack_ the original of the present +_Stationers' Almanack_? + +2. When was this _Broad Almanack_ first issued? + +3. When were sheet almanacks, printed on one side of a sheet, first +published? + +B. H. C. + +P.S.--The books enumerated in this MS., under the other printers' names, +are some of them very curious, and others almost unknown at the present +time. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + + +_John Bunyan._--The following advertisement is copied from the +_Mercurius Reformatus_ of June 11, 1690, vol. ii. No. 27.: + + "Mr. John Bunyan, Author of the _Pilgrim's Progress_, and many + other excellent Books, that have found great Acceptance, hath + left behind him Ten Manuscripts prepared by himself for the + Press before his Death: His Widow is desired to print them (with + some other of his Works, which have been already printed, but + are at present not to be had), which will make together a Book + of 10s. in sheets, in Fol. All persons who desire so great and + good a Work should be performed with speed, are desired to send + in 5s. for their first Payment to Dorman Newman, at the King's + Arms in the Poultrey, London: Who is empower'd to give Receipts + for the same." + +Can any of your readers say whether such a publication as that which is +here proposed ever took place: that is, a publication of "ten +manuscripts," of which none had been previously printed? + +S. R. MAITLAND. + +Gloucester. + + +_Tragedy by Mary Leapor._--In the second volume of _Poems_ by Mary +Leapor, 8vo., 1751, there is an unfinished tragedy, begun by the +authoress a short time before her death. Can you give me the name of +this drama (if it has any), and names of the _dramatis personæ_? + +A. Z. + + +_Repairing old Prints._--N. J. A. will feel thankful to any one who will +give him directions for the cleaning and repairing of old prints, or +refer him to any book where he can obtain such information. He wishes +especially to learn how to detach them from old and worn-out mountings. + +N. J. A. + + +{105} +_Arch-priest in the Diocese of Exeter._--I am informed that there is, in +the diocese of Exeter, a dignitary who is called the Arch-priest, and +that he has the privilege of wearing lawn sleeves (that is of course, +properly, of wearing a lawn alb), and also precedence in all cases next +after the Bishop. + +Can any of your Devonian readers give additional particulars of his +office or his duties? They would be useful and interesting. + +W. FRASER. + +Tor-Mohun. + + +_Medal in honour of the Chevalier de St. George._--It appears that +Prince James (styled the Chevalier de St. George) served in several +campaigns in the Low Countries under the Marquis de Torcy. On one +occasion, when the hostile armies were encamped on the banks of the +Scarpe, medals were struck, and distributed among the English, bearing, +besides a bust of the prince, an inscription relating to his bravery on +a former occasion. Are any of these now in existence? They would +probably be met with in those families whose ancestors served under +Marlborough. + +A. S. + + +_Robert Bloet._--Can you certify me whether it is received as an +undoubted historical fact that "Robertus, comes Moritoniensis," William +the Conqueror's uterine brother, was identical with _Robert Bloet_, +afterwards Chancellor and Bishop of Lincoln? + +J. SANSOM. + + +_Sir J. Wallace and Mr. Browne._--I inclose an extract from _The English +Chronicle or Universal Evening Post_, February 6th to February 8th, +1783. Can any of your learned correspondents state the result of the +_fracas_ between Mr. Browne and Sir J. Wallace? + + "Yesterday about one o'clock, Sir J----s W----e and Lieutenant + B----e, accidentally meeting in Parliament Street, near the + Admiralty Gate, Mr. B----e, the moment he saw Sir J----s, took a + stick which a gentleman he was in company with held in his hand, + and, after a few words passing, struck Sir J----s, and gave him + a dreadful wound in the forehead; they closed, and Sir J----s, + who had no weapon, made the best defence possible, but being a + weaker man than his antagonist, was overpowered. Mr. B----e, at + parting, told Sir J----s, if he had anything to say to him, he + would be found at the Salopian Coffee House. An account of this + transaction being communicated to Sir Sampson Wright, he sent + Mr. Bond after Mr. B----e, who found him at the Admiralty, and + delivered the magistrate's compliments, at the same time + requesting to see him in Bow Street. Mr. B----e promised to wait + upon Sir Sampson, but afterwards finding that no warrant had + issued, did not think it incumbent on him to comply, and so went + about his avocations. + + "Sir J----s's situation after the fracas very much excited the + compassion of the populace; they beheld that veteran bleeding on + the streets, who had so often gloriously fought the battles of + his country! The above account is as accurate as we could learn; + but should there be any trivial misstatement, we shall be happy + in correcting it, through the means of any of our readers who + were present on the spot. + + "Sir James Wallace has not only given signal proofs of his + bravery as a naval officer, but particularly in a duel with + another marine officer, Mr. Perkins, whom he fought at Cape + François; each taking hold of the end of a handkerchief, fired, + and although the balls went through both their bodies, neither + of the wounds proved mortal! The friars at Cape François, with + great humanity, took charge of them till they were cured of + their wounds." + +J. LOCKE. + +Dublin. + + +_Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester._--I should be glad if any of your +correspondents would refer me to any authentic account of the death of +Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, Queen Elizabeth's favourite. He is +said by some to have been _accidentally_ poisoned by his wife; by others +_purposely_, by some of his adherents. This affair, though clouded in +mystery, appears not to have been particularly inquired into. Likewise +let me ask, on what authority is Stanfield Hall, Norfolk (the scene of a +recent tragedy), described as the birthplace of Amy Robsart, the +unfortunate first wife of this same nobleman? + +A. S. + + +_Abbott Families._--Samuel Abbott, of Sudbury, in the county of Suffolk, +gentleman, lived about 1670. Can any of your genealogical contributors +inform me if he was in any way connected with the family of Archbishop +Abbott, or otherwise elucidate his parentage? It may probably be +interesting to persons of the same name to be acquainted that the +_pears_ worn by many of the Abbot family are merely a corruption of the +ancient inkhorns of the Abbots of Northamptonshire, and impaled in +Netherheyford churchyard, same county, on the tomb of Sir Walt. +Mauntele, knight, and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of John Abbot, Esq., +1487, viz. a chev. between three inkhorns. The resemblance between pears +and inkhorns doubtless occasioned the error. I believe the ancient +bottles of Harebottle were similarly corrupted into icicles. + +J. T. ABBOTT. + +Darlington. + + +_Authorship of a Ballad._--In the _Manchester Guardian_ of Jan. 7, the +author of a stanza, written on the execution of Thos. Syddale, is +desired; as also the remainder of the ballad. From what quarter is +either of these more likely to be obtained than from "N. & Q.?" + +P. J. F. GANTILLON. + + +_Elias Petley._--What is known of the life or works of Elias Petley, +priest, who dedicated to Archbishop Laud his translation of the English +Liturgy into Greek. The book was published at the press of Thomas Cotes, +for Richard Whitaker, {106} at the King's Arms, St. Paul's churchyard, +in 1638. Is it remarkable for rarity or merit? + +J. O. B. + +Wicken. + + +_Canaletto's Views round London._--Antonio Canaletto, the painter of +Venice, the destruction of one of whose most powerful works has been of +late the subject of so much agitation, was here amongst us in this city +one hundred years since; as seen by his proposal in one of the journals +of 1752: + + "Signior Canaletto gives notice that he has painted Chelsea + College, Ranelagh House, and the River Thames; which, if any + gentleman, or others, are pleased to favour him with seeing the + same, he will attend at his lodgings at Mr. Viggans, in Silver + Street, Golden Square, from fifteen days from this day, July 31, + from 8 to 1, and from 3 to 6 at night, each day." + +Here is that able artist's offer in his own terms, if, not his own +words. + +I have to inquire, are these pictures left here to the knowledge of your +readers? did he, in short, find buyers as well as admirers? or, if not, +did he return to Venice with those (no doubt) vividly pictured +recollections of our localities under his arm? + +GONDOLA. + + +_A Monster found at Maidstone._--In Kilburne's _Survey of Kent_, 4to. +1659, under "Maidstone," is the following passage: + + "Wat Tiler, that idol of clownes, and famous rebell in the time + of King Richard the Second, was of this town; and in the year + 1206 about this town was a monster found stricken with + lightning, with a head like an asse, a belly like a man, and all + other parts far different from any known creature, but not + approachable nigh unto, by reason of the stench thereof." + +No mention of this is made by Lambarde in his _Perambulation of Kent_. +Has this been traditional, or whence is Kilburne's authority? And what +explanation can be offered of the account? + +H. W. D. + + +_Page._--What is the derivation of this word? In the _Dictionary of +Greek and Roman Antiquities_, edited by Dr. W. Smith, 1st edit., p. +679., it is said to be from the Greek ~paidagôgos~, _pædagogus_. But in +an edition of Tacitus, with notes by Boxhorn (Amsterdam, 1662), it is +curiously identified with the word _boy_, and traced to an eastern +source thus:--Persian, _bagoa_; Polish, _pokoigo_; Old German, _Pagie_, +_Bagh_, _Bai_; then the Welsh, _bachgen_; French, _page_; English, +_boy_; and Greek, ~pais~. + +Some of your correspondents may be able to inform me which is correct. + +B. H. C. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries with Answers. + + +_The Fish "Ruffins."_--In Spenser's _Faerie Queene_ we read (book iv. +canto 11.), among the river guests that attended the nuptials of Thames +and Medway came "Yar, soft washing Norwitch walls;" and farther on, that +he brought with him a present of fish for the banquet called _ruffins_, +"whose like none else could show." Was this description of fish peculiar +to the Yare? and is there any record of its having been esteemed a +delicacy in Elizabeth's reign? + +A. S. + + [This seems to be the fish noticed by Izaak Walton, called the + _Ruffe_, or _Pope_, "a fish," says he, "that is not known in + some rivers. He is much like the perch for his shape, and taken + to be better than the perch, but will grow to be bigger than a + gudgeon. He is an excellent fish, no fish that swims is of _a + pleasanter taste_, and he is also excellent to enter a young + angler, for he is a greedy biter." In the _Faerie Queene_, book + I. canto iv., Spenser speaks of + + "His _ruffin_ raiment all was stain'd with blood + Which he had spilt, and all to rags yrent." + + To these lines Mr. Todd has added a note, which gives a clue to + the meaning of the word. He says, "Mr. Church here observes, + that _ruffin_ is reddish, from the Latin _rufus_." I suspect, + however, that the poet did not intend to specify the _colour_ of + the dress, but rather to give a very characteristical expression + even to the raiment of Wrath. Ruffin, so spelt, denoted a + swashbuckler, or, as we should say, a _bully_: see Minsheu's + _Guide into Tongues_. Besides, I find in _My Ladies' + Looking-Glasse_, by Barnabe Rich, 4to. 1616, p. 21., a passage + which may serve to strengthen my application of _ruffin_, in + this sense, to garment: "The yong woman, that as well in her + behaviour, as in the manner of her apparell, is most _ruffian_ + like, is accounted the most gallant wench." Now, it appears, + that the _ruff_, or _pope_, is not only, as Walton says, "a + greedy biter," but is extremely voracious in its disposition, + and will devour a minnow nearly as big as itself. Its average + length is from six to seven inches.] + + +_Origin of the Word Etiquette._--What is the original meaning of the +word _etiquette_? and how did it acquire that secondary meaning which it +bears in English? + +S. C. G. + + [Etiquette, from the Fr. _étiquette_, Sp. _etiqueta_, a ticket; + delivered not only, as Cotgrave says, for the benefit and + advantage of him that receives it, but also entitling to place, + to rank; and thus applied to the ceremonious observance of rank + or place; to ceremony. Webster adds, "From the original sense of + the word, it may be inferred that it was formerly the custom to + deliver cards containing orders for regulating ceremonies on + public occasions."] + + +_Henri Quatre._--What was the title of Henry IV. (of Navarre) to the +crown of France? or in what way was he related to his predecessor? If +any {107} one would be kind enough to answer these he would greatly +oblige. + +W. W. H. + + [Our correspondent will find his Query briefly and satisfactorily + answered by Hénault, in his _Abrégé de l'Histoire de France_, p. + 476. His words are: "Henri IV. roi de Navarre, né à Pau, le 13 + Décembre, 1553, et ayant droit à la couronne, comme descendant de + Robert, Comte de Clermont, qui étoit fils de St. Louis, et qui + avoit épousé l'héritière de Bourbon, y parvient en 1589." The + lineal descent of Henri from this Count Robert may be seen in + _L'Art de vérifier les Dates_, vol. vi. p. 209., in a table + entitled "Généalogie des Valois et des Bourbon; St. Louis IX., + Roi de France."] + +_"He that complies against his will," &c.; and "To kick the +bucket."_--Oblige T. C. by giving the correct reading of the familiar +couplet, which he apprehends is loosely quoted when expressed-- + + "Convince a man against his will," &c. + +or, + + "Persuade a man against his will," &c. + +Also by stating the name of the author. + +Likewise by giving the origin of the phrase "To kick the bucket," as +applied to the death of a person. + + [The desired quotation is from Butler's _Hudibras_, part III. + canto iii. l. 547-8.: + + "He that complies against his will, + Is of his own opinion still." + + As to the origin of the phrase "To kick the bucket," the + tradition among the slang fraternity is, that "One Bolsover + having hung himself to a beam while standing on the bottom of a + pail, or bucket, kicked the vessel away in order to pry into + futurity, and it was all UP with him from that moment--_Finis_!" + Our Querist will find a very humorous illustration of its use + (too long to quote) in an article on "Anglo-German Dictionaries," + contributed by De Quincy to the _London Magazine_ for April, + 1823, p. 442.] + + +_St. Nicholas Cole Abbey._--There is a church in the city of London +called St. Nicholas Cole Abbey: what is the origin of the name or +derivation? + +ELLFIN AP GWYDDNO. + + [This Query seems to have baffled old Stowe. He says, "Towards + the west end of Knight Rider Street is the parish church of St. + Nicolas Cold Abby, a comely church, somewhat ancient, as + appeareth by the ways raised thereabout; so that men are forced + to descend into the body of the church. It hath been called of + many _Golden Abby_, of some _Gold_ (or _Cold_) _Bey_, and so + hath the most ancient writing. But I could never learn the cause + why it should be so called, and therefore I will let it pass. + Perhaps as standing in a _cold_ place, as _Cold Harbour_, and + such like." For communications on the much-disputed etymology of + COLD HARBOUR, see "N. & Q.," Vol. i., p. 60.; Vol. ii., pp. 159. + 340.; and Vol. vi., p. 455.] + + * * * * * + + +Replies. + + +TRENCH ON PROVERBS. + +(Vol. viii., pp. 387. 519. 641.) + +The courteous spirit which generally distinguishes the communications of +your correspondents, renders the "N. & Q." the most agreeable magazine, +or, as you have it, "medium of inter-communication for literary men," +&c. I was so much pleased with the general _animus_ which characterised +the strictures on my proposed translation of Ps. cxxvii. 2., that I was +almost disposed to cede to my critics, from sheer good-will towards +them. But the elder D'Israeli speaks of such a thing "as an affair of +literary conscience," which consideration prescribes my yielding in the +present instance; but I trust that our motto will always be, "May our +difference of opinion never alter our inter-communications!" + +I must however, at the outset, qualify an expression I made use of, +which seems to have incurred the censure of all your four correspondents +on the subject; I mean the sentence, "The translation of the authorised +version of that sacred affirmation is unintelligible." It seems to be +perfectly intelligible to MESSRS. BUCKTON, JEBB, WALTER, and S. D. I +qualify, therefore, the assertion. I mean to say, that the translation +of the authorised version of that sacred affirmation was, and is, +considered unintelligible to many intelligent biblical critics and +expositors; amongst whom I may name Luther, Mendelsohn, Hengstenberg, +Zunz, and many others whose names will transpire in the sequel. + +Having made that concession, I may now proceed with the replying to my +Querists, or rather Critics. MR. BUCKTON is entitled to my first +consideration, not only because you placed him at the head of the +department of that question, but also because of the peculiar mode in +which he treated the subject. My replies shall be _seriatim_. + +1. Luther was not the first who translated €ken iten liydido sheinah€ +"Denn seinen Freunden gibt er _es_ schlafend." A far greater Hebraist +than Luther, who flourished about two hundred years before the great +German Reformer came into note, put the same construction on that sacred +affirmation. Rabbi Abraham Hacohen of Zante, who paraphrased the whole +Hebrew Psalter into modern metrical Hebrew verse (which, according to a +P.S., was completed in 1326), interprets the sentence in question thus: + + €ki ken yiten el teref + l'yidido ushnato meenehu lo taref€ + + "For surely God shall give food + To His beloved, and his sleep shall not be withheld from him." + +2. It is more than problematical whether the eminent translator, +Mendelsohn, was influenced by {108} Luther's _error_ (?), or by his +own superior knowledge of the sacred tongue. + +3. I do not think that the phrase, "the proper Jewish notion of gain," +was either called for or relevant to the subject. + +4. The reign of James I. was by no means as distinguished for Hebrew +scholarship as were the immediate previous reigns. Indeed it would +appear that the knowledge of the sacred languages was at a very low ebb +in this country during the agitating period of the Reformation, so much +so that even the unaccountable Henry VIII. was forced to exclaim, +"Vehementer dolere nostratium Theologorum sortem sanctissime linguæ +scientia carentium, et linguarum doctrinam fuisse intermissam." (_Hody_, +p. 466.) + +When Coverdale made his version of the Bible he was not only aided by +Tindale, but also by the celebrated Hebrew, of the Hebrews, Emanuel +Tremellius, who was then professor of the sacred tongue in the +University of Cambridge, where that English Reformer was educated; and +Coverdale translated the latter part of Ps. cxxvii. 2. as follows: "For +look, to whom it pleaseth Him, He giveth it in sleep." + +When the translation was revised, during the reign of James I., the most +accomplished Anglo-Hebraist was, by some caprice of jealousy, forced to +leave this country; I mean Hugh Broughton. He communicated many +renderings to the revisers, some of which they thoughtlessly rejected, +and others, to use Broughton's own phrase, "they thrust into the +margin." A perusal of Broughton's works[6] gives one an accurate notion +of the proceedings of the revisers of the previous versions. + +5. Coverdale's translation is not "ungrammatical" as far as the Hebrew +language is concerned, notwithstanding that it was rejected in the reign +of James I. €lechem€, "bread," is evidently the accusative noun to the +transitive verb €yiten€, "He shall give." Nor is it "false," for the +same noun, €lechem€, "bread," is no doubt the antecedent to which the +word _it_ refers. + +6. Mendelsohn does _not_ omit the _it_ in his Hebrew comment; and I am +therefore unwarrantably charged with supplying it "unauthorisedly." I +should like to see MR. BUCKTON's translation of that comment. If any +doubt remained upon MR. B.'s mind as to the intended meaning of the word +€yitenhu€ used by Mendelsohn, his German version might have removed such +a doubt, as the little word _es_, "it," indicates pretty clearly what +Mendelsohn meant by €yitenhu€. So that, instead of proving Mendelsohn +"at variance with himself," he is proved most satisfactorily to have +been in perfect harmony with himself. + +7. Mendelsohn does not omit the important word €ken€; and if MR. B. will +refer once more to his copy of Mendelsohn (we are both using the same +edition), he will find two different interpretations proposed for the +word €ken€, viz. _thus_ and _rightly_. I myself prefer the latter +rendering. The word occurs about twenty times in the Hebrew Bible, and +in the great majority of instances _rightly_ or _certainly_ is the only +correct rendering. Both Mendelsohn and Zunz omit to translate it in +their German versions, simply because the sentence is more idiomatic, in +the German language, without it than with it. + +8. I perfectly agree with MR. B. "that no version has yet had so large +an amount of learning bestowed on it as the English one." But MR. B. +will candidly acknowledge that the largest amount was bestowed on it +since the revision of the authorised version closed. Lowth, Newcombe, +Horne, Horsley, Lee, &c. wrote since, and they boldly called in question +many of the renderings in the authorised version. + +Let me not be mistaken; I do most sincerely consider our version +superior to _all_ others, but it is not for this reason faultless. + +In reply to MR. JEBB's temperate strictures, I would most respectively +submit-- + +1. That considerable examination leads me to take just the reverse view +to that of Burkius, that €sheinah€ cannot be looked upon as antithetical +to _surgere_, _sedere_, _dolorum_. With all my searchings I failed to +discover an analogous antithesis. I shall be truly thankful to MR. JEBB +for a case in point. Moreover, Psalms iii. and iv., to which Dr. French +and Mr. Skinner refer, prove to my mind that not sleep is the gift, but +sustenance and other blessings bestowed upon the Psalmist whilst asleep. +I cannot help observing that due reflection makes me look upon the +expression, "So He {109} giveth His beloved sleep," as an extraordinary +anticlimax. + +2. MR. JEBB challenges the showing strictly analogous instances of +ellipses. He acknowledges that there are very numerous ellipses even in +the Songs of Degrees themselves, but they are of a very different +nature. I might fill the whole of this _Number_ with examples, which the +most scrupulous critic would be obliged to acknowledge as being strictly +analogous to the passage under review; but such a thing you would not +allow. Two instances, however, you will not object to; they will prove a +host for MR. JEBB's purpose, inasmuch as one has the very word €shena€ +elliptically, and the other the transitive verb €yitein€, _minus_ an +accusative noun. Would MESSRS. BUCKTON, JEBB, WALTER, and S. D. kindly +translate, for the benefit of those who are interested in the question, +the following two passages? + + €z'ram'tam, sheinah yih'yu; baboker, kechatzir yachalof€ + + _Psalm xc. 5._ + + €yiten lifanav goyim um'lachim yard + yiten ke-afar charbo, kikash needaf kashto€ + + _Isaiah xli. 2._ + +The REV. HENRY WALTER will see that some of his observations have been +anticipated and already replied to. It remains, however, for me to +assure him that I never dreamt that any one would suppose that I +considered €sheinah€ anything else but a noun, minus the €bet€ +preposition. The reason why I translated the word "whilst he [the +beloved] is asleep," was because I thought the expression more +idiomatic. + +S. D. attempts to prove nothing; I am exempt therefore from disproving +anything as far as he is concerned. + +Before I take leave of this lengthy and somewhat elaborate disquisition, +let me give my explanation of the scope of the Psalm in dispute, which, +I venture to imagine, will commend itself, even to those who differ from +me, as the most natural. + +This Psalm, as well as the other thirteen entitled "A Song of Degrees," +was composed for the singing on the road by those Israelites who went up +to Jerusalem to keep the three grand festivals, to beguile their tedious +journey, and also to soothe the dejected spirits of those who felt +disheartened at having left their homes, their farms, and families +without guardians. Ps. cxxvii. is of a soothing character, composed +probably by Solomon. + +In the first two verses God's watchfulness and care over His beloved are +held up to the view of the pilgrims, who are impressed with the truth +that no one, "by taking thought, can add one cubit to his stature." The +best exposition which I can give of those two verses I have learned from +our Saviour's "Sermon on the Mount" (Matt. vi. 25-33.). The third and +following verses, as well as the next Psalm, are exegetical or +illustrative. To whom do you attribute the gift of children? Is it not +admitted on all hands to be "an heritage of the Lord?" No one can +procure that blessing by personal anxiety and care: God alone can confer +the gift. Well, then, the same God who gives you the heritage of +children will also grant you all other blessings which are good for you, +provided you act the part of "His beloved," and depend upon Him without +wavering. + +The above is a hasty, but I trust an intelligible, view of the scope of +the Psalm. + +MOSES MARGOLIOUTH + +Wybunbury, Nantwich. + +[Footnote 6: Lightfoot, who edited Broughton's works in 1662, entitled +them as follows:--"The Works of the great Albionen Divine, renowned in +many Nations for rare Skill in Salem's and Athens' Tongues, and familiar +acquaintance with all Rabbinical Learning," &c. + +Ben Jonson has managed to introduce Broughton into some of his plays. In +his _Volpone_, when the "Fox" delivers a medical lecture, to the great +amusement of Politic and Peregrine, the former remarks, + + "Is not his language rare?" + +To which the latter replies, + + "But Alchemy, + I never heard the like, or Broughton's books." + +In the _Alchemist_, "Face" is made thus to speak of a female companion: + + "Y' are very right, Sir, she is a most rare scholar, + And is gone mad with studying Broughton's works; + If you but name a word touching the Hebrew, + She falls into her fit, and will discourse + So learnedly of genealogies, + As you would run mad too to hear her, Sir." + +(See also _The History of the Jews in Great Britain_, vol. i. pp. 305, +&c.)] + + * * * * * + + +INSCRIPTIONS ON BELLS. + +(Vol. viii., p. 448.) + +The inscription on one of the bells of Great Milton Church, Oxon. (as +given by MR. SIMPSON in "N. & Q."), has a better and rhyming form +occasionally. + +In Meivod Church, Montgomeryshire, a bell (the "great" bell, I think) +has the inscription-- + + "I to the church the living call, + And to the grave do summon all." + +The same also is found on the great bell of the interesting church +(formerly cathedral) of Llanbadarn Fawr, Cardiganshire. + +E. DYER GREEN. + +Nantcribba Hall. + + +I beg to forward the following inscription on one of the bells in the +tower of St. Nicholas Church, Sidmouth. I have not met with it +elsewhere; and you may, perhaps, consider it worthy of being added to +those given by CUTHBERT BEDE and J. L. SISSON: + + "Est michi collatum + Ihc istud nomen amatum." + +There is no date, but the characters may indicate the commencement of +the fifteenth century as the period when the bell was cast. + +G. J. R. GORDON. + + +At Lapley in Staffordshire: + + "I will sound and resound to thee, O Lord, + To call thy people to thy word." + +G. E. T. S. R. N. + + +Pray add the following savoury inscriptions to your next list of +bell-mottoes. The first disgraces the belfry of St. Paul's, Bedford; the +second, that, of St. Mary's, Islington: + + "At proper times my voice I'll raise, + And sound to my _subscribers'_ praise!" + + "At proper times our voices we will raise, + In sounding to our _benefactors'_ praise!" + +The similarity between these two inscriptions favours the supposition +that the ancient {110} bell-founders, like some modern enterprising +firms, kept a poet on the establishment, _e.g._ + + "Thine incomparable oil, Macassar!" + +J. YEOWELL. + + +A friend informs me, that on a bell in Durham Cathedral these lines +occur: + + "To call the folk to Church in time, + I chime. + When mirth and pleasure's on the wing, + I ring. + And when the body leaves the soul, + I toll." + +J. L. S. + + * * * * * + + +ARMS OF GENEVA. + +(Vol. viii., p. 563.) + +Your correspondent who desires the blazon of the arms of the "town of +Geneva," had better have specified to which of the two bearings assigned +to that name he refers. + +One of these, which I saw on the official seal affixed to the passport +of a friend of mine lately returned from that place, is an instance of +the obsolete practice of _dimidiation_; and is the more singular, +because only the dexter one of the shields thus impaled undergoes +curtailment. + +The correct blazon, I believe, would be: Or, an eagle double-headed, +displayed sable, dimidiated, and impaling gu. a key in pale argent, the +wards in chief, and turned to the sinister; the shield surmounted with a +marquis' coronet. + +The blazon of the sinister half I owe to Edmondson, who seems, however, +not at all to have understood the dexter, and gives a clumsy description +of it little worth transcribing. He, and the _Dictionnaire de Blazon_, +assign these arms to the Republic of Geneva. + +The other bearing would, in English, be blazoned, Checquy of nine +pieces, or and azure: and in French, _Cinq points d'or, équipollés à +quatre d'azur_. This is assigned by Nisbett to the _Seigneurie_ of +Geneva, and is quartered by the King of Sardinia in token of the claims +over the Genevese town and territory, which, as Duke of Savoy, he has +never resigned. + +With regard to the former shield, I may just remark, that the dimidiated +coat is merely that of the German empire. How or why Geneva obtained it, +I should be very glad to be informed; since it appears to appertain to +the present independent Republic, and not to the former seignorial +territory. + +Let me also add, that the plate in the _Dictionnaire_ gives the field of +this half as argent. Mr. Willement, in his _Regal Heraldry_, under the +arms of Richard II.'s consort, also thus describes and represents the +imperial field; and Nisbett alludes to it as such in one place, though +in his formal blazon he gives it as _or_. + +Nothing, in an heraldic point of view, would be more interesting than a +"Regal Heraldry of Europe," with a commentary explaining the historical +origin and combinations of the various bearings. Should this small +contribution towards such a compilation tend to call the attention of +any able antiquary to the general subject, or to elicit information upon +this particular question, the writer who now offers so insignificant an +item would feel peculiarly gratified. + +L. C. D. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. + +_Multiplying Negatives._--In reply to M. N. S. (Vol. ix., p. 83.) I +would suggest the following mode of multiplying negatives on +glass, which I have every reason to believe would be perfectly +successful:--First, _varnish_ the negative to be copied by means of DR. +DIAMOND'S solution of amber in chloroform; then attach to each angle, +with any convenient varnish, a small piece of writing-paper. Prepare a +similar plate of glass with collodion, and drain off all superfluous +nitrate of silver, by standing it for a minute or so on edge upon a +piece of blotting-paper. Lay it flat upon a board, collodion side +upwards, and the negative prepared above upon it, collodion side +downwards. Expose the whole to daylight for a single second, or to +gas-light for about a minute, and develope as usual. The result will be +a _transmitted positive_, but with reversed sides; and from this, when +varnished and treated as the original negative, any number of negatives +similar to the first may be produced. + +The paper at the angles is to prevent the _absolute_ contact and +consequent injury by the solution of nitrate of silver; and, for the +same reason, it is advisable not to attempt to print until the primary +negative is varnished, as, with all one's care, sometimes the nitrate +will come in contact and produce spots, if the varnishing has been +omitted. Should the negative become moistened, it should be _at once_ +washed with a gentle stream of water and dried. + +I have repeatedly performed the operation above described so far as the +production of the positive, and so perfect is the impression that I see +no reason why the second negative should be at all distinguishable from +the original. + +I am, indeed, at present engaged upon a _similar_ attempt; but there are +several other difficulties in my way: I, however, entertain no doubts of +perfect success. + +GEO. SHADBOLT. + + +_Towgood's Paper._--A. B. (Vol. ix., p. 83.) can purchase Towgood's +paper of Mr. Sandford, who frequently advertises in "N. & Q." With +regard to his other Query, I think there can be no doubt of his being at +liberty to publish a photographic _copy_ of a portrait, Mr. Fox Talbot +having reserved only the right to paper copies of a _photographic_ +portrait. Collodion portraits are _not_ patent, but the _paper_ proofs +from collodion negatives are. + +GEO. SHADBOLT. + + +{111} +_Adulteration of Nitrate of Silver._--Will any of your chemical readers +tell me how I am to know if nitrate of silver is pure, and how to detect +the adulteration? _If so_ with nitrate of potash, how? One writer on +photography recommends the fused, as then the excess of nitric acid is +got rid of. Another says the fused nitrate is nearly always adulterated. +I fear you have more querists than respondents. I have looked carefully +for a reply to some former Queries respecting MR. CROOKES's restoration +of old collodion, but at present they have failed in appearance. + +THE READER OF PHOTOGRAPHIC WORKS. + + * * * * * + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + + +_Passage of Cicero_ (Vol. viii., p. 640.).--Is the following what +SEMI-TONE wants? + + "Mira est enim quædam natura vocis; cujus quidem, _e tribus + omnino sonis_, inflexo, acuto, gravi, tanta sit, et tam suavis + varietas perfecta in cantibus."--_Orator_, cap. 17. + +B. H. C. + + +_Major André_ (Vol. viii., pp. 174. 604.).--The late Mrs. Mills of +Norwich (_née_ André) was not the sister of Major André; she was the +only daughter of Mr. John André of Offenbach, near Frankfort on the +Maine, in Germany; where he established more than eighty years ago a +prosperous concern as a printer of music, and was moreover an eminent +composer: this establishment is now in the hands of his grandson. Mr. +John André was not the brother of the Major, but a second or third +cousin. Mrs. Mills used to say, that she remembered seeing the Major at +her father's house as a visitor, when she was a very small child. He +began his career in London in the commercial line; and, after he entered +the army, was sent by the English ministry to Hesse-Cassel to conduct to +America a corps of Hessian hirelings to dragoon the revolted Americans +into obedience: it was on this occasion that he paid the above-mentioned +visit to Offenbach. + +Having frequently read the portion of English history containing the +narrative of the transactions in which Major André was so actively +engaged, and for which he suffered, I have often asked myself whether he +was altogether blameless in that questionable affair. + +TRIVET ALLCOCK. + +Norwich. + +P.S.--This account was furnished to me by Mr. E. Mills, husband of the +late Mrs. Mills. + + +_Catholic Bible Society_ (Vol. ix., p. 41.).--Besides the account of +this society in Bishop Milner's _Supplementary Memoirs of the English +Catholics_, many papers on the same will be found in the volumes of the +_Orthodox Journal_ from 1813, when the Society was formed, to 1819. In +this last volume, p. 9., Bishop Milner wrote a long letter, containing a +comparison of the brief notes in the stereotyped edition of the above +Society with the notes of Bishop Challoner, from whose hands he mentions +having received a copy of his latest edition of both Testaments in 1777. +It should be mentioned that most of the papers in the _Orthodox Journal_ +alluded to were written by Bishop Milner under various signatures, which +the present writer, with all who knew him well, could always recognise. +That eminent prelate thus sums up the fate of the sole publication of +the so-called Catholic Bible Society: + + "Its stereotype Testament ... was proved to abound in gross + errors; hardly a copy of it could be sold; and, in the end, the + plates for continuing it have been of late presented by an + illustrious personage, into whose hands they fell, to one of our + prelates [this was Bishop Collingridge], who will immediately + employ the cart-load of them for a good purpose, as they were + intended to be, by disposing of them to some pewterer, who will + convert them into numerous useful culinary implements, + gas-pipes, and other pipes." + +F. C. H. + + +_Cassiterides_ (Vol. ix., p. 64.).--Kassiteros; the ancient Indian +Sanscrit word _Kastira_. Of the disputed passage in Herodotus respecting +the Cassiterides, the interpretation[7] of Rennell, in his _Geographical +System of Herodotus_; of Maurice, in his _Indian Antiquities_, vol. vi.; +and of Heeren, in his _Historical Researches_; is much more satisfactory +than that offered by your correspondent S. G. C., although supported by +the French academicians (_Inscript._ xxxvi. 66.) + +The advocates for a Celtic origin of the name of these islands are +perhaps not aware that-- + + "Through the intercourse which the Phoenicians, by means of + their factories in the Persian Gulph, maintained with the east + coast of India, the Sanscrit word _Kastira_, expressing a most + useful product of farther India, and still existing among the + old Aramaic idioms in the Arabian word _Kasdir_, became known to + the Greeks even before Albion and the British Cassiterides had + been visited."--See Humboldt's _Cosmos_, "Principal Epochs in + the History of the Physical Contemplation of the Universe," + notes. + +BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM. + +[Footnote 7: His want of information in this matter can only be referred +to the jealousy of the Phoenicians depriving the Greeks, as afterwards +the Romans, of ocular observation.] + + +_Wooden Tombs and Effigies_ (Vol. ix., p. 62.).--There are two fine +recumbent figures of a Lord Neville and his wife in Brancepeth Church, +four miles south-west of Durham. They are carved in wood. A view of them +is given in Billing's _Antiquities of Durham_. + +J. H. B. + + +_Tailless Cats_ (Vol. ix., p. 10.).--In my visits to the Isle of Man, I +have frequently met with {112} specimens of the tailless cats referred +to by your correspondent SHIRLEY HIBBERD. In the pure breed there is not +the slightest vestige of a tail, and in the case of any intermixture +with the species possessing the usual caudal appendage, the tail of +their offspring, like the witch's "sark," as recorded by honest Tam o' +Shanter, + + "In longitude is sorely scanty." + +In fact, it terminates abruptly at the length of a few inches, as if +amputated, having altogether a very ludicrous appearance. + +G. TAYLOR. + +Reading. + + +The breed of cats without tails is well known in the Isle of Man, and +accounted by the people of the island one of its chief curiosities. +These cats are sought after by strangers: the natives call them +"Rumpies," or "Rumpy Cats." Their hind legs are rather longer than those +of cats with tails, and give them a somewhat rabbit-like aspect, which +has given rise to the odd fancy that they are the descendants of a cross +between a rabbit and cat. They are good mousers. When a perfectly +tailless cat is crossed with an ordinary-tailed individual, the progeny +exhibit all intermediate states between tail and no tail. + +EDWARD FORBES. + + +_Warville_ (Vol. viii., p. 516.).-- + + "Jacque Pierre Brissot was born on the 14th Jan., 1754, in the + village of Ouarville, near Chartres."--_Penny Cyclo._ + +If your correspondent is a French scholar, he will perceive that +Warville is, as nearly as possible, the proper pronunciation of the name +of this village, but that Brissot being merely the son of a prior +pastrycook, had no right whatever to the name, which doubtless he bore +merely as a distinction from some other Brissot. It may interest your +American friend to know, that he married Félicité Dupont, a young lady +of good family at Boulogne. A relation of my own, who was very intimate +with her before her marriage, has often described her to me as being of +a very modest, retiring, religious disposition, very clever with her +pencil, and as having received a first-rate education from masters in +Paris. These gifts, natural and acquired, made her a remarkable young +person, amidst the crowd of frivolous idlers who at that time formed +"good society," not only in Paris, but even in provincial towns, of +which Boulogne was not the least gay. Perhaps he knows already that she +quickly followed her husband to the scaffold. Her sister (I believe the +only one) married a Parisian gentleman named Aublay, and died at a great +age about ten years ago. + +N. J. A. + + +_W_ is not a distinct letter in the French alphabet; it is simply +_double v_, and is pronounced like _v_, as in Wissant, Wimireux, +Wimille, villages between Calais and Boulogne, and Wassy in Champagne. + +W. R. D. S. + + +_Green Eyes_ (Vol. viii., p. 407.).--The following are quotations in +favour of green eyes, in addition to MR. H. TEMPLE's: + + "An eagle, madam, + Hath not so _green_, so quick, so fair an eye." + +_Romeo and Juliet_, Act III. Sc. 5. + +And Dante, in _Purgatory_, canto xxxi., likens Beatrice's eyes to +emeralds: + + "Disser: fa che le viste non risparmi: + Posto t' avem dinanzi agli smeraldi, + Ond' Amor già ti trasse le sue armi." + + "Spare not thy vision. We have station'd thee + Before the _emeralds_[8], whence Love, erewhile, + Hath drawn his weapons on thee." + +Cary's _Translation_. + +I think short-sightedness is an infirmity more common among men of +letters, authors, &c., than any other class; indeed, one is inclined to +think it is no rare accompaniment of talent. A few celebrated names +occur to me who suffered weakness of distinct vision to see but the +better near. I am sure your correspondents could add many to the list. I +mark them down at random:--Niebuhr, Thomas Moore, Marie Antoinette, +Gustavus Adolphus, Herrick the poet, Dr. Johnson, Margaret Fuller, +Ossoli, Thiers, Quevedo. These are but a few, but I will not lengthen +the list at present. + +M----A S. + +[Footnote 8: Beatrice's eyes.] + + +_Came_ (Vol. viii., p. 468.).--H. T. G. will find this word to be as old +as our language. Piers Ploughman writes: + + "A cat + _Cam_ when hym liked." + + _Vision_, l. 298. + + "A lovely lady + _Cam_ doun from a castel." + + _Ib._ l. 466. + +Chaucer: + + "Till that he _came_ to Thebes." + +_Cant. T._ l. 985. + +Gower: + + "Thus (er he wiste) into a dale + He _came_." + +_Conf. Am._ b. i. fol. 9. p. 2. col. l. + +Q. + + +"_Epitaphium Lucretiæ_" (Vol. viii., p. 563.).--Allow me to send an +answer to the Query of BALLIOLENSIS, and to state that in that rather +scarce little book, _Epigrammata et Poematia Vetera_, he will find at +page 68. that "Epitaphium Lucretiæ" is ascribed to Modestus, perhaps the +same person who wrote a work _de re militari_. The version {113} there +given differs slightly from that of BALLIOLENSIS, and has two more +lines; it is as follows: + + "Cum foderet ferro castum Lucretia pectus, + Sanguinis et torrens egereretur, ait: + Procedant testes me non favisse tyranno, + Ante virum sanguis, spiritus ante deos. + Quam recte hi testes pro me post fata loquentur, + Alter apud manes, alter apud superos." + +Perhaps the following translation may not be unacceptable: + + "When thro' her breast the steel Lucretia thrust, + She said, while forth th' ensanguin'd torrent gush'd; + 'From me that no consent the tyrant knew, + To my spouse my blood, to heaven my soul shall show; + And thus in death these witnesses shall prove, + My innocence, to shades below, and Powers above.'" + +C--S. T. P. + + +_Oxford Commmemoration Squib_, 1849 (Vol. viii., p. 584.).--Quoted +incorrectly. The heading stands thus: + + "LIBERTY! EQUALITY! FRATERNITY!" + +After the name of "Wrightson" add "(Queen's);" and at the foot of the +bill "Floreat Lyceum." I quote from a copy before me. + +W. P. STORER. + +Olney, Bucks. + + +"_Imp_" (Vol. viii., p. 623.).--Perhaps as amusing use of the word _imp_ +as can be found anywhere occurs in an old Bacon, in his "Pathway unto +Prayer" (see _Early Writings_, Parker Society, p. 187.): + + "Let us pray for the preservation of the King's most excellent + Majesty, and for the prosperous success of his entirely beloved + son Edward our Prince, that most _angelic imp_." + +P. P. + + +_False Spellings from Sound_ (Vol. vi., p. 29.).--The observations of +MR. WAYLEN deserve to be enlarged by numerous examples, and to be, to a +certain extent, corrected. He has not brought clearly into view two +_distinct classes_ of "false spelling" under which the greater part of +such mistakes may be arranged. One class arose _solely_ from erroneous +pronunciation; the second from _intentional_ alteration. I will explain +my meaning by two examples, both which are, I believe, in MR. WAYLEN's +list. + +The French expression _dent de lion_ stands for a certain plant, and +some of the properties of that plant originated the name. When an +Englishman calls the same plant _Dandylion_, the sound has not given +birth "to a new idea" in his mind. Surely, he pronounces badly three +French words of which he may know the meaning, or he may not. But when +the same Englishman, or any other, orders _sparrow-grass_ for dinner, +these two words contain "a new idea," introduced purposely: either he, +or some predecessor, reasoned thus--there is no meaning in _asparagus_; +_sparrow-grass_ must be the right word because it makes sense. The name +of a well-known place in London illustrates both these changes: +_Convent_ Garden becomes _Covent_ Garden by mispronunciation; it becomes +_Common_ Garden by intentional change. + +Mistakes of the first class are not worth recording; those of the second +fall under this general principle: words are purposely exchanged for +others of a similar sound, because the latter are supposed to recover a +lost meaning. + +I have by me several examples which I will send you if you think the +subject worth pursuing. + +J. O. B. + +Wicken. + + +"_Good wine needs no bush_" (Vol. viii., p. 607.).--The custom of +hanging out bushes of ivy, boughs of trees, or bunches of flowers, at +_private_ houses, as a sign that good cheer may be had within, still +prevails in the city of Gloucester at the fair held at Michaelmas, +called Barton Fair, from the locality; and at the three "mops," or +hiring fairs, on the three Mondays following, to indicate that ale, +beer, cider, &c. are there sold, on the strength (I believe) of an +ancient privilege enjoyed by the inhabitants of that street to sell +liquors, without the usual license, during the fair. + +BROOKTHORPE. + + +_Three Fleurs-de-Lys_ (Vol. ix., p. 35.).--In reply to the Query of +DEVONIENSIS, I would say that many families of his own county bore +fleurs-de-lys in their coat armour, in the forms of _two and one_, and +_on a bend_; also that the heraldic writers, Robson and Burke, assign a +coat to the family of Baker charged with three fleurs-de-lys on a fesse. +The Devon family of Velland bore, Sable, a fesse argent, in chief three +fleurs-de-lys of the last, but whether these bearings were ever placed +fesse-wise, or, as your querist terms it, in a horizontal line, I am not +sure. + +J. D. S. + + +If DEVONIENSIS will look at the arms of Magdalen College, Oxford, he +will there find the three fleurs-de-lys in a line in the upper part of +the shield. + +A. B. + +Athenæum. + + +_Portrait of Plowden_ (Vol. ix., p. 56.).--A portrait of Plowden (said +to have been taken from his monument in the Temple Church) is prefixed +to the English edition of his _Reports_, published in 1761. + +J. G. + +Exon. + + +_St. Stephen's Day and Mr. Riley's "Hoveden"_ (Vol. viii., p. +637.).--The statement of this feast being observed prior to Christmas +must have {114} arisen from the translator not being conversant with +the technical terms of the _Ecclesiastical Calendar_, in which, as the +greater festivals are celebrated with Octaves, other feasts falling +during the Octave are said to be under (_infrà_) the greater solemnity. +Thus, if MR. WARDEN will consult the _Ordo Recitandi Officii Divini_ for +1834, he will see that next Sunday, the 8th inst., stands "Dom inf. +Oct.," _i.e._ of the Epiphany, and that the same occurs on other days +during the year. + +May I point out an erratum in a Query inserted some time since (not yet +replied to), regarding a small castle near Kingsgate, Thanet, the name +of which is printed Aix Ruochim; it should be Arx Ruochim. + +A. O. H. + +Blackheath. + + +_Death Warnings in Ancient Families_ (Vol. ix., p. 55.).--A brief notice +of these occurrences, with references to works where farther details may +be met with, would form a very remarkable record of events which tend to +support one's belief in the truth of the remark of Hamlet: + + "There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, + Than are dreamt of in our philosophy." + +A drummer is stated to be heard in C---- Castle, the residence of the +Earl and Countess of A., "going about the house playing his drum, +whenever there is a death impending in the family." This warning is +asserted to have been given shortly before the decease of the Earl's +first wife, and preceded the death of the next Countess about five or +six months. Mrs. Crowe, in her _Night Side of Nature_, observes +hereupon: + + "I have heard that a paper was found in her (the Countess's) + desk after her death, declaring her conviction that the drum was + for her." + +Whenever a little old woman visits a lady of the family of G. of R., at +the time of her confinement, when the nurse is absent, and strokes down +the clothes, the patient (says Mrs. Crowe), "never does any good, and +dies." Another legend is, that a single swan is always seen on a +particular lake close to the mansion of another family before a death. +Then, Lord Littleton's dove is a well-known incident. And the lady above +quoted speaks of many curious warnings of death by the appearance of +birds, as well as of a spectral black dog, which visited a particular +family in Cornwall immediately before the death of any of its members. +Having made this Note of a few more cases of death warnings, I will end +with a Query in the words of Mrs. Crowe, who, after detailing the black +dog apparition, asks: "if this phenomenon is the origin of the French +phrase _bête noire_, to express an annoyance, or an augury of evil?" + +JAS. J. SCOTT. + +Hampstead. + + +"_The Secunde Personne of the Trinitie_" (Vol. ix., p. 56.).--I think it +is Hobart Seymour who speaks of some Italians of the present day as +considering the Three Persons of the Trinity to be the Father, the +Virgin, and the Son. + +J. P. O. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + + +NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. + +Mr. Wright's varied antiquarian acquirements, and his untiring zeal, are +too well known to require recognition from us. We may therefore content +ourselves with directing attention to his _Wanderings of an Antiquary, +chiefly upon the Traces of the Romans in Britain_, which has just been +published, and of which the greater part has appeared in a series of +papers under the same title in the _Gentleman's Magazine_. It is +intended to furnish, in a popular form, a few archæological truths which +may foster a love of our national antiquities among those who are less +likely to be attracted by dry dissertations: and its gossiping character +and pretty woodcuts are well calculated to promote this object. + +This endeavour to make the study of antiquities popular, naturally calls +our attention to a small and very agreeable volume on the subject of +what Brand designated _Popular Antiquities_. We refer to the last volume +of Bohn's _Illustrated Library_. It is from the pen of Mary Howitt, and +is entitled the _Pictorial Calendar of the Seasons, exhibiting the +Pleasures, Pursuits, and Characteristics of Country Life for every Month +of the Year, and embodying the whole of Aikin's Calendar of Nature_. It +is embellished with upwards of one hundred engravings on wood; and what +the authoress says of its compilation, viz. that it was "like a walk +through a rich summer garden," describes pretty accurately the feelings +of the reader. But, as we must find some fault, where is the Index? + +We have received from Birmingham a work most creditable to all concerned +in its production, and which will be found of interest to such of our +readers as devote their attention to county or family history. It is +entitled _A History of the Holtes of Aston, Baronets, with a Description +of the Family Mansion, Aston Hall, Warwickshire_, by Alfred Davidson, +with _Illustrations from Drawings_ by Allan E. Everitt; and whether we +regard the care with which Mr. Davidson has executed the literary +portion of the work, the artistic skill of the draughtsman, or the +manner in which the publisher has brought it out, we may safely +pronounce it a volume well deserving the attention of topographers +generally, and of Warwickshire topographers in especial. + + +BOOKS RECEIVED.--_Folious Appearances; A Consideration on our Ways of +lettering Books_. Few lovers of old books and good binding will begrudge +half a florin for this quaint opuscule.--_Indications of Instinct_, by +T. Lindley Kemp, the new number of the _Traveller's Library_, is an +interesting supplement to Dr. Kemp's former contribution to the same +series, _The Natural History of Creation_.--We record, for the +information of our meteorological friends, the receipt of a _Daily +Weather Journal for the Year 1853_, kept at Islington by Mr. Simpson. + + * * * * *{115} + + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES + +WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TURKS IN EUROPE. By Lord John Russell. + +Of SIR WALTER SCOTT'S NOVELS, without the Notes, Constable's Miniature +Edition: Anne of Geierstein, Betrothed, Castle Dangerous, Count Robert +of Paris, Fair Maid of Perth, Highland Widow, Red Gauntlet, St. Ronan's +Well, Woodstock, Surgeon's Daughter, and Talisman. + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, +_carriage free_, to be sent to MR. BELL. Publisher of "NOTES AND +QUERIES." 186. Fleet Street. + +Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct to +the gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and addresses +are given for that purpose: + +THE ACTS AND MONUMENTS OF JOHN FOXE. Vol. I. Edited by Rev. S. Cattley. +Seeley and Burnside. + +VOLTAIRE'S WORKS. Vol. I. Translated by Smollett. Francklin, London, +1761. + +ECCLESIOLOGIST. Vol. V. In numbers or unbound. + +Wanted by _E. Hailstone_, Horton Hall, Bradford, Yorkshire. + + * * * * * + +PENNY CYCLOPÆDIA. from Part CVII. inclusive, to the end. + +Wanted by _Rev. F. N. Mills_, 11. Cunningham Place, St. John's Wood. + + * * * * * + +BIRCH'S GALLERY OF ANTIQUITIES. Parts I. and II. + +BURTON'S EXCERPTA HIEROGLYPHICA. + +WILKINSON'S MATERIA HIEROGLYPHICA. + +Wanted by _Prichard, Roberts, & Co._, Booksellers, Chester. + + * * * * * + +GENUINE AND IMPARTIAL MEMOIRS OF THE LIFE AND CHARACTER OF CHARLES +RATCLIFFE, wrote by a gentleman of the family, Mr. Eyre, to prevent the +Public being imposed on by any erroneous or partial accounts to the +prejudice of this unfortunate gentleman. London: printed for the +Proprietor, and sold by E. Cole. 1746. + +Wanted by _Mr. Douglas_, 16. Russell Square, London. + + * * * * * + + +Notices to Correspondents. + + +COL. CHARTERIS _or_ CHARTRES.--_Our Correspondent who inquires for +particulars respecting this monster of depravity is referred to Pope's ++Works+, edit. 1736, vol. ii. p. 24. of the Ethic Epistles. Also to the +following works: +The History of Col. Francis Charteris from his birth +to his present Catastrophe in Newgate+, 4to. 1730; +Memoirs of the Life +and Actions of Col. Ch----s+, 8vo. 1730; +Life of Col. Don Francisco+, +with a wood-cut portrait of Col. Charteris or Chartres, 8vo._ + +N. _On the "Sun's rays putting out the fire," see_ Vol. vii., pp. 285. +345. 439. + +R. V. T. _An excellent tract may be had for a few pence on +The History +of Pews+, a paper read before the Cambridge Camden Society, 1841: see +also +"N. & Q.," Vol. iii., p. 56., and Vol. viii., p. 127+._ + +C. K. P. (Bishop's Stortford). _We candidly admit that your results upon +waxed paper are much like our own, for no +certainty+ has at present +attended our endeavours. If the paper is made sensitive, then it behaves +exactly as yours has done; and if, following other formulæ, we use a +less sensitive paper, then the exposure is so long and tedious that we +are not anxious to pursue Photography in so "slow a phase". Why not +adopt and abide by the simplicity of the calotype process as given in a +late Number? In the writer's possession we have seen nearly a hundred +consecutive negatives without a failure._ + +W. S. P. (Newcastle-upon-Tyne). _Filtered rain-water is far the best to +use in making your iodized paper. The appearances which you describe in +all probability depend upon the different sheets resting too firmly upon +one another, so that the water has not +free+ and +even+ access to the +whole sheet._ + +H. J. (Norwich). _Turner's paper is now quite a precarious article; a +specimen which has come to us of his recent make is full of spots, and +the negative useless. Towgood's is admirable for positives, but it does +not appear to do well for iodizing. We hope to be soon able to say +something cheering to Photographers upon a good paper!_ + +_Errata._--MR. P. H. FISHER wishes to correct an error in his article on +"The Court-house of Painswick." Vol. viii., p. 596., col. 2., for "The +lodge, an old wooden house," read "stone house." Also in his article in +Vol. ix., p. 8., col. 2., for "Rev. ---- Hook," read "Rev. ---- Stock." + +"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country +Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them +to their Subscribers on the Saturday._ + + * * * * * + +Just published, in 8vo., price 1s. + +TRES BREVES TRACTATUS. + +De Primis Episcopis. S. Petri Alexandrini Episcopi Fragmenta quædam. S. +Irenæi Illustrata ~RHSIS~, in qua Ecclesia Romana commemoratur. +Recensuit MARTIMUS JOSEPHUS ROUTH. S.T.P., Collegii S. Magdalenæ. Oxon. +Præses. + +Oxonii: apud JOHANNEM HENRICUM PARKER. + + * * * * * + +THE PENNY POST for FEBRUARY, with Illustrations, contains:--1. The +Escape of the Empress Maude from Oxford Castle. 2. God's Children: +Scenes from the Lives of Two Young Christians. 3. Readings for +Septuagesima Sunday: The Formation of Eve. 4. the Mammoth. 5. Brazilian +Sketches. 6. True Stories of my Younger Days: No. I. 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Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. + +VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. + +Policies effected in this Office do not become void through temporary +difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application +to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed +in the Prospectus. + +Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in +three-fourths of the Profits:-- + + Age £ s. d. + + 17 1 14 4 + 22 1 18 8 + 27 2 4 5 + 32 2 10 8 + 37 2 18 6 + 42 3 8 2 + +ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. + +Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions, +INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION; being a TREATISE on BENEFIT +BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, +exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, +&c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life +Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life +Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London. + + * * * * * + +ALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, and Description +of upwards of 100 articles, consisting of + +PORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS, + +Ladies' Portmanteaus, + +DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS, DRESSING-CASES, and other travelling +requisites, Gratis on application, or sent free by Post on receipt of +Two Stamps. + +MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their +Travelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new +Portmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best +articles of the kind ever produced. + +J. W. & T. ALLEN, 18 & 22. West Strand. + + * * * * * + +BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class +X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all +Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior +Gold London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver +Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, +10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior +Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's +Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch +skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, +2l., 3l., and 4l. Thermometers from 1s. each. + +BENNETT, Watch, Clock and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the +Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, + +65. CHEAPSIDE. + + * * * * * + +VIEWS IN LONDON. + +STEREOSCOPES AND STEREOSCOPIC PICTURES. + +BLAND & LONG, 153. FLEET STREET, OPTICIANS and PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENT +MAKERS, invite attention to their Stock of STEREOSCOPES of all Kinds, +and in various Materials; also, to their New and Extensive Assortment of +STEREOSCOPIC PICTURES for the same, in DAGUERREOTYPE, on PAPER, and +TRANSPARENT ALBUMEN PICTURES on GLASS, including Views of London, Paris, +the Rhine, Windsor, &c. These Pictures, for minuteness of Detail and +Truth in the Representation of Natural Objects, are unrivalled. + +BLAND & LONG, Opticians, 153. Fleet Street, London. + +*** "Familiar Explanation of the Phenomena" sent on Application. + + * * * * * + +IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, +have, by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a +Collodion equal, they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of +Negative, to any other hitherto published; without diminishing the +keeping properties and appreciation of half tint for which their +manufacture has been esteemed. + +Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of +Photography. Instruction in the Art. + +THE COLLODION AND POSITIVE PAPER PROCESS. By J. B. HOCKIN. Price 1s., +per Post, 1s. 2d. + + * * * * * + +PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining +Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, +according to light. + +Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the +choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their +Establishment. + +Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this +beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street. + + * * * * * + +PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.--OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING +CAMERA, is superior to every other form of Camera, for the Photographic +Tourist, from its capability of Elongation or Contraction to any Focal +Adjustment, its Portability, and its adaptation for taking either Views +or Portraits.--The Trade supplied. + +Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames, +&c., may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury +Road, Islington. + +New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings. + + * * * * * + +PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, MATERIALS, and PURE CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS. + +KNIGHT & SONS' Illustrated Catalogue, containing Description and Price +of the best forms of Cameras and other Apparatus. Voightlander and Son's +Lenses for Portraits and Views, together with the various Materials, and +pure Chemical Preparations required in practising the Photographic Art. +Forwarded free on receipt of Six Postage Stamps. + +Instructions given in every branch of the Art. + +An extensive Collection of Stereoscopic and other Photographic +Specimens. + +GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London. + + * * * * * + +Valuable Illustrated Books at Reduced Prices. + +ROBERTS' HOLY LAND. 250 Plates. 16l. 16s. Published at 41 guineas. + +DIGBY WYATT'S INDUSTRIAL ARTS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 160 Plates. 2 +vols. folio. half-bound morocco. 10l. 10s. Published at 17l. 17s. + +DIGBY WYATT'S METAL WORK, and its ARTISTIC DESIGN. 56 Plates. Folio, +half-bound morocco, 3l. 3s. Published at 6l. 6s. + +London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + +Now ready, price 25s., Second Edition, revised and corrected. Dedicated +by Special Permission to + +THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. + +PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH. The words selected by +the Very Rev. H. H. MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. The Music arranged +for Four Voices, but applicable also to Two or One, including Chants for +the Services, Responses to the Commandments, and a Concise SYSTEM OF +CHANTING, by J. B. SALE, Musical Instructor and Organist to Her Majesty. +4to., neat, in morocco cloth, price 25s. To be had of Mr. J. B. SALE, +21. Holywell Street, Millbank, Westminster, on the receipt of a +Post-office Order for that amount: and, by order, of the principal +Booksellers and Music Warehouses. + + "A great advance on the works we have hitherto had, connected + with our Church and Cathedral Service."--_Times._ + + "A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly unequalled in this + country."--_Literary Gazette._ + + "One of the best collections of tunes which we have yet seen. + Well merits the distinguished patronage under which it + appears."--_Musical World._ + + "A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of + Chanting of a very superior character to any which has hitherto + appeared."--_John Bull._ + +London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + +Also, lately published, + +J. B. SALE'S SANCTUS, COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as performed at the Chapel +Royal St. James, price 2s. + +C. LONSDALE, 26. Old Bond Street. + + * * * * * + +PIANOFORTES, 25 Guineas each.--D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square +(established A.D. 1785), sole manufacturers of the ROYAL PIANOFORTES, at +25 Guineas each. Every instrument warranted. The peculiar advantages of +these pianofortes are best described in the following professional +testimonial, signed by the majority of the leading musicians of the +age:--"We, the undersigned members of the musical profession, having +carefully examined the Royal Pianofortes manufactured by MESSRS. +D'ALMAINE & CO., have great pleasure in bearing testimony to their +merits and capabilities. It appears to us impossible to produce +instruments of the same size possessing a richer and finer tone, more +elastic touch, or more equal temperament, while the elegance of their +construction renders them a handsome ornament for the library, boudoir, +or drawing-room. (Signed) J. L. Abel, F. Benedict, H. R. Bishop, J. +Blewitt, J. Brizzi, T. P. Chipp, P. Delavanti, C. H. Dolby, E. F. +Fitzwilliam, W. Forde, Stephen Glover, Henri Herz, E. Harrison, H. F. +Hassé, J. L. Hatton, Catherine Hayes, W. H. Holmes, W. Kuhe, G. F. +Kiallmark, E. Land, G. Lauza, Alexander Lee, A. Leffler, E. J. Loder, W. +H. Montgomery, S. Nelson, G. A. Osborne, John Parry, H. Panofka, Henry +Phillips, F. Praegar, E. F. Rimbault, Frank Romer, G. H. Rodwell, E. +Rockel, Sims Reeves, J. Templeton, F. Weber, H. Westrop, T. H. Wright," +&c. + +D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square. Lists and Designs Gratis. + + * * * * * + + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the +Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the +Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE +BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the +West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street +aforesaid.--Saturday, February 4, 1854. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 223, +February 4, 1854, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, FEB 4, 1854 *** + +***** This file should be named 28405-8.txt or 28405-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/4/0/28405/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Katherine Ward, Jonathan +Ingram and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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