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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of William Penn, by George Hodges
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: William Penn
+
+Author: George Hodges
+
+Release Date: March 24, 2009 [EBook #28394]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WILLIAM PENN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Carla Foust and The Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note
+
+
+Minor punctuation errors have been changed without notice. Printer
+errors have been changed and are listed at the end.
+
+
+
+
+The Riverside Biographical Series
+
+   ANDREW JACKSON, by W. G. BROWN
+   JAMES B. EADS, by LOUIS HOW
+   BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, by PAUL E. MORE
+   PETER COOPER, by R. W. RAYMOND
+   THOMAS JEFFERSON, by H. C. MERWIN
+   WILLIAM PENN, by GEORGE HODGES
+   GENERAL GRANT. (_In preparation_)
+   LEWIS AND CLARK, by WILLIAM R. LIGHTON. (_In preparation_)
+
+Each about 100 pages, 16mo, with photogravure portrait, 75 cents;
+_School Edition_, 50 cents, _net_
+
+   HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.
+   BOSTON AND NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+The Riverside Biographical Series
+
+NUMBER 6
+
+WILLIAM PENN
+
+BY
+
+GEORGE HODGES
+
+[Illustration:]
+
+
+
+
+   WILLIAM PENN
+
+   BY
+
+   GEORGE HODGES
+
+   [Illustration]
+
+   HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
+
+   Boston: 4 Park Street; New York: 11 East Seventeenth Street
+   Chicago: 378-388 Wabash Avenue
+
+   The Riverside Press, Cambridge
+
+
+
+
+   COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY GEORGE HODGES
+   ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+   CHAP.                                                            PAGE
+
+      I. A PURITAN BOYHOOD: WANSTEAD CHURCH AND CHIGWELL SCHOOL        1
+
+     II. AT OXFORD: INFLUENCE OF THOMAS LOE                            8
+
+    III. IN FRANCE AND IRELAND: THE WORLD AND THE OTHER WORLD         22
+
+     IV. PENN BECOMES A QUAKER: PERSECUTION AND CONTROVERSY           33
+
+      V. THE BEGINNING OF PENN'S POLITICAL LIFE: THE HOLY
+           EXPERIMENT                                                 53
+
+     VI. THE SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA: PENN'S FIRST VISIT TO THE
+           PROVINCE                                                   68
+
+    VII. AT THE COURT OF JAMES THE SECOND, AND "IN RETIREMENT"        93
+
+   VIII. PENN'S SECOND VISIT TO THE PROVINCE: CLOSING YEARS          113
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM PENN
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+A PURITAN BOYHOOD: WANSTEAD CHURCH AND CHIGWELL SCHOOL
+
+
+The mother of William Penn came from Rotterdam, in Holland. She was the
+daughter of John Jasper, a merchant of that city. The lively Mr. Pepys,
+who met her in 1664, when William was twenty years of age, describes her
+as a "fat, short, old Dutchwoman," and says that she was "mighty
+homely." He records a tattling neighbor's gossip that she was not a good
+housekeeper. He credits her, however, with having more wit and
+discretion than her husband, and liked her better as his acquaintance
+with her progressed. That she was of a cheerful disposition is evidenced
+by many passages of Pepys's Diary. That is all we know about her.
+
+William's father was an ambitious, successful, and important person. He
+was twenty-two years old, and already a captain in the navy, when he
+married Margaret Jasper. The year after his marriage he was made
+rear-admiral of Ireland; two years after that, admiral of the Straits;
+in four years more, vice-admiral of England; and the next year, a
+"general of the sea" in the Dutch war. This was in Cromwell's time, when
+the naval strength of England was being mightily increased. A young man
+of energy and ability, acquainted with the sea, was easily in the line
+of promotion.
+
+The family was ancient and respectable. Penn's father, however, began
+life with little money or education, and few social advantages. Lord
+Clarendon observed of him that he "had a great mind to appear better
+bred, and to speak like a gentleman," implying that he found some
+difficulty in so doing. Clarendon said, also, that he "had many good
+words which he used at adventure."
+
+The Penns lived on Tower Hill, in the Parish of St. Catherine's, in a
+court adjoining London Wall. There they resided in "two chambers, one
+above another," and fared frugally. There William was born on the 14th
+of October, 1644.
+
+Marston Moor was fought in that year, and all England was taking sides
+in the contention between the Parliament and the king. The navy was in
+sympathy with the Parliament; and the young officer, though his personal
+inclinations were towards the king, went with his associates. But in
+1654 he appears to have lost faith in the Commonwealth. Cromwell sent an
+expedition to seize the Spanish West Indies. He put Penn in charge of
+the fleet, and made Venables general of the army. The two commanders,
+without conference one with the other, sent secret word to Charles II.,
+then in exile on the Continent, and offered him their ships and
+soldiers. This transaction, though it seemed for the moment to be of
+none effect, resulted years afterward in the erection of the Colony of
+Pennsylvania. Charles declined the offer; "he wished them to reserve
+their affections for his Majesty till a more proper season to discover
+them;" but he never forgot it. It was the beginning of a friendship
+between the House of Stuart and the family of Penn, which William Penn
+inherited.
+
+The expedition captured Jamaica, and made it a British colony; but in
+its other undertakings it failed miserably; and the admiral, on his
+return, was dismissed from the navy and committed to the Tower.
+
+About that same time, the admiral's young son, being then in the twelfth
+year of his age, beheld a vision. His mother had removed with him to the
+village of Wanstead, in Essex. Here, as he was alone in his chamber, "he
+was suddenly surprised with an inward comfort, and, as he thought, an
+external glory in his room, which gave rise to religious emotions,
+during which he had the strongest conviction of the being of a God, and
+that the soul of man was capable of enjoying communication with him. He
+believed, also, that the seal of Divinity had been put upon him at this
+moment, or that he had been awakened or called upon to a holy life."
+
+While William Penn the elder had been going from promotion to promotion,
+sailing the high seas, and fighting battles with the enemies of England,
+William Penn the younger had been living with all possible quietness in
+the green country, saying his prayers in Wanstead Church, and learning
+his lessons in Chigwell School.
+
+Wanstead Church was devotedly Puritan. The chief citizens had signed a
+protest against any "Popish innovations," and had agreed to punish every
+offender against "the true reformed Protestant religion."
+
+The founder of Chigwell School had prescribed in his deed of gift that
+the master should be "a good Poet, of a sound religion, neither Papal
+nor Puritan; of a good behaviour; of a sober and honest conversation; no
+tippler nor haunter of alehouses, no puffer of tobacco; and, above all,
+apt to teach and severe in his government." Here William studied Lilly's
+Latin and Cleonard's Greek Grammar, together with "cyphering and
+casting-up accounts," being a good scholar, we may guess, in the
+classics, but encountering the master's "severe government" in his sums.
+Chigwell was as Puritan a place as Wanstead. About the time of William's
+going thither, the vicar had been ejected on petition from the
+parishioners, who complained that he had an altar before which he bowed
+and cringed, and which he had been known to kiss "twice in one day."
+
+It is plain that religion made up a large, interesting, and important
+part of life in these villages in which William Penn was getting his
+first impressions of the world. All about were great forests, whose
+shadows invited him to seclusion and meditation. All the news was of
+great battles, most of them fought in a religious cause, which even a
+lad could appreciate, and towards which he would readily take an
+attitude of stout partisanship. The boy was deeply affected by these
+surroundings. "I was bred a Protestant," he said long afterwards, "and
+that strictly, too." Trained as he was in Puritan habits of
+introspection, he listened for the voice of God, and heard it. Thus the
+tone of his life was set. There were moments in his youth when "the
+world," as the phrase is, attracted him; there were times in his great
+career when he seemed, and perhaps was, disobedient to this heavenly
+vision; but, looking back from the end of his life to this beginning,
+"as a tale that is told," it is seen to be lived throughout in the light
+of the glory which shone in his room at Wanstead. William Penn from that
+hour was a markedly religious man. Thereafter, nothing was so manifest
+or eminent about him as his religion.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+AT OXFORD: INFLUENCE OF THOMAS LOE
+
+
+On the 22d of April, 1661, we get another glimpse of William.
+
+Mr Pepys, having risen early on the morning of that day, and put on his
+velvet coat, and made himself, as he says, as fine as he could, repaired
+to Mr. Young's, the flag-maker, in Cornhill, to view the procession
+wherein the king should ride through London. There he found "Sir W. Pen
+and his son, with several others." "We had a good room to ourselves," he
+says, "with wine and good cake, and saw the show very well." The streets
+were new graveled, and the fronts of the houses hung with carpets, with
+ladies looking out of all the windows; and "so glorious was the show
+with gold and silver, that we were not able to look at it, our eyes at
+last being so overcome."
+
+This was a glory very different from that which the lad had seen, five
+or six years before, in his room. The world was here presenting its
+attractions in competition with the "other world" of the earlier vision.
+The contrast is a symbol of the contention between the two ideals, into
+which William was immediately to enter.
+
+The king and the Duke of York had looked up as they passed the
+flag-maker's, and had recognized the admiral. He had gone to Ireland,
+upon his release from the Tower, and had there resided in retirement
+upon an estate which his father had owned before him. Thence returning,
+as the Restoration became more and more a probability, he had secured a
+seat in Parliament, and had been a bearer of the welcome message which
+had finally brought Charles from his exile in Holland to his throne in
+England. For his part in this pleasant errand, he had been knighted and
+made Commissioner of Admiralty and Governor of Kinsale. Thus his
+ambitions were being happily attained. He had retrieved and improved his
+fortunes, and had become an associate with persons of rank and a
+favorite with royalty.
+
+He had immediately sent his son to Oxford. William had been entered as a
+gentleman-commoner of Christ Church, at the beginning of the Michaelmas
+term of 1660. It was clearly the paternal intention that the boy should
+become a successful man of the world and courtier, like his father.
+
+Sir William, however, had not reflected that while he had been pursuing
+his career of calculating ambition and seeking the pleasure of princes,
+his son had been living amongst Puritans in a Puritan neighborhood.
+Young Penn went up to Oxford to find all things in confusion. The
+Puritans had been put out of their places, and the Churchmen were
+entering in. It is likely that this, of itself, displeased the new
+student, whose sympathies were with the dispossessed. The Churchmen,
+moreover, brought their cavalier habits with them. In the reaction from
+the severity which they had just escaped, they did many objectionable
+things, not only for the pleasure of doing them, but for the added joy
+of shocking their Puritan neighbors. They amused themselves freely on
+the Lord's day; they patronized games and plays; and they tippled and
+"puffed tobacco," and swore and swaggered in all the newest fashions.
+William was the son of his father in appreciation of pleasant and
+abundant living. But he was not of a disposition to enter into this
+wanton and audacious merry-making,--a gentle, serious country lad, with
+a Puritan conscience.
+
+Moreover, at this moment, in the face of any possible temptation,
+William's sober tastes and devout resolutions were strengthened by
+certain appealing sermons. Here it was at Oxford, the nursery of
+enthusiasms and holy causes, that he received the impulse which
+determined all his after life. He spent but a scant two years in
+college; and the work of the lecture rooms must have suffered seriously
+during that time from the contention and confusion of the changes then
+in progress; so that academically the college could not have greatly
+profited him. The profit came in the influence of Thomas Loe. Loe was a
+Quaker.
+
+The origin of the name "Quaker" is uncertain. It is derived by some
+from the fact that the early preachers of the sect trembled as they
+spoke; others deduce it from the trembling which their speech compelled
+in those who heard it. By either derivation, it indicates the earnest
+spirit of that strange people who, in the seventeenth century, were
+annoying and displeasing all their neighbors.
+
+George Fox, the first Quaker, was a cobbler; and the first Quaker dress
+was the leather coat and breeches which he made for himself with his own
+tools. Thereafter he was independent both of fashions and of tailors.
+Cobbler though he was, and so slenderly educated that he did not express
+himself grammatically, Fox was nevertheless a prophet, according to the
+order of Amos, the herdman of Tekoa. He looked out into the England of
+his day with the keenest eyes of any man of the times, and remarked upon
+what he saw with the most honest and candid speech. A man of the plain
+people, like most of the prophets and apostles, the offenses which
+chiefly attracted his attention were such as the plain people naturally
+see.
+
+Out of the windows of his cobbler's shop, Fox beheld with righteous
+indignation the extravagant and insincere courtesies of the gentlefolk,
+and heard their exaggerated phrases of compliment. In protest against
+the unmeaning courtesies, he wore his hat in the presence of no matter
+whom, taking it off only in time of prayer. In protest against the
+unmeaning compliments, he addressed no man by any artificial title,
+calling all his neighbors, without distinction of persons, by their
+Christian names; and for the plural pronoun "you," the plural of dignity
+and flattery, he substituted "thee" and "thou."
+
+The same literalness appeared in his selection of "Swear not at all" as
+one of the cardinal commandments, and in his application of it to the
+oaths of the court and of the state. The Sermon on the Mount has in all
+ages been considered difficult to enact in common life, but it would
+have been hard to find any sentence in it which in the days of Fox and
+Penn, with their interpretation, would have brought upon a conscientious
+person a heavier burden of inconvenience. Not only did it make the
+Quakers guilty of contempt of court and thus initially at fault in all
+legal business, but it exposed them to a natural suspicion of disloyalty
+to the government. It was a time of political change, first the
+Commonwealth, then Charles, then James, then William; and every change
+signified the supremacy of a new idea in religion, Puritan, Anglican,
+Roman Catholic, and Protestant. Every new ruler demanded a new oath of
+allegiance; and as plots and conspiracies were multiplied, the oath was
+required again and again; so that England was like an unruly school,
+whose master is continually calling upon the pupils to declare whether
+or no they are guilty of this or that offense. The Quakers were
+forbidden by their doctrine of the oath to make answer in the form which
+the state required. And they suffered for this scruple as men have
+suffered for the maintenance of eternal principles.
+
+To the social eccentricity of the irremoveable hat and the singular
+pronoun, and to the civil eccentricity of the refused oath, George Fox
+and his disciples added a series of protests against the most venerable
+customs of Christianity. They did away with all the forms and ceremonies
+of Churchman and of Puritan alike. Not even baptism, not even the Lord's
+Supper remained. Their service was a silent meeting, whose solemn
+stillness was broken, if at all, by the voice of one who was sensibly
+"moved" by the Spirit of God. They discarded all orders of the ministry.
+They refused alike all creeds and all confessions.
+
+Not content with thus abandoning most that their contemporaries valued
+among the institutions of religion, the Quakers made themselves
+obtrusively obnoxious. They argued and exhorted, in season and out of
+season; they printed endless pages of eager and violent controversy;
+they went into churches and interrupted services and sermons.
+
+Amongst these various denials there were two positive assertions. One
+was the doctrine of the return to primitive Christianity; the other was
+the doctrine of the inward light. Let us get back, they said, to those
+blessed centuries when the teaching of the Apostles was remembered, and
+the fellowship of the Apostles was faithfully kept,--when Justin Martyr
+and Irenaeus and Ignatius and the other holy fathers lived. And let us
+listen to the inner voice; let us live in the illumination of the light
+which lighteth every man, and attend to the counsels of that Holy Spirit
+whose ministrations did not cease with the departure of the last
+Apostle. God, they believed, spoke to them directly, and told them what
+to do.
+
+George Fox, in 1656, had brought this teaching to Oxford; and among the
+company of Quakers which had thus been gathered under the eaves of the
+university, Thomas Loe had become a "public Friend," or, as would
+commonly be said, a minister. When William Penn entered Christ Church
+College, Loe was probably in the town jail. It is at least certain that
+he was imprisoned there, with forty other Quakers, sometime in 1660.
+
+To Loe's preaching many of the students listened with attention. It is
+easy to see how his doctrines would appeal to young manhood. The fact
+that they were forbidden would attract some, and that the man who
+preached thus had suffered for his faith would attract others. Their
+emphasis upon entire sincerity and consistency in word and deed would
+commend them to honest souls, while the exaltation of the inward light
+would move then, as in all ages, the idealists, the poets, the
+enthusiasts among them. William Penn knew what the inward light was. He
+had seen it shining so that it filled all the room where he was sitting.
+Accordingly, he not only went to hear Loe speak but was profoundly
+impressed by what he heard.
+
+If Penn was naturally a religious person,--by inheritance, perhaps, from
+his mother,--he was also naturally of a political mind, by inheritance
+from his father. What Loe said touched both sides of this inheritance.
+For the Quakers had already begun to dream of a colony across the sea.
+The Churchmen had such a colony in Virginia; the Puritans had one in
+Massachusetts; somewhere else in that untilled continent there must be a
+place for those who in England could expect no peace from either
+Puritan or Churchman. Not only had they planned to have sometime a
+country of their own, but they had already located it. They had chosen
+the lands which lay behind the Jerseys. While Loe was preaching and Penn
+was listening, Fox was writing to Josiah Cole, a Quaker who was then in
+America, asking him to confer with the chiefs of the Susquehanna
+Indians. This plan Loe revealed to his student congregation. It appealed
+to Penn. He had an instinctive appreciation of large ideas, and an
+imagination and confidence which made him eager to undertake their
+execution. It was in his blood. It was the spirit which had carried his
+father from a lieutenancy in the navy to the position of an honored and
+influential member of the court. "I had an opening of joy as to these
+parts," he says, meaning Pennsylvania, "in 1661, at Oxford."
+
+This meeting with Loe was therefore a crisis in Penn's life. William
+Penn will always be remembered as a leader among the early Quakers, and
+as the founder of a commonwealth. He first became acquainted with the
+Quakers, and first conceived the idea of founding at Oxford, or
+assisting to found, a commonwealth, by the preaching of Thomas Loe.
+
+It is a curious fact that the spirit of protest will often pass by
+serious offenses and fasten upon some apparently slight occasion which
+has rather a symbolical than an actual importance. William Penn, so far
+as we know, endured the disorders of anti-Puritan Oxford without
+protest. He entered so far into the life of the place as to contribute,
+with other students, to a series of Latin elegies upon the death of the
+Duke of Gloucester; and he "delighted," Anthony Wood tells us, "in manly
+sports at times of recreation." It is true that he may have written to
+his father to take him away, for Mr. Pepys records in his journal, under
+date of Jan. 25, 1662, "Sir W. Pen came to me, and did break a business
+to me about removing his son from Oxford to Cambridge, to some private
+college." But nothing came of it. William is said, indeed, to have
+absented himself rather often from the college prayers, and to have
+joined with other students whom the Quaker preaching had affected in
+holding prayer-meetings in their own rooms. But all went fairly well
+until an order was issued requiring the students, according to the
+ancient custom, to wear surplices in chapel. Then the young Puritan
+arose, and assisted in a ritual rebellion. He and his friends "fell upon
+those students who appeared in surplices, and he and they together tore
+them everywhere over their heads." Not content with thus seizing and
+rending the obnoxious vestments, they proceeded further to thrust the
+white gowns into the nearest cesspool, into whose depths they poked them
+with long sticks.
+
+This incident ended William's course at college. It is doubtful whether
+he was expelled or only suspended. He was dismissed, and never returned.
+Eight years after, chancing to pass through Oxford, and learning that
+Quaker students were still subjected to the rigors of academic
+discipline, he wrote a letter to the vice-chancellor. It probably
+expresses the sentiments with which as an undergraduate he had regarded
+the university authorities: "Shall the multiplied oppressions which thou
+continuest to heap upon innocent English people for their religion pass
+unregarded by the Eternal God? Dost thou think to escape his fierce
+wrath and dreadful vengeance for thy ungodly and illegal persecution of
+his poor children? I tell thee, no. Better were it for thee thou hadst
+never been born." And so on, in the controversial dialect of the time,
+calling the vice-chancellor a "poor mushroom," and abusing him
+generally. Elsewhere, in a retrospect which I shall presently quote at
+length, he refers to his university experiences: "Of my persecution at
+Oxford, and how the Lord sustained me in the midst of that hellish
+darkness and debauchery; of my being banished the college."
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+IN FRANCE AND IRELAND: THE WORLD AND THE OTHER WORLD
+
+
+In his retrospect of his early life, Penn notes what immediately
+followed his departure from the university: "The bitter usage I
+underwent when I returned to my father,--whipping, beating, and turning
+out of doors in 1662."
+
+The admiral was thoroughly angry. He was at best but imperfectly
+acquainted with his son, of whom in his busy life he had seen but
+little, and was therefore unprepared for such extraordinary conduct. He
+was by no means a religious person. For the spiritual, or even the
+ecclesiastical, aspects of the matter, he cared nothing. But he had, as
+Clarendon perceived, a strong desire to be well thought of by those who
+composed the good society of the day. He expected the members of his
+family to deport themselves as befitted such society. And here was
+William, whom he had carefully sent to a college where he would
+naturally consort with the sons of titled families, taking up with a
+religious movement which would bring him into the company of cobblers
+and tinkers. It is said, indeed, that Robert Spencer, afterwards Earl of
+Sunderland, helped William destroy the surplices. But this is denied;
+and even if it were true, it would be plain, from Spencer's after
+career, that he did it not for the principle, but for the fun of the
+thing. William was in the most sober earnest. Accordingly, the admiral
+turned his son out of doors.
+
+The boy came back, of course. Beating and turning out of doors were not
+such serious events in the seventeenth century as they would be at
+present. Most men said more, and in louder voices, and meant less. It
+was but a brief quarrel, and father and son made it up as best they
+could. It was plain, however, that something must be done. Whipping
+would not avail. William's head was full of queer notions, upon which a
+stick had no effect. His father bethought himself of the pleasant
+diversions of France. The lad, he said, has lived in the country all his
+days, and has had no acquaintance with the merry world; he shall go
+abroad, that he may see life, and learn to behave like a gentleman; let
+us see if this will not cure him of his pious follies.
+
+Accordingly, to France the young man went, and traveled in company with
+certain persons of rank. He stayed more than a year, and enjoyed himself
+greatly. He was at the age when all the world is new and interesting;
+and being of attractive appearance and high spirits, with plenty of
+money, the world gave him a cordial welcome. So far did he venture into
+the customs of the country, that he had a fight one night in a Paris
+street with somebody who crossed swords with him, and disarmed his
+antagonist. He had a right, according to the rules, to kill him, but he
+declined to do so. When he came home, he pleased his father much by his
+graceful behavior and elegant attire. "This day," says Mr. Pepys in his
+diary for August 26, 1664, "my wife tells me that Mr. Pen, Sir William's
+son, is come back from France, and came to visit her. A most modish
+person grown, she says, a fine gentleman." Pepys thinks that he is even
+a bit too French in his manner and conversation.
+
+"I remember your honour very well," writes a correspondent years after,
+"when you came newly out of France, and wore pantaloon breeches."
+
+This journey affected Penn all the rest of his life. It restrained him
+from following the absurder singularities of his associates. George
+Fox's leather suit he would have found impossible. He wore his hat in
+the Quaker way, and said "thee" and "thou," but otherwise he appears to
+have dressed and acted according to the conventions of polite society.
+He did, indeed, become a Quaker; but there were always Quakers who
+looked askance at him because he was so different from them, able to
+speak French and acquainted with the manners of drawing-rooms.
+
+In two respects, however, his visit to France differed from that of some
+of his companions in travel. There were places to which they went
+without him; and there were places to which he went without them. He
+kept himself from the grosser temptations of the country. "You have been
+as bad as other folks," said Sir John Robinson when Penn was on trial
+for preaching in the street.
+
+"When," cried Penn, "and where? I charge thee tell the company to my
+face."
+
+"Abroad," said Robinson, "and at home, too."
+
+"I make this bold challenge," answered Penn, "to all men, women and
+children upon earth, justly to accuse me with ever having seen me drunk,
+heard me swear, utter a curse, or speak one obscene word (much less that
+I ever made it my practice). I speak this to God's glory, that has ever
+preserved me from the power of those pollutions, and that from a child
+begot an hatred in me towards them."
+
+He went away alone for some months to the Protestant college of Saumur,
+where he devoted himself to a study of that primitive Christianity in
+which, as Loe had told him, was to be found the true ideal of the
+Christian Church. Here he acquired an acquaintance with the writings of
+the early Fathers, from whom he liked to quote.
+
+Thus he returned to England in 1664, attired in French pantaloon
+breeches, and with little French affectations in his manner, but without
+vices, and with a smattering of patristic learning. He was sent by his
+father to study law at Lincoln's Inn. He was to be a courtier, and in
+that position it would be both becoming and convenient to have some
+knowledge of the law. Thus he settled down among the lawyers, and it
+seemed for the moment as if his father had succeeded in his purpose. It
+seemed as if the world had effectually obscured the other world.
+
+There are two letters, written about this time from William to his
+father, which show a pleasant mixture of piety with a lively interest in
+the life about him. He has been at sea for a few days with the admiral,
+and returns with dispatches to the king. "I bless God," he writes, "my
+heart does not in any way fail, but firmly believe that if God has
+called you out to battle, he will cover your head in that smoky day." He
+hastened on his errand, he says, to Whitehall, and arrived before the
+king was up; but his Majesty, learning that there was news, "earnestly
+skipping out of bed, came only in his gown and slippers; who, when he
+saw me, said, 'Oh! is't you? How is Sir William?'"
+
+That was in May. Within a week the plague came. On the 7th of June,
+1665, Mr. Pepys makes this ominous entry: "This day," he says, "much
+against my will, I did in Drury Lane see two or three houses marked with
+a red cross upon the doors, and 'Lord, have mercy,' written there; which
+was a sad sight to me, being the first of the kind that, to my
+remembrance, I ever saw." Day by day the pestilence increased, and
+presently there was no more studying at Lincoln's Inn. Young Penn went
+for safety into the clean country. There, among the green fields, in the
+enforced leisure, with time to think, and the most sobering things to
+think about, his old seriousness returned. The change was so marked that
+his father, feeling that it were well to renew the pleasant friendship
+with the world which had begun in France, sent him over to Ireland.
+
+At Dublin, the Duke of Ormond, the Lord Lieutenant, was keeping a merry
+court. William entered heartily into its pleasures. He resided upon his
+father's estates, at Shannagarry Castle. He so distinguished himself in
+the suppression of a mutiny that Ormond offered him a commission in the
+army, and William was disposed to accept it. He had his portrait
+painted, clad in steel, with lace at his throat. His dark hair is parted
+in the middle, and hangs in cavalier fashion over his shoulders. He
+looks out of large, clear, questioning eyes; and his handsome face is
+strong and serious.
+
+But the young cavalier went one day to Cork upon some business, and
+there heard that Thomas Loe was in town, and that he was to preach. Penn
+went to hear him, and again the spoken word was critical and decisive.
+"There is a faith," said the preacher, "which overcomes the world, and
+there is a faith which is overcome by the world." Such was the theme,
+and it seemed to Penn as if every word were spoken out of heaven
+straight to his own soul. In the long contention which had been going on
+within him between the world and the other world, the world had been
+getting the mastery. The attractions of a martial life had shone more
+brightly than the light which had flamed about him in his boyhood. Then
+Loe spoke, and thenceforth there was no more perplexity. Penn's choice
+was definitely made.
+
+In his account of his travels in Holland and Germany, written some ten
+years after this crisis, Penn recurs to it in an address from which I
+have already quoted. He was speaking in Wiemart, at a meeting in the
+mansion-house of the Somerdykes, and was illustrating his exhortations
+from his own experience. He passed in rapid review the incidents of his
+early life which we have recounted. "Here I began to let them know," he
+says, "how and where the Lord first appeared unto me, which was about
+the twelfth year of my age, in 1656; how at times, betwixt that and the
+fifteenth, the Lord visited me, and the divine impressions he gave me of
+himself." Then the banishment from Oxford, and his father's turning him
+out of doors. "Of the Lord's dealings with me in France, and in the time
+of the great plague in London, in fine, the deep sense he gave me of the
+vanity of this world, of the deep irreligiousness of the religions of
+it; then of my mournful and bitter cries to him that he would show me
+his own way of life and salvation, and my resolution to follow him,
+whatever reproaches or sufferings should attend me, and that with great
+reverence and tenderness of spirit; how, after all this, the glory of
+the world overtook me, and I was even ready to give myself up unto it,
+seeing as yet no such thing as the 'primitive spirit and church' upon
+earth, and being ready to faint concerning my 'hope of the restitution
+of all things.' It was at this time that the Lord visited me with a
+certain sound and testimony of his eternal word, through one of them the
+world calls Quakers, namely, Thomas Loe."
+
+Struggling, as Penn was, against continual temptations to abandon his
+high ideal, getting no help from his parents, who were displeased at
+him, nor from the clergy, whose "invectiveness and cruelty" he
+remembers, nor from his companions, who made themselves strange to him;
+bearing meanwhile "that great cross of resisting and watching against
+mine own inward vain affections and thoughts," the only voice of help
+and strength was that of Thomas Loe. Seeking for the "primitive spirit
+and church upon earth," he found it in the sect which Loe represented.
+His mind was now resolved. He, too, would be a Quaker.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+PENN BECOMES A QUAKER: PERSECUTION AND CONTROVERSY
+
+
+William now began to attend Quaker meetings, though he was still dressed
+in the gay fashions which he had learned in France. His sincerity was
+soon tested. A proclamation made against Fifth Monarchy men was so
+enforced as to affect Quakers. A meeting at which Penn was present was
+broken in upon by constables, backed with soldiers, who "rudely and
+arbitrarily" required every man's appearance before the mayor. Among
+others, they "violently haled" Penn. From jail he wrote to the Earl of
+Orrery, Lord President of Munster, making a stout protest. It was his
+first public utterance. "Diversities of faith and conduct," he argued,
+"contribute not to the disturbance of any place, where moral conformity
+is barely requisite to preserve the peace." He reminded his lordship
+that he himself had not long since "concluded no way so effectual to
+improve or advantage this country as to dispense with freedom [i. e. to
+act freely] in all things pertaining to conscience."
+
+Penn wrote so much during his long life that his selected works make
+five large volumes. Many of these pages are devoted to the statement of
+Quaker theology; some are occupied with descriptions of his colonial
+possessions; some are given to counsels and conclusions drawn from
+experience and dealing with human life in general; but there is one idea
+which continually recurs,--sometimes made the subject of a thesis,
+sometimes entering by the way,--and that is the popular right of liberty
+of conscience. It was for this that he worked, and chiefly lived, most
+of his life. Here it is set forth with all clearness in the first public
+word which he wrote.
+
+William's letter opened the jail doors. It is likely, however, that the
+signature was more influential than the epistle; for his Quaker
+associates seem not to have come out with him. The fact which probably
+weighed most with the Lord President was that Penn was the son of his
+father the admiral, and the protege of Ormond. His father called him
+home. It was on the 3d of September that William was arrested; on the
+29th of December, being the Lord's day, Mrs. Turner calls upon Mr. and
+Mrs. Pepys for an evening of cheerful conversation, "and there, among
+other talk, she tells me that Mr. William Pen, who has lately come over
+from Ireland, is a Quaker again, or some very melancholy thing; that he
+cares for no company, nor comes into any."
+
+Admiral Penn was sorely disappointed. Neither France nor Ireland had
+availed to wean his son from his religious eccentricities. Into the
+pleasant society where his father had hoped to see him shine, he
+declined to enter. He said "thee" and "thou," and wore his hat.
+Especially upon these points of manners, the young man and his father
+held long discussions. The admiral insisted that William should refrain
+from making himself socially ridiculous; though even here he was
+willing to make a reasonable compromise. "You may 'thee' and 'thou' whom
+you please," he said, "except the king, the Duke of York, and myself."
+But the young convert declined to make any exceptions.
+
+Thereupon, for the second time, the admiral thrust his son out of the
+house. The Quakers received him. He was thenceforth accounted among them
+as a teacher, a leader: in their phrase, a "public Friend." This was in
+1668, when he was twenty-four years old.
+
+The work of a Quaker minister, at that time, was made interesting and
+difficult not only by the social and ecclesiastical prejudices against
+which he must go, but by certain laws which limited free speech and free
+action. The young preacher speedily made himself obnoxious to both these
+kinds of laws. Of the three years which followed, he spent more than a
+third of the time in prison, being once confined for saying, and twice
+for doing, what the laws forbade.
+
+The religious world was filled with controversy. There were discussions
+in the meeting-houses; and a constant stream of pamphlets came from the
+press, part argument and part abuse. Even mild-mannered men called each
+other names. The Quakers found it necessary to join in this rough
+give-and-take, and Penn entered at once into this vigorous exercise. He
+began a long series of like documents with a tract entitled "Truth
+Exalted." The intent of it was to show that Roman Catholics, Churchmen,
+and Puritans alike were all shamefully in error, wandering in the
+blackness of darkness, given over to idle superstition, and being of a
+character to correspond with their fond beliefs; meanwhile, the Quakers
+were the only people then resident in Christendom whose creed was
+absolutely true and their lives consistent with it.
+
+"Come," he says, "answer me first, you Papists, where did the Scriptures
+enjoin baby-baptism, churching of women, marrying by priests, holy water
+to frighten the devil? Come now, you that are called Protestants, and
+first those who are called Episcopalians, where do the Scriptures own
+such persecutors, false prophets, tithemongers, deniers of revelations,
+opposers of perfection, men-pleasers, time-servers, unprofitable
+teachers?" The Separatists are similarly cudgeled: they are "groveling
+in beggarly elements, imitations, and shadows of heavenly things."
+
+Presently, a Presbyterian minister named Vincent attacked Quakerism.
+Joseph Besse, Penn's earliest biographer, says that Vincent was
+"transported with fiery zeal;" which, as he remarks in parenthesis, is
+"a thing fertile of ill language." Penn challenged him to a public
+debate; and, this not giving the Quaker champion an opportunity to say
+all that was in his mind, he wrote a pamphlet, called "The Sandy
+Foundation Shaken." The full title was much longer than this, in the
+manner of the time, and announced the author's purpose to refute three
+"generally believed and applauded doctrines: first, of one God,
+subsisting in three distinct and separate persons; second, of the
+impossibility of divine pardon without the making of a complete
+satisfaction; and third, of the justification of impure persons by an
+imputed righteousness."
+
+Penn's handling of the doctrine of the Trinity in this treatise gave
+much offense. He had taken the position of his fellow-religionists, that
+the learning of the schools was a hindrance to religion. He sought to
+divest the great statements of the creed from the subtleties of mediaeval
+philosophy. He purposed to return to the Scripture itself, back of all
+councils and formulas. Asserting, accordingly, the being and unity of
+Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, he so refused all the conventional phrases
+of the theologians as to seem to them to reject the doctrine of the
+Trinity itself. He did deny "the trinity of distinct and separate
+persons in the unity of essence." If the word "person" has one meaning,
+Penn was right; if it has another meaning, he was wrong. If a "person"
+is an individual, then the assertion is that there are three Gods; but
+if the word signifies a distinction in the divine nature, then the unity
+of God remains. As so often happens in doctrinal contention, he and his
+critics used the same words with different definitions. The consequence
+was that the bishop of London had him put in prison. He was restrained
+for seven months in the Tower.
+
+The English prison of the seventeenth century was a place of disease of
+body and misery of mind. Penn was kept in close confinement, and the
+bishop sent him word that he must either recant or die a prisoner. "I
+told him," says Penn, "that the Tower was the worst argument in the
+world to convince me; for whoever was in the wrong, those who used force
+for religion could never be in the right." He declared that his prison
+should be his grave before he would budge a jot. Thus six months passed.
+
+But the situation was intolerable. It is sometimes necessary to die for
+a difference of opinion, but it is not advisable to do so for a simple
+misunderstanding. Penn and the bishop were actually in accord. The young
+author therefore wrote an explanation of his book, entitled "Innocency
+with her Open Face." At the same time he addressed a letter to Lord
+Arlington, principal secretary of state. In the letter he maintained
+that he had "subverted no faith, obedience or good life," and he
+insisted on the natural right of liberty of conscience: "To conceit," he
+said, "that men must form their faith of things proper to another world
+by the prescriptions of mortal men, or else they can have no right to
+eat, drink, sleep, walk, trade, or be at liberty and live in this, to me
+seems both ridiculous and dangerous." These writings gained him his
+liberty. The Duke of York made intercession for him with the king.
+
+Penn had occupied himself while in prison with the composition of a
+considerable work, called "No Cross, No Crown." It is partly
+controversial, setting forth the reasons for the Quaker faith and
+practice, and partly devotional, exalting self-sacrifice, and urging men
+to simpler and more spiritual living. Thus the months of his
+imprisonment had been of value both to him and to the religious movement
+with which he had identified himself. The Quakers, when Penn joined
+them, had no adequate literary expression of their thought. They were
+most of them intensely earnest but uneducated persons, who spoke great
+truths somewhat incoherently. Penn gave Quaker theology a systematic and
+dignified statement.
+
+When he came out of the Tower, he went home to his father. The admiral
+had now recovered from his first indignation. William was still, he
+said, a cross to him, but he had made up his mind to endure it. Indeed,
+the world into which he had desired his son to enter was not at that
+moment treating the admiral well. He was suffering impeachment and the
+gout at the same time. He saw that William's religion was giving him a
+serenity in the midst of evil fortune which he himself did not possess.
+He could appreciate his heroic spirit. He admired him in spite of
+himself.
+
+William then spent nearly a year in Ireland, administering his father's
+estates. When he returned, in 1670, he found his Quaker brethren in
+greater trouble than before. In that perilous season of plots and
+rumors of plots, when Protestants lived in dread of Roman Catholics, and
+Churchmen knew not at what moment the Puritans might again repeat the
+tragedies of the Commonwealth, neither church nor state dared to take
+risks. The reigns of Mary and of Cromwell were so recent an experience,
+the Papists and the Presbyterians were so many and so hostile, that it
+seemed unsafe to permit the assembling of persons concerning whose
+intentions there could be any doubt. Any company might undertake a
+conspiracy. The result of this feeling on the part of both the civil and
+the ecclesiastical authorities was a series of ordinances, reasonable
+enough under the circumstances, and perhaps necessary, but which made
+life hard for such stout and frank dissenters as the Quakers. At the
+time of Penn's return from Ireland, it had been determined to enforce
+the Conventicle Act, which prohibited all religious meetings except
+those of the Church of England. There was, therefore, a general
+arresting of these suspicious friends of Penn's. In the middle of the
+summer Penn himself was arrested.
+
+The young preacher had gone to a meeting-house of the Quakers in
+Gracechurch or Gracious Street, in London, and had found the door shut,
+and a file of soldiers barring the way. The congregation thereupon held
+a meeting in the street, keeping their customary silence until some one
+should be moved to speak. It was not long before the spirit moved Penn.
+He was immediately arrested, and William Mead, a linen draper, with him,
+and the two were brought before the mayor. The charge was that they
+"unlawfully and tumultuously did assemble and congregate themselves
+together to the disturbance of the king's peace and to the great terror
+and disturbance of many of his liege people and subjects." They were
+committed as rioters and sent to await trial at the sign of the Black
+Dog, in Newgate Market.
+
+At the trial Penn entered the court-room wearing his hat. A constable
+promptly pulled it off, and was ordered by the judge to replace it in
+order that he might fine the Quaker forty marks for keeping it on. Thus
+the proceedings appropriately began. William tried in vain to learn the
+terms of the law under which he was arrested, maintaining that he was
+innocent of any illegal act. Finally, after an absurd and unjust
+hearing, the jury, who appreciated the situation, brought in a verdict
+of "guilty of speaking in Gracious Street." The judges refused to accept
+the verdict, and kept the jury without food or drink for two days,
+trying to make them say, "guilty of speaking in Gracious Street to an
+unlawful assembly." At last the jury brought in a formal verdict of "not
+guilty," which the court was compelled to accept. Thereupon the judges
+fined every juryman forty marks for contempt of court; and Penn and the
+jurors, refusing to pay their fines, were all imprisoned in Newgate. The
+Court of Common Pleas presently reversed the judges' decision and
+released the jury. Penn was also released, against his own protest, by
+the payment of his fine by his father.
+
+The admiral was in his last sickness. He was weary, he said, of the
+world. It had not proved, after all, to be a satisfactory world. He did
+not grieve now that his son had renounced it. At the same time, he could
+not help but feel that the friendship of the world was a valuable
+possession; and he had therefore requested his patron, the Duke of York,
+to be his son's friend. Both the duke and the king had promised their
+good counsel and protection. Thus "with a gentle and even gale," as it
+says on his tombstone, "in much peace, [he] arrived and anchored in his
+last and best port, at Wanstead in the county of Essex, the 16th of
+September, 1670, being then but forty-nine years and four months old."
+
+The admiral's death left his son with an annual income of about fifteen
+hundred pounds. This wealth, however, made no stay in his Quaker zeal.
+Before the year was ended, he was again in prison.
+
+Sir John Robinson, the lieutenant of the Tower, had been one of the
+judges in the affair of Gracious Street. He had either taken a dislike
+to Penn, or else was deeply impressed with the conviction that the young
+Quaker was a peril to the state. Finding that there was to be a meeting
+in Wheeler Street, at which William was expected, he sent soldiers and
+had him arrested. They conveyed him to the Tower, where he was examined.
+"I vow, Mr. Penn," said Sir John, "I am sorry for you; you are an
+ingenious gentleman, all the world must allow you, and do allow you,
+that; and you have a plentiful estate; why should you render yourself
+unhappy by associating with such a simple people?" That was the
+suspicious fact. Men in Robinson's position could not understand why
+Penn should join his fortunes with those of people so different from
+himself, poor, ignorant, and obscure, unless there were some hidden
+motive. He must be either a political conspirator, or, as many said, a
+Jesuit in disguise, which amounted to the same thing. "You do nothing,"
+said Sir John, "but stir up the people to sedition." He required him to
+take an oath "that it is not lawful, upon any pretense whatsoever, to
+take arms against the king, and that [he] would not endeavour any
+alteration of government either in church or state." Penn would not
+swear. He was therefore sentenced for six months to Newgate. "I wish you
+wiser," said Robinson. "And I wish thee better," retorted Penn. "Send a
+corporal," said the lieutenant, "with a file of musqueteers along with
+him." "No, no," broke in Penn, "send thy lacquey; I know the way to
+Newgate."
+
+William continued in prison during the entire period of his sentence, at
+first in a room for which he paid the jailers, then, by his own choice,
+with his fellow Quakers in the "common stinking jail." Even here,
+however, he managed, as before, to write; and he must have had access to
+books, for what he wrote could not have been composed without sight of
+the authors from whom he quoted. The most important of his writings at
+this time was "The Great Case of Liberty of Conscience once more briefly
+Debated and Defended by the Authority of Reason, Scripture and
+Antiquity."
+
+Being released from prison, Penn set out for the Continent, where he
+traveled in Germany and Holland, holding meetings as opportunity
+offered, and regaining such strength of body as he may have lost amidst
+the rigors of confinement.
+
+In 1672, being now back in England, and having reached the age of
+twenty-seven years, he married Gulielma Maria Springett, a young and
+charming Quakeress. Guli Springett's father had died when she was but
+twenty-three years old, after such valiant service on the Parliamentary
+side in the civil war that he had been knighted by the Speaker of the
+House of Commons. Her mother, thus bereft, had married Isaac Pennington,
+a quiet country gentleman, in whose company, after some search for
+satisfaction in religion, she had become a Quaker. Pennington's
+Quakerism, together with the sufferings which it brought upon him, had
+made him known to Penn. It was to him that Penn had written, three years
+before, to describe the death of Thomas Loe. "Taking me by the hand,"
+said William, "he spoke thus: 'Dear heart, bear thy cross, stand
+faithful for God, and bear thy testimony in thy day and generation; and
+God will give thee an eternal crown of glory, that none shall ever take
+from thee. There is not another way. Bear thy cross. Stand faithful for
+God.'"
+
+It was in Pennington's house that Thomas Ellwood lived, as tutor to Guli
+and the other children, to whom one day in 1655 had come his friend John
+Milton, bringing a manuscript for him to read. "He asked me how I liked
+it, and what I thought of it, which I modestly but freely told him; and
+after some further discourse about it, I pleasantly said to him, Thou
+hast said much here of _Paradise Lost_, but what hast thou to say about
+Paradise found?" Whereupon the poet wrote his second epic.
+
+Ellwood has left a happy description of Guli Springett. "She was in all
+respects," he says, "a very desirable woman,--whether regard was had to
+her outward person, which wanted nothing to render her completely
+comely; or as to the endowments of her mind, which were every way
+extraordinary." And he speaks of her "innocent, open, free
+conversation," and of the "abundant affability, courtesy, and sweetness
+of her natural temper." Her portrait fits with this description, showing
+a bright face in a small, dark hood, with a white kerchief over her
+shoulders. Both her ancestry and her breeding would dispose her to
+appreciate heroism, especially such as was shown in the cause of
+religion. She found the hero of her dreams in William Penn. Thus at
+Amersham, in the spring of 1672, the two stood up in some quiet company
+of Friends, and with prayer and joining of hands were united in
+marriage.
+
+"My dear wife," he wrote to her ten years later, as he set out for
+America, "remember thou hast the love of my youth, and much the joy of
+my life; the most beloved, as well as the most worthy of all earthly
+comforts. God knows, and thou knowest it. I can say it was a match of
+Providence's making."
+
+The Declaration of Indulgence, the king's suspension of the penalties
+legally incurred by dissent, came conveniently at this time to give them
+a honeymoon of peace and tranquillity. They took up their residence at
+Rickmansworth, in Hertfordshire. In the autumn, William set out again
+upon his missionary journeys, preaching in twenty-one towns in
+twenty-one days. "The Lord sealed up our labors and travels," he wrote
+in his journal, "according to the desire of my soul and spirit, with his
+heavenly refreshments and sweet living power and word of life, unto the
+reaching of all, and consolating our own hearts abundantly."
+
+So he returned with the blessings of peace, "which," as he said, "is a
+reward beyond all earthly treasure."
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE BEGINNING OF PENN'S POLITICAL LIFE: THE HOLY EXPERIMENT
+
+
+In 1673, George Fox came back from his travels in America, and Penn and
+his wife had great joy in welcoming him at Bristol. No sooner, however,
+had Fox arrived than the Declaration of Indulgence was withdrawn. It had
+met with much opposition: partly ecclesiastical, from those who saw in
+it a scheme to reestablish relations between Rome and England; and
+partly political, from those who found but an ill precedent in a royal
+decree which set aside parliamentary legislation. The religious liberty
+which it gave was good, but the way in which that liberty was given was
+bad. What was needed was not "indulgence," but common justice. So the
+king recalled the Declaration, and Parliament being not yet ready to
+enact its provisions into law, the prisons were again filled with
+peaceable citizens whose offense was their religion. One of the first to
+suffer was Fox, and in his behalf Penn went to court. He appealed to the
+Duke of York.
+
+The incident is significant as the beginning of another phase of
+William's life. Thus far, he had been a Quaker preacher. Though he was
+unordained, being in a sect which made nothing of ordination, he was for
+all practical purposes a minister of the gospel. He was the Rev. William
+Penn. But now, when he opened the door of the duke's palace, he entered
+into a new way of living, in which he continued during most of the
+remainder of his life. He began to be a courtier; he went into politics.
+He was still a Quaker, preaching sermons and writing books of
+theological controversy; he gave up no religious conviction, and abated
+nothing of the earnestness of his personal piety; but he had found, as
+he believed, another and more effective way to serve God. He now began
+to enter into that valuable but perilous heritage which had been left
+him by his father, the friendship of royalty.
+
+Penn found the duke's antechamber filled with suitors. It seemed
+impossible to get into the august presence. But Colonel Ashton, one of
+the household, looked hard at Penn, and found in him an old companion, a
+friend of the days when William was still partaking of the joys of
+pleasant society. Ashton immediately got him an interview, and Penn
+delivered his request for the release of Fox. The duke received him and
+his petition cordially, professing himself opposed to persecution for
+religion's sake, and promising to use his influence with the king.
+"Then," says Penn, "when he had done upon this affair, he was pleased to
+take a very particular notice of me, both for the relation my father had
+had to his service in the navy, and the care he had promised to show in
+my regard upon all occasions." He expressed surprise that William had
+not been to see him before, and said that whenever he had any business
+with him, he should have immediate entrance and attention.
+
+Fox was not set at liberty by reason of this interview. The king was
+willing to pardon Fox, but Fox was not willing to be pardoned; having,
+as he insisted, done no wrong. Penn, however, had learned that the royal
+duke remembered the admiral's son. It was an important fact, and William
+thereafter kept it well in mind. That it was a turning-point in his
+affairs, appears in his reference to it in a letter which he wrote in
+1688 to a friend who had reproached him for his attendance at court. "I
+have made it," he says, "my province and business; I have followed and
+pressed it; I took it for my calling and station, and have kept it above
+these sixteen years."
+
+Penn went back to Rickmansworth, and for a time life went on as before.
+We get a glimpse of it in the good and wholesome orders which he
+established for the well-governing of his family. In winter, they were
+to rise at seven; in summer at five. Breakfast was at nine, dinner at
+twelve, supper at seven. Each meal was preceded by family prayers. At
+the devotions before dinner, the Bible was read aloud, together with
+chapters from the "Book of Martyrs," or the writings of Friends. After
+supper, the servants appeared before the master and mistress, and gave
+an account of their doings during the day, and got their orders for the
+morrow. "They were to avoid loud discourse and troublesome noises; they
+were not to absent themselves without leave; they were not to go to any
+public house but upon business; and they were not to loiter, or enter
+into unprofitable talk, while on an errand."
+
+With the canceling of the Indulgence, the persecution of the Quakers was
+renewed. Their houses were entered, their furniture was seized, their
+cattle were driven away, and themselves thrust into jail. When no
+offense was clearly proved against them, the oath was tendered, and the
+refusal to take it meant a serious imprisonment.
+
+Under these circumstances, Penn wrote a "Treatise on Oaths." He also
+addressed the general public with "England's Present Interest
+Considered," an argument against the attempt to compel uniformity of
+belief. He petitioned the king and Parliament in "The Continued Cry of
+the Oppressed." "William Brazier," he said, "shoemaker at Cambridge, was
+fined by John Hunt, mayor, and John Spenser, vice-chancellor, twenty
+pounds for holding a peaceable religious meeting in his own house. The
+officer who distrained for this sum took his leather last, the seat he
+worked upon, wearing clothes, bed, and bedding." "In Cheshire, Justice
+Daniel of Danesbury took from Briggs and others the value of one hundred
+and sixteen pounds, fifteen shillings and tenpence in coin, kine, and
+horses. The latter he had the audacity to retain and work for his own
+use," and so on, instance after instance. Penn's acquaintance at court
+and his friendships with persons of position never made him an
+aristocrat. He was fraternally interested in farmers and cobblers, and
+cared for the plain people. Quakerism, as he held it, was indeed a
+system of theology which he studiously taught, but it was also, and
+quite as much, a social and intellectual democracy. What he mightily
+liked about it was that abandonment of artificial distinctions, whereby
+all Quakers addressed their neighbors by their Christian names, and that
+refusal to be held by formulas of faith, whereby they were left free to
+accept such beliefs, and such only, as appealed to their own reason.
+
+About this time he engaged in controversy with Mr. Richard Baxter.
+Baxter is chiefly remembered as the author of "The Saints' Everlasting
+Rest," but he was a most militant person, who rejoiced greatly in a
+theological fight. Passing by Rickmansworth, and finding many Quakers
+there,--to him a sad spectacle,--he sought to reclaim them, and thus
+fell speedily into debate with Penn. The two argued from ten in the
+morning until five in the afternoon, a great crowd listening all the
+time with breathless interest. Neither could get the other to surrender;
+but so much did William enjoy the exercise that he offered Baxter a room
+in his house, that they might argue every day.
+
+In 1677, having now removed to an estate of his wife's at Worminghurst,
+in Sussex, Penn, in company with Fox, Barclay, and other Quakers, made a
+"religious voyage" into Holland and Germany, preaching the gospel. His
+journal of these travels is printed in his works. "At Osnaburg," he
+writes, "we had a little time with the man of the inn where we lay; and
+left him several good books of Friends, in the High and Low Dutch
+tongues, to read and dispose of." Then, in the next sentence, he
+continues, "the next morning, being the fifth day of the week, we set
+forward to Herwerden, and came thither at night. This is the city where
+the Princess Elizabeth Palatine hath her court, whom, and the countess
+in company with her, it was especially upon us to visit." Thus they
+went, ministering to high and low alike, in their democratic Christian
+way making no distinction between tavern-keepers and princesses. As they
+talked with Elizabeth and her friend the countess, discoursing upon
+heavenly themes, they were interrupted by the rattling of a coach, and
+callers were announced. The countess "fetched a deep sigh, crying out,
+'O the cumber and entanglements of this vain world! They hinder all
+good.' Upon which," says William, "I replied, looking her steadfastly in
+the face, 'O come thou out of them, then.'" This journey was of great
+importance as affecting afterwards the population of Pennsylvania. Here
+it was that Penn met various communities "of a separating and seeking
+turn of mind," who found in him a kindred spirit. When he established
+his colony, many of them came out and joined it, becoming the
+"Pennsylvania Dutch."
+
+During these travels Penn wrote letters to the Prince Elector of
+Heidelberg, to the Graf of Bruch and Falschenstein, to the King of
+Poland, together with an epistle "To the Churches of Jesus throughout
+the world." This was a kind of correspondence in which he delighted.
+Like Wesley, after him, he had taken the world for his parish. He
+considered himself a citizen of the planet, and took an episcopal and
+pontifical interest in the affairs of men and nations. He combined in
+an unusual way the qualities of the saint and the statesman. His mind
+was at the same time religious and political. Accordingly, as he came to
+have a better acquaintance with himself, he entered deliberately upon a
+course of life in which these two elements of his character could have
+free play. He applied himself to the task of making politics contribute
+to the advancement of religion. Many men before him had been eminently
+successful in making politics contribute to the advancement of the
+church. Penn's purpose was deeper and better.
+
+He came near, at this time, to getting Parliament to assent to a
+provision permitting Quakers to affirm, without oath; but the sudden
+proroguing of that body prevented it. In the general election which
+followed, he made speeches for Algernon Sidney, who was standing for a
+place in Parliament. He wrote "England's Great Interest in the Choice of
+a New Parliament," and "One Project for the Good of England." The
+project was that Protestants should stop contending one with another
+and unite against a common enemy.
+
+This was in 1679. The next year he took the decisive step. He entered
+upon the fulfillment of that great plan, which had been in his mind
+since his student days at Oxford, and with which he was occupied all the
+rest of his life. He began to undertake the planting of a colony across
+the sea.
+
+Penn had already had some experience in colonial affairs. With the
+downfall of the Dutch dominion in the New World, England had come into
+possession of two important rivers, the Hudson and the Delaware, and of
+the countries which they drained. Of these estates, the Duke of York had
+become owner of New Jersey. He, in turn, dividing it into two portions,
+west and east, had sold West Jersey to Lord Berkeley, and East Jersey to
+Sir George Carteret. Berkeley had sold West Jersey to a Quaker, John
+Fenwick, in trust for another Quaker, Edward Byllinge. These Quakers,
+disagreeing, had asked Penn to arbitrate between them. Byllinge had
+fallen into bankruptcy, and his lands had been transferred to Penn as
+receiver for the benefit of the creditors. Thus William had come into a
+position of importance in the affairs of West Jersey. Presently, in
+1679, East Jersey came also into the market, and Penn and eleven others
+bought it at auction. These twelve took in other twelve, and the
+twenty-four appointed a Quaker governor, Robert Barclay.
+
+Now, in 1680, having had his early interest in America thus renewed and
+strengthened, Penn found that the king was in his debt to the amount of
+sixteen thousand pounds. Part of this money had been loaned to the king
+by William's father, the admiral; part of it was the admiral's unpaid
+salary. Mr. Pepys has recorded in his diary how scandalously Charles
+left his officers unpaid. The king, he says, could not walk in his own
+house without meeting at every hand men whom he was ruining, while at
+the same time he was spending money prodigally upon his pleasures. Pepys
+himself fell into poverty in his old age, accounting the king to be in
+debt to him in the sum of twenty-eight thousand pounds.
+
+Penn considered his account collectible. "I have been," he wrote, "these
+thirteen years the servant of Truth and Friends, and for my testimony's
+sake lost much,--not only the greatness and preferment of the world, but
+sixteen thousand pounds of my estate which, had I not been what I am, I
+had long ago obtained." It is doubtful, however, if the king would have
+ever paid a penny. It is certain that when William offered to exchange
+the money for a district in America, Charles agreed to the bargain with
+great joy.
+
+The territory thus bestowed was "all that tract or part of land in
+America, bounded on the east by the Delaware River, from twelve miles
+northward of New Castle town unto the three and fortieth degree of
+northern latitude. The said land to extend westward five degrees in
+longitude, to be computed from the said eastern bounds, and the said
+lands to be bounded on the north by the beginning of the three and
+fortieth degree of northern latitude and on the south by a circle drawn
+at twelve miles distance from New Castle, northward and westward, unto
+the beginning of the fortieth degree of northern latitude, and then by
+a straight line westward to the limits of longitude above mentioned."
+
+This was a country almost as large as England. No such extensive domain
+had ever been given to a subject by an English sovereign: but none had
+ever been paid for by a sum of money so substantial.
+
+On the 4th of March, 1681, the charter received the signature of Charles
+the Second. On the 21st of August, 1682, the Duke of York signed a deed
+whereby he released the tract of land called Pennsylvania to William
+Penn and his heirs forever. About the same time, by a like deed, the
+duke conveyed to Penn the district which is now called Delaware. Penn
+agreed, on his part, as a feudal subject, to render yearly to the king
+two skins of beaver, and a fifth part of all the gold and silver found
+in the ground; and to the duke "one rose at the feast of St. Michael the
+Archangel."
+
+This association of sentiment and religion with a transaction in real
+estate is a fitting symbol of the spirit in which the Pennsylvania
+colony was undertaken. Penn received the land as a sacred trust. It was
+regarded by him not as a personal estate, but as a religious possession
+to be held for the good of humanity, for the advancement of the cause of
+freedom, for the furtherance of the kingdom of heaven. He wrote at the
+time to a friend that he had obtained it in the name of God, that thus
+he may "serve his truth and people, and that an example may be set up to
+the nations." He believed that there was room there "for such an holy
+experiment."
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+THE SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA: PENN'S FIRST VISIT TO THE PROVINCE
+
+
+That Penn undertook the "holy experiment" without expectation or desire
+of profit appears not only in his conviction that he was thereby losing
+sixteen thousand pounds, but in his refusal to make his new estates a
+means of gain. "He is offered great things," says James Claypole in a
+letter dated September, 1681, "L6000 for a monopoly in trade, which he
+refused.... He designs to do things equally between all parties, and I
+believe truly does aim more at justice and righteousness and spreading
+of truth than at his own particular gain." "I would not abuse His love,"
+said Penn, "nor act unworthy of His providence, and so defile what came
+to me clean. No, let the Lord guide me by His wisdom, and preserve me to
+honour His name, and serve His truth and people, that an example and
+standard may be set up to the nations."
+
+So far removed was he from all self-seeking, that he was even unwilling
+to have the colony bear his name. "I chose New Wales," he says,
+recounting the action of the king's council, "being, as this, a pretty
+hilly country,--but Penn being Welsh for head, as Pennanmoire in Wales,
+and Penrith in Cumberland, and Penn in Buckinghamshire, the highest land
+in England--[the king] called this Pennsylvania, which is the high or
+head woodlands; for I proposed, when the secretary, a Welshman, refused
+to have it called New Wales, Sylvania, and they added Penn to it; and
+though I much opposed it, and went to the king to have it struck out and
+altered, he said it was past, and he would take it upon him; nor could
+twenty guineas move the under-secretary to vary the name, for I feared
+lest it should be looked on as a vanity in me, and not as a respect in
+the king, as it truly was, to my father, whom he often mentions with
+praise."
+
+The charter gave the land to Penn as the king's tenant. He had power to
+make laws; though this power was to be exercised, except in emergencies,
+"with the advice, assent, and approbation of the freemen of the
+territory," and subject to the confirmation of the Privy Council. He was
+to appoint judges and other officers. He had the right to assess custom
+on goods laden and unladen, for his own benefit; though he was to take
+care to do it "reasonably," and with the advice of the assembly of
+freemen. He was, at the same time, to be free from any tax or custom of
+the king, except by his own consent, or by the consent of his governor
+or assembly, or by act of Parliament. He was not to maintain
+correspondence with any king or power at war with England, nor to make
+war against any king or power in amity with the same. If as many as
+twenty of his colonists should ask a minister from the Bishop of London,
+such minister was to be received without denial or molestation.
+
+The next important document to be prepared was the Constitution, or
+Frame of Government, and to the task of composing it Penn gave a great
+amount of time and care. It was preceded by two statements of
+principles,--the Preface and the Great Fundamental.
+
+The Preface declared the political policy of the proprietor.
+"Government," he said, "seems to me a part of religion itself, a thing
+sacred in its institution and end." As for the debate between monarchy,
+aristocracy, and democracy, "I choose," he said, "to solve the
+controversy with this small distinction, and it belongs to all three:
+any government is free to the people under it, whatever be the frame,
+where the laws rule, and the people are a party to those laws." His
+purpose, he says, is to establish "the great end of all government,
+viz., to support power in reverence with the people, and to secure the
+people from the abuse of power, that they may be free by their just
+obedience, and the magistrates honourable for their just administration;
+for liberty without obedience is confusion, and obedience without
+liberty is slavery."
+
+In a private letter, written about the same time, Penn stated his
+political position in several concrete sentences which interpret these
+fine but rather vague pronouncements. "For the matters of liberty and
+privilege," he wrote, "I propose that which is extraordinary, and to
+leave myself and successors no power of doing mischief, that the will of
+one man may not hinder the good of an whole country; but to publish
+these things now and here, as matters stand, would not be wise."
+
+The Great Fundamental set forth the ecclesiastical policy of the
+founder: "In reverence to God, the father of light and spirits, the
+author as well as the object of all divine knowledge, faith and
+workings, I do, for me and mine, declare and establish for the first
+fundamental of the government of my province, that every person that
+doth and shall reside there shall have and enjoy the free profession of
+his or her faith and exercise of worship towards God, in such way and
+manner as every such person shall in conscience believe is most
+acceptable to God."
+
+These principles of civil and religious liberty constituted the "holy
+experiment." They made the difference between Penn's colony and almost
+every other government then existing. In their influence and
+continuance, until at last they were incorporated in the Constitution of
+the United States, they are the chief contribution of William Penn to
+the progress of our institutions.
+
+   "All Europe with amazement saw
+   The soul's high freedom trammeled by no law."
+
+The Constitution was drawn up in Articles to the number of twenty-four,
+and these were followed by forty Laws.
+
+The Articles provided for a governor, to be appointed by the proprietor,
+and for two legislative bodies, a provincial council and a general
+assembly. The provincial council was to consist of seventy-two members.
+Of these a third were elected for three years, a third for two, and a
+third for one; so that by the end of the service of the first third, all
+would have a three-year term, twenty-four going out and having their
+places filled each year. The business of the council was to prepare
+laws, to see that they were executed, and in general to provide for the
+good conduct of affairs. The general assembly was to consist of two
+hundred members, to be chosen annually. They had no right to originate
+legislation, but were to pass upon all bills which had been enacted by
+the council, accepting or rejecting them by a vote of yea or nay.
+
+The Laws enjoined that "all persons who confessed the one almighty and
+eternal God to be the Creator, Upholder, and Ruler of the world, and who
+held themselves obliged in conscience to live peaceably and justly in
+society, were in no ways to be molested for their religious persuasion
+and practice, nor to be compelled at any time to frequent any religious
+place or ministry whatever." All children of the age of twelve were to
+be taught some useful trade. All pleadings, processes, and records in
+the courts of law were to be as short as possible. The reformation of
+the offender was to be considered as a great part of the purpose of
+punishment. At a time when there were in England two hundred offenses
+punishable by death, Penn reduced these capital crimes to two, murder
+and treason. All prisons were to be made into workhouses. No oath was to
+be required. Drinking healths, selling rum to Indians, cursing and
+lying, fighting duels, playing cards, the pleasures of the theatre, were
+all put under the ban together.
+
+Penn's provincial council suggested the Senate of the United States. As
+originally established, however, the disproportion of power between the
+upper and the lower house was so great as to cause much just
+dissatisfaction. The council was in effect a body of seventy-two
+governors; the assembly, which more directly represented the people,
+could consider no laws save those sent down to them by the council. The
+Constitution had to be changed.
+
+One of the good qualities of the Constitution was that it was possible
+to change it. It provided for the process of amendment. That customary
+article with which all constitutions now end appeared for the first time
+in Penn's Frame of Government. Another good quality of the Constitution
+was that it secured an abiding harmony between its fundamental
+statements and all further legislation. "Penn was the first one to hit
+upon the foundation or first step in the true principle, now the
+universal law in the United States, that the unconstitutional law is
+void."
+
+Whatever help Penn may have had in the framing of this legislation, from
+Algernon Sidney and other political friends, it is plain that the best
+part of it was his own, and that he wrote it not as a politician but as
+a Quaker. It is an application of the Quaker principles of democracy and
+of religious liberty to the conditions of a commonwealth. From beginning
+to end it is the work of a man whose supreme interest was religion. It
+is at the same time singularly free from the narrowness into which men
+of this earnest mind have often fallen. Religion, as Penn considered it,
+was not a matter of ordinances or rubrics. It was righteousness, and
+fraternity, and liberty of conscience.
+
+In this spirit he wrote a letter to the Indian inhabitants of his
+province. "The great God, who is the power and wisdom that made you and
+me, incline your hearts to righteousness, love, and peace. This I send
+to assure you of my love, and to desire you to love my friends; and when
+the great God brings me among you, I intend to order all things in such
+a manner that we may all live in love and peace, one with another, which
+I hope the great God will incline both me and you to do. I seek nothing
+but the honour of his name, and that we, who are his workmanship, may do
+that which is well pleasing to him.... So I rest in the love of God that
+made us."
+
+Now colonists began to seek this land of peace across the sea. A hundred
+acres were promised for forty shillings, with a quit-rent of one
+shilling annually to the proprietor forever. In clearing the ground,
+care was to be taken to leave one acre of trees, for every five acres
+cleared. All transactions with the Indians were to be held in the public
+market, and all differences between the white man and the red were to be
+settled by a jury of six planters and six Indians. Penn also counseled
+prospective colonists to consider the great inconveniences which they
+must of necessity endure, and hoped that those who went would have "the
+permission if not the good liking of their near relations."
+
+There were already in the province some two thousand people, besides
+Indians,--a peaceable and industrious folk, mostly Swedes and English.
+They had six meeting-houses; the English settlers being Quakers. They
+lived along the banks of the Delaware. In the autumn of 1681, the ship
+Sarah and John brought the first of Penn's emigrants, and in December
+the ship Bristol Factor added others. In 1682, Penn came himself.
+
+The journey at that time was both long and perilous. If it was
+accomplished in two months, the voyage was considered prosperous. To the
+ordinary dangers of the deep was added the terror of the smallpox.
+Scarcely a ship crossed without this dread passenger. William,
+accordingly, as one undertaking a desperate adventure, took a tender
+leave of his family. He wrote a letter whose counsels might guide them
+in case he never returned. "My dear wife and children," he said, "my
+love, which neither sea, nor land, nor death itself can extinguish or
+lessen towards you, most endearedly visits you with eternal embraces,
+and will abide with you forever; and may the God of my life watch over
+you, and bless you, and do you good in this world and forever." "Be
+diligent," he advised his wife, "in meetings for worship and business,
+... and let meetings be kept once a day in the family to wait upon the
+Lord, ... and, my dearest, to make thy family matters easy to thee,
+divide thy time and be regular; it is easy and sweet.... Cast up thy
+income, and see what it daily amounts to, ... and I beseech thee to live
+low and sparingly, till my debts are paid." As for the children, they
+are to be bred up "in the love of virtue, and that holy plain way of it,
+which we have lived in, that the world in no part of it get into my
+family." They are to be carefully taught. "For their learning be
+liberal, spare no cost." "Agriculture is especially in my eye; let my
+children be husbandmen and housewives; it is industrious, healthy,
+honest, and of good example." They are to honor and obey their mother,
+to love not money nor the world, to be temperate in all things. If they
+come presently to be concerned in the government of Pennsylvania, "I do
+charge you," their father wrote, "before the Lord God and the holy
+angels, that you be lovely, diligent and tender, fearing God, loving the
+people, and hating covetousness. Let justice have its impartial course,
+and the law free passage. Though to your loss, protect no man against
+it; for you are not above the law, but the law above you. Live the lives
+yourselves, you would have the people live."
+
+Unhappily, of Guli's children, seven in number, four died before their
+mother, and one, the eldest son, Springett, shortly after. Springett
+inherited the devout spirit of his parents; his father wrote an
+affecting account of his pious death. Of the two remaining, William fell
+into ways of dissipation, and Letitia married a man whom her father
+disliked. Neither of them had any inheritance in Pennsylvania.
+
+Penn's ship, the Welcome, carried a hundred passengers, most of them
+Quakers from his own neighborhood. A third part died of smallpox on the
+way. On the 24th of October, he sighted land; on the 27th, he arrived
+before Newcastle, in Delaware; on the 28th, he landed. Here he formally
+received turf and twig, water and soil, in token of his ownership. On
+the 29th, he entered Pennsylvania. Adding ten days to this date, to
+bring it into accord with our present calendar, we have November 8 as
+the day of his arrival in the province. The place was Upland, where
+there was a settlement already; the name was that day changed to
+Chester.
+
+Penn was greatly pleased with his new possessions. He wrote a
+description of the country for the Free Society of Traders. The air, he
+said, was sweet and clear, and the heavens serene. Trees, fruits, and
+flowers grew in abundance: especially a "great, red grape," and a "white
+kind of muskadel," out of which he hopes it may be possible to make
+good wine. The ground was fertile. The Indians he found to be tall,
+straight, and well built, walking "with a lofty chin." Their language
+was "like the Hebrew," and he guessed that they were descended from the
+ten lost tribes of Israel. Light of heart, they seemed to him, with
+"strong affections, but soon spent; ... the most merry creatures that
+live." Though they were "under a dark night in things relating to
+religion," yet were they believers in God and immortality.
+
+"I bless the Lord," he wrote in a letter, "I am very well, and much
+satisfied with my place and portion. O how sweet is the quiet of these
+parts, freed from the anxious and troublesome solicitations, hurries,
+and solicitations of woeful Europe!"
+
+In the midst of these fair regions, beside the "wedded rivers," the
+Delaware and the Schuylkill, in the convenient neighborhood of quarries
+of building stone, at a place which the Indians called Coaquannoc, he
+established his capital city, calling it Philadelphia,--perhaps in
+token of the spirit of brotherly love in which it was founded, perhaps
+in remembrance of those seven cities of the Revelation wherein was that
+primitive Christianity which he wished to reproduce.
+
+Here he had his rowers run his boat ashore at the mouth of Dock Creek,
+which now runs under Dock Street, where several men were engaged in
+building a house, which was afterwards called the Blue Anchor Tavern.
+Penn brought a considerable company with him. In the minutes of a
+Friends' meeting held on the 8th (18th) of November, 1682, at
+Shackamaxon, now Kensington, it was recorded that, "at this time,
+Governor Penn and a multitude of Friends arrived here, and erected a
+city called Philadelphia, about half a mile from Shackamaxon."
+Presently, the Indians appeared. They offered Penn of their hominy and
+roasted acorns, and, after dinner, showed him how they could hop and
+jump. He is said to have entered heartily into these exercises, and to
+have jumped farther than any of them.
+
+The governor had already determined the plan of the city. There were to
+be two large streets,--one fronting the Delaware on the east, the other
+fronting the Schuylkill on the west; a third avenue, to be called High
+Street (now Market), was to run from river to river, east and west; and
+a fourth, called Broad Street, was to cross it at right angles, north
+and south. Twenty streets were to lie parallel with Broad, and to be
+named First Street, Second Street, and so on in order, in the plain
+Quaker fashion which had thus entitled the days of the week and the
+months of the year. Eight were to lie parallel with High, and to be
+called after the trees of the forest,--Spruce, Chestnut, Pine. In the
+midst of the city, at the crossing of High and Broad Streets, was to be
+a square of ten acres, to contain the public offices; and in each
+quarter of the city was to be a similar open space for walks. The
+founder intended to allow no house to be built on the river banks,
+keeping them open and beautiful. Could he have foreseen the future, he
+would have made the streets wider. He had in mind, however, only a
+country town. "Let every house be placed," he directed, "if the person
+pleases, in the middle of its plot, as to the breadth way of it, that so
+there may be ground on each side for gardens or orchards or fields, that
+it may be a green country town, which will never be burnt and always
+wholesome."
+
+Among those houses was his own, a modest structure made of brick,
+standing "on Front Street south of the present Market Street," and still
+preserved in Fairmont Park. He afterwards gave it to his daughter
+Letitia, and it was called Letitia House, from her ownership.
+
+In the mean time, he was making his famous treaty with the Indians. Penn
+recognized the Indians as the actual owners of the land. He bought it of
+them as he needed it. The transfer of property thus made was a natural
+occasion of mutual promises. As there were several such meetings between
+the Quakers and the Indians, it is difficult to fix a date to mark the
+fact. One meeting took place, it is said, under a spreading elm at
+Shackamaxon. The commonly accepted date is the 23d of June, 1683. The
+elm was blown down in 1810. There is a persistent tradition to the
+effect that William was distinguished from his fellow Quakers in this
+transaction by wearing a sky-blue sash of silk network. But of this, as
+of most other details of ceremony in connection with the matter, we know
+nothing.
+
+Penn gives a general description of his various conferences upon this
+business. "Their order," he says, "is thus: the king sits in the middle
+of a half-moon, and has his council, the old and wise, on each hand.
+Behind them, or at a little distance, sit the younger fry in the same
+figure." Then one speaks in their king's name, and Penn answers. "When
+the purchase was agreed great promises passed between us of kindness and
+good neighbourhood, and that the English and the Indians must live in
+love as long as the sun gave light, ... at every sentence of which they
+shouted, and said Amen, in their way." Some earnestness may have been
+added to these assuring responses by the Indians' consciousness of the
+fact that the advantages of the bargain were not all on one side. The
+Pennsylvania tribes had been thoroughly conquered by the Five Nations.
+There was little heart left in them. But their condition detracts
+nothing from Penn's Christian brotherliness.
+
+In some such manner the great business was enacted. "This," said
+Voltaire, "was the only treaty between these people and the Christians
+that was not ratified by an oath, and that was never broken." That it
+was never broken was the capital fact. Herein it differed from a
+thousand other treaties made before or since. In the midst of the long
+story of the misdealings of the white men with the red, which begins
+with Cortez and Pizarro, and is still continued in the daily newspapers,
+this justice and honesty of William Penn is a point of light. That Penn
+treated the Indians as neighbors and brothers; that he paid them fairly
+for every acre of their land; that the promises which he made were ever
+after unfailingly kept is perhaps his best warrant of abiding fame. Like
+his constitutional establishment of civil and religious liberty, it was
+a direct result of his Quaker principles. It was a manifestation of that
+righteousness which he was continually preaching and practicing.
+
+The kindness and courtly generosity which Penn showed in his bargains
+with the Indians is happily illustrated in one of his purchases of land.
+The land was to extend "as far back as a man could walk in three days."
+William walked out a day and a half of it, taking several chiefs with
+him, "leisurely, after the Indian manner, sitting down sometimes to
+smoke their pipes, to eat biscuit and cheese, and drink a bottle of
+wine." Thus they covered less than thirty miles. In 1733, the then
+governor employed the fastest walker he could find, who in the second
+day and a half marked eighty-six miles.
+
+The treaty gave the new colony a substantial advantage. The Lenni
+Lenape, the Mingoes, the Shawnees accounted Penn's settlers as their
+friends. The word went out among the tribes that what Penn said he
+meant, and that what he promised he would fulfill faithfully. Thus the
+planters were freed from the terror of the forest which haunted their
+neighbors, north and south. They could found cities in the wilderness
+and till their scattered farms without fear of tomahawk or firebrand.
+Penn himself went twenty miles from Philadelphia, near the present
+Bristol, to lay out his country place of Pennsbury.
+
+Ships were now arriving with sober and industrious emigrants; trees were
+coming down, houses were going up. In July, 1683, Penn wrote to Henry
+Sidney, in England, reminding him that he had promised to send some
+fruit-trees, and describing the condition of the colony. "We have laid
+out a town a mile long and two miles deep.... I think we have near about
+eighty houses built, and about three hundred farms settled round the
+town.... We have had fifty sail of ships and small vessels, since the
+last summer, in our river, which shows a good beginning." "I am
+mightily taken with this part of the world," he wrote to Lord Culpeper,
+who had come to be governor of Virginia, "I like it so well, that a
+plentiful estate, and a great acquaintance on the other side, have no
+charms to remove; my family being once fixed with me, and if no other
+thing occur, I am likely to be an adopted American." "Our heads are
+dull," he added, "but our hearts are good and our hands strong."
+
+In the midst of this peace and prosperity, however, there was a serious
+trouble. This was a dispute with Lord Baltimore over the dividing line
+between Pennsylvania and Maryland. By the inaccuracy of surveyors, the
+confusion of maps, and the indefiniteness of charters, Baltimore
+believed himself entitled to a considerable part of the territory which
+was claimed by Penn, including even Philadelphia. The two proprietors
+had already discussed the question without settlement; indeed, it
+remained a cause of contention for some seventy years. As finally
+settled, in 1732, between the heirs of Penn and of Baltimore, a line
+was established from Cape Henlopen west to a point half way between
+Delaware Bay and Chesapeake Bay; thence north to twelve miles west of
+Newcastle, and so on to fifteen miles south of Philadelphia; thence due
+west. The surveyors were Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, and the line
+was thus called Mason and Dixon's Line. This boundary afterwards parted
+the free States from the slave States. South of it was "Dixie."
+
+Penn now learned that Lord Baltimore was on his way to England to lay
+the question before the Privy Council. The situation demanded William's
+presence. "I am following him as fast as I can," he wrote to the Duke of
+York, praying "that a perfect stop be put to all his proceedings till I
+come." He therefore took leave of his friends in the province,
+commissioned the provincial council to act in his stead, and in August,
+1684, having been two years in America, he embarked for home.
+
+On board the Endeavour, on the eve of sailing, he wrote a farewell
+letter. "And thou, Philadelphia," he said, "the virgin settlement of
+this province, named before thou wert born, what love, what care, what
+service and what travail has there been to bring thee forth and preserve
+thee from such as would abuse and defile thee! O that thou mayest be
+kept from the evil that would overwhelm thee; that faithful to the God
+of mercies in the life of righteousness, thou mayest be preserved to the
+end. My soul prays to God for thee that thou mayest stand in the day of
+trial, that thy children may be blessed of the Lord, and thy people
+saved by thy power. My love to thee has been great, and the remembrance
+of thee affects mine heart and mine eye. The God of eternal strength
+keep and preserve thee to his glory and peace."
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+AT THE COURT OF JAMES THE SECOND, AND "IN RETIREMENT"
+
+
+When Penn left the province in 1684, he expected to return speedily, but
+he did not see that pleasant land again until 1699. The fifteen
+intervening years were filled with contention, anxiety, misfortune, and
+various distresses.
+
+In the winter of 1684-85, Charles II. died, and the Duke of York, his
+brother, succeeded him as James II. And James was the patron and good
+friend of William Penn. But the king was a Roman Catholic. One of his
+first acts upon coming to the throne was to go publicly to mass. He was
+privately resolved upon making the Roman Church supreme in England. Penn
+was stoutly opposed to the king's religion. In his "Seasonable Caveat
+against Popery," as well as in his other writings, he had expressed his
+dislike with characteristic frankness. That he had himself been accused
+of being a Jesuit had naturally impelled him to use the strongest
+language to belie the accusation. Nevertheless, William Penn stood by
+the king. He sought and kept the position of favorite and agent of the
+court. He upheld, and so far as he could, assisted, the projects of a
+reign which, had it continued, would probably have contradicted his most
+cherished principles, abolished liberty of conscience, and made an end
+of Quakers.
+
+This perplexing inconsistency, which is the only serious blot on Penn's
+fair fame, appears to have been the result of two convictions.
+
+He was sure, in the first place, of the honesty of the king; he believed
+in him with all his heart. James had been true to the trust reposed in
+him by William's father. He had befriended William, taking him out of
+prison, increasing his estates, granting his petitions. "Anybody," said
+Penn, "that has the least pretense to good-nature, gratitude, or
+generosity, must needs know how to interpret my access to the king."
+With his advance to the crown James's graciousness had increased. He
+kept great lords waiting without while he conversed at leisure with the
+Quaker. He liked Penn, and Penn liked him. In spite of the disparities
+in their age, rank, and creed, William Penn and James Stuart were fast
+friends, united by the bond of genuine affection.
+
+It was characteristic of Penn to be blind to the faults of his friends.
+He brought great troubles both upon himself and upon his colony by his
+refusal to believe the reports which were made to him against the
+character of men whom he had appointed to office: he was unwilling to
+believe evil of any man. He fell into bankruptcy, and even into a
+debtor's prison, by his blind, unquestioning confidence in the agent who
+managed his business. His faith in James was of a piece with his whole
+character. He appears to have been temperamentally incapable of
+perceiving the unworthiness of anybody whom he liked.
+
+Together with this conviction as to the king's honesty, and bound up
+with it, was a like belief in the wisdom of the king's plan. The king's
+plan was to remove all disabilities arising from religion. He purposed
+not only to put an end to the laws under which honest men were kept in
+prison, but to abolish the "tests" which prevented a Roman Catholic from
+holding office. And, without tarrying for the action of a cautious
+Parliament, his intention was to do these things at once by a
+declaration of the royal will. All this was approved by William Penn.
+
+That the laws which disturbed Protestant dissenters should be changed,
+he argued at length in a pamphlet entitled "A Persuasion to Moderation."
+Moderation, as he defined it, meant "liberty of conscience to church
+dissenters;" a cause which, with all humility, he said, he had
+undertaken to plead against the prejudices of the times. He maintained
+that toleration was not only a right inherent in religion, but that it
+was for the political and commercial good of the nation. Repression and
+persecution, he said, drive men into conspiracies. The importing of
+religious distinctions into the affairs of state deprives the country of
+the services of some of its best men. His father, upon the occasion of
+the first Dutch war, had submitted to the king a list of the ablest sea
+officers in the kingdom. The striking of the names of nonconformists
+from this list had "robbed the king at that time of ten men, whose
+greater knowledge and valour, than any other ten of that fleet, had, in
+their room, been able to have saved a battle, or perfected a victory."
+As for a declaration of indulgence, Penn deemed it "the sovereign remedy
+of the English constitution."
+
+That the "tests" should be removed, he urged on James's behalf upon
+William of Orange, to whom he went in Holland on an informal commission
+from the king. William, by his marriage with James's daughter, was heir
+apparent to the throne of England, and his consent was necessary to any
+serious change of national policy. He insisted on the tests.
+Theoretically, Penn was right. The ideal state imposes no religious
+tests; every good citizen, no matter what his private creed may be, is
+eligible to any office. Practically, Penn was wrong, as William of
+Orange plainly saw. That prince, as appeared afterwards, was as zealous
+for religious freedom as was Penn himself; but it was plain to him that
+as matters stood at that time in England, it was necessary to enforce
+the tests in order to prevent the rise of an ecclesiastical party whose
+supremacy would endanger all that Penn desired. Penn, with his stout
+faith in the king, could not see it. There were times, indeed, when he
+was perplexed and troubled. "The Lord keep us in this dark day!" he
+wrote to his steward at Pennsbury. "Be wise, close, respectful to
+superiors. The king has discharged all Friends by a general pardon, and
+is courteous, though as to the Church of England, things seem pinching.
+Several Roman Catholics got much into places in the army, navy, court."
+Nevertheless, the king's plan, as he understood it, gave assurance of
+liberty of conscience, and the end of persecution for opinion's sake;
+and he supported the king.
+
+Under these conditions, misled by friendship, seeing, but not
+perceiving, Penn persuaded himself that he could excellently serve God
+and his neighbors by becoming a courtier. He took a house in London,
+within easy distance of Whitehall, and visited the king daily. A great
+many people therefore visited Penn daily; sometimes as many as two
+hundred were waiting to confer with him. They desired that he would do
+this or that for their good with the king. Most of them were Quakers;
+many were in need of pardon, or were burdened by some oppression.
+
+For example, Sir Robert Stuart of Coltness had been in exile as a
+Presbyterian, and on his return found his lands in the possession of the
+Earl of Arran. He brought his case to Penn. Penn went to Arran. "What is
+this, friend James, that I hear of thee?" he said. "Thou hast taken
+possession of Coltness's castle. Thou knowest that it is not thine."
+"That estate," Arran explained, "I paid a great price for. I received no
+other reward for my expensive and troublesome embassy to France, except
+this estate." "All very well, friend James," said Penn, "but of this
+assure thyself, that if thou dost not give me this moment an order on
+thy chamberlain for two hundred pounds to Coltness to carry him down to
+his native country, and a hundred a year to subsist on till matters are
+adjusted, I will make it as many thousands out of thy way with the
+king." Arran complied immediately.
+
+Again, one day after dinner, as they were drinking a glass of wine
+together, one of Penn's clients said, "I can tell you how you can
+prolong my life." "I am no physician," answered William, "but prithee
+tell me what thou meanest." The client replied that a good friend of
+his, Jack Trenchard, was in exile, and "if you," he said, "could get him
+leave to come home with safety and honour, the drinking now and then a
+bottle with Jack Trenchard would make me so cheerful that it would
+prolong my life." Penn smilingly promised to do what he could, and in a
+month the two friends were drinking his good health.
+
+This was the kind of business which he transacted. He had found a way
+to be of eminent service to his neighbors, and especially to his Quaker
+brethren, and he made the most of the opportunity. There is no evidence
+that he departed from the disinterested life which he had previously
+lived. He attended the court of King James, as he had undertaken the
+settlement of Pennsylvania, not for what he could get out of it, but for
+the good he could do by means of it. What he did, he tells us, was upon
+a "principle of charity." "I never accepted any commission," he says,
+"but that of a free and common solicitor for sufferers of all sorts and
+in all parties." Neither is there any instance of his asking anything to
+increase his own estate or position.
+
+Indeed, he was losing money; for the expenses of life at court were
+great. Worse still, he was losing his good name. His Quaker friends
+found him hard to understand. It was true that he had cast in his lot
+with them, and had suffered for their cause,--he was their great
+theologian and preacher; but he seemed, nevertheless, to be still a
+cavalier and a worldly person. They heard--though there was no truth in
+the report--that he had set up a military company in Pennsylvania. They
+saw with their own eyes that he lived in a style which must have seemed
+to them altogether inconsistent with simplicity, and that he consorted
+with courtiers. And they did not like it,--they said so frankly.
+
+As for enemies, the king's favorite had many, inevitably. The lords who
+waited in the antechamber while Penn was closeted with James did not
+look pleasantly at him when he came out. The stout Protestants, who
+hated the king's ways, and suspected the king's designs, could not
+easily think well of one who was so closely in his counsels. One of
+Penn's friends told him what these people said of him: "Your post is too
+considerable for a Papist of an ordinary form, and therefore you must be
+a Jesuit; nay, to confirm that suggestion, it must be accompanied with
+all the circumstances that may best give it an air of probability,--as
+that you have been bred at St. Omer's in the Jesuit College; that you
+have taken orders at Rome, and there obtained a dispensation to marry;
+and that you have since then frequently officiated as a priest in the
+celebration of the mass, at Whitehall, St. James's, and other places."
+It seems absurd enough to us, but many intelligent persons, even
+Archbishop Tillotson of Canterbury, believed it. The detail of St. Omer
+came, probably, from a confusion of the name with Saumur. The other
+suspicions grew out of Penn's place in the favor of the king.
+
+It seemed as if nothing could prejudice the king's matters in the eyes
+of Penn. Monmouth's rebellion came, and the king's revenge followed.
+Judge Jeffreys went on his bloody circuit. "About three hundred hanged,"
+Penn wrote, "in divers towns of the west; about one thousand to be
+transported. I begged twenty of the king." It was all bad, and one
+regrets to find Penn concerned in it. Still, his twenty probably fared
+better than their neighbors. It is likely that he sent them to be
+colonists in Pennsylvania.
+
+In the matter of the maids of Taunton, William seems clearly to have had
+no part. A company of little schoolgirls, led by their teacher, had
+marched in procession to celebrate the landing of Monmouth. For this
+offense their parents were heavily fined, and the fines were given to
+the queen's maids of honor. These ladies wrote to a "Mr. Penne" to get
+him to collect them. Macaulay thought that this pardon-broker was
+William Penn. It is flagrantly inconsistent with his character, and he
+has been adequately vindicated by various writers. The agent in this
+case was probably George Penne, a person in that business.
+
+Penn's course is not so clear in the matter of the presidency of
+Magdalen College. One of the steps in James's plan to change the
+religion of England was to get a foothold for teachers of his faith at
+the universities. He intended to capture Oxford and Cambridge. He had so
+far succeeded at Oxford as to get possession of Christ Church and
+University College, and, the presidency of Magdalen falling vacant, he
+ordered the fellows to elect a man of his own choice. The fellows
+refused to obey the order,--thereupon Penn, who had at first taken their
+part with the king, advised them to surrender. "Mr. Penn," said Dr.
+Hough, representing the fellows, "in this I will be plain with you. We
+have our statutes and oaths to justify us in all that we have done
+hitherto; but, setting this aside, we have a religion to defend, and I
+suppose yourself would think us knaves if we would tamely give it up.
+The Papists have already gotten Christ Church and University; the
+present struggle is for Magdalen; and in a short time they threaten they
+will have the rest."
+
+To this Penn replied with vehemence: "That they shall never have, assure
+yourselves; if once they proceed so far they will quickly find
+themselves destitute of their present assistance. For my part, I have
+always declared my opinion that the preferments of the Church should not
+be put into any other hands but such as they are at present in; but I
+hope you would not have the two universities such invincible bulwarks
+for the Church of England, that none but they must be capable of giving
+their children a learned education. I suppose two or three colleges will
+content the Papists." Finally, the king's men broke down the doors,
+turned out the professors and students, and gave the king his way. Penn
+was thus the agent of tyranny; but he was an innocent agent. He made a
+bad blunder; but he made it honestly and ignorantly. It was in accord
+with his democratic ideas that the universities should be places of
+instruction for all the people; he would have liked to see not only the
+Roman Catholics, but all the great divisions of religion in England
+represented there. And that fine idea misled him. To hold him guilty,
+here or elsewhere, of malice or hypocrisy, is to misread his character.
+He was simply mistaken,--mistaken in the king, mistaken in the
+application of his own principles.
+
+Meanwhile, the nation at large was making no mistake. The people saw
+James as he was, and detected his designs upon the liberties of
+England. At last, in April, 1688, he issued a Declaration of Indulgence.
+He added insult to injury by ordering that it should be read in every
+church in the realm. The seven bishops who protested were sent to the
+Tower. Then the end came with speed. William of Orange was invited into
+England. The nation welcomed him with acclamations. James fled before
+him into France, where he lived the remainder of an inglorious life.
+
+This was a hard change for William Penn, and he seems to have done
+nothing to make it easier. There were courtiers who passed with
+incredible swiftness from one allegiance to the other; he was not among
+them. Others fled to France, but he stayed. He was arrested. In his
+examination before the Privy Council he declared that he "had done
+nothing but what he could answer for before God and all the princes in
+the world; that he loved his country and the Protestant religion above
+his life, and had never acted against either; that all he had ever aimed
+at in his public endeavors was none other than what the king had
+declared for [religious liberty]; that King James had always been his
+friend, and his father's friend, and that in gratitude he himself was
+the king's, and did ever, as much as in him lay, influence him to his
+true interest." Penn was released.
+
+The new king began his reign with the Toleration Act, which Parliament
+passed in 1688, and from which dates the establishment of actual and
+abiding religious liberty in England. Thus Penn's great purpose was
+accomplished by one with whom he was not in accord. Sometimes a
+political party adopts the projects for which its opponents have long
+labored, and carries them out even more vigorously than they had been
+planned originally. The initial reformers are glad that their ideals
+have been realized, but their zeal must be uncommonly impersonal if the
+success brings them quite so much joy as it logically ought. It is not
+likely that the Toleration Act filled the soul of William Penn with
+great jubilation. Indeed, we know that he insisted to the end of his
+life that James, if he had been let alone, would have done all that
+William did, and more too, and better.
+
+The years which followed were full of trouble. Macaulay says that in
+1689 Penn was plotting against the government; but the evidence does not
+suffice to establish the fact. The Privy Council, in 1690, confronted
+Penn with an intercepted letter to him from James, asking for help. But,
+as Penn said, he could not hinder the king from writing to him. He
+added, however, with characteristic boldness, that since he had loved
+King James in his prosperity he should not hate him in his adversity. He
+was again discharged.
+
+In that same year, however, James invaded Ireland, and the situation of
+his friends in England was thereby made increasingly difficult. Penn was
+arrested with others, and in prison awaited trial for several months.
+The result was as before,--he was found in no offense. But before a
+month had passed, he learned that another warrant was out against his
+liberty. Officers went to take him at the funeral of George Fox, but
+arrived too late. By this time he had concluded that the path of
+prudence was that which led into a wise retirement. He hid himself for
+the space of three years. He was publicly proclaimed a traitor, and was
+deprived of the government of his colony. He was "hunted up and down,"
+he says, "and could never be allowed to live quietly in city or
+country."
+
+Finally, the government were persuaded either that Penn was innocent, or
+that no further danger was to be apprehended from him, and several
+noblemen, interceding with the king, procured his pardon. They
+represented his case, he says, as not only hard, but oppressive, there
+being no evidence but what "impostors, or those that fled, or that have
+since their pardon refused to verify (and asked me pardon for saying
+what they did) alleged against me." The king announced that Penn was his
+old acquaintance, and that he might follow his business as freely as
+ever, and that for his part he had nothing to say to him.
+
+Thus again, and at last, the political accusations against William Penn
+came to nothing. He had been in a hard position as the faithful friend
+of a dethroned monarch in a day when conspiracies were being made on
+every hand. That he should have been suspected of treason was
+inevitable. That in his unconcealed affection for James and disapproval
+of William he said imprudent things is likely enough. Prudence was not
+one of his virtues. He was never calculatingly careful of his own
+welfare. But that he was ever untrue to William, or did any act, or
+consented to any, which could reasonably be called treacherous, is not
+only quite unproved, but is out of accord with the true William Penn as
+he is revealed in his writings and in all his life. The only fault which
+has been clearly established against him is that of liking James better
+than he liked William. He was a stanch friend to his friend; that is the
+sum of his offending, wherein the only serious regret is that his friend
+was not more worthy of his steadfast and unselfish friendship. "At no
+time in his life," says Mr. Fiske, "does he seem more honest, brave, and
+lovable, than during the years, so full of trouble for him, that
+intervened between the accession of James and the accession of Anne."
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+PENN'S SECOND VISIT TO THE PROVINCE: CLOSING YEARS
+
+
+The thoughts with which Penn's mind was occupied during the years of
+hiding appear in his book, "Some Fruits of Solitude." Robert Louis
+Stevenson found a copy of it in a book-shop in San Francisco, and
+carried it in his pocket many days, reading it in street-cars and
+ferry-boats. He found it, he says, "in all places a peaceful and sweet
+companion;" and he adds, "there is not a man living, no, nor recently
+dead, that could put, with so lovely a spirit, so much honest, kind
+wisdom into words."
+
+"The author blesseth God for his retirement," so the book begins, "and
+kisses the gentle hand which led him into it; for though it should prove
+barren to the world, it can never do so to him. He has now had some time
+he can call his own; a property he was never so much master of before;
+in which he has taken a view of himself and the world, and observed
+wherein he hath hit and missed the mark. And he verily thinks, were he
+to live his life over again, he could not only, with God's grace, serve
+him, but his neighbor and himself, better than he hath done, and have
+seven years of his life to spare."
+
+Government and Religion have the longest chapters in this volume of
+reflections, as being the matters in which William was most interested.
+"Happy that king," he says, "who is great by justice, and that people
+who are free by obedience." "Where example keeps pace with authority,
+power hardly fails to be obeyed, and magistrates to be honoured." "Let
+the people think they govern, and they will be governed." "Religion is
+the fear of God, and its demonstration good works; and faith is the root
+of both." "To be like Christ, then, is to be a Christian." "Some folk
+think they may scold, rail, hate, rob, and kill too: so it be but for
+God's sake. But nothing in us, unlike him, can please him." So the book
+goes, page after page, always serious and sensible, full of simplicity
+and kindliness, cheerful and brotherly and unfailingly religious. It is
+the work of one who is trying his best to live for his brethren and in
+Christ's spirit.
+
+Another significant writing of this period is Penn's "Plan for the Peace
+of Europe." The calamities of the war then in progress on the Continent
+gave him arguments enough for the desirableness of peace. The means of
+peace is justice, and the means of justice is government. It is plain to
+all that a state wherein any private citizen might avenge himself upon
+his neighbor would be a place of confusion and distress. "For this cause
+they have sessions, terms, assizes, and parliaments, to overrule men's
+passions and resentments, that they may not be judges in their own
+cause, nor punishers of their own wrongs." Penn proposes that the same
+relation between peace and justice which is enforced between citizen and
+citizen be also enforced between nation and nation. "Now," he says, "if
+the sovereign princes of Europe ... for love of peace and order [would]
+agree to meet by their stated deputies in a general Diet, Estates or
+Parliament and there establish rules of justice for sovereign princes to
+observe one to another; and thus to meet yearly, or once in two or three
+years at the farthest, or as they shall see cause, and to be stiled, The
+Sovereign or Imperial Diet, Parliament or State of Europe: before which
+Sovereign Assembly should be brought all differences depending between
+one sovereign and another that cannot be made up by private embassies
+before the sessions begin; and that if any of the sovereignties that
+constitute these imperial states shall refuse to submit their claim or
+pretensions to them, or to abide and perform the judgment thereof and
+seek their remedy by arms, or delay their compliance beyond the time
+prefixt in their resolutions, all the other sovereignties, united as one
+strength, shall compel the submission and performance of the sentence,
+with damages to the suffering party, and charges to the sovereignties
+that obliged their submission; ... peace would be procured and
+continued in Europe." The principle of international arbitration, the
+Conference at the Hague, and all like meetings which shall be held
+hereafter, are thus foreshadowed.
+
+These two productions of Penn's season of retirement--the "Fruits of
+Solitude," and the "Plan for the Peace of Europe"--illustrate again the
+two qualities which make him singularly eminent among the founders of
+commonwealths. He was at once a philosopher and a statesman; he was
+interested alike in religion and in politics. There have been many
+politicians to whom religion has been of no concern. There have been
+many religious persons in high positions who have been so shut in by
+church walls that they have been incapable of a wider outlook; they have
+accordingly been narrow, prejudiced, and often unpractical people; they
+have been blind to the elemental social fact of difference; they have
+hated the thought of toleration. Penn was almost alone among the good
+men of our era of colonization in being at the same time a man of the
+world and a man of the other world.
+
+Penn came out of his exile in 1693 burdened with misfortune. He had been
+deprived of his government; he was sadly in debt; he had lost many of
+his friends. His colonists in Pennsylvania declined to lend him money.
+His brethren in England drew up a confession of wrong-doing for him to
+sign: "If in any things during those late revolutions I have concerned
+myself either by words or writings, in love, pity or good will to any in
+distress [meaning the king] further than consisted with Truth's honor or
+the Church's peace, I am sorry for it." But he would not sign. To these
+troubles was added a greater grief in the death of his wife. "An
+excellent wife and mother," he said of her, "an entire and constant
+friend, of a more than common capacity, and greater modesty and
+humility; yet most equal and undaunted in danger." A brave soul, no
+doubt, as befitted her parentage, and of a devout and consecrated
+spirit.
+
+But William was ever of a serene and cheerful disposition. Neither loss,
+nor disappointment, nor bereavement could shut out the sun. His
+religious faith strengthened him. "We must needs disorder ourselves," he
+had written in his "Fruits of Solitude," "if we only look at our losses.
+But if we consider how little we deserve what is left, our passions will
+cool, and our murmurs will turn into thankfulness." "Though our
+Saviour's passion is over, his compassion is not. That never fails his
+humble, sincere disciples; in him they find more than all that they lose
+in the world."
+
+During the six years which followed, this strong confidence was
+justified. He regained his government and his good name. He also married
+a second wife, Hannah Callowhill, a strong, sensible, and estimable
+Quaker lady of some means, living in Bristol.
+
+The only satisfactory information as to the personal appearance of Penn
+in mature life is that which is given by Sylvanus Bevan. Bevan was a
+Quaker apothecary in London, who had a remarkable gift for carving
+portraits in ivory. After Penn's death, he made such a portrait of him
+from memory. The men who had known William liked it greatly. Lord
+Cobham, to whom Bevan sent it, said, "It is William Penn himself." It
+represents him in a curled wig, with full cheeks and a double chin--a
+pleasant, masterful, and serious person. Clarkson says that in his
+attire he was "very neat, though plain." Penn advised his children to
+choose clothes "neither unshapely nor fantastical;" and he illustrated
+to King James the difference between the Roman Catholic and the Quaker
+religions by the difference between his hat and the king's. "The only
+difference," he said, "lies in the ornaments that have been added to
+thine." His dress was probably that which was common to gentlemen in his
+day, but without extremes of color or adornment. For some time after
+becoming a Quaker he wore his sword, having consulted Fox, who said, "I
+advise thee to wear it as long as thou canst." Presently Fox, seeing him
+without it, said, "William, where is thy sword?" To which Penn replied,
+"I have taken thy advice: I wore it as long as I could."
+
+The sober cheerfulness of Penn's attire comported well with his
+conversation. It is true that Bishop Burnet, who did not like him, says
+that "he had a tedious, luscious way of talking, not apt to overcome a
+man's reason, though it might tire his patience." But Dean Swift enjoyed
+him, and testified that "he talked very agreeably and with great
+spirit." The Friends of Reading Meeting even noted that he was
+"facetious in conversation," and there is a tradition of a venerable
+Friend who spoke of him "as having naturally an excess of levity of
+spirit for a grave minister." A handsome, graceful, and even a merry
+gentleman it was who married Hannah Callowhill.
+
+For a time he devoted himself again to the work of the ministry. He went
+about, as in former days, preaching, sometimes in the market-hall,
+sometimes in the fields. Once, in Ireland, the bishop sent an officer to
+disperse the meeting, complaining that Penn had left him "nobody to
+preach to but the mayor, church-wardens, a few of the constables, and
+the bare walls."
+
+His heart, however, was in his province. The affairs of Pennsylvania
+had been going badly. There had been a hot contention between the
+council and the assembly, and another between the province and the
+territory. The officials, too, whom Penn had appointed, had quarreled
+among themselves. William complained that they were excessively
+"governmentish;" meaning that they liked authority and that they took
+details very seriously. The situation, however, was inevitably
+difficult. In his relation to the king, the governor was a feudal
+sovereign; in his relation to the people he was, by Penn's arrangement,
+the executive of a democracy. Penn himself reconciled the two positions
+by his own tact and unselfishness, as well as by a certain masterfulness
+to which those about him instinctively and willingly yielded. He proved
+the motto of his book-plate, _Dum Clavum Teneam_; all went well while he
+with his own hands held the helm. But his deputies were not so
+competent. The colony fell into two parties, the proprietary and the
+popular, representing these two ideas. Then the governor whom the king
+had appointed during Penn's retirement was a soldier, and his
+un-Quakerlike notions as to the right conduct of a colony brought a new
+element of confusion into affairs which were already sufficiently
+confounded.
+
+At last, in 1699, it became possible for the founder to make another
+visit to his province. He brought his family with him, evidently
+intending to stay. Philadelphia was now a city of some seven hundred
+houses, and had nearly seven thousand inhabitants. The people were at
+that moment in deep depression, having just been visited with a plague
+of yellow fever. The pestilence, however, had abated, and Penn was
+received with sober rejoicings. He took up his residence in the
+"slate-roof house," a modest mansion which stood on the corner of Second
+Street and Norris Alley; it was pulled down in 1867.
+
+Now began a season of good government. The business of piracy had for
+some time been merrily carried on by various enterprising persons, some
+of whom lived very respectably in Philadelphia. William put a stop to
+it. The importing of slaves from Africa was at that time considered by
+most persons to be a good thing both for the planters and for the
+slaves. Already, however, at the Pennsylvania yearly meeting of Friends
+in 1688, some who came from Kriesheim, in Germany, had protested against
+it,
+
+   "Who first of all their testimonial gave
+   Against the oppressor, for the outcast slave."
+
+And, in consequence, though slaves were still imported, they were
+humanely treated. Penn interested himself in the improvement of their
+condition. He was also concerned in the progress of the prison reforms
+which he had proposed in the original establishment of the colony. He
+employed a watchman to cry the news, the weather, and the time of day in
+the Philadelphia streets. Regarding the Constitution, about which there
+had been so much contention, he addressed the council and the assembly
+in terms of characteristic friendliness. "Friends," he said, "if in the
+Constitution by charter there be anything that jars, alter it. If you
+want a law for this or that, prepare it." He advised them, however, not
+to trifle with government, and wished there were no need to have any
+government at all. In general, he said, the fewer laws, the better. The
+result was a new Constitution. It provided that the council should be
+appointed by the governor, and that the assembly should have the right
+to originate laws. It was more simple and workable than the previous
+legislation, and lasted until the Revolution.
+
+Meanwhile, Penn was journeying about the country in his old way,
+preaching. At Merion, a small boy of the family where he was
+entertained, being much impressed with the great man's looks and speech,
+peeped through the latchet-hole of his chamber door, and both saw and
+heard him at his prayers. Near Haverford, a small girl, walking along
+the country road, was overtaken by the governor, who took her up behind
+him on his horse, and so carried her on her way, her bare feet dangling
+by the horse's side.
+
+Clarkson, the chief of the biographers of Penn, who collected these and
+other incidents, gives us a glimpse of him as he appeared at this time
+at Quaker meetings. "He was of such humility that he used generally to
+sit at the lowest end of the space allotted to ministers, always taking
+care to place above himself poor ministers, and those who appeared to
+him to be peculiarly gifted." He liked to encourage young men to speak.
+When he himself spoke, it was in the simplest words, easy to be
+understood, and with many homely illustrations. At the same time, on
+state occasions, as the proprietor of Pennsylvania and representative of
+the sovereign, he used some ceremony, marching through the Philadelphia
+streets to the opening of the assembly with a mace-bearer before him,
+and having an officer standing at his gate on audience days, with a long
+staff tipped with silver. Acquainted with affairs, and with a knowledge
+of the relations between government and human nature drawn from a wide
+experience, he knew the distinction, at which some of his Quaker
+brethren stumbled, between personal humility and the proper dignity of
+official station.
+
+In the intervals left him by the demands of church and state, he busied
+himself with the improvement of his place at Pennsbury. Here he had a
+considerable house in the midst of pleasant gardens. He took great
+pleasure in personal superintendence of the grounds and buildings,
+planting vines and cutting vistas through the trees. "The country is to
+be preferred," he wrote in "Fruits of Solitude." "The country is both
+the philosopher's garden and library, in which he reads and contemplates
+the power, wisdom, and goodness of God." "The knowledge and improvement
+of it," he declared, is "man's oldest business and trade, and the best
+he can be of."
+
+Within were silver plate and satin curtains, and embroidered chairs and
+couches. The proprietor's bed was covered with a "quilt of white Holland
+quilted in green silk by Letitia," his daughter. "Send up," he writes to
+James Logan, at Philadelphia, "our great stewpan and cover, and little
+soup dish, and two or three pounds of coffee if sold in town, and three
+pounds of wicks ready for candles." Mrs. Penn asks Logan to provide
+"candlesticks, and great candles, some green ones, and pewter and
+earthen basins, mops, salts, looking-glass, a piece of dried beef, and a
+firkin or two of good butter."
+
+Penn rode a large white horse, and had a coach, with a black man to
+drive it, and a "rattling leathern conveniency," probably smaller, and a
+sedan chair for Mrs. Penn. In the river lay the barge, of which William
+was so fond that he wrote from England to charge that it be carefully
+looked after. Somebody expressed surprise one day when Penn went out in
+it against wind and tide. "I have been sailing all my life against wind
+and tide," he said.
+
+Much of the work of the estate was done by slaves. The fact troubled the
+proprietor's conscience. He laid it upon his own soul, as he did upon
+the souls of his brethren in the colony, "to be very careful in
+discharging a good conscience towards them in all respects, but more
+especially for the good of their souls, that they might, as frequent as
+may be, come to meeting on first-days." A special meeting was appointed
+for slaves once a month, and their masters were expected to come with
+them. Finally, Penn liberated all his slaves. In his will of 1701, "I
+give," he says, "to my blacks their freedom, as is under my hand
+already, and to old Sam 100 acres, to be his children's after he and his
+wife are dead, forever."
+
+The Pennsbury house had a great hall in the midst, where the governor in
+an oak armchair received his neighbors, the Indians. Here they came, in
+paint and feathers,--"Connoondaghtoh, king of the Susquehannah Indians;
+Wopaththa, king of the Shawanese; Weewinjough, chief of the Ganawese;
+and Ahookassong, brother of the emperor of the five nations;" and many
+other humbler braves. John Richardson, a Yorkshire Quaker, visited Penn
+at Pennsbury and saw them. William gave them match-coats, he says, and
+"some other things," including a reasonable supply of rum, which the
+chiefs dispensed to the warriors severally in small portions: "So they
+came quietly, and in a solid manner, and took their draws." He did not
+smoke, a fact which the Indians must have noted as a curious
+eccentricity. Then they made a small fire out of doors, and the men sat
+about it in a ring, singing "a very melodious hymn," beating the ground
+between the verses with short sticks, and, after a circling dance,
+departed. Penn got on most happily with the Indians. The peaceful
+Quakers went about unarmed and were never in danger. The only disorderly
+folk thereabout were white men.
+
+In the midst of these rural joys, news came that a movement was on foot
+to put an end to proprietary governments, thereby bringing all colonies
+under the immediate control of the crown. Penn felt that it was
+necessary for him to return to England to block this inconvenient
+legislation. On the 28th of October, he assembled the citizens of
+Philadelphia, and presented them with a charter for their city. In the
+Friends' meeting, he said that he "looked over all infirmities and
+outwards, and had an eye to the regions of the spirit, wherein was our
+sweetest tie." Then, says Norris, "in true love he took his leave of
+us." Thus, after two years wherein peace and quietness prevailed over
+all misunderstanding and opposition, he set sail in 1701, and never saw
+Pennsylvania again.
+
+His house at Pennsbury fell into ruins,--due in large part to the
+leakage of a leaden reservoir on the roof,--and was taken down before
+the Revolution. The furniture was gradually dispersed. For some years it
+was "deemed a kind of pious stealth," among those who were most loyal to
+the proprietor, to carry away something out of the house when they
+chanced to visit its empty halls. One gentleman rejoiced in the
+possession of the mantelpiece; another had a pair of Penn's plush
+breeches.
+
+William Penn's four years of actual residence gave him all the
+satisfaction which he ever got from his colonial possessions. All else
+was worry, labor, and expense. The province was a sore financial burden.
+As proprietor he was charged with the payment, in large part, of the
+expenses of government. The returns from rents and sales were slow and
+uncertain. The taxes on imports and exports, to which he had a charter
+right, he had generously declined. When he asked the assembly, in
+remembrance of that liberality, to send him money in his financial
+straits, they were not minded to respond. Penn belonged to that high
+fraternity of noble souls who do not know how to make bargains. His
+impulses were generous to a fault, and he had an invincible confidence
+that his neighbors would deal with him in the same spirit. The
+consequence was that year by year the expenses grew, and there was but a
+slender income. "O Pennsylvania," he cries, "what hast thou cost me?
+Above thirty thousand pounds more than I ever got by it; two hazardous
+and most fatiguing voyages, my straits and slavery here, and my child's
+soul, almost."
+
+The last allusion is to Guli's son, William, whose dissipation Penn
+always attributed to a lack of fatherly care during his first visit to
+the province. Penn finally sent the boy to Pennsbury, hoping that the
+quiet, the absence of temptation, and the wholesome joys of a country
+life, might amend him. But William went from bad to worse, was arrested
+in Philadelphia in a tavern brawl, was formally excommunicated by the
+Quakers, and came home to England to give his father further pain.
+
+To the financial burdens of the province were added the difficulties of
+government. Penn succeeded very well in keeping his colony,--he defended
+his boundaries against Lord Baltimore, and he defeated those who would
+have taken away his rule and given it to the king; but the governing of
+the colony across three thousand miles of sea was another matter. The
+moment he withdrew the restraining influence of his personal presence,
+all manner of contentions came into the light of day.
+
+The question of the prudence of bearing arms was vigorously debated.
+James Logan, secretary of the province, and Penn's ablest counselor,
+urged the need of military defenses. Conservative Friends opposed it.
+
+Churchmen had been settling in the province. One of William's oldest
+friends, George Keith, who had accompanied him on his religious mission
+to Holland, had gone into the Episcopal ministry. Logan says, in a
+letter to Penn, that "not suffering them to be superior" was accounted
+by the churchmen as the equivalent of persecution.
+
+Colonel Quarry, a judge of the admiralty, appointed by the British
+government to enforce the navigation laws in the colony, was responsible
+to the Board of Trade in London, and independent of the governor and of
+the assembly. He exercised his office of critic and censor to the
+annoyance of Penn.
+
+To these various sources of trouble was added an unending strife between
+the governor's deputy and the people. Penn's habit of looking always on
+the best side made him a bad judge of men, and the deputies whom he sent
+were few of them competent; some were not even respectable. Penn, with
+his characteristic invincible blindness, took their part.
+
+Finally, the disputations, protests, and complaints, with direct attacks
+upon Penn's interests, and even upon his character, got to such a pass
+that he addressed a letter of expostulation to the people. "When it
+pleased God to open a way for me to settle that colony," he wrote, "I
+had reason to expect a solid comfort from the services done to many
+hundreds of people.... But, alas! as to my part, instead of reaping the
+like advantages, some of the greatest of my troubles have sprung from
+thence. The many combats I have engaged in, the great pains and
+incredible expense for your welfare and ease, to the decay of my former
+estate ... with the undeserved opposition I have met with from thence,
+sink into me with sorrow, that, if not supported by a superior hand,
+might have overwhelmed me long ago. And I cannot but think it hard
+measure, that, while it has proved a land of freedom and flourishing, it
+should become to me, by whose means it was principally made a country,
+the cause of grief, trouble, and poverty."
+
+So heavy was the financial burden, and so vexatious and disheartening
+the bickering and ingratitude, that Penn thought seriously of selling
+his governorship; and it was in the market for several years awaiting a
+purchaser. Indeed, in 1712, he had so far perfected a bargain to
+transfer his proprietary rights to the crown for L12,000, that nothing
+remained to be done save the affixing of his signature. Before his name
+was signed, he fell suddenly ill, and the transaction went no farther.
+
+In the midst of these many troubles, in themselves serious enough, there
+came another. Penn's business manager for his estates in England and
+Ireland was Philip Ford. For a long time, Ford's payments had been less
+and less; Penn was continually complaining that he got so little from
+his property. Still, Ford's accounts went without examination, and some
+of his financial reports were not so much as opened. William had his
+customary confidence in his agent's honesty. At last, when things got so
+bad that something had to be done, it appeared by Ford's books that,
+instead of Ford's being in debt to Penn, Penn was in debt to him for
+more than ten thousand pounds. This was the result of long, ingenious,
+and unmolested bookkeeping. And Penn had made himself liable by his
+careless silence. Then Ford died, and his widow and children claimed
+everything which stood in Penn's name. Penn, it appeared, had borrowed
+money of Ford, and had given him a mortgage on his Pennsylvania estates
+as security. When the loan was paid, the mortgage had not been returned.
+Not only did Mrs. Ford retain it, but she sued Penn for three thousand
+pounds rent, which was due, she said, from the property of which William
+was once owner, but which he now held as tenant of the Fords. So far was
+this iniquitous business pursued, that Penn was arrested as he was at a
+religious meeting in Gracechurch Street, and was imprisoned for debt in
+the Fleet, or its precincts.
+
+This was the turn in the tide. Everybody disapproved of treatment so
+unjust and extortionate. William's friends raised money, and made a
+compromise with the Fords, and got him free. In Pennsylvania, too, the
+contentions were quieted by a good governor. And as the wars came to an
+end, trade so increased that the province presently yielded a
+substantial income.
+
+Penn retired to Ruscombe, in Berkshire, in the pleasant country. Here he
+had his family about him. He was now a grandfather, his son William
+having a son and a daughter. "So that now we are major, minor, and
+minimus. I bless the Lord mine are pretty well,--Johnny lively; Tommy a
+lovely, large child; and my grandson, Springett, a mere Saracen; his
+sister, a beauty." Of his second marriage there were six children, four
+of whom--John, Thomas, Margaret, and Richard--became proprietors of
+Pennsylvania. Thomas had two sons, John and Granville; Richard had two,
+John and Richard. When the proprietary government ended, in 1776, it was
+in the hands of the heirs of William Penn.
+
+In 1711, Penn wrote a preface to John Banks's Journal, dictating it, as
+his custom was, walking to and fro with his cane in his hand, thumping
+the floor to mark the emphasis. "Now reader," he concludes, "before I
+take leave of thee, let me advise thee to hold thy religion in the
+spirit, whether thou prayest, praisest or ministerest to others, ...
+which, that all God's people may do, is, and hath long been the earnest
+desire and fervent supplication of theirs and thy faithful friend in the
+Lord Jesus Christ, W. PENN." This is the last word of his writing which
+remains.
+
+The next year he had a paralytic stroke, and another, and another. This
+impaired his memory and his mind. Thus he continued for six years, as
+happily as was possible under the circumstances. He went often to
+meeting, where he frequently spoke, briefly, but with "sound and savory
+expressions." He walked about his gardens, saw his friends, and
+delighted in the company of his wife and children. Each year left him
+weaker than the year before; but his days were filled with serenity. He
+was surrounded with all the comforts which a generous income, an
+affectionate family, the respect of his neighbors, and the approval of
+God, could give him.
+
+"He that lives to live forever," he had written in his "Fruits of
+Solitude," "never fears dying. Nor can the means be terrible to him,
+that heartily believes the end. For though death be a dark passage, it
+leads to immortality; and that is recompense enough for suffering of
+it.... And this is the comfort of the good, that the grave cannot hold
+them, and that they live as soon as they die."
+
+Into the fullness of this life he entered on the 30th of July, 1718,
+being seventy-four years old.
+
+
+
+
+The chief authorities for facts concerning William Penn are--
+
+
+     1. The Select Works of William Penn (London, 1726; 3d edition,
+     1782; 5 vols). Whereof, The Trial of William Penn and William Mead
+     (vol i.), Travels in Holland and Germany (vol. iii.), and A General
+     Description of Pennsylvania (vol. iv.) contain autobiographical
+     matter. Some Fruits of Solitude and Penn's Advice to his Children
+     (vol. v.) are similarly valuable.
+
+     2. The Life of Penn prefixed to his Works, by Joseph Besse, a
+     Quaker contemporary (1726).
+
+     3. Memoirs of the Private and Public Life of William Penn, by
+     Thomas Clarkson (London, 1813).
+
+     4. The Pennsylvania Historical Society Memoirs (vols. i., ii.,
+     iii.). Also the Correspondence between William Penn and James
+     Logan, edited for this Society, by Edward Armstrong.
+
+     5. The Penns and the Penningtons, by Maria Webb (London, 1867),
+     containing family letters.
+
+     6. Recent biographies of Penn: by William Hepworth Dixon (1851), by
+     Samuel M. Janney (1852), by John Stoughton (1882), by Sydney George
+     Fisher (1900).
+
+
+
+
+   The Riverside Press
+   _Electrotyped and printed by H. O. Houghton & Co._
+   _Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's note
+
+
+The following changes have been made to the text:
+
+In the TOC "58" changed to "53".
+
+Page 23: "seventeeenth" changed to "seventeenth".
+
+Page 42: "Quaker brethen" changed to "Quaker brethren".
+
+Page 49: "died when he" changed to "died when she".
+
+Page 57: "serious inprisonment" changed to "serious imprisonment".
+
+Page 62: "body prevented" changed to "body prevented it".
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of William Penn, by George Hodges
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