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+ width: auto;} + + hr.full { width: 100%; + margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + height: 4px; + border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ + border-style: solid; + border-color: #000000; + clear: both; } + pre {font-size: 85%;} + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Life of Charles Darwin, by G. T. (George +Thomas) Bettany</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: Life of Charles Darwin</p> +<p>Author: G. T. (George Thomas) Bettany</p> +<p>Release Date: March 21, 2009 [eBook #28380]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE OF CHARLES DARWIN***</p> +<p> </p> +<h3>E-text prepared by<br /> + Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, René Anderson Benitz,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3> +<p> </p> +<div class="tranotes"> +<p>Transcriber’s Note:<br /> +<br /> +Minor printer's errors have been corrected without +note. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected and are underlined +in the text. The original text appears in a mouse hoverbox over each corrected +typographical error, like +<span title=" thsi " class="hoverbox">this</span>.<br /> +<br /> +Page 14 contains a reference +to “pages 66 and 67” which refers to a footnote spanning both pages +in the book. The link provided goes to that footnote at the end of the text.</p> +</div> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<!--<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">- 1 -</a></span>--> + +<p><br /><br /></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"> +<img src="images/image001.png" width="250" height="36" alt="Great Writers." title="Great Writers." /> +</div> + +<p class="center"><span class="smfont">EDITED BY</span><br /> + +PROFESSOR ERIC S. ROBERTSON, M.A.,</p> + +<hr class="hr3" /> + +<!--<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">- 2 -</a></span>--> + +<h2><i>LIFE OF DARWIN.</i></h2> + +<!--<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">- 3 -</a></span>--> + +<hr class="hr3" /> + +<h2>LIFE</h2> + +<p class="smfont center">OF</p> + +<h1>CHARLES DARWIN</h1> + +<p class="smfont center"><br /><br />BY</p> + +<h3>G. T. BETTANY</h3> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p class="center">LONDON<br /> +<span class="lgfont">WALTER SCOTT</span><br /> +24 WARWICK LANE, PATERNOSTER ROW<br /> +1887</p> + +<!--<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">- 4 -</a></span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">- 5 -</a></span></p>--> + +<hr class="hr3" /> + +<div class="center"> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="5" width="100%" cellspacing="0" summary="CONTENTS"> + +<tr><th align="center" colspan="2" class="xlgfont">CONTENTS.</th><th></th></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><th align="center" colspan="2" class="xsmfont">—♦♦—</th><th></th></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><th align="center" colspan="2"><a name="TOC1" id="TOC1" href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a></th></tr> + +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="smfont">PAGE</td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hangind">Darwin’s ancestry; his grandfather, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, a +successful physician, and author of “The Botanic Garden,” “The +Temple of Nature,” &c.; his father, Robert Waring Darwin, also +a successful physician; his maternal grandfather, Josiah +Wedgwood, the celebrated potter; his mother’s education and +training; Charles Robert Darwin, born at Shrewsbury, Feb. 12, +1809; Mrs. Darwin dies in July, 1817; her eldest son, Erasmus, +friend of the Carlyles; Charles Darwin’s education by Mr. Case, +and at Shrewsbury Grammar School; his character as a boy; is +sent to Edinburgh University in 1825</p></td><td valign="bottom" align="right">11</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><th align="center" colspan="2"><a name="TOC2" id="TOC2" href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a></th><td></td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hangind">Darwin a member of the Plinian Society, of Edinburgh; makes +natural history excursions; his first scientific paper read +March 27, 1827; friendship with Dr. Grant; Jameson’s lectures +on zoology; Darwin enters Christ’s College, Cambridge, in 1828; +his friendship with Prof. Henslow; his account of Henslow; +Darwin at this time specially an entomologist; his excursions +with Henslow; takes B.A. degree in 1831, M.A. in 1837; voyage +of <i>Beagle</i> proposed, and Darwin appointed as naturalist; the +<i>Beagle</i> sails on Dec. 27, 1831; Darwin’s letters to Henslow +published 1835; 1832, Darwin at Teneriffe, Cape de Verde +Islands, St. Paul’s Rocks, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro (April); +excursions into interior and amusing adventures; his +experiences and horror of slavery; at Monte Video, July; + +<!--<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">- 6 -</a></span>--> + +Maldonado, Rio Negro; visit to Tierra del Fuego, Dec. +1832—Jan. 1833; <i>rencontre</i> with General Rosas; many extinct +animals discovered; Buenos Ayres, Sept. 1833; excursion to +Santa Fé; Port Desire, Dec. 1833; Port St. Julian, Jan. 1834; +Valparaiso, July 1834; expeditions to the Andes, Santiago, &c.; +Chiloe, Nov. 1834; the Chonos Archipelago, Dec. 1834; Valdivia, +Feb. 1835; an earthquake experience; expedition across the +Cordillera in March, 1835; voyage across the Pacific commenced +in September; the Galapagos Archipelago and its interesting +animals; Tahiti, Nov. 1835; Darwin’s opinion of English +products, and of the influence of Christian missionaries; New +Zealand, Dec. 1835; Port Jackson, Jan. 1836; Tasmania, Feb.; +the Keeling Islands, April; the homeward journey; Falmouth +reached, Oct. 2, 1836; Capt. Fitzroy’s opinion of Darwin; +Darwin’s first impression of savages</p></td><td valign="bottom" align="right">22</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><th align="center" colspan="2"><a name="TOC3" id="TOC3" href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a></th></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hangind">Darwin elected F.G.S.; Lyell’s high opinion of him; secretary +of the Geological Society, Feb. 1838-41; reads numerous papers +before the Society; elected F.R.S., Jan. 24, 1839; marries his +cousin, Miss Wedgwood, early in 1839; “Journal of Researches,” +published 1839, highly praised in <i>Quarterly Review</i>; +publication of zoology of the <i>Beagle</i> (1839-43); extraordinary +animals described therein; other results of the voyage; plants +described by Hooker and Berkeley; work on “Coral Reefs” +published 1842; Darwin’s new theory at once accepted; +subsequent views of Semper, Dana, and Murray; second and third +parts of Geology of <i>Beagle</i> (“Volcanic Islands” and “South +America”); other geological papers; Darwin settles at Down +House, near Beckenham, 1842; appears at Oxford meeting of +British Association, 1847; contributes chapter on Geology to +Herschel’s manual of Scientific Enquiry; publishes great works +on recent and fossil cirripedia, 1851-4; receives Royal Medal +of Royal Society, 1853, and Wollaston Medal of Geological +Society, 1859</p></td><td valign="bottom" align="right">51</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><th align="center" colspan="2"><a name="TOC4" id="TOC4" href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></th></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hangind">Confusion in description of species; labours of Professors Owen +and Huxley; Darwin’s ideas on the origin of species germinated +during the voyage of the <i>Beagle</i>; he collected facts, + +<!--<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">- 7 -</a></span>--> + +1837-42; drew up a sketch, 1842; enlarged it in 1844; previous +speculations on the subject; views of Erasmus Darwin, Geoffroy +St. Hilaire, and Lamarck; Darwin’s opinion of Lamarck; +influence of Lyell; influence of South American experience; +reads Malthus on Population; “Vestiges of Creation”; Mr. +Herbert Spencer and evolution; Lyell’s letters; Sir Joseph +Hooker on species; Mr. A. R. Wallace communicates his views to +Darwin; Lyell and Hooker persuade Darwin to publish his views +together with those of Wallace; introductory letter by Lyell +and Hooker to Linnean Society, June 30, 1858; Darwin’s and +Wallace’s papers, read July 1, 1858; Sir J. Hooker announces +his adhesion to Darwin’s views, 1859</p></td><td valign="bottom" align="right">64</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><th align="center" colspan="2"><a name="TOC5" id="TOC5" href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a></th></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hangind">Analysis of the “Origin of Species,” published Nov. 1859; +special notes of Darwin’s personal experiences; remarkable +growth of morphology and embryology since its publication; +opposition to the new views; criticisms of leading journals and +reviews; second edition of “Origin,” called for in six weeks; +third, in March 1861; historical sketch of progress of opinion +prefixed; alterations in successive editions; sixth edition, +1872; foreign translations</p></td><td valign="bottom" align="right">79</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><th align="center" colspan="2"><a name="TOC6" id="TOC6" href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a></th></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hangind">Darwin’s physical appearance, habits, distinguished visitors; +his kindliness; attachment of friends; his family; he reads +important botanical papers before the Linnean Society; +publishes the “Fertilisation of Orchids,” 1862; analysis of the +book; Darwin receives Copley Medal of Royal Society, 1864; +“Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants,” 1865; “Variation of +Animals and Plants under Domestication,” 1868; the hypothesis +of pangenesis not favourably received</p></td><td valign="bottom" align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><th align="center" colspan="2"><a name="TOC7" id="TOC7" href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a></th></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hangind">“The Descent of Man,” 1871; Darwin’s varied use of personal +experiences; his views on the differences between men and +women; his views on happiness and its promotion in mankind; +reception of the “Descent of Man”; <i>Punch</i>, the <i>Quarterlies</i>, +<i>The Saturday Review</i></p></td><td valign="bottom" align="right">113</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr> + +<!--<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">- 8 -</a></span>--> + +<tr><th align="center" colspan="2"><a name="TOC8" id="TOC8" href="#CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a></th></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hangind">“Expression of the Emotions,” 1872; Darwin’s methods of +studying the question; his personal experiences; studies of +children; reminiscences of South American travel; studies of +monkeys; his wide study of novels; his influence on mental +science</p></td><td valign="bottom" align="right">126</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><th align="center" colspan="2"><a name="TOC9" id="TOC9" href="#CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a></th></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hangind">“Insectivorous Plants,” 1875; how Darwin was led to study them; +analysis of the book; “Effects of Cross and +Self-Fertilisation,” 1876; competitive germination and growth; +“The Different Forms of Flowers,” 1877; “The Power of Movement +in Plants,” 1880</p></td><td valign="bottom" align="right">136</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><th align="center" colspan="2"><a name="TOC10" id="TOC10" href="#CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.</a></th></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hangind">Honours bestowed on Darwin; his reception at Cambridge in 1877; +portraits by Richmond and Collier; Haeckel’s and De Candolle’s +descriptions of visits to Darwin; “The Formation of Vegetable +Mould by Earthworms,” 1881; the long series of experiments on +which it was based; obligations of archæologists to worms; +gradual exhaustion in 1882; his death on April 19, 1882</p></td><td valign="bottom" align="right">146</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><th align="center" colspan="2"><a name="TOC11" id="TOC11" href="#CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a></th></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hangind">Darwin buried in Westminster Abbey, April 26, 1882; quotation +from <i>The Times</i>; subscriptions to Darwin memorial; large +number of subscriptions from Sweden; statue executed by Mr. +Boehm, placed in Museum of Natural History, South Kensington, +unveiled by Prince of Wales, June 9, 1885; remainder of fund +handed to Royal Society to promote biological research; <i>The +Saturday Review</i> on Darwin; his geniality and humour; his +influence on others; his lack of prejudice; extracts from his +letters; letter on experiments on living animals; Darwin as an +experimenter; his attitude towards Christianity and revelation; +his literary style; his imagination; Prof. Huxley on Darwin; +Dr. Masters on his influence on horticulture; Messrs. Sully and +Winchell on his philosophy; conclusion</p></td><td valign="bottom" align="right">154</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><th align="left"><a name="TOC12" id="TOC12" href="#INDEX">INDEX</a></th><td align="right">171</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr class="hr3" /> +<!--<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">- 9 -</a></span></p>--> + +<h2><a name="NOTE" id="NOTE"></a>NOTE.</h2> + +<p class="center xsmfont">——♦♦——</p> +<p><br /></p> +<p class="cap">DARWIN revealed himself so largely in his books, that a vivid picture of +much of his life can be extracted from them. Thus it has been found +possible to combine much biographical interest with sketches of his most +important works. Like other biographers of Darwin, I am much indebted to +Mr. Woodall’s valuable memoir, contributed to the Transactions of the +Shropshire Archæological Society. But original authorities have been +consulted throughout, and the first editions of Darwin’s books quoted, +unless the contrary is explicitly stated. I am greatly obliged to +Messrs. F. Darwin and G. J. Romanes for kindly permitting me to quote +from Mr. Darwin’s letters to Mr. Romanes. I must also express my thanks +to my friends, Mr. Romanes and Prof. D’Arcy W. Thompson, for doing me +the great service of looking over the proof-sheets of this book.</p> + +<!--<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">- 10 -</a></span></p>--> + +<hr class="hr3" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">- 11 -</a></span></p> + +<h1><a name="LIFE_OF_DARWIN" id="LIFE_OF_DARWIN"></a>LIFE OF DARWIN.</h1> + +<p class="center xsmfont">——♦♦——</p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I" href="#TOC1"> +<span title=" Return to CONTENTS. " class="hoverlink">CHAPTER I.</span></a></h2> + +<p class="cap">IF ever a man’s ancestors transmitted to him ability to succeed in a +particular field, Charles Darwin’s did. If ever early surroundings were +calculated to call out inherited ability, Charles Darwin’s were. If ever +a man grew up when a ferment of thought was disturbing old convictions +in the domain of knowledge for which he was adapted, Charles Darwin did. +If ever a man was fitted by worldly position to undertake unbiassed and +long-continued investigations, Charles Darwin was such a man. And he +indisputably found realms waiting for a conqueror. Yet Darwin’s +achievements far transcend his advantages of ancestry, surroundings, +previous suggestion, position. He stands magnificently conspicuous as a +genius of rare simplicity of soul, of unwearied patience of observation, +of striking fertility and ingenuity of method, of unflinching devotion +to and belief in the efficacy of truth. He revolutionised not merely +half-a-dozen sciences, but the whole current of thinking men’s mental +life.</p> + +<p>The Darwins were originally a Lincolnshire family of some position, and +being royalists suffered heavy losses<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">- 12 -</a></span> under the Commonwealth. The third +William Darwin (born 1655), whose mother was a daughter of Erasmus +Earle, serjeant-at-law,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> married the heiress of Robert Waring, of +Wilsford, Notts, who also inherited the manor of Elston, near Newark, in +that county, which still remains in the family. Robert Darwin, second +son of this William Darwin, succeeded to the Elston estate, and was +described by Stukeley, the antiquary, as “a person of curiosity,” an +expression conveying high commendation. His eldest son, Robert Waring +Darwin, studied botany closely, and published a “Principia Botanica,” +which reached a third edition; but his youngest son, Erasmus, born 1731, +was destined to become the first really famous man of the family.</p> + +<p>Erasmus Darwin’s personal characteristics, his medical talents, and his +poetic writings were such as to overshadow, for his own generation, his +scientific merit. We have not space here to describe his career and his +works, which has been so well done by his grandson, and by Ernst Krause +(“Erasmus Darwin,” 1879). Horace Walpole regarded his description of +creation in “The Botanic Garden” (part i., canto 1, lines 103-114) as +the most sublime passage in any language he knew: and <i>The Edinburgh +Review</i> (vol. ii., 1803, p. 501) says of his “Temple of Nature”: “If his +fame be destined in anything to outlive the fluctuating fashion of the +day, it is on his merit as a poet that it is likely to rest; and his +reveries <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">- 13 -</a></span>in science have probably no other chance of being saved from +oblivion but by having been ‘married to immortal verse.’”</p> + +<p>The present age regards it as next to impossible to write science in +poetry; although few have succeeded better in the attempt than Erasmus +Darwin. It is singular that he should have partially anticipated his +illustrious grandson’s theories, but without supporting them by +experimental proof or by deep scientific knowledge. Suffice it to say +now, that Erasmus contemplated to a great extent the same domain of +science as Charles Darwin, having also a mechanical turn; and was +educated at Edinburgh and Cambridge. His observations on Providence in +1754, when only twenty-three, in commenting on his father’s death, are +very interesting to compare with his grandson’s attitude: “That there +exists a superior Ens Entium, which formed these wonderful creatures, is +a mathematical demonstration. That He influences things by a particular +providence is not so evident. The probability, according to my notion, +is against it, since general laws seem sufficient for that end.... The +light of Nature affords us not a single argument for a future state: +this is the only one, that it is possible with God, since He who made us +out of nothing can surely re-create us; and that He will do this we +humbly hope.” He published an ode against atheism, with which he has +strangely enough often been charged, beginning—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i6">“Dull atheist, could a giddy dance<br /></span> +<span class="i8">Of atoms lawless hurl’d<br /></span> +<span class="i6"> Construct so wonderful, so wise,<br /></span> +<span class="i8">So harmonised a world?”<br /></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">- 14 -</a></span></div></div> + +<p>and his moral standpoint is shown by the declaration that “the sacred +maxims of the author of Christianity, ‘Do as you would be done by,’ and +‘Love your neighbour as yourself,’ include all our duties of benevolence +and morality; and if sincerely obeyed by all nations, would a +thousandfold multiply the present happiness of mankind” (“Temple of +Nature,” 1803, p. 124). His principal poetical writings were “The +Botanic Garden,” in two parts; Part I. containing “The Economy of +Vegetation,” first published in 1790; and Part II., “The Loves of the +Plants,” in 1788, before the first part had appeared. “The Temple of +Nature, or the Origin of Society,” was published after his death, in +1803. His chief prose works are “Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life,” +in two volumes, 1794-6, the second volume being exclusively medical; and +“Phytologia, or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening,” 1800. All +these books are in quarto, with plates. His views on species are +referred to on <a href="#Footnote_6_6"><span title=" Link to reference: Footnote 6. " class="hoverlink">pages 66 and 67</span></a>.</p> + +<p>Robert Waring Darwin, third son of Erasmus by his first wife, Mary +Howard, was born in 1766. As a boy he was brought much into association +with the Wedgwoods of Stoke, Josiah Wedgwood being one of Erasmus +Darwin’s most intimate friends. In 1779 Robert, already destined to be a +doctor, stayed at Etruria for some time, sharing with Wedgwood’s +children in Warltire’s private chemical instruction; and Josiah Wedgwood +wrote at this time: “The boys drink in knowledge like water, with great +avidity.” Before he was twenty Robert Darwin had taken his medical +degree with distinction at Edinburgh, where he had the advantage of the +lectures of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">- 15 -</a></span> Black, Cullen, and Gregory, and had also studied at Leyden, +and travelled in Germany. In 1786 his father set him up in practice at +Shrewsbury, leaving him with twenty pounds, which was afterwards +supplemented by a similar sum from his uncle, John Darwin, Rector of +Elston. On this slender capital he contrived to establish himself, in +spite of severe competition; and his burly form and countenance, as he +sat in his invariable yellow chaise, became well known to every man, +woman, and child around Shrewsbury for many miles. Before long, no one +thought of sending to Birmingham for a consultant, and Dr. Darwin was +for many years the leading Shropshire physician, and accumulated an +abundant fortune.</p> + +<p>According to his son Charles, Robert Darwin “did not inherit any +aptitude for poetry or mechanics, nor did he possess, as I think, a +scientific mind. He published, in vol. lxxvi. of the ‘Philosophical +Transactions,’ a paper on Ocular Spectra, which Wheatstone told me was a +remarkable production for the period; but I believe that he was largely +aided in writing it by his father. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal +Society in 1788. I cannot tell why my father’s mind did not appear to me +fitted for advancing science, for he was fond of theorising, and was +incomparably the most acute observer whom I ever knew. But his powers in +this direction were exercised almost wholly in the practice of medicine +and in the observation of human character. He intuitively recognised the +disposition or character, and even read the thoughts, of those with whom +he came into contact, with extraordinary astuteness. This skill partly +accounts for his great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">- 16 -</a></span> success as a physician, for it impressed his +patients with belief in him; and my father used to say that the art of +gaining confidence was the chief element in a doctor’s worldly success.”</p> + +<p>Sensitive, sociable, a good talker, high-spirited and somewhat +irascible, a man who admitted no one to his friendship whom he could not +thoroughly respect, the friend of the poor, prescribing gratuitously to +all who were needy, pre-eminent for sympathy, which for a time made him +hate his profession for the constant suffering it brought before his +eyes—such was Charles Darwin’s father. Miss Meteyard, in her “Group of +Englishmen,” 1871, gives a vivid picture of the old doctor, his +acknowledged supremacy in Shrewsbury, his untiring activity and +ubiquity, his great dinner parties, his liberal and rather unpopular +opinions, tolerated for the sake of his success in curing his patients. +His face, powerful, unimpassioned, mild, and thoughtful, was always the +same as he rolled through the streets and lanes, for he sat “as though +carved in stone.” His love of children was marked. “He would address +them in his small, high-pitched falsetto voice, and if their answers +pleased him he would reply; and occasionally, lifting them on to a chair +or table, he would measure their heads with his broad hand, as though +reading character, and mentally prognosticating their future fate.”</p> + +<p>The successful doctor bought a piece of land near the Holyhead road, and +built on it a large square house, of plain architecture, which from its +charming position, a hundred feet above the Severn, received the name +of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">- 17 -</a></span> “The Mount.”<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> Having thus provided the nest, in 1796 he brought +home his wife, Susannah Wedgwood, eldest daughter of the celebrated +potter, to whom he was married at Marylebone Church on April 18th.</p> + +<p>The character and education of Charles Darwin’s mother is a matter of +considerable interest, notwithstanding that her death when he was only +eight years old cut short her opportunities of influencing him. She was +born at Burslem in January, 1765, and a year after her father describes +her as a “fine, sprightly lass:” she became his best-beloved child. She +was partly educated in London, under the eye of her father’s partner, +the accomplished Thomas Bentley, in whose heart she won as tender a +place as in her father’s. Later she continued her education at home with +her brothers, under good tuition. Many visits were exchanged between the +Darwins and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">- 18 -</a></span> Wedgwoods, and old Erasmus Darwin became very fond of +Miss Wedgwood. By the time of her marriage she was matured by much +intercourse with notable people, as well as by extensive reading, and +from her experience of London society and varied travel in England was +well fitted to shine as the county doctor’s wife. From her father, who +died in 1795, she had doubtless inherited, in addition to a handsome +fortune, many valuable faculties, and probably she transmitted more of +them to her son Charles than she herself manifested. Josiah Wedgwood, +over whose career it would be delightful to linger, is well described by +Miss Meteyard in words which might be precisely applied to Charles +Darwin, as “patient, stedfast, humble, simple, unconscious of half his +own greatness, and yet by this very simplicity, patience, and +stedfastness displaying the high quality of his moral and intellectual +characteristics, even whilst insuring that each step was in the right +direction, and firmly planted.” A truly experimental genius in artistic +manufacture, Wedgwood foreshadowed a far greater experimental genius in +science.</p> + +<p>Before her famous son was born, however, Mrs. Darwin’s health had begun +to fail, and in 1807 she wrote to a friend: “Every one seems young but +me.” Her second son (four daughters having preceded him) was born at The +Mount on February 12, 1809, and christened “Charles Robert,” at St. +Chad’s Church, Shrewsbury, on November 17th following. No doubt her +declining health emphasised her attachment to home pursuits, to quiet +reading, to the luxuriant garden, and to her numerous domestic pets. The +beauty, variety, and lameness of The Mount pigeons was well known in the +town and far<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">- 19 -</a></span> beyond. Mr. Woodall states that one of Darwin’s +schoolfellows, the Rev. W. A. Leighton, remembers him plucking a plant +and recalling one of his mother’s elementary lessons in botany. Too soon +however the mother was taken from The Mount; she died in July, 1817, +when Charles was between eight and nine years old.</p> + +<p>The eldest son of Dr. Robert Darwin, on whom the grandfather’s name of +Erasmus had been bestowed, is notable as the intimate friend of the +Carlyles. “He had something of original and sarcastically ingenious in +him,” says Carlyle, in his “Reminiscences,” “one of the sincerest, +naturally truest, and most modest of men.... E. Darwin it was who named +the late Whewell, seeing him sit, all ear (not all assent), at some of +my lectures, ‘The Harmonious Blacksmith.’ My dear one had a great favour +for this honest Darwin always; many a road to shops, and the like, he +drove her in his cab, in those early days when even the charge of +omnibuses was a consideration, and his sparse utterances, sardonic +often, were a great amusement to her. ‘A perfect gentleman,’ she at once +discerned him to be, and of sound worth and kindliness, in the most +unaffected form.” He died in 1881, aged 77, leaving no memorial to the +public of his undoubtedly great abilities. Like his younger brother, he +was a member of Christ’s College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.B., in +1828.</p> + +<p>Early in 1817, the closing year of his mother’s life, Charles Darwin was +placed at school with the Rev. George Case, minister of the Shrewsbury +Unitarian church, to which the Darwins were attached, in this resembling +the Wedgwoods. At midsummer, 1818, however,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">- 20 -</a></span> the boy entered Shrewsbury +Grammar School, then under Samuel Butler, afterwards Bishop of +Lichfield. Classics, as ever, formed the staple of the instruction there +afforded, and proved but little to the future naturalist’s taste. +Unfortunately for the repute of English schools, Charles Darwin was +little benefited by his schooling; and Euclid, then an extra subject, +constituted, to his mind, the only bit of real education Shrewsbury +school gave him. Seventy years later, the study of mother earth and her +teeming productions, which Darwin made so attractive, is still but +scantily represented in the instruction afforded by our great schools.</p> + +<p>Thus out of sympathy with the prevalent studies, the youth showed no +fondness for his schoolfellows’ sports. He was reserved, frequently lost +in thought, and fond of long solitary rambles, according to one +schoolfellow, the Rev. W. A. Leighton; another, the Rev. John Yardley, +Vicar of St. Chad’s, Shrewsbury, remembers him as cheerful, +good-tempered, and communicative. One of the recorded incidents of his +boyish days is a fall from the old Shrewsbury wall, while walking in a +“brown study.” Even at this early period he was fond of collecting +objects which many schoolboys delight in, such as shells and minerals, +seals, franks, and coins; and the mechanical aptitude derived from both +the Darwins and the Wedgwoods was manifested by keen interest in +mechanism. One especially remembered youthful treat was when his uncle +Josiah Wedgwood explained to him the principle of the vernier. No doubt +the pigeons, the exotics, the shrubs and flowers of his father’s grounds +impressed themselves indelibly on the boy’s mind and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">- 21 -</a></span> unconsciously +prepared him for his future. Schooldays were for him fortunately not +protracted, for in 1825, at the age of sixteen, he went to Edinburgh +University, where his father and grandfather had likewise studied, with +the idea of devoting himself to medicine. The youth of sixteen was well +equipped with the results of long thinking and observing rather than +with book-learning, and was prepared to play an independent part without +noise and show, assimilating that which commended itself to his mind, +and rejecting that which found no appropriate soil in him, in a manner +characteristic of genuine originality.</p> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">- 22 -</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II" href="#TOC2"> +<span title=" Return to CONTENTS. " class="hoverlink">CHAPTER II.</span></a></h2> + +<p class="cap">WHEN Charles Darwin went to Edinburgh, the university was not in one of +its palmiest periods. The medical professors failed to attract him to +their profession, and two years of Edinburgh satisfied him that medicine +should not absorb him. With natural history the case was different. Its +attractiveness for Darwin increased. He found congenial companionship in +the Edinburgh Plinian Society, and Mr. W. F. Ainsworth relates (in <i>The +Athenæum</i>, May 13, 1882) that Darwin and himself made frequent +excursions on the shores of the Firth of Forth in pursuit of objects of +natural history, sometimes visiting the coasts of Fifeshire, and +sometimes the islands off the coast. On one occasion, accompanied by Dr. +Greville, the botanist, they went to the Isle of May, and were both +exceedingly amused at the effect produced upon the eminent author of the +Scottish Cryptogamic Flora by the screeching of the kittiwakes and other +water-fowl. He had actually to lie down on the greensward to enjoy his +prolonged cachinnation. On another occasion the young naturalists were +benighted on Inch Keith, but found refuge in the lighthouse.</p> + +<p>Darwin was now not merely a collector and exploring<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">- 23 -</a></span> naturalist, but he +observed biological facts of importance. On the 27th of March, 1827, he +made a communication to the Plinian Society on the ova, or rather larvæ, +of the Flustra or sea-mat, a member of the class Polyzoa, forming a +continuous mat-like colony of thousands of organisms leading a +joint-stock existence. He announced that he had discovered in these +larvæ organs of locomotion, then so seldom, now so frequently, known to +exist on such bodies. At the same time, he made known that the small +black body which until that time had been mistaken for the young state +of a species of seaweed, was in reality the egg of <i>Pontobdella +muricata</i>, a sort of sea-leech. On the 3rd of April following, the +discoverer exhibited specimens of the latter creature with eggs and +young.</p> + +<p>In making these researches, Darwin was no doubt stimulated and aided by +the teaching of Dr. Grant, afterwards Professor of Natural History at +University College, London, who was then at Edinburgh, making +discoveries in the structure of sponges. Professor Jameson, too, who was +then forming his splendid museum of natural history, cannot fail to have +influenced Darwin somewhat; and we find that the first lecture of the +concluding portion of Jameson’s zoological course, dealing with “The +Philosophy of Zoology,” had the suggestive title of “The Origin of the +Species of Animals.” Thus we must acknowledge that already at Edinburgh +Darwin was fairly started in the paths of zoological inquiry, and the +northern university must be admitted to share with Cambridge, the +distinction of being the foster-parent of this giant-child.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">- 24 -</a></span></p> + +<p>Medicine being distasteful, Edinburgh had no other distinctive charms to +offer to young Darwin, and he was entered at Christ’s College, +Cambridge, early in 1828, with the idea of his becoming a clergyman of +the Church of England. It might have been thought that there was scant +stimulus for a biological student in the Cambridge of that period; but +although the old literary and mathematical studies were still the only +paths to a degree, there were men of original force and genius at work +preparing the ground for a coming revolution. Sedgwick was teaching +geology with the fire of a prophet, and Henslow as a botanist was +showing that lessons of enthralling interest were to be learned from the +humblest flower. Henslow especially attracted young Darwin, who never +forgot his old teacher. In the preface to the journal of his voyage in +the <i>Beagle</i> he returns his most sincere thanks to Professor Henslow, +“who,” he says, “when I was an undergraduate at Cambridge, was one chief +means of giving me a taste for natural history; who, during my absence, +took charge of the collections I sent home, and by his correspondence +directed my endeavours—and who, since my return, has constantly +rendered me every assistance which the kindest friend could offer.”</p> + +<p>No better idea of Darwin’s Cambridge days can be given than that which +is derived from reading his account of Professor Henslow, contributed to +the Rev. L. Jenyns’s “Memoirs” of that accomplished man. There can be no +doubt, also, that in thus pourtraying the character of another, he was +at the same time, as Mr. Romanes puts it, “unconsciously giving a most +accurate description of his own.”<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">- 25 -</a></span></p> + +<p>“I went to Cambridge,” wrote Darwin, “early in the year 1828, and soon +became acquainted, through some of my brother entomologists,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> with +Professor Henslow, for all who cared for any branch of natural history +were equally encouraged by him. Nothing could be more simple, cordial, +and unpretending than the encouragement which he afforded to all young +naturalists. I soon became intimate with him, for he had a remarkable +power of making the young feel completely at ease with him; though we +were all awe-struck with the amount of his knowledge. Before I saw him I +heard one young man sum up his attainments by simply saying that he knew +everything. When I reflect how immediately we felt at perfect ease with +a man older and in every way so immensely our superior, I think it was +as much owing to the transparent sincerity of his character, as to his +kindness of heart, and, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">- 26 -</a></span>perhaps, even still more to a highly remarkable +absence in him of all self-consciousness. One perceived at once that he +never thought of his own varied knowledge or clear intellect, but solely +on the subject in hand. Another charm, which must have struck every one, +was that his manner to old and distinguished persons and to the youngest +student was exactly the same: to all he showed the most winning +courtesy. He would receive with interest the most trifling observation +in any branch of natural history, and however absurd a blunder one might +make, he pointed it out so clearly and kindly, that one left him in no +way disheartened, but only determined to be more accurate the next time. +In short, no man could be better formed to win the entire confidence of +the young, and to encourage them in their pursuits.</p> + +<p>“His lectures on botany were universally popular, and as clear as +daylight. So popular were they, that several of the older members of the +university attended successive courses. Once every week he kept open +house in the evening, and all who cared for natural history attended +these parties, which, by thus favouring intercommunication, did the same +good in Cambridge, in a very pleasant manner, as the scientific +societies do in London. At these parties many of the most distinguished +members of the university occasionally attended; and when only a few +were present, I have listened to the great men of those days conversing +on all sorts of subjects, with the most varied and brilliant powers. +This was no small advantage to some of the younger men, as it stimulated +their mental activity and ambition. Two or three times in each session +he took excursions with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">- 27 -</a></span> his botanical class, either a long walk to the +habitat of some rare plant, or in a barge down the river to the fens, or +in coaches to some more distant place, as to Gamlingay, to see the wild +lily-of-the-valley, and to catch on the heath the rare natter-jack. +These excursions have left a delightful impression on my mind. He was, +on such occasions, in as good spirits as a boy, and laughed as heartily +as a boy at the misadventures of those who chased the splendid +swallow-tail butterflies across the broken and treacherous fens. He used +to pause every now and then and lecture on some plant or other object; +and something he could tell us on every insect, shell, or fossil +collected, for he had attended to every branch of natural history. After +our day’s work we used to dine at some inn or house, and most jovial we +then were. I believe all who joined these excursions will agree with me +that they have left an enduring impression of delight on our minds.</p> + +<p>“As time passed on at Cambridge I became very intimate with Professor +Henslow, and his kindness was unbounded; he continually asked me to his +house, and allowed me to accompany him in his walks. He talked on all +subjects, including his deep sense of religion, and was entirely open. I +owe more than I can express to this excellent man. His kindness was +steady. When Captain Fitzroy offered to give up part of his own cabin to +any naturalist who would join the expedition in H.M.S. <i>Beagle</i>, +Professor Henslow recommended me as one who knew very little, but who, +he thought, would work. I was strongly attached to natural history, and +this attachment I owed in large part to him. During the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">- 28 -</a></span> five years’ +voyage he regularly corresponded with me, and guided my efforts; he +received, opened, and took care of all the specimens sent home in many +large boxes; but I firmly believe that, during these five years, it +never once crossed his mind that he was acting towards me with unusual +and generous kindness.</p> + +<p>“During the years when I associated so much with Professor Henslow I +never once saw his temper even ruffled. He never took an ill-natured +view of any one’s character, though very far from blind to the foibles +of others. It always struck me that his mind could not be even touched +by any paltry feeling of vanity, envy, or jealousy. With all this +equability of temper and remarkable benevolence, there was no insipidity +of character. A man must have been blind not to have perceived that +beneath this placid exterior there was a vigorous and determined will. +When principle came into play no power on earth could have turned him +one hair’s breadth....</p> + +<p>“In intellect, as far as I could judge, accurate powers of observation, +sound sense, and cautious judgment seemed predominant. Nothing seemed to +give him so much enjoyment as drawing conclusions from minute +observations. But his admirable memoir on the geology of Anglesea shows +his capacity for extended observations and broad views. Reflecting over +his character with gratitude and reverence, his moral attributes rise, +as they should do in the highest character, in pre-eminence over his +intellect.”</p> + +<p>The young man’s modesty is conspicuous in the above narrative. He does +not see how his own transparent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">- 29 -</a></span> candour, his desire to learn, his +respect for those who were already masters of science, won upon the +great men with whom he came in contact. It was by no means as “one who +knew very little” that Henslow recommended Darwin to Captain Fitzroy, +but as “a young man of promising ability, extremely fond of geology, and +indeed all branches of natural history.” “In consequence,” says Fitzroy, +“an offer was made to Mr. Darwin to be my guest on board, which he +accepted conditionally. Permission was obtained for his embarkation, and +an order given by the Admiralty that he should be borne on the ship’s +books for provisions. The conditions asked by Mr. Darwin were, that he +should be at liberty to leave the <i>Beagle</i> and retire from the +expedition when he thought proper, and that he should pay a fair share +of the expenses of my table.”</p> + +<p>Darwin had taken an ordinary or “poll” degree in 1831 and was admitted a +Master of Arts in 1837. In the interval he had become truly a Master of +Science, which at that time was adequately recognised by no university +in the British dominions. The memorable voyage of the <i>Beagle</i>, a little +barque of 242 tons, was at first delayed by heavy gales which twice +drove her back; but she finally sailed from Devonport on December 27, +1831. The object of the expedition was to complete the survey of +Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, to survey the shores of Chili, Peru, and +some Pacific Islands, and to carry a chain of chronometrical +measurements round the world.</p> + +<p>Professor Henslow’s interest in his young pupil’s progress is shown by +the fact that in 1835 (December 1)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">- 30 -</a></span> he printed some extracts from his +letters, for distribution among the members of the Cambridge +Philosophical Society, in consequence of the notice excited by some +geological observations they contained, which had been read before the +society on the 16th of November previous. The following points having a +personal reference to the traveller may be quoted. On August 15, 1832, +Darwin wrote from Monte Video, “I might collect a far greater number of +specimens of invertebrate animals if I took up less time over each: but +I have come to the conclusion that two animals with their original +colour and shape noted down will be more valuable to naturalists than +six with only dates and place.” Here we see the accuracy which was the +source of much of his after-success. On November 24, 1832, he writes +from the same place, “As for one little toad, I hope it may be new, that +it may be christened ‘Diabolicus.’ Milton must allude to this very +individual, when he talks of ‘squat like a toad.’” In March, 1834, +writing from East Falkland Island, he says, “The whole of the east coast +of the southern part of South America has been elevated from the ocean +since a period during which mussels have not lost their blue colour.” +Describing his examination of the central peaks of the Andes in Chili, +he says, April 18, 1835, “I cannot tell you how much I enjoyed some of +these views; it is worth coming from England, once to feel such intense +delight. At an elevation of from ten to twelve thousand feet, there is a +transparency in the air, and a confusion of distances, and a sort of +stillness, which give the sensation of being in another world.”<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">- 31 -</a></span></p> + +<p>Coming now to Darwin’s Journal as first published in 1839, forming the +third volume of Fitzroy’s narrative, the 7th of January, 1832, on which +the Peak of Teneriffe was seen suddenly illumined, while the lower parts +were veiled in fleecy clouds, is noted as “the first of many delightful +days never to be forgotten.” On the 16th the Cape de Verde Islands were +reached, and their volcanic geology was carefully explored. Darwin was +already equipped with the first volume of Lyell’s famous “Principles of +Geology,” published in 1830, the second following in 1832; and in the +second edition of his journal, published in 1845, he acknowledges with +grateful pleasure “that the chief part of whatever scientific merit this +journal and the other works of the author may possess, has been derived +from studying the well-known and admirable ‘Principles of Geology.’” He +was already noting the diffusion of minute organisms and impalpable dust +by winds,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">4</a> and was much surprised to find in some dust collected on a +vessel 300 miles from land particles of stone more than a thousandth of +an inch square. After this, he remarks, one need not be surprised at the +diffusion of the far lighter and smaller sporules of cryptogamous +plants.</p> + +<p>The volcanic island of St. Paul in the open Atlantic was touched at on +February 16th, and it afforded the young naturalist a text for +destroying the pretty ideas <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">- 32 -</a></span>as to stately palms and birds taking +possession of newly-formed oceanic land; at any rate, here were only two +species of sea birds, no plants, and the fauna was completed by a number +of insects and spiders of no very exalted habits. Fernando Noronha was +passed on February 20th, and at last the South American continent was +reached.</p> + +<p>On February 29th, at Bahia, Darwin describes his first day in a +Brazilian forest, in a passage which is of special interest. “The day +has passed delightfully. Delight itself, however, is a weak term to +express the feelings of a naturalist who, for the first time, has +wandered by himself in a Brazilian forest. The elegance of the grasses, +the novelty of the parasitical plants, the beauty of the flowers, the +glossy green of the foliage, but, above all, the general luxuriance of +the vegetation, filled me with admiration. A most paradoxical mixture of +sound and silence pervades the shady parts of the wood. The noise from +the insects is so loud that it may be heard even in a vessel anchored +several hundred yards from the shore; yet within the recesses of the +forest a universal silence appears to reign. To a person fond of natural +history, such a day as this brings with it a deeper pleasure than he can +ever hope to experience again.”</p> + +<p>Arriving at Rio de Janeiro early in April, Darwin made several +excursions into the interior during the following three months. On these +expeditions it was rarely indeed that decent accommodation could be +procured at the inns. “On first arriving,” he says, “it was our custom +to unsaddle the horses and give them their Indian corn; then, with a low +bow, to ask the senhor to do us the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">- 33 -</a></span> favour to give us something to eat. +‘Anything you choose, sir,’ was his usual answer. For the few first +times, vainly I thanked Providence for having guided us to so good a +man. The conversation proceeding, the case universally became +deplorable. ‘Any fish can you do us the favour of giving?’ ‘Oh, no, +sir!’ ‘Any soup?’ ‘No, sir!’ ‘Any bread?’ ‘Oh, no, sir!’ ‘Any dried +meat?’ ‘Oh, no, sir!’ If we were lucky, by waiting a couple of hours, we +obtained fowls, rice, and farinha. It not unfrequently happened that we +were obliged to kill, with stones, the poultry for our own supper. When, +thoroughly exhausted by fatigue and hunger, we timorously hinted that we +should be glad of our meal, the pompous and (though true) most +unsatisfactory answer was, ‘It will be ready when it is ready!’ If we +had dared to remonstrate any further, we should have been told to +proceed on our journey, as being too impertinent. The hosts are most +ungracious and disagreeable in their manners; their houses and their +persons are often filthily dirty; the want of the accommodation of +forks, knives, and spoons is common; and I am sure no cottage or hovel +in England could be found in a state so utterly destitute of every +comfort.”</p> + +<p>When we add to these discomforts on land the fact that the young +traveller was a constant sufferer from sea-sickness and nausea, which +became chronic, it becomes more surprising that he should not have +withdrawn early from his adventurous course. But his energy and +resolution were equal to any drafts upon them, and the delights of the +study of nature outweighed all physical discomforts. Admiral J. Lort +Stokes in a letter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">- 34 -</a></span> to <i>The Times</i>, after the death of his old friend +and comrade in the <i>Beagle</i>, described how after perhaps an hour’s work +he would say, “Old fellow, I must take the horizontal for it.” Then he +would stretch himself on one side of the table, and obtain a brief +relief from discomfort, after which he would resume work.</p> + +<p>Some remarks which Darwin makes upon slavery in South America are very +forcible, and also illustrate his own sympathetic nature. Here is one +incident which struck him more than any story of cruelty, as showing the +degradation of slavery. “I was crossing a ferry with a negro, who was +uncommonly stupid. In endeavouring to make him understand, I talked +loud, and made signs, in doing which I passed my hand near his face. He, +I suppose, thought I was in a passion, and was going to strike him; for +instantly, with a frightened look and half-shut eyes, he dropped his +hands. I shall never forget my feelings of surprise, disgust, and shame, +at seeing a great powerful man afraid even to ward off a blow, directed, +as he thought, at his face. This man had been trained to a degradation +lower than the slavery of the most helpless animal.”</p> + +<p>In one of the numerous additions to the second issue of the Journal in +1845, Darwin speaks thus eloquently from his heart: “On the 19th of +August [1836], we finally left the shores of Brazil. I thank God I shall +never again visit a slave-country. To this day, if I hear a distant +scream, it recalls with painful vividness my feelings when, passing a +house near Pernambuco, I heard the most pitiable moans, and could not +but suspect that some poor slave was being tortured, yet knew that I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">- 35 -</a></span> +was as powerless as a child, even to remonstrate. I suspected that these +moans were from a tortured slave, for I was told that this was the case +in another instance. Near Rio de Janeiro I lived opposite to an old +lady, who kept screws to crush the fingers of her female slaves. I have +stayed in a house where a young household mulatto, daily and hourly, was +reviled, beaten, and persecuted enough to break the spirit of the lowest +animal. I have seen a little boy, six or seven years old, struck thrice +with a horse-whip (before I could interfere) on his naked head, for +having handed me a glass of water not quite clean; I saw his father +tremble at a mere glance from his master’s eye.... I will not even +allude to the many heart-sickening atrocities which I authentically +heard of; nor would I have mentioned the above revolting details, had I +not met with several people, so blinded by the constitutional gaiety of +the negro, as to speak of slavery as a tolerable evil.... Those who look +tenderly at the slave-owner, and with a cold heart at the slave, never +seem to put themselves into the position of the latter. What a cheerless +prospect, with not even a hope of change! Picture to yourself the +chance, ever hanging over you, of your wife and your little +children—those objects which nature urges even the slave to call his +own—being torn from you, and sold like beasts to the first bidder! And +these deeds are done and palliated by men who profess to love their +neighbours as themselves, who believe in God, and pray that His will be +done on earth!”</p> + +<p>Such burning expressions are not yet superfluous, and it is wholesome to +recall to a generation which scarcely realises the past miseries of +slavery, and is too apt to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">- 36 -</a></span> rest content with what has been accomplished +in diminishing the sufferings of slaves, white and black, the impression +produced on a scientific man by what he saw. It is well, too, that it +should be brought forcibly home to Englishmen that Darwin’s heart was no +less sympathetic than his intelligence was far-seeing, and that the +testimony of friends of late years to his moral grandeur is corroborated +by the personal records of his years of travel.</p> + +<p>The variety and interest of the observations made during his stay at +Rio, when tropical nature was still a fresh and unexplored page to the +young observer, are wonderful. Cabbage palms, liana creepers, luxuriant +fern leaves—roads, bridges, and soil—planarian worms, frogs which +climbed perpendicular sheets of glass, the light of fireflies, brilliant +butterflies, fights between spiders and wasps, the victories of ants +over difficulties, the habits of monkeys, the little Brazilian boys +practising knife-throwing—all these came in turn under his watchful +eyes and are vividly described.</p> + +<p>In July, 1832, Monte Video was reached, and the <i>Beagle</i> was occupied in +surveying the extreme southern and eastern coasts of America, south of +La Plata, during the succeeding two years. During ten weeks at Maldonado +an entertaining excursion to the River Polanco was made, and many a +humorous remark appears in the Journal relating to it. “The greater +number of the inhabitants [of European descent] had an indistinct idea +that England, London, and North America were different names for the +same place; but the better-informed well knew that London and North +America were separate countries close together, and that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">- 37 -</a></span> England was a +large town in London!” “Washing my face in the morning caused much +speculation at the village of Las Minas; a superior tradesman closely +cross-questioned me about so singular a practice.” Among these rich +descendants of Europeans Darwin felt as if he were among the inhabitants +of Central Africa; so low can the proud superior race descend, that the +distance between it and the negro appeared small indeed. The remarkable +absence of trees in the country could not fail to provoke comment; but +it is on the old-fashioned basis, and the young student does not get +beyond the conclusion “that herbaceous plants, instead of trees, were +created to occupy that wide area, which, within a period not very +remote, has been raised above the waters of the sea.” This appears in +the first edition; but in 1845 these words were expunged, and the author +says significantly “we must look to some other and unknown cause.”</p> + +<p>At Maldonado within the distance of a morning’s walk no fewer than +eighty species of birds were collected, most of them exceedingly +beautiful. Darwin’s observations on the molothri (representatives of our +cuckoos), the tyrant fly-catchers, and the carrion-feeding hawks are +most attractive reading. Rio Negro, much further south, was next +visited, and the fauna of a salt lake examined. The adaptation of +creatures to live in and near brine struck him as wonderful. “Well may +we affirm,” says he, “that every part of the world is habitable! Whether +lakes of brine, or those subterranean ones, hidden beneath volcanic +mountains—warm mineral springs—the wide expanse and depths of the +ocean—the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">- 38 -</a></span> upper regions of the atmosphere, and even the surface of +perpetual snow—all support organic beings.” Here he found reason to +believe that all the great plains which he was surveying had been raised +above the sea level in a modern geological period.</p> + +<p>Our naturalist started by land for Bahia Blanca and Buenos Ayres on +August 11, 1833, and we have the record: “This was the first night which +I had ever passed under the open sky, with the gear of the recado for my +bed. There is high enjoyment in the independence of the Gaucho’s life, +to be able at any moment to pull up your horse, and say, ‘Here we will +pass the night.’ The deathlike stillness of the plain, the dogs keeping +watch, the gipsy group of Gauchos making their beds round the fire, have +left in my mind a strongly-marked picture of this first night, which +will not soon be forgotten.” After an interesting <i>rencontre</i> with +General Rosas, Bahia Blanca was reached, and at Punta Alta were found +many of the fossil bones which Owen subsequently described, this point +being a perfect catacomb, as Darwin terms it, for monsters of extinct +races. The remains of nine great kinds of quadrupeds chiefly allied to +the sloths were found embedded on the beach within a space of about two +hundred yards square; and these were associated with shells of molluscs +of still existing species. Here was indeed a remarkable fact to +germinate in the great naturalist’s mind. It bore full fruit at a later +date. An important theory then current, that large animals require a +luxuriant vegetation, was overthrown at the same time, for there was +every reason to believe that the sterility of the surrounding country +was no new thing. The South<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">- 39 -</a></span> American ostrich and many other animals +here afforded material for important observations.</p> + +<p>On the way to Buenos Ayres, the rugged Sierra de la Ventana, a white +quartz mountain, was ascended. Buenos Ayres was reached on September 20, +1833, and no time was lost in arranging for an expedition to Santa Fé, +nearly 300 miles up the Parana. On October 3, Santa Fé was entered, and +near it many more remains of large extinct mammals were found. The +remains of a horse, in a similar fossil condition, greatly astonished +our explorer, for it seemed indeed surprising that in South America a +native horse should have co-existed with giant extinct forms, and should +itself have become extinct, to be succeeded in modern times by the +countless herds descended from the few horses introduced by the Spanish +colonists. These and other strange facts in the distribution of +mammalian animals in America led Darwin to make some pregnant comments. +The enormous number of large bones embedded in the estuary deposits +became continually more evident, until he came to the conclusion that +the whole area of the Pampas was one wide sepulchre.</p> + +<p>Unfortunately ill-health compelled the explorer to return, and on +October 12th he started for Buenos Ayres in a small vessel. During this +journey he had an opportunity of examining the shifting and variable +islands of the muddy Parana, on which the jaguar thrives. Arrived at Las +Conchas, a revolution had broken out, and Darwin was detained to a +certain extent under surveillance; but by the influence of General +Rosas’ name, he was allowed to pass the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">- 40 -</a></span> sentinels, leaving his guide +and horses behind, and ultimately reached Buenos Ayres in safety. After +a fortnight’s delay, Monte Video was once more made for. Here it +appeared that the <i>Beagle</i> would remain sometime longer, so the restless +inquirer started on another expedition, this time up the Uruguay and Rio +Negro. One of the halts was at the house of a very large landed +proprietor. A friend of the proprietor’s, a runaway captain from Buenos +Ayres, was very anxious to have the traveller’s opinion on the beauty of +the Buenos Ayres ladies, and on receiving satisfactory assurances, +voluntarily gave up his bed to the stranger! During this journey amazing +quantities of huge thistles were met with, the cardoon being as high as +a horse’s back, while the Pampas thistle rose above the rider’s head. To +leave the road for a yard was out of the question. Incidentally the +writer describes fully the horsemanship of the Gauchos, and gives a +vivid picture of the state of society in the towns.</p> + +<p>During this journey, too, a peculiar breed of small cattle, called +niata, was observed, but full details were not given till the second +edition of the Journal appeared. This breed is strangely at a +disadvantage in droughts, compared with ordinary cattle; their lower +jaws project beyond the upper, and their lips do not join, rendering +them unable to browse on twigs. “This strikes me,” says Darwin, “as a +good illustration of how little we are able to judge from the ordinary +habits of life, on what circumstances, occurring only at long intervals, +the rarity or extinction of a species may be determined.” By the time +this appeared, however, in 1845, the author had embarked on his great +investigation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">- 41 -</a></span></p> + +<p>The Rio Plata was quitted on December 6, 1833, and sail was made for +Port Desire, on the coast of Patagonia. One evening, ten miles from the +Bay of San Blas, myriads of butterflies filled the air, so that the +seamen cried out that it was snowing butterflies. The flight seemed to +be voluntary. On another occasion many beetles were found alive and +swimming, seventeen miles from the nearest land. But these instances +were insignificant compared with the alighting of a large grasshopper on +the <i>Beagle</i>, when to windward of the Cape de Verde Islands, and when +the nearest land, in a direction not opposed to the prevailing trade +wind, was 370 miles distant. Marvellous appearances of spiders far from +land were also noted. One day when the ship was sixty miles from land +vast numbers of a small gossamer spider arrived. Its habits in fact were +aëronautic; it would send forth a small thread, and suddenly letting go +its hold, would sail away horizontally.</p> + +<p>The <i>Beagle</i> arrived at Port Desire on December 23, 1833, but Patagonia +afforded less of interest to the zoologist than the northern countries. +The next halt was made at Port St. Julian, 110 miles further south, on +January 9, 1834. Here the evidences of the modern elevation of Patagonia +were powerfully reinforced, and further, from the nature of the animal +remains arose the conviction that “existing animals have a close +relation in form with extinct species,” another of the germinal facts +which bore fruit in the “Origin of Species.” Darwin was led to speculate +on the causes which could have extinguished so many great species, and +he remarks most suggestively: “One is tempted to believe in such simple<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">- 42 -</a></span> +relations as variation of climate and food, or introduction of enemies, +or the increased numbers of other species, as the cause of the +succession of races.” But he does not yet go farther. He ends his +reflections by observing: “All that at present can be said with +certainty is that, as with the individual, so with the species, the hour +of life has run its course, and is spent.”</p> + +<p>In the second edition of the Journal the philosopher showed signs of +considerable advance (pp. 174-5). The effect of changed conditions is +further developed. The checks to indefinite multiplication are insisted +on, while the tendency of every species to increase geometrically is +clearly pointed out. In the place of the former concluding sentence we +find the following: “To admit that species generally become rare before +they become extinct—to feel no surprise at the comparative rarity of +one species with another, and yet to call in some extraordinary agent +and to marvel greatly when a species ceases to exist, appears to me much +the same as to admit that sickness in the individual is the prelude to +death—to feel no surprise at sickness—but when the sick man dies, to +wonder, and to believe that he died through violence.”</p> + +<p>The continental regions of South America did not supply the sole food +for the reflections of the young naturalist during this period. An +intervening visit had been paid, in December, 1832, and January, 1833, +to Tierra del Fuego, and the natives were most carefully observed. He +was greatly struck by their low condition; “one can hardly make oneself +believe they are fellow creatures, and inhabitants of the same world.” +Yet<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">- 43 -</a></span> these abject people have been infinitely raised since that period +by missionaries, and Darwin, hearing of this success, which he termed +wonderful, sent a donation to the South American Missionary Society.</p> + +<p>The Falkland Islands were explored both in 1833 and 1834, and the +Straits of Magellan were carefully examined, and many valuable +geological facts recorded. The southern portion of the continent was at +last quitted for Chili, Valparaiso being reached on July 23, 1834. After +Tierra del Fuego this was a delightful change, and here Darwin found an +old schoolfellow and friend, Mr. Richard Corfield, who entertained him +hospitably during his stay in Chili. Various expeditions to the Andes, +to Santiago, to gold mines and copper mines, supplied abundant objects +of curiosity and science, as well as varied visions of beauty; but the +fatigues undergone had to be paid for by a month’s illness at +Valparaiso, during which Mr. Corfield’s kindness was unremitting.</p> + +<p>The large island of Chiloe was visited in November, and its climate even +in summer proved wretched, reminding one of some parts of the Hebrides, +a week without torrents of rain being wonderful. Castro, the almost +deserted Spanish capital, could not furnish, even among hundreds of +inhabitants, a pound of sugar or an ordinary knife. No one possessed +either a watch or a clock, and the church bell was rung by guess by an +old man who was supposed to have the best notion of time.</p> + +<p>In December the rugged Chonos Archipelago, still further south, was +explored. Here a storm worthy of Tierra del Fuego was experienced. +“White, massive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">- 44 -</a></span> clouds were piled up against a dark blue sky, and +across them black, ragged sheets of vapour were rapidly driven. The +successive mountain ranges appeared like dim shadows; and the setting +sun cast on the woodland a yellow gleam, much like that produced by the +flame of spirits of wine on a man’s countenance. The water was white +with the flying spray; and the wind lulled and roared again through the +rigging. It was a most ominous, sublime scene.” While near Tres Montes +the year 1835 was ushered in, as Darwin says, “with the ceremonies +proper to it in these regions. She lays out no false hopes; a heavy N.W. +gale, with steady rain, bespeaks the rising year. Thank God, we are not +destined here to see the end of it, but hope then to be in the Pacific, +where a blue sky tells one there is a heaven—a something beyond the sky +above our heads.”</p> + +<p>Valdivia being reached in February, the <i>Beagle</i> party were witnesses of +a severe earthquake. Darwin was on shore, lying down in the wood to +rest. The effect produced upon him by the motion he experienced was very +marked: “There was no difficulty in standing upright, but the motion +made me almost giddy. It was something like the movement of a vessel in +a little cross ripple, or still more like that felt by a person skating +over thin ice, which bends under the weight of his body. A bad +earthquake at once destroys the oldest associations; the world, the very +emblem of all that is solid, has moved beneath our feet like a crust +over a fluid; one second of time has conveyed to the mind a strange idea +of insecurity, which hours of reflection would never have created.” By +the same earthquake every house in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">- 45 -</a></span> Concepcion (afterwards visited) was +thrown down, and a most impressive sight met the travellers.</p> + +<p>Arriving at Valparaiso again on March 11, 1835, after only an interval +of two days the indefatigable explorer started to cross the Cordillera +by the seldom traversed Portillo pass. Here geological observations were +abundant. The roar of the mountain torrents spoke eloquently to the +geologist. “The thousands and thousands of stones, which, striking +against each other, make the one dull uniform sound, are all hurrying in +one direction. It is like thinking of time, when the minute that now +glides past is irrecoverable. So it is with these stones; the ocean is +their eternity, and each note of that wild music tells of one other step +towards their destiny.” Who can fail to discern in such a passage the +poetic instinct which Erasmus Darwin more fully manifested?</p> + +<p>Mendoza was reached on March 27th, and on the 29th the return journey by +the northern or Uspallata pass was commenced. On the 10th of April +Santiago was again arrived at, and Mr. Caldcleugh most hospitably +welcomed the traveller, delighted with his expedition. “Never,” he says, +“did I more deeply enjoy an equal space of time.” Various excursions in +Northern Chili and Peru followed. Little was seen of Peru, owing to the +troubled state of public affairs, and there was very little regret when +the <i>Beagle</i> started early in September on her journey across the +Pacific.</p> + +<p>The Galapagos Islands, with their two thousand volcanic craters, their +apparently leafless bushes and wretched weeds, their peculiar animals, +so unsuspicious of man that they did not move when stones were thrown,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">- 46 -</a></span> +were extremely interesting to the naturalist, and gave rise to numerous +observations and suggestions in later works. The huge tortoises slowly +carrying their great bodies about, appeared like strange antediluvian +animals. The hideous large water-lizard (<i>Amblyrhynchus</i>), swimming with +perfect ease, and capable of an hour’s immersion in sea-water; and the +land lizard of the same genus, so numerous that at James Island it was +hardly possible to find a spot free from their burrows, the roofs of +which constantly give way under the pedestrian, were equally strange +denizens of this group of islands, where reptiles replace herbivorous +mammals. With regard to the last-mentioned species we find a remark +indicating the persistence of a belief in special creation up to this +date. “It would appear as if this species had been created in the centre +of the Archipelago, and thence had been dispersed only to a certain +distance.”</p> + +<p>During the years intervening between the first and second editions of +the Journal, reflection intensified Darwin’s perception of the +singularity of the Galapagos fauna. “Considering the small size of these +islands,” he says, “we feel the more astonished at the number of their +aboriginal beings, and at their confined range. Seeing every height +crowned with its crater, and the boundaries of most of the lava streams +still distinct, we are led to believe that within a period geologically +recent the unbroken sea was here spread out. Hence, both in space and +time, we seem to be brought somewhat nearer to that great fact—that +mystery of mysteries—the first appearance of new beings on this earth.” +And he afterwards says, “One is astonished at the amount of creative<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">- 47 -</a></span> +force, if such an expression may be used, displayed on these small, +barren, and rocky islands; and still more so at its diverse yet +analogous action in points so near each other.”</p> + +<p>The long voyage to Tahiti, 3,200 miles, begun on October 20, 1835, +ending on November 15th, was succeeded by a most enjoyable stay. Darwin +was as delighted as any traveller with the charms of the island and the +islanders. His testimony to the quality of English products is worth +noticing, if only as a piece of natural patriotism. He acknowledges that +Tahitian pineapples are of excellent flavour, perhaps better than those +cultivated in England, and this he believes to be the highest compliment +which can be paid to a fruit, or indeed to anything else. He found +reason to speak well of the influence of the Christian missionaries on +the natives, and of the conscientiousness of the latter, in opposition +to Kotzebue’s narrative.</p> + +<p>On December 19th New Zealand was sighted. Our traveller’s observations +here are of much value, as relating to a late period before civilised +government was effectively established. At Waimate he was delighted with +the effects produced by the religious teacher. “The lesson of the +missionary is the enchanter’s wand,” and he rejoiced as an Englishman at +what his countrymen had effected. The remarkable absence of land +mammals, the late enormous increase of the imported Norway rat, the dock +spreading far and wide, its seeds having been sold as tobacco seeds by a +rascally Englishman, the huge Kauri pines, were all full of import to +the inquiring mind; but New Zealand proved on the whole less<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">- 48 -</a></span> +attractive, as seen by Darwin, than most other countries he had visited. +December 30th saw the <i>Beagle</i> on the way to Sydney, and Port Jackson +was reached on January 12, 1836. An interesting excursion to the Blue +Mountains and to Bathurst showed many aspects of colonial life, as well +as the strange duckbill or platypus in its native haunts. Tasmania, with +which island Darwin was greatly pleased, was visited in February. In +April the Keeling Islands furnished much of the material for the future +book on coral reefs, the essence of which is, however, included in the +Journal. Mauritius, Cape Town, St. Helena, Ascension, Bahia, Pernambuco, +Cape Verde, and the Azores were the successive stages of the homeward +journey, and on October 2, 1836, anchor was cast at Falmouth, where the +naturalist, equipped for his life work, was landed.</p> + +<p>The high opinion Captain Fitzroy formed of Darwin during this long +voyage is shown by many passages in his own narrative, and by many other +references. He paid him the marked compliment of naming no fewer than +three important geographical localities after him, namely, Mount Darwin +and Darwin Sound (Tierra del Fuego), and Port Darwin in North Australia, +thus connecting his name for future generations with two lands whose +inhabitants were subjects of Darwin’s unceasing interest and +investigation throughout life, and served in no small degree to +elucidate the history and rise of mankind in Darwin’s mind and for a +world’s instruction. Fitzroy complimented his friend markedly when +himself receiving the medal of the Royal Geographical Society; and in +one of his papers, speaking of him as a zealous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">- 49 -</a></span> volunteer in the cause +of science, observed that his perseverance might be estimated from the +fact that he never ceased to be a martyr to sea-sickness; while his +interest in science and his public spirit were evident from his having +presented his valuable collections to the public.</p> + +<p>The concluding pages of the Journal are both eloquent and instructive. +Everywhere there had been fascinating visions, and attractive problems +remained unsolved. Was it not significant of future studies that the +contrast between barbarian and civilised man should have been so +impressed upon the future author of “The Descent of Man”? He writes thus +on this subject, “Of individual objects, perhaps no one is more certain +to create astonishment than the first sight in his native haunt of a +real barbarian, of man in his lowest and most savage state. One’s mind +hurries back over past centuries, and then asks, could our progenitors +have been such as these? Men, whose very signs and expressions are less +intelligible to us than those of the domesticated animals; men, who do +not possess the instinct of those animals, nor yet appear to boast of +human reason, or at least of arts consequent on that reason. I do not +believe it is possible to describe or paint the difference between +savage and civilised man. It is the difference between a wild and tame +animal: and part of the interest in beholding a savage, is the same +which would lead every one to desire to see the lion in his desert, the +tiger tearing his prey in the jungle, the rhinoceros on the wide plain, +or the hippopotamus wallowing in the mud of some African river.”</p> + +<p>We have dwelt thus at length upon the history of this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">- 50 -</a></span> eventful voyage, +not only because it filled an important space in Darwin’s life, but also +because it undoubtedly gave rise to the thoughts and speculations which +impelled him to devote his life to the study of problems of evolution. +It has been shown to some extent, how he saw, without pre-arrangement, +just those phenomena which could stimulate his mind, already fit, to its +highest flights. We have seen, too, how universal was Darwin’s interest +in nature, and how sympathetic a heart went with his scientific insight. +He had yet to show how masterly was his patience, to work for yet twenty +years, in order that he might not by premature publication of a crude +theory risk defeat and throw science backward rather than forward. This +long patient work was to be the triumph of his genius.</p> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">- 51 -</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III" href="#TOC3"> +<span title=" Return to CONTENTS. " class="hoverlink">CHAPTER III.</span></a></h2> + +<p class="cap">ON his return home, Darwin speedily placed himself in communication with +the leaders of scientific progress, and, in consequence of the valuable +results of his voyage, he soon found himself in a most advantageous +position. On November 20, 1836, he was elected a Fellow of the +Geological Society, and before the end of the year he had sent the +manuscript of one of his early papers to Lyell, who writes to him +(December 26, 1836): “I have read your paper with the greatest +pleasure.... What a splendid field you have to write upon.” He strongly +advised the young man not to accept any official scientific place, but +to devote himself to his own line of work. But Darwin was overpersuaded, +and became a member of the Council of the Geological Society in the +following February, and secretary in February, 1838. This office he held +with success for three years. Lyell referred in considerable detail to +the young traveller’s views in his presidential address to the Society +in 1837.</p> + +<p>Darwin’s geological papers soon became numerous. In 1837 he discussed in +succession the recent elevation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">- 52 -</a></span> of the coast of Chili, the deposits +containing extinct mammalia in the neighbourhood of the Plata, the areas +of elevation and subsidence in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, as deduced +from the study of coral formations, and the formation of mould (the +precursor of a work he issued more than forty years later). Papers on +the connection of certain volcanic phenomena, and on the formation of +mountain chains, and other geological notes on South America, were read +in 1838; the interesting Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, in Scotland, which +he believed to be of marine origin, were described in 1839; the erratic +(glacial) boulders of South America, in 1841; and coral reefs in 1842: a +full record, one would imagine, of busy years, occupied also with +secretarial work. Lyell, writing to Sir John Herschel (May 24, 1837), +says: “I am very full of Darwin’s new theory of coral islands, and have +urged Whewell to make him read it at our next meeting. I must give up my +volcanic crater theory for ever, though it costs me a pang at first.” In +March, 1838, Lyell describes the reception of the paper on volcanic +phenomena at the Geological Society. “He opened upon De la Beche, +Phillips, and others, his whole battery of the earthquakes and volcanoes +of the Andes; and argued that spaces of a thousand miles long were +simultaneously subject to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and that +the elevation of the Pampas, Patagonia, &c., all depended upon a common +cause.” In fit acknowledgment of such services to science, he was +elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on January 24, 1839.</p> + +<p>Early in 1839 Darwin married his cousin, Emma<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">- 53 -</a></span> Wedgwood, daughter of his +uncle Josiah Wedgwood: a union which, though consanguineous, proved in +the highest degree congenial and fortunate. In succeeding years a +numerous family of sons and daughters surrounded the happy parents. +After considerable delays by the Admiralty, though it had long been +ready, the Journal appeared, in 1839, as the third volume of Fitzroy’s +“Voyages of <i>The Adventure</i> and <i>Beagle</i>.” <i>The Quarterly Review</i> (lxv. +224) said that there could be no two opinions of its merits. “We find +ample materials for deep thinking; we have the vivid description that +fills the mind’s eye with brighter pictures than painter can present, +and the charm arising from the freshness of heart which is thrown over +these virgin pages of a strong intellectual man, and an acute and deep +observer.” Its merits, however, were somewhat slow to become known to +the general public, owing to the original expensive form of publication; +and it was not till 1845, when the second and enlarged edition appeared +as “The Journal of Researches,” that the popular ear was gained. Later, +under the title, “A Naturalist’s Voyage Round the World,” the book has +become very widely known and appreciated.</p> + +<p>The publication of “The Zoology of the Voyage of <i>The Beagle</i>,” +commenced in 1838, under Darwin’s superintendence, gave a fuller view of +the acquisitions to natural history which had been made than had +previously been possible. The Treasury, acting on the representations of +the presidents of the Linnean, Zoological, and Geological Societies, as +well as of the naturalist himself, in 1837 made a grant of £1000 towards +the expenses of publication of these memoirs. Owen’s description of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">- 54 -</a></span> +fossil mammalia, completed in 1840; G. Waterhouse’s of the living +mammalia, in 1839; Gould’s of the birds, in 1841; L. Jenyns’s of the +fish, in 1842; and Thomas Bell’s of the reptiles, in 1843—all in +quarto, with beautiful plates, were a solid testimony to a splendid +success. Darwin furnished an introduction to each part, and the portions +of the text referring to the habits and ranges of the living animals. +Three species of mastodon and the gigantic megatherium were the only +extinct mammalia known from South America previous to Darwin’s voyage. +To these were now added the <i>Mylodon Darwinii</i>, a giant sloth; the +scelidotherium, a somewhat smaller form; the great camel-like, yet +odd-toed, macrauchenia; and the toxodon, as large as a hippopotamus, yet +having a strange resemblance to the little rodents. All these belonged +to geological deposits not far anterior to the present age. The +collections of living vertebrates were less profoundly interesting, but +the number of new species was large; and the habits and localities being +recorded by so good an observer, gave them additional value.</p> + +<p>The fossil mammals were given by the generous traveller to the London +College of Surgeons, the mammals and birds to the Zoological Society, +the reptiles to the British Museum, and the fishes to the Cambridge +Philosophical Society. Nor was this all. The collections of insects, +shells, and crustacea were described by many able specialists in +scientific publications. The flowering plants were described by Hooker, +and the non-flowering by Berkeley; and, altogether, no expedition ever +yielded a more solid result to the scientific naturalist, while +furnishing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">- 55 -</a></span> a delightful narrative to the general reader, and laying the +foundation for generalisations of surpassing importance to all thinking +minds.</p> + +<p>It was evident to many geologists that the greatest value would attach +to the full record of the geological observations made by the gifted +young secretary of the Geological Society. A year after the publication +of the Journal the first portion of these observations, dealing with +coral reefs, was almost ready, but the continued ill-health of the +author delayed the publication till 1842. When it appeared, under the +title of “The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs,” its success +was immediate and complete.</p> + +<p>Ever since their first description by voyagers, marvel had been +expressed at the strange and beautiful phenomena presented by coral +islands. Coral, as being built up by the tireless labours of innumerable +so-called “insects,” or “worms,” had become associated with romantic +ideas. It really consists of the internal skeletons of coral-polyps, +allied to the sea anemone. Captain Basil Hall, in his “Voyage to Loo +Choo,” looking with the eyes of one ignorant of zoology, had credited +the building of coral reefs to all kinds of creatures which lived on and +near the coral after it had been made; and his erroneous views had been +amplified and developed by James Montgomery, in his “Pelican Island,” +into the most fantastically incorrect description that ever versifier +penned. Sad to relate, his lines were often quoted, as if correct, by +scientific men in pre-Darwinian times.</p> + +<p>Nothing gives clearer evidence of the power of mind which Darwin had +already attained when voyaging round<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">- 56 -</a></span> the world than the originality of +his views on coral reefs. The lagoon islands, or atolls, he describes as +“vast rings of coral rock, often many leagues in diameter, here and +there surmounted by a low verdant island, with dazzling white shores, +bathed on the outside by the foaming breakers of the ocean; and, on the +inside, surrounding a calm expanse of water which, from reflection, is +of a bright, but pale, green colour.” Keeling atoll, outside which, at +less than a mile and a half distance, no bottom was found with a line +7,200 feet in length, having been fully described, and an account given +of all other known atoll systems, the peculiarities of the great barrier +reef of North-east Australia, and that of New Caledonia, were recounted. +Off the latter, no bottom was found, at two ships’ length from the reef, +with a line 900 feet long. With these were linked the smaller reefs of +Tahiti and others, where considerable islands are more or less +completely surrounded by them. Next, the fringing or shore reefs, at +first sight only a variety of barrier reefs, were clearly distinguished +from them by the absence of an interior deep-water channel, and their +not growing up from an immense, but from a moderate depth of water.</p> + +<p>The remarkable fact was pointed out by Darwin that all coral islands are +within a little more than 30 degrees of the Equator, but that, at the +same time, they are absent over certain larger areas within the tropical +seas. There are none on the West Coast of South America, nor on the West +Coast of Africa. In this portion of his work we have another significant +sentence bearing on the struggle for existence. In discussing the +apparently capricious<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">- 57 -</a></span> distribution of coral reefs, he remarks that “the +study of the terrestrial and better-known half of the world must +convince every one that no station capable of supporting life is +lost—nay more, that there is a struggle for each station between the +different orders of nature.” He describes the large fishes and the +trepangs (<i>holothuriæ</i>) preying upon the coral-polyps, and shows how +complex are the conditions which determine the formation of reefs on any +shore. Perhaps no part of his work is more important than that in which +he collects the evidence proving how rapidly coral masses grow, and that +they for the most part cannot flourish in a greater depth of water than +fifteen fathoms.</p> + +<p>Reasoning upon the facts observed by himself and others Darwin now +proceeded to upset the received theory that atolls were based upon +submarine volcanic craters, and to substitute for it the view that there +has been a prolonged and gradual subsidence of the areas upon which the +atolls are based, and a corresponding upward growth of the reef-building +corals. Thus fringing-reefs in time become barrier-reefs; and +barrier-reefs, when they encircle islands, are converted into atolls, or +lagoon islands, as soon as the last pinnacle of land sinks beneath the +surface of the ocean. The whole matter is summed up thus: “A magnificent +and harmonious picture of the movements which the crust of the earth has +within a late period undergone is presented to us. We see vast areas +rising, with volcanic matter every now and then bursting forth through +the vents or fissures with which they are traversed. We see other wide +spaces slowly sinking without any volcanic outbursts; and we may feel +sure that this sinking must<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">- 58 -</a></span> have been immense in amount as well as in +area, thus to have buried over the broad face of the ocean every one of +these mountains above which atolls now stand like monuments, marking the +place of their former existence.” “No more admirable example of +scientific method was ever given to the world,” says Professor A. +Geikie, “and even if he had written nothing else, this treatise alone +would have placed Darwin in the very front of investigators of nature.”</p> + +<p>After thirty-two years’ interval, a second edition of “Coral Reefs” +appeared, in a cheaper form, in 1874. It is rare indeed for a scientific +treatise to attain at once and maintain so long a position of such +undisputed authority. The eminent German naturalist, Semper, in 1863, +criticised the general theory in consequence of his own careful +examination of the Pelew Islands; but Darwin easily answered him by +pointing to the cumulative evidence in favour of his own views. The only +really important work on the subject, after Darwin’s, was that of +Professor J. D. Dana, the eminent American naturalist and geologist, on +“Corals and Coral Islands,” published in 1872. Darwin, in the preface to +his second edition, candidly acknowledged that he had not previously +laid sufficient weight on the mean temperature of the sea in determining +the distribution of coral reefs; but this did not touch his main +conception. In fact, he maintained his ground undisturbed, and at the +same time admired greatly Dana’s book, which was the result of personal +examination of more coral formations than perhaps any one man had ever +studied, and which accepted Darwin’s fundamental proposition, that +lagoon islands or atolls<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">- 59 -</a></span> and barrier-reefs have been formed during +periods of subsidence.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">5</a></p> + +<p>No such strikingly original theory is propounded in the second part of +“The Geology of the <i>Beagle</i>” dealing chiefly with volcanic islands. St. +Jago, in the Cape de Verde Islands; Fernando Noronha, Terceira, Tahiti, +Mauritius, St. Paul’s, Ascension, St. Helena, and the Galapagos are in +turn more or less fully described, according to the opportunities the +explorer had possessed. To some extent, as in the succeeding part, +Darwin adapts his views on mountain elevation too closely to those +enunciated by Elie de Beaumont. The third part of the geology of the +<i>Beagle</i>, entitled “Geological Observations on South America,” was not +published till 1846. Even this did not exhaust the contributions to +geology made from the <i>Beagle</i> voyage, for it did not include the papers +on the “Connection of certain Volcanic Phenomena in South America” +(1838); on the “Distribution of Erratic Boulders” (1841); on the “Fine +Dust which falls on <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">- 60 -</a></span>Vessels” (1845); and on the “Geology of the +Falkland Islands” (1846). A second edition of the two latter parts of +“The Geology of the <i>Beagle</i>” was published in one volume in 1876.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, after spending a few years of his early married life in +London, during which he was often in ill-health, Darwin fixed his +residence in 1842 at Down House, near Beckenham, Kent. The little +village of Down, three or four miles from the Orpington railway station, +was near enough to London for convenient access, yet greatly secluded +and thoroughly rural. The traveller’s roving days were over, and his +infirmity of health prevented him from undertaking very fatiguing +journeys. After the cessation of his active work for the Geological +Society, Darwin’s chief public appearance was when he spoke at the +Oxford meeting of the British Association, in 1847, when, strange to +say, Ruskin was secretary of the Geological Section.</p> + +<p>At Down then, situated some 400 feet above the sea level on a plateau of +chalk, interrupted by wavy hollows with beech woods on the slopes, about +forty years of Darwin’s life were passed. Down House, one of the square +red brick mansions of the last century, to which have been since added a +gable-fronted wing on one side and a more squarely-built wing and +pillared portico on the other, is shut in and almost hidden from the +roadway by a high wall and belt of trees. On the south side a walled +garden opens into a quiet meadow, bounded by underwood, through which is +seen a delightful view of the narrow valley beyond, towards Westerham.</p> + +<p>One of the most admirable chapters of the well-known<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">- 61 -</a></span> “Manual of +Scientific Enquiry,” published in 1849, for the use of the navy and +travellers generally, and edited by Sir John Herschel, was Darwin’s, on +Geology. The explorer is here taught to make the most of his +opportunities upon the soundest principles. The habits which the author +had himself formed are inculcated upon the observer—copious collecting, +accurate recording, much thinking. Nothing is omitted. Number-labels +which can be read upside down must have a stop to indicate the right way +up; every specimen should be ticketed on the day of collection; diagrams +of all kinds should be made, as nearly as possible, to scale. “Acquire +the habit of always seeking an explanation of every geological point met +with.” “No one can expect to solve the many difficulties which will be +encountered, and which for a long time will remain to perplex +geologists; <i>but a ray of light will occasionally be his reward, and the +reward is ample</i>.” Truly an ample reward awaited the observer who could +thus speak of the value of “a ray of light;” he certainly did, to use +the concluding words of the essay, “enjoy the high satisfaction of +contributing to the perfection of the history of this wonderful world.”</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Darwin had been carrying on a great research on the very +peculiar order of crustacea, termed Cirripedia, better known as +barnacles and acorn shells. He had originally only intended to describe +a single abnormal member of the group, from South America, but was led, +for the sake of comparison, to examine the internal parts of as many as +possible. The British Museum collection was freely opened to him, and as +the importance of studying the anatomy of many<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">- 62 -</a></span> specimens became +evident, the splendid collections of Messrs. Stutchbury, Cuming, and +others were placed at his disposal, and he was permitted to open and to +dissect unique specimens of great value. In fact, almost every +naturalist of note who had any knowledge of the subject freely aided +him, and the result was a masterly series of finely illustrated volumes; +two on the living Cirripedia, issued by the Ray Society in 1851 and +1854; and two on the fossil Cirripedia of Great Britain, by the +Palæontographical Society, published in the same years. There is +evidence in these volumes that careful observations on the growth of +these creatures had been made as far back as the visit to the Galapagos +Islands in 1835. In many respects these works are as masterly as any the +author ever wrote. Considering the previous obscurity of the subject, +the difficulties attending the research, the almost entire lack at that +time of any general microscopical knowledge of tissues, and especially +of those of embryos, Darwin’s success is marvellous. The details are too +technical for statement here, but any one with a zoological training, +who studies the strange complication of the reproductive systems, and +the remarkable transformations which the young undergo, as told in these +volumes, will appreciate more than ever the breadth and the solidity of +the basis of patiently acquired knowledge which Charles Darwin had +accumulated while his “Origin of Species” was taking shape.</p> + +<p>At the anniversary meeting of the Royal Society in November, 1853, a +royal medal was presented to the author of “Coral Reefs” and the “Memoir +on the Cirripedia,” the president, the Earl of Rosse, eulogizing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">- 63 -</a></span> the +former as one of the most important contributions to modern geology, and +the latter as containing new facts and conclusions of first-rate +interest. Finally, this chapter of Darwin’s life may be closed with the +tardy award of the Wollaston medal to him by the Geological Society, in +February, 1859, when Professor John Phillips spoke of him as combining +the rarest acquirements as a naturalist, with the qualifications of a +first-class geologist, and as having by his admirable monograph on the +fossil Cirripedia added much to a reputation already raised to the +highest rank.</p> + +<p>Yet even such a reputation could not secure fair treatment and impartial +judgment for the coming book, the subject of which might be supposed to +require supreme gifts of the very kind Darwin possessed.</p> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">- 64 -</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV" href="#TOC4"> +<span title=" Return to CONTENTS. " class="hoverlink">CHAPTER IV.</span></a></h2> + +<p class="cap">IF no other record of Darwin’s twenty-two years (1837-59) of life and +thought after his return to England remained than the papers and books +he published during that period, we should find enough to place him on a +level with the most gifted biologists and geologists of his age. But all +that time he was occupied with thoughts, researches, and experiments, of +which the world at large perceived no fruits. Few persons suspected that +a tremendous revolution in scientific thought was in preparation at the +quiet country home at Down. New species of animals and plants were being +described by naturalists at an alarming rate. The bulk of knowledge of +specific characters and the necessity of specialisation bade fair to +make every species-monger a dry and narrow pedant; and the pedants +quarrelled about the characters and limits of their species.</p> + +<p>In the later years of this period some rays of improvement shone out. To +end the reign of Owen’s misleading types and imaginary archetypes, there +arose a wielder of two potent words, “morphology” and “biology,” the +sciences of form and of life, who showed that differences of adult form +grew out of likeness and simplicity in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">- 65 -</a></span> young; and that the life of +plants and animals was one science, their study one discipline. What +Huxley had begun to proclaim from the housetop, Darwin was meditating in +secret; and much more. Let us see how he states the case in the famous +modest opening of the “Origin of Species” (1859): “When on board H.M.S. +<i>Beagle</i>, as naturalist, I was much struck with certain facts in the +distribution of the inhabitants of South America, and in the geological +relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent. +These facts seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of +species—that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our +greatest philosophers. On my return home, it occurred to me, in 1837, +that something might perhaps be made out on this question by patiently +accumulating and reflecting on all sorts of facts which could possibly +have any bearing on it. After five years’ work I allowed myself to +speculate on the subject, and drew up some short notes; these I enlarged +in 1844 into a sketch of the conclusions, which then seemed to me +probable: from that period to the present day I have steadily pursued +the same object. I hope that I may be excused for entering on these +personal details, as I give them to show that I have not been hasty in +coming to a decision.” We learn also, independently, from the +“Expression of the Emotions” (p. 19), that Darwin as early as 1838 was +inclined to believe in the principle of evolution, or the derivation of +species from other and lower forms.</p> + +<p>It is somewhat difficult to decide precisely what Darwin owed to his +predecessors who believed in the mutability of species and doubted their +separate creation;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">- 66 -</a></span> this is partly owing to his exceeding modesty. He +was over-ready to acknowledge the value to himself of other people’s +ideas, and he under-estimated the strength of the illumination which his +own mind threw upon those ideas, transforming them from guesses into +probable hypotheses, confirming them by his vast and varied knowledge, +and building a superstructure where they had laid but an uncertain +foundation. The question was in the air; guessing replies of great +interest were made by a few who doubted the received belief; but they +were not satisfying answers and they did not effect a revolution. Goethe +in Germany, Erasmus Darwin in England,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">6</a> and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">- 67 -</a></span>Geoffroy Saint Hilaire in +France, came independently to similar conclusions as to the mutability +of species; and Lamarck followed with several well-known works in +1801-15, in which he upholds the doctrine that all species, including +man, are descended from other species. As Darwin says, Lamarck first did +the eminent service of arousing attention to the probability of all +change in the organic, as well as in the inorganic world, being the +result of law, and not of miraculous interposition. He saw the +difficulty of distinguishing between species and varieties, the almost +perfect gradation of form in some groups, and the great similarity of +domestic breeds of animals to such species. He believed that some degree +of change was produced by the physical conditions of life, the +intercrossing of species, and by habits causing increased use or disuse +of parts. Indeed he thought very many remarkable adaptations, such as +that of the neck of the giraffe for browsing on trees, were the effect +of habit. But he attributed, perhaps, more to a law of progressive +development impressed on all forms of life,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">- 68 -</a></span> which thus would all in +time gradually cease to be lowly, their place being taken by new forms +continually or “spontaneously” generated.</p> + +<p>It does not appear that Lamarck would by any means have sufficed to +convince Darwin, judging from his references to him in his Journal and +the “Origin.” Here is the passage in which in the second edition of his +Journal he refers to the blindness of the Brazilian Tucutuco, or +Ctenomys, a rodent or gnawing mammal with the habits of a mole: +“Considering the strictly subterranean habits of the Tucutuco, the +blindness, though so common, cannot be a very serious evil; yet it +appears strange that any animal should possess an organ frequently +subject to be injured. Lamarck would have been delighted with this fact +had he known it when speculating (probably with more truth than usual +with him) on the gradually <i>acquired</i> blindness of the Aspalax, a gnawer +living underground, and of the Proteus, a reptile living in dark caverns +filled with water, in both of which animals the eye is in an almost +rudimentary state, and is covered with a tendinous membrane and skin.... +In the Tucutuco, which, I believe, never comes to the surface of the +ground, the eye is rather larger (than in the mole), but often rendered +blind and useless, though without apparently causing any inconvenience +to the animal: no doubt Lamarck would have said that the Tucutuco is now +passing into the state of the Aspalax and Proteus.” Many years +afterwards in the “Origin of Species” Darwin referred to the “erroneous +views and grounds of opinion of Lamarck.”</p> + +<p>No doubt some impulse to Darwin’s views in this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">- 69 -</a></span> direction would be due +to his intercourse with Dr. Grant at Edinburgh, whose celebrated paper +on the fresh-water sponge concludes with a declaration of his belief +that species are descended from other species, and that they become +improved in the course of modification. But previous to the occurrences +of his voyage, we can find no stronger influence tending to make Darwin +an evolutionist, than Lyell’s “Principles of Geology,” which, by showing +constant and gradual change as the law of the world’s history now as in +past periods, gave emphasis and point to all observations of change and +succession in the living world. Indeed, in June, 1836, before Darwin’s +voyage was over, Lyell writes to Sir John Herschel: “In regard to the +origination of new species, I am very glad to find that you think it +probable that it may be carried on through the intervention of +intermediate causes. I left this rather to be inferred, not thinking it +worth while to offend a certain class of persons by embodying in words +what would only be a speculation. But the German critics have attacked +me vigorously, saying, that by the impugning of the doctrine of +spontaneous generation, and substituting nothing in its place, I have +left them nothing but the direct and miraculous intervention of the +First Cause, as often as a new species is introduced, and hence I have +overthrown my own doctrine of revolutions carried on by a regular system +of secondary causes.... When I first came to the notion, which I never +saw expressed elsewhere, though I have no doubt it had all been thought +out before, of a succession of extinction of species, and creation of +new ones going on perpetually now, and through an indefinite period of +the past, and to continue for ages to come, all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">- 70 -</a></span> in accommodation to the +changes which must continue in the inanimate and habitable earth, the +idea struck me as the grandest which I had ever conceived, so far as +regards the attributes of the Presiding Mind.”</p> + +<p>In a succeeding paragraph, Lyell very remarkably foreshadows Darwin’s +“natural selection” and “struggle for existence.” He speaks of a species +being rendered more prolific in order to perpetuate its existence; “but +this would perhaps make it press too hard upon other species at other +times. Now if it be an insect it may be made in one of its +transformations to resemble a dead stick, or a leaf, or a lichen, or a +stone, so as to be somewhat less easily found by its enemies; or if this +would make it too strong, an occasional variety of the species may have +this advantage conferred on it; or if this would be still too much, one +sex of a certain variety. <i>Probably there is scarcely a dash of colour +on the wing or body of which the choice would be quite arbitrary, or +which might not affect its duration for thousands of years.</i>” The +significance of the last sentence is immense, and when we reflect that +this bold but cautious thinker was in constant intercourse with Darwin, +we can readily comprehend why the second edition of the Journal was so +enthusiastically dedicated to Lyell. On page 481 of the “Origin of +Species,” Darwin acknowledges that the belief that species were +immutable productions was almost unavoidable, as long as the history of +the world was thought to be of short duration: which affords another +proof how profoundly Lyell’s views on the long duration of the past +history of the globe, and its modification by the slow operation of +existing causes, influenced<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">- 71 -</a></span> Darwin, and led him to comprehend how +species might be modified.</p> + +<p>We see Darwin, then, possessed of the idea that species are mutable, +informed as to past and recent changes in the animal, plant, and +physical world, seeking for causes which should suffice to produce +modification of species by a continuous law. The next step in his +progress was attention to domestic animals and cultivated plants. As he +wrote in 1864 to Haeckel, one of his most brilliant followers: “In South +America three classes of facts were brought strongly before my mind. +Firstly, the manner in which closely-allied species replace species in +going southward. Secondly, the close affinity of the species inhabiting +the islands near South America to those proper to the continent. This +struck me profoundly, especially the difference of the species in the +adjoining islets in the Galapagos Archipelago. Thirdly, the relation of +the living Edentata and Rodentia to the extinct species. I shall never +forget my astonishment when I dug out a gigantic piece of armour like +that of the living armadillo.</p> + +<p>“Having reflected much on the foregoing facts, it seemed to me probable +that allied species were descended from a common ancestor. But during +several years I could not conceive how each form could have been +modified so as to become admirably adapted to its place in nature. I +began, therefore, to study domesticated animals and cultivated +plants,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">7</a> and after a time perceived <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">- 72 -</a></span>that man’s power of selecting and +breeding from certain individuals was the most powerful of all means in +the production of new races. Having attended to the habits of animals, +and their relations to the surrounding conditions, I was able to realise +the severe struggle for existence to which all organisms are subjected; +and my geological observations had allowed me to appreciate, to a +certain extent, the duration of past geological periods. With my mind +thus prepared, I fortunately happened to read Malthus’s ‘Essay on +Population;’ and the idea of natural selection through the struggle for +existence at once occurred to me. Of all the subordinate points in the +theory, the last which I understood was the cause of the tendency in the +descendants from a common progenitor to diverge in character.”<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">8</a></p> + +<p>Malthus taught the inevitable tendency of all animal life to increase +beyond the means of subsistence, and expounded the checks which begin to +act when population increases too rapidly. But his book had lain +unfruitful to naturalists since 1798, until Darwin read it, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">- 73 -</a></span>and with +his special knowledge evolved from it the brilliant idea of the +preservation of better-equipped races in the struggle for life, or, as +Herbert Spencer put it, the survival of the fittest. At one bound the +gloomy revelations of misery which the “Essay on Population” contained, +were exchanged for the bright view of perpetual progress and improvement +as being necessitated and brought about by the very struggle which +ensued upon the natural increase of animal and plant life. Instead of +struggle and pain, producing starvation and extinction merely, struggle +and pain were seen as the conditions of development and improvement; the +death of the lower, the life of the higher.</p> + +<p>It is less profitable here to attempt to sketch the history of ideas of +evolution in general, because that history as now revealed by research, +and as detailed by many writers, was not the path along which Darwin +travelled. Indeed, many of these ideas were not disinterred, and +certainly were not brought to Darwin’s notice till after the publication +of the “Origin of Species.” True he read Robert Chambers’s “Vestiges of +Creation,” which, with its “powerful and brilliant style,” although +displaying in its earlier editions “little accurate knowledge and a +great want of scientific caution,” Darwin acknowledges to have done +excellent service in calling attention to the subject, in removing +prejudice, and in preparing the ground for the reception of analogous +views. Herbert Spencer, in his Essay on the Development Hypothesis, +first published in <i>The Leader</i> in March, 1852, and republished in his +“Essays” (first series, 1858), argued that species have been modified +owing to change of circumstances,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">- 74 -</a></span> basing his argument upon the analogy +of domestic animals and plants, the changes which the embryos of many +species undergo, and the difficulty of distinguishing species and +varieties.</p> + +<p>But we need not here dwell on the works of these thinkers, important as +they are to the general history of evolutionary thought, because +Darwin’s speculations had taken form long before, and he could be but +slightly indebted to them. Far in advance of them he was at work +collecting and testing the facts which alone could win general support +for his views, and experimenting incessantly with the same object in +view. Lyell and Hooker were in his confidence, and in Lyell’s letters we +meet with references such as the following, dated November 13, 1854: +“You probably know about this (the remarkable orchid, Catasetum), which +will figure in C. Darwin’s book on ‘Species,’ with many other ‘ugly +facts,’ as Hooker, clinging like me to the orthodox faith, calls these +and other abnormal vagaries,” showing at the same time how completely +Darwin was the leader, while his friends, advanced as they were, hung +back. Again (Lyell to Hooker, July 25, 1856): “Whether Darwin persuades +you and me to renounce our faith in species (when geological epochs are +considered) or not, I foresee that many will go over to the indefinite +modifiability doctrine.”</p> + +<p>Further light is thrown on the progress of ideas on species by Sir +Joseph Hooker’s admirably written Introductory Essay to the “Flora Novæ +Zelandiæ,” dated November, 1853, in which he discusses among other +questions, “The Limits of Species; their Dispersion and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">- 75 -</a></span> Variation.” +While still adhering on the whole to the origin of species from single +parents, or from one pair, and the permanence of specific characters, he +insists that species vary more, and are more widely distributed, than is +generally admitted, and that their distribution has been brought about +by natural causes. In this essay he makes the following statements: “Mr. +Darwin not only directed my earliest studies in the subjects of the +distribution and variation of species, but has discussed with me all the +arguments, and drawn my attention to many of the facts which I have +endeavoured to illustrate in this essay. I know of no other way in which +I can acknowledge the extent of my obligation to him, than by adding +that I should never have taken up the subject in its present form but +for the advantages I have derived from his friendship and +encouragement.”</p> + +<p>Appropriately enough, it was through Lyell and Hooker that the new +theory was introduced to the public, and it was owing to them that +Darwin did not obliterate his own claims to priority, and give them over +to Alfred Russel Wallace, who had independently come to similar +conclusions. The letter, dated June 30, 1858, in which the announcement +was conveyed to the Linnean Society, deserves quotation, as being the +authoritative and accurate record of the circumstances which launched +the “Origin of Species” upon the world:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>“The accompanying papers, which we have the honour of communicating to +the Linnean Society, and which all relate to the same subject, viz., +‘The Laws<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">- 76 -</a></span> which affect the Production of Varieties, Races, and +Species,’ contain the results of the investigations of two indefatigable +naturalists, Mr. Charles Darwin and Mr. Alfred Wallace.</p> + +<p>“These gentlemen having, independently and unknown to one another, +conceived the same very ingenious theory to account for the appearance +and perpetuation of varieties and of specific forms on our planet, may +both fairly claim the merit of being original thinkers in this important +line of inquiry; but neither of them having published his views, though +Mr. Darwin has been repeatedly urged by us to do so, and both authors +having now unreservedly placed their papers in our hands, we think it +would best promote the interests of science that a selection from them +should be laid before the Linnean Society.</p> + +<p>“Taken in the order of their dates, they consist of—</p> + +<p>“1. Extracts from a MS. work on species, by Mr. Darwin, which was +sketched in 1839, and copied in 1844, when the copy was read by Dr. +Hooker, and its contents afterwards communicated to Sir Charles Lyell. +The first part is devoted to ‘The Variation of Organic Beings under +Domestication and in their Natural State’; and the second chapter of +that part, from which we propose to read to the Society the extracts +referred to, is headed, ‘On the Variation of Organic Beings in a State +of Nature; on the Natural Means of Selection; on the Comparison of +Domestic Races and true Species.’</p> + +<p>“2. An abstract of a private letter addressed to Professor Asa Gray, of +Boston, U.S., in October, 1857, by Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">- 77 -</a></span> Darwin, in which he repeats his +views, and which shows that these remained unaltered from 1839 to 1857.</p> + +<p>“3. An essay by Mr. Wallace, entitled ‘On the Tendency of Varieties to +depart indefinitely from the Original Type.’ This was written at Ternate +in February, 1858, for the perusal of his friend and correspondent, Mr. +Darwin, and sent to him with the expressed wish that it should be +forwarded to Sir Charles Lyell, if Mr. Darwin thought it sufficiently +novel and interesting. So highly did Mr. Darwin appreciate the value of +the views therein set forth, that he proposed, in a letter to Sir +Charles Lyell, to obtain Mr. Wallace’s consent to allow the essay to be +published as soon as possible. Of this step we highly approved, provided +Mr. Darwin did not withhold from the public, as he was strongly inclined +to do (in favour of Mr. Wallace) the memoir which he had himself written +on the same subject, and which, as before stated, one of us had perused +in 1844, and the contents of which we had both of us been privy to for +many years. On representing this to Mr. Darwin, he gave us permission to +make what use we thought proper of his memoir, &c.; and in adopting our +present course, of presenting it to the Linnean Society, we have +explained to him that we are not solely considering the relative claims +to priority of himself and his friend, but the interests of science +generally; for we feel it to be desirable that views founded on a wide +deduction from facts, and matured by years of reflection, should +constitute at once a goal from which others may start, and that, while +the scientific world is waiting for the appearance of Mr. Darwin’s +complete work, some of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">- 78 -</a></span> leading results of his labours, as well as +those of his able correspondent, should together be laid before the +public.”</p> +</div> + +<p>In these papers, read on July 1, 1858, Darwin’s share amounts to little +more than six pages, yet within this space he describes the geometrical +rate of increase of animals, the checks that occur, the effects of +changed conditions, the natural selection of the better equipped forms +resulting from the struggle for existence, and the influence of sexual +selection. Wallace insists on essentially the same view, which he calls +that of progression and continued divergence. “This progression, by +minute steps, in various directions, but always checked and balanced by +the necessary conditions, subject to which alone existence can be +preserved, may, it is believed, be followed out so as to agree with all +the phenomena presented by organised beings, their extinction and +succession in past ages, and all the extraordinary modifications of +form, instinct, and habits which they exhibit.” Those who read Wallace’s +original essay can best appreciate the extraordinary simplicity and +nobility of character which inclined the elder naturalist, who had so +long held the same views, to step aside in favour of the younger man, +who from different researches was led to such similar conclusions. It +may here be added that Hooker, in the Introductory Essay to the “Flora +Tasmaniæ,” dated November 4, 1859, before the publication of the “Origin +of Species,” but after seeing much of it in manuscript, accepted and +advocated the view that species are derivative and mutable, and +developed it as regards the geographical distribution of plants.</p> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">- 79 -</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V" href="#TOC5"> +<span title=" Return to CONTENTS. " class="hoverlink">CHAPTER V.</span></a></h2> + +<p class="cap">DARWIN’S great work “On the Origin of Species by means of Natural +Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for +Life,” was published in November, 1859. It begins with the simplest +narrative of the events leading to its publication, and an apology for +the imperfection of “this abstract.” The author is well aware, he says, +that on most points he deals with, facts can be adduced which often +apparently lead to conclusions directly opposite to his own. He states +clearly the important truth that a mere belief in the origin of species +by descent from other species is unsatisfactory until it can be shown +<i>how</i> species can have been modified so as to acquire their present +remarkable perfection of structure and coadaptation. Consequently cases +of observed modification of species are of the highest value, and +precedence is given to the variation of animals and plants in a state of +domestication.</p> + +<p>The individuals belonging to the same variety of any of our +long-cultivated animals or plants differ much more from each other than +the individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature. +Darwin explains this by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">- 80 -</a></span> the changed conditions of their life, excess or +changed quality of food, climate, changed habits, &c. Thus man has +effected remarkable changes in many species by consciously or +unconsciously selecting particular qualities in the animals or plants +kept for use or beauty. Domestic productions seem in fact to have become +plastic in man’s hands, and the inheritance of acquired qualities by +offspring is reckoned on as almost certain. The breeds of cattle, +poultry, dogs, and pigeons, are striking examples.</p> + +<p>Darwin, as he tells us, kept every breed of domestic pigeons he could +purchase or obtain, in order to study their variations. In this he was +himself reverting to the associations of childhood, when the beauty, +variety, and tameness of The Mount pigeons at Shrewsbury were well +known.</p> + +<p>We can imagine the astonishment with which the “eminent fanciers” and +members of the London Pigeon Clubs, whose acquaintance the great +naturalist cultivated, received the simplicity, yet depth, of his +inquiries, as he came among them day after day, utilising all their +lore, and yet continually asking what they neither knew nor suspected +the drift of. He began his study with a prepossession against the idea +of the immense diversity of modern pigeons having originated from one +common stock. Yet if such modification has taken place in any creature, +pigeons may furnish an example, for they have been kept and bred for +thousands of years, being recorded in Egypt about 3000 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, and Pliny +relates that their pedigree and race could be reckoned by the Romans of +his time. “We cannot suppose that all the breeds were suddenly produced +as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">- 81 -</a></span> perfect and as useful as we now see them; indeed, in several cases +we know that this has not been their history. The key is man’s power of +accumulative selection; nature gives successive variations; man adds +them up in certain directions useful to him.” This is an undoubted fact, +to which breeders and fanciers give far more emphatic testimony even +than Darwin. As Lord Somerville said, speaking of what breeders have +done for sheep, “It would seem as if they had chalked upon a wall a form +perfect in itself, and then had given it existence.”</p> + +<p>Side by side with conscious selection goes unconscious. Two breeders, +breeding from similar stock, aiming at the same end, will get different +results. Aiming at a particular result, they find that with it is +associated some other of which they had not dreamed. Thus through long +ages our cultivated vegetables and flowers have been produced, by always +selecting the best variety, and sowing its seeds. The fact which Darwin +notes, that our cultivated plants and domestic breeds date from so +ancient a time that we know really nothing of their origin, has an +important bearing on the great antiquity of man, then scarcely imagined, +now generally accepted; seeing that all domestic development depends on +a variability in living creatures, which man can not produce, but can +only work upon.</p> + +<p>That variation of species occurs in a state of nature Darwin proves not +only by recorded facts, but by a consideration of the chaotic condition +of species-description, owing to the differences between authors as to +what are species and what are varieties, one observer describing a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">- 82 -</a></span> +dozen species where another reckons only one. If such divergence of +opinion is possible between good observers, it is evident that there is +no sufficiently clear rule for deciding what a species is, although for +centuries naturalists have laboured to establish them. If species vary +continually, and become modified, then this difficulty is explained.</p> + +<p>But what is there in nature to answer to the breeder’s selection? Here +comes in Darwin’s remarkable application and amplification of Malthus’s +principle of population. “Nothing is easier,” he says, “than to admit in +words the truth of the universal struggle for life, or more +difficult—at least I have found it so—than constantly to bear this +conclusion in mind. Yet unless it be thoroughly engrained in the mind, I +am convinced that the whole economy of nature, with every fact on +distribution, rarity, abundance, extinction, and variation will be dimly +seen or quite misunderstood. We behold the face of nature bright with +gladness; we often see superabundance of food; we do not see, or we +forget, that the birds which are idly singing round us mostly live on +insects or seeds, and are thus constantly destroying life; or we forget +how largely these songsters, or their eggs, or their nestlings are +destroyed by birds and beasts of prey; we do not always bear in mind, +that though food may be now superabundant, it is not so at all seasons +of each recurring year.” The proofs given of the enormous rate at which +animals and plants tend to increase in numbers are very striking; even +the elephant, the slowest breeder of all animals, would increase from +one pair to fifteen millions in the fifth century, if no check existed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">- 83 -</a></span></p> + +<p>Thus every animal and plant may be said to struggle for existence with +those with which it competes for space, food, light, air. The numbers +are kept down by heavy destruction at various periods of life. Take the +case of seedling plants. Darwin had a piece of ground three feet long +and two feet wide dug and cleared, so that no grown plants existed to +check the growth of seedlings of native plants as they came up. He +counted and marked all that came up, and out of 357 no fewer than 295 +were destroyed, chiefly by slugs and insects. So in a little plot of +long-mown turf, allowed to grow freely, out of twenty species nine +perished in the struggle. Many further personal observations of the +author are given: such as that the winter of 1854-5 destroyed +four-fifths of the birds in his own grounds; that he has sometimes +failed to get a single seed from wheat or other plants in his garden.</p> + +<p>On the estate of a relative in Staffordshire the changes consequent on +planting several hundred acres with Scotch fir were remarkable. In +twenty-five years twelve species of conspicuous plants, and six +different insectivorous birds had become settled and flourishing +inhabitants in the plantations. The characteristic of the philosopher, +who sees in the unconsidered trifles of others the material for his +choicest discoveries, is well exemplified in his mode of observing the +results of enclosure near Farnham, in Surrey. Here a multitude of +self-sown firs sprang up in the enclosures, and Darwin went to examine +into the cause of the strange phenomenon. Not a fir was in sight except +some distant clumps. “But on looking closely between the stems of the +heath, I found a multitude of seedlings and little trees, which had been +perpetually browsed down<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">- 84 -</a></span> by the cattle. In one square yard, at a point +some hundred yards distant from one of the old clumps, I counted +thirty-two little trees; and one of them, judging from the rings of +growth, had during twenty-six years tried to raise its head above the +stems of the heath, and had failed.”</p> + +<p>The interdependence of animal upon animal, of animal upon plant, of +plant upon animal, is enforced in many ways by Darwin. For instance, the +visits of humble-bees are of special importance to the welfare of red +clover; humble-bees are largely destroyed by field-mice; cats largely +destroy field-mice near villages, and so favour humble-bees, and +secondarily red clover. Every paragraph of the chapter on the struggle +for existence is full of suggestion, and subversive of old imaginings. +But Darwin’s knowledge is to him slight, his ignorance profound. Yet, he +says, notwithstanding our ignorance, “we may console ourselves with the +full belief that the war of nature is not incessant, that no fear is +felt, that death is generally prompt, and that the vigorous, the +healthy, and the happy survive and multiply.”</p> + +<p>The great chapter on Natural Selection, or the preservation of +favourable and the rejection of injurious variations, is crowded with +striking passages. One of these vividly contrasts man’s selection with +nature’s. “Man can act only on external and visible characters: nature +cares nothing for appearances, except in so far as they may be useful to +any being. She can act on every internal organ, on every shade of +constitutional difference, on the whole machinery of life. Man selects +only for his own good; nature only for that of the being she tends.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">- 85 -</a></span> +Every selected character is fully exercised by her; and the being is +placed under well-suited conditions of life.... Under nature, the +slightest difference of structure or constitution may well turn the +nicely-balanced scale in the struggle for life, and so be preserved. How +fleeting are the wishes and efforts of man! how short his time! and +consequently how poor will his products be, compared with those +accumulated by nature during whole geological periods. Can we wonder, +then, that nature’s productions should be far ‘truer’ in character than +man’s productions; that they should be infinitely better adapted to the +most complex conditions of life, and should <i>plainly bear the stamp of +far higher workmanship</i>?” The words in italics certainly are a good +answer to those who think Darwin had any tendency to depreciate the +marvels of nature by bringing them under the law of natural selection. +But we shall gain further light on this subject later on.</p> + +<p>The main argument may be summed up thus: if variations beneficial to any +creature occur, which cannot be doubted, the individuals in whom they +occur will have the best chance of surviving and transmitting their +qualities to their offspring. This natural selection will tend to +produce divergence of character among offspring, and to intensify +differences until they equal those between species or even genera. The +same tendency to improvement brings about the decay and ultimate +extinction of many lower and unimproved forms of life.</p> + +<p>One of the best examples of Darwin’s style is in the passage comparing +all members of the same class of beings to a great tree. “I believe this +simile largely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">- 86 -</a></span> speaks the truth. The green and budding twigs may +represent existing species; and those produced during each former year +may represent the long succession of extinct species. At each period of +growth all the growing twigs have tried to branch out on all sides, and +to overtop and kill the surrounding twigs and branches, in the same +manner as species and groups of species have tried to overmaster other +species in the great battle for life. The limbs divided into great +branches, and these into lesser and lesser branches, were themselves +once, when the tree was small, budding twigs; and this connexion of the +former and present buds by ramifying branches may well represent the +classification of all extinct and living species in groups subordinate +to groups. Of the many twigs which flourished when the tree was a mere +bush, only two or three, now grown into great branches, yet survive and +bear all the other branches; so with the species which lived during +long-past geological periods, very few now have living and modified +descendants. From the first growth of the tree many a limb and branch +has decayed and dropped off; and these lost branches of various sizes +may represent those whole orders, families, and genera which have now no +living representatives, and which are known to us only from having been +found in a fossil state. As we here and there see a thin straggling +branch springing from a fork low down in a tree, and which by some +chance has been favoured and is still alive on its summit, so we +occasionally see an animal like the Ornithorhynchus or Lepidosiren, +which in some small degree connects by its affinities two large branches +of life, and which has apparently been saved from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">- 87 -</a></span> fatal competition by +having inhabited a protected station. As buds give rise by growth to +fresh buds, and these, if vigorous, branch out and overtop on all sides +many a feebler branch, so by generation I believe it has been with the +great Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the +crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever-branching and +beautiful ramifications.”</p> + +<p>What may be the laws controlling or producing variation Darwin candidly +tells us he does not know. Some authors, he says, believe it to be as +much the function of the reproductive system to produce individual +differences, or very slight deviations of structure, as to make the +child like its parents. But we certainly do not know the precise effect +of any change of conditions, or what changes may be entailed in other +parts of an organism by given changes in one part.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">9</a></p> + +<p>Why, if species are continually being modified, do we not see multitudes +of transitional forms around us? How can the elaborate structure and +special habits of a bat have been formed by the modification of some +animal of entirely different habits? How can the marvellous perfections +of the human eye or that of one of the higher animals be supposed to +have arisen through natural selection? These questions Darwin answers +with powerful effect; but for the details we must refer the reader to +the book itself. Incidentally he refers to objections urged against the +view that every detail of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">- 88 -</a></span>structure has been produced for the good of +its possessor. He says plainly that if structures have been created for +beauty in the eyes of man, or for mere variety, that is fatal to his +theory. Yet he admits that many structures are of no direct use to their +possessors; but they have been inherited from ancestors to whom they +were of use, or they have arisen as correlated changes or in dependence +on some other cause, where use and benefit have been primary.</p> + +<p>In dealing with Instinct, we see Darwin personally studying ants and +bees in their social habits. The idea of ants making slaves is to him +“odious,” which we can well understand after his references to slavery +in South America. For three years, during June and July, he watched for +many hours several ants’ nests in Surrey and Sussex to see whether the +slaves ever left the nest. One day he witnessed a migration of ants from +one nest to another, the masters carefully carrying their slaves in +their jaws. Again, he saw a party attempting to carry off slaves, +succeeding, however, only in carrying their corpses off for food to the +nest. Darwin then dug up a small group of pupæ of the slave species from +another nest, and put them down near the place of combat. They were +eagerly seized and carried off by the tyrants, “who perhaps fancied +that, after all, they had been victorious in their late combat.” At the +same time the slave-owners were able to distinguish instantly the pupæ +of another species, showing much terror at sight of them; yet they +ultimately took heart, and carried them off.</p> + +<p>The cell-making instinct of the hive-bee, “the most wonderful of all +known instincts,” as Darwin terms it, was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">- 89 -</a></span> closely studied. The comb, +“so beautifully adapted to its end,” he enthusiastically admired. Yet he +finds gradation among bees, and can imagine a method by which this +beautiful construction, has been gradually developed. His ideas were +tested by setting bees to work on a solid piece of wax between two +combs. The detailed account of these experiments is most instructive. It +is quite charming to mentally follow the patient experimenter covering +the edges of a single cell or the extreme margin of a growing comb with +a thin layer of vermilion wax, and soon proving that many bees work in +succession at a single cell by the rapid diffusion of the vermilion +colouring as delicately as a painter could have done it, atoms of the +coloured wax being removed and worked into the growing cells all +round.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">10</a> “It was really curious,” Darwin says, “to note in cases of +difficulty, as when two pieces of comb met at an angle, how often the +bees would entirely pull down and rebuild in different ways the same +cell, sometimes recurring to a shape which they had at first rejected.” +Here surely he was watching evolution in that slow, gradual process +which appears to be the rule.</p> + +<p>The castes of neuter ants, constituting as they did “by far the most +serious special difficulty” Darwin had encountered, were similarly +studied; but, as expected, gradations were found connecting them, +although the extremes differ markedly in shape and size. The case is +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">- 90 -</a></span>most interesting, because these castes could only be developed if the +variations which produced them were profitable to the community; “for no +amount of exercise, or habit, or volition, in the utterly sterile +members of a community could possibly have affected the structure or +instincts of the fertile members, which alone leave descendants.” This +fact Darwin considers to be demonstrative against Lamarck’s doctrine. At +the same time, he admits that instincts are not always perfect, and are +liable to make mistakes; and that no instinct has been produced for the +exclusive good of other animals, but that each animal takes advantage of +the instincts of others. It is to him “far more satisfactory to look at +such instincts as the young cuckoo ejecting its foster-brothers, ants +making slaves, the larvæ of ichneumonidæ feeding within the live bodies +of caterpillars, not as specially endowed or created instincts, but as +small consequences of one general law, leading to the advancement of all +organic beings, namely, multiply, vary, let the strongest live and the +weakest die.” And here Darwin strikes one of his truest and most helpful +notes. It <i>is</i> far more satisfactory to contemplate the rapine and war +of nature as incidents which aid in working out a grand progress than as +multitudinous cruelties, working no good, and in past ages of unknown +length merely preluding the struggle and rapine through which man works +out his rise or fall. If we agonise that we and our descendants may +rise, life is worth living.</p> + +<p>We cannot follow in detail the profoundly suggestive chapters on +Hybridism, on the Imperfection of the Geological Record, on the +Geological Succession of Organic Beings, on the Geographical +Distribution, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">- 91 -</a></span> on the Mutual Affinity of Plants and Animals. The +first of these is one of the most difficult portions of the subject, and +yet remains as a stumbling-block of science by its apparently +inexplicable phenomena. The author throws on the past history of life on +the earth the glamour of a fairy record, as he contemplates the infinite +number of generations, which the mind cannot grasp, which must have +succeeded one another in the long roll of years, the limited extent to +which at any time fossil remains have been preserved, the immense amount +of destruction of such records which has taken place; and hence argues +most powerfully how improbable it is that the transitional stages from +species to species should have been handed down and also (another rare +chance) have been laid open to us. The great array of facts about +extinct animals and plants is shown to be consistent with, and to be +largely explained by, descent with modification, and to be +incomprehensible on any other view. The eccentric contrasts and +parallelisms displayed in the geographical distribution of plants and +animals, the striking effects of barriers such as mountains, deserts, +and seas, the phenomena of dispersion of living creatures, the +indications of old glacial periods in the present distribution of Alpine +plants, the strange distribution of fresh-water animals and plants, the +specialities of oceanic islands, and many other subjects of a like kind, +are dealt with, all being turned to advantage, and shown to give strong +support to Darwin’s view.</p> + +<p>Classification and classifiers are all made to bear testimony in the +same direction. Morphology, which, in the hands of Huxley, Haeckel, +Gegenbaur, Ray Lankester,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">- 92 -</a></span> and Balfour has, since the first issue of the +“Origin of Species,” grown into a coherent science, based on embryology, +was even then seen by Darwin to yield evidence for his views. Examining +very young animals, he found that in very distinct races of dogs and +horses the young had by no means acquired their adult differences. He +compared pigeons of extremely various breeds twelve hours after being +hatched, and found their differences incomparably less than in the +full-grown birds. How immensely morphological science has progressed +since Darwin directed investigation into this profitable line would need +a separate treatise to show; but it is not too much to say that +embryology alone, without other evidence, would now suffice to prove the +doctrine of descent with adaptive modification.</p> + +<p>Rudimentary organs, again, strange appearances, like the presence of +teeth in unborn whales and in the front of the upper jaws of unborn +calves, the rudimentary wings of many insects, the rudimentary stamens +or pistils of many flowers, are all swept into the Darwinian net. +“Nothing can be plainer than that wings are formed for flight; yet in +how many insects do we see wings so reduced in size as to be utterly +incapable of flight, and not rarely lying under wing-cases, firmly +soldered together?” These phenomena are all explicable if descent with +modification is true.</p> + +<p>Approaching the close of his work, the author expressed his doubts of +being able to convert naturalists of long standing to his views; but +based his main hopes on young and rising men approaching these questions +without prejudices. He put some puzzling questions, however,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">- 93 -</a></span> to those +who might oppose him. Did they really believe that at innumerable +periods in the earth’s history certain atoms had been commanded suddenly +to flash into living tissues? Were animals and plants created as eggs or +seed or as full grown? At each act of creation was one individual or +were many produced? For himself, he came to the conclusion that all +organic beings had descended from some one primordial form into which +life was first breathed.</p> + +<p>On this view Darwin predicted that a great increase of interest in many +departments of natural history would arise. “When we no longer look at +an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly +beyond his comprehension; when we regard every production of nature as +one which has had a history; when we contemplate every complex structure +and instinct as the summing up of many contrivances, each useful to the +possessor, nearly in the same way as when we look at any great +mechanical invention as the summing up of the labour, the experience, +the reason, and even the blunders of numerous workmen; when we thus view +each organic being, how far more interesting—I speak from +experience—will the study of natural history become.... The whole +history of the world, as at present known, although of a length quite +incomprehensible to us, will hereafter be recognized as a mere fragment +of time compared with the ages which have elapsed since the first +creature, the progenitor of innumerable extinct and living descendants, +was created.... We may look forward with some confidence to a secure +future of equally inappreciable length. And as natural selection works +solely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">- 94 -</a></span> by and for the good of each being, all corporeal and mental +endowments will tend to progress towards perfection.” The concluding +sentence of the “Origin of Species” has become one of our classical +quotations. “There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several +powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; +and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed +law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful +and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.”</p> + +<p>This is not the place to give a history of the criticisms and +discussions which arose in regard to “The Origin of Species,” especially +as Darwin himself took no public part in them, except by the alterations +made in successive editions. As indicating the tone of prominent +critical organs, we may note that <i>The Athenæum</i> (November 19, 1859) +acknowledges there is something poetical in the theory. “If a monkey has +become a man, what may not a man become?” Neither book, author, nor +subject being ordinary, “the work deserves attention.” <i>The Edinburgh +Review</i> considered that the author left the question very nearly where +he found it. Failing to find original observations adequate even to give +a colour to the hypothesis, the reviewer sought to find flaws in the +author’s mode of reasoning, and concluded that “we are called upon to +accept a hypothesis on the plea of want of knowledge.” Defective +information, vagueness, and incompleteness are charged upon the man whom +we now delight to honour; “intellectual husks,” we are told; are all +that he offers. Professor Huxley, who lectured at the Royal Institution, +on February 10, 1860, on “Species and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">- 95 -</a></span> Races and their Origin,” and +brought forward Darwin’s investigations as exemplifying that application +of science to which England owes her greatness, was told that it more +truly paralleled “the abuse of science to which a neighbouring +nation—some seventy years since—owed its temporary degradation.” And +the professor was accused of audaciously seeking to blind his audience. +Samuel Wilberforce, then Bishop of Oxford, was equally denunciatory in +<i>The Quarterly</i>. He hopes that “this flimsy speculation” will be +completely put down. “It is a dishonouring view of nature.... Under such +influences,” says the courtly bishop, “a man soon goes back to the +marvelling stare of childhood at the centaurs and hippogriffs of fancy; +or, if he is of a philosophic turn, he comes, like Oken, to write a +scheme of creation under a ‘sort of inspiration,’ but it is the frenzied +inspiration of the inhaler of mephitic gas. The whole world of nature is +laid for such a man under a fantastic law of glamour, and he becomes +capable of believing anything; and he is able, with a continually +growing neglect of all the facts around him, with equal confidence and +equal delusion, to look back to any past and to look on to any +future.”<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">11</a></p> + +<p><i>The Saturday Review</i> was much more moderate, by no means sharing the +anxiety of those who regarded evolutionary theories as hostile to +Christianity. The author is said <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">- 96 -</a></span>to have encountered the difficulties +of his theory “with admirable skill and ability,” and though <i>The +Saturday</i> remained unconvinced of his general argument, yet it +acknowledged itself “persuaded that natural selection must henceforward +be admitted as the chief mode by which the structure of organised beings +is modified in a state of nature;” and thought it very possible that, +through its agency, considerable groups of nearly allied species might +have been derived from a single progenitor: but there <i>The Saturday</i> +stopped, believing in limits to this power.</p> + +<p>The second edition of “The Origin of Species,” which appeared in +January, 1860, only six weeks after the first, contained but few +alterations; the third, in March, 1861, had received extensive additions +and corrections. The most important of these discussed the so-called +tendency of organisation to advance, and explained the present +coexistence of high and lowly organised forms. A valuable historical +sketch of the modern progress of opinion on the subject, from Lamarck’s +time, was prefixed to the book. It was further enlarged in subsequent +editions, as evidences accumulated that various thinkers had +independently adopted the evolution theory, or the more special one of +natural selection. Notable instances of anticipation were those of Dr. +Wells, who, in a paper read before the Royal Society in 1813, but not +published till 1818, had expressed the opinion that all animals tend to +vary; that agriculturists improve breeds by selection; and that what +they do by art “seems to be done with equal efficacy, though more +slowly, by nature, in the formation of varieties of mankind.” He then<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">- 97 -</a></span> +goes on to exemplify the survival of the fittest, though in other words. +Mr. Patrick Matthew, in 1831, published a work on “Naval Timber and +Arboriculture,” in which he expressed, in scattered passages, a view +nearly resembling Darwin’s.</p> + +<p>The fourth edition of “The Origin,” in 1866, was longer, by fifty pages, +than its predecessor. Among the additions may be mentioned a fuller +treatment of the argument from embryology, which was made stronger by +later investigations. The fifth edition (1869) was comparatively little +increased in bulk, though altered in many details. In particular it +contained a somewhat important change relating to the extent of the +influence of natural selection. This is also referred to in “The Descent +of Man” (first edition, vol. i. pp. 152-3), where the author says he had +not formerly considered sufficiently the existence of many structures +which appeared to be neither beneficial nor injurious, and had +attributed too much to natural selection. “I was not able,” he says, “to +annul the influence of my former belief, then widely prevalent, that +each species had been purposely created; and this led to my tacitly +assuming that every detail of structure, excepting rudiments, was of +some special, though unrecognised, service.... If I have erred in giving +to natural selection great power, which I am far from admitting, or in +having exaggerated its power, which is in itself probable, I have, at +least, as I hope, done good service in aiding to overthrow the dogma of +separate creations.”</p> + +<p>The sixth edition (1872), in smaller type, was considerably revised and +altered, and remains permanent. A glossary of scientific terms was added +by Mr. W. S.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">- 98 -</a></span> Dallas. A new chapter was inserted after the sixth, and +entitled “Miscellaneous Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection.” +It was partly derived from modified portions of chapter iv. of former +editions, but the latter and larger part was new, and relates chiefly to +the supposed incompetency of natural selection to account for the very +early stages of useful structures. Numerous cases, such as the +development of the giraffe’s neck, the baleen of the whale, the mammary +glands, &c., are admirably discussed. Causes preventing the acquisition, +through natural selection, of useful structures in many cases are dealt +with, and reasons given for disbelieving in great and sudden +modifications. In the concluding chapter Darwin further admits that he +had formerly underrated the frequency and importance of use and disuse +of parts, of the direct action of external conditions, and of variations +which seem to us, in our ignorance, to arise spontaneously. He alludes +to misrepresentations of his views, and calls attention to the fact +that, in the first edition, at the close of the introduction, he stated +his conviction that natural selection had been the main, <i>but not the +exclusive</i> means of modification. “This has been of no avail. Great is +the power of steady misrepresentation; but the history of science shows +that, fortunately, this power does not long endure.” This is Darwin’s +almost sole allusion in his works to the persistence with which views +not his had been attributed to him, or he had been calumniated for views +he did hold. But in his own lifetime—nay, within fifteen years—he +witnessed a sufficiently satisfying revolution. “I formerly spoke to +very many naturalists on the subject of evolution, and never<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">- 99 -</a></span> once met +with any sympathetic agreement. It is probable that some did then +believe in evolution, but they were either silent or expressed +themselves so ambiguously, that it was not easy to understand their +meaning. Now things are wholly changed, and almost every naturalist +admits the great principle of evolution” (“Origin,” sixth edition, p. +424). At present the sale of the book in this country approaches forty +thousand copies. Its sale in America has been very large; and numerous +translations into German, French, Italian, Russian, Dutch, and Swedish, +and even into Japanese and Hindustani, have been largely sold. It must +always be one of the most valued of all English classics.</p> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">- 100 -</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI" href="#TOC6"> +<span title=" Return to CONTENTS. " class="hoverlink">CHAPTER VI.</span></a></h2> + +<p class="cap">WE have already gathered much concerning Darwin’s mental and moral fibre +in our survey of his works. Let us make some further acquaintance with +his personality as known to his friends. Outwardly he appeared a man of +powerful physique, standing six feet high, with prominent forehead and +over-arching brow, and keen, deep-set eyes in which resolute strength +and piercing insight were indicated. Apart from his persistent +infirmity, he was actively disposed, as indeed is evident from the +laborious journeys he undertook during his travels. Field sports, +including hunting, were among the recreations of his more active years. +But through all his work or recreation the imperious conditions +necessitated by his infirmity of stomach had to be considered, and +nothing but the most rigorous care could possibly have enabled him to +achieve what he did. On many days he could not work at all, and on many +others two or three hours were his limit. And what but his own system, +his own orderliness and perseverance could have accomplished his task? +In preparing his books he had a special set of shelves for each, +standing on or near his writing-table, one shelf for each chapter. The +maxim,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">- 101 -</a></span> “Early to bed, and early to rise,” was his essentially, and +regularity kept all balanced. Rising at six, he took a cold plunge bath, +breakfasted simply, and took a first walk, beginning work often at +eight. “Later in the day,” I quote from Mr. Woodall’s pleasant pages, +“he generally walked again, often in his own grounds, but sometimes +further afield, and then generally by quiet footpaths rather than +frequented roads. The walks at one time were varied by rides along the +lanes on a favourite black cob, but some years before his death his +four-footed friend fell, and died by the roadside, and from that day the +habit of riding was given up. Part of the evening was devoted to his +family and his friends, who delighted to gather round him to enjoy the +charm of his bright intelligence, and his unrivalled stores of +knowledge. To Down, occasionally, came distinguished men from many +lands; and there in later years would sometimes be found the younger +generation of scientific students, looking up to the great naturalist +with the reverence of disciples, who had experienced his singular +modesty, his patient readiness to listen to all opinions, and the +winning grace with which he informed their ignorance and corrected their +mistakes. In the midst of all the delights of home and the demands of +study, Darwin kept an open mind for public affairs. He united the +earnest politician with the patient student: a rare combination, which +supplies another proof of his largeness of heart and sympathy with his +fellow men. In the village of Down he was liked by everybody, old and +young, and in his own household the same servants lived year after year +under his roof. One of them,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">- 102 -</a></span> Margaret Evans, who assisted in nursing +him in his last illness, had come to Down nearly forty years before, +from Shrewsbury, where her uncle and aunt were in Dr. Darwin’s service.”</p> + +<p>At Down the family in time numbered nine children, two, however, not +surviving childhood; one died in 1842, another in 1858. His five sons +have already attained distinction or positions of influence. The eldest, +William Erasmus, became a banker in Southampton; the second, George, was +second Wrangler and Smith’s Prizeman at Cambridge in 1868, became a +Fellow of Trinity, and is now Plumian Professor of Astronomy at his +university, having early gained the Fellowship of the Royal Society for +his original papers bearing on the evolution of the universe and the +solar system, and many other subjects of high mathematical and +philosophical interest. His third son, Francis, gained first-class +honours in the Cambridge Natural Science Tripos in 1870, and is likewise +a Fellow of the Royal Society, in recognition of his original botanical +investigations. The fourth, Leonard, an officer in the Royal Engineers, +has done valuable astronomical work. The fifth, Horace, has devoted +himself to mechanical science, and has largely aided in developing the +Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company.</p> + +<p>The great thinker, fulfilling his duties as head of a family with +singular success, charged with the burden of new thoughts and +observations, slowly perfecting his life work, had neither time nor +inclination for controversy. He set himself to publish facts, which by +their accumulation tended to clench his arguments. Soon after the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">- 103 -</a></span> +“Origin of Species” he had in course of publication several important +botanical papers, on the two forms of flower in the Primrose genus +(1862), and in the genus Linum (flax), 1863, on the forms of +Loosestrife, 1864, all published in the Linnean Society’s Journal.</p> + +<p>In 1862 he brought out his first botanical book, the “Fertilisation of +Orchids,” more fully entitled, “On the various Contrivances by which +Orchids are Fertilised by Insects.” These most singular flowers had long +attracted great attention owing to their peculiar shapes and often their +great beauty, while their marked deviation from typical forms of flowers +perplexed botanists extremely. The celebrated Robert Brown, in a +well-known paper in the Linnean Society’s Transactions, 1833, expressed +the belief that insects are necessary for the fructification of most +orchids; and as far back as 1793, Christian Sprengel (in “The Newly +Discovered Secret of Nature”) gave an excellent account of the action of +the several parts in the genus Orchis, having discovered that insects +were necessary to remove the pollen masses. But the <i>rationale</i> of the +process was not fully known until Darwin revealed it, and illuminated it +by the light of natural selection. He had, in the “Origin of Species,” +given reasons for the belief that it is an almost universal law of +nature that the higher organic beings require an occasional cross with +another individual. He here emphasised that doctrine by a series of +proofs from a peculiar and otherwise inexplicable order of plants, and +showed that the arrangements by which orchids are fertilised have for +their main object the fertilisation of the flowers with pollen brought +by insects from a distinct plant.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">- 104 -</a></span></p> + +<p>In the group to which our common orchids belong, remarkable adaptations +for securing that the pollen masses brought from another flower solely +through the visits of insects shall reach their precise destination, +were brought to light. “A poet,” says Darwin, “might imagine that whilst +the pollinia were borne through the air from flower to flower, adhering +to an insect’s body, they voluntarily and eagerly placed themselves in +that exact position in which alone they could hope to gain their wish +and perpetuate their race.” As he had examined all the British genera, +Darwin’s conclusions were indubitable. He had patiently watched for +hours on the grass to notice insects’ visits, had counted the fertilised +flowers on many spikes, the fertilised spikes on many plants, had +dissected and redissected the flowers till he saw how the fertilisation +must absolutely be effected; and utilising the enthusiasm of orchid +growers, had excited them to do the same, till his storehouse of facts +was full.</p> + +<p>On examining the exotic forms of orchids, which are so conspicuous in +our conservatories, still more striking facts presented themselves. In +the great group of the Vandeæ, relative position of parts, friction, +viscidity, elastic and hygrometric movements were all found to be nicely +related to one end—the aid of insects in fertilisation. Without their +aid not a plant in the various species of twenty-nine genera which +Darwin examined would set a seed. In the majority of cases insects +withdraw the pollen masses only when retreating from the flower, and, +continuing their flower visits, effect a union between two flowers, +generally on distinct plants. In<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">- 105 -</a></span> many cases the pollen masses slowly +change their position while adhering to the insects, and so assume a +proper direction for striking the stigma of another flower, and the +insects during this interval will almost certainly have flown from one +plant to another.</p> + +<p>The family to which Catasetum belongs furnished the most remarkable +examples. This plant possesses a special sensitiveness in certain parts, +and when definite points of the flower are touched by an insect the +pollen masses are shot forth like an arrow, the point being blunt and +adhesive. The insect, disturbed by so sharp a blow, or having eaten its +fill, flies sooner or later to a female plant, and whilst standing in +the same position as before, the pollen-bearing end of the arrow is +inserted into the stigmatic cavity, and a mass of pollen is left on its +viscid surface. The strange structures of Cypripedium, or the Lady’s +Slipper, were then analysed, and the mode of fertilisation by small bees +was discovered. The whole structure of orchids, as modified to secure +insects’ visits and cross fertilisation, was now expounded, and the +benefits shown by cases where insects’ visits were prevented, and no +seed was set. The number of seeds in a capsule was reckoned, and thence +it was found that the progeny of a single plant of the common orchis +would suffice to cover the globe in the fourth generation. A single +plant of another orchid might bear seventy-four millions of seeds: +surely an ample provision for a struggle for existence, and selection +and survival of the fittest. But, as Darwin remarks, profuse expenditure +is nothing unusual in nature, and it appears to be more profitable for a +plant to yield a few cross-fertilised than many self-fertilised seeds.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">- 106 -</a></span></p> + +<p>Darwin impresses forcibly on his readers the endless diversity of +structures, and the prodigality of resources displayed for gaining the +same end, the fertilisation of one flower by pollen from another plant. +“The more I study nature,” he says, “the more I become impressed with +ever-increasing force that the contrivances and beautiful adaptations +slowly acquired through each part occasionally varying in a slight +degree ... transcend in an incomparable manner the contrivances and +adaptations which the most fertile imagination of man could invent.” +Finally he concludes: “It is hardly an exaggeration to say that nature +tells us, in the most emphatic manner, that she abhors perpetual +self-fertilisation”; and thus was announced a new doctrine in botany. A +second much-improved edition of this book appeared in 1877.</p> + +<p>In 1864, in presenting the Copley medal of the Royal Society to the +author of the “Origin of Species,” Major-General Sabine, the President, +entered into a full description of the merits of his works, “stamped +throughout with the impress of the closest attention to minute details +and accuracy of observation, combined with large powers of +generalisation.” The award, while highly eulogising the “Origin,” was +not however based upon it, but on the more recent botanical writings. +“The Fertilisation of Orchids” was described as perhaps the most +masterly treatise on any branch of vegetable physiology that had ever +appeared; and the fact was justly emphasised that all Darwin’s botanical +discoveries had been obtained by the study of some of the most familiar +and conspicuous of our native plants, and some of the best-known and +easily-procured cultivated exotics.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">- 107 -</a></span></p> + +<p>In 1865 appeared another work from the Darwinian treasury, but in this +case it was at first restricted to the Journal of the Linnean Society +(vol. ix.), and was not made generally available till the second edition +was published separately in 1875. “The Movements and Habits of Climbing +Plants” described in the first place the twining of the hop plant, +studied by night and day continuously, in a well-warmed room, to which +the author was confined by illness. Again and again were different +species of plants watched, and the periods in which their shoots +revolved noted. The clematises, tropæolums, solanums, gloriosa lilies +among leaf-climbing plants; the bignonias, cobæas, bryonies, vines, +passion flowers, and other tendril-bearing plants; the ivy, and other +root and hook climbers were carefully studied; and botanists for the +first time realised fully the advantages which climbing plants possess +in the struggle for existence. The climbing faculty depends on a +sensitiveness to contact with any firm support, and a most interesting +series of modifications has probably, as Darwin suggests, led to the +present development of climbing organs, by the spontaneous movement of +young shoots and other organs, and by unequal growth.</p> + +<p>In concluding, the author made some most profoundly suggestive remarks, +which went far to revolutionise our conception of plants. “It has often +been vaguely asserted that plants are distinguished from animals by not +having the power of movement. It should rather be said that plants +acquire and display this power only when it is of some advantage to +them; this being of comparatively rare occurrence, as they are affixed +to the ground,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">- 108 -</a></span> and food is brought to them by the air and rain. We see +how high in the scale of organisation a plant may rise, when we look at +one of the more perfect tendril-bearers. It first places its tendrils +ready for action, as a polypus places its tentacula. If the tendril be +displaced, it is acted on by the force of gravity, and rights itself. It +is acted on by the light, and bends towards or from it, or disregards +it, which ever may be most advantageous. During several days the +tendrils, or internodes, or both, spontaneously revolve with a steady +motion. The tendril strikes some object, and quickly curls round and +firmly grasps it. In the course of some hours it contracts into a spire, +dragging up the stem, and forming an excellent spring. All movements now +cease. By growth the tissues soon become wonderfully strong and durable. +The tendril has done its work, and has done it in an admirable manner.”</p> + +<p>The labour of revising the successive editions of the “Origin of +Species,” together with prolonged ill-health, delayed the fulfilment of +the promise given in that work, that the facts upon which it was based +should be published. It was not till 1868 that the first instalment, +“The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,” was given to +the world, in two large volumes, with numerous illustrations. The +author’s design was to discuss in a second work the variability of +organic beings in a state of nature, and the conversion of varieties +into species, the struggle for existence and the operation of natural +selection, and the principal objections to the theory, including +questions of instinct and hybridisation. In a third work it was intended +to test the principle of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">- 109 -</a></span> natural selection by the extent to which it +explains the geological succession of organic beings, their distribution +in past and present times, and their mutual affinities and homologies. +The two latter works were never completed, in consequence of ill-health, +and the labour involved in dealing with objections to and new facts in +support of the “Origin,” and of the other works which at various times +it became important to complete. But many portions of these subjects +were admirably dealt with by disciples. In some cases Darwin’s views led +to the rapid growth of a new science, such as that of comparative +embryology, and it would not have been possible for him to cope with and +interpret the multitude of new and astonishing facts discovered, which +changed the face of organic nature as viewed by biologists. By doing +each day the work which seemed most necessary, and which he could best +do, Darwin managed, in spite of his infirmity of constitution, to +complete a larger body of original work, both in experiment and in +thought, together with a greater quantity of bibliographical study and +collation of observed facts, than any Englishman perhaps has ever done.</p> + +<p>The valuable book on “Variation” records and systematises a vast number +of facts respecting all our principal domestic animals and cultivated +plants. It gives evidence of wide reading, as well as great diligence in +writing letters of inquiry to all living authorities who could give +accurate information. Very many visits were paid to zoological gardens, +breeders’ establishments, nursery grounds, &c.; and the preparation of +skulls, skins, &c., was a frequent occurrence in the Darwinian +laboratory. To take the case of rabbits alone, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">- 110 -</a></span> occupied but a +fraction of the time devoted to pigeons: over twenty works are quoted +for historical facts, skeletons of various rabbits were prepared and +exhaustively compared, the effects of use and disuse of parts traced, +most careful measurements are given, and a list of the modifications +which domestic rabbits have undergone, with the probable causes, +concludes the chapter. As to pigeons, no pigeon-fancier ought to be +without the book, for never assuredly was a sporting topic treated by so +great a thinker and so admirably. The numerous experiments in crossing +different breeds, and the results obtained, make this one of the most +instructive books for all breeders. It would seem desirable that this +portion of the book should be issued in a separate form. Again, when we +turn to the sections on plants we see how indefatigable Darwin was, for +he tells us that he cultivated fifty-four varieties of gooseberries +alone, and compared them throughout in flower and fruit.</p> + +<p>The chapters on Inheritance, and on Reversion to ancestral characters, +or atavism, are profoundly suggestive. What can be more wonderful, the +author asks, than that some trifling peculiarity should be transmitted +through a long course of development, and ultimately reappear in the +offspring when mature or even when old? Nevertheless, the real subject +of surprise is not that a character should be inherited, but that any +should ever fail to be inherited. Gradually leading up to the important +hypothesis with which the work closes, he observes that to adequately +explain the numerous characters that reappear after intervals of one or +more generations, we must believe that a vast number of characters, +capable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">- 111 -</a></span> of evolution, lie hidden in every organic being. “The +fertilised germ of one of the higher animals, subjected as it is to so +vast a series of changes from the germinal cell to old age—incessantly +agitated by what Quatrefages well calls the <i>tourbillon vital</i>—is +perhaps the most wonderful object in nature. It is probable that hardly +a change of any kind affects either parent, without some mark being left +on the germ. But on the doctrine of reversion the germ becomes a far +more marvellous object, for, besides the visible changes to which it is +subjected, we must believe that it is crowded with invisible characters, +proper to both sexes, to both the right and left side of the body, and +to a long line of male and female ancestors separated by hundreds or +even thousands of generations from the present time; and these +characters, like those written on paper with invisible ink, all lie +ready to be evolved under certain known or unknown conditions.”</p> + +<p>Through a further discussion of many deeply interesting facts, about the +intercrossing of breeds and species, and about the causes of +variability, we pass to the hypothesis of pangenesis, which, briefly +stated, supposes that the cells or units of the body are perpetually +throwing off minute granules or gemmules, which accumulate in the +reproductive system, and may, instead of developing in the next +generation, be transmitted in a dormant state through more than one +generation and then be developed. Combination in various degrees between +these gemmules is supposed to influence their appearance or +non-appearance in the offspring at various stages.</p> + +<p>This hypothesis certainly gives a picture of a possible<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">- 112 -</a></span> mode of +accounting for many peculiarities shown by living organisms. Although +not generally accepted, it has certainly not been disproved. Mr. Grant +Allen’s opinion that it is Darwin’s “one conspicuous failure,” and that +it is “crude and essentially unphilosophic,” must be discounted by his +known devotion to Mr. Herbert Spencer’s philosophy. If Darwin had been a +specialist in modern physiology, he might, perhaps, have expressed his +hypothesis in a more persuasive form; but Weismann’s germ plasma theory +is the only alternative one hitherto suggested in place of it.</p> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">- 113 -</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII" href="#TOC7"> +<span title=" Return to CONTENTS. " class="hoverlink">CHAPTER VII.</span></a></h2> + +<p class="cap">ALTHOUGH the descent of man from animal ancestors was directly implied +in the “Origin of Species,” Darwin hesitated at the time of its +publication to declare his views fully, believing that he would only +thus augment and concentrate the prejudice with which his theory would +be met. He had for many years held the views he afterwards expressed; +but it was not until he had by his other works raised up a strong body +of scientific opinion in favour of his great generalisation, that he +fully presented his views on man to the public. The “Descent of Man” was +studied as a special case of the application of his general principles, +a test all the more severe because several classes of argument were +necessarily cut off, such as the nature of the affinities which connect +together whole groups of organisms, their geographical distribution, and +their geological succession. But adopting the high antiquity of man as +demonstrated, he considered in detail the evidence as to man’s descent +from some pre-existing form, the manner of his development, and the +value of the differences between the so-called races of man. No +originality is claimed for the theory or for the facts advanced; but it +may safely be affirmed that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">- 114 -</a></span> the master’s acuteness, his moderation, his +candour, and his desire to state facts which tell against him, are as +conspicuous in the “Descent of Man” as in any of his works.</p> + +<p>The “Descent of Man,” which was published in 1871 in two volumes, with +numerous illustrations, began, after a short introduction, with a +suggestive series of questions, which to the evolutionist suffice to +decide the question as to man’s origin. As the answers to these +questions are obvious, Darwin first concentrated his inquiry upon two +points on which disputes must necessarily occur, namely, the traces +which man shows, in his bodily structure, of descent from some lower +form, and the mental powers of man as compared with those of lower +animals. The facts of our bodily structure are inexplicable on any other +view than our community of descent with the quadrumana, unless structure +is but a snare to delude our reason. It is only our natural prejudice, +says Darwin, and that arrogance which made our fathers declare that they +were descended from demigods, which leads us to demur to this +conclusion.</p> + +<p>The comparison of the mental powers of animals with those of man, +proving, as Darwin contends, that they therein also show traces of +community of descent, was certain to provoke much more debate, for the +term “instinct” and the use made of it by naturalists and psychologists +as signifying untaught, unlearnt ability, largely tended to obscure the +question, and to create prejudices against believing that instincts +could be built up by inherited experience, that instincts were really +not absolute and fixed, but relative and variable, and that all +instincts<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">- 115 -</a></span> were not perfect or perfectly useful. The working out of the +evolution theory as applied to animal minds, the study of the first +beginnings of nerve action, and the analysis of instinct, all due +largely to Darwin’s prominent disciple, Romanes, together with the +immensely fuller knowledge of molecular physics, of protoplasm, and of +brain function, acquired in the years since Darwin wrote, have sufficed +to place these questions on a much more secure basis. But the collection +of facts made by him, and the suggestive remarks he everywhere makes, +render his book of permanent value. His sympathy is obvious in such +passages as this: “Every one has heard of the dog suffering under +vivisection who licked the hand of the operator; this man, unless he had +a heart of stone, must have felt remorse to the last hour of his life;” +the “terrible” superstitions of the past, such as human sacrifices, +trial by ordeal, &c., show us, he says, “what an indefinite debt of +gratitude we owe to the improvement of our reason, to science, and our +accumulated knowledge.” We see the fruit of Darwin’s repeated visits to +the Zoological Gardens, especially in his study of the habits and mental +powers of monkeys. We gain a definition from him of imagination, by +which faculty man “unites, independently of the will, former images and +ideas, and thus creates brilliant and novel results.... The value of the +products of our imagination depends of course on the number, accuracy, +and clearness of our impressions; on our judgment and taste in selecting +or rejecting the involuntary combinations, and to a certain extent on +our power of voluntarily combining them.” As to religion, he says, +“There is no evidence that man<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">- 116 -</a></span> was aboriginally endowed with the +ennobling belief in the existence of an omnipotent God.” On the +contrary, evidence proves that there are and have been numerous races +without gods and without words to express the idea. The question, he +says, is “wholly distinct from that higher one, whether there exists a +Creator and Ruler of the universe; and this has been answered in the +affirmative by the highest intellects that have ever lived.” The fact of +races existing without a belief in a god is shown to be compatible with +the origin of religious ideas from attempts to explain external +phenomena and man’s own existence, by attributing to other objects and +agencies a similar spirit to that which his consciousness testifies to +in himself.</p> + +<p>Man’s social qualities, as well as those of animals, Darwin regards as +having been developed for the general good of the community, which he +defines as “the means by which the greatest possible number of +individuals can be reared in full vigour and health, with all their +faculties perfect, under the conditions to which they are exposed.” This +may be regarded as a more satisfactory expression of the idea underlying +the phrase, “the greatest happiness of the greatest number.” Sympathy +for animals he notes as one of the later acquisitions of mankind, and +remarks that he found the very idea of humanity a novelty to the Gauchos +of the Pampas. “The highest stage in moral culture at which we can +arrive is when we recognise that we ought to control our thoughts.... +Whatever makes any bad action familiar to the mind, renders its +performance so much the easier”—a significant expression for those<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">- 117 -</a></span> who +would compare the teachings of Darwinism with those of Christianity. +Finally, he concludes that the difference in mind between man and the +higher animals is one of degree, not of kind. “At what age does the +new-born infant possess the power of abstraction, or become +self-conscious and reflect on its own existence? We cannot answer; nor +can we answer in regard to the ascending organic scale.” Yet that man’s +mental and moral faculties may have been gradually evolved “ought not to +be denied, when we daily see their development in every infant; and when +we may trace a perfect gradation from the mind of an utter idiot, lower +than that of the lowest animal, to the mind of a Newton.”</p> + +<p>The action of natural selection on the variations known to occur in man, +is next shown to be sufficient to account for his rise from a lowly +condition. Perhaps it is in discussing the development of the +intellectual and moral faculties that Darwin is least successful; more +knowledge of psychology than he possessed is demanded for this +discussion. He gives up the problem of the first advance of savages +towards civilisation as “at present much too difficult to be solved.” +He, however, vigorously contests the idea that man was at first +civilised and afterwards degenerated; and expresses the opinion that the +“highest form of religion—the grand idea of God hating sin and loving +righteousness—was unknown during primeval times.” Finally, after +discussing the steps in the genealogy of man, he comes to the conclusion +that from the old-world monkeys, at a remote period, proceeded man, “the +wonder and glory of the universe.” The early progenitors of man he +believes to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">- 118 -</a></span> have been covered with hair, both sexes having had beards; +their ears were pointed and capable of movement; their bodies were +provided with a tail, and the foot was probably prehensile. Our +primitive ancestors lived chiefly in trees in some warm forest-clad +land, and the males were provided with formidable weapons in the shape +of great canine teeth.</p> + +<p>“Thus,” says Darwin, “we have given to man a pedigree of prodigious +length, but not, it may be said, of noble quality. The world, it has +been often remarked, appears as if it had long been preparing for the +advent of man; and this, in one sense, is strictly true, for he owes his +birth to a long line of progenitors. If any single link in this chain +had never existed, man would not have been exactly what he now is. +Unless we wilfully close our eyes, we may, with our present knowledge, +approximately recognize our parentage; nor need we feel ashamed of it. +The most humble organism is something much higher than the inorganic +dust under our feet; and no one with an unbiassed mind can study any +living creature, however humble, without being struck with enthusiasm at +its marvellous structure and properties.”</p> + +<p>In considering the formation and perpetuation of the races of mankind, +Darwin was again and again baffled. He could not decide that any of the +physical differences between the races are of direct and special service +to him, thus giving opportunity to natural selection to work. Hence he +was led to study in detail the effects of sexual selection, especially +as applicable to man. The greater part of “The Descent of Man” is +occupied with tracing out what may be called the history of courtship in +man<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">- 119 -</a></span> and animals. The great variety of interesting subjects dealt with +cannot be detailed here. We must only notice a few points about mankind +which are of special importance.</p> + +<p>Darwin concludes that man’s predominance over woman in size, strength, +courage, pugnacity, and even energy was acquired in primeval times, and +that these advantages have been subsequently augmented chiefly through +the contests between men for women. Even man’s intellectual vigour and +inventiveness are probably due to natural selection, combined with +inherited effects of habit, for the most able men will have succeeded +best in defending and providing for their wives and offspring. Beards, +beardlessness, voice, beauty are all related to sexual charm, and have +been selectively developed. Early man, less licentious, not practising +infanticide, was in several respects better calculated to carry out +sexual selection than he is now; and thus we find the various races of +men fully differentiated at the earliest date of historic records.</p> + +<p>Incidentally Darwin gives us his views on the mental differences between +man and woman. Woman is more tender and less selfish than man, whose +ambition “passes too easily into selfishness,” which latter qualities +“seem to be his natural and unfortunate birthright.” Woman’s powers of +intuition, of rapid perception, and perhaps of imitation, are more +strongly marked than in man. Yet the chief pre-eminence of man he +considers to consist in attaining greater success in any given line than +woman, by reason of greater energy, patience, &c. “In order that woman +should reach the same standard as man, she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">- 120 -</a></span> ought, when nearly adult, to +be trained to energy and perseverance, and to have her reason and +imagination exercised to the highest point, and then she would probably +transmit these qualities chiefly to her adult daughters.” Here we have a +plan of women’s higher education according to the great evolutionist, +although he does not assert that it is the essential and desirable one; +but given a certain object, here is the best method of securing it. “The +whole body of women, however, could not be thus raised, unless during +many generations the women who excelled in the above robust virtues were +married, and produced offspring in larger numbers than other women.”</p> + +<p>The doctrine that man is descended from some less highly organised form, +Darwin asserts in his concluding chapter, rests on grounds which will +never be shaken—namely, the similar structure and course of development +of embryos of the higher animals, and vast numbers of facts of structure +and constitution, rudimental structures, and abnormal reversions. The +mental powers of the higher animals graduate into those of man. +Language, and the use of tools, made man dominant. The brain then +immensely developed, and morality sprang from the social instinct. +Comparing and approving certain actions and disapproving others, +remembering and looking back, he became conscientious and imaginative. +Sympathy, arising in the desire to give aid to one’s fellows, was +strengthened by praise and blame, and conduces to happiness. “As +happiness is an essential part of the general good, the greatest +happiness principle indirectly serves as a nearly safe standard of right +and wrong....<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">- 121 -</a></span> But with the less civilised nations reason often errs, +and many bad customs and base superstitions come within the same scope, +and consequently are esteemed as high virtues and their breach as heavy +crimes.”</p> + +<p>The belief in God, the author says, is not innate or intuitive in man, +but only arises after long culture. As to the bearing of the evolution +theory on the immortality of the soul, Darwin thinks few people will +find cause for anxiety in the impossibility of determining at what +period in the ascending scale man became an immortal being. “The birth, +both of the species and of the individual, are equally parts of that +grand sequence of events, which our minds refuse to accept as the result +of blind chance. The understanding revolts at such a conclusion.”</p> + +<p>The bearing of the Darwinian doctrine on some important practical +questions for society leads to the remark that, while man scans with +scrupulous care the pedigree of his animals, when he comes to his own +marriage he rarely or never takes any such care. Perhaps Darwin was +somewhat in error here; and, also, he seems to have underrated the +unconscious tendency to act according to natural law, which has no doubt +influenced mankind largely. He lays down the principle that both sexes +ought to refrain from marriage if markedly inferior in body or mind, or +if they cannot avoid abject poverty for their children. When the laws of +inheritance are thoroughly known, he says, we shall not hear ignorant +members of our legislature rejecting with scorn a plan for ascertaining, +by an easy method, whether or not consanguineous marriages are injurious +to man. But Darwin is by no means in favour of any restriction on man’s<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">- 122 -</a></span> +natural rate of increase; for it is the greatest means of preventing +indolence from causing the race to become stagnant or to degenerate. +Only, there should be open competition for all men; and the most able +should not be prevented by laws or customs from succeeding best and +rearing the largest number of offspring.</p> + +<p>In summing up on the entire subject, Darwin expresses himself with more +than his wonted vigour and point. On the one hand, he endeavours to +disarm opposition by quoting heroic monkeys as contrasted with degraded +barbarians; on the other hand, he welcomes the elevation of man so far +above his barbarous ancestors. Finally, he takes his stand upon truth, +as against likes and dislikes. “The astonishment which I felt on first +seeing a party of Fuegians on a wild and broken shore will never be +forgotten by me, for the reflection at once rushed into my mind—such +were our ancestors. These men were absolutely naked and bedaubed with +paint; their long hair was tangled, their mouths frothed with +excitement, and their expression was wild, startled, and distrustful. +They possessed hardly any arts, and, like wild animals, lived on what +they could catch. They had no government, and were merciless to every +one not of their own small tribe. He who has seen a savage in his native +land will not feel much shame, if forced to acknowledge that the blood +of some more humble creature flows in his veins. For my own part, I +would as soon be descended from that heroic little monkey, who braved +his dreaded enemy in order to save the life of his keeper; or from that +old baboon, who, descending from the mountains, carried away in triumph +his young comrade<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">- 123 -</a></span> from a crowd of astonished dogs—as from a savage who +delights to torture his enemies, offers up bloody sacrifices, practises +infanticide without remorse, treats his wives like slaves, knows no +decency, and is haunted by the grossest superstitions.</p> + +<p>“Man may be excused for feeling some pride at having risen, though not +through his own exertions, to the very summit of the organic scale; and +the fact of his having thus risen, instead of having been aboriginally +placed there, may give him hopes for a still higher destiny in the +distant future. But we are not here concerned with hopes or fears, only +with the truth as far as our reason allows us to discover it. I have +given the evidence to the best of my ability; and we must acknowledge, +as it seems to me, that man, with all his noble qualities, with sympathy +which feels for the most debased, with benevolence which extends not +only to other men, but to the humblest living creature, with his +god-like intellect which has penetrated into the movements and +constitution of the solar system—with all these exalted powers—Man +still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly +origin.”</p> + +<p>The reception accorded to “The Descent of Man” was more excited than +that of “The Origin of Species.” The first large edition was quickly +exhausted, and discussion or ridicule of the book was the fashionable +recreation. <i>Mr. Punch</i>, week after week, reflected passing opinion. One +of his Darwinian ballads on our ancestors is worth quoting from:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">- 124 -</a></span>—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8"> “They slept in a wood,<br /></span> +<span class="i9">Or wherever they could,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">For they didn’t know how to make beds;<br /></span> +<span class="i9">They hadn’t got huts,<br /></span> +<span class="i9">They dined upon nuts,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Which they cracked upon each other’s heads.<br /></span> +<span class="i9">They hadn’t much scope<br /></span> +<span class="i9">For a comb, brush, or soap,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Or towels, or kettle, or fire;<br /></span> +<span class="i9">They had no coats nor capes,<br /></span> +<span class="i9">For ne’er did these apes<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Invent what they didn’t require.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class="dotrow">·····</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i9">From these though descended,<br /></span> +<span class="i9">Our manners are mended,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Though still we can grin and backbite;<br /></span> +<span class="i9">We cut up each other,<br /></span> +<span class="i9">Be he friend or brother,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">And tails are the fashion—at night.<br /></span> +<span class="i9">This origination<br /></span> +<span class="i9">Is all speculation—<br /></span> +<span class="i4">We gamble in various shapes;<br /></span> +<span class="i9">So Mr. Darwin<br /></span> +<span class="i9">May speculate in<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Our ancestors having been apes.”<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p><i>The Athenæum</i> was unbelieving, but not denunciatory. <i>The Edinburgh +Review</i> declared the doctrine of natural selection hopelessly inadequate +to explain the phenomena of man’s body; although its truth and falsehood +had no necessary connection with the general theory of evolution: some +law as yet unknown being looked for. Darwin’s attempt to explain the +evolution of mind and the moral sense is regarded as failing in every +point. “Never, perhaps, in the history of philosophy, have such wide +generalisations been derived from such a small basis of fact.” <i>The +Quarterly Review</i> now acknowledged that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">- 125 -</a></span> “the survival of the fittest” +was a truth which readily presented itself to any one considering the +subject, and that to Darwin was due the credit of having first brought +it forward and demonstrated its truth, and asserted that the destruction +of the least fit was recognised thousands of years ago. But, in regard +to the descent of man, it fastens specially upon the author’s theory of +mental and moral evolution, and declares that he has utterly failed. +<i>The Saturday Review</i>, however, admitted the high antiquity of man, and +the nearness of his bodily structure to the apes, and went much further. +In discussing the evolution of morals, the author’s unexampled grasp of +facts, with his power of correlation, is, according to <i>The Saturday</i>, +seen at its highest, in an exquisite chain of philosophical deduction. +The mode in which, at a remote period, the races of mankind became +differentiated, is declared to be the weak point in the argument.</p> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">- 126 -</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII" href="#TOC8"> +<span title=" Return to CONTENTS. " class="hoverlink">CHAPTER VIII.</span></a></h2> + +<p><span class="capqt">“T</span>HE Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals” followed “The +Descent of Man” in 1872. The motive which suggested it was the desire to +explain the complexities of expression on evolution principles. But the +study of emotional expression had evidently engaged Darwin’s attention +at least from the time when the Fuegians and the Gauchos had vividly +roused his imaginative faculties; and his direct observations commenced +as early as 1838; when he was already inclined to believe in evolution, +and were continued at intervals ever after. The third edition of Sir +Charles Bell’s “Anatomy of Expression,” published in 1844, while greatly +admired by him, was unsatisfactory in being throughout based on the +conviction that species came into existence in their present condition; +and notwithstanding that Bain and Herbert Spencer had made considerable +advances in a treatment of the subject based on physiology, an +exhaustive book was wanted, which should throw on Expression the new and +interesting light of Darwinism.</p> + +<p>What was Darwin’s method? Observation, cleverly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">- 127 -</a></span> devised appeal to +nature; observation over a wide field as to the varied races of man +still existing, utilising the aid of travellers and residents in many +lands; observation of domestic animals in familiar and in untried +circumstances; observation of infants, especially his own, from a very +early age; observation of the insane, who are liable to the strongest +passions, and give them uncontrolled vent. It was in 1867 that Darwin +circulated his group of questions designed to ascertain the mode of +expressing every emotion, and their physical concomitants in every +possible race. Sculpture, paintings, and engravings, afforded little +evidence, because beauty is their main object, and “strongly contracted +facial muscles destroy beauty.” Information was specially sought as to +natives who had had little communication with Europeans, and in whom +imitation might not have destroyed ancestral and original expression.</p> + +<p>The result was to develop three principles which appeared, in +combination, to account for most of the expressions and gestures +involuntarily used by man and animals. The first was that of serviceable +associated habits: certain complex actions being somehow serviceable in +particular states of mind, to gratify and relieve certain sensations, +desires, &c., whenever the same state of feeling is repeated, there is a +tendency to the same movements or actions, though they may not then be +of the least use. The second principle, that of antithesis, is the +converse of the last; when an opposite state of mind is induced, there +is an involuntary tendency to directly opposite movements, though of no +use. The third principle, that of the direct action of the nervous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">- 128 -</a></span> +system, is independent of the will and of habit; nerve force being +generated in excess by strong emotions.</p> + +<p>In discussing all these principles we discover how every thought and +every circumstance of the great naturalist seem to have been utilised in +his life work. “I have noticed that persons in describing a horrid +sight, often shut their eyes momentarily and firmly, or shake their +heads as if not to see, or to drive away, something disagreeable; and I +have caught myself, when thinking in the dark of a horrid spectacle, +closing my eyes firmly.” “I noticed a young lady earnestly trying to +recollect a painter’s name, and she first looked to one corner of the +ceiling, and then to the opposite corner, arching the one eyebrow on +that side, although of course there was nothing to be seen there.” “Many +years ago I laid a small wager with a dozen young men that they would +not sneeze if they took snuff, although they all declared that they +invariably did so; accordingly they all took a pinch, but from wishing +much to succeed, not one sneezed, though their eyes watered, and all, +without exception, had to pay me the wager.” “I put my face close to the +thick glass-plate in front of a puff-adder in the Zoological Gardens, +with the firm determination of not starting back if the snake struck at +me; but as soon as the blow was struck, my resolution went for nothing, +and I jumped a yard or two backwards with astonishing rapidity. My will +and reason were powerless against the imagination of a danger which had +never been experienced.” “I observed that though my infants started at +sudden sounds, when under a fortnight old, they certainly did not always +wink their eyes, and I believe never did so.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">- 129 -</a></span> The start of an older +infant apparently represents a vague catching hold of something to +prevent falling. I shook a pasteboard box close before the eyes of one +of my infants, when 114 days old, and it did not in the least wink; but +when I put a few comfits into the box, holding it in the same position +as before, and rattled them, the child blinked its eyes violently every +time, and started a little.” The behaviour of dogs and horses under many +circumstances was watched. Cats and monkeys were most carefully +scrutinised. At all moments Darwin seized upon and recorded the passing +emotion and its associated movements. “I remember once seeing a boy who +had just shot his first snipe on the wing, and his hands trembled to +such a degree from delight, that he could not for some time reload his +gun;” an instance of an emotional movement being disadvantageous.</p> + +<p>Some of Darwin’s descriptions of emotional outbursts are among the best +portions of his writing; as when he speaks of a mother whose infant has +been intentionally injured, “how she starts up with threatening aspect, +how her eyes sparkle and her face reddens, how her bosom heaves, +nostrils dilate, and heart beats.” In describing a mourner when +quiescent, he says: “The sufferer sits motionless, or gently rocks to +and fro; the circulation becomes languid; respiration is almost +forgotten, and deep sighs are drawn. All this reacts on the brain, and +prostration soon follows with collapsed muscles and dulled eyes.”</p> + +<p>One of the most striking features of this book is the evidence it +affords of Darwin’s acuteness and persistence in observation during his +travels, and of the excellence of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">- 130 -</a></span> his memory. “I remember that my mules +and dogs, brought from a lower and warmer country, after spending a +night on the bleak Cordillera, had the hair all over their bodies as +erect as under the greatest terror.” He noted that Jemmy Button, the +Fuegian, blushed when he was quizzed about the care which he took in +polishing his shoes, and in otherwise adorning himself; and this fact +long after is fitted into the theory of blushing. Guanacoes in South +America, when not intending to bite, but merely to spit their offensive +saliva from a distance at an intruder, yet retract their ears as a sign +of their anger; and Darwin found the hides of several which he shot in +Patagonia, deeply scored by teeth marks, in consequence of their battles +with each other. A party of natives in Tierra del Fuego endeavoured to +explain that their friend, the captain of a sealing vessel, was out of +spirits, by pulling down their cheeks with both hands, so as to make +their faces as long as possible; and the fact is treasured till it comes +in to illustrate the lengthening of features under depression. As if he +foreknew that he should want the fact forty years later, he inquired of +Jemmy Button whether kissing was practised by his people, and learnt +that it was unknown to them. “I remember,” he says, “being struck whilst +travelling in parts of South America, which were dangerous from the +presence of Indians, how incessantly—yet as it appeared, +unconsciously—the half-wild Gauchos closely scanned the whole horizon.” +“In Tierra del Fuego, a native touched with his finger some cold +preserved meat which I was eating at our bivouac, and plainly showed +utter disgust at its softness; whilst I felt utter disgust at my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">- 131 -</a></span> food +being touched by a naked savage, though his hands did not appear dirty.” +And this illustrates the primary meaning of disgust—anything offensive +to the taste.</p> + +<p>In later years his own children, and his domestic pets, were incessantly +watched, and suitable experiments were devised to bring out the real +nature of their expressions. The period at which tears are formed and +crying begins, the shape of the mouth in crying, the contraction of the +muscles in shouting, the effects of steady gazing at objects, the +various stages of smiling, the effects of shyness, shame, and fear, are +all set before us, as thus observed. For instance, “I asked one of my +boys to shout as loudly as he possibly could, and as soon as he began he +firmly contracted his orbicular muscles (surrounding the eyes). I +observed this repeatedly, and on asking him why he had every time so +firmly closed his eyes, I found that he was quite unaware of the fact: +he had acted instinctively or unconsciously.” Some of his early +observations were afterwards published by Darwin in <i>Mind</i>, vol. ii., +under the title of “A Biographical Sketch of an Infant.”</p> + +<p>Here is a carefully-worded and very suggestive experiment on animals: +“Many years ago, in the Zoological Gardens, I placed a looking-glass on +the floor before two young orangs, who, as far as it was known, had +never before seen one. At first they gazed at their own images with the +most steady surprise, and often changed their point of view. They then +approached close, and protruded their lips towards the image, as if to +kiss it, in exactly the same manner as they had previously done towards +each other when first placed, a few days before, in the same room. They +next made all sorts of grimaces, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">- 132 -</a></span> put themselves in various +attitudes before the mirror; they pressed and rubbed the surface; they +placed their hands at different distances behind it; looked behind it; +and finally seemed almost frightened, started a little, became cross, +and refused to look any longer.” So monkeys were tested with a dressed +doll, a live turtle, and stuffed snakes, &c.</p> + +<p>The mode and purpose of erection of the hair, feathers, and dermal +appendages of animals were the subject of much careful inquiry. +Chimpanzees, monkeys, baboons, and many other creatures, were tested in +the Zoological Gardens. A stuffed snake taken into the monkey-house +caused several species to bristle. When Darwin showed the same to a +peccary, the hair rose in a wonderful manner along its back. A cassowary +erected its feathers at sight of an ant-eater.</p> + +<p>Every unexpected occurrence was pressed into service. Witness the +following anecdote: “One day my horse was much frightened at a drilling +machine, covered by a tarpaulin and lying on an open field. He raised +his head so high that his neck became almost perpendicular; and this he +did from habit, for the machine lay on a slope below, and could not have +been seen with more distinctness through the raising of the head; nor if +any sound had proceeded from it could the sound have been more +distinctly heard. His eyes and ears were directed intently forwards; and +I could feel through the saddle the palpitations of his heart. With red, +dilated nostrils, he snorted violently, and whirling round, would have +dashed off at full speed had I not prevented him.”</p> + +<p>We see, too, in this book the results of Darwin’s<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">- 133 -</a></span> extensive reading. +The novelists are laid considerably under contribution, their power of +describing expressive signs of emotion being particularly appreciated. +Dickens, Walter Scott, Mrs. Oliphant, and Mrs. Gaskell are among the +novelists quoted; while the author of Job, Homer, Virgil, Seneca, +Shakespeare, Lessing, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and many other deceased +writers, illustrate the subject. The living authorities—scientific men, +travellers, doctors—referred to for facts are exceedingly numerous, +including Sir James Paget, Professor Huxley, Mr. Herbert Spencer, Sir J. +Crichton Browne, Sir Samuel Baker, Sir Joseph Lister, Professors Cope +and Asa Gray, and many others.</p> + +<p>One of the most interesting chapters in the book is that dealing with +blushing. It is shown to depend on self-attention, excited almost +exclusively by the opinion of others. “Every one feels blame more +acutely than praise. Now, whenever we know, or suppose, that others are +depreciating our personal appearance, our attention is strongly drawn +towards ourselves, more especially to our faces.” This excites the nerve +centres receiving sensory nerve for the face, and in turn relaxes the +blood capillaries, and fills them with blood. “We can understand why the +young are much more affected than the old, and women more than men, and +why the opposite sexes especially excite each others’ blushes. It +becomes obvious why personal remarks should be particularly liable to +cause blushing, and why the most powerful of all the causes is shyness; +for shyness relates to the presence and opinion of others, and the shy +are always more or less self-conscious.”<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">- 134 -</a></span></p> + +<p>One great result made clear by Darwin is that the muscles of expression +have not been created or developed for the sake of expression only, and +that every true or inherited movement of expression had some natural or +independent origin. All the chief expressions are proved to be +essentially the same throughout the world, which is an additional +argument for man being descended from one stock. We cannot refrain from +admiring the tone of the pages which close the book, describing as they +do the probable expressions of our early ancestors, their utility, the +value of differences of physiognomy, and the desirability or otherwise +of repressing signs of emotion. The subject, says the author, “deserves +still further attention, especially from any able physiologist;” and so +simply ends a volume of surpassing human interest, a text-book for +novelists and students of human nature, a landmark in man’s progress in +obedience to the behest “Know thyself.”</p> + +<p>To fully measure the merit of one so far elevated above ordinary men is +almost impossible; rather is it desirable to recognise the undeniable +greatness of a great man, and learn all that is possible from him. An +undoubted authority in mental science, however, has given a judgment on +Darwin’s services to that science, which it is right to quote: “To +ourselves it almost seems one of the most wonderful of the many +wonderful aspects of Mr. Darwin’s varied work that by the sheer force of +some exalted kind of common-sense, unassisted by any special +acquaintance with psychological method, he should have been able to +strike, as it were, straight down upon some of the most important truths +which have ever been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">- 135 -</a></span> brought to light in the region of mental +science.”<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">12</a> These truths are specified as the influence of natural +selection in the formation of instinct, in the “Origin of Species;” the +evolution of mind and of morals, in the “Descent of Man,” considered by +the late Professor Clifford as containing the simplest and clearest and +most profound philosophy that was ever written on the subject; and the +evolution of expression in the book described in this chapter. Thus, +says Mr. Romanes, in respect both of instincts and intelligence, the +science of comparative psychology may be said to owe its foundation to +Darwin.</p> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">- 136 -</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX" href="#TOC9"> +<span title=" Return to CONTENTS. " class="hoverlink">CHAPTER IX.</span></a></h2> + +<p class="cap">IN 1875 appeared another great work from the master’s pen, +“Insectivorous Plants,” which was destined to place in a yet more +striking light the many-sidedness and fertility of his mind. As usual +Darwin tells us that this work dated from many years back. “During the +summer of 1860,” he says, “I was surprised by finding how large a number +of insects were caught by the leaves of the common sun-dew (<i>Drosera +rotundifolia</i>) on a heath in Sussex. I had heard that insects were thus +caught, but knew nothing further on the subject. I gathered by chance a +dozen plants, bearing fifty-six fully expanded leaves, and on thirty-one +of these dead insects or remnants of them adhered.” Here was the germ of +something, the discoverer scarcely knew what. It was evident to him that +the little sun-dew was excellently adapted for catching insects, and +that the number of them thus slaughtered annually must be enormous. What +bearing might this have upon the problem of the struggle for existence?</p> + +<p>A masterly series of experiments was forthwith set on foot, with the +result of proving that sun-dews and a number of other plants obtain the +bulk of their nourishment<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">- 137 -</a></span> by catching, killing, and digesting insects. +They may be called truly carnivorous plants. What an unexpected reversal +this was of the order of things hitherto believed to prevail +universally. Animals live on other animals or on plants. Here were +plants living on animals, and keeping down their number. Moreover, +without a nervous system, the action of the parts of a sun-dew leaf was +proved to be as apparently purposive as the combined action of the limbs +of an animal. Without a stomach, the sun-dew poured forth a digestive +fluid as effective in extracting and fitting the nutritious matter of +the insect for its own purposes as that of an animal. Without sensory +nerve-endings, there was a percipient power in the sun-dew which +recognised instinctively and at once the non-nutritious nature of +various objects, and which responded to the most delicate chemical +stimuli and to the minutest weights.</p> + +<p>We cannot describe the little sun-dew better than in Darwin’s own words: +“It bears from two or three to five or six leaves, generally extended +more or less horizontally, but sometimes standing vertically upwards. +The leaves are commonly a little broader than long. The whole upper +surface is covered with gland-bearing filaments, or tentacles as I shall +call them from their manner of acting. The glands were counted on +thirty-one leaves, but many of these were of unusually large size, and +the average number was 192; the greatest number being 260, and the least +130. The glands are each surrounded by large drops of extremely viscid +secretion, which, glittering in the sun, have given rise to the plant’s +poetical name of the sun-dew.”<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">- 138 -</a></span></p> + +<p>This secretion, when excited by nutritious matter, becomes distinctly +acid, and contains a digestive ferment allied to the pepsin of the human +stomach. So excited, it is found capable of dissolving boiled white of +egg, muscle, fibrin, cartilage, gelatine, curd of milk, and many other +substances. Further, various substances that animal gastric juice is +unable to digest are not acted upon by the secretion of the sun-dew. +These include all horny matter, starch, fat, and oil. It is not however +prejudiced in favour of animal matter. The sun-dew can absorb nutriment +from living seeds of plants, injuring or killing them, of course, in the +process, while pollen and fresh green leaves yield to its influence.</p> + +<p>The action of salts of ammonia and other chemicals was even more +wonderful. “It is an astonishing fact that so inconceivably minute a +quantity as the one twenty-millionth of a grain of phosphate of ammonia +should induce some change in a gland of Drosera sufficient to cause a +motor impulse to be sent down the whole length of the tentacle; this +impulse exciting movement often through an angle of above 180°. I know +not whether to be most astonished at this fact, or that the pressure of +a minute bit of hair, weighing only <span class="fraction"><sup class="above">1</sup> <sub class="below">78700</sub></span> +of a grain, and largely supported by the dense secretion, should quickly +cause conspicuous movement.”</p> + +<p>These are but specimens of a multitude of profoundly interesting facts +brought out in this exhaustive investigation. If this single research +were his only title to fame Darwin’s name must rank high as an +experimenter of rare ingenuity and success. But he concludes his summary +of results by the utterly modest remark, “We see how<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">- 139 -</a></span> little has been +made out in comparison with what remains unexplained and unknown.”</p> + +<p>The facts relating to Venus’ fly-trap (<i>Dionæa muscipula</i>) and other +members of the order to which the sun-dew belongs were better known, but +Darwin elicited new truths by his ingenious and varied experiments. The +rapidity with which the two lobes of the leaf of dionæa close together +when anything touches the tiny spikes which stand up vertically from the +upper surface of the lobes, is astonishing, and any insect which causes +the closure is almost certain to be caught. Digestion is accomplished in +the case of the dionæa by a separate agency, consisting of a large +number of minute reddish glands covering the surface of the lobes. These +secrete a digestive fluid when stimulated by the contact of any +nitrogenous matter, and of course this takes place when any insect is +caught. In fact, essentially the same process of digestion and +absorption takes place as in the sun-dew. The insect is held firmly for +days, until its juices have been absorbed, and then the leaf slowly +reopens, not being able to close again for many subsequent days.</p> + +<p>It is interesting to note the extreme caution with which the great +naturalist speculates upon the mode by which the varied members of the +sun-dew order became modified from an ordinary plant-form to such a +remarkable degree. The details are too special for quotation here. He +suggests, but he does not in the slightest degree dogmatise. For many +years to come Darwin’s suggestions and comments must be the pregnant +soil out of which fruitful research will spring, and his caution will +remain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">- 140 -</a></span> the model, to depart from which will but sow hindrances in the +path of scientific progress.</p> + +<p>The order to which the butterwort and the bladderworts belong also +afforded valuable results. The leaf of the butterwort bears glandular +hairs, and its margins curve inwards when excited by contact of various +bodies, especially living insects, and, at the same time, these are +caught in the viscid secretion of the glands, and their juices absorbed +by the plant. The bladderworts are even more remarkably constructed, for +they have a portion of their leaves developed into subaqueous bladders, +with a narrow entrance beneath, defended by a complex valve, which +facilitates the entrance of water insects or crustaceans, but prevents +their exit. The whole interior of the bladder is lined with transparent +four-branched protoplasmic hairs, but nevertheless the bladderwort is +unlike the preceding plants in having no power of digesting its prey, +however long it may remain in captivity. Yet there is no doubt that the +imprisoned creatures do decay in their watery cell, and that the hairs +just described absorb the products of their decay.</p> + +<p>Such is a brief account of Darwin’s work on “Insectivorous Plants.” With +his characteristic expressions he acknowledges the valuable aid given +him by Professor Burdon-Sanderson, and by his son, Mr. Francis Darwin. +The former was enabled to give the first brief account of the process of +digestion in these plants, as observed by Darwin, in a lecture before +the Royal Institution, in June, 1874, and Dr. (now Sir Joseph) Hooker +called general public notice to the subject of Carnivorous Plants in his +lecture before the British Association at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">- 141 -</a></span> Belfast in the same year: so +that a thoroughly awakened attention was given to this new work from +Darwin’s pen. The public and the scientific world learnt to appreciate +yet more keenly his varied talent, his long patience, his reserve of +power; and thence dated very definitely a general appreciation of the +fundamental unity of the animal and plant kingdoms, seeing that the +salient faculties of digestion, of purposive locomotion, of rapid +communication and consentaneous action were no longer restricted to +animals, but were possessed in a high degree by plants also. Eager +followers soon brought forward further proofs of unity of functions in +the two kingdoms, and of reciprocal combinations between them, and now +no one in the slightest degree acquainted with modern biology doubts +that life is at bottom one phenomenon, shared equally and manifested in +essentially the same modes by the living substance of plant and animal +alike.</p> + +<p>Following “Insectivorous Plants” came “The Effects of Cross and +Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom,” in 1876. Darwin had led +the way in the study of this subject by his book on Orchids, and his +lead had been excellently followed by Hildebrand, Hermann Müller, Sir +John Lubbock, and others. The path having been indicated, it had +appeared comparatively easy for botanists to follow it up. But there yet +remained a region of experimental inquiry which it required Darwin’s +patience and ingenuity to master and to expound conclusively. Although +it might be practically granted that natural selection developed a +process because advantage was gained by it, was it possible to +demonstrate that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">- 142 -</a></span> flowers cross-fertilised bear more and larger seeds, +which produce healthier offspring than those fertilised from their own +pollen? This Darwin set himself exhaustively to do. For more than a +dozen years after his book on orchids appeared, unwearied experiments on +plants were progressing, and nature was being questioned acutely, +untiringly. Competitive germination was carried on. The two classes of +seeds were placed on damp sand in a warm room. As often as a pair +germinated at the same time, they were planted on opposite sides of the +same pot, with a partition between. Besides these pairs of competitors, +others were planted in beds, so that the descendants of the crossed and +self-fertilised flowers might compete. The resulting seeds were +carefully compared, and their produce again compared. Species were +selected from widely distinct families, inhabiting various countries. +From a large number of plants, when insects were quite excluded by a +thin net covering the plant, few or no seeds were produced. The extent +of transport of pollen by insects was unveiled, and the relation between +the structure, odour, and conspicuousness of flowers, the visits of +insects, and the advantages of cross-fertilisation was shown. “We +certainly,” says Darwin, “owe the beauty and odour of our flowers, and +the storage of a large supply of honey, to the existence of insects.” +The multitude of facts gathered about insects could only have been +discovered and rightly appreciated by one who was a true entomologist as +well as a botanist.</p> + +<p>In the last chapter of the book the author discusses with remarkable +power the causes of the phenomena he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">- 143 -</a></span> has discovered. He believes that +the favourable effects of crossing are due to the parents having been +subjected to diverse conditions; but what the precise benefit is, or how +it can operate so as to render the offspring more healthy and vigorous, +he cannot discern. “And so it is,” he observes, “with many other facts, +which are so obscure that we stand in awe before the mystery of life.” +So it is. The man who probably understood nature better than any man who +has ever lived, who had not only asked her multitudinous questions, but +to whom very many answers had been undoubtedly vouchsafed in response to +his persevering, humble, diligent, acute questioning, acknowledges that +he knows little; that much remains a mystery. But from all we know of +him, from his books, his letters, his friends, his was the joy of a soul +in sympathy with the master power of the universe. He marched +continually on the confines of the unknown, and to him was granted the +felicity of largely extending the boundaries of the known.</p> + +<p>Again, in 1877, a new work proceeded from Darwin’s pen, “The Different +Forms of Flowers in Plants of the same Species,” dedicated to Professor +Asa Gray. It gathered up the contents of numerous papers read before the +Linnean Society, with later additions, and showed conclusively how many +plants possess distinctive forms of flowers in the same species, adapted +to, and in some cases absolutely necessitating, reciprocal fertilisation +through the visits of insects. It gave evidence of all the well-known +Darwinian characteristics of long-continued labour, thought, and +experiment.</p> + +<p>In 1880 “The Power of Movement in Plants” was exemplified<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">- 144 -</a></span> in a fresh +volume, in which the veteran was materially assisted by his son, Mr. +Francis Darwin. Its object was to describe and connect together several +large classes of movements, common to almost all plants. The surprising +fact was established, that all the parts or organs of plants, whilst +they continue to grow, are continually revolving, or circumnutating as +Darwin called it. This movement commences even before the young seedling +has broken through the ground. The combination of this with the effects +of gravity and light explains countless phenomena in the life of plants. +The tip of the rootlet is thus enabled to penetrate the ground, and it +is proved to be more sensitive than the most delicate tendril. Movement +goes on through all stages of life. Every growing shoot of a great tree +is continually describing small ellipses; the tip of every rootlet +endeavours to do the same. The changes of position of leaves and of +climbing plants, and the sleep of leaves are all brought under this +great principle of circumnutation. It is impossible in reading the book +not to be struck with the great resemblance between the movements of +plants and many of the actions performed unconsciously by the lower +animals. “With plants an astonishingly small stimulus suffices, and, +even with allied plants, one may be highly sensitive to the slightest +continued pressure, and another highly sensitive to a slight momentary +touch. The habit of moving at certain periods is inherited both by +plants and animals, and several other points of similitude have been +specified. But the most striking resemblance is the localisation of +their sensitiveness, and the transmission of an influence from the +excited part to another which consequently moves. Yet plants do not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">- 145 -</a></span> of +course possess nerves or a central nervous system; and we may infer that +with animals such structures serve only for the more perfect +transmission of impressions, and for the more complete +intercommunication of the several parts.”</p> + +<p>Here we see how much light may be thrown on animal structures and +functions by vegetable physiology. We learn to limit our ideas of the +superiority of animals by discovering how much of what we consider +peculiar to them is found in plants. We appreciate the unity of biology, +indivisible without injury to our knowledge of its parts. No structure +in plants appears more wonderful, as Darwin describes it, than the tip +of the rootlet of a seedling. It is impressed by and transmits +influences of pressure, injury, moisture, light, and gravity to other +parts, and determines the course pursued by the rootlet in penetrating +the ground. “It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the +radicle thus endowed, and having the power of directing the movements of +the adjoining parts, acts like the brain of one of the lower animals;” +and the brain of Charles Darwin, in working out this acquisition of +knowledge for mankind, has added a new department to vegetable +physiology and to biology.</p> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">- 146 -</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X" href="#TOC10"> +<span title=" Return to CONTENTS. " class="hoverlink">CHAPTER X.</span></a></h2> + +<p class="cap">IN his later years honours poured thick upon Darwin. In 1871 he received +the Prussian order of knighthood “For Merit”; and was elected a +corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. In 1877 +Cambridge University, making an exception to its custom of not +conferring honorary degrees on its members, gave him the LL.D. and an +ovation, when the kindly eyes of the venerable naturalist beamed upon +the monkey-figure dangled by undergraduates before him from the +galleries, in addition to a solitary link of a huge chain, no doubt +representing “the missing link.” In 1878 the honour, long withheld, and +certainly unsought, of being elected a corresponding member of the Paris +Academy of Sciences in the section of Zoology, was his; and that tardy +body recognised late the man whose supremacy in science it had done +nothing either to foster or to approve. In 1879 the Baly Medal of the +London College of Physicians was awarded to him.</p> + +<p>After the Cambridge celebration a subscription was raised to obtain a +portrait of the veteran evolutionist, which was executed by Mr. W. B. +Richmond, and now adorns the Philosophical Library of the New Museums at +Cambridge. Later, yet another portrait—the finest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">- 147 -</a></span> in his own and many +others’ belief—was painted by Mr. John Collier, and presented to the +Linnean Society, which will always be associated with the first +announcement of Darwin’s main theory, as well as with many others of his +scientific discoveries.</p> + +<p>Professor Haeckel has given the following charming description of Darwin +and his home surroundings in his later years: “In Darwin’s own carriage, +which he had thoughtfully sent for my convenience to the railway +station, I drove, one sunny morning in October, through the graceful, +hilly landscape of Kent, that with the chequered foliage of its woods, +with its stretches of purple heath, yellow broom, and evergreen oaks, +was arrayed in its fairest autumnal dress. As the carriage drew up in +front of Darwin’s pleasant country house, clad in a vesture of ivy and +embowered in elms, there stepped out to meet me from the shady porch, +overgrown with creeping plants, the great naturalist himself, a tall and +venerable figure, with the broad shoulders of an Atlas supporting a +world of thought, his Jupiter-like forehead highly and broadly arched, +as in the case of Goethe, and deeply furrowed with the plough of mental +labour; his kindly, mild eyes looking forth under the shadow of +prominent brows; his amiable mouth surrounded by a copious silver-white +beard. The cordial, prepossessing expression of the whole face, the +gentle, mild voice, the slow, deliberate utterance, the natural and +naive train of ideas which marked his conversation, captivated my whole +heart in the first hour of our meeting, just as his great work had +formerly, on my first reading it, taken my whole understanding by storm, +I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">- 148 -</a></span> fancied a lofty world-sage out of Hellenic antiquity—a Socrates or +Aristotle—stood before me.”</p> + +<p>The well-known botanist, Alphonse de Candolle, thus describes a visit to +Down:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“I longed to converse once more with Darwin, whom I had seen in +1839, and with whom I kept up a most interesting correspondence. It +was on a fine autumn morning in 1880 that I arrived at Orpington +station, where my illustrious friend’s break met me. I will not +here speak of the kind reception given to me at Down, and of the +pleasure I felt in chatting familiarly with Mr. and Mrs. Darwin and +their son Francis. I note only that Darwin at seventy was more +animated and appeared happier than when I had seen him forty-one +years before. His eye was bright and his expression cheerful, +whilst his photographs show rather the shape of his head, like that +of an ancient philosopher. His varied, frank, gracious +conversation, entirely that of a gentleman, reminded me of that of +Oxford and Cambridge <i>savants</i>. The general tone was like his +books, as is the case with sincere men, devoid of every trace of +charlatanism. He expressed himself in English easily understood by +a foreigner, more like that of Bulwer or Macaulay, than that of +Dickens or Carlyle. I asked him for news of the committee, of which +he was a member, for reforming English spelling, and when I said +that moderate changes would be best received by the public, he +laughingly said, ‘As for myself, <i>of course</i>, I am for the most +radical changes.’ We were more in accord on another point, that a +man of science, even<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">- 149 -</a></span> up to advanced age, ought to take an interest +in new ideas, and to accept them, if he finds them true. ‘That was +very strongly the opinion of my friend Lyell,’ he said; ‘but he +pushed it so far as sometimes to yield to the first objection, and +I was then obliged to defend him against himself.’ Darwin had more +firmness in his opinions, whether from temperament, or because he +had published nothing without prolonged reflection.</p> + +<p>“Around the house no trace appeared to remain of the former labours +of the owner. Darwin used simple means. He was not one who would +have demanded to have palaces built in order to accommodate +laboratories. I looked for the greenhouse in which such beautiful +experiments on hybrid plants had been made. It contained only a +vine. One thing struck me, although it is not rare in England, +where animals are loved. A heifer and a colt were feeding close to +us with the tranquillity which tells of good masters, and I heard +the joyful barking of dogs. ‘Truly,’ I said to myself, ‘the history +of the variations of animals was written here, and observations +must be going on, for Darwin is never idle.’ I did not suspect that +I was walking above the dwellings of those lowly beings called +earthworms, the subject of his last work, in which Darwin showed +once more how little causes in the long run produce great effects. +He had been studying them for thirty years, but I did not know it.</p> + +<p>“Returning to the house, Darwin showed me his library, a large room +on the ground floor, very convenient for a studious man; many books +on the shelves; windows on two sides; a writing-table and another +for apparatus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">- 150 -</a></span> for his experiments. Those on the movements of stems +and roots were still in progress. The hours passed like minutes. I +had to leave. Precious memories of that visit remain.”</p></div> + +<p>Yet once more, in 1881, the famous publishing house of Murray issued a +new work—his last—by the great illuminator of Nature. Its subject was +one which no one save those who knew him could have expected. It dealt +with “The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms, +with Observations on their Habits,” and in it the lowly earthworm was at +last raised to its true rank as the genuine preparer and possessor of +the soil. Both Gilbert White and Edward Jenner had been impressed with +the work earthworms do in nature, but no one had written extensively on +the subject till Darwin himself, in 1837, read a short paper on the +“Formation of Mould” before the Geological Society of London (published +in the fifth volume of the Society’s Transactions), showing that small +fragments of burnt marl, cinders, &c., which had been thickly strewed +over the surface of several meadows, were found after a few years lying +at the depth of some inches beneath the turf. It was suggested to him by +his relative Mr. Wedgwood, of Maer Hall, in Staffordshire, that this was +due to the quantity of fine earth continually brought up to the surface +by worms in the form of castings. Observation and experiment were to +settle the question in the usual Darwinian manner, and many a portion of +soil was watched. One experiment lasted nearly thirty years, for a +quantity of broken chalk and sifted coal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">- 151 -</a></span> cinders was spread on December +20, 1842, over distinct parts of a field near Down House, which had +existed as pasture for a very long time. At the end of November, 1871, a +trench was dug across this part of the field, and the nodules of chalk +were found buried seven inches. A similar change took place in a field +covered with flints, where in thirty years the turf was compact without +any stones. A pathway formed of loose-set flagstones was similarly +buried by worms, and became undistinguishable from the rest of the lawn. +And these are but a few of the evidences of the wonderful action of +worms, collected by the activity of Charles Darwin and his sons.</p> + +<p>Earthworms were not only scrutinised in their out-of-door work, but were +kept in confinement and studied. It appears they swallow earth both to +make their burrows and to extract all nutriment it may contain; they +will eat almost anything they can get their skin over. From careful +calculation it was shown that worms on an average pass ten tons of the +soil on an acre of ground through their bodies every year. It is, then, +but a truism to say that every bit of soil on the surface of the globe +must have passed through their bodies many times. They were discovered +to work mainly by night, when hundreds may with care be discerned, with +tails fixed in their burrows, prowling round in circles, rapidly +retreating into holes, and strongly resisting efforts to extract them. +It was found by careful study that they have no sense of hearing, but a +most remarkable sensitiveness to vibrations of the earth or even to +contact with air in motion. No book Darwin wrote was fuller of +interesting and undoubtedly correct observations.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">- 152 -</a></span></p> + +<p>In concluding, the author enforces the claims of worms on the gratitude +of archæologists, as they protect and preserve for an indefinitely long +period every object not liable to decay which is dropped on the surface +of the land, by burying it beneath their castings. It is thus that many +tesselated pavements and other ancient remains have been preserved; but, +on the other hand, worms have undermined many old massive walls and +caused them to subside, and no building is in this respect safe unless +the foundations are at least six or seven feet beneath the surface, +below which depth worms cannot work. Worms also prepare the ground in an +excellent manner for plant life, periodically exposing the mould to the +air, sifting it so that no stones larger than the particles they can +swallow are left in it, mingling the whole intimately together, burying +all decaying objects within reach of the roots of the plants, allowing +air to penetrate deeply into the earth. “When we behold a wide, +turf-covered expanse, we should remember that its smoothness, on which +so much of its beauty depends, is mainly due to all the inequalities +having been slowly levelled by worms. It is a marvellous reflection that +the whole of the superficial mould over any such expanse has passed, and +will again pass, every few years through the bodies of worms. The plough +is one of the most ancient and most valuable of man’s inventions; but +long before he existed the land was in fact regularly ploughed, and +still continues to be thus ploughed by earthworms. It may be doubted +whether there are many other animals which have played so important a +part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organised +creatures.”<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">- 153 -</a></span></p> + +<p>After this last book Darwin felt much exhausted, and wrote: “I feel so +worn out that I do not suppose I shall ever again give reviewers +trouble.” His brother Erasmus’s death in the same year was the severance +of a link with early days. Yet for some months he continued in a +moderate degree of health, still working. For some weeks however in the +following March and April he was slightly unwell, and the action of his +heart became so weak that he was not allowed to mount the stairs. On +Tuesday, April 18, he was in his study examining a plant which he had +had brought to him, and he read the same evening before retiring. Till +the day of his death he did not become seriously ill. On that day the +heart, which had so long done its duty, failed, and about 4 p.m., on +April 19, 1882, Charles Darwin breathed his last in peace, aged +seventy-three years, two months, and seven days.</p> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">- 154 -</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI" href="#TOC11"> +<span title=" Return to CONTENTS. " class="hoverlink">CHAPTER XI.</span></a></h2> + +<p class="cap">THE death of Charles Darwin focussed, as it were, into one concentrated +glow the feelings of admiration, and even reverence, which had been +growing stronger and stronger in the years since the “Origin of Species” +was published. It soon became evident that a public funeral in +Westminster Abbey was very generally called for, and this being granted, +a grave was chosen in the north aisle and north-east corner of the nave, +north of and side by side with that of Sir John Herschel, and ten or +twelve feet only from that of Sir Isaac Newton. On April 26, 1882, a +great representative host of scientists, literary men, politicians, and +theologians assembled for the final scene. The pallbearers were the +Dukes of Devonshire and Argyll, the Earl of Derby, Mr. J. Russell Lowell +(then American Minister in London), Mr. W. Spottiswoode (President of +the Royal Society), Sir Joseph Hooker, Mr. Alfred Russel Wallace, +Professor Huxley, Sir John Lubbock, and Canon Farrar. The Bishop of +Carlisle, preaching at the Abbey on the following Sunday, admitted that +Darwin had produced a greater change in the current of thought than any +other man, and had done it by perfectly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">- 155 -</a></span> legitimate means. He had +observed Nature with a strength of purpose, pertinacity, honesty, and +ingenuity never surpassed.</p> + +<p>“The career of Charles Darwin,” wrote <i>The Times</i> on the day of his +funeral, “eludes the grasp of personal curiosity as much as of personal +enmity. He thought, and his thoughts have passed into the substance of +facts of the universe. A grass plot, a plant in bloom, a human gesture, +the entire circle of the doings and tendencies of nature, builds his +monument and records his exploits.... The Abbey has its orators and +ministers who have convinced senates and swayed nations. Not one of them +all has wielded a power over men and their intelligences more complete +than that which for the last twenty-three years has emanated from a +simple country house in Kent. Memories of poets breathe about the mighty +church. Science invokes the aid of imagination no less than poetry. +Darwin as he searched, imagined. Every microscopic fact his patient eyes +unearthed, his fancy caught up and set in its proper niche in a fabric +as stately and grand as ever the creative company of Poets’ Corner wove +from sunbeams and rainbows.”</p> + +<p>“Our century is Darwin’s century,” said the <i>Allgemeine Zeitung</i>. <i>The +New York Herald</i> described his life as “that of Socrates except its +close.” The <i>Neue Freie Presse</i> said truly that his death caused +lamentation as far as truth had penetrated, and wherever civilisation +had made any impression.</p> + +<p>A movement was at once set on foot for securing a worthy public memorial +of Darwin. Subscriptions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">- 156 -</a></span> flowed in abundantly, and came from all +countries of Europe, the United States, the British Colonies, and +Brazil. Sweden sent the astonishing number of 2296 subscriptions; +persons of all ranks contributed, from a bishop to a seamstress. Over +£4,000 in all was subscribed, and it was resolved, in the first place, +to procure the best possible statue. This work was entrusted to Mr. +Boehm, R.A., with admirable results. Permission was obtained to place it +in the great hall of the British Museum of Natural History, South +Kensington, and here it was unveiled on June 9, 1885, by the Prince of +Wales, who accepted the statue on behalf of the Trustees of the British +Museum from Professor Huxley as representing the subscribers. It is +agreed that the statue is excellent, the attitude easy and dignified, +the expression natural and characteristic. The only defect is that the +hands are unlike Darwin’s. The balance, about £2,200, remaining over +from the fund, was given to the Royal Society to be invested for the +promotion of biological studies and researches.</p> + +<p>The conditions under which Darwin lived were just those in which, as +<i>The Saturday Review</i> put it, his sweet and gentle nature could blossom +into perfection. “Arrogance, irritability, and envy, the faults that +ordinarily beset men of genius, were not so much conquered as +non-existent in a singularly simple and generous mind. It never occurred +to him that it would be to his gain to show that he and not some one +else was the author of a discovery. If he was appealed to for help by a +fellow-worker, the thought never passed into his mind that he had +secrets to divulge which would lessen his importance.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">- 157 -</a></span> It was science, +not the fame of science, that he loved, and he helped science by the +temper in which he approached it. He had to say things which were +distasteful to a large portion of the public, but he won the ear even of +his most adverse critics by the manifest absence of a mere desire to +shine, by his modesty, and by his courtesy. He told honestly what he +thought to be the truth, but he told it without a wish to triumph or to +wound. There is an arrogance of unorthodoxy as well as an arrogance of +orthodoxy, and if ideas that a quarter of a century ago were regarded +with dread are now accepted without a pang, the rapidity of the change +of opinion, if not the change itself, is largely due to the fact that +the leading exponent of these ideas was the least arrogant of men.”</p> + +<p>Geniality and genuine humour must be remembered as among the many +delightful traits in Darwin’s character. Mr. Edmund Yates, in his +“Celebrities at Home” (second series), describes his as a laugh to +remember, “a rich Homeric laugh, round and full, musical and jocund.” +“At a droll suggestion of Mr. Huxley’s, or a humorous doubt insinuated +in the musical tones of the President of the Royal Society (Sir Joseph +Hooker), the eyes twinkle under the massive overhanging brows, the +Socratic head, as Professor Tyndall loves to call it, is thrown back, +and over the long white beard rolls out such a laugh as we have +attempted to describe.”</p> + +<p>Exceptionally good-hearted and sympathetic as a man, Darwin discovered +his life-work, and did it, in spite of a most powerful hindrance, in the +best possible manner, with the least possible waste of force. But, more +than doing his work, he set others to work, incited them,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">- 158 -</a></span> suggested to +them, aided them, scattered among them seeds which, finding fertile +soil, sprang up and bore fruit a hundredfold. His greatness is as much +in what be caused others to do as in what he did himself. Even in +arousing antagonism, though by the gentlest means, he did a great work, +for he secured examination and criticism in such bulk that the whole +world was leavened by his doctrine; and in controversy no man has any +disagreeable reminiscence of him. Many have cause to bless the day when +they first came into communication with Darwin, to find him welcome +them, encourage them, place his own vast stores of knowledge and thought +at their disposal, and, best of all, make them love him naturally as a +dear friend.</p> + +<p>Darwin’s was one of those open and frank minds which are entrenched +behind no rampart of isolating prejudice, and elevated on no platform of +conscious superiority. It was equally natural to him to ask and to give +information. No one ever was more accessible to all who genuinely sought +his aid in their inquiries or their projects; no one ever more truly +sought information from all quarters whence truth was attainable. Hence +the mass of his letters to all kinds of persons is enormous, and only a +small proportion, probably, will ever be published. His letters are like +his conversation, free, frank, without a trace of <i>arrière pensée</i>, +praising others where possible—and no man ever found it more possible +to praise others more genuinely—depreciating himself and his work most +unduly. “You so overestimate the value of what I do,” he writes on one +occasion, “that you make me feel ashamed of myself, and wish to be +worthy of such praise.”<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">- 159 -</a></span> Again, “You have indeed passed a most +magnificent eulogium on me, and I wonder that you were not afraid of +hearing ‘oh, oh,’ or some other sign of disapprobation. Many persons +think that what I have done in science has been much overrated, and I +very often think so myself, but my comfort is that I have never +consciously done anything to gain applause.” Here we see the scientific +man occupying the highest possible moral standpoint as a seeker after +truth. His election as one of the honorary members of the Physiological +Society was to him a “wholly unexpected honour,” and a “mark of +sympathy” which pleased him in a very high degree.</p> + +<p>“Work,” he writes on another occasion, “is my sole pleasure in life.” +“It is so much more interesting to observe than to write.” So long as he +could devise experiments and mark the results he continued to do it, +rather than prepare his voluminous notes on many subjects for +publication. “Trollope, in one of his novels, gives as a maxim of +constant use by a brickmaker, ‘It is dogged as does it,’ and I have +often and often,” wrote Darwin, “thought this is a motto for every +scientific worker.” How faithfully he adopted it himself those who read +through any one of his experimental books can appreciate. He habitually +read or heard some good novel as a recreation, and took a by no means +restricted interest in general literature.</p> + +<p>Considering how usual it is for leading thinkers to be drawn into +controversy, even when most desirous of avoiding it, it is remarkable +how little Darwin was mixed up with hotly-debated questions. “I hate +controversy,” he writes, “and it wastes much time, at least with a man<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">- 160 -</a></span> +who, like myself, can work for only a short time in a day.” One of the +few occasions on which he appeared as a champion of a cause was on the +question of vivisection, in which a chivalrous feeling led him to +intervene with the following letter to Professor Holmgren, of Upsala +University, which was published in <i>The Times</i> of April 18, 1881. “I +thought it fair,” he wrote, “to bear my share of the abuse poured in so +atrocious a manner on all physiologists.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,—In answer to your courteous letter of April 7, I have +no objection to express my opinion with respect to the right of +experimenting on living animals. I use this latter expression as +more correct and comprehensive than that of vivisection. You are at +liberty to make any use of this letter which you may think fit, but +if published I should wish the whole to appear. I have all my life +been a strong advocate for humanity to animals, and have done what +I could in my writings to enforce this duty. Several years ago, +when the agitation against physiologists commenced in England, it +was asserted that inhumanity was here practised, and useless +suffering caused to animals; and I was led to think that it might +be advisable to have an Act of Parliament on the subject. I then +took an active part in trying to get a Bill passed, such as would +have removed all just cause of complaint, and at the same time have +left physiologists free to pursue their researches—a Bill very +different from the Act which has since been passed. It is right to +add that the investigation of the matter by a Royal Commission +proved that the accusations made against our <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">- 161 -</a></span>English physiologists +were false. From all that I have heard, however, I fear that in +some parts of Europe little regard is paid to the sufferings of +animals, and if this be the case I should be glad to hear of +legislation against inhumanity in any such country. On the other +hand, I know that physiology cannot possibly progress except by +means of experiments on living animals, and I feel the deepest +conviction that he who retards the progress of physiology commits a +crime against mankind. Any one who remembers, as I can, the state +of this science half a century ago, must admit that it has made +immense progress, and it is now progressing at an ever-increasing +rate.</p> + +<p>“What improvements in medical practice may be directly attributed +to physiological research is a question which can be properly +discussed only by those physiologists and medical practitioners who +have studied the history of their subjects; but, as far as I can +learn, the benefits are already great. However this may be, no one, +unless he is grossly ignorant of what science has done for mankind, +can entertain any doubt of the incalculable benefits which will +hereafter be derived from physiology, not only by man, but by the +lower animals. Look, for instance, at Pasteur’s results of +modifying the germs of the most malignant diseases, from which, as +it so happens, animals will, in the first place, receive more +relief than man. Let it be remembered how many lives, and what a +fearful amount of suffering have been saved by the knowledge gained +of parasitic worms through the experiments of Virchow and others on +living animals. In the future every one will be astonished at the +ingratitude <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">- 162 -</a></span>shown, at least in England, to these benefactors of +mankind. As for myself, permit me to assure you that I honour, and +shall always honour, every one who advances the noble science of +physiology.</p> + +<p class="sign"><span class="salut">“Dear sir, yours faithfully,<br /></span> +<span class="smcap">“Charles Darwin.”</span></p></div> + +<p>As an experimenter Darwin was by no means overconfident either in his +methods or his power of obtaining results. He simply took the best means +open to him, or that he could devise, applied them in the best way known +to him, and calmly studied the result. “As far as my experience goes,” +he wrote, in reference to experimental work, “what one expects rarely +happens.” On another occasion, after working like a slave at a certain +investigation, “with very poor success;” he remarks, “as usual, almost +everything goes differently to what I had anticipated.” How few +investigators have the magnanimity which appears in this confession. But +more than this, it is an indication of the rare patience with which he +stuck at a subject till he knew all he could read or discover or develop +in connection with it. It was “dogged” that did it; “awfully hard work” +sometimes. In reference to an attempt of his to define intelligence, +which he regarded as unsatisfactory, after remarking that he tried to +observe what passed in his own mind when he did the work of a worm, he +writes: “If I come across a professed metaphysician, I will ask him to +give me a more technical definition with a few big words, about the +abstract, the concrete, the absolute, and the infinite. But sincerely, I +should be grateful for any suggestions; for it will hardly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">- 163 -</a></span> do to assume +that every fool knows what ‘intelligent’ means.”</p> + +<p>Inasmuch as it must necessarily be of great interest to know the +attitude which so great a thinker as Darwin adopted towards +Christianity, revelation, and other matters of theology, we give +unabridged two letters which were written without a view to publication, +and were published after his death without the authorisation of his +representatives. Having been widely published, however, it is right that +they should be given here.</p> + +<p>The first of these was sent in 1873 to N. D. Deedes, a Dutch gentleman, +who wrote to ask Darwin his opinion on the existence of a God:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“It is impossible to answer your question briefly; I am not sure +that I could do so even if I wrote at some length. But I may say +that the impossibility of conceiving that this grand and wondrous +universe, with our conscious selves, arose through chance, seems to +me our chief argument for the existence of God; but whether this is +an argument of real value, I have never been able to decide. I am +aware that if we admit a first cause, the mind still craves to know +whence it came and how it arose. Nor can I overlook the difficulty +from the immense amount of suffering through the world. I am, also, +induced to defer to a certain extent to the judgment of the many +able men who have fully believed in God; but here, again, I see how +poor an argument this is. The safest conclusion seems to be that +the whole subject is beyond the scope of man’s intellect, but man +can do his duty.”</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">- 164 -</a></span></p> + +<p>The second letter was addressed to Nicholas, Baron Mengden, a German +University student, in whom the study of Darwin’s books had raised +religious doubts. It is dated June 5, 1879. The following is a +re-translation of a German translation:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“I am very busy, and am an old man in delicate health, and have not +time to answer your questions fully, even assuming that they are +capable of being answered at all. Science and Christ have nothing +to do with each other, except in so far as the habit of scientific +investigation makes a man cautious about accepting any proofs. As +far as I am concerned, I do not believe that any revelation has +ever been made with regard to a future life; every one must draw +his own conclusions from vague and contradictory probabilities.”</p></div> + +<p>It should be added that he was greatly averse to every form of militant +anti-religious controversy, and always deprecated it. He would have been +the last to desire that his words should be quoted as of scientific +authority, or as being more than the results of his own thought on +questions which were not the subject of his life study. Let those who +think that his having expressed these views is a regrettable blow to +orthodox Christianity, set against it the enormous service Darwin did to +reasonable natural theology by giving an intelligible key to the +explanation of the universe. And let all men remember that genuine +honesty such as Darwin’s cannot possibly hinder the interests or the +spread of truth. His declaration that “man can do his duty,” implies his +conviction<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">- 165 -</a></span> that man may know what his duty is; and very many noble +spirits besides Darwin have not found it possible to advance with +certainty beyond this point.</p> + +<p>As to Darwin’s place in literature, that is due supereminently to his +thoughts. In his expression of them he had the saving quality of +directness, and usually wrote with simplicity. Incisive he was not +ordinarily; caution of his type harmonises ill with incisiveness. But +what he lost thereby he gained in solidity and in permanence. Sometimes, +as we have pointed out, his imagination carried him beyond his usual +sober vein, and then he showed himself aglow with feeling or with +sympathetic perception.</p> + +<p>But when we speak of his imagination we pass at once to the other side +of his mind—if indeed any such patient inquiry as his could have been +maintained except for the imaginative side of him. This lit up his path, +buoyed him in difficulties and failures, suggested new expedients, +experiments, and combinations. The use of imagination in science has +never been more aptly illustrated nor more beneficial than in his case. +Darwin, more than any other man perhaps, showed the value, if not the +essentiality, of “working hypotheses”; and if any man now wants to +progress in biology, he will be foolish if he does not seek such and use +them freely, and abandon them readily if disproved.</p> + +<p>Darwin imagined grandly, and verified his imaginings as far as one man’s +life suffices; and no man can do more. And Darwin won, as far as a man +can win, success during his lifetime. As Professor Huxley said, in +lecturing on “The Coming of Age of ‘The Origin of Species,’” “the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">- 166 -</a></span> +foremost men of science in every country are either avowed champions of +its leading doctrines, or at any rate abstain from opposing them.” His +prescience has in less than a generation been justified by the discovery +of intermediate fossil forms of animals too numerous to be here +recounted. The break between vertebrate and invertebrate animals, +between flowering and non-flowering plants, between animal and plant, is +now bridged over by discoveries in the life histories of animals and +plants which exist to-day. Embryo animals and plants are now known to go +through stages which repeat and condense the upward ascent of life; and +they give us information of the greatest value as to lost stages in the +path. We can, as it were, see the actual track through which evolution +may have proceeded. “Thus,” says Professor Huxley, “if the doctrine of +evolution had not existed, palæontologists must have invented it, so +irresistibly is it forced upon the mind by the study of the remains of +the Tertiary mammalia which have been brought to light since 1859;” and +again, “so far as the animal world is concerned, evolution is no longer +a speculation, but a statement of historical fact.”</p> + +<p>As to the limits of the truth of Darwin’s theory, Professor Huxley, +writing on “Evolution in Biology,” in “The Encyclopædia Britannica,” +says: “How far natural selection suffices for the production of species +remains to be seen. Few can doubt that, if not the whole cause, it is a +very important factor in that operation; and that it must play a great +part in the sorting out of varieties into those which are transitory, +and those which are permanent. But the causes and conditions of +variation<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">- 167 -</a></span> have yet to be thoroughly explored; and the importance of +natural selection will not be impaired, even if further inquiries should +prove that variability is definite, and is determined in certain +directions rather than in others, by conditions inherent in that which +varies.”</p> + +<p>We have not space to describe the importance of the work Darwin did in, +or bearing on, entomology, changing its face and vastly elevating its +importance. A volume might be compiled from his writings on this +subject, as reference to Professor Riley’s excellent summary (Darwin +Memorial Meeting, Washington, 1882) will readily show. Nor can we +recount his important work in other branches of biology further than has +been already done in the foregoing pages. To do so would require much +more than a volume of this size.</p> + +<p>One special department may perhaps claim notice on the ground of its +supposed non-scientific character. Dr. Masters (<i>Gardeners’ Chronicle</i>, +April 22, 1882) says of Darwin’s service to horticulture: “Let any one +who knows what was the state of botany in this country even so recently +as fifteen or twenty years ago, compare the feeling between botanists +and horticulturists at that time with what it is now. What sympathy had +the one for the pursuits of the other? The botanist looked down on the +varieties, the races, and strains, raised with so much pride by the +patient skill of the florist as on things unworthy of his notice and +study. The horticulturist, on his side, knowing how very imperfectly +plants could be studied from the mummified specimens in herbaria, which +then constituted in most cases all the material that the botanist of +this country considered necessary for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">- 168 -</a></span> the study of plants, naturally +looked on the botanist somewhat in the light of a laborious trifler.... +Darwin altered all this. He made the dry bones live; he invested plants +and animals with a history, a biography, a genealogy, which at once +conferred an interest and a dignity on them. Before, they were as the +stuffed skin of a beast in the glass case of a museum; now they are +living beings, each in their degree affected by the same circumstances +that affect ourselves, and swayed, <i>mutatis mutandis</i>, by like feelings +and like passions. If he had done nothing more than this we might still +have claimed Darwin as a horticulturist; but as we shall see, he has +more direct claims on our gratitude. The apparently trifling variations, +the variations which it was once the fashion for botanists to overlook, +have become, as it were, the keystone of a great theory.”</p> + +<p>A valuable summary of Darwin’s influence on general philosophic thought +has been given by Mr. James Sully, in his article, “Evolution in +Philosophy,” in “The Encyclopædia Britannica,” 9th ed., vol. viii. He, +like many other thinkers, considers that Darwin has done much to banish +old ideas as to the evidence of purpose in nature. Mr. Sully’s views are +not entirely shared, however, by Professor Winchell, an able American +evolutionist (“Encyclopædia Americana,” vol. ii.) who considers that the +question of teleology, or of purpose in nature, is not really touched by +the special principle of natural selection, nor by the general doctrine +of evolution. The mechanical theorist may, consistently with these +doctrines, maintain that every event takes place without a purpose; +while the teleologist, or believer in purpose, may no less consistently<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">- 169 -</a></span> +maintain that the more orderly and uniform we find the succession of +events, the more reason is there to presume that a purposeful +intelligence is regulating them. It is certainly impossible to show that +the whole system of evolution does not exist for a purpose. The ranks of +the evolutionists, and even of the Darwinians, as a fact, embrace +believers in the most diverse systems of philosophy, including many of +those who accept Christ’s teaching as an authoritative Divine +revelation. May not this diversity among Darwinians itself teach hope? +Darwinism is held with vital grip and will therefore not become a dead +creed, a fossil formula. The belief that every generation is a step in +progress to a higher and fuller life contains within it the promise of a +glorious evolution which is no longer a faint hope, but a reasoned +faith.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"> “Man’s thought is like Antæus, and must be<br /></span> +<span class="i3">Touched to the ground of Nature to regain<br /></span> +<span class="i3">Fresh force, new impulse, else it would remain<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Dead in the grip of strong Authority.<br /></span> +<span class="i1">But, once thereon reset, ’tis like a tree,<br /></span> +<span class="i3">Sap-swollen in spring-time: bonds may not restrain;<br /></span> +<span class="i3">Nor weight repress; its rootlets rend in twain<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Dead stones and walls and rocks resistlessly.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i1">Thine then it was to touch dead thoughts to earth,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Till of old dreams sprang new philosophies,<br /></span> +<span class="i3">From visions systems, and beneath thy spell<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Swiftly uprose, like magic palaces,—<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Thyself half-conscious only of thy worth—<br /></span> +<span class="i3">Calm priest of a tremendous oracle.”<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">13</a><br /></span> +</div></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">- 170 -</a></span></p> + +<p>Here let us leave Charles Darwin; a marvellously patient and successful +revolutioniser of thought; a noble and beloved man.</p> +<p><br /></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"> +<span class="label">1</span></a> This is the Erasmus Earle who forms the subject of “A +Lawyer’s Love Letters,” in <i>The National Review</i>, February, 1887. +Letters of his are also printed in the Tenth Report of the Historical +MSS. Commission.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"> +<span class="label">2</span></a> “The house is seen,” says Mr. Woodall, “from the line +immediately beyond the low tower of St. George’s Church. Visitors who +make a pilgrimage there, after crossing the Welsh Bridge, follow the +main street until St. George’s Church is passed, and the continuous line +of houses ceases. The next carriage drive, on the right, cutting in two +a lofty side-walk, is the entrance to The Mount. A short street of new +houses, near St. George’s Church, has been called ‘Darwin Street;’ as +yet the only public recognition in the town of the greatest of +Salopians. A memorial of a more private character has been placed in the +Unitarian Chapel, in the form of a tablet bearing the following +inscription:—‘To the memory of Charles Robert Darwin, author of “The +Origin of Species,” born in Shrewsbury, February 12th, 1809. In early +life a member and constant worshipper in this church. Died April 19th, +1882.’ Mrs. Darwin, we believe, was not strict in her adhesion to the +communion in which she had been brought up, but often attended St. +Chad’s Church, where Charles and his brother were baptized.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"> +<span class="label">3</span></a> This statement by Darwin disposes of Mr. Grant Allen’s +assertion that geology was Darwin’s “first love” (p. 36). He reckoned +himself an entomologist when he went to Cambridge, and certainly Mr. +Ainsworth’s statement shows that he was a naturalist in a wide sense +while at Edinburgh. C. V. Riley, the well-known American entomologist, +says (Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, U.S., vol. +i., 1882, p. 70) “I have the authority of my late associate editor of +<i>The American Entomologist</i>, Benjamin Dann Walsh, who was a class-mate +of Darwin’s at Cambridge, that the latter’s love of natural history was +chiefly manifested, while there, in a fine collection of insects.” +Indeed, he was one of the original members of the Entomological Society +of London, founded in 1833, and showed an active interest in its affairs +throughout life, being elected a member of its council in 1838. As early +as January 4, 1836, a memoir based on insects sent home by Darwin from +Chiloe, was read before the Society by Charles Babington, now Professor +of Botany at Cambridge.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"> +<span class="label">4</span></a> Mr. Grant Allen (“Darwin,” p. 42) states that Darwin +observed sixty-seven distinct organic forms in the fine dust which fell +on deck. It was Ehrenberg who determined these organisms in dust sent to +him by Darwin, and four out of five of the packets of dust sent to +Ehrenberg were given to Darwin by Lyell (Darwin’s Journal, second +edition, p. 5).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"> +<span class="label">5</span></a> Mr. John Murray’s views, derived from the experience +acquired in the voyage of the <i>Challenger</i>, and published in 1880, tend +to modify Darwin’s conclusions to some extent. Mr. Murray says that it +is now shown that many submarine mountains exist, which are usually +volcanic, and which, being built upon by various forms of shell-bearing +animals, could be raised to such a level that ordinary corals could +build upon them. He concludes that probably all atolls are seated on +submarine volcanoes, and thus it is not necessary to suppose such +extensive and long-continued subsidences as Darwin suggested. This view +is also in harmony with Dana’s views of the great antiquity and +permanence of the great ocean basin. See “The Structure and Origin of +Reefs and Islands.” By John Murray; Proc. Roy. Soc., Edin., x. 505-18 +(abstract); also <i>Nature</i>, xxii. 351-5.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"> +<span class="label">6</span></a><a href="#Page_14"><span class="smfont"> +[Back to reference on pg. 14]</span></a> It is worth while to reproduce here a few sentences from +Erasmus Darwin’s “Zoonomia,” showing how acutely he guessed in the +direction of evolution. +</p><p> +“When we revolve in our minds, first, the great changes which we see +naturally produced in animals after their nativity.... Secondly, when we +think over the great changes introduced into various animals by +artificial or accidental cultivation.... Thirdly, when we enumerate the +great changes produced in the species of animals before their +nativity.... Fourthly, when we revolve in our minds the great similarity +of structure which obtains in all the warm-blooded animals.... Fifthly, +from their first rudiment or primordium to the termination of their +lives, all animals undergo perpetual transformations, which are in part +produced by their own exertions;... and many of these acquired forms or +propensities are transmitted to their posterity.... A great want of one +part of the animal world has consisted in the desire of the exclusive +possession of the female; and these have acquired weapons to combat each +other for this purpose.... The final cause of this contest amongst the +males seems to be that the strongest and most active animal should +propagate the species, which should thence become improved. Another +great want consists in the means of procuring food, which has +diversified the forms of all species of animals.... All which seem to +have been gradually produced during many generations by the perpetual +endeavour of the creatures to supply the want of food, and to have been +delivered to their posterity with constant improvement of them for the +purpose required.... The third great want among animals is that of +security, which seems much to have diversified the forms of their bodies +and the colour of them.... The contrivances for the purposes of security +extend even to vegetables.... Would it be too bold to imagine that in +the great length of time since the earth began to exist ... all +warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament, which the +Great First Cause endued with animality;... possessing the faculty of +continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering +down those improvements by generation to its posterity, world without +end!”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"> +<span class="label">7</span></a> In this study Darwin came into communication, as early as +1839, with the Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert, afterwards Dean of Manchester, +and received from him a personal account of his experiments on hybrids. +It was Herbert who, as early as 1822, in the fourth volume of the +“Horticultural Transactions,” and in his work on the Amaryllidaceæ, +1837, declared that horticultural experiments have established, beyond +the possibility of refutation, that botanical species are only “a higher +and more permanent class of varieties.” He extended the same view to +animals, and believed that single species of each genus were originally +created in a highly plastic condition, and that these have produced, +chiefly by intercrossing, but also by variation, all our existing +species.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"> +<span class="label">8</span></a> The first portion of this important letter is quoted from +the English translation of Haeckel’s “History of Creation,” 1876; the +second portion from O. Schmidt’s “Doctrine of Descent and Darwinism,” +having been re-written by Darwin from the German text.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"> +<span class="label">9</span></a> Mr. Romanes, in his paper on “Physiological Selection” +(Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, xix. 337-411), has entered +upon a most important discussion of this question.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"> +<span class="label">10</span></a> The full text of a large part of Darwin’s original chapter +on Instinct, which was omitted from the “Origin of Species” for the sake +of condensation, is published in Mr. Romanes’ “Mental Evolution in +Animals,” 1883, which also contains many other observations by Darwin.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"> +<span class="label">11</span></a> The reader will thus be able to judge for himself how far +Darwin’s “Origin of Species” gained, “from the very first outset, +universal respect and a fair hearing,” as Mr. Grant Allen, with singular +forgetfulness, states (“Darwin,” p. 112). The violence of the attacks +made upon Darwin by the majority of religious and orthodox journals is +well known.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"> +<span class="label">12</span></a> G. J. Romanes, in “Charles Darwin,” memorial notices +reprinted from <i>Nature</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"> +<span class="label">13</span></a> Round Table Series. “Charles Darwin” (1886), by J. T. +Cunningham.</p></div><br /> +</div> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<h2><a name="THE_END" id="THE_END"></a>THE END.</h2> + +<hr class="hr3" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">- 171 -</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX" href="#TOC12"> +<span title=" Return to CONTENTS. " class="hoverlink">INDEX.</span></a></h2> + +<div> +<p class="indent"><b>A.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Ainsworth, Mr. W. F., on Darwin at Edinburgh, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> +<li>Allen, Mr. Grant, on Darwin, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, + <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li>Ancestry of the Darwins, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +<li>Andes, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Antiquity of man, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li>Ants, Observations on, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li>Archæology and earthworms, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li><i>Athenæum</i>, The, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>B.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Bahia, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li>Bahia Blanca, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> +<li><i>Beagle</i>, H.M.S., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, + <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, + <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52-60</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Bees, Observations on, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li>Bell, Sir C., “Anatomy of Expression,” <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Bentley, T., and Darwin’s mother, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> +<li>Blushing, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li>Bladderwort, The, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Botanical papers, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Botanical works, <a href="#Page_103">103-108</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136-145</a></li> +<li>Brazil, <a href="#Page_32">32-36</a></li> +<li>Breeds, Domestic, <a href="#Page_80">80-82</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109-111</a></li> +<li>British Association, Darwin at, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Buenos Ayres, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li>Burdon-Sanderson, Prof., <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Butterwort, The, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Button, Jemmy, the Fuegian, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>C.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Caldcleugh, Mr., <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Cambridge University, <a href="#Page_24">24-29</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li>Candolle, A. de, <a href="#Page_148">148-150</a></li> +<li>Carlisle, Bishop of, on Darwin, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Carlyle, Thomas and Mrs., and Erasmus Darwin, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li>Character of Darwin, <a href="#Page_155">155-160</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162-165</a></li> +<li>Chili, <a href="#Page_43">43-45</a></li> +<li>Chiloe, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Chonos Archipelago, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">- 172 -</a></span></li> +<li>Christianity and Darwin, <a href="#Page_115">115-117</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, + <a href="#Page_163">163-166</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Cirripedia, Books on, <a href="#Page_61">61-63</a></li> +<li>Classification, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li>“Climbing Plants,” <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Copley medal, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Coral reefs, Book on, <a href="#Page_55">55-59</a>; + <ul class="nest"> +<li>observations on, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + </ul> +</li> +<li>Corfield, Mr. R., <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Cross-fertilisation of plants, <a href="#Page_141">141-143</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>D.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Dana, Prof. J. D., on Coral Reefs, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Darwin, Charles, and domestic animals, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>; + <ul class="nest"> +<li>and entomology, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> +<li>and Malthus, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> +<li>and novelists, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> +<li>and Prof. Henslow, <a href="#Page_24">24-30</a>;</li> +<li>and Sir C. Lyell, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, + <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li> +<li>and Sir J. Hooker, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> +<li>and slavery, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> +<li>and spelling reform, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li> +<li>as an experimenter, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> +<li>at Cambridge, <a href="#Page_24">24-29</a>;</li> +<li>at Edinburgh, <a href="#Page_22">22-24</a>;</li> +<li>“Biographical <span title=" sketch " class="hoverbox">Sketch</span> of + an <span title=" infant " class="hoverbox">Infant</span>,” <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li> +<li>birth, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li> +<li>character of, <a href="#Page_155">155-160</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162-165</a>;</li> +<li>“Climbing Plants,” <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> +<li>contributions to mental science, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li> +<li>death of, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li> +<li>“Descent of Man,” <a href="#Page_112">112-125</a>;</li> +<li>discovery of extinct mammals, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> +<li>elected F.G.S., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>; + <ul class="nest2"> +<li>F.R.S., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li> + </ul> +</li> +<li>experience of missionaries, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li> +<li>experiments on children, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li> +<li>“Expression of Emotions,” <a href="#Page_126">126-135</a>;</li> +<li>fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, <a href="#Page_141">141-143</a>;</li> +<li>“Fertilisation of Orchids,” <a href="#Page_103">103-106</a>;</li> +<li>first scientific paper, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li> +<li>“Formation of Mould,” <a href="#Page_150">150-152</a>;</li> +<li>forms of flowers, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> +<li>funeral of, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> +<li>“Geology of the <i>Beagle</i>,” <a href="#Page_55">55-60</a>;</li> +<li>history of “Origin of Species,” <a href="#Page_64">64-78</a>;</li> +<li>honours bestowed on, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</li> +<li>“Insectivorous Plants,” <a href="#Page_136">136-139</a>;</li> +<li>“Journal of Researches,” <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li> +<li>modesty of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li> +<li>on blushing, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> +<li>on Cirripedia, <a href="#Page_61">61-63</a>;</li> +<li>on religion, <a href="#Page_115">115-117</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163-169</a>;</li> +<li>on vivisection, <a href="#Page_160">160-162</a>;</li> +<li>“Origin of Species,” <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, + <a href="#Page_64">64-78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79-99</a>;</li> +<li>physical appearance and habits of, <a href="#Page_100">100-102</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li> +<li>places named after, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> +<li>portraits of, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</li> +<li>power of movement in plants, <a href="#Page_143">143-145</a>;</li> +<li>school-days of, <a href="#Page_19">19-21</a>;</li> +<li>secretary of Geological Society, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> +<li>sons of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li> +<li>statue of, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li> +<li>voyage in <i>Beagle</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29-50</a></li> + </ul> +</li> +<li>Darwin, Mrs. C., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Darwin, Erasmus, of Lichfield and Derby, <a href="#Page_12">12-14</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66-67</a></li> +<li>Darwin, Erasmus, of London, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li>Darwin, Mr. Francis, <a href="#Page_140">140-144</a></li> +<li>Darwin, Mrs. R. W. (Susannah Wedgwood), <a href="#Page_17">17-19</a></li> +<li>Darwin, R. W., of Elston, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> +<li>Darwin, R. W., father of Charles, <a href="#Page_14">14-18</a></li> +<li>Darwin Sound, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Death of Charles Darwin, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li>“Descent of Man,” <a href="#Page_112">112-125</a></li> +<li>Digestion by plants, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li>Discovery of extinct mammals, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> +<li>Down House, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, + <a href="#Page_147">147-150</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>E.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Earle, Erasmus, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> +<li>Earthquake experience, <a href="#Page_44">44</a> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">- 173 -</a></span></li> +<li>Earthworms, Darwin on, <a href="#Page_150">150-152</a></li> +<li><i>Edinburgh Review</i>, on “Descent of Man,” <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; + <ul class="nest"> +<li>on Erasmus Darwin, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> +<li>on “Origin of Species,” <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + </ul> +</li> +<li>Edinburgh University, <a href="#Page_21">21-24</a></li> +<li>Ehrenberg, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Entomology, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141-143</a></li> +<li>Evolution, History of, in Darwin’s mind, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40-42</a>, + <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64-78</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li>“Expression of Emotions,” <a href="#Page_126">126-135</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>F.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Falkland Islands, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Fertilisation, Cross and Self-, in the Vegetable Kingdom, <a href="#Page_141">141-143</a></li> +<li>“Fertilisation of Orchids,” <a href="#Page_103">103-106</a></li> +<li>Fitzroy, Capt., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, + <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>“Forms of Flowers,” <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li>Fuegians, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li>Funeral of Charles Darwin, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>G.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Galapagos Islands, <a href="#Page_45">45-47</a></li> +<li>Gauchos, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li>Geikie, Prof. A., on Darwin’s “Coral Reefs,” <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Geographical distribution, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li>Geological observations by Darwin, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> +<li>Geological papers by Darwin, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> +<li>Geological record, Imperfection of, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li>Geological Society, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>“Geology of the <i>Beagle</i>,” <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55-60</a></li> +<li>Germination of plants, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li>Grant, Prof., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> +<li>Greville, Dr., <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>H.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Haeckel, Prof., <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Hall, Capt. Basil, and Coral Reefs, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Henslow, Prof., <a href="#Page_24">24-30</a></li> +<li>Herbert, Dean, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> +<li>Holmgren, Prof., Letter to, <a href="#Page_160">160-162</a></li> +<li>Honours conferred on Darwin, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li>Hooker, Sir J., <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>Huxley, Prof., <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, + <a href="#Page_165">165-167</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>I.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Imagination, Definition of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li>“Insectivorous Plants,” <a href="#Page_136">136-141</a></li> +<li>Insects, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102-106</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136-139</a></li> +<li>Instinct, <a href="#Page_88">88-90</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Interdependence of species, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>J.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Jameson, Prof., <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> +<li>“Journal of Researches,” <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, + <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>K.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Keeling Islands, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>L.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Lamarck and Darwin, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Linnean Society, <a href="#Page_75">75-78</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li>Literary position of Darwin, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li>Lubbock, Sir J., <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li>Lyell, Sir C., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, + <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> +</ul> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">- 174 -</a></span></p> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>M.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Magellan, Straits of, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li>Maldonado, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li>Malthus on Population, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Mammals, Extinct, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Masters, Dr., on Darwin and Horticulture, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li>Matthew, Mr. P., and “Origin of Species,” <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Mental powers of man, <a href="#Page_114">114-123</a></li> +<li>Mental science, Darwin and, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Meteyard, Miss, on R. W. Darwin, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; + <ul class="nest"> +<li>on Wedgwood, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + </ul> +</li> +<li>Missionaries, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Monkeys, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>Monkeys and man, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, + <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li>Monte Video, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li>Montgomery, James, “Pelican Island,” <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Morphology, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> +<li>“Mould, Formation of,” <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li>Mount Darwin, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Mount, The, Shrewsbury, <a href="#Page_17">17-20</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>“Movement, Power of, in Plants,” <a href="#Page_143">143-145</a></li> +<li>Murray, Mr. J., on Coral Reefs, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li><i>Mylodon Darwinii</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>N.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>“Naturalist’s Voyage <span title=" round " class="hoverbox">Round</span> the World,” <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>Natural Selection, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97-99</a>, + <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li>New Zealand, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Niata cattle, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li>Novelists, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>O.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>“Orchids, Fertilisation of,” <a href="#Page_103">103-106</a></li> +<li>“Origin of Species,” <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, + <a href="#Page_64">64-78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79-99</a></li> +<li>Owen, Sir R., <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Oxford, Bishop of, (Wilberforce), on “Origin of Species,” <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>P.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Palæontographical Society, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Pampas thistles, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li>Pangenesis, Hypothesis of, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li>Patagonia, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Peru, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Phillips, Prof. J., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Physiological Selection, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Physiological Society, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>Plinian Society, Edinburgh, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> +<li>Port Darwin, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Portraits of Darwin, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li><i>Punch</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>Q.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li><i>Quarterly Review</i> on Darwin’s “Journal,” <a href="#Page_53">53</a>; + <ul class="nest"> +<li>on “Descent of Man,” <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li> +<li>on “Origin of Species,” <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + </ul> +</li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>R.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Ray Society, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Religion, <a href="#Page_115">115-117</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> +<li>Religious views of Darwin, <a href="#Page_163">163-166</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Reptiles of Galapagos, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Riley, Prof. C. V., on Darwin and Entomology, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li>Rio Negro, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li>Rio Plata, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>Romanes, Mr., <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, + <a href="#Page_135">135</a> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">- 175 -</a></span></li> +<li>Rosas, General, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> +<li>Royal medal, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Royal Society and Charles Darwin, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Rudimentary organs, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>S.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Santiago, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li><i>Saturday Review</i> on Charles Darwin, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>; + <ul class="nest"> +<li>on “Descent of Man,” <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li> +<li>on “Origin of Species,” <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + </ul> +</li> +<li>Savage man described, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>“Scientific Inquiry, Manual of,” <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Selection, Natural, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97-99</a></li> +<li>Selection, Physiological, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Semper, Prof., on Coral Reefs, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Shrewsbury, <a href="#Page_15">15-20</a></li> +<li>Shrewsbury school, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li>Social qualities of man, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Social questions, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> +<li>Sonnet on Darwin, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li>Spencer, Mr. Herbert, Views of, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li>Statue of Darwin, <a href="#Page_155">155-156</a></li> +<li>Stokes, Admiral, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li>Structure of human body, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li>Struggle for existence, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Sully, Mr. James, on Evolution and Design, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li>Sun-dew, <a href="#Page_136">136-139</a></li> +<li>Sweden and Darwin, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li>Sydney, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>T.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Tahiti, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Tasmania, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Tierra del Fuego, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li><i>Times, The</i>, on Charles Darwin, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li>Tree of Life, <a href="#Page_85">85-87</a></li> +<li>Tres Montes, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Tucutuco, Blindness of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>U.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Unitarian Church, Shrewsbury, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>V.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Valdivia, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Valparaiso, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>“Variation of Animals and Plants,” <a href="#Page_108">108-112</a></li> +<li>Variations of Species, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85-87</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108-112</a></li> +<li>Verde, Cape de, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li>“Vestiges of Creation,” <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +<li>Vivisection, Darwin on, <a href="#Page_160">160-162</a></li> +<li>Volcanic islands, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>W.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Wallace, Mr. A. R., <a href="#Page_75">75-78</a></li> +<li>Wedgwood, Josiah, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +<li>Wells, Dr., and Origin of Species, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Winchell, Prof., and evolution, <a href="#Page_168">168-169</a></li> +<li>Wollaston medal, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Woman compared with man, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Woodall, Mr. E., on Charles Darwin, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>Y.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Yates, Mr. E., on “Darwin at Home,” <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +</ul> + +<br /> +<p class="indent"><b>Z.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>Zoological Gardens, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li>“Zoology of the <i>Beagle</i>,” <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +<!--<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">- 176 -</a></span></p>--> + +<hr class="hr3" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">- i -</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY"></a>BIBLIOGRAPHY.</h2> + +<p class="smfont center">BY</p> + +<p class="center">JOHN P. ANDERSON</p> + +<p class="center">(<i>British Museum</i>).</p> + +<hr class="dbl" /> + +<div class="bibind"> +<ol> +<li><a name="IND1" id="IND1" href="#WORKS"><span class="smcap">Works.</span></a></li> +<li><a name="IND2" id="IND2" href="#MISC"><span class="smcap">Miscellaneous Writings.</span></a></li> +<li><a name="IND3" id="IND3" href="#APEND"><span class="smcap">Appendix—</span></a> + <ul class="nest"> +<li><a name="IND4" id="IND4" href="#BIOG">Biography, Criticism, etc.</a></li> +<li><a name="IND5" id="IND5" href="#MAGS">Magazine Articles.</a></li> + </ul> +</li> +<li><a name="IND6" id="IND6" href="#LIST"><span class="smcap">Chronological List of Works.</span></a></li> +</ol> +</div> + +<hr class="hr4" /> + +<p class="center"><a name="WORKS" id="WORKS" href="#Page_i"> +<span title=" Return to Bibliography. " class="hoverlink">I. WORKS.</span></a></p> +<p><br /></p> + +<div class="hangind hangapx"> +<p>Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty’s Ships Adventure and +Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of +the Southern Shores of South America, and the Beagle’s circumnavigation +of the globe. [With appendices and addenda.] 3 vols. London, 1839, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Vol. iii. is the “Journal and Remarks, 1832-1836,” by Charles Darwin. +The appendix to vol. ii. has a distinct title-page and pagination. +Some copies of this work were issued in 2 vols., the third being +complete in itself, and sold separately with the title “Journal of +Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the various +countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain +Fitzroy, R.N., from 1832 to 1836. By Charles Darwin, Esq.,” etc.</p> + +<p>Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the +Countries visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the World, +under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. Second edition, corrected, +with additions. (<i>Murray’s Colonial and Home Library.</i>) London, 1845, +8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">This has been reprinted with a new title-page reading, “A Naturalist’s +Voyage Round the World, etc.”</p> + +<p>The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain +R. Fitzroy, during the years 1832-36. Edited and superintended by C. D. +Part i., Fossil Mammalia, by R. Owen. (Part ii., Mammalia, described by +G. R. Waterhouse, with a notice of their habits and ranges by C. D. Part iii.,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">- ii -</a></span> +Birds, described by J. Gould, with a notice of their habits and +ranges by C. D., with an anatomical appendix by T. C. Eyton. Part iv., +Fish, described by L. Jenyns. Part v., Reptiles, described by T. Bell.) +5 parts. London, 1840-39-43, <span title=" 4° " class="hoverbox">4to</span>.</p> + +<p>The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Being the first part of +the Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Captain +Fitzroy, 1832 to 1836. London, 1842, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, visited during the +voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, together with some brief notices on the Geology +of Australia and the Cape of Good Hope. Being the second part of the +Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle, etc. London, 1844, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Geological Observations on South America. Being the third part of the +Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Captain +Fitzroy, etc. London, 1846, 8vo.</p> + +<p>The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, by C. D. With three +plates. Second edition, revised. London, 1874, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands and parts of South +America, visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, by C. D. Second +edition, with maps and illustrations. London, 1876, 8vo.</p> + +<p>A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidæ or Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great +Britain. (<i>Palæontographical Society.</i>) London, 1851, 4to.</p> + +<p>A Monograph of the sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the +species. (<i>Ray Society.</i>) 2 vols. London, 1851-54, 8vo.</p> + +<p>A Monograph of the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain. +(<i>Palæontographical Society.</i>) London, 1854, 4to.</p> + +<p>On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, or the +preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. By C. D. +London, 1859, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Fifth thousand. London, 1860, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Third edition, with additions and corrections. London, 1861, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Fourth edition, with additions and corrections. London, 1866, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Fifth edition, with additions and corrections. London, 1869, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Sixth edition, with additions and corrections. London, 1872, 8vo.</p> + +<p>On the Various Contrivances by which British and Foreign Orchids are +fertilised by Insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing. By C. +D. With illustrations. London, 1862, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Second edition. With illustrations. London, 1877, 8vo.</p> + +<p>The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants. By C. D. [From the Journal +of the Linnean Society.] London, 1865, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Second edition, revised. With illustrations. London, 1875, 8vo.</p> + +<p>The Variation of Animals and Plants under domestication, by C. D. With +illustrations. 2 vols. London, 1868, 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">- iii -</a></span></p> + +<p>—— Second edition, revised. Fourth thousand. With illustrations. 2 +vols. London, 1875, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Second edition, revised. Fifth thousand. With illustrations. 2 +vols. London, 1885, 8vo.</p> + +<p>The Descent of Man, and Selection in relation to Sex. By C. D. With +illustrations. 2 vols. London, 1871, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Second edition, revised and augmented. Tenth thousand. London, +1874, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Second edition, revised and augmented. Seventeenth thousand. +London, 1883, 8vo.</p> + +<p>The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. By C. D. With +photographic and other illustrations. London, 1872, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Insectivorous Plants. By C. D. With illustrations. London, 1875, 8vo.</p> + +<p>The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom. By +C. D. London, 1876, 8vo.</p> + +<p>The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same Species. By C. D. +With illustrations. London, 1877, 8vo.</p> + +<p>The Power of Movement in Plants. By C. D., assisted by Francis Darwin. +With illustrations. London, 1880, 8vo.</p> + +<p>The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms, with +observations on their habits. By C. D. With illustrations. London, 1881, +8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Fifth thousand (corrected). London, 1881, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Sixth thousand (corrected). London, 1882, 8vo.</p> +</div> + +<p><br /></p> +<p class="center"><a name="MISC" id="MISC" href="#Page_i"> +<span title=" Return to Bibliography. " class="hoverlink">II. MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS.</span></a></p> +<p><br /></p> + +<div class="hangind hangapx"> +<p>For private distribution. The following pages contain extracts from +letters addressed to Professor Henslow by C. Darwin, Esq., printed for +private distribution among the Members of the Cambridge Philosophical +Society in consequence of the geological notices which they contain, +etc. [Cambridge, 1835.] 8vo.</p> + +<p>Note sur la découverte de quelques Ossemens Fossiles dans l’Amérique du +Sud.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Annal. Sci. Nat.</i> 2nd Ser. (Zoology). Tom. vii., 1837, pp. 319, 320.</p> + +<p>Notes upon the Rhea Americana.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Zool. Soc. Proc.</i>, vol. v., 1837, pp. 35, 36.</p> + +<p>Remarks upon the Habits of the Genera Geospiza, Camarhynchus, Cactornis, +and Certhidea of Gould.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Proc. Zool. Soc.</i>, 1837, p. 49.</p> + +<p>Sur trois Espèces du Genre Felis.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>L’Institut.</i> Tom. vi., 1838, No. 235, pp. 210, 211.</p> + +<p>On the formation of Mould (1837).</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Geol. Soc. Proc.</i>, vol. ii., 1838, pp. 574-576;<br /> +<i>Geol. Soc. Trans.</i>, vol. v., 1840, pp. 505-510;<br /> +<i>Froriep, Notizen.</i> Bd. vi., 1838, col. 180-183.</p> + +<p>Observations of proofs of recent elevation on the Coast of Chili, made +during the survey of H.M.S. “Beagle,” commanded by Capt. Fitzroy (1837).</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Geol. Soc. Proc.</i>, vol ii., 1838, pp. 446-449.</p> + +<p>A sketch of the deposits containing extinct Mammalia in the +neighbourhood of the Plata (1837).</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Geol. Soc. Proc.</i>, vol. ii., 1838, pp. 542-544;<br /> +<i>Ann. Sci. Nat.</i> Tom. vii., (Zool.) 1837, pp. 319, 320.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">- iv -</a></span></p> + +<p>On certain areas of elevation and subsidence in the Pacific and Indian +Oceans, as deduced from the study of coral formations (1837).</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Geol. Soc. Proc.</i>, vol. ii., 1838, pp. 552-554;<br /> +<i>Froriep, Notizen.</i> Bd. iv., 1838, col. 100-103.</p> + +<p>Geological Notes made during a survey of the East and West Coasts of +South America in the years 1832, 1833, 1834, and 1835; with an account +of a transverse section of the Cordilleras of the Andes between +Valparaiso and Mendoza.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Geol. Soc. Proc.</i>, vol. ii., 1838, pp. 210-212.</p> + +<p>Origin of saliferous deposits. Salt Lakes of Patagonia and La Plata.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Geol. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol. ii. (pt. 2), 1838, pp. 127, 128.</p> + +<p>On the connexion of certain volcanic phenomena, and on the formation of +mountain chains, and the effects of continental elevations.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Geol. Soc. Proc.</i>, vol. ii., 1838, pp. 654-660;<br /> +<i>Geol. Soc. Trans.</i>, vol. v., 1840, pp. 601-632;<br /> +<i>Poggendorff, Annal.</i> Bd. lii., 1841, pp. 484-496.</p> + +<p>Monographia Chalciditum, by Francis Walker. (Vol. ii., Species collected +by C. Darwin.) London, 1839, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Note on a rock seen on an iceberg in 16° South Latitude.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Geog. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol. ix., 1839, pp. 528, 529.</p> + +<p>Ueber die Luftschifferei der Spinnen.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Froriep, N. Not.</i> Bd. lxxvii., No. 222, 1839, pp. 23, 24.</p> + +<p>Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, and of other parts of +Lochaber in Scotland, with an attempt to prove that they are of marine +origin.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Phil. Trans.</i>, 1839, pp. 39-82;<br /> +<i>Edinb. New Phil. Jour.</i>, vol. xxvii., 1839, pp. 395-403.</p> + +<p>On a remarkable bar of Sandstone off Pernambuco, on the coast of Brazil.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Phil. Mag.</i>, vol. xix., 1841, pp. 257-260.</p> + +<p>Notes on the effects produced by the ancient glaciers of +Caernarvonshire, and on the Boulders transported by floating ice.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Edinb. New Phil. Jour.</i>, vol. xxxiii., 1842, pp. 352, 353.</p> + +<p>On the distribution of the erratic boulders, and on the contemporaneous +unstratified deposits of South America (1841).</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Geol. Soc. Proc.</i>, vol. iii., 1842, pp. 425-430;<br /> +<i>Geol. Soc. Trans.</i>, vol. vi., 1842, pp. 415-432.</p> + +<p>The structure and distribution of Coral Reefs.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Geog. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol. xii., 1842, pp. 115-119;<br /> +<i>Poggendorff, Annal.</i> Bd. lxiv., 1845, pp. 563-613;<br /> +<i>Edinb. New Phil. Jour.</i>, vol. xxxiv., 1843, pp. 47-50.</p> + +<p>Observations on the structure and propagation of the genus Sagitta.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Ann. Nat. Hist.</i> Tom. xiii., 1844, pp. 1-6;<br /> +<i>Ann. Sc. Nat.</i> (Zool.) Tom. i., 1844, pp. 360-365;<br /> +<i>Froriep, Notizen.</i> Bd. xxx., 1844, col. 1-6.</p> + +<p>Brief descriptions of several Terrestrial Planariæ and of some +remarkable Marine species, with an account of their habits.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Ann. Nat. Hist.</i>, vol. xiv., 1844, pp. 241-251.</p> + +<p>An Account of the Fine Dust which often falls on vessels in the Atlantic +Ocean.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Geol. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol. ii., 1846, pp. 26-30.</p> + +<p>On the Geology of the Falkland Islands.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Geol. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol. ii., 1846, pp. 267-274.</p> + +<p>On the Transportal of Erratic Boulders from a lower to a higher level.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Geol. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol. iv., 1848, pp. 315-323.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">- v -</a></span></p> + +<p>A Manual of Scientific Inquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty’s +Navy, and travellers in general. Edited by Sir John F. W. Herschel. +London, 1849, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">This work, which has run through several editions, consists of a +series of papers by various writers. Charles Darwin wrote “Geology,” +pp. 156-195.</p> + +<p>On British Fossil Lepadidæ.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Geol. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol. vi., 1850, pp. 439, 440.</p> + +<p>Analogy of the structure of some Volcanic Rocks with that of Glaciers.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Edinb. Royal Soc. Proc.</i> vol. ii., 1851, pp. 17, 18.</p> + +<p>On the power of icebergs to make rectilinear uniformly-directed grooves +across a submarine undulatory surface.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Phil. Mag.</i>, vol. x., 1855, pp. 96-98.</p> + +<p>On the action of Sea-water on the germination of Seeds (1856).</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Linn. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol. i., 1857 (Bot.), pp. 130-140.</p> + +<p>On the agency of Bees in the Fertilisation of Papilionaceous Flowers, +and on the crossing of Kidney Beans.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Ann. Nat. Hist.</i>, vol. ii., 1858, pp. 459-465;<br /> +<i>Gardeners’ Chronicle</i>, 1857, pp. 725, and 1858, pp. 824, 844.</p> + +<p>On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of +Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection. By C. D. and Alfred +Wallace.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Jour. Proc. Linn. Soc.</i>, vol iii., 1859, pp. 45-62.</p> + +<p>On the variation of organic beings in a state of nature; on the natural +means of selection; on the comparison of domestic races and true +species.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Linn. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol iii., 1859, (Zool.) pp. 46-53;<br /> +<i>Halle, Zeitschr. Gesell. Nat.</i> Bd. xvi., 1860, pp. 425-459.</p> + +<p>Fertilisation of <i>Vincas</i>.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Gardeners’ Chronicle</i>, 1861, pp. 552, 831, 832.</p> + +<p>On the Two Forms, or Dimorphic Condition, in the species of Primula, +and, on their remarkable Sexual Relations.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Linn. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol. vi., 1862 (Bot.), pp. 77-96.</p> + +<p>On the three remarkable sexual forms of Catasetum tridentatum, an Orchid +in the possession of the Linnean Society.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Linn. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol. vi., 1862 (Bot.), pp. 151-157.</p> + +<p>Observations sur l’hétéromorphisme des fleurs et ses conséquences pour +fécondation.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Annal. Sci. Nat.</i> Tom. xix., 1863, (Bot.) pp. 204-255.</p> + +<p>On the thickness of the Pampean formation, near Buenos Ayres.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Geol. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol. xix., 1863, pp. 68-71.</p> + +<p>On the existence of two forms, and on their reciprocal sexual relation, +in several species of the genus Linum.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Linn. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol. vii. (Bot.), 1863, pp. 69-83.</p> + +<p>On the so-called “Auditory sac” of Cirripedes.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nat. Hist. Review</i>, 1863, pp. 115, 116.</p> + +<p>On the sexual relations of the three forms of Lythrum Salicaria (1864).</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Linn. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol. viii., 1865, (Bot.) pp. 169-196;<br /> +<i>Archives Sci. Phys. Nat.</i> Tom. xxiii., 1865, pp. 69-72.</p> + +<p>On the movements and habits of Climbing Plants (1865).</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Linn. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol. ix., 1867, (Bot.) pp. 1-118;<br /> +<i>Flora</i>, vol. xlix., 1866, pp. 241-252, 273-282, 321-325, 337-345, 375-378, 385-398.</p> + +<p>Queries about Expression for Anthropological Inquiry.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Report of Smithsonian Institution</i> for 1867, p. 324.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">- vi -</a></span></p> + +<p>Note on the Common Broom (Cytisus Scoparius).</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Linn. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol ix., 1867 (Bot.), p. 358.</p> + +<p>On the character and hybrid-like nature of the offspring from the +illegitimate unions of dimorphic and trimorphic plants.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Linn. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol. x., 1869 (Bot.), pp. 393-437.</p> + +<p>On the specific difference between Primula veris, <i>Brit. Fl.</i> (<i>var.</i> +officinalis, <i>Linn.</i>), P. vulgaris, <i>Brit. Fl.</i> (<i>var.</i> acaulis, +<i>Linn.</i>) and P. elatior, <i>Jacq.</i> and on the hybrid nature of the common +Oxlip. With supplementary remarks on naturally-produced hybrids in the +genus Verbascum.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Linn. Soc. Jour.</i>, vol. x., 1869 (Bot.), pp. 437-454.</p> + +<p>De la variation des animaux et des plantes sous l’action de la +domestication. (<i>Transl.</i>)</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Archives Sci. Phys. Nat.</i> Tom. xxxiv., 1869, pp. 41-66.</p> + +<p>The Fertilisation of Winter-flowering Plants.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. i., 1869, p. 85.</p> + +<p>Notes on the Fertilisation of Orchids.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.</i>, vol. iv., 1869, pp. 141-159.</p> + +<p>Note on the habits of the Pampas Woodpecker: Colaptes campestris.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Zool. Soc. Proc.</i>, 1870, pp. 705, 706.</p> + +<p>Pangenesis.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. iii., 1871, pp. 502, 503.</p> + +<p>Fertilisation of <i>Leschenaultia</i>.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Gardeners’ Chronicle</i>, 1871, p. 1166.</p> + +<p>Origin of certain Instincts.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. vii., 1873, pp. 417, 418.</p> + +<p>On the males and complemental males of certain Cirripedes, and on +rudimentary structures.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. viii., 1873, pp. 431-433.</p> + +<p>Perception in the lower animals.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Zoologist</i>, vol. viii., 1873, pp. 3488-3489;<br /> +<i>Nature</i>, vol. vii., 1878, p. 360.</p> + +<p>Fertilisation of the Fumariaceæ.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. ix., 1874, p. 460.</p> + +<p>Flowers of the Primrose destroyed by birds.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. ix., 1874, p. 482; vol. x., p. 24.</p> + +<p>Sexual Selection in relation to Monkeys.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xv., 1876, pp. 18, 19.</p> + +<p>Testimonial to Mr. Darwin. Evolution in the Netherlands. Letter of Mr. +Darwin.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xv., 1877, pp. 410-412.</p> + +<p>A Biographical Sketch of an Infant.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Mind</i>, vol. ii. (No. 7, July 1877), pp. 285-294.<br /> +Les Débuts de l’intelligence; Esquisse biographique d’un petit enfant, <i>Revue +Scientifique</i>, tom. 13, 1877, pp. 25-29.</p> + +<p>The Contractile Filaments of the Teasel.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xvi., 1877, p. 339.</p> + +<p>Fritz Müller on Flowers and Insects.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xvii., 1877, p. 78.</p> + +<p>Note on Fertilisation of Plants.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Gardeners’ Chronicle</i>, 1877, p. 246.</p> + +<p>Transplantation of Shells.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xviii., 1878, p. 120.</p> + +<p>Flowers and their unbidden guests, from the German of Dr. A. Kerner. +With a prefatory letter by C. D. London, 1878, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Erasmus Darwin. By Ernst Krause. Translated from the German by W. S. +Dallas. With a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin. London, 1879, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Originally appeared in “Kosmos.” Charles Darwin wrote the life, pp. +1-127 for the English edition, which on the publication of the work in +book form in Germany (1880) was translated and appears in that +edition, pp. 1-72. A copy of this work in the Library of the British +Museum contains MS. Notes by Samuel Butler.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">- vii -</a></span></p> + +<p>Fritz Müller on a Frog having Eggs on its back: on the Abortion of the +Hairs on the Legs of certain Caddis Flies, etc.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xix., 1879, pp. 462-464.</p> + +<p>Rats and Water Casks.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xix., 1879, p. 481.</p> + +<p>Fertility of Hybrids from the Common and Chinese Goose.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xxi., 1880, p. 207.</p> + +<p>The Sexual Colours of certain Butterflies.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xxi., 1880, p. 237.</p> + +<p>The Omari Shell Mounds.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xxi., 1880, pp. 561, 562.</p> + +<p>Sir Wyville Thomson on Natural Selection.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xxiii., 1880, p. 32.</p> + +<p>Black Sheep.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xxiii., 1880, p. 103.</p> + +<p>Movements of Plants.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xxiii., 1881, p. 409.</p> + +<p>Mr. Darwin on Vivisection.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xxiii., 1881, p. 583.</p> + +<p>The Movements of Leaves.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xxiii., 1881, pp. 603, 604.</p> + +<p>Inheritance.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xxiv., 1881, p. 257.</p> + +<p>Leaves injured at night by free radiation.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xxiv., 1881, <span class="hoverbox" title=" pp. ">p.</span> 459.</p> + +<p>On the Bodily and Mental Development of Infants.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xxiv., 1881, p. 565.</p> + +<p>Studies in the Theory of Descent, by August Weismann. Translated and +edited by K. Meldola, with a prefatory notice by Charles Darwin. 3 pts., +London, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>The parasitic habits of Molothrus.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xxv., 1882, pp. 51, 52.</p> + +<p>The action of Carbonate of Ammonia on the roots of certain plants.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Linn. Soc. Jour.</i> (Bot.), vol. xix., 1882, pp. 239-261;<br /> +abstract by Mr. Francis Darwin in <i>Nature</i>, vol. xxv., 1882, pp. 489-490.</p> + +<p>The action of Carbonate of Ammonia on Chlorophyll Bodies.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Linn. Soc. Jour.</i> (Bot.), vol. xix., 1882, pp. 262-284;<br /> +abstract by Mr. Francis Darwin in <i>Nature</i>, vol. xxv., 1882, pp. 489, 490.</p> + +<p>On the dispersal of freshwater bivalves.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Nature</i>, vol. xxv., 1882, pp. 529, 530.</p> + +<p>On the Modification of a Race of Syrian Street Dogs by means of Sexual +Selection. By Dr. Van Dyck. With a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Proc. of the Zool. Soc. of London</i>, 1882, pp. 367-370.</p> + +<p>Mental Evolution in Animals. By George John Romanes. With a posthumous +essay on Instinct, by Charles Darwin. London, 1883, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Mémoire inédit sur l’instinct.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Revue Scientifique</i>, tom. vi., 1883, pp. 749, 750.</p> + +<p>The Fertilisation of Flowers. By Prof. Hermann Mueller. Translated and +edited by D’Arcy W. Thompson. With a preface by Charles Darwin. London, +1883, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Notes on Parasites collected by C. D., by T. Spencer Cobbold.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"><i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i> (Zoology), vol. xix., 1885, pp. 174-178.</p> +</div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<p class="center"><a name="APEND" id="APEND" href="#Page_i"> +<span title=" Return to Bibliography. " class="hoverlink">III.—APPENDIX.</span></a></p> + +<p class="center"><a name="BIOG" id="BIOG" href="#Page_i"> +<span title=" Return to Bibliography. " class="hoverlink smcap">Biography, Criticism, etc.</span></a></p> +<p><br /></p> + +<p>The European Literature upon Charles Darwin and his Works is so +extensive that it is only possible to give a selection.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">- viii -</a></span></p> + +<div class="hangind hangapx"> +<p>Adams, W. H. Davenport.—Master Minds in Art, Science, and Letters. +London, 1886, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Charles Darwin, with portrait, pp. 251-276.</p> + +<p>Allen, Grant.—The Evolutionist at Large. [Reprinted from the <i>St. +James’s Gazette</i>.] London, 1881, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— English Worthies. Edited by Andrew Lang. Charles Darwin, by G. A. +London, 1885, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Argyll, Duke of.—The Reign of Law. London, 1867, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">References to Charles Darwin.</p> + +<p>—— The Unity of Nature. London, 1884, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Numerous references to Charles Darwin.</p> + +<p>Armstrong, R. A.—Modern Sermons. No. 3. Charles Darwin, by the Rev. R. +A. Armstrong. Manchester [1885], 8vo.</p> + +<p>Aveling, Edward B.—The Student’s Darwin. (<i>International Library of +Science and Freethought</i>, vol. ii.) London, 1881, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Darwinism and Small Families. London, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— The Religious Views of Charles Darwin. London, 1883, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Baildon, Henry B.—The Spirit of Nature, being a series of +interpretative essays on the history of matter from the atom to the +flower. London, 1880, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Balfour, Francis M.—A Treatise on Comparative Embryology, 2 vols. +London, 1880-1, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Bateman, Frederic.—Darwinism tested by language; with a preface by +Edward Meyrick Goulburn, Dean of Norwich. London, 1877, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Bennett, A. W.—The Theory of Natural Selection from a mathematical +point of view. (Read before section D of the British Association, at +Liverpool, Sept. 20, 1870.)</p> + +<p>Bennett, D. M.—The World’s Sages, Infidels, and Thinkers. New York, +1876, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Darwin, pp. 846-848.</p> + +<p>Benson, Lawrence S.—Philosophic Reviews. Darwin answered; or, Evolution +a myth, etc. New York, 1875, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Bentham, George.—“Addresses of George Bentham, President, read at the +meetings of the Linnean Society, 1862-1873.”</p> + +<p>Berkeley, Hon. G. C. Grantley F.—Fact against Fiction. With some +remarks on Darwin. 2 vols. London, 1874, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Bernardo, D. di.—Il Darwinismo e le specie animali. Siena, 1881, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Bianconi, J. Joseph.—La Théorie Darwinienne et la Création dite +Indépendante. Bologne, 1874, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Biological Society of Washington.—Proceedings of the Biological Society +of Washington. With the addresses read on the occasion of the Darwin +Memorial Meeting, May 12, 1882. Washington, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<div class="blkqtbib"><p style="margin-bottom: .1em">With vol. xxv. of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. +The addresses delivered on the occasion were—</p> +<p class="margapx" style="margin-top: .1em"> +Introductory by Theodore Gill;<br /> +Biographical Sketch by William H. Dall;<br /> +The Philosophic Bearings of Darwinism, by John W. Powell;<br /> +Darwin’s Investigations on the relation of Plants and Insects, by C. V. Riley;<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">- ix -</a></span> +Darwin as a Botanist, by L. F. Ward;<br /> +Darwin on Emotional Expression, by F. Baker;<br /> +a Darwinian Bibliography, by F. W. True. +</p> +</div> + +<p>Blind, Mathilde.—Shelley’s View of Nature contrasted with Darwin’s. +London, 1886, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Only 25 copies of this lecture were printed for private distribution.</p> + +<p>Boase, Henry S.—A few words on Evolution and Creation, etc. London, +1832, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Braubach, W.—Religion, Moral, und Philosophie der Darwin’schen +Artlehre. Neuwied, 1869, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Bree, C. R.—Species not Transmutable, nor the result of secondary +causes. Being a critical examination of Mr. Darwin’s work entitled +“Origin and Variation of Species.” London [1860], 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— An Exposition of Fallacies in the Hypothesis of Mr. Darwin. London, +1872, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Büchner, Ludwig.—Sechs Vorlesungen über die Darwin’sche Theorie, etc. +Leipzig, 1868, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Conférences sur la Théorie Darwinienne de la Transmutation des +Espèces, etc. Leipzig, 1869, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Butler, Samuel.—Evolution, old and new; or, the theories of Buffon, Dr. +Erasmus Darwin, and Lamarck, as compared with that of Mr. Charles +Darwin. London, 1879, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Second edition. London, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Unconscious Memory, etc. London, 1880, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Luck or Cunning, as the main means of organic modification? An +attempt to throw additional light upon the late Mr. Charles Darwin’s +Theory of Natural Selection. London, 1887, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Candolle, Alphonse de.—Histoire des Sciences et des Savants depuis deux +Siècles, suivie d’autres études sur des sujets scientifiques, en +particulier sur la <span title=" Selection " class="hoverbox">Sélection</span> dans +l’Espèce Humaine. Genève, 1873, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Darwin considéré au point de vue des causes de son succès et de +l’importance de ses travaux. Deuxième édition. Genève, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Canestrini, Giovanni.—La Teoria dell’ Evoluzione esposta ne’ suoi +fondamenti come introduzione alla lettura delle opere del Darwin e de’ +suoi seguaci. Torino, 1877, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Carlyle, Rev. Gavin.—The Battle of Unbelief. London, 1878, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Darwinianism and Man, pp. 149-173.</p> + +<p>Carneri, B.—Sittlichkeit und Darwinismus. Wien, 1871, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Cartoon Portraits.—Cartoon Portraits and Biographical Sketches of Men +of the Day. London, 1873, 4to.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">C. R. Darwin, F.R.S., pp. 6 and 7.</p> + +<p>Cattell, Charles C.—Is Darwinism Atheistic? (<i>The Atheistic Platform</i>, +No. viii.) London, 1884, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Celakovsky, Ladislav.—Uvahy Prirodovĕdecké o Darwinovĕ Theorii, +etc. V Praze, 1877, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Cleland, John.—Evolution, Expression, and Sensation, etc. Glasgow, +1881, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Cobbe, Frances Power.—Darwinism in Morals, and other Essays. London, +1872, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Collins, Mortimer.—Pen Sketches by a Vanished Hand; from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">- x -</a></span> papers of +the late Mortimer Collins. 2 vols. London, 1879, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Darwinism, vol. ii., pp. 51-61.</p> + +<p>Conn, H. W.—Evolution of To-day, etc. New York, 1886, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Cook, Joseph.—Boston Monday Lectures. Heredity, etc. London, 1881, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Darwin’s Theory of Pangenesis, pp. 59-79;<br /> +Darwin on the Origin of Conscience, pp. 80-99.</p> + +<p>Cooper, Thomas.—Evolution, the Stone Book, and the Mosaic Record of +Creation. London, 1878, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Thoughts at fourscore, and earlier. A Medley. London, 1885, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Charles Darwin and the Fallacies of evolution, pp. 132-162;<br /> +The Origin of Species, pp. 322-334.<br /></p> + +<p>Cope, E. D.—Origin of the Fittest. London, 1887, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Cunningham, J. T.—The Round Table Series. (No. 5.) Charles Darwin, +Naturalist. Edinburgh, 1886, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Curtis, George T.—Creation or Evolution? A Philosophical Inquiry. +London, 1887, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Darwin, Charles R.—The Darwinian Theory of the Transmutation of Species +examined by a Graduate of the University of Cambridge. Second edition. +London, 1868, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— The Fall of Man: or, the Loves of the Gorillas. A popular +scientific lecture upon the Darwinian Theory of Development by Sexual +Selection. By a Learned Gorilla. Edited by the author of “The New Gospel +of Peace.” [Illustrated.] New York, 1871, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Our Blood Relations; or, the Darwinian Theory. London, 1872, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Stammen wir von den Affen ab? [Being a reply to +Darwin’s Origin of Species.] Dresden, 1872, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— The Fall of Man; an answer to Mr. Darwin’s “Descent of Man,” +being a complete refutation, by common sense arguments, of the Theory of +the Development of the human race by means of natural selection. London, +1873, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— The Darwinian Theory examined. London, 1878, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Bondige uiteenzetting van het Darwinisme voor leeken in de +natuurwetenschappen. Deventer, 1878, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— What Mr. Darwin saw in his voyage round the world in the ship +“Beagle.” [Illustrated.] New York [1879], 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Die Grundlehren der wahren Naturreligion nach Darwin und +<span class="hoverbox" title=" Hæckel ">Haeckel</span>. Berlin, 1881, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Darwinism stated by Darwin himself. Characteristic passages from +the writings of C. D., selected and arranged by N. Sheppard. New York, +1884, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Daubeny, Charles.—Remarks on the final causes of the Sexuality of +Plants, with particular reference to Mr. Darwin’s work on the Origin of +Species. Oxford, 1860, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Miscellanies: being a collection of Memoirs and Essays, etc. 2 +vols. Oxford, 1867, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Remarks on the Final Causes of the Sexuality of Plants, etc., vol. +ii., pp. 85-107.</p> + +<p>Davey, Samuel.—Darwin, Carlyle, and Dickens, with other essays. London +[1876], 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">- xi -</a></span></p> + +<p>Davies, Charles M.—Mystic London; or, phases of occult life in the +Metropolis. London, 1875, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">“Darwinism on the Devil,” pp. 179-197.</p> + +<p>Diman, Jeremiah Lewis.—The Theistic Argument as effected by recent +theories. A course of lectures delivered at the Lowell Institute in +Boston. [Edited, with a preface, by G. P. Fisher.] Boston, 1881, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Dixon, Charles.—Evolution without Natural Selection; or, the +Segregation of Species without the aid of the Darwinian Hypothesis. +London, 1885, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Dodel, <i>afterwards</i> Dodel-Port, Arnold. Die neuere Schöpfungsgeschichte +nach dem gegenwärtigen Stande der Naturwissenschaften, etc. Leipzig, +1875, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Draper, Professor.—“On the Intellectual Development of Europe, +considered with reference to the views of Mr. Darwin and others, that +the Progression of Organisms is determined by Law.” Paper read at the +Oxford Meeting of the British Association, 1860, with discussion. +(<i>Gardeners’ Chronicle</i>, Aug. 6, 1860, pp. 713, 714.)</p> + +<p>Dreher, Eugen.—Der Darwinismus und seine Consequenzen in +<span title=" wissenchaftlicher " +class="hoverbox">wissenschaftlicher</span> und socialer Beziehung. Halle, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Drury, John B.—Veddes Lectures, 1883. Truths and Untruths of Evolution. +New York [1884], 8vo.</p> + +<p>Dubois-Reymond, Emil.—Darwin <i>versus</i> Galiani. Berlin, 1876, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Friedrich II. in Englischen Urtheilen. Darwin und +Kopernicus, etc. Leipzig, 1884, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Ducasse, Félix.—Étude historique et critique sur le Transformisme, etc. +Paris, 1876, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Dumont, Léon A.—Haeckel et la théorie de l’évolution en Allemagne. +Paris, 1873, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Duval, Mathias.—Le Darwinisme. Paris, 1886, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Dykes, Rev. J. Oswald.—Problems of Faith, a contribution to present +controversies, being a third series of Lectures to Young Men, etc. With +a preface by the Rev. J. O. D. London, 1875, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Disputed Questions of Belief; being Lectures to Young Men, etc. +London, 1874, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Evolution: An Exposition and Critique by the Rev. H. S. Paterson, pp. +183-252.</p> + +<p>Elam, Charles.—Winds of Doctrine: being an examination of the modern +theories of automatism and evolution. London, 1876, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Encyclopædia Americana.—The Encyclopædia Americana, etc. New York, +1885, 4to.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Articles Darwin and Darwinism, vol. ii., pp. 542-555.</p> + +<p>Encyclopædia Britannica.—The Encyclopædia Britannica. Ninth edition. +Vol 8. Edinburgh, 1877, 4to.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">The article <i>Evolution</i> by Professor Huxley and James Sully.</p> + +<p>Ercolani, Luigi.—Darwinismo. Reggio, Calabria, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Essays.—English Essays. Hamburg, 1869, 12mo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Mr. Darwin’s Theories, vol. ii., pp. 108-138. Reprinted from the +<i>Westminster Review</i>, January 1869.</p> + +<p>Fawcett, Henry.—On the Method<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">- xii -</a></span> of Mr. Darwin in his Treatise on the +Origin of Species. (<i>Report of the 31st Meeting of the British +Association</i>, 1861, p. 141.) London, 1862, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Fée, A.—Le Darwinisme, ou Examen de la Théorie relative à l’origine des +espèces. Paris, 1864, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Appeared originally in the <i>Gazette Hebdomadaire de Médecine et de +Chirurgie</i>, 1864.</p> + +<p>Ferrière, Émile.—Le Darwinisme. Paris, 1872, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Ferris, Benjamin G.—A new theory of the Origin of Species. New York, +1883, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Fiske, John.—Darwinism, and other Essays. London, 1879, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Another edition. Boston [U.S.], 1885, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy, based on the Doctrine of Evolution, +etc. 2 vols. London, 1874, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Numerous references to Charles Darwin.</p> + +<p>—— Excursions of an Evolutionist. London, 1884, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">In memoriam: Charles Darwin, pp. 337-369.</p> + +<p>—— The Destiny of Man viewed in the light of his Origin. Boston [U.S.], +1884, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— The Idea of God as affected by modern knowledge. London, 1885, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Flourens, M. J. P.—Examen du livre de M. Darwin sur l’origine des +espèces. Paris, 1864, 12mo.</p> + +<p>Flower, Professor W. H. On Palæontological Evidence of Gradual +Modification of Animal Forms, read at the Royal Institution of Great +Britain, April 25, 1873 (<i>Journal of the Royal Institution</i>).</p> + +<p>Force, M. F.—Pre-historic Man. Darwinism and Deity. The Mound Builders. +Cincinnati, 1873, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Galton, Francis.—Hereditary Genius: an inquiry into its laws and +consequences. London, 1869, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">References to C. D.</p> + +<p>—— English Men of Science: their nature and nurture. London, 1874, +8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">References to C. D.</p> + +<p>—— Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development. London, 1883, +8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">References to C. D.</p> + +<p>Geology.—Geology and its Teaching, especially as it relates to the +Development Theory as propounded in “Vestiges of Creation” and Darwin’s +“Origin of Species.” Reprinted from the “Leeds Express.” London, 1861, +12mo.</p> + +<p>Gibson, Rev. Charles B.—Philosophy, Science, and Revelation. Second +edition. London, 1874, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Goblet d’Alviella, Count Eugène.—The Contemporary Evolution of +Religious Thought in England, America, and India. Translated by J. +Moden. London, 1885, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Graham, William.—The Creed of Science, religious, moral, and social. +London, 1881, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Gray, Asa.—Natural Selection not inconsistent with Natural Theology. A +free examination of Darwin’s Treatise on the Origin of Species and of +its American Reviewers. London, 1861, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Appeared originally in the <i>Atlantic Monthly</i> for July, August, and +October, 1860.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">- xiii -</a></span></p> + +<p>—— Darwiniana: Essays and Reviews pertaining to Darwinism. New +York, 1876, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Greaves, C. A.—The Science of Life; and Darwin’s Hypothesis. Two +lectures. London [1873], 8vo.</p> + +<p>Haeckel, Ernst H. P. A.—Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. +Allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch +begründet durch die von Charles Darwin, etc. 2 Bde. Berlin, 1866, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte, etc. Berlin, 1868, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Die heutige Entwickelungslehre im Verhältnisse zur +Gesammtwissenschaft. Stuttgart, 1877, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Gesammelte populäre Vorträge aus dem Gebiete der +Entwickelungslehre. Bonn, 1878-79, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Anthropogenie, oder Entwickelungsgeschichte des Menschen, etc. +Leipzig, 1874, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— The Evolution of Man, etc. From the German of E. H. [With plates.] +2 vols. London, 1879, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Ziele und Wege der heutigen +<span title=" Entwickelungs-geschichte " class="hoverbox">Entwickelungsgeschichte</span>. +Jena, 1875, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Die Naturanschauung von Darwin, Goethe, und Lamarck. Jena, 1882, +8vo.</p> + +<p>—— The Pedigree of Man: and other Essays, by E. Haeckel. Translated +from the German by Edward B. Aveling. (<i>International Library of Science +and Freethought</i>, vol. 6.) London, 1883, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Hall, A. Wilford.—The Problem of Human Life,... with a review of +Darwin, Huxley, etc. Revised edition. New York, 1880, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Hallier, Ernst.—Darwin’s Lehre und die Specification. Hamburg, 1865, +8vo.</p> + +<p>Hartmann, C. R. E. von.—Wahrheit und Irrthum im Darwinismus. Berlin, +1875, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Darwinismus und Thierproduction. München, 1876, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Le Darwinisme, traduit de l’Allemand par Georges Guéroult. Paris, +1877, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Hartsen, F. A.—Darwin en de Godsdienst. Eene populaire uiteenzetting +van het Darwinisme, etc. Leyden, 1869, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Heller, Karl B.—Darwin und der Darwinismus. Wien, 1869, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Henslow, George.—The Theory of Evolution of living things, and the +application of the principles of evolution to religion considered as +illustrative of the “Wisdom and Beneficence of the Almighty.” London, +1873, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— The Fertilisation of Plants: a lecture [on D.’s +Cross-and-Self-Fertilisation of Plants] delivered 8th March, 1877. +(<i>Transactions of the Watford Nat. Hist. Soc.</i> Vol. i., 1878, pp. +201-210.)</p> + +<p>Hertwig, R.—Gedächtnissrede auf Charles Darwin. Königsberg, 1883, 4to.</p> + +<p>Hertzka, Theodor.—Die Urgeschichte der Erde und des Menschen, I. +Vorlesung über die Darwin’sche Theorie, etc. Pest, 1871, 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">- xiv -</a></span></p> + +<p>Hicks, L. E.—A Critique of Design-Arguments, etc. New York, 1883, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Darwinism and Design, pp. 308-330.</p> + +<p>Hodge, Charles.—What is Darwinism? London, 1874, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Hoffmann, Hermann.—Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung des Werthes von +Species und Varietät, etc. Giessen, 1869, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Huber, Johannes.—Die Lehre Darwin’s kritisch betrachtet von Dr. J. H. +München, 1871, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Humiecki, M.—Darwinizm. Lwów, 1878, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Huxley, Thomas Henry.—Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature. London, +1863, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews. London, 1870, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"> +The Origin of Species, pp. 280-327. Reprinted from the <i>Westminster Review</i>, +April 1860;<br /> +Criticisms on “The Origin of Species,” pp. 328-350. Reprinted from the +<i>Natural History Review</i>, 1864. +</p> + +<p>—— Critiques and Addresses. London, 1873, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Mr. Darwin’s Critics, pp. 251-302. Reprinted from the <i>Contemporary +Review</i>, 1871.</p> + +<p>—— Science and Culture, and other Essays. London, 1881, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">The Coming of Age of the “Origin of Species,” pp. 310-324.</p> + +<p>Jacoby, Paul.—Études sur la Sélection dans ses rapports avec l’hérédité +chez l’homme, etc. Paris, 1881, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Jaeger, Gustav.—Die Darwin’sche Theorie und ihre Stellung zu Moral und +Religion. Stuttgart [1869], 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— In Sachen Darwin’s insbesondere contra Wigand. Stuttgart, 1874, +8vo.</p> + +<p>James, Constantin.—Du Darwinisme, ou l’homme-singe. Paris, 1877, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Johns, Rev. B. G.—Moses, <i>not</i> Darwin: a sermon. London, 1871, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Kalischer, S.—Teleologie und Darwinismus. Berlin, 1878, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Kirby, W. F.—Evolution and Natural Theology. London, 1883, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Darwin and his Critics, pp. 50-68.</p> + +<p>Kirk, Rev. John.—The Doctrine of Creation according to Darwin, Agassiz +and Moses. London, 1869, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Kleinenberg, Nicolaus.—Carlo Darwin e l’opera sua. Discorso +commemorativo letto nell’ aula della R. <span title=" Universitá " class="hoverbox">Università</span> +di Messina il 21 Maggio 1882. Messina, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Klönne, B. H.—Onze Voorouders volgens de Theorie van Darwin en het +Darwinisme van Winkler. Met gravuren. ’S Hertogenbosch, 1869, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Kölliker, Albrecht.—Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen und der höheren +Thiere, etc. Leipzig, 1861, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Zweite Auflage. Leipzig, 1879, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Kramer, Paul.—Theorie und Erfahrung. Beiträge zur Beurtheilung des +Darwinismus. Halle a/S., 1877. 8vo.</p> + +<p>Krause, Ernest.—Erasmus Darwin und seine Stellung in der Geschichte der +Descendenz-Theorie. Mit seinem Lebens- und Charakterbilde von C. Darwin. +Leipzig, 1880, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">References to C. D.’s family. Originally appeared in <i>Kosmos</i>. The +life by C. D. is a translation from the English edition (1879).</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">- xv -</a></span></p> + +<p>—— Erasmus Darwin.—Translated from the German by W. S. +Dallas. With a preliminary notice by C. Darwin. Portrait and woodcuts. +London, 1879, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">The Life by C. D. pp. 1-127. There is a copy of this work in the +Library of the British Museum which contains MS. Notes by Samuel +Butler.</p> + +<p>—— Charles Darwin und sein <span title=" Verhältniss " class="hoverbox">Verhältnis</span> +zu Deutschland. (<i>Gesammelte Kleinere Schriften</i>, Bd., 1.) Leipzig, 1885, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Laing, F. H.—Essays on Religion and Literature. By various writers. +Edited by Henry Edward, Archbishop of Westminster. Third Series. London, +1874, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Darwinism brought to Book, by the Rev. F. H. Laing, pp. 257-283.</p> + +<p>Laing, Sidney Herbert.—Darwinism Refuted. An Essay on Mr. Darwin’s +Theory of “The Descent of Man.” London, 1871, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Lanessan, J. L. de.—Étude sur la Doctrine de Darwin. La lutte pour +l’existence et l’association pour la lutte. Paris, 1881, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Lankester, Edwin Ray.—Degeneration: a chapter in Darwinism. (<i>Nature +Series.</i>) London, 1880, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Lecomte, A.—La Darwinisme et l’origine de l’homme. Paris, 1873, 12mo.</p> + +<p>Le Conte, Joseph.—Religion and Science: a series of Sunday Lectures on +the relation of natural and revealed religion, etc. London, 1874, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Le Hon, H.—L’Homme Fossile en Europe, etc. (Appendice-Abrégé de la +Théorie de Darwin ou Transformisme, traduit de l’Italien du Prof. +Omboni). Deuxième édition. Bruxelles, 1868, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Lessona, Michele.—Carlo Darwin. Roma, 1883, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Commemorazione di Carlo Darwin (<i>Atti della R. Accad. delle Scienze +di Torino</i>, vol. xviii., 1882, pp. 709-718). Torino, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Lewes, George Henry.—Problems of Life and Mind. Three Series. London, +1874-79, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Lichthorn, C.—Die Erforschung der physiologischen Naturgesetze der +menschlichen Geistestätigkeit auf der Grundlage der neuesten grossen +Entdeckungen Dubois-Reymond’s, Darwin’s und Häckel’s über die organische +Natur, etc. Breslau, 1875, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Liddon, H. P.—The Recovery of St. Thomas: a sermon preached in St. +Paul’s Cathedral, April 23, 1882, with a prefatory note on the late Mr. +Darwin. London, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Lindsay, William Lander.—Mind in the Lower Animals in health and +disease. 2 vols. London, 1879, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Löwenthal, Eduard.—Herr Schleiden und der Darwin’sche +Arten-Entstehungs-Humbug. Berlin, 1864, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Lyell, Sir Charles.—Life, Letters, and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, +Bart. Edited by his sister-in-law, Mrs. Lyell. 2 vols. London, 1881, +8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Contains a number of Letters to C. D.</p> + +<p>Lyon, W. P.—Homo <i>versus</i> Darwin: a judicial examination of statements +recently published by Mr. Darwin regarding “The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">- xvi -</a></span> Descent of Man.” Second +edition. London [1872], 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Third edition. London [1873], 8vo.</p> + +<p>M’Cann, Rev. James.—Anti-Darwinism: with Professor Huxley’s reply. +Glasgow, 1869, 8vo.</p> + +<p>McCarthy, Justin.—A History of Our Own Times. A new edition. 4 vols. +London, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Charles Darwin, vol. iv., pp. 286-288.</p> + +<p>Maclaren, James.—A Critical Examination of some of the principal +arguments for and against Darwinism. London, 1876, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Natural Theology in the Nineteenth Century. London, 1878, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Mäklin, F. W.—Allmänna betraktelser öfver den Darwinska +descendenslärens <span title=" förtallande " class="hoverbox">förhållande</span> till ochmed de organiska formernas och +isynnerhet djurens geografisk utbredning. Helsingfors, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Mantegazza, Paolo.—Commemorazione di Carlo Darwin. Discorso del +Professor P. M. Firenze, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Martins, C.—La théorie de l’évolution en histoire naturelle. Paris, +1876, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Maschi, Luigi.—Confutazione delle Dottrine Transformistiche di Huxley, +Darwin, etc. Parma, 1874, <span title=" 8v " class="hoverbox">8vo</span>.</p> + +<p>Menza, Antonino.—Il Concetto Scientifico di Darwin sviluppato dalla +Filosofia Positiva. Saggio critico di A. M. Catania, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Meteyard, Eliza.—A group of Englishmen (1795 to 1815), being records of +the younger Wedgwoods and their friends. London, 1871, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Numerous references to the Darwin family.</p> + +<p>Meyer, A. B.—Charles Darwin und Alfred Russel Wallace. Ihre ersten +Publicationen über die “Entstehung der Arten” nebst einer Skizze ihres +Lebens und einem Verzeichniss ihrer Schriften. Erlangen, 1870, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Miall, L. C.—The Life and Works of Charles Darwin; a lecture delivered +to the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, on February 6, 1883. +Leeds, 1883, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Michelis, Fr.—Die Naturwissenschaftliche <span title=" Unhaltbarkheit " class="hoverbox">Unhaltbarkeit</span> +der Darwinschen Hypothese. Heidelberg, 1885, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Mivart, Saint George.—On the Genesis of Species. London, 1871, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Men and Apes, an exposition of structural resemblances bearing upon +questions of affinity and origin. London, 1873, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Contemporary Evolution. An essay on some recent social changes. +London, 1876, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Nature and Thought; an introduction to a Natural Philosophy. +London, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Second edition. London, 1885, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Moleschott, Jacob.—Carlo Roberto Darwin. Commemorazione pronunziata a +nome degli studenti dell’ Università di Roma, 25 di Giugno, 1882. +Torino, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Karl Robert Darwin.—Denkrede gehalten im Collegio Romano im Namen +der Studirenden der Hochschule zu Rom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">- xvii -</a></span> von Jacob Moleschott. Giessen, +1883, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Morris, Rev. F. O.—Difficulties of Darwinism. Read before the British +Association at Norwich and Exeter, in 1868 and 1869, etc. London, 1869, +8vo.</p> + +<p>—— All the Articles of the Darwin Faith. London [1882], 8vo.</p> + +<p>Moss, Arthur B.—Darwin against Moses. London [1885], 8vo.</p> + +<p>Müller, Aug.—Ueber die erste Entstehung organischer Wesen und deren +Spaltung in Arten. Berlin, 1866, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Müller, F. Max.—Lectures on the Science of Language, etc. Two Series. +London, 1861-64, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Several editions.</p> + +<p>—— Chips from a German Workshop. 4 vols. London, 1867-75, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">My reply to Mr. Darwin, vol. iv., pp. 433-472; reprinted from the +Contemporary Review, Jan. 1875.</p> + +<p>—— The Science of Thought. London, 1887, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Müller, Fritz.—Für Darwin. Leipzig, 1864, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Facts and Arguments for Darwin. Translated from the German by W. S. +Dallas. London, 1869, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Müller, Hermann.—Anwendung der Darwinschen Lehre auf Bienen. Berlin, +1872, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Die Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insekten und die gegenseitigen +Anpassungen beider, etc. Leipzig, 1873, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— The Fertilisation of Flowers. Translated and edited by D’Arcy W. +Thompson, with a preface by C. Darwin. With illustrations. London, 1883, +8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Alpenblumen, ihre Befruchtung, durch Insekten und ihre +Anpassungen an dieselben. Mit Abbildungen, etc. Leipzig, 1881, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Nature Series.—Charles Darwin. Memorial notices reprinted from +“Nature.” [With a portrait on steel by C. H. Jeens.] London, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<div class="blkqtbib"><p style="margin-bottom: .1em">Contents—</p> +<p class="margapx" style="margin-top: .1em"> +Introductory Notice, by T. H. Huxley;<br /> +Life and Character, by G. J. Romanes;<br /> +Work in Geology, by Archibald Geikie;<br /> +Work in Botany, by W. T. T. Dyer;<br /> +Work in Zoology, by G. J. Romanes;<br /> +Work in Psychology, by G. J. Romanes. +</p></div> + +<p>Neaves, Lord.—The Descent of Man. A continuation of an old Song. Air, +“Greensleeves” (<i>Darwin loquitur</i>). [Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, +vol. 109, 1871, pp. 517-519.]</p> + +<p>—— Songs and Verses, social and scientific. Edinburgh, 1868, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">The Origin of Species, pp. 1-4;<br /> +The Darwinian Era of Farming, pp. 8, 9.</p> + +<p>Nicholson, H. Alleyne.—On the hearing of certain palæontological facts +upon the Darwinian Theory of the Origin of Species, and on the general +doctrine of Evolution. (<i>Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria +Institute</i>, vol. ix., 1876, pp. 207-231; Discussion on preceding, pp. +231-236.)</p> + +<p>O’Neill, T. Warren.—The Refutation of Darwinism; and the Converse +Theory of Development. Philadelphia, 1880, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Ormathwaite, Lord.—Astronomy and Geology compared. London, 1872, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Remarks on the Theories of Mr. Darwin and Mr. Buckle, pp. 67-111.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">- xviii -</a></span></p> + +<p>Page, David.—Strictures upon the lectures—on the subject, +“Man—whence? where? whither?” and an exposure of the Darwinian +Development Theory, etc. Edinburgh, 1867, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Parker, W. Kitchen.—On Mammalian Descent: the Hunterian Lectures for +1884. London, 1885, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Pascoe, Francis P.—Notes on Natural Selection and the Origin of +Species. London, 1884, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Patané, Agostino.—Il Darwinismo (a proposito dell ’opera—Di Bernardo). +Acireale, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Patterson, Robert.—The Errors of Evolution. An examination of the +nebular theory, geological evolution, the origin of life, and Darwinism. +London, 1885, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Pawlicki, Stefan.—Czlowiek i Malpa. Ostatnie Slowo Darwina. Lwów, 1872, +8vo.</p> + +<p>Peebles, J. M.—The Conflict between Darwinism and Spiritualism. Boston, +1876, 12mo.</p> + +<p>Pelzeln, August von.—Bemerkungen gegen Darwin’s Theorie vom Ursprung +der Spezies. Wien, 1861, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Perrier, Edmond.—La Philosophie Zoologique avant Darwin. Paris, 1884, +8vo.</p> + +<p>Pfaff, Friedrich.—Die Theorie Darwin’s und die Thatsachen der Geologie. +Frankfort, a.M., 1876, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Polo y Peyrolon, Manuel.—Parentesco entre el hombre y el Mono. +Observaciones contra el Transformismo Darvinista en general y +especialmente contra el orígen símio, etc. Madrid, 1878, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Portanova, Gennaro.—Errori e delirii del Darwinismo. Napoli, 1872, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Porter, J. L.—Science and Revelation: their destructive provinces. With +a review of the theories of Tyndall, Huxley, Darwin, and Herbert +Spencer. Belfast, 1874, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Powell, B. H. Baden.—Creation and its Records, etc. London, 1886, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Pratt, John H.—The Descent of Man, in connection with the Hypothesis of +Development. A lecture, etc. London, 1871, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Prel, Karl F. du.—Der Kampf um’s Dasein am Himmel. Die Darwin’sche +Formel nachgewiesen in der Mechanik der Sternenwelt. Berlin, 1874, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Properzi, Geremia.—Un poco di buon senso, ovvero saggio di un esame +critico popolare delle teorie pedagogiche di P. Siciliani e delle +materialistiche dei Büchner, Darwin, etc. Genova, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Psychosis.—Our Modern Philosophers, Darwin, Bain, and Spencer, or the +Descent of Man, Mind and Body. A rhyme [on C. R. Darwin’s “Descent +<span title=" of of " class="hoverbox">of</span> +Man,” etc.], with reasons, essays, notes and quotations. By Psychosis. +London, 1884, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Punch.—Punch. London, 1871, 1877, 1882, 4to.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib"> +Our Family Tree (6 verses), vol. 60, 1871, p. 105;<br /> +Darwin and Pickwick (3 verses), p. 145;<br /> +The Development of Dress (6 verses), p. 197;<br /> +A Darwinian Ballad (4 verses), p. 234;<br /> +The Origin of Darwinism, vol. 61, p. 69;<br /> +A Darwinian Development (6 verses), p. 110;<br /> +Darwinian Spiritualism, p. 196;<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">- xix -</a></span> +Punch to Dr. Darwin (8 verses), vol. 73, 1877, p. 241;<br /> +Memorial Poem (6 lines), vol. 82, 1882, p. 203. +</p> + +<p>Pusey, S. E. B. Bouverie.—Permanence and Evolution; an inquiry unto the +supposed mutability of animal types. London, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Quadri, Achille.—Note alla Teoria Darwiniana. Bologna, 1869, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Quatrefages de Bréau, A. de.—Charles Darwin et ses précurseurs +Français; étude sur le Transformisme. Paris, 1870, 8vo.</p> + +<p>R., G.—The Three Barriers: notes on Mr. Darwin’s “Origin of Species.” +Edinburgh, 1861, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Rade, E.—Charles Darwin und seine Deutschen Anhänger im Jahre 1876. +Strassburg, 1877, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Ragusa, C. F.—Saggio critico sul Darwinismo, etc. Napoli, 1878, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Renooz, C. M.—L’origine des animaux. Théorie réfutant celle de M. +Darwin. Paris, 1883, 12mo.</p> + +<p>Reus y Bahamonde, Emilio.—Estudios sobre Filosofía de la Creacion, etc. +Madrid, 1876, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Richardson, George.—On the spirit in which scientific studies should be +pursued, with remarks on the Darwinian theory of Evolution. A lecture, +etc. London, 1872, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Rolle, Friedrich.—Charles Darwin’s Lehre von der Entstehung der Arten +<span title=" un " class="hoverbox">im</span> Pflanzen- und Thierreich, etc. Frankfurt am Main, 1863, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Der Mensch, seine Abstammung und Gesittung im Lichte der +Darwin’schen Lehre, etc. Frankfurt am Main, 1866, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Romanes, George John.—Animal Intelligence. (<i>International Scientific +Series</i>, vol. xli.) London, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— The Scientific Evidences of Organic Evolution. (<i>Nature Series.</i>) +London, 1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Mental Evolution in Animals. With a posthumous essay on Instinct by +Charles Darwin. London, 1883, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Numerous references to C. D.</p> + +<p>—— Physiological Selection; an additional suggestion on the Origin of +Species. (<i>Journal of the Linnean Society</i>, vol. 19, 1885, pp. 337-411.)</p> + +<p>Ross, James.—The Graft Theory of Disease, being an application of Mr. +Darwin’s Hypothesis of Pangenesis to the explanation of the phenomena of +the Zymotic Diseases. London, 1872, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Rossi, D. C.—Le Darwinisme et les générations spontanées, ou réponse +aux réfutations de MM. P. Flourens, de Quatrefages, etc. Paris, 1870, +12mo.</p> + +<p>Roux, Wilhelm.—Ueber die Leistungsfähigkeit der Principien der +Descendenzlehre zur Erklärung der Zweckmässigkeiten des thierischen +Organismus. Breslau, 1880, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Der Kampf der Theile im Organismus, etc. Leipzig, 1881, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Royer, Clémence.—Darwinisme. (<i>Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences +Médicales</i>, vol. xxv., <span class="hoverbox" title=" {blank} ">pp.</span> 698-767.) Paris, 1880, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Rütimeyer, L.—Die Grenzen der Thierwelt. Eine Betrachtung zu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">- xx -</a></span> Darwin’s +Lehre. Basel, 1868, 8vo.</p> + +<p>St. Clair, George.—Darwinism and Design; or, Creation by Evolution. +London, 1873, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Schleicher, August.—Die Darwinsche Theorie und die Sprachwissenschaft. +Weimar, 1863, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Darwinism tested by the Science of Language. Translated from the +German, with preface and additional notes, by Dr. Alex. V. W. Bikkers. +London, 1869, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Schmid, Rudolf.—Die Darwin’schen Theorien und ihre Stellung zur +Philosophie, Religion und Moral. Stuttgart, 1876, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— The Theories of Darwin, and their relation to philosophy, religion, +and morality. Translated from the German, by G. A. Zimmermann. With an +introduction by the Duke of Argyll. Chicago, 1883, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Schmidt, Eduard Oscar.—Das Alter der Menschheit und das Paradies. Zwei +Vorträge von O. S. und Franz Unger. Wien, 1866, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Descendenzlehre und Darwinismus. Leipzig, 1873, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— The Doctrine of Descent and Darwinism (<i>International Scientific +Series</i>). London, 1875, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Descendance et Darwinisme. Paris, 1875, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Darwinismus und Socialdemocratie. Bonn, 1878, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Schneider, G. H.—Der thierische Wille, etc. Leipzig [1880], 8vo.</p> + +<p>Schultze, Fritz.—Kant und Darwin. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der +Entwicklungslehre. Jena, 1875, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Schumann, Richard.—Darwinismus und Kirche. Potsdam, 1874, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Seidlitz, Georg.—Die Darwin’sche Theorie. Dorpat, 1871, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Beiträge zur Descendenz-Theorie. Leipzig, 1876, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Semper, Carl.—The natural conditions of existence as they affect animal +life. With maps and woodcuts. (<i>International Scientific Series</i>, vol. +xxxi.) London, 1881, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Simon, Léon.—De l’Origine des <span title=" Especès " class="hoverbox">Espèces</span>, +en particulier du système Darwin: conférences, etc. Paris, 1865, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Simonin, Amédée H.—Psychologie Humaine. Histoire de la Psychologie, +etc. Paris, 1879, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Darwin et le Darwinisme, pp. 418-443.</p> + +<p>Spencer, Herbert.—First Principles. London, 1862, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— The Principles of Biology. 2 vols. London, 1864, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Spengel, J. W.—Die Darwinsche Theorie. Berlin, 1872, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Die Fortschritte des Darwinismus. Cöln, 1874, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Stebbing, Thomas R. R.—Darwinism. A lecture delivered before the +Torquay Natural History Society, February 1, 1869. London, 1869, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Darwinism.—The Noachian Flood. A lecture delivered before the +Torquay Natural History Society, January 31, 1870. London, 1870, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Essays on Darwinism. London, 1871, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Stephen, Leslie.—Essays on Freethinking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">- xxi -</a></span> and Plain speaking. London, +1873, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Darwinism and Divinity, pp. 72-109.</p> + +<p>—— Life of Henry Fawcett. London, 1885, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Charles Darwin, pp. 98-102 and 239.</p> + +<p>Strümpell, Ludwig.—Die Geisteskräfte der Menschen verglichen mit denen +der Thiere. Ein Bedenken gegen Darwin’s Ansicht über denselben +Gegenstand. Leipzig, 1878, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Suckling, H.—Anti-Darwin: or some reasons for not accepting his +hypothesis. By the author of “Ceylon, ancient and modern” [H. Suckling]. +Twickenham, 1884, 16mo.</p> + +<p>Swift, Edmund.—Evolution and Natural Selection in the Light of the New +Church, etc. London, 1879, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Tefft, Benjamin F.—Evolution and Christianity; or, an answer to the +Development Infidelity of modern times. Boston [U.S.], 1885, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Thomson, George.—Evolution and Involution. London, 1880, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Traill, H. D.—The new Lucian, being a series of Dialogues of the Dead. +London, 1884, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Lucretius, Paley, and Darwin, pp. 287-312.</p> + +<p>True, Frederick W.—A Darwinian Bibliography. (<i>Smithsonian +Miscellaneous Collections</i>, vol. xxv., 1883, pp. 92-101.)</p> + +<p>Twemlow, Maj.-Gen. George.—Facts and fossils adduced to prove the +Deluge of Noah and mollify the transmutation system of Darwin, etc. +London [1868], 8vo.</p> + +<p>Tyndall, John.—Fragments of Science. 2 vols. London, 1879, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Vadalà-Papale, G.—Darwinismo Naturale e Darwinismo Sociale. Torino, +1882, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Vianna De Lima, Arthur.—Exposé sommaire des Théories Transformistes de +Lamarck, Darwin et Haeckel. Paris, 1885, 12mo.</p> + +<p>Virchow, Rudolph.—Die Freiheit der <span title=" Wissenchaft " class="hoverbox">Wissenschaft</span> im +modernen Staat, etc. Berlin, 1877, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— The Freedom in Science in the Modern State. Translated from the +German. London, 1878, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Wagner, A.—Zur Feststellung des Artbegriffes. München, 1861, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Wagner, Carl.—Stammt der Mensch vom Affen ab? Stuttgart, 1879, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Wagner, Moritz.—Die Darwin’sche Theorie und das Migrationsgesetz der +Organismen. Leipzig, 1868, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— The Darwinian Theory and the Law of the Migration of Organisms. +Translated from the German of M. W. by James L. Laird. London, 1873, +8vo.</p> + +<p>Wainwright, Samuel.—Scientific Sophisms. A review of current theories +concerning Atoms, Apes, and Men. London, 1881, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Walford, Edward.—Portraits of Men of Eminence in Literature, Science, +and Art, etc. London, 1866, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Charles Robert Darwin, with portrait, vol. v., pp. 49-52.</p> + +<p>Wallace, Alfred Russel.—Natural Selection—Mr. Wallace’s reply to Mr. +Bennett. (<i>Nature</i>, vol. iii, 1870, pp. 49, 50.)</p> + +<p>—— Contributions to the theory of Natural Selection. A series of +essays. London, 1871, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Ward, Lester F.—Dynamic Sociology, or applied Social Science, etc. 2 +vols. New York, 1883, 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">- xxii -</a></span></p> + +<p>Weidenhammer, R.—Die landwirthschaftliche Thierzucht, als Argument der +Darwin’schen Theorie. Stuttgart, 1864, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Weismann, August.—Über die Berechtigung der Darwin’schen Theorie. +Leipzig, 1868, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Studien zur Descendenz-Theorie. Leipzig, 1875, etc., 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Studies in the Theory of Descent. Translated and edited by R. +Meldola, with a prefatory notice, by Charles Darwin. 3 pts. London, +1880-82, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Werner, Hermann.—Ueber Darwin’s Theorie von der Entstehung der Arten +und der Abstammung des Menschen. Elberfeld, 1876, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Weygoldt, G. P.—Darwinismus, Religion, Sittlichkeit, etc. Leiden, 1878, +8vo.</p> + +<p>Wieser, Johann.—Mensch und Thier ... mit Rücksicht auf die Darwin’sche +Descendenzlehre. Freiburg im Breisgau, 1875, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Wiesner, Julius.—Das Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen. Eine kritische +Studie über das gleichnamige Werk von Charles Darwin. [“On the movements +and habits of Climbing Plants.”] Wien, 1881, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Wigand, Albert.—Der Darwinismus und die Naturforschung Newtons und +Cuviers. 3 Bde. Braunschweig, 1874, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Wilberforce, Samuel.—Essays contributed to the Quarterly Review. 2 +vols. London, 1874, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Darwin’s Origin of Species (July 1860), vol. i., pp. 52-103.</p> + +<p>Wilson, Andrew.—Leisure-Time Studies, chiefly Biological. London, 1879, +8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">References to Charles Darwin.</p> + +<p>—— Chapters on Evolution. London, 1883, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Numerous references to Charles Darwin.</p> + +<p>—— Studies in Life and Sense. With thirty-six illustrations. London, +1887, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Winn, J. M.—Darwin. Reprinted from The Journal of Psychological +Medicine, vol. viii., part 2. London [1883], 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Modern Pseudo-Philosophy. London [1878], 8vo.</p> + +<p>Woodall, Edward.—Transactions of the Shropshire Archæological and +Natural History Society. Vol. viii., 1885. Shrewsbury [1885], 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Contains a paper on Charles Darwin, contributed by Edward Woodall, pp. +1-64, with a portrait and illustrations.</p> + +<p>—— Charles Darwin. A paper contributed to the Transactions of the +Shropshire Archæological Society. London [1884], 8vo.</p> + +<p>Worsley-Benison, H. W. S.—Charles Darwin. [Reprinted from the Journal +of Microscopy and Natural Science.] Bath, 1886, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Wright, Chauncey.—Darwinism: being an examination of Mr. St. George +Mivart’s Genesis of Species. [Reprinted from the ‘North American +Review,’ July 1871, with additions.] London, 1871, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Yates, E. H.—Celebrities at Home. Reprinted from “The World.” London, +1877, 8vo.</p> + +<p class="blkqtbib">Mr. Darwin at Down. Second series, pp. 223-230.</p> + +<p>Yorke, J. F.—Notes on Evolution and Christianity. London, 1882, 8vo.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">- xxiii -</a></span></p> + +<p>Young, J. R.—Modern Scepticism, viewed in relation to Modern Science; +more especially in reference to the doctrines of Colenso, Huxley, Lyell, +and Darwin, etc. London, 1865, 8vo.</p> + +<p>Zacharias, Otto.—Zur Entwicklungstheorie. Jena, 1876, 8vo.</p> + +<p>—— Charles R. Darwin und die culturhistorische Bedeutung seiner +Theorie vom Ursprung der Arten. Berlin, 1882, 8vo.</p> +</div> +<p><br /></p> +<p class="center"><a name="MAGS" id="MAGS" href="#Page_i"> +<span title=" Return to Bibliography. " class="hoverlink smcap">Magazine Articles.</span></a></p> +<p><br /></p> + +<div class="hangind"> +<p>Darwin, Charles Robert.</p> + +<ul> +<li>—Unsere Zeit, by J. Schönemann, Bd. 7, 1863, pp. 699-718.</li> +<li>—Ergänzungsblätter zur <span class="hoverbox" title=" Kentniss ">Kenntniss</span> der Gegenwart, by J. B. Carus, Bd. 3, 1868, pp. 46-48.</li> +<li>—Every Saturday, with portrait, vol. 10, p. 347.</li> +<li>—Eclectic Magazine, with portrait, vol. 13, N.S., 1871, pp. 757, 758.</li> +<li>—Appleton’s Journal of Literature, with portrait, vol. 3, 1870, pp. 439-441.</li> +<li>—Penn Monthly Magazine, vol. 2, 1871, pp. 469-472.</li> +<li>—Once a Week, with portrait, vol. 9, third series, 1872, pp. 520-523.</li> +<li>—Popular Science Monthly, with portrait, vol. 2, 1873, pp. 497, 498.</li> +<li>—Nature, with portrait, by Asa Gray, vol. 10, 1874, pp. 79-81;</li> +<li> same article, Popular Science Monthly, vol. 5, 1874, pp. 475-480;</li> +<li> American Naturalist, vol. 8, 1874, pp. 473-479.</li> +<li>—Dublin University Magazine, with portrait, vol. 2, N.S., 1878, pp. 154-163.</li> +<li>—Men of Mark, with portrait, third series, 1878.</li> +<li>—Times, April 21, 1882.</li> +<li>—American Journal of Science, by Asa Gray, vol. 24, 1882, pp. 453-463.</li> +<li>—Wesleyan Methodist Magazine, by W. Spiers, vol. 105, 1882, pp. 488-494.</li> +<li>—Saturday Review, April 22, 1882, pp. 481, 482.</li> +<li>—Athenæum, April 29, 1882, pp. 541, 542, and May 13, pp. 604, 605.</li> +<li>—Academy, by Grant Allen, April 29, 1882, pp. 306, 307.</li> +<li>—Journal of Botany, by A. W. Bennett, vol. 11, N.S., 1882, pp. 165-168.</li> +<li>—Atlantic Monthly, by John Fiske, vol. 49, 1882, pp. 835-845.</li> +<li>—American Naturalist, vol. 16, 1882, pp. 487-490.</li> +<li>—Dial, by David S. Jordan, vol. 3, 1882, pp. 2-4.</li> +<li>—Zoologist, vol. 6, third series, 1882, pp. 193-196.</li> +<li>—Unsere Zeit, by J. Victor Carus, Bd. 2, 1882, pp. 200-226.</li> +<li>—Spectator, 1882, pp. 525, 526, 557, 558.</li> +<li>—Inquirer, by W. Binns, May 6, 1882, pp. 297, 298.</li> +<li>—Nature, vol. 26, 1882, pp. 49-51, 73-75, 97-100, 145-147, 169-171, reprinted in <i>Nature Series</i>, 1882.</li> +<li>—Geological Magazine, vol. 9, N.S., 1882, pp. 239, 240.</li> +<li>—Journal of Microscopy, by H. W. S. Worsley-Benison, vol. 5, 1886, pp. 69-92; reprinted same year.</li> +</ul> + +<p>—— <i>and Chemistry.</i> Christian Scientific Magazine, by Andrew Taylor, +April 1887.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and Copernicus.</i> Nature, by Du Bois Reymond, vol. 27, 1883, pp. +557, 558.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and Evolution.</i> Church Quarterly Review, vol. 14, 1882, pp. +347-367.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and Galiani.</i> Popular Science Monthly, by Prof. Emil du +Bois-Reymond, vol. 14, 1879, pp. 409-425.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">- xxiv -</a></span></p> + +<p>—— <i>and Haeckel.</i> Popular Science Monthly, by Professor Huxley, vol. +6, 1875, pp. 592-598.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and his Teachings.</i> Quarterly Journal of Science, illustrated, +vol. 3, 1866, pp. 151-176.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and Pangenesis.</i> Scientific Opinion, vol. 2, 1869, pp. 365-367, 391-393, 407, 408.</p> +<p class="margapx">—Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. 5, 1868, pp. 295-313. +</p> + +<p>—— <i>Pangenesis as applied to the faculty of memory.</i> Journal of +Anthropology, by Alfred Sanders, Oct. 1870, pp. 144-149.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and Philosophy.</i> Contemporary Review, by Sir A. Grant, vol. 17, +1871, pp. 275-281;<br />same article, Littell’s Living Age, vol. 109, 1871, +pp. 626-631.</p> + +<p>—— <i>e la Filosofia del Secolo XIX.</i> Rivista Europea, by C. Bizzozero, +vol. 29, 1882, pp. 5-34.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and Spencer, Huxley, and Tyndall.</i> Dickinson’s Theological Annual, +by George B. Cheever, 1875, pp. 418-441.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Animals and Plants under Domestication.</i> Boston Review, by C. R. +Bliss, vol. 9, 1869, pp. 453-462.</p> + +<ul> +<li>—Student and Intellectual Observer, vol. 1, 1868, pp. 179-188.</li> +<li>—Westminster Review, vol. 35, N.S., 1869, pp. 207-227.</li> +<li>—Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, vol. 36, 1867, pp. 58-63.</li> +<li>—Nuova Antologia, by P. Mantegazza, tom. 8, 1868, pp. 70-98.</li> +<li>—Das Ausland, No. 10, 1868, pp. 217-224; +<br />No. 11, pp. 246-251, and 281-286.</li> +</ul> + +<p>—— <i>Answered.</i> Penn Monthly Magazine, vol. 6, 1875, pp. 368-372.</p> + +<p>—— <i>as a Botanist.</i> Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, by Lester +F. Ward, vol. 25, 1883, pp. 81-86.</p> + +<p>—— <i>as a Horticulturist.</i> Gardeners’ Chronicle, with portrait, March +6th, 1875, pp. 308, 309.</p> + +<p>—— <i>before the French Academy.</i> Nature, vol. 2, 1870, pp. 261, 298, and 309.</p> +<p class="margapx">—Das Ausland, 1870, pp. 855-857.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Biography of.</i> Biograph, vol. 6, 1881, pp. 525-529.</p> +<p class="margapx">—Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, by William H. Dall, vol. 25, 1883, pp. 56-59.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Contributions to Philosophy.</i> Smithsonian Miscellaneous +Collections, by John W. Powell, vol. 25, 1883, pp. 60-70.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Critics on.</i> Contemporary Review, by T. H. Huxley, vol. 18, 1871, +pp. 443-476; reprinted in Critiques and Addresses, by Huxley, 1873.</p> + +<p>—— <i>et ses Critiques.</i> Revue des Deux Mondes, by Auguste Laugel, tome +74, sêconde période, 1868, pp. 130-156.</p> + +<p>—— <i>und seine Gegner.</i> Aus Ausland, 1871, pp. 88-91.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom.</i> American +Journal of Science, by Asa Gray, vol. 13, 3rd Series, 1877, pp. 125-141.</p> +<p class="margapx">—Nature, by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, vol. 15, 1877, pp. 329-332.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Debt of Science to.</i> Illustrated. Century, by Alfred R. Wallace, +vol. 25, 1883, pp. 420-432.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv">- xxv -</a></span> +—— <i>Descent of Man.</i> Academy, by Alfred R. Wallace, vol. 2, 1871, pp. 177-183.</p> + +<ul> +<li>—Athenæum, March 4, 1871, pp. 275-277.</li> +<li>—Saturday Review, vol. 31, 1871, pp. 276, 277, and 315, 316.</li> +<li>—All the Year Round, vol. 5, N.S., 1871, pp. 445-450.</li> +<li>—Nature, by P. H. Pye-Smith, vol. 3, 1871, pp. 442-444, and 463-465.</li> +<li>—Revue des Deux Mondes, by R. Radau, vol. 95, 1871, pp. 675-690.</li> +<li>—Monthly Religious Magazine, vol. 45, p. 501.</li> +<li>—Southern Review, vol. 9, 1871, pp. 733-738.</li> +<li>—Lutheran Quarterly, by C. Thomas, vol. 2, pp. 213, etc., and 346, etc.</li> +<li>—Nation, by B. G. Wilder, vol. 12, 1871, pp. 258-260.</li> +<li>—Month, by A. Weld, vol. 15, 1871, pp. 71-101.</li> +<li>—Old and New, vol. 3, 1871, pp. 594-600.</li> +<li>—Quarterly Journal of Psychological Society, vol. 5, 1871, pp. 550-566.</li> +<li>—British and Foreign Evangelical Review, by J. R. Leebody, vol. 21, 1872, pp. 1-35.</li> +<li>—Edinburgh Review, vol. 134, 1871, pp. 195-235.</li> +<li>—Quarterly Review, vol. 131, 1871, pp. 47-90;</li> +<li> same article, Eclectic Magazine, vol. 14, N.S., pp. 385-404, 605-611;</li> +<li> Littell’s Living Age, vol. 23, 4th series, pp. 67-90.</li> +<li>—Canadian Monthly, by H. Alleyne Nicholson, vol. 1, 1872, pp. 35-45.</li> +<li>—Westminster Review, vol. 42, N.S., 1872, pp. 378-400.</li> +<li>—Baptist Quarterly, by E. Nisbet, vol. 7, 1873, pp. 204-227.</li> +<li>—Brownson’s Quarterly Review, July, 1873, pp. 340-352.</li> +<li>—Journal of Speculative Philosophy, by J. H. Pepper, vol. 10, 1876, pp. 134-141.</li> +<li>—Charing Cross, by J. C. Hodgson, vol. 6 N.S., 1878, pp. 254-266.</li> +</ul> + +<p>—— <i>Doctrine of.</i> Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, by Theodore +Gill, vol. 25, 1883, pp. 47-55.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.</i> St. Paul’s +Magazine, by Henry Holbeach, vol. 12, 1873, pp. 190-211.</p> + +<ul> +<li>—Edinburgh Review, vol. 137, 1873, pp. 492-528;</li> +<li> same article, Littell’s Living Age, vol. 118, 1873, pp. 3-23.</li> +<li>—Academy, by Anton Dohrn, vol. 4, 1873, pp. 209-212.</li> +<li>—Athenæum, Nov. 9 and 16, 1872, pp. 591 and 631, 632.</li> +<li>—Saturday Review, vol. 34, 1872, pp. 633-635.</li> +<li>—Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, by Frank Baker, vol. 25, 1883, pp. 87-92.</li> +<li>—Revue Scientifique, by A. Bain, vol. 7, 1874, pp. 433-441.</li> +</ul> + +<p>—— <i>Facts and Fancies of.</i> Good Words, by David Brewster, 1862, pp. +3-9.</p> + +<p>—— <i>His Biographers and his Traducer.</i> Journal of Science, vol. 5, 3rd +series, 1883, pp. 203-210.</p> + +<p>—— <i>His Mistake.</i> Catholic World, vol. 39, 1884, pp. 289-300.</p> + +<p>—— <i>His Work in Entomology.</i> Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, +vol. 25, 1883, pp. 70-81.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Hypotheses of.</i> Fortnightly Review, by G. H. Lewes, vol. 9, 1868, +pp. 353-373, 611-628, and vol. 10, pp. 61-80, 492-509.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Hypothesis and Design in Nature.</i> Dickinson’s Theological Annual, +by George F. White, 1877, pp. 404-419.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Insectivorous Plants.</i> Nature, by Alfred W. Bennett, vol. 12, +1875, pp. 207-209, and 228-231.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxvi" id="Page_xxvi">- xxvi -</a></span></p> + +<p>—— <i>Life and Work.</i> Modern Review, by W. B. Carpenter, vol. 3, 1882, pp. 500-524.</p> + +<p class="margapx">—Canadian Monthly, vol. 8, N.S., 1882, pp. 540-542.</p> + +<p>—— <i>On a Future State.</i> Spectator, 1882, p. 1249.</p> + +<p>—— <i>On Coral Reefs.</i> Nature, by James D. Dana, vol. 10, 1874, pp. 408-410.</p> + +<ul> +<li>—Nature, by John Murray, vol. 22, 1880, pp. 351-354.</li> +<li>—Proc. of the Royal Society, Edinb., by John Murray, vol. 10, pp. 505-518 [abstract].</li> +</ul> + +<p> +—— <i>On Earth Worms.</i> Fraser’s Magazine, by F. A. Paley, vol. 25, N.S., 1882, pp. 46-53.</p> + +<ul> +<li>—Nature, by George J. Romanes, vol. 24, 1881, pp. 563-556.</li> +<li>—Academy, by H. N. Moseley, vol. 20, 1881, pp. 313, 314.</li> +<li>—Athenæum, Oct. 15, 1881, pp. 499, 500.</li> +<li>—Saturday Review, vol. 52, 1881, pp. 578, 579.</li> +</ul> + +<p>—— <i>On His Travels.</i> Penn Monthly, by R. E. Thompson, vol. 2, 1871, +pp. 562-572.</p> + +<p>—— <i>On Orchids.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>—Weldon’s Register, by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1862, pp. 38, 39.</li> +<li>—Popular Science Review, vol. 1, N.S., 1877, pp. 174-180.</li> +<li>—Edinburgh New Philosophical Magazine, vol. 16, N.S., 1862, pp. 277-285.</li> +<li>—Das Ausland, No. 29, 1862, pp. 681-685.</li> +<li>—Das Ausland, No. 13, 1865, pp. 294-297, and No. 14, pp. 319-322.</li> +</ul> + +<p> +—— <i>Origin of Species.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>—Saturday Review, vol. 8, 1859, pp. 775, 776.</li> +<li>—Athenæum, Nov. 19, 1859, pp. 659, 660.</li> +<li>—Quarterly Review, by S. Wilberforce, vol. 108, 1860, pp. 225-264.</li> +<li>—Edinburgh Review, vol. 111, 1860, <span title=" pp. pp. " class="hoverbox">pp</span>. 487-532.</li> +<li>—Atlantic Monthly, by A. Gray, vol. 6, 1860, pp. 109-116, and 229-239.</li> +<li>—Westminster Review, by T. H. Huxley, vol. 17, N.S., 1860, pp. 541-570.</li> +<li>—American Journal of Science, reprinted in Lay Sermons, etc. 1860, by + A. Gray, vol. 79, 1860, pp. 153-184.</li> +<li>—National Review, vol. 10, 1860, pp. 188-214.</li> +<li>—North British Review, vol. 32, 1860, pp. 455-486; +<br />vol. 46, 1867, pp. 277-318.</li> +<li>—Christian Examiner, by J. A. Lowell, vol. 68, 1860, pp. 449-464.</li> +<li>—British Quarterly Review, vol. 31, 1860, pp. 398-421;</li> +<li> same article, Eclectic Magazine, vol. 50, pp. 331-345.</li> +<li>—Eclectic Review, vol. 3, N.S., 1860, pp. 217-242.</li> +<li>—Chambers’s Journal, vol. 12, 1860, pp. 388-391.</li> +<li>—London Review, vol. 14, pp. 281-308.</li> +<li>—American Presbyterian Review, vol. 20, pp. 349, etc.</li> +<li>—Macmillan’s Magazine, by Henry Fawcett, vol. 3, 1860, pp. 81-92.</li> +<li>—Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. 2, N.S., 1860, pp. 280-289.</li> +<li>—Revue des Deux Mondes, by A. Laugel, tom. 26, 1860, pp. 644-671.</li> +<li>—Christian Observer, vol. 60, 1860, pp. 561-574.</li> +<li>—Canadian Journal, vol. 5, N.S., pp. 367, etc.</li> +<li>—Canadian Journal, by W. Hincks, vol. 8, N.S., pp. 390, etc.</li> +<li>—American Journal of Science, vol. 80, by F. Bowen, 1860, pp. 226-239.</li> +<li>—North American Review, vol. 90, 1860, pp. 474-506.</li> +<li>—Register of Literature, Aug. 1860, pp. 1-7.</li> +<li>—Das Ausland, No. 5, 1860, pp. 97-101, 135-140; +<br />No. 4, 1867, pp. 73-80;<br />No. 3, 1870, pp. 59-62. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxvii" id="Page_xxvii">- xxvii -</a></span></li> +<li>—Revue Germanique, by E. Claperède, tom. 16, 1861, pp. 523-559, and tom. 17, pp. 232-263.</li> +<li>—Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, by + H. H. Higgins, No. 15, 1861, pp. 42-49, and pp. 135-140.</li> +<li>—Methodist Quarterly Review, by W. C. Wilson, vol. 43, 1861, pp. 605-627.</li> +<li>—American Quarterly Church Review, vol. 17, 1865, pp. 169-198.</li> +<li>—Revue des Deux Mondes, by George Pouchet, tom. 85, 1870, pp. 691-703.</li> +<li>—Revue des Deux Mondes, by A. de Quatrefages;</li> +<li> vol. 78, 1868, pp. 832-860, <i>Les Précurseurs + <span title=" Francais " class="hoverbox">Français</span> de Darwin</i>;</li> +<li> vol. 79, pp. 208-240, <i>La Théorie de Darwin</i>;</li> +<li> vol. 80, pp. 64-95 and 397-452, <i>Discussion des Théories Transformistes</i>;</li> +<li> vol. 80, pp. 638-672, <i>Théories de la Transformation progressive et + de la Transformation brusque</i>;</li> +<li> <i>Origine Simienne de l’homme</i>.</li> +<li>—Fortnightly Review, by G. H. Lewes, vol. 9, 1868, pp. 353-373, and 611-628.</li> +<li>—Nation, by B. G. Wilder, vol. 12, 1871, pp. 199-201.</li> +<li>—Month, by A. Weld, vol. 4, N.S., 1871, pp. 71-101.</li> +<li>—Monthly Religious Magazine, vol. 50, pp. 496, etc.</li> +<li>—Nature, by A. W. Bennett, vol. 5, 1872, pp. 318, 319.</li> +</ul> + +<p>—— —— <i>Agassiz’ Views of the Origin of Species.</i> Proceedings of +Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, by C. Collingwood, No. +15, 1861, pp. 81-99.</p> + +<p>—— —— <i>A Characterisation of the Origin of Species.</i> Journal of +Science, by Oswald Dawson, vol. 7, 3rd Ser., 1885, pp. 441-458.</p> + +<p>—— —— <i>Criticisms on the Origin of Species.</i> Natural History Review, +by T. H. Huxley, vol. 4, 1864, pp. 566-580; reprinted in Lay Sermons, +1870.</p> + +<p>—— —— <i>Coming of Age of the Origin of Species.</i> Nature, by T. H. +Huxley, vol. 22, 1880, pp. 1-4;<br />same article, Popular Science Monthly, +vol. 17, 1880, pp. 337-344.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Philosophy of Language.</i> Fraser’s Magazine, by Professor Max +Müller, vol. 7, N.S., 1873, pp. 525-541 and 659-678, and vol. 8, N.S., +pp. 1-24;<br />same article, Eclectic Magazine, vol. 18, N.S., pp. 75-88, +148-163, and 257-275.</p> + +<p>—— —— <i>Max Müller on.</i> Proceedings of Literary and Philosophical +Society of Liverpool, No. 27, 1873, pp. xli-liii.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Phrenological Delineation of.</i> Phrenological Magazine, with +portrait, vol. 1, 1880, pp. 89-92.</p> + +<p> +—— <i>Power of Movement in Plants.</i> Saturday Review, vol. 51, 1881, pp. 57, 58.</p> + +<ul> +<li>—Edinburgh Review, vol. 153, 1881, pp. 497-514.</li> +<li>—Academy, by George Henslow, vol. 19, 1881, pp. 120-122.</li> +<li>—Athenæum, Dec. 18, 1880, pp. 817, 818.</li> +<li>—Journal of Botany, vol. 10, 1881, pp. 375-381.</li> +<li>—Nation, by Asa Gray, Jan. 6 and 13, 1876; reprinted in Darwiniana, by Asa Gray, 1876.</li> +<li>—Dial, by David S. Jordan, vol. 1, 1881, pp. 255-257.</li> +</ul> + +<p>—— <i>Reminiscence of.</i> Harper’s New Monthly Magazine (portrait), by +James D. Hague, vol. 69, 1884, pp. 759-763.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxviii" id="Page_xxviii">- xxviii -</a></span></p> + +<p>—— <i>Studies in.</i> American Church Review, by J. F. Garrison, vol. 27, +1875, pp. 197-218.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Testimonial to, in the Netherlands.</i> American Naturalist, vol. 11, +1877, pp. 295-300.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Theories of.</i> Dial, by A. L. Chapin, vol. 3, 1882, pp. 168, 169.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Theory of Instinct.</i> Nineteenth Century, by G. F. Romanes, vol. +16, 1884, pp. 434-450.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Works of.</i> Westminster Review, N.S., vol. 62, 1882, pp. 85-121.</p> + +<p><i>Darwinian Eden.</i>—Overland Monthly, by M. G. Upton, vol. 7, 1871, pp. 159-166.</p> + +<p><i>Darwinian Idea.</i>—Every Saturday, vol. 10, pp. 414, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Darwinism.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>—Christian Examiner, by J. A. Lowell, vol. 68, 1860, pp. 449-464.</li> +<li>—Dublin Review, vol. 48, 1860, pp. 50-81.</li> +<li>—Unitarian Review, by W. H. Furness, vol. 5, p. 291, etc.</li> +<li>—Unitarian Review, by L. J. Livermore, vol. 3, p. 237, etc.</li> +<li>—Morgenblatt, 1862, pp. 1-6, 31-36.</li> +<li>—Unsere Zeit, by M. J. Schleiden, Jahr. 5, pp. 50-71, and 258-277.</li> +<li>—Eclectic Review, vol. 4, N.S. 1863, pp. 337-345.</li> +<li>—Gazette Hebdomadaire de Médecine et de Chirurgie, by Dr. Fée 1864, + pp. 289-292, 321-323, 337-342, 353-357, 409-413, 427-432, 481-484.</li> +<li>—<span title=" Ergänzungsblatter " class="hoverbox">Ergänzungsblätter</span> zur + Kenntniss der Gegenwart, Bd. 1. 1866, by G. + Jaeger, pp. 291-294;<br />Bd. 4, 1869, by J. Huber, pp. 607-615, 670-678, 728-739.</li> +<li>—Atlantic Monthly, by C. J. Sprague, vol. 18, 1866, pp. 415-425.</li> +<li>—New Englander, by W. N. Rice, vol. 26, 1867, pp. 603-635.</li> +<li>—Student and Intellectual Observer, vol. 1, 1868, pp. 179-188.</li> +<li>—Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society, by Charles Jecks, + vol. 3, N.S., pp, 107-113.</li> +<li>—American Quarterly Church Review, vol. 21, 1870, pp. 524-536.</li> +<li>—Das Ausland, by M. Wagner, 1871, pp. 289-293, 322-327, 343-347, + 535-540, 559-564, 865-870, 891-894, 913-918, 946-948, 1057-1061, 1081-1085.</li> +<li>—Bibliotheca Sacra, by F. Gardiner, vol. 29, 1872, pp. 240-289.</li> +<li>—Transatlantic, vol. 1, 1872, pp. 139-146.</li> +<li>—Catholic World, by F. Smith, vol. 17, 1873, pp. 641-655.</li> +<li>—Southern Review, vol. 12, 1873, pp. 406-423.</li> +<li>—Old and New, by George M. Kellogg, vol. 8, 1873, pp. 283-292.</li> +<li>—Baptist Quarterly, by E. Nisbet, vol. 7, 1873, pp. 69-87, and 204-227.</li> +<li>—Congregational Review, by S. Adams, vol. 11, pp. 233, etc., 338, etc.</li> +<li>—New Englander, by L. T. Adams, vol. 33, 1874, pp. 741-769.</li> +<li>—Old and New, by G. Axford, vol. 6, pp. 655-663.</li> +<li>—Scribner’s Monthly, by J. B. Drury, vol. 10, 1875, pp. 348-360.</li> +<li>—Tinsleys’ Magazine, by W. H. Penning, vol. 19, 1876, pp. 515-523.</li> +<li>—Bibliotheca Sacra, by G. F. Wright, vol. 33, 1876, pp. 656-694.</li> +<li>—Catholic World, by J. Bayne, vol. 26, 1878, pp. 496-511.</li> +<li>—Atlantic Monthly, by William James, vol. 46, 1880, pp. 441-459.</li> +<li>—Nature, by George J. Romanes, Feb, 1887, pp. 362-364.</li> +</ul> + +<p>—— <i>Analogies with Calvinism Bibliotheca Sacra</i>, by Geo. F. Wright, +vol. 37, 1880, pp. 48-76.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxix" id="Page_xxix">- xxix -</a></span></p> + +<p>—— <i>and Agassiz.</i> Popular Science Monthly, by John Fiske, vol. 3, +1873, pp. 692-705.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and Chemistry.</i> Christian Science Magazine, by A. Taylor, April +1887.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and Christianity.</i> Lakeside Monthly, by E. O. Haven, vol. 7, 1872, pp. 302-318.</p> + +<p class="margapx">—Baptist Magazine, vol. 74, 1882, pp. 245-253.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Man in, and in Christianity.</i> American Church Review, vol. 24, +1872, pp. 288-299.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and Design, St. Clair on.</i> Dublin Review, vol. 23, N.S., 1874, pp. +232-240.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and Divinity.</i> Fraser’s Magazine, by Leslie Stephen, vol. 5, N.S., +1872, pp. 409-421;<br />same article, Popular Science Monthly, vol. 1, 1872, +pp. 188-202.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and its Effects upon Religious Thought.</i> Jour. of the Trans. of +the Victoria Institute, by C. R. Bree, vol. 7, 1874, pp. 253-570.</p> + +<p>—— —— Discussion on preceding, pp. 270-285.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and Language.</i> North American Review, by W. D. Whitney, vol. 119, 1874, pp. 61-88.</p> + +<p class="margapx">—Das Ausland, No. 17, 1864, pp. 397-399.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and Language, Schleicher on.</i> Nature, by Max Müller, vol. 1, 1870, +pp. 256-259.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and Morality.</i> Canadian Monthly, by John Watson, vol. 10, 1876, pp. 319-326.</p> + +<p class="margapx">—Spectator, 1867, pp. 1255, 1256.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and National Life.</i> Nature, vol. 1, 1869, pp. 183, 184.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and Religion.</i> Macmillan’s Magazine, vol. 24, 1871, pp. 45-51; +<br />same article, Eclectic Magazine, vol. 14, N.S., 1871, pp. 25-31, and +<br />Littell’s Living Age, vol. 109, 1871, pp. 621-626.</p> + +<p>—— <i>and Schopenhauer.</i> Journal of Anthropology, by Dr. D. Asher, Jan. +1871, pp. 312-332.</p> + +<p>—— <i>An Exegesis of, by Oswald Dawson.</i> Journal of Science, vol. 6, 3rd +series, 1884, pp. 725-738.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Application of, to Flowers and the Insects which visit them.</i> +American Naturalist, by E. Muller, vol. 5, 1871, pp. 271-297.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Attitude of Working Naturalists towards.</i> Nation, by Asa Gray, +vol. 17, 1873, pp. 258-261; reprinted in Darwiniana, by Asa Gray, 1876.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Bateman on.</i> Dublin Review, vol. 31, N.S., 1878, pp. 139-152.</p> + +<p class="margapx">—Nation, by J. Fiske, vol. 27, 1878, pp. 367, 368.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Credibility of.</i> Jour. of the Trans. of the Victoria Institute, by +Geo. Warington, vol. 2, 1867, pp. 39-62.</p> + +<div class="margapx"><p>—— —— Reply to preceding Paper, by James Reddie, vol. 2, 1867, pp. +63-85.</p> + +<p>—— —— Discussion on same, pp. 85-125.</p></div> + +<p>—— <i>Dangers of.</i> Popular Science Monthly, vol. 15, 1879, pp. 68-71.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Deduction from.</i> Nature, by W. Stanley Jevons, vol. 1, 1870, pp. +231, 232.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Development Theory in.</i> Das Ausland, No. 14, 1863, pp. 325-331.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Difficulties of.</i> Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. 12, 1875, pp. +322-336.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxx" id="Page_xxx">- xxx -</a></span></p> + +<p>—— <i>Ethical Aspect of.</i> Canadian Monthly, by J. Watson, vol. 11, 1878, +pp. 638-644.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Fallacies of, Dr. Bree on.</i> Dublin Review, vol. 23, N.S., 1874, pp. 240-246.</p> + +<p class="margapx">—Nature, by Alfred R. Wallace, vol. 5, 1872, pp. 237-239.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Fiske on.</i> Nature, vol. 20, 1879, pp. 575, 576.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Frolic in Space.</i> Lakeside, by J. M. Binckley, vol. 8, pp. 446, +etc.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Gray’s Darwiniana.</i> Nation, by H. W. Holland, vol. 23, 1876, pp. +358, 359.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Great Difficulty of.</i> Nature, by L. S. Beale, vol. 5, 1872, pp. +63, 64.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Haeckel’s Reply to Virchow.</i> Nation, by H. T. Finck, vol. 28, +1879, pp. 320-322.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Historic Development of.</i> Baptist Quarterly, by G. W. Samson, vol. +11, 1877, pp. 29-38.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Infallibility in.</i> Dublin University Magazine, vol. 6, N.S., 1880, +pp. 641-669.</p> + +<p>—— <i>in Germany.</i> North American Review, by C. L. Brace, vol. 110, 1870, pp. 284-299.</p> + +<ul> +<li>—Nation, by C. Wright, vol. 21, 1875, pp. 168-170.</li> +<li>—Anthropological Review, vol. 6, 1868, pp. 21-26.</li> +</ul> + +<p>—— <i>in Morals.</i> Canadian Monthly, by J. A. Allen, vol. 11, 1878, pp. 490-501.</p> + +<p class="margapx">—Theological Review, by F. P. Cobbe, vol. 8, 1871, pp. 167-192.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Its Value as a Cosmological Theory.</i> Cape Monthly Magazine, by the +Rev. J. Turnbull, vol. 11, N.S. 1875, pp. 184-188 and 212-225.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Last Attack on.</i> Nature, by A. R. Wallace, vol. 6, 1872, pp. +237-239.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Latest Development of.</i> London Quarterly Review, vol. 57, 1882, +pp. 371-391.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Missing Links in.</i> Gentleman’s Magazine, by Andrew Wilson, 1879, +pp. 298-320.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Mivart on.</i> Dublin Review, vol. 16, N.S., 1871, pp. 482-486.</p> + +<p>—— <i>My Cousin the Gorilla.</i> Tinsley’s Magazine, vol. 8, 1871, pp. +395-399, and vol. 9, pp. 135-140.</p> + +<p>—— <i>New York “Nation” on, in Germany.</i> Popular Science Monthly, vol. +8, 1876, pp. 235-240.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Relation of, to other branches of Science.</i> Longman’s Magazine, by +Robert S. Bell, vol. 3, 1884, pp. 76-92.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Ridiculous.</i> Lutheran Quarterly, by W. Streissguth, vol. 5, pp. +404, etc.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Science against.</i> University Quarterly, by J. Moore, vol. 35, pp. +186, etc.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Some Popular Misconceptions of.</i> Proc. of the Literary and Phil. +Soc. of Liverpool, by S. Fletcher-Williams, No. 36, 1882, pp. 133-156.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Strictures on.</i> Anthropological Journal, by H. H. Howorth, vol. 2, +1873, pp. 21-40;<br />vol. 3, pp. 208-229;<br />vol. 4, pp. 101-121.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Studies in.</i> American Church Review, by J. F. Garrison, vol. 27, +1875, pp. 197-218.</p> + +<p>—— <i>tested by recent researches in language.</i> Jour. of the Trans. of +the Victoria Institute, by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxi" id="Page_xxxi">- xxxi -</a></span> +Fred. Bateman, vol. 7, 1874, pp. 73-95.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Theological Import of.</i> Christian Observer, vol. 73, p. 623, etc.</p> + +<p>—— <i>Triumph of.</i> North American Review, by J. Fiske, vol. 124, 1877, +pp. 90-106.</p> + +<p>—— <i>True and False in.</i> Journal of Speculative Philosophy, by E. von +Hartmann, vol. 11, 1877, pp. 244-251, and 392-399;<br />vol. 12, pp. 138-145; +<br />vol. 13, pp. 139-150.</p> + +<p>—— versus <i>Philosophy</i>. Southern Review, vol. 13, 1873, pp. 253-273.</p> + +<p>—— <i>What is?</i> Nation, by A. Gray, vol. 18, 1874, pp. 348-351; +reprinted in <i>Darwiniana</i>, by Asa Gray, 1876.</p><br /> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center"><a name="LIST" id="LIST" href="#Page_i"> +<span title=" Return to Bibliography. " class="hoverlink">IV.—CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF WORKS.</span></a></p> +<p><br /></p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="10" width="90%" cellspacing="0" summary="WORKS"> + +<tr><td>Journal of Researches</td><td align="right">1839</td></tr> +<tr><td>Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs</td><td align="right">1842</td></tr> +<tr><td>Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle</td><td align="right">1844</td></tr> +<tr><td>Geological Observations on South America</td><td align="right">1846</td></tr> +<tr><td>Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidæ</td><td align="right">1851</td></tr> +<tr><td>Monograph of the Cirripedia</td><td align="right">1851‑54</td></tr> +<tr><td>Monograph of the Fossil Balanidæ</td><td align="right">1854</td></tr> +<tr><td>On the Origin of Species</td><td align="right">1859</td></tr> +<tr><td>On the Various Contrivances by which Orchids are fertilised</td><td align="right">1862</td></tr> +<tr><td>Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants</td><td align="right">1865</td></tr> +<tr><td>The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication</td><td align="right">1868</td></tr> +<tr><td>The Descent of Man</td><td align="right">1871</td></tr> +<tr><td>The Expression of the Emotions</td><td align="right">1872</td></tr> +<tr><td>Insectivorous Plants</td><td align="right">1875</td></tr> +<tr><td>The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom</td><td align="right">1876</td></tr> +<tr><td>The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same Species</td><td align="right">1877</td></tr> +<tr><td>The Power of Movement in Plants</td><td align="right">1880</td></tr> +<tr><td>The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms</td><td align="right">1881</td></tr> +</table> + +<!--<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">- 208 -</a></span></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">- 209 -</a></span></p>--> + +<hr class="hr3" /> + +<!-- ***** ADS BEGIN HERE ***** --> + +<div class="ads"> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/image002.png" width="500" height="57" alt="The Canterbury Poets." title="The Canterbury Poets." /> +</div> + +<p class="center smcap">Edited by William Sharp.</p> + +<p class="center">WITH INTRODUCTORY NOTICES BY VARIOUS CONTRIBUTORS</p> + +<hr class="hrad3" /> + +<p>In SHILLING Monthly Volumes, Square 8vo. Well printed on fine toned +paper, with Red-line Border, and strongly bound in Cloth. Each Volume +contains from 300 to 350 pages.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" width="50%" cellspacing="0" summary="Books"> + +<tr><td align="left"><i>Cloth, Red Edges</i></td><td align="right">1s.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Cloth, Uncut Edges</i></td><td align="right">1s.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Red Roan, Gilt Edges</i></td><td align="right">2s. 6d.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Pad. Morocco, Gilt Edges</i></td><td align="right">5s.</td></tr> +</table> + +<hr class="hrad2" /> + +<p class="center"><i>THE FOLLOWING VOLUMES ARE NOW READY.</i></p> + +<p> +<span class="leftfloat"><b>CHRISTIAN YEAR.</b></span><span class="rightfloat">By Rev. John Keble.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat"><b>COLERIDGE.</b></span><span class="rightfloat">Edited by J. Skipsey.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat"><b>LONGFELLOW.</b></span><span class="rightfloat">Edited by E. 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Thompson.</span> +</p> + +<hr class="hrad2" /> + +<p class="center">London: WALTER SCOTT, 24 Warwick Lane, Paternoster Row.</p></div> + +<!--<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">- 210 -</a></span></p>--> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="ads"> +<p class="center smfont"><i>Monthly Shilling Volumes. Cloth, cut or uncut edges.</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/image003.png" width="500" height="44" alt="THE CAMELOT SERIES" title="THE CAMELOT SERIES" /> +</div> + +<p class="center smfont"><span class="smcap">Edited by Ernest Rhys.</span></p> + +<hr class="hrad3" /> + +<p class="center"><i>THE FOLLOWING VOLUMES ARE NOW READY.</i></p> + +<p> +<span class="leftfloat">ROMANCE OF KING ARTHUR.</span><span class="rightfloat">Edited by E. Rhys.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">THOREAU’S WALDEN.</span><span class="rightfloat">Edited by W. H. 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Sharp.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">LORD BYRON’S LETTERS.</span><span class="rightfloat">Edited by M. Blind.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">ESSAYS BY LEIGH HUNT.</span><span class="rightfloat">Edited by A. Symons.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">LONGFELLOW’S PROSE.</span><span class="rightfloat">Edited by W. Tirebuck.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">GREAT MUSICAL COMPOSERS.</span><span class="rightfloat">Edited by E. Sharp.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">MARCUS AURELIUS.</span><span class="rightfloat">Edited by Alice Zimmern.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">SPECIMEN DAYS IN AMERICA.</span><span class="rightfloat">By Walt Whitman.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">WHITE’S NATURAL HISTORY of SELBORNE.</span><br /><span class="rightfloat"> +Edited, with Introduction, by Richard Jefferies.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">DEFOE’S CAPTAIN SINGLETON.</span><br /> +<span class="rightfloat">Edited, with Introduction, by H. Halliday Sparling.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">ESSAYS: Literary and Political.</span><span class="rightfloat">By Joseph Mazzini.</span><br /> +<span class="rightfloat">Edited, with Introduction, by William Clarke.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">THE PROSE WRITINGS OF HEINRICH HEINE.</span><br /> +<span class="rightfloat">Edited, with Introduction, by Havelock Ellis.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS’ DISCOURSES.</span><br /> +<span class="rightfloat">Edited, with Introduction, by Helen Zimmern.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">THE LOVER, and other Papers of Steele and Addison.</span><br /> +<span class="rightfloat">Edited, with Introduction, by Walter Lewin.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">BURNS’S LETTERS.</span><span class="rightfloat">Edited by J. Logie Robertson, M.A.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">VOLSUNGA SAGA.</span><span class="rightfloat">Edited by H. H. Sparling.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">SARTOR RESARTUS.</span><span class="rightfloat">Edited by Ernest Rhys.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">WRITINGS OF EMERSON.</span><span class="rightfloat">Edited by Percival Chubb.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">SENECA’S MORALS.</span><span class="rightfloat">Edited by Walter Clode.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">DEMOCRATIC VISTAS.</span><span class="rightfloat">By Walt Whitman.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">LIFE OF LORD HERBERT.</span><span class="rightfloat">Edited by Will H. Dircks.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">ENGLISH PROSE.</span><span class="rightfloat">Edited by Arthur Galton.</span> +<br /> +<span class="leftfloat">THE PILLARS OF SOCIETY, and other Plays.</span><span class="rightfloat">By Henrik Ibsen.</span><br /> +<span class="rightfloat">Edited by Havelock Ellis.</span> +</p> + +<hr class="hrad2" /> + +<p class="center">London: WALTER SCOTT, 24 Warwick Lane, Paternoster Row.</p></div> + +<!--<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">- 211 -</a></span></p>--> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="ads"> +<p class="center smfont"><i>Monthly Shilling Volumes. Cloth, cut or uncut edges.</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/image004.png" width="500" height="32" alt="GREAT WRITERS." title="GREAT WRITERS." /> +</div> + +<p class="center smfont">EDITED BY PROFESSOR E. S. ROBERTSON.</p> + +<hr class="hrad3" /> + +<p class="center"><i>THE FOLLOWING VOLUMES ARE NOW READY.</i></p> +<div class="adspec"> +<p><b>LIFE OF LONGFELLOW.</b> By Professor Eric S. Robertson.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">“A most readable little work, brightened by fancy, and enriched by +poetic feeling.”—<i>Liverpool Mercury.</i></p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF COLERIDGE.</b> By Hall Caine.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">“Brief and vigorous, written throughout with spirit and great literary +skill, often rising into eloquence.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF DICKENS.</b> By Frank T. Marzials.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">“We should, until we came across this volume, have been at a loss to +recommend any popular life of England’s most popular novelist as being +really satisfactory.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI.</b> By Joseph Knight.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">“Mr. Knight’s picture of the great poet and painter is the fullest and +best yet presented to the public.”—<i>The Graphic.</i></p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF SAMUEL JOHNSON.</b> By Colonel F. Grant.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">“Colonel Grant has performed his task with diligence, sound judgment, +good taste, and accuracy.”—<i>Illustrated London News.</i></p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF DARWIN.</b> By G. T. Bettany.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">“Mr. G. T. Bettany’s <i>Life of Darwin</i> is a sound and conscientious +work.”—<i>Saturday Review.</i></p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF CHARLOTTE BRONTE.</b> By Augustine Birrell.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">“Those who know much of Charlotte Brontë will learn more, and those +who know nothing about her will find all that is best worth learning +in Mr. Birrell’s pleasant book.”—<i>St. James’ Gazette.</i></p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF THOMAS CARLYLE.</b> By Richard Garnett, LL.D.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">“This is an admirable book. Nothing could be more felicitous and +fairer than the way in which he takes us through Carlyle’s life and +works.”—<i>Pall Mall Gazette.</i></p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF ADAM SMITH.</b> By R. B. Haldane, M.P.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">“Written throughout with a perspicuity seldom exemplified when dealing +with economic science.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF KEATS.</b> By W. M. Rossetti.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">“Valuable for the ample information which it contains and the +sympathetic and authoritative criticism which it +furnishes.”—<i>Cambridge Independent.</i></p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF SHELLEY.</b> By William Sharp.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">“Another fit memorial of a beautiful soul ... it is a worthy addition, +to be cherished for its own sake to our already rich collection of +Shelley Literature.”—<i>The Academy.</i></p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF SMOLLETT.</b> By David Hannay.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">“An exceptionally manly and capable record.”—<i>Saturday Review.</i></p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF GOLDSMITH.</b> By Austin Dobson.</p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF SCOTT.</b> By Professor Yonge.</p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF BURNS.</b> By Professor Blackie.</p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF VICTOR HUGO.</b> By Frank T. Marzials.</p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF EMERSON.</b> By Richard Garnett, LL.D.</p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF GOETHE.</b> By James Sime.</p> + +<p><b>LIFE OF CONGREVE.</b> By Edmund Gosse.</p> + +<p><span class="leftfloat"><b>LIFE OF BUNYAN.</b> By Canon Venables.</span><span class="rightfloat">[<i>Ready August 25th.</i></span></p> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p>Complete Bibliography to each volume, by <span class="smcap">J. P. Anderson</span>, British Museum.</p> + +<hr class="hrad2" /> + +<p class="center sansfont widefont">LIBRARY EDITION OF “GREAT WRITERS.”</p> + +<p>An Issue of all the Volumes in this Series will be published, printed on +large paper of extra quality, in handsome binding, Demy 8vo, price 2s. +6d. per volume.</p> + +<hr class="hrad2" /> + +<p class="center">London: <span class="smcap">Walter Scott</span>, 24 Warwick Lane, Paternoster Row.</p></div> +<!--<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">- 212 -</a></span></p>--> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="ads"> +<p class="center smfont">VOLS. I. TO X. NOW READY.</p> + +<hr class="hrad3" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/image005.png" width="500" height="30" alt="RE-ISSUE IN MONTHLY VOLUMES, PRICE ONE SHILLING EACH," +title="RE-ISSUE IN MONTHLY VOLUMES, PRICE ONE SHILLING EACH," /> +</div> + +<p class="center">STRONGLY BOUND IN CLOTH,</p> + +<p class="center">Uniform in size and style with the Camelot Series,</p> + +<p class="center"><b><span class="xlgfont widefont">WILSON’S</span><br /> + +<span class="giantfont">TALES</span><span class="xlgfont"> OF THE </span><span class="giantfont">BORDERS</span><br /> + +<i>AND OF SCOTLAND:</i></b></p> + +<p class="center sansfont"><i>HISTORICAL, TRADITIONARY, AND IMAGINATIVE.</i></p> + +<p class="center smfont">REVISED BY ALEXANDER LEIGHTON.</p> + +<hr class="hrad2" /> + +<p>No collection of tales published in a serial form ever enjoyed so great +a popularity as “<span class="smcap">The Tales of the Borders</span>;” and the secret of their +success lies in the fact that they are stories in the truest sense of +the word, illustrating in a graphic and natural style the manners and +customs, trials and sorrows, sins and backslidings, of the men and women +of whom they treat. The heroes and heroines of these admirable stories +belong to every rank of life, from the king and noble to the humble +peasant.</p> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">The Tales of the Borders</span>” have always been immensely popular with the +young, and whether we view them in their moral aspect, or as vehicles +for instruction and amusement, the collected series forms a repertory of +healthy and interesting literature unrivalled in the language.</p> + +<hr class="hrad3" /> + +<div class="smfont"><p>The <i>Scotsman</i> says:—“Those who have read the tales in the unwieldy +tomes in which they are to be found in the libraries will welcome the +publication of this neat, handy, and well-printed edition.”</p> + +<p>The <i>Dundee Advertiser</i> says:—“Considering how attractive are these +tales, whether regarded as illustrating Scottish life, or as +entertaining items of romance, there can be no doubt of their +continued popularity. We last read them in volumes the size of a +family Bible, and we are glad to have an opportunity to renew our +acquaintance with them in a form so much more handy and elegant.”</p></div> + +<hr class="hrad2" /> + +<p class="center">EACH VOLUME WILL BE COMPLETE IN ITSELF.</p> + +<hr class="hrad" /> + +<p class="center">London: <span class="smcap">Walter Scott</span>, 24 Warwick Lane, Paternoster Row.</p></div> +<!--<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">- 213 -</a></span></p>--> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="ads"> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/image006.png" width="500" height="59" alt="Windsor Series of Poetical Anthologies." title="Windsor Series of Poetical Anthologies." /> +</div> + +<hr class="hrad3" /> + +<p class="center"><i>Printed on Antique Paper. Crown 8vo. Bound in Blue Cloth,<br /> +each with suitable Emblematic Design on Cover, Price 3s. 6d.<br /> +Also in various Calf and Morocco Bindings.</i></p> + +<hr class="hrad3" /> + +<div class="hangind"> +<p class="frstln">Women’s Voices. An Anthology of the most Characteristic Poems by +English, Scotch, and Irish Women. Edited by Mrs. William Sharp.</p> + +<p class="frstln">Sonnets of this Century. With an Exhaustive and Critical Essay on the +Sonnet. Edited by William Sharp.</p> + +<p class="frstln">The Children of the Poets. An Anthology from English and American +Writers of Three Centuries. Edited by Professor Eric S. Robertson.</p> + +<p class="frstln">Sacred Song. A Volume of Religious Verse. Selected and arranged, with +Notes, by Samuel Waddington.</p> + +<p class="frstln">A Century of Australian Song. Selected and Edited by Douglas B. W. +Sladen, B.A., Oxon.</p> + +<p class="frstln">Jacobite Songs and Ballads. Selected and Edited, with Notes, by G. S. +Macquoid.</p> + +<p class="frstln">Irish Minstrelsy. Edited, with Notes and Introduction, by H. Halliday +Sparling.</p> + +<p class="frstln">The Sonnets of Europe. A Volume of Translations. Selected and arranged, +with Notes, by Samuel Waddington.</p> + +<p class="frstln">Early English and Scottish Poetry. Selected and Edited, with +Introduction and Notes, by H. Macaulay Fitzgibbon.</p> + +<p class="frstln">Ballads of the North Countrie. Edited, with Introduction, by Graham R. +Tomson.</p> + +<p class="frstln">Songs and Poems of the Sea. An Anthology of Poems Descriptive of the +Sea. Edited by Mrs. William Sharp.</p> + +<p class="frstln">Songs and Poems of Fairyland. An Anthology of English Fairy Poetry, +selected and arranged, with an Introduction, by Arthur Edward Waite.</p></div> + +<hr class="hrad3" /> + +<p class="center">London: <span class="smcap">Walter Scott</span>, 24 Warwick Lane, Paternoster Row.</p></div> +<!--<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">- 214 -</a></span></p>--> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="ads"> +<h1>THE OXFORD LIBRARY.</h1> + +<p class="center"><i>Strongly Bound in Elegant Cloth Binding, Price 2s. each.</i></p> + +<p>This Series of Popular Books comprises many original Novels by new +Authors, as well as the most choice works of Dickens, Lytton, Smollett, +Scott, Ferrier, etc.</p> + +<hr class="hrad3" /> + +<p class="center"><i>The following are now ready, and will be followed by others shortly:</i>—</p> + +<table class="fixed" border="0" cellpadding="2" width="100%" cellspacing="0" summary="BOOK LIST"> + +<tr><td>BABNABY RUDGE.</td><td>ETHEL LINTON.</td></tr> +<tr><td>OLD CURIOSITY SHOP.</td><td>A MOUNTAIN DAISY.</td></tr> +<tr><td>PICKWICK PAPERS.</td><td>HAZEL; or, Perilpoint Lighthouse.</td></tr> +<tr><td>NICHOLAS NICKLEBY.</td><td>VICAR OF WAKEFIELD.</td></tr> +<tr><td>OLIVER TWIST.</td><td>PRINCE of the HOUSE of DAVID.</td></tr> +<tr><td>MARTIN CHUZZLEWIT.</td><td>WIDE, WIDE WORLD.</td></tr> +<tr><td>SKETCHES BY BOZ.</td><td>VILLAGE TALES.</td></tr> +<tr><td>RODERICK RANDOM.</td><td>BEN-HUR.</td></tr> +<tr><td>PEREGRINE PICKLE.</td><td>UNCLE TOM’S CABIN.</td></tr> +<tr><td>IVAHHOE.</td><td>ROBINSON CRUSOE.</td></tr> +<tr><td>KENILWORTH.</td><td>CHARLES O’MALLEY.</td></tr> +<tr><td>JACOB FAITHFUL.</td><td>MIDSHIPMAN EASY.</td></tr> +<tr><td>PETER SIMPLE.</td><td>BRIDE OF LAMMERMOOR.</td></tr> +<tr><td>PAUL CLIFFORD.</td><td>HEART OF MIDLOTHIAN.</td></tr> +<tr><td>EUGENE ARAM.</td><td>LAST OF THE BARONS.</td></tr> +<tr><td>ERNEST MALTRAVERS.</td><td>OLD MORTALITY.</td></tr> +<tr><td>ALICE; or, the Mysteries.</td><td>TOM CRINGLE’S LOG.</td></tr> +<tr><td>RIENZI.</td><td>CRUISE OF THE MIDGE.</td></tr> +<tr><td>PELHAM.</td><td>COLLEEN BAWN.</td></tr> +<tr><td>LAST DAYS OF POMPEII.</td><td>VALENTINE VOX.</td></tr> +<tr><td>THE SCOTTISH CHIEFS.</td><td>NIGHT AND MORNING.</td></tr> +<tr><td>WILSON’S TALES.</td><td>FOXE’S BOOK OF MARTYRS.</td></tr> +<tr><td>THE INHERITANCE.</td><td>BUNYAN’S PILGRIM’S PROGRESS.</td></tr> +</table> + +<hr class="hrad3" /> + +<p class="center">London: <span class="smcap">Walter Scott</span>, 24 Warwick Lane, Paternoster Row.</p></div> +<!--<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">- 215 -</a></span></p>--> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="ads"> +<p class="center"><i>THE NOVOCASTRIAN NOVELS.</i></p> + +<hr class="hrad3" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/image007.png" width="400" height="28" alt="Square 8vo. Price One Shilling each." title="Square 8vo. Price One Shilling each." /> +</div> + +<hr class="hrad3" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/image008.png" width="500" height="40" alt="JACK DUDLEY'S WIFE." title="JACK DUDLEY'S WIFE." /> +</div> + +<p class="center">By E. M. DAVY, Author of “A Prince of Como,” &c.</p> + +<p>“Mrs. E. M. Davy’s powerful and pathetic story, ‘Jack Dudley’s Wife,’ +has been published by Mr. Walter Scott, London, in a shilling volume. +The tale is written with excellent skill, and succeeds in holding the +interest well up from first to last.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> + +<hr class="hrad3" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/image009.png" width="500" height="46" alt="POLICE SERGEANT C. 21:" title="POLICE SERGEANT C. 21:" /> +</div> + +<p class="center sansfont lgfont widefont">THE STORY OF A CRIME.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By REGINALD BARNETT.</span></p> + +<p>“The latest and most notable addition to the ranks of detective +story-tellers is Mr. Reginald Barnett, whose ‘Police Sergeant C. 21’ +(Walter Scott), although constructed on the familiar Gaborian system, is +nevertheless a work of far higher merit than any of its English +predecessors. Mr. Barnett has imagination and considerable graphic +power. He has conceived a plot of singular complication, which he works +out with much skill.”—<i>Table.</i></p> + +<hr class="hrad3" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/image010.png" width="500" height="59" alt="Oak-Bough and Wattle-Blossom" title="Oak-Bough and Wattle-Blossom" /> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>STORIES AND SKETCHES BY AUSTRALIANS IN ENGLAND.</i></p> + +<p class="center sansfont smfont">Edited by A. PATCHETT MARTIN.</p> + +<hr class="hrad3" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/image011.png" width="500" height="55" alt="Vane's Invention: An Electrical Romance" title="Vane's Invention: An Electrical Romance" /> +</div> + +<p class="center">By R. J. CHARLETON.</p> + +<hr class="hrad" /> + +<p class="center">London: WALTER SCOTT, 24 Warwick Lane, Paternoster Row.</p></div> +<!--<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">- 216 -</a></span></p>--> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="ads"> +<p class="center sansfont widefont"><b>100<span class="smcap">th</span> THOUSAND.</b></p> + +<hr class="hrad3" /> + +<p class="center"><i>CROWN 8vo, 440 PAGES, PRICE ONE SHILLING</i></p> + +<hr class="hrad3" /> + +<h1 class="widefont giantfont">THE WORLD<br />OF CANT</h1> + +<hr class="hrad2" /> + +<p>“<i>Daily Telegraph.</i>”—“Decidedly a book with a purpose.”</p> + +<p>“<i>Scotsman.</i>”—“A vigorous, clever, and almost ferocious exposure, in +the form of a story, of the numerous shams and injustices.”</p> + +<p>“<i>Newcastle Weekly Chronicle.</i>”—“Trenchant in sarcasm, warm in +commendation of high purpose.... A somewhat <i>remarkable book</i>.”</p> + +<p>“<i>London Figaro.</i>”—“It cannot be said that the author is partial; +clergymen and Nonconformist divines, Liberals and Conservatives, lawyers +and tradesmen, all come under his lash.... The sketches are worth +reading. Some of the characters are portrayed with considerable skill.”</p> + +<p>“May the Lord deliver us from all Cant: may the Lord, whatever else He +do or forbear, teach us to look facts honestly in the face, and to +beware (with a kind of shudder) of smearing them over with our +despicable and damnable palaver into irrecognisability, and so +falsifying the Lord’s own Gospels to His unhappy blockheads of Children, +all staggering down to Gehenna and the everlasting Swine’s-trough, for +want of Gospels.</p> + +<p>“O Heaven! it is the most accursed sin of man: and done everywhere at +present, on the streets and high places at noonday! Verily, seriously I +say and pray as my chief orison, May the Lord deliver us from +it.”—<i>Letter from Carlyle to Emerson.</i></p> + +<hr class="hrad" /> + +<p class="center">London: <span class="smcap">Walter Scott</span>, 24 Warwick Lane, Paternoster Row.</p></div> +<!--<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">- 217 -</a></span></p>--> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE OF CHARLES DARWIN***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 28380-h.txt or 28380-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/8/3/8/28380">http://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/3/8/28380</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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