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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lives of the Presidents Told in Words of
+One Syllable, by Jean S. Remy
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Lives of the Presidents Told in Words of One Syllable
+
+Author: Jean S. Remy
+
+Release Date: March 18, 2009 [EBook #28350]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, C. St. Charleskindt, Michael and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+This ebook retains the hyphenation and punctuation variations of
+the original text.
+
+A few typographical corrections have been made. Details of these
+changes can be found in a second Transcriber's Note at the end of
+this text.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE WHITE HOUSE--HOME OF THE PRESIDENTS.]
+
+
+
+
+LIVES OF THE
+
+PRESIDENTS.
+
+TOLD IN WORDS OF ONE SYLLABLE.
+
+
+
+
+BY JEAN S. REMY.
+
+
+
+
+_WITH ILLUSTRATIONS._
+
+
+
+
+A. L. BURT COMPANY,
+PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+Copyright, 1900, by A. L. BURT.
+
+LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS.
+
+BY JEAN S. REMY.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+    GEORGE WASHINGTON.                     1
+
+    JOHN ADAMS.                           16
+
+    THOMAS JEFFERSON.                     20
+
+    JAMES MADISON.                        25
+
+    JAMES MONROE.                         29
+
+    JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.                    33
+
+    ANDREW JACKSON.                       38
+
+    MARTIN VAN BUREN.                     43
+
+    WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.               45
+
+    JOHN TYLER.                           47
+
+    JAMES KNOX POLK.                      49
+
+    ZACHARY TAYLOR.                       52
+
+    MILLARD FILLMORE.                     54
+
+    FRANKLIN PIERCE.                      56
+
+    JAMES BUCHANAN.                       58
+
+    ABRAHAM LINCOLN.                      60
+
+    ANDREW JOHNSON.                       66
+
+    ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT.                68
+
+    RUTHERFORD B. HAYES.                  73
+
+    JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD.                 75
+
+    CHESTER ALAN ARTHUR.                  78
+
+    STEPHEN GROVER CLEVELAND.             80
+
+    BENJAMIN HARRISON.                    83
+
+    WILLIAM MCKINLEY.                     86
+
+
+
+
+LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS.
+
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE WASHINGTON.]
+
+
+GEORGE WASH-ING-TON.
+
+
+Way down in Vir-gin-i-a, near a small creek, called Bridg-es Creek,
+there is a shaft of white stone;--on it is the name of George
+Wash-ing-ton and the date of his birth: Feb-ru-ar-y 22d, 1732.
+
+On this spot once stood the big brick house in which George Wash-ing-ton
+was born; it was built in 1657 by John Wash-ing-ton; his grand-son,
+Au-gus-tine, was the fa-ther of the lit-tle boy who be-came our first
+pres-i-dent. The moth-er of George Wash-ing-ton was Ma-ry Ball; so sweet
+and fair was she, when she was a young girl, that she was known as
+"Sweet Mol-ly."
+
+Now she was not the first wife of Au-gus-tine Wash-ing-ton; and he had
+two boys, Law-rence and Au-gus-tine, when he made her his wife. These
+boys were so kind to their small broth-er George, when he was young,
+and gave him so much help, all through his life, that their names should
+stay in your minds. When George was three years old his home was burned
+to the ground, and his fa-ther built a fine new house, just o-ver the
+riv-er from where the cit-y of Fred-er-icks-burg now stands. Here George
+went to his first school, and the name of the man who taught him was so
+queer, it will not go out of your mind;--it was "Hob-by." In those old
+days, the boys wrote to their boy-friends, just as they do at this day.
+See what George, when he was nine years old, wrote to his best friend,
+Rich-ard Hen-ry Lee:--"Dear Dick-ey, I thank you ver-y much for the
+pret-ty pic-ture book you gave me. Sam asked me to show him the
+pic-tures and I showed him all the pic-tures in it; and I read to him
+how the tame el-e-phant took care of his mas-ter's lit-tle boy, and put
+him on his back and would not let an-y-bod-y touch his mas-ter's lit-tle
+son. I can read three or four pages some-times with-out miss-ing a word.
+Ma says I may go to see you and stay all day with you next week if it
+be not rain-y. She says I may ride my po-ny. He-ro, if Uncle Ben will
+go with me and lead He-ro. I have a lit-tle piece of po-et-ry a-bout
+the book you gave me, but I mustn't tell you who wrote the po-et-ry.
+
+  "G. W.'s com-pli-ments to R. H. L.
+  And likes his book full well.
+  Hence-forth will count him as his friend,
+  And hopes ma-ny hap-py days he may spend.
+
+                  "Your good friend,
+                        "GEORGE WASH-ING-TON."
+
+"I am go-ing to get a whip top soon, and you may see and whip it."
+
+You see the boys in those old days were fond of books, and toys and
+hors-es just as the boys of to-day are; and there is a tale of George,
+and a young colt, which shows that he was a brave and strong boy, who
+did not fear to tell the truth, though he had done wrong. He and some
+of his boy-friends were in a field, in which were kept some young colts,
+some of which had been used.
+
+The boys caught one colt, put a bit in its mouth, and held it, while
+George sprang on its back. The colt, mad with fear, sprang in the air,
+tore through the field, and tried in vain to throw the boy; at last he
+leaped with such force, that he broke a blood ves-sel, and fell to the
+ground dead. Just at this time George's moth-er came out, and saw the
+dead colt. She asked the boys if they knew how he died. "Yes, mad-am,"
+at once said her own boy; and then he told the whole truth. There are
+more tales of the boy-life of George and all show that he was a brave,
+strong boy, full of life and fun, and at the head in games and sports
+of all kinds.
+
+His fa-ther died when he was on-ly e-lev-en (11) years old; but his
+moth-er lived to be an old, old la-dy, who was, you may be sure, ver-y
+proud of her great son.
+
+Af-ter his fa-ther's death George made his home with his broth-er,
+Au-gus-tine, un-til he was six-teen (16) years old; and the short notes
+which he wrote to his moth-er were not like those he sent to his
+boy-friends, or like those which you boys and girls write to-day. He
+be-gan, "Hon-ored Mad-am;" and end-ed the stiff lit-tle note,--"Your
+du-ti-ful son."
+
+In those days folks lived on great big farms, or plan-ta-tions, as they
+were called, and raised to-bac-co, which was sold for much mon-ey in
+Eng-land. George's fa-ther had a ver-y large plan-ta-tion and ma-ny
+slaves to work on it; some day this would all be-long to George, and so
+he was taught how to write in a big round hand, how to do sums, and to
+look out for those who were in his care.
+
+All through these years there was talk of war; for a cru-el war be-tween
+the French and Eng-lish, known as King George-'s War, had be-gun; and
+the boys, who heard so much talk of war, of course played at it; and
+George was ev-er at the head, ev-er lead-ing these bands of young
+sol-diers; he longed, just as boys would to-day, to throw a-way his
+books, to leave school, to go to the true war and bear a real gun; and
+when he was fif-teen, his broth-er Law-rence, who was a sol-dier, tried
+to make his moth-er let him join the na-vy, as he was too young to go to
+the war. But this moth-er was a ver-y wise wo-man, and said no; that his
+place was at home un-til he knew how to care for the great plan-ta-tion
+and the ma-ny slaves that in five or six years would be his.
+
+Now, at this time, this great land of ours was so wild that it was hard
+to tell how much land a man owned, just where one great farm end-ed and
+the next be-gan; and a man who knew the land so well that he could tell
+folks just these things would be of much use; so George now be-gan to
+give much time to just this work; and so well did he do it that soon
+folks came to him when they were in doubt.
+
+In fact this work led, as you shall see, straight up to the
+pres-i-dent's seat. His broth-er Law-rence had mar-ried Anne Fair-fax,
+and in their home at Mt. Ver-non George met ma-ny great men; a-mong
+oth-ers was Lord Thom-as Fair-fax, who owned a piece of land so large
+that he did not know how big it was; he sent George to find this out;
+and now this young boy had a rough piece of real work to do.
+
+In March, 1748, he and a young friend, George Wil-liam Fair-fax, left
+the ease of Mt. Ver-non to live in the wild woods, where they would see
+on-ly Indians, or, at the best, rough white men; in the log huts of the
+white men they found so much dirt that, af-ter one tri-al, rath-er than
+sleep on dir-ty straw, with no sheet, and but one torn, thin blan-ket,
+they ei-ther lay on the bare floor, near the big wood-fire, or else
+built a huge fire in the woods and lay close to it on the earth. They
+had to swim their hors-es o-ver streams; they shot wild deer and birds,
+and of-ten cooked and ate them, alone in the great wild woods, far from
+e-ven the camp of the In-di-ans. Once, at least, we know, from a little
+book in which each night George wrote of what they had done that day,
+that they saw a grand war-dance of the In-di-ans; the mu-sic by which
+they danced was made by a pot half full of wa-ter, with a deer-skin
+o-ver the top, and a gourd filled with shot; this must have made queer
+mu-sic to dance by.
+
+[Illustration: MOUNT VERNON--THE HOME OF WASHINGTON.]
+
+The boys were gone six weeks, and did their work so well that the
+gov-ern-or heard of it, and he made George a "pub-lic sur-vey-or;" that
+is, it was his place to find out the size of all the new farms; and his
+word was to be law. He must have done this work well, too, for the lines
+which he laid down were the ones used by the new States years and years
+af-ter his death.
+
+Now, for weeks at a time, he was a-lone in the woods with the In-di-ans;
+liv-ing in their camps, and learn-ing of their life; they taught him
+ma-ny things; and they, in turn, learned to love and trust him; this
+lone-ly life made him a grave and qui-et man; one who talked lit-tle;
+and it taught him to think for him-self, at an age when most boys are
+told what to do by their par-ents and friends.
+
+When he was not in the woods, hard at work, he was at Mt. Vernon;
+and here the talk was of the great lands in the west; and of the war
+bet-ween the Eng-lish and the French, who were each try-ing to drive
+a-way the oth-er, and were both try-ing to force out the In-di-ans. It
+was pret-ty hard for the In-di-ans, who now had not on-ly to fight each
+oth-er, but the white men, too. At last they took sides, some with the
+Eng-lish, some with the French; and a fierce war broke out o-ver the
+land near the O-hi-o River; no white men had yet lived there, and both
+sides wished to own it.
+
+The French moved ver-y fast, and built great forts, and sent men there
+to keep the Eng-lish a-way; it was no "play-war" in which Wash-ing-ton
+now took part; he had real men under him; but, just as he be-gan to
+learn what real war was, he had to go to the West In-dies with his
+broth-er Law-rence, who was ver-y sick. They spent the win-ter there,
+but Law-rence did not get well, and came back to Mt. Ver-non in the
+spring, where he died in Ju-ly, 1752.
+
+He left his land in charge of Wash-ing-ton, who now made his home
+there; and when his broth-er's daugh-ter died he be-came the own-er.
+
+Now, while Wash-ing-ton had been a-way, the French had been ver-y
+ac-tive; they had made friends with the In-di-ans, and had e-ven dared
+to send some Eng-lish tra-ders in a ship to France.
+
+At this act Eng-land was up and in arms, and sent o-ver great ships and
+ma-ny men to help fight the French. The first step that Eng-land took
+was to send men to warn the French a-way from the Eng-lish forts in
+Penn-syl-va-ni-a; and Wash-ing-ton, who knew bet-ter than a-ny one else
+the rough wild woods, and who was a friend of the In-di-ans, led a
+lit-tle band of sev-en men through the dense, dark woods and o-ver
+riv-ers filled with float-ing ice, up to the French lines. He told the
+chief man of the French troops just what the Eng-lish said, but this
+French man would not give up one inch of ground that he had won from the
+In-di-ans, and gave Wash-ing-ton a note to take back with him, in which
+he said as much.
+
+Of course Eng-land could take but one course now; and so the long,
+fierce war known as the "Sev-en Years' War" be-gan. Wash-ing-ton was
+made a colo-nel, and showed so much skill, and was so brave, that in a
+short time he took charge of part of the troops of Gen-er-al Brad-dock.
+
+In June, 1755, the troops made a start for Fort Du-quesne, where they
+were to stay; and on this trip, while they were deep in the woods, the
+In-di-ans, with fierce shrieks and wild cries, sprang on them from
+the rocks and trees. The horse on which Wash-ing-ton rode was shot;
+Gen-er-al Brad-dock got such a wound that he died, and ma-ny poor men
+were killed. Here again Wash-ing-ton act-ed so brave-ly, and was so
+wise, that the sol-diers said that Brad-dock had lost the day and
+Wash-ing-ton had saved the ar-my.
+
+At Brad-dock's death Wash-ing-ton was made chief of all the troops in
+the col-o-nies; and the first thing he did was to place men near the
+homes which the white men were mak-ing in the new lands, and so help
+these ear-ly set-tlers to stop the In-di-ans when they came to rob them
+and to burn up their lit-tle log cab-ins, for a great fear of the red
+men was o-ver all the land. Now, when the war came to a close with the
+fall of the French, we find that Wash-ing-ton is a very great man, that
+his troops love him ver-y much, and that the heads of the states feel
+that he is a strong, wise man, and one whom they can trust. All this
+time, you know, he was an Eng-lish sol-dier, fight-ing for Eng-land;
+but, deep in his heart, and in the hearts of all the brave men who
+fought with him, there was, we may be sure, a love for this fair land,
+and a long-ing for its best good.
+
+After the war was at an end Wash-ing-ton, who was ver-y glad to give
+up his post, mar-ried Mrs. Eus-tis, a young wid-ow with two lit-tle
+chil-dren, a girl of six years and a boy of twelve, and went to Mt.
+Ver-non to live. For twen-ty years now he lived the qui-et life he loved
+so well. He took good care of his farm, was hap-py with his fam-i-ly and
+friends, and grew, day by day, in power. He did not lead an i-dle life,
+you may be sure; he rose ear-ly, had his break-fast at sev-en in sum-mer
+and eight in win-ter; then rode o-ver his farm and saw that all was
+right. He had his din-ner at two o'clock; then had an ear-ly tea, and
+of-ten was in bed by nine o'clock. Twice a year he sent to Lon-don for
+things need-ed in the way of dress for his fam-i-ly and slaves, for
+tools, books, drugs, etc. Some of the things he bought for the chil-dren
+I think you boys and girls would like, too. He sent for "tops, lit-tle
+books for chil-dren to read, a doll, and oth-er toys."
+
+[Illustration: MARTHA WASHINGTON.]
+
+Wash-ing-ton loved hors-es and was ver-y fond of hunt-ing. The name of
+his pet horse was "Blue-skin"; he must have looked ver-y fine when he
+was on horse-back; for he was a big man, with bright blue eyes and high
+color, and he wore a red vest with gold lace on it, and a dark blue
+cloth coat. Mrs. Wash-ing-ton rode in a fine car-riage drawn by four
+hors-es, and her driv-er wore the Wash-ing-ton col-ors of red, white
+and gold. These old days were full of life and fun, but there was work
+as well, and soon came more talk of war.
+
+All through these twen-ty years this land was grow-ing big-ger and
+big-ger; and at last came the time when folks did not see why they should
+not be free from Eng-land and rule their own land in their own way.
+
+At last Eng-land made a law called the "Stamp Act," which put so high a
+tax on goods that folks here would not pay it; tea was one of the things
+on which this tax was put; and when Eng-land sent o-ver three ships
+full of tea to Bos-ton, our men would not let it be ta-ken from the
+ships, but broke the great chests and threw all the tea in the wa-ter.
+This act is known as the "Bos-ton Tea Par-ty"; and now the first signs
+of war were seen; a fierce fight took place at Lex-ing-ton, one Sun-day
+morn-ing, be-tween the Brit-ish and A-mer-i-can troops; and now, all
+o-ver the land, went up the cry, "To arms! To arms!"
+
+This is how the great War of In-de-pend-ence be-gan; and you know the
+name of the man who was at once put at the head of the A-mer-i-can
+ar-my--George Wash-ing-ton, of course! Now he is not an Eng-lish-man
+fight-ing for his king, but an A-mer-i-can fight-ing to free his own
+land. A long, hard fight it was, too, but not once did Wash-ing-ton
+or his brave men lose heart. He drove the Brit-ish out of Bos-ton, and
+then, for fear they would go to New York, he sent men there; but the
+Brit-ish ships went to Can-a-da in-stead, and made that land theirs.
+
+It was just at this time that Rich-ard Hen-ry Lee, the boy-friend of
+Wash-ing-ton, made a move in Con-gress that our land should say to
+the whole world that it would be free from Brit-ish rule; and so the
+Dec-lar-a-tion of In-de-pend-ence was drawn up and sent out to the
+world on July 4, 1776.
+
+[Illustration: LIEUTENANT-GENERAL BURGOYNE.
+
+From an English print, 1733.]
+
+War now be-gan in dead-ly earn-est; and, at the great bat-tle of Long
+Isl-and, our men met with great loss of life, and had to flee from the
+foe. Soon af-ter this bad news the Brit-ish took Phil-a-del-phi-a, and
+now Wash-ing-ton was sad at heart; on Christ-mas day of 1776, though,
+our troops won in the great fight that took place at Tren-ton, and there
+was joy in the whole land; good news came with the New Year, too, for
+Wash-ing-ton won ma-ny fights; and at last, in Oc-to-ber, 1777, the
+Brit-ish troops in charge of Gen-er-al Bur-goyne gave up their arms to
+Gen-er-al Gates. That win-ter of 1777 was a bad one for Wash-ing-ton and
+his men; at no time in the war did they suf-fer so much; the time was
+spent at Val-ley Forge, and the men lived in log huts which they had
+first built, in long straight lines, like cit-y streets; twelve men
+lived in each hut, and there was a fire-place at the back, but no fire
+could keep out the aw-ful cold, and no hut was snug e-nough to keep out
+the snow that fell in great drifts a-round this lit-tle town of log
+huts. To make things worse there was lit-tle food to be had; the men had
+on-ly poor, thin clothes, and their bare feet oft-en left marks of blood
+on the white snow. But the men did not lose hope, and kept their faith
+through all the long months in their great lead-er, whose lot was quite
+as hard as theirs was; the farm-house in which he had a room still
+stands, and it is hard to be-lieve, as you look at this old house on the
+banks of the Del-a-ware Riv-er, that once the big or-chard back of it
+and all the pret-ty fields were filled with poor little wood-en huts
+in which, for the sake of free-dom, lived and suf-fered thou-sands of
+brave men.
+
+In the spring things were bet-ter, for France joined A-mer-i-ca in her
+fight for free-dom, and three years from this time the Brit-ish were
+beaten at York-town and A-mer-i-ca was free. One of the great
+French-men, who gave us much help, and was a firm friend of
+Wash-ing-ton's, was the Mar-quis de La-fay-ette.
+
+[Illustration: MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE.]
+
+A ver-y sad thing dur-ing these last years of the war was the base act
+of Ben-e-dict Ar-nold, who made up his mind to sell to the Brit-ish some
+posts near West Point, of which he had charge. He sent a note to
+Clin-ton by a young Brit-ish spy, Ma-jor An-dre; but on his way to the
+Brit-ish lines this young man was caught by three of our men. They found
+the note in his boots and he was brought to the A-mer-i-can camp, tried
+for his life and hung as a spy. Ben-e-dict Ar-nold had made his way to a
+ship and set sail for Eng-land, and his name is hat-ed, not on-ly by his
+own land, but by e-ven the land to whom he tried to sell his coun-try.
+
+It was in March, 1783, that the news of peace spread through the land,
+and it is said that Wash-ing-ton wept with joy, as he read the glad news
+to his troops; he gave or-ders that the whole ar-my should give thanks
+to God; and this was done at a great meet-ing on the day af-ter Lord
+Corn-wal-lis laid down his sword. Then there was a great ball giv-en at
+Fred-er-icks-burg, and Wash-ing-ton's old moth-er, sev-en-ty-four years
+old, was there lean-ing on the arm of her son; and do you not think she
+was proud, as one af-ter an-oth-er of the great French of-fi-cers bowed
+to her, and spoke in her son's praise?
+
+[Illustration: SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS AT YORKTOWN.]
+
+It was on Christ-mas eve that Wash-ing-ton came home to Mt. Vernon,
+af-ter eight years of war: rid-ing in state, with his wife at his side,
+this great A-mer-i-can, feared now by kings, and loved more than ev-er
+by the coun-try he had made free, came glad-ly back to take up the
+qui-et coun-try life he loved so well; and here, could he have had his
+way, he would have lived un-til his death; but this new coun-try need-ed
+at its head a man whom folks loved and trust-ed, and of whom oth-er
+lands stood in fear. No man but Wash-ing-ton could fill this great
+place; and so, at the end of three years, once more at his coun-try's
+call, he left his home,--this time to be-come the first Pres-i-dent of
+the U-ni-ted States. Not one voice was a-gainst him; eve-ry man in the
+new coun-try vot-ed to give him this last hon-or; and on Ap-ril 30th,
+1789, in New York Ci-ty, he took the oath of of-fice. Wash-ing-ton, who
+was a ve-ry rich man, had tak-en no mon-ey for serv-ing his coun-try
+in the war; and said he would take none now; but be-cause oth-er
+Pres-i-dents might not be rich e-nough or good e-nough to want to do
+the same, the peo-ple made him take $25,000 a year; now, you know, the
+Pres-i-dent gets $50,000 a year.
+
+Wash-ing-ton was in New York but one year, then the cap-i-tal was moved
+to Phil-a-del-phia, and here he lived in great state, un-til af-ter
+eight years in the Pres-i-dent's chair, once more, and for the last
+time, he came back home to Mt. Ver-non.
+
+At the end of his term of of-fice, Wash-ing-ton on-ly wait-ed to see
+the next Pres-i-dent, John Ad-ams, take the chair, and soon af-ter he
+came back talk a-rose of war with France; and, of course, the coun-try
+turned to him; he was a-gain put in charge of the ar-my, and took up
+the pub-lic life he had so glad-ly laid down. But he had not long to
+bear it this time, for on De-cem-ber 12th, 1799, while rid-ing in a
+hard rain-storm, he took a heav-y cold, from which he died on Sat-ur-day
+night, De-cem-ber 14th, be-tween ten and twelve o'clock.
+
+Wash-ing-ton was bur-ied at Mt. Ver-non, and to-day the tomb of "The
+Fa-ther of his Coun-try," as he is lov-ing-ly called is a sa-cred place;
+not on-ly to us, but to the men and wo-men of the old lands, which were
+taught by him so long a-go to hon-or and fear this great, new A-mer-i-ca.
+
+Wash-ing-ton had been dead just one hun-dred years on De-cem-ber 14th,
+1899, and the date was made much of in the U-nit-ed States: in New York
+Ci-ty, in Wash-ing-ton, and at Mt. Ver-non there was a great time in his
+hon-or, for this great man is as dear to his coun-try to-day as he was
+when he was a-live.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON FAMILY VAULT.]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN AD-AMS.
+
+
+John Ad-ams was born, not in the far South with ma-ny slaves to wait
+on him, but on a small farm in Brain-tree, Mass. Here, from old Eng-land
+had come, in 1636, his great-grand-fa-ther, Hen-ry Ad-ams; and in this
+old home was born on Oc-to-ber 19th, 1735, John Ad-ams, who was to be
+the sec-ond Pres-i-dent of the U-nit-ed States. Now, on this farm in the
+east, there was much work to be done, and few to do it; the folks who
+had made their homes here did not lead such lives of ease as those who
+lived on the great farms in the South.
+
+As a small boy, though, of course, he was taught to read and write, John
+Ad-ams had a good deal of hard work to do. There was wood to chop, and
+snow to be cleared a-way; there were hors-es and cows to care for, and
+there was much work to do in the fields. In all this work John took his
+part, like the brave, strong boy that he was. When the days grew long
+and cold, he was sent to an old school near his home, and here he at
+once took his place with the boys, as one who would lead in fun and
+sport of all kinds. There was a good deal of fun, too, in those days,
+for boys and girls both; in the cold days there was good, strong ice on
+which to skate; there was snow to play in, and to make fine roads for
+long rides in a sleigh; and, when the days were long and hot, there were
+fish in the big streams, and there was game in the wild woods. John was
+not fond of his books, but still he did good work at school; and when
+he was quite young went to Har-vard Col-lege. He left it in 1755,
+just at the start of the "Sev-en Years' War"; and the name of George
+Wash-ing-ton, the brave young Col-o-nel of Vir-gin-ia, rang loud in his
+ears.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN ADAMS.]
+
+He taught school in Wor-ces-ter to earn the means to take up law; and
+in 1758 he be-came a law-yer. He had ma-ny cas-es, and grew wise and
+great, though he did not make much mon-ey, as folks in the small town
+of Brain-tree were far from rich and paid small fees. But he did make
+ma-ny kind friends, and far and near he was known as a man of clear,
+strong mind and quick, bright thoughts; he had a fine, sweet voice,
+too, and his speech-es were al-ways wise and showed much thought.
+
+In the strife with Eng-land he was, from the start, on the side of
+A-mer-i-ca. So much did Eng-land fear him in 1757, the Eng-lish king
+sent word that he would give him great wealth if he would serve him at
+this time. Ad-ams would not do this; he would speak and act just as he
+thought right, and be bound by no king. When the "Stamp Act" passed in
+1764, he made a great speech, which was sent to those at the head of
+his State; and when, in 1770, a troop of Brit-ish fired on a mob of
+A-mer-i-can men and boys in the streets of Bos-ton, he took the case to
+the courts, and spoke for the Brit-ish Cap-tain and his men, though they
+had killed five of our men. It may seem strange to you that Ad-ams, who
+stood for A-mer-i-can rights, should here take sides with the Brit-ish;
+but, first of all, he stood for law; and, though he knew he ran the risk
+of los-ing his high place in the hearts of A-mer-i-can men, still he
+would do what he thought right. But men love truth, and like to see a
+brave man act as he thinks right, and so felt that he had just the
+clear, cool head and brain and the strong warm heart to give aid in
+the dark days that were to come to the land. He was sent to the First
+Con-gress and was one of the three men who drew up the Dec-la-ra-tion
+of In-de-pend-ence.
+
+[Illustration: CARPENTER'S HALL.
+
+Where the first Continental Congress met September, 1774.]
+
+He was al-so one of three men to go to France and ask for the aid which
+she gave to A-mer-i-ca, in the spring af-ter that hard win-ter at
+Val-ley Forge. Do you see why this trip at this time was a brave act,
+and one by which Ad-ams ran a great risk of los-ing his life? Eng-land
+had no wish that he should reach France, and her ships tried in vain to
+get him. If he had been caught he would have been hung, as a man who was
+false to his land and his king. You know that he went to France though,
+and did his work well. He stood up for our rights and had a bill passed
+which made the ports of France and Eng-land free to our goods. At the
+end of the war he was sent to Eng-land to look out for our rights there;
+and, though now this is a pleas-ant task, it was not then, for it was
+hard for Ad-ams to be true to A-mer-i-ca and yet not an-ger the Eng-lish
+king, George III.
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE III.
+
+From an anonymous print.]
+
+But we have seen how bold and brave a man he was, so the first thing
+he said to the king was: "I must tell your Maj-es-ty that I love no
+coun-try but my own"; and said the king: "An hon-est man will nev-er
+love an-y oth-er." In spite of this, Ad-ams met with much rude-ness at
+the Eng-lish court; but he did his best for his coun-try, and when he
+came home in 1787, af-ter twelve years of hard work, he was met with
+great joy. He was made Vice-Presi-dent with Wash-ing-ton, and at the
+end of Wash-ing-ton's term of of-fice he was made Pres-i-dent. He
+served on-ly four years and then made way for Thom-as Jef-fer-son.
+
+At the age of six-ty-eight years, with the love of the whole land, he
+went to his home in Quin-cy, Mass. His heart was ever with his coun-try;
+and he lived un-til his son, John Quin-cy Ad-ams, was made Pres-i-dent
+of the U-nit-ed States.
+
+His last thoughts were for his coun-try. On June 30th, 1826, he gave
+as a toast for the great feast to be held on Ju-ly 4th the words:
+"In-de-pend-ence for-ev-er."
+
+[Illustration: RESIDENCE OF JOHN ADAMS.
+
+At Quincy, Mass.]
+
+He died on the night of this, A-mer-i-ca's great day. His last words
+were of Jef-fer-son. He said: "Thom-as Jef-fer-son still lives." But
+this was not so, for Jef-fer-son had died a few hours be-fore on this
+same day; and this young land wept for two of her great men, both of
+whom, in giv-ing up their best to their coun-try, helped to make it
+the great, free land that it is to-day.
+
+
+
+
+THOM-AS JEF-FER-SON.
+
+
+When Thom-as Jef-fer-son was a boy his home was so near the In-di-ans'
+camp and he saw so much of them that I am sure all boys will like to
+read of him. His fa-ther, Pe-ter Jef-fer-son, took his bride, Jane
+Ran-dolph, to a house on a wild tract of land of o-ver 1,000 a-cres,
+way out in Vir-gin-ia, right in the midst of great woods. He was a big,
+strong man, and this strength was ve-ry use-ful to him in mak-ing his
+new home, for he had to chop down huge trees and then cut them up in-to
+the logs of which the lit-tle log cab-in was built. He took with him
+in-to this wild new land on-ly a few slaves, but with their help his
+farm soon grew large, and he be-came a rich man. The In-di-ans were
+great friends of his, and al-ways sure of a warm wel-come in his home.
+
+Still, the In-di-ans were not al-ways at peace with the white men, who
+had come to make their homes so near them, and folks had to be on the
+watch for fear the red men would rob and kill them. Pe-ter Jef-fer-son
+was made Col-o-nel of the men who kept the In-di-ans back in the woods,
+and a-way from the lit-tle town that was fast grow-ing up near his home.
+
+Now, this great, strong man was fond of books, and it was with his
+fa-ther that lit-tle Thom-as be-gan to stu-dy. He was al-so taught to
+ride, to swim and to shoot; and as he was fond of mu-sic he spent long
+hours in learn-ing to play on the vi-o-lin, or "fid-dle" as it was then
+called. The In-di-ans near his home liked him, and he used to play
+tunes for the lit-tle, brown In-di-an boys to dance by.
+
+He was on-ly nine years old when he went to board-ing school with a Mr.
+Doug-lass, and here he be-gan to stu-dy Lat-in, Greek and French. He
+was so near home that he did not stay a-way long at a time; and in-deed,
+this home was such a hap-py one, so full of life and fun, that he did
+not want to be a-way from it long at one time.
+
+But this hap-py time did not last long, for Thom-as was but four-teen
+years old when his brave fa-ther was shot in a fight with the In-di-ans.
+This boy was now at the head of as big a place as the fa-ther of George
+Wash-ing-ton had left to him, and though he kept on with his books
+he had the care of this great farm to think of and plan for. He was
+a bright, well-read boy; and was but six-teen when he took a place
+at Wil-liam and Ma-ry Col-lege. Here, his love for books and mu-sic
+kept him from the wild life led by some of the young men there, and
+made friends for him a-mong the great men, whose homes were in
+Wil-liams-town.
+
+He met a great law-yer, George Wythe, and be-gan the stu-dy of law with
+him when, at the end of two years, he left col-lege. In five years he
+be-gan the prac-tise of law in his old home in Vir-gin-ia. In two years,
+so bright and quick was he, and of such a strong, clear mind, that he
+had 198 cas-es, held a high place in his State, and was a rich man.
+
+In 1770, while he and his moth-er were a-way from home, the old house
+burned down. When news of this came to Jef-fer-son, his first thought
+was for his books, and he said to the slave who had told him: "Did you
+save an-y of my books?" "No, mas-ter," said the slave, "but we did save
+your fid-dle." You see e-ven when he was a great and bu-sy man he still
+loved his fid-dle; but the loss of all his law books was ve-ry hard for
+a bu-sy law-yer, and it took him a long while to get the new books that
+he must have.
+
+[Illustration: MONTICELLO.
+
+The Home of Thomas Jefferson.]
+
+He had be-gun to build a ve-ry large new house at Mon-ti-cel-lo, and
+so in the lit-tle end of this he now went to live. Two years lat-er, to
+this home, which was to be-come known all o-ver the world, he brought
+his bride, Mrs. Mar-tha Skel-ton, a young and ve-ry rich wid-ow. They
+were mar-ried on New Year's Day, 1772, and came to their home in such
+a hard snow-storm that the hors-es could not drag the coach through the
+big drifts, so these two young folks left the warm coach, and rode the
+tired hors-es up to the door of their new home. Jef-fer-son and his
+wife gave great care to Mon-ti-cel-lo, and it was known far and near
+for its great beau-ty and for its choice and rare fruits and flow-ers.
+
+But Jef-fer-son was much from home. In 1762 he was sent to Con-gress,
+and here he at once stood at the head of the band of wise and great men
+who were then there. His mind was so clear and bright that in all the
+grave things that came up he knew at once just what to do, he had the
+trust of all men.
+
+He was a great help in writ-ing the Dec-la-ra-tion of In-de-pend-ence;
+in fact, it may well be said that he wrote it. Soon af-ter this great
+act he left Con-gress and turned his mind to the laws of his own State;
+he made them safe and just for all men, both rich and poor. In 1779 he
+was made gov-ern-or of Vir-gin-ia; and now his work was hard; not on-ly
+must he find a way to keep the In-di-ans from the hous-es of the white
+men but the Brit-ish came down to the south and laid his fair home in
+ruins. Not for long years did Mon-ti-cel-lo grow in beau-ty once more.
+But through all the dark years of war Jef-fer-son did his work well; he
+forced back the In-di-an foes, and gave help and aid to his State while
+the War for In-de-pend-ence went on. When the war was at an end, this
+strong, just man, with his clear, wise brain, was just the one to stand
+up for our rights in the lands a-cross the sea, so he was sent to France
+at the time Ad-ams was in Eng-land. While here he had a bill passed by
+which Eng-land said she would look on our land as free; and this was a
+big point for us to gain.
+
+When Jef-fer-son came home he was made Sec-re-ta-ry of State, and in
+this high of-fice did much good work; it was he who first gave us our
+own coins to use in place of the Eng-lish coins, which, up to that time
+had been in use here. Now, Al-ex-an-der Ham-il-ton was in charge of
+the work of mak-ing the coin, and a great feud came up be-tween him
+and Jef-fer-son as to how this should be done. Men, of course, took
+sides in this strife, and so two bands sprang up which were known as
+Re-pub-li-cans and Fed-er-al-ists; to-day these two bands are known as
+Re-pub-li-cans and Dem-o-crats. Al-ex-an-der Ham-il-ton was killed in
+a du-el by Aa-ron Burr in Ju-ly, 1804.
+
+In 1801, Jef-fer-son was made Pres-i-dent; and while he was in the chair
+this land grew strong and great.
+
+Our first steam-boat was built by Rob-ert Ful-ton while Jef-fer-son was
+Pres-i-dent; and it did not look at all like the great boats of to-day;
+it was a heav-y, clum-sy boat, which went by sails as well as steam.
+
+[Illustration: THE CLERMONT.
+
+Rob-ert Ful-ton's first Steam-boat.]
+
+Jef-fer-son tried hard to put an end to the slave-trade, which he felt
+was a great wrong; he thought, too, that folks should have the right to
+serve God in their own way; and he held that on-ly men who could read
+and write should vote.
+
+He was a great and a wise man; books were his dear friends; and so
+one of the hard-est things he had to do, af-ter he went home to
+Mon-ti-cel-lo, when he left the White House, was to sell all his books
+to Con-gress in or-der to get mon-ey to live on. To his own home hosts
+of friends and stran-gers came to see the great man, just as they had
+when he was in Wash-ing-ton. But he sold his books so cheap that the
+mon-ey did not help him much; and, at last, it seemed as if he must
+sell his dear old home. But now the peo-ple for whom he had done so
+much helped him, and a big fund was raised, so that he could keep his
+home and live there in com-fort un-til his death.
+
+He lived to be a ver-y old man, and e-ven when he was so weak he could
+not rise from his bed, his great, strong brain was still clear. You
+know that he died on the 4th of Ju-ly, 1826, just a few hours be-fore
+the death of his old friend, John Ad-ams.
+
+Next to the name of George Wash-ing-ton, there is no name a-mong the
+great men of our land, of which the peo-ple are so proud, as that of
+Thom-as Jef-fer-son.
+
+[Illustration: THOMAS JEFFERSON.]
+
+[Illustration: JAMES MADISON.]
+
+
+
+
+JAMES MAD-I-SON.
+
+
+In the home of his grand-fath-er at Port Con-way, Vir-gin-i-a, was
+born, in the spring of 1751, the small boy who was to be our fourth
+Pres-i-dent. He was ver-y young, though, when he went to live at
+Mont-pel-ier, his fath-er's great farm in Vir-gin-i-a, and here he led
+much the same life as George Wash-ing-ton did when a boy. He was but a
+small boy when the French and Eng-lish War be-gan, and when Brad-dock
+lost the day, a great fear of the In-di-ans spread to the ver-y door of
+his home; and he grew up with the name of George Wash-ing-ton ev-er in
+his ears, as a great he-ro.
+
+His school days were much like those of Jef-fer-son. He was a young boy
+when he could read French and Span-ish with ease, and was as well hard
+at work at Greek and Lat-in. In 1769 he went to Prince-ton Col-lege, and
+here, as well as when he was at home, Jef-fer-son was a great help to
+him. The old-er man wrote to the boy in the qui-et old col-lege town,
+a-bout the scenes of war; he told him much of the Brit-ish troops in the
+Bos-ton streets, of young John Ad-ams and of Wash-ing-ton. So, when in
+1771 he left col-lege, he knew a great deal a-bout the strife of the
+day, and had deep, clear thoughts a-bout it. At home he led a qui-et
+life with his books, un-til 1774, then he was put at the head of a few
+men, who were to guard their own town if the Brit-ish troops came there.
+In this post he showed such a wise, clear mind and did his part so well
+that in a short time he was put in a high place in his State, and from
+there in 1779 was sent to Con-gress. Jef-fer-son was at this time
+Gov-ern-or of Vir-gin-i-a, and the two men were close, warm friends.
+
+For twen-ty five years Mad-i-son was one of the first men in this land.
+He had no taste for war, but he soon took a high place with those who
+made the laws of the land. One of the great things he did was to help
+draw up the Con-sti-tu-tion of the U-nit-ed States.
+
+In 1794 this grave and qui-et man mar-ried, as Wash-ing-ton and
+Jef-fer-son had done, a young and love-ly wid-ow. She was but
+twen-ty-two years old, twen-ty years young-er than he, and her name
+was Mrs. Dor-o-thy Payne Todd. Lat-er on, the folks who grew to
+love this fair la-dy so well, gave her the name by which we know her
+to-day--"Dol-ly Mad-i-son." She was a Quak-er-ess, and so fair and
+sweet was she, in her qui-et lit-tle gown of gray, that once a friend
+said to her: "Dol-ly, tru-ly thou must hide thy face, so ma-ny stare
+at thee."
+
+[Illustration: MRS. DOLLY PAYNE MADISON.]
+
+For one year af-ter his mar-riage, Mad-i-son lived at Mont-pel-ier; then
+a-gain he went in-to pub-lic life, first in his State, and af-ter that,
+in 1800, as Sec-re-ta-ry of State un-der Jef-fer-son.
+
+Now, be-gan the gay life at the White House, for which "Dol-ly"
+Mad-i-son won so much fame. Jef-fer-son's wife was dead, and it was the
+wife of his friend that helped him en-ter-tain the White House guests.
+Well did this love-ly la-dy do her part, and in 1808 when, as the wife
+of the Pres-i-dent, she be-came the real mis-tress of the White House,
+more than ev-er did the peo-ple love her. To-day, of all the pic-tures
+of the Pres-i-dents' wives that hang up-on the White House walls, none
+is more love-ly than that of the gay and pretty "Dol-ly Mad-i-son."
+
+Mad-i-son was most of all a man of peace, and yet it was while he was
+in of-fice that the U-nit-ed States was drawn in-to the War of 1812.
+Eng-land, then at war with France, said she had the right to search
+A-mer-i-can ships to see if they were tak-ing aid to France. A-mer-i-ca
+would not give this right to Eng-land, and so the war be-gan. In 1814
+the Brit-ish came to the cit-y of Wash-ing-ton, and for the on-ly time
+in A-mer-i-can his-to-ry the Pres-i-dent had to leave his home.
+
+Mad-i-son, with the Sec-re-ta-ry of State and some friends, went to a
+lit-tle inn near Wash-ing-ton, and here they were met by Mrs. Mad-i-son,
+who had stayed as long as she could at the White House to save some
+things from the hands of the Brit-ish. She had brought the great
+Dec-la-ra-tion of In-de-pend-ence, and had cut from its big frame the
+pic-ture of Wash-ing-ton and brought it safe-ly a-way. The Brit-ish
+troops set fire to the White House, the na-vy yard, the Cap-i-tol, and
+in fact the whole town. They left in great haste, though, when they
+heard that our troops were on the way, and the next day Mrs. Mad-i-son
+put on the dress of a wash-wo-man, so folks would not know her, and made
+a start for her home, but the British had set fire to a bridge she had
+to cross on the way and then she begged an A-mer-i-can sol-dier to row
+her o-ver the riv-er. He would not do so un-til she told him who she
+was, and then he was ver-y glad to take this brave lit-tle la-dy in his
+boat. On-ly black ash-es marked the spot on which the White House had
+once stood, so she had to go to her sis-ter's home, where the
+Pres-i-dent soon joined her.
+
+The Eng-lish troops now tried to take Bal-ti-more, but our brave men
+drove them back; and when they tried to make a raid on New Or-le-ans,
+Gen-er-al Jack-son and his troops fought so hard that the foe could
+not get in-to the cit-y.
+
+This was the last fight of this war, and peace was signed at Ghent,
+De-cem-ber 24th, 1814. From that day Eng-land has had to leave our ships
+a-lone and to treat A-mer-i-ca as one of the great nations of the world.
+
+In 1817 Mad-i-son was not sor-ry to go back to his old home, and here
+ma-ny hap-py years were spent, for the fair la-dy of the White House
+kept o-pen house in her own home, and guests from far and near were
+glad to come here. One of Mad-i-son's dear-est friends was old Thom-as
+Jef-fer-son, who oft-en rode o-ver from his home at Mon-ti-cel-lo,
+which was on-ly thir-ty miles from Mont-pel-ier.
+
+Mad-i-son wrote a good deal at this time; and once a-gain was seen in
+pub-lic life. In 1829 he was at the head of the great change made in
+all the laws of the whole land.
+
+He died af-ter a long sick-ness at his home in Mont-pel-ier on
+June 28th, 1836.
+
+
+
+
+JAMES MON-ROE.
+
+
+James Mon-roe was, like Wash-ing-ton, Mad-i-son and Jef-fer-son, born in
+Vir-gin-i-a. Our first Pres-i-dent was just twen-ty six years old when,
+in West-more-land County, on A-pril 28th, 1758, was born the boy who was
+to be the fifth Pres-i-dent. His fa-ther, Colo-nel Spense Mon-roe, owned
+a big farm and was quite rich. Lit-tle James was sent to good schools
+and did not have to work to earn the means to stay in school. He learned
+at first to hunt, to skate and to swim; and was good friends with all
+the boys; but through all the fun and school work came up the talk of
+war; of the long strife with Eng-land and the fierce red men. It was
+hard for a brave boy to hear such talk and yet keep on at his books,
+and though Mon-roe did go to Wil-liam and Mary Col-lege, he did not stay
+long, for we hear of him in 1775 at the camp near Bos-ton. In 1776 we
+see him at the head of a band of men, and from that time on he was in
+the thick of the fight. He fought at White Plains and Har-lem Heights,
+and was so brave that the great Wash-ing-ton gave him high praise for
+his work, and made him, when but eight-een years old, a cap-tain in the
+ar-my. At the great fight at Tren-ton he got a bad wound and had to rest
+for some time. In the big fights of the war this brave young man was one
+of the first in the field; his hopes were ev-er high, and he put heart
+in-to the weak and worn men who looked to him for help in the sad years
+of the war. In 1780 he be-gan the stud-y of law with his old friend
+Thom-as Jef-fer-son and soon led the bright men of the day.
+
+So good a friend of his was Jef-fer-son, that the home to which Mon-roe
+took his bride in 1785, was planned for him by Jef-fer-son, who, so it
+is said, al-so gave him the nails to build it with.
+
+In 1794 he was sent to France to look out for A-mer-i-ca's rights, but
+he found talk of war there at that time. The peo-ple did not want a king
+an-y long-er, but wished to be-come a free land like A-mer-i-ca, with
+a pres-i-dent at the head; and Mad-i-son, who was a Re-pub-li-can, took
+sides with the Re-pub-li-cans in France. The king did not like this, and
+so Mad-i-son had to come home at the end of two years.
+
+But he met with a wel-come at home, and his own State made him its
+Gov-ern-or. In 1803 he was once more sent to France; this time to buy
+the State of Lou-is-i-an-a from the French, and he paid Na-po-le-on for
+this large State $15,000,000.
+
+Twice Mon-roe was sent to Spain and once to Eng-land, where his task
+was to force Eng-land to stop her search of A-mer-i-can ships. You
+know he could not do this, for that was the cause of the War of 1812.
+
+Tired and sad at heart, he came back home, and was glad to rest for a
+while in his own home; but he was of too much use to his coun-try to be
+i-dle long. Once more, in 1811, he was made Gov-ern-or of Vir-gin-i-a.
+
+Then came the War of 1812; and it was Mon-roe, now Sec-re-ta-ry of
+State, who, at the head of a few men, saw the Brit-ish land near
+Wash-ing-ton and sent word to Mad-i-son to leave the cit-y. He al-so
+act-ed as Sec-re-ta-ry of War at this time, and so well did he do his
+part that in 1816 he was named for Pres-i-dent by the Dem-o-crats. He
+got the most votes and so took the first place in our great land.
+
+His first act was to pay off the great debt which the War of 1812 had
+brought on us. He did this in a ver-y short time; and now our trade grew
+so great that rail-roads were built; and so our first rail-road was made
+while Mad-i-son was Pres-i-dent.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST RAILROAD TRAIN.]
+
+There was a fierce war with the In-di-ans in Flor-i-da at this time; but
+Gen-er-al Jack-son was sent down there and he forced them to lay down
+their arms and keep the peace.
+
+Just at this time, too, we got Flor-i-da from the King of Spain, and
+gave up Tex-as, af-ter pay-ing a big sum of mon-ey to the A-mer-i-cans,
+who had been robbed by Spain.
+
+Mis-sou-ri came in-to the Un-ion while Mon-roe was Pres-i-dent, and
+there was a fierce storm of words; the North said she should not hold
+slaves after she was a State, the South said that she should.
+
+At last Con-gress gave way to the South-ern States; but made a law that
+there should be a line drawn through the land, north of which no State
+should hold slaves.
+
+In 1825 Mon-roe was free to go to his home at Oak Hill, Vir-gin-i-a,
+and here he lived un-til 1830. His wife died in that year, and then he
+went to live with his daugh-ter in New York. He died here on the 4th of
+Ju-ly, 1831, and his name is one that the whole land loves and hon-ors.
+
+He was bur-ied in New York, but on the one hun-dredth an-ni-ver-sa-ry
+of his birth, his bod-y was tak-en to Rich-mond, Vir-gin-i-a, and a
+hand-some stone raised o-ver his grave.
+
+[Illustration: JAMES MONROE.]
+
+[Illustration: JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.]
+
+
+
+
+JOHN QUIN-CY AD-AMS.
+
+
+The lit-tle boy who be-came our sixth Pres-i-dent led a life not at all
+like that of an-y oth-er of the boys of whom you have read. His fa-ther
+was John Ad-ams, our sec-ond Pres-i-dent, and when, on Ju-ly 11th, 1767,
+lit-tle John Quin-cy Ad-ams was born in the old home at Brain-tree,
+Mass., his great fa-ther was al-read-y speak-ing brave-ly for his
+coun-try's rights in the cit-y of Bos-ton. In 1772 the fam-i-ly moved
+to Bos-ton, and lit-tle John, for two years, saw, as the oth-er boys
+did, the Brit-ish sol-diers in their bright red coats on pa-rade in the
+Bos-ton streets, and heard on all sides talk of war with Eng-land. He
+saw a lit-tle of real war, too; for when he was eight years old, his
+moth-er took him on top of a high hill, called Be-mis Hill, from which
+he saw the smoke and heard the roar of can-non in that aw-ful bat-tle of
+Bunk-er Hill. When, in 1776, the Brit-ish left Bos-ton, this lit-tle lad
+of nine years used to oft-en ride on horse-back in and out of the city
+to bring home the lat-est news. This was a ride of twen-ty-two miles
+from the old home at Brain-tree, where Mrs. Ad-ams had gone when her
+hus-band went to Con-gress, and I think it took a pret-ty brave and
+strong boy to ride all those long miles a-lone.
+
+When John Ad-ams went to France to try and get her aid for A-mer-i-ca,
+he took with him his lit-tle boy, then ten years old. It was a rough,
+hard trip; for, not on-ly were there fierce winds which lashed the waves
+in-to fu-ry, but they were chased by Brit-ish ships, for Eng-land did
+not want John Ad-ams to get this help from France. But they reached
+Par-is in safe-ty, and lit-tle John was at once put in a French school.
+He on-ly stayed for a-bout a year and went back home with his fa-ther
+in the spring. Now for three months he was with his moth-er, and then
+in No-vem-ber he and some oth-er boys who were placed in his fa-ther's
+care, all start-ed for France, where they were to be put in a good
+school.
+
+This trip was hard-er than the oth-er one, for the big ship,
+"Sen-si-ble," sprang a leak, and af-ter some days of great per-il, they
+were glad to go to the near-est land, which was Spain; and now there
+was a long, hard trip by land be-fore France could be reached. They had
+sailed on Nov. 13th, 1779, and it was not un-til Feb. 5th, 1780, that
+the lit-tle par-ty reached Par-is.
+
+For two years now our lit-tle lad was hard at work with his books in
+Par-is; then his fa-ther was sent to the Neth-er-lands as A-mer-i-can
+Min-is-ter, and he took his lit-tle son there and placed him in a school
+in Am-ster-dam; from here he went to the U-ni-ver-si-ty at Ley-den,
+where he stayed un-til Ju-ly, 1781.
+
+He was now on-ly four-teen years old; but you see he had been in so
+ma-ny lands, that he could speak as the folks did in those strange
+lands, and this was a rare thing in those days. In 1781 Fran-cis Da-na,
+then the A-mer-i-can Min-is-ter to Rus-sia, need-ing some one to help
+him in his work, sent to Ley-den for this young boy. They passed
+through Ger-ma-ny on the way to Rus-sia, and here John Quin-cy learned
+some-thing of an-oth-er new land. Then, af-ter a year in Rus-sia, he
+left Mr. Da-na and stud-ied for a year in Swe-den. The next spring he
+went to his fa-ther in Hol-land, and then went to Par-is with him, and
+was pres-ent when the trea-ty of peace be-tween Eng-land and A-mer-i-ca
+end-ed the War of In-de-pend-ence.
+
+For two years more he stud-ied a-broad, and then sailed for home in May,
+1783. He at once en-tered the jun-ior class at Har-vard Col-lege and
+grad-u-a-ted with next to the high-est hon-ors in 1787. Then he took up
+law, as his fa-ther had done, and be-gan to prac-tise in Bos-ton. He
+made few friends; folks did not love him as they had ei-ther Mad-i-son
+or Mon-roe, but he was al-ways known to be a man of great pow-er, and
+of great learn-ing; and know-ing so much of other lands, he was just
+the man to be sent as A-mer-i-can Min-is-ter to these coun-tries.
+
+In 1794 Wash-ing-ton sent him to Hol-land, and in 1796 he was sent to
+Ber-lin.
+
+When, in 1801, Ad-ams came back home, it was to find new hon-ors
+wait-ing for him. He was sent first to the State Sen-ate and then to
+Con-gress. You see the steps by which our Pres-i-dents rose to pow-er
+were much the same in ev-er-y case. A du-ty well done in a small place
+led to some-thing a lit-tle high-er, and so on to the great-est hon-or
+of all--the Pres-i-dent's chair.
+
+The State of Mas-sa-chu-setts was ver-y proud of John Quin-cy A-dams;
+not only was he a great states-man and the son of the man whom they all
+loved, but he was, as well, a fine schol-ar, and a bril-liant speak-er.
+In 1809 he was sent a-broad a-gain for his coun-try; this time to
+Rus-sia, where he had not been since he was a boy of four-teen; in 1815
+he was sent to France, but he was here on-ly a few months, when war
+broke out in France, and all the min-is-ters from oth-er coun-tries were
+called a-way; he went at once to Eng-land, and here he had a much more
+pleasant time than his father had when he went there as the first
+Amer-i-can min-is-ter; the U-nit-ed States was now known as a big strong
+coun-try, and no one dared to be rude to her min-is-ter. In 1817 his own
+land felt the need of the great man who had served her so well a-broad,
+and he was called home to be-come Sec-re-ta-ry of State. No man was so
+well fit-ted for this post as he; for there were ma-ny men from the
+lands a-cross the sea, now com-ing and go-ing in the cap-i-tal of the
+U-nit-ed States, to talk o-ver great ques-tions; there were new states
+com-ing in-to the Un-i-on; and oth-er lands were al-ways try-ing to
+gain a lit-tle pow-er here; so John Quin-cy Ad-ams, who not on-ly was
+a great schol-ar, and a fine law-yer, but al-so knew well so ma-ny lands
+be-sides his own, was just the man to help Pres-i-dent Mon-roe through
+his eight years of work.
+
+He al-so was the man best suit-ed for the Pres-i-dent's chair, at
+the end of Mon-roe's term of of-fice. Not once, while Ad-ams was in
+Wash-ing-ton work-ing hard, did he for-get his old fa-ther, watch-ing,
+in his home at Quin-cy, the bu-sy life of his great son. Once ev-er-y
+year he went to the qui-et old home, and told his fa-ther of the life in
+Wash-ing-ton, in which the old-er man had once held so great a place.
+
+At the age of six-ty-eight, Ad-ams went back to his home in Quin-cy, but
+in 1830 once more he was sent to Con-gress, and for six-teen years he
+kept his seat there; he grew old and gray serv-ing his na-tive land; he
+made bit-ter en-e-mies, but ma-ny warm friends; he feared no one, and
+his voice was al-ways for the free-dom of this great land. On No-vem-ber
+19th, 1846, he had a stroke of par-al-y-sis while walk-ing in Bos-ton;
+but three months later we saw him a-gain in Wash-ing-ton, and tak-ing
+his old seat in Con-gress. As the gray old man came feeb-ly in-to the
+hall, ev-er-y man pres-ent rose to his feet, and so stood un-til he
+took his seat. He was too weak now to talk, and on-ly once more did he
+try to speak his mind on one of the great ques-tions of the day. This
+was on Feb-ru-a-ry 21st, 1848. He rose to speak, but fell in-to the arms
+of a man near him; at once they took him in-to a cloak-room, and sent
+for his wife. For two days did he lay there, and then, on the morn-ing
+of Feb-ru-a-ry 23d, his great soul took its flight. His last words were:
+"This is the last of life, and I am con-tent."
+
+
+
+
+AN-DREW JACK-SON.
+
+
+The boy who was to be our sev-enth Pres-i-dent did not lead the sort
+of life, as boy or man, that the oth-er Pres-i-dents did. He was the son
+of a poor I-rish-man who came here from Ire-land in 1765. He was born
+on March 15th, 1767, in a small place in South Car-o-li-na, called the
+Wax-haw Set-tle-ments. Poor and mean was the log house in which he first
+saw the light, and when his fa-ther died, which was when An-drew was a
+wee baby, the life of the lit-tle home was hard-er yet. His moth-er was
+a brave, good wo-man, and so well did she do her hard part in life that
+she was loved by all who knew her, and was known far and near as "Aunt
+Bet-ty."
+
+Andrew was a great care to her when a boy, for, full of life and fun, he
+did not care for books, and was at the head in all sorts of wild sport.
+He was ev-er read-y for a fight with boys who made him an-gry; the small
+boys looked to him for help in any strife with boys big-ger than they;
+and so strong was he, or read-y to knock a boy down for a real or a
+fan-cied wrong, that they soon found it best to give him his own way,
+and let him take his place as lead-er a-mong them; when he was at the
+head all went well.
+
+He was just nine years old when the Dec-la-ra-tion of In-de-pend-ence
+was signed, and then came four years of war with Eng-land. In 1780 this
+war was car-ried into the South, and on May 29th a number of Brit-ish
+sol-diers un-der Colo-nel Tarle-ton killed and wounded over 200 of the
+men and boys from the Wax-haw set-tle-ments. A-mong those who helped
+to care for the hurt and dy-ing men were Mrs. Jack-son and her boys.
+An-drew was on-ly four-teen when he fell in-to the hands of the
+Brit-ish, and he, with o-ver one hun-dred sick and dy-ing men, was kept
+for days in a dir-ty pen, with no beds, lit-tle to eat and on-ly stale
+wa-ter to drink. To make things worse, small-pox broke out and An-drew
+was one of those who had it. His brave moth-er was at last a-ble to free
+him, and it was ow-ing to her lov-ing care that he did not die at this
+aw-ful time.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW JACKSON.]
+
+Af-ter he was well e-nough to be left, his moth-er, who was ver-y sor-ry
+for the poor A-mer-ican sol-diers, went to Charles-ton to take care of
+those who were sick and wound-ed here. Just as she had be-gun her no-ble
+work she was ta-ken sick and died.
+
+Soon af-ter her death came the good news of peace; and now young An-drew
+be-gan to pay some heed to his books, with the hope of stud-y-ing law.
+He al-so taught school for a while, though he could not have been a
+ver-y good teach-er, for he nev-er learned how to spell ver-y well
+him-self. Still, in 1787, we find he has learned e-nough to take up the
+prac-tice of law, and he be-gan this work in Nash-ville, Ten-nes-see;
+and now we see the boy who had been the lead-er in boy-ish sports, games
+and fights, be-come at once a lead-er a-mong men. He was tall and quite
+good look-ing, with bright blue eyes and red-dish hair, and he was
+full of fun and life; he rode horse-back well, and knew how to shoot
+straight; and a-bove all he was a brave man, a-fraid of noth-ing.
+
+In 1788 he was giv-en a place in which he had to try for the State all
+men who had done wrong and it need-ed, in those wild days and in that
+new land, a brave man for such a work, for he would make ma-ny foes,
+both a-mong the bad white men and the In-di-ans. His work took him from
+Nash-ville to Jones-bor-ough, and here the In-di-ans were ver-y strong
+and ver-y cru-el, kill-ing and rob-bing the white men and wo-men, and
+e-ven the lit-tle ba-bies in their moth-ers' arms. Hear-ing and see-ing
+day by day more and more of this sav-age war-fare, al-ways in dan-ger of
+be-ing killed by night or day by some In-di-an hid-ing be-hind a tree or
+house, Jack-son learned to know the In-di-ans and their hab-its bet-ter
+than most men did, so was read-y to fight them in their own way in a
+few years.
+
+He made his home in Nash-ville and built up a good law prac-tice. He
+grew in pow-er so fast that in 1797 he was sent as the first man from
+Ten-nes-see to Con-gress. He went all the way from his home to
+Phil-a-del-phi-a, a dis-tance of 800 miles, on horse-back. In 1798 we
+see him a-gain at home as Judge of the Su-preme Court, and here he
+stayed un-til 1804. Then came four-teen years of peace for the land, and
+a hap-py home life for him. A-mong oth-er things which Jack-son did at
+this time was to build a large log store in which he kept all sorts of
+things which both the white men and the In-di-ans want-ed. His home,
+which was called "The Her-mit-age," was a fine house for those days, and
+in later years it grew as well known as Mt. Ver-non and Mon-ti-cel-lo.
+Jack-son was all through his life a man who would stand up for his own
+way, if it led to strife with his best friend, and more than once he
+fought du-els to the death. In Con-gress he would, when he rose to
+speak, some-times choke with blind rage if he could not make his point
+and force men to yield to him.
+
+Af-ter years of peace came the War of 1812, and from that hour
+Jack-son's name was first in the minds of men. He showed great skill in
+his fights with the red men, and won much fame in a fierce fight with
+the Creeks, a bad tribe of In-di-ans in Al-a-ba-ma.
+
+He could force men to do as he said; the young men of that day looked
+up-on him with awe and fear, but rushed to fill his ranks and serve
+un-der him.
+
+In 1815 he won the day at New Or-le-ans, and put the Brit-ish troops to
+flight with great loss of life. At the end of the war, back home went
+Jack-son for the rest of which he stood in sore need; but, in 1818,
+strife with the Sem-i-nole In-di-ans in Flor-i-da came up, and Jack-son
+was sent there.
+
+At this time Spain owned Flor-i-da, and it was both Span-ish troops and
+In-di-an foes that Jack-son had to meet, but he won his way, and at last
+made Spain yield her rights in Flor-i-da and sign a peace. In 1823 she
+sold Flor-i-da to us for $5,000,000; not such a great sum when we think
+what a rich and great place this "Land of Flow-ers" is. Jack-son was
+now put at the head of things in Flor-i-da, and the hard-est part of his
+work was to keep peace in the bad tribe of Sem-i-nole In-di-ans. With
+their chief Os-ce-o-la at their head they would creep out from the woods
+and swamps of Flor-i-da, rush on the homes of the white men, and burn
+them to the ground, and then dash back to the woods, where they could
+safe-ly hide. At the end of four years Jack-son was glad to go home to
+the Her-mit-age; here he and his wife led a qui-et life and kept up
+ma-ny of the ways of their young days, though now they were quite rich.
+Af-ter din-ner, they would sit, one on each side of the great big wood
+fire, in the large hall, and smoke their old pipes, with the long
+stems, just as they had in their log cab-in of long a-go. But the great
+gen-er-al could not live this qui-et life long; in 1823 he was sent
+to Con-gress; and here he met with high hon-or. On New Year's Day,
+1824, the great men of the day gave him the pock-et tel-e-scope that
+Wash-ing-ton had owned; a year from the day on which the Bat-tle of New
+Or-le-ans was fought, John Quin-cy Ad-ams gave him a great feast, at
+which were men, who held high rank here and in oth-er lands; and on the
+day that he was fif-ty-sev-en years old, Pres-i-dent Mon-roe gave him a
+gold badge for his brave acts in his fights for his coun-try. In 1828
+this rough, but brave and kind, old man, was made pres-i-dent; and now
+he stood up for his own way, just as he had in the wars of his land, and
+when he was but a boy. His first act was to stop some states in the
+South from leav-ing the Un-ion. John C. Cal-houn was at the head of a
+band of men, who felt that the North had more rights than the South; had
+more than its share of wealth and land; so rose the wish to set up a
+rule just for the South. "But," said Jack-son, "if one state goes out
+oth-ers will; and our great land will be a ru-in." So he stopped this
+plan, just in time.
+
+All the years that Jack-son was pres-i-dent, our great land gained in
+strength; new rail-roads were built; and new steam-boats; the land grew
+rich year by year.
+
+In 1824 the slaves in Mex-i-co were set free, and Tex-as came in-to the
+Un-ion.
+
+On the whole, Jack-son's term was a good one for the land; and so well
+did the peo-ple like him, that he is the on-ly pres-i-dent of whom it
+has been said that he was bet-ter liked when he went out of of-fice
+than when he went in.
+
+The last years of his life were spent at "The Her-mit-age," where he
+died on June 8th, 1845.
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF MAR-TIN VAN BU-REN.
+
+
+The place in which Mar-tin Van Bu-ren was born was far from the homes
+of the oth-er boys who be-came our pres-i-dents; and his life, as a boy,
+was not one bit like theirs. His fa-ther and moth-er were Dutch; Hoes
+was his moth-er's queer name; and the name of the small town, in which,
+on De-cem-ber 5th, 1782, he was born, was Dutch too--Kin-der-hook; the
+lit-tle town was on the Hud-son Riv-er, way up in New York state. His
+fa-ther kept a good inn, and had a small farm; so he could send Mar-tin
+to good schools; Mar-tin was so quick and bright at his books that he
+took up the study of law when he was four-teen; and at twen-ty-one he
+was a law-yer and at work in Kin-der-hook. He was a man who made friends
+with great ease; and as he was a good law-yer as well, his state soon
+saw that he was the man to speak for it at Wash-ing-ton. So in 1821 he
+was sent to Con-gress; then in 1828 he was made gov-ern-or of New York
+state; and this was a big step toward the pres-i-dent's chair; he was
+sec-re-tary of state when Jack-son was pres-i-dent; and in 1837 he took
+the oath of of-fice, and be-came pres-i-dent.
+
+He was in of-fice on-ly one term; and those four years were hard ones
+for him.
+
+Just at this time the men in Can-a-da tried to be free from Eng-land,
+and have home-rule; and some of our men took sides with them; this made
+Eng-land an-gry of course; and if Van Bu-ren had not put a stop to such
+things, we should have had war once more; but he said all who tried to
+give aid to Can-a-da should be sent to jail; and so the fear of war was
+put down.
+
+At the end of Van Bu-ren's first term some want-ed him to take the chair
+a-gain; but more want-ed Gen-er-al Har-ri-son, who had made a great name
+in the In-di-an wars. Van Bu-ren was rich, and Har-ri-son was poor;
+and this race for the pres-i-dent's chair was called the "Log Cab-in
+a-gainst the White House." Af-ter Har-ri-son took the chair, Van Bu-ren
+went back to his home at Kin-der-hook, where he lived in qui-et, until,
+in 1848, he was once more put up for pres-i-dent; but James K. Polk had
+more votes than he, and so won the e-lec-tion.
+
+In 1853 Van Bu-ren and his son went to Eu-rope, where they stayed two
+years. He spent the rest of his life at his old home, where he died on
+Ju-ly 24th, 1862.
+
+[Illustration: MARTIN VAN BUREN.]
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM H. HARRISON.]
+
+
+
+
+WIL-LIAM HEN-RY HAR-RI-SON.
+
+
+Wil-liam Hen-ry Har-ri-son was born in Berke-ly, Vir-gin-i-a, on
+Feb-ru-a-ry 9th, 1773; his fath-er, Ben-ja-min Har-ri-son, was not a
+rich man, but lived at ease on a small farm; he was a man of much force
+in his state, and was at one time its gov-ern-or. He was a brave, strong
+man, and taught his small son to be like him; now while lit-tle Wil-liam
+was hard at work at school, he heard much talk of the In-di-an wars;
+and his heart was full of long-ing to fight these cru-el foes of the
+white men.
+
+So, though he went to Hamp-den Syd-ney Col-lege, he did not stay long,
+but left to join the ar-my. He was such a brave fight-er that, when he
+was twen-ty-one, Wash-ing-ton put him in charge of the troops at Fort
+Wash-ing-ton, just the place where the In-di-ans were strong-est and
+most cru-el.
+
+Ma-jor Gen-er-al Wayne was at the head of the ar-my, and so rash and
+fear-less was he, that his troops called him "Mad An-tho-ny." He knew
+well how to fight the red men though, and in 1794 beat them in a fierce
+fight, on the spot where the cit-y of De-troit now stands. So brave was
+young Har-ri-son at this time, that he was made a cap-tain; for six
+years Har-ri-son was in the heat of the In-di-an wars; and learned all
+the sav-age ways of war; then he went home to rest, but was soon sent to
+Congress. So well did he do his work here, that In-di-an-a now chose
+him for gov-ern-or; and here he was so much liked that he kept his seat
+three terms; the hard-est task that he had to do while gov-ern-or was to
+keep peace with the In-di-ans; and side by side with his name, stands
+that of a great and good In-di-an chief Te-cum-seh; for years these two
+men tried to help the In-di-ans and teach them to live in peace; but at
+last the hate of the red men for the whites who were forc-ing them
+from their lands, end-ed in a great fight at Tip-pe-ca-noe, where the
+In-di-ans lost the bat-tle. So brave had Har-ri-son been in this fight,
+that he was made a gen-er-al; and in the War of 1812 was put at the head
+of the ar-my. At the close of the war, the brave old In-di-an fight-er
+went to live on his farm at South Bend, In-di-an-a, in the then state of
+O-hi-o; but he was too great a man to live a qui-et life, and was sent
+to Con-gress twice and once a-broad in his coun-try's serv-ice. Then in
+1836, he ran for Pres-i-dent, but did not get the most votes; four years
+la-ter he was put up once more, and he and John Ty-ler won by a big
+vote. It was in this race for Pres-i-dent, that the song was sung, whose
+cho-rus you hear to-day: "Tip-pe-ca-noe and Ty-ler, too."
+
+On the 4th of March, 1841, Wil-liam Hen-ry Har-ri-son, the old In-di-an
+fight-er, now six-ty-eight years old, came from years of qui-et home
+life, to take up the cares and wor-ries of a pres-i-dent's life, but the
+task was too much for him, and a month af-ter-ward, on A-pril 4th, 1841,
+the brave old man died.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN TY-LER.
+
+
+As a boy, the life of John Ty-ler was much the same as that of the boys
+of to-day. He was born on March 29th, 1790, in Charles Cit-y,
+Vir-gin-i-a, at a time when the whole land was at peace. No talk of the
+red men came to his young ears; and no fear fell like a dark cloud over
+the fun and play of his boy-hood. He was the son of a man who had for
+friends the great men of his day;--Wash-ing-ton and Ben-ja-min
+Har-ri-son were warm, close friends of old John Ty-ler; and he was at
+one time Gov-ern-or of Vir-gin-i-a. Young John was sent to school when
+he was a ver-y small boy; and, though he was fond of sports and games,
+he kept hard at work at his books and won a high place at school. He
+was a mere boy when he could en-ter Wil-liam and Ma-ry Col-lege; and he
+left in 1806 at the head of his class. He at once took up law with his
+fa-ther, and soon showed the good stuff of which he was made. Clear and
+quick was his mind, swift to think and feel; and his words came as fast
+as his thoughts. He rose with great, quick strides towards the first
+place in the land. In 1825 he was made Gov-ern-or of Vir-gin-i-a; and in
+1827, was sent to Con-gress, where he kept his seat for six years; these
+were years of strife as to the slave trade, and there were fierce, hard
+words and harsh thoughts be-tween the men of the North and those of the
+South. Ty-ler was at home for a few years af-ter he left Con-gress, and
+took a high place as a law-yer. In 1836 he was put up with Har-ri-son in
+the race for the pres-i-dent's chair. But it was not till 1840 that he
+won this place; then, as the vice-pres-i-dent had not a great deal to
+do, Ty-ler went home to Wil-liams-burg. It was here that the sad news
+of Har-ri-son's death was brought to him, and he at once went on to
+Wash-ing-ton. Here he found he had a hard task; for he and his Con-gress
+did not think the same on the great ques-tions of the day and were
+ev-er at strife. One of his first acts was to put down a state war
+in Mis-sou-ri. A Mor-mon, by the name of Smith, and a band of men who
+thought as he did went down there to live; folks there did not like this
+and tried to drive them out of the state, but this was a hard thing to
+do, for there were a-bout 12,000 Mor-mons. At last, Ty-ler sent troops
+there to put down the strife, and the Mor-mons were sent to Il-li-nois.
+They were here but a short time when the same old strife a-rose, and
+then they fled to the lands in the far west--where they are to-day,
+in the state of Utah. War broke out in Tex-as while Ty-ler was in the
+chair, and af-ter fierce fights be-tween the Tex-ans and Mex-i-cans the
+Tex-ans won, and were at the head of the state. They asked at once to
+come in-to the Un-ion, and in 1845 this great state came in. In the last
+year of Ty-ler's rule Sam-u-el F. B. Morse found out how to send words
+in just a flash of time through miles and miles of space; and you
+chil-dren know well that the fine wire stretched from one great pole to
+the next on which the quick news was sent was called the "tel-e-graph."
+
+At the end of Ty-ler's first term, James Knox Polk had the most votes,
+and so took the pres-i-dent's chair; and this news was the first that
+was sent o-ver the tel-e-graph wires.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN TYLER.]
+
+[Illustration: JAMES K. POLK.]
+
+
+
+
+JAMES KNOX POLK.
+
+
+As a boy James Knox Polk led a life that would please a good ma-ny
+of the boys of to-day. He was born in Meck-len-burg County, North
+Car-o-li-na, on No-vem-ber 2d, 1705; but in 1806 his fa-ther went to
+Duck Farm, Ten-nes-see, and lit-tle James, e-lev-en years old, was of
+much help in the new home. Where the day's work took the big, strong
+fa-ther, there went the small son; if there was a long ride to get food
+or clothes from some big town, lit-tle James could help care for the
+hors-es and when his fa-ther and oth-er men, for weeks at a time, were
+in the great, wild woods, hunt-ing, mak-ing new roads, or helping each
+oth-er build the log cab-ins, which were the homes of these ear-ly
+set-tlers, James would be there too, cook-ing meals and keep-ing the
+camp neat and bright for the men who came back tired and hun-gry at
+night.
+
+So years passed by with much work in the o-pen air and lit-tle of stud-y
+or books; but when James was four-teen years old it was time that he
+should earn mon-ey.
+
+He was not a big, strong boy; he could not stand rough, hard work on
+a farm; he did not love to hunt; he had no taste for war; so he was put
+in a small store, that he might learn to man-age a big store when he
+grew old.
+
+Here he first saw some books, and his love for them a-woke; for weeks
+and months he worked a-lone with an-y book or pa-per he could find.
+
+At last his fa-ther took him from the store and sent him to school; he
+was now eight-een, but he was so quick to learn, so bright and smart,
+that five years from this time he left the U-ni-ver-si-ty of North
+Car-o-li-na at the head of his class.
+
+When he came back to Duck Riv-er, not on-ly was his fa-ther proud of his
+boy, but all Ten-nes-see knew that he was one of the bright-est young
+men in the state.
+
+Now, just at this time, Gen-er-al Jack-son was fight-ing so brave-ly
+a-gainst the In-di-ans and all the boys of Ten-nes-see were as proud of
+this great he-ro as the boys of Vir-gin-i-a had been of Wash-ing-ton. In
+1819, when young James Polk went to Nash-ville, Ten-nes-see, to take up
+law, he was near Jack-son's home; and he and the great Gen-er-al be-came
+fast friends. It was ow-ing to Jack-son's help that, in 1824, Polk, then
+a bright young law-yer, took his first pub-lic step and was sent to the
+state leg-is-la-ture.
+
+He a-rose so fast in the love and trust of his state that he was sent to
+Con-gress when on-ly thir-ty years old; and here he stayed for thir-teen
+years.
+
+In 1840 he went back to his home at Grun-dy's Hill in Nash-ville,
+hav-ing made a great name in Wash-ing-ton; not once did he lose his hold
+on the great ques-tions of the day, e-ven while here at home; and in
+1845 he was chos-en pres-i-dent of the U-nit-ed States.
+
+While he was in of-fice, once more the U-nit-ed States was at war, and
+this war is known as the "Mex-i-can War." Its cause was this:--
+
+Our peo-ple in Mex-i-co said that a big tract of land down there was
+theirs; the Mex-i-cans laid claim to it too; so Gen-er-al Tay-lor went
+down to see that our rights were looked af-ter.
+
+In the first fight he won, and lost but nine men; then he laid siege to
+their great cit-y of Mon-te-rey, and af-ter a hard fight took the town.
+
+That same year Gen-er-al Scott took the cit-y of Ve-ra Cruz; on
+Sep-tem-ber 14th, 1847, the A-mer-i-can troops took the cit-y of
+Mex-i-co, and the long war was at an end.
+
+In 1848 came the news of great gold mines in Cal-i-for-ni-a; and men
+went in such num-bers to this state that the "Gold Fe-ver of 1849" is
+a well known term to-day.
+
+While Polk was in the chair, three new states came in; and two of them
+were free states; that is, no slaves could be kept there; just at this
+time some men formed a band, and said that no slaves should be kept in
+an-y new state which the U-nit-ed States should gain.
+
+In 1849 Polk went home to Nash-ville, Ten-nes-see; he was on-ly
+fif-ty-eight years old; but was so worn out with years of work that he
+lived but a few months af-ter he got home; he died on the 15th of June,
+in the same year.
+
+
+
+
+ZACH-A-RY TAY-LOR.
+
+
+Zach-a-ry Tay-lor was born in Vir-gin-i-a, on No-vem-ber 24th, 1784; but
+when he was a small boy his fa-ther went to live in Ken-tuck-y; and long
+af-ter the rest of the land was at peace this state was the scene of
+such fierce fights with the In-di-ans that it was known as "The dark and
+blood-y ground." It is not strange that this boy, who lived at a time
+when wo-men as well as men had to know how to load and fire guns, so
+that they could help to keep the red men from their homes, should have
+grown up to be a brave, strong man.
+
+As a boy he went to good schools, but cared far more for the tales of
+war which his brave fa-ther told him than he did for his books; he did
+love books which told of great fights and brave men, and read all that
+he could get. When he was just of age he went to war, in place of a
+friend, and was so brave and fear-less that he soon took a high place.
+
+He was in the great fight of Tip-pe-ca-noe; and all through the War of
+1812 he showed great skill in his fights with the red men;--well he knew
+all their tricks and modes of war. He gained great fame in Flor-i-da,
+when he was sent there to make the Sem-i-nole In-di-ans keep the peace.
+For years had this tribe of In-di-ans made war on the white men; their
+chief, Os-ce-o-la, had, years a-go, gone to one of the forts with his
+wife, who was a slave girl; he had been put in chains, and she held
+at the fort. In his rage, he had sworn to lead his men in war, when he
+could get to them; at last his chance had come, and he had fled by night
+from the fort. To rouse his tribe and hurl them at the whites, was
+his first thought; and long and cru-el were the fights that went on for
+years. At last Tay-lor was sent to Flor-i-da; and now a trick was played
+on this great chief of the In-di-ans; with a flag of truce, he came
+to the fort to talk with the gen-er-al; and by the or-ders of the
+gen-er-al, he was held there a pris-on-er; he was sent, at last, to Fort
+Moul-trie in Charles-ton har-bor, and there, in the year 1838, he died.
+With their chief dead, the Sem-i-nole In-di-ans had no heart for war;
+and soon the few red men left of this great, fierce tribe were put far
+a-way from each oth-er, in new states, and there was peace in Flor-i-da.
+
+Gen-er-al Tay-lor won great fame in the Mex-i-can War; in 1847 he
+won the fight of Bu-e-na Vis-ta, which took place on Wash-ing-ton's
+birth-day; and he won too the fights of Pa-lo Al-to and Mon-te-rey. On
+Sep-tem-ber 24th, 1847, our troops took the cit-y of Mex-i-co, and the
+war was brought to an end. As Tay-lor went home to Ba-ton Rouge, he met
+with praise, at each place he passed; folks came in crowds to see the
+great he-ro; cheers filled the air; flags were raised and guns were
+fired; he was the i-dol of the land. His men too were fond of him, for
+all through the war he had been kind and good to them, and shared their
+hard life. He was such a he-ro to the whole land, that it is not strange
+that he was named for the next pres-i-dent, and got the most votes. He
+took the chair of state in 1849, but the brave old man came in just at
+the time when the strife a-bout slaves was at its height; and the cares
+of the of-fice were too much for him, as they had been for Har-ri-son.
+On Ju-ly 4th, 1850, there was a great time in Wash-ing-ton, in which
+he took part; but his health was too weak to stand this strain; and
+in the midst of his work, on Ju-ly 9th, 1850, the brave old In-di-an
+fight-er died.
+
+[Illustration: ZACHARY TAYLOR.]
+
+[Illustration: MILLARD FILLMORE.]
+
+
+
+
+MIL-LARD FILL-MORE.
+
+
+In a log ca-bin way out in the western part of New York State, deep in
+the dense, wild woods, was born, on Jan-u-a-ry 7th, 1800, the boy who
+was to be the thir-teenth pres-i-dent of the U-nit-ed States. His
+fa-ther had gone there from Ver-mont, to get a-way from the In-di-ans,
+who gave no peace in his old home; and no house stood near-er than four
+miles to the lit-tle home he had built in the wild new land; there was
+no school; and if there had been lit-tle Mil-lard had not much time to
+go; for he was ver-y young, when he was taught to earn mon-ey and help
+in the lit-tle home. He learned how to make cloth from the soft white
+wool; and was hard at work, in this way, till he was nine-teen years
+old; then a love of books came to him; and a law-yer took note of
+him and gave him such aid that he soon took a high place in the
+law-stud-ies. When he was twen-ty-two, he went to Buf-fa-lo, and taught
+school, to help pay his way, as he went on with the stud-y of law. He
+was bright and quick, and, in 1823, he be-gan to prac-tise law and
+soon rose to such a high place in the state bar that his state sent
+him to Con-gress. Here his work was done so well that he was made
+vice-pres-i-dent, when Tay-lor took the pres-i-dent's seat; and on his
+death be-came pres-i-dent.
+
+While he was in the chair one of his aids was the great Dan-iel
+Web-ster, who looked af-ter the laws of all the states. He had been in
+of-fice but a short time, when a band of men tried to get Cu-ba from
+Spain; but they were soon put down. He was in of-fice one term, and then
+went home to Buf-fa-lo, and took up the prac-tice of law a-gain. In 1855
+he went to Eu-rope, where he stayed for one year; he then came home to
+lead a qui-et life, full of stud-y, till his death on March 8th, 1874.
+
+
+
+
+FRANK-LIN PIERCE.
+
+
+A brave sol-dier in the War of the Rev-o-lu-tion was Ben-ja-min Pierce,
+the fa-ther of the boy who was to be our four-teenth pres-i-dent; and
+it was in the old town of Hills-bor-ough, New Hamp-shire, that, on
+No-vem-ber 22d, 1804, Frank-lin Pierce was born. The fa-ther was a big
+strong man, fond of sports and fun of all kinds and much liked by all;
+he was the chief man in Hills-bor-ough, and was at one time gov-ern-or
+of his state. In such a home it is not hard to see that the life of
+lit-tle Frank-lin would be full of work and play as well. He was sent to
+good schools, and was just six-teen when he went to Bow-do-in Col-lege.
+He was full of fun, and at once took the lead in the col-lege life; but
+he worked hard at his books too; in 1824 he left col-lege, and took up
+the stud-y of law, and soon be-came one of the bar. He was now at his
+old home in Hills-bor-ough, and folks felt that he was a man of brains
+and great force; he was sent to Con-gress, and held high of-fice in his
+state while he was still a young man; and in the Mex-i-can War he showed
+him-self as brave a man as his fa-ther had been. At last, in 1853, he
+was made pres-i-dent. At this time, the strife as to the slave trade
+was at its height; some states wished to have slaves, while some held
+it wrong. At last Con-gress made a law that all new states should do
+as they pleased. The first "World's Fair" was held in New York, just
+at this time, in a great hall made of glass, which was known as "The
+Crys-tal Pal-ace."
+
+Pierce was in of-fice one term; at the end of that time he went back
+home to Con-cord, Mas-sa-chu-setts, where he lived a qui-et life un-til
+his death, on Oc-to-ber 8th, 1867.
+
+[Illustration: FRANKLIN PIERCE.]
+
+[Illustration: JAMES BUCHANAN.]
+
+
+
+
+JAMES BU-CHAN-AN.
+
+
+A strong, brave, young man from Ire-land was the fa-ther of our
+fif-teenth pres-i-dent. He had come here in 1783, and bought a small
+farm in Penn-syl-va-ni-a; so well did he do that he soon bought a store
+as well; and when, on A-pril 23d, 1791, at Cove Gap, lit-tle James was
+born, his fa-ther was quite a rich man. He sent his son to the best
+schools and he was just six-teen years old when he went to Dick-in-son
+col-lege. Here he took first place with ease. In 1809, when he left
+col-lege, he be-gan the stud-y of law. In the War of 1812 he served in
+the ar-my; and at the close of the war his state chose him to help make
+her laws. He was a young man when his state sent him to Wash-ing-ton
+where he held his place in Con-gress for ten years. In 1831 he was sent
+to Rus-sia to look out for our rights there; and in 1853 he held the
+same post in Eng-land. You see, he rose fast to the first place in the
+land, for in 1857 he was made pres-i-dent. While he was in the chair of
+state, the Prince of Wales came here for the first time, and this shows
+that Eng-land felt we were now one of the big coun-tries of the world,
+and that she must treat us as such.
+
+It was while Bu-chan-an was pres-i-dent that Cy-rus W. Field laid the
+first wire un-der the O-cean, by which words could be sent from this new
+land to those old lands on the oth-er side. The talk a-bout slav-er-y
+was so fierce at this time that a fight in which brave lives were lost
+took place, and the name which shines out bright is that of John Brown
+of Kan-sas. He was a friend of the black men, and took their part. He
+struck the first blow in their cause at the fort at Har-per's Fer-ry,
+which he held for two days. He took all the guns that were there, as he
+wished to arm the black men and then lead them to the South to fight for
+their friends, held there as slaves. Of course this was a-gainst the law
+of the land, and troops were sent to seize this brave and good man. His
+two sons fought with him, and he saw them both shot down, but he did not
+give up till in the heat of the fight he fell with six wounds. He did
+not die at this time; af-ter this he was hung as one who had fought
+a-gainst the law of his land. His last act, as he was on his way to the
+place where he was to be hung, was to kiss a lit-tle ba-by which a poor
+slave held up to him as he passed.
+
+His death was not in vain, for from now on the ques-tion of sla-ver-y
+was the talk of the whole land, and in 1860 South Car-o-li-na took the
+lead and said that she would not bear the laws of the Un-ion, but would
+rule her land in her own way. Soon, six more South-ern states said the
+same; and these states which cut loose from the North were called the
+"Con-fed-er-a-cy;" at the head as pres-i-dent was Jef-fer-son Da-vis.
+
+This was the state of things when Bu-chan-an left the chair, and went
+to his home in Penn-syl-va-ni-a, at a place called Wheat-land.
+
+In the last year of his life he wrote a book of his life, which is still
+in print. He died at his home on June 1st, 1868. He was the last of the
+"Peace" pres-i-dents, for it was A-bra-ham Lin-coln who took his place,
+and in his term the strife as to the slave trade led to our "Civ-il War."
+
+
+
+
+A-BRA-HAM LIN-COLN.
+
+
+Thom-as Lin-coln, who was the fa-ther of A-bra-ham Lin-coln, had seen
+a sad sight when he was but a boy of eight years; while he and his
+brothers were hard at work with their fa-ther in the dense, wild woods
+which grew close to their small home in Ken-tuck-y, an In-di-an chief
+crept close to them; he fired one shot, and the boys saw their big,
+strong fa-ther fall dead. They were brave boys, and while one ran for
+help, the oth-ers kept at bay the In-di-ans who came from the woods. A
+band of men soon came to their aid, and drove the fierce red men back to
+the woods. It was a rough, hard life in which Thom-as Lin-coln grew up;
+and he could not read or write when, at twen-ty years, he took as his
+wife Miss Nan-cy Hanks; she was a bright girl and soon taught him at
+least to write his name.
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN'S EARLY HOME.]
+
+[Illustration: ABRAHAM LINCOLN.]
+
+It was a poor log-house in Har-din Coun-ty, Ken-tuck-y, to which he
+took his bride; and yet in this home so mean and small, was born, on
+Feb-ru-a-ry 12th, 1809, the boy who was to be pres-i-dent of this great
+land. Few boys and girls know what it is to be as poor as this lit-tle
+boy was, or to lead as hard and sad a life. His clothes were thin and
+poor, his shoes, when he had an-y, were oft-en full of holes; he did
+not al-ways have as much as he would like to eat, and in the long, hard
+win-ters he was oft-en ver-y cold. It was not an eas-y life, and it was
+full of hard work, for peo-ple in this rough place could not read and
+there were no schools; but when he was still a young boy his folks moved
+to In-di-an-a, and though there was more work to be done, life was not
+quite so sad, for he and his sis-ter Nan-cy now had a play-mate, their
+cous-in, Den-nis Hanks, who was full of life and fun. "Abe," as folks
+called him, was but eight years old when his par-ents went out into the
+West to live, but he was so strong that he could help chop down the
+trees of which the new home was made; then, too, he learned how to shoot
+the game and wild fowl in the big woods, and so could bring good things
+in-to the house to eat. But a dark time came in his life soon, for the
+kind, good moth-er took sick and died. Her death was a great loss to
+"Abe," and he felt much grief that there was no one to say a pray-er at
+her grave; so he wrote to the min-is-ter in the old home in Ken-tuck-y,
+and asked him if he would not come there and bless his moth-er's grave.
+This good man came as soon as he could, but it was a long while af-ter
+her death be-fore "Abe" had his wish. That win-ter was long and hard for
+the poor lit-tle boy and girl with no moth-er to see that they were
+warm, or that they had good food to eat; but in the fall of 1819, the
+fa-ther brought home a new wife, Mrs. Sal-ly John-son and now at last a
+ray of bright light came to stay with "Abe" and Nan-cy. The new moth-er
+was a good, kind wo-man, and was quite rich for those days. She soon had
+the home bright and neat; she put good warm clothes on "Abe" and Nan-cy;
+saw that they had food to eat and at once sent them to school.
+
+"Abe" was now e-lev-en years old, tall and big, and of more strength
+than most boys of his age. His fa-ther hired him out for all sorts of
+work; to pitch hay, to chop wood, to help on the farm; no work was too
+hard for this big, strong boy; but, with all this work, he kept at his
+books too. Late at night, while all the rest slept, he would stud-y his
+books; and as books were few he read them ma-ny times o-ver; one of the
+books he loved the most was the "Life of Wash-ing-ton."
+
+He was a young man, for it was in March, 1828, that a chance came to him
+to see more of life; he was hired to take a boat filled with skins down
+the Mis-sis-sip-pi Riv-er to New Or-le-ans; he did this work well, and
+when he came back was paid a good price for it. He was just of age when
+his folks went to Il-li-nois to live; and now he helped build a home,
+cleared a big field in which it stood, split rails to fence it in, and
+then went off to make his own way in life.
+
+The first thing he did was to help build a flat-boat and then take it
+down to New Or-le-ans; when he came back the man who owned the boat gave
+him a place in his store at New Sa-lem; and now he had a good chance to
+get books to read; and you may be sure he was glad of this. He was soon
+known in the place as a bright young man, and one who would not lie,
+or steal, or do an-y mean thing; he was full of fun and jokes, and the
+folks in the town were all fond of him; he was called "Hon-est Abe."
+When the "Black Hawk War" broke out he went at the head of a small band
+of men to the seat of war; he was in no great fight, but learned much of
+war and how to rule the rough men who were in his care.
+
+When he came home he was felt to be one of the first men in the town,
+and in 1834 he took a high place in the state. He now took up the
+stud-y of law, and was soon in ac-tive prac-tise; he had a good, kind
+heart, and did much good to those who were too poor to pay him. In 1846
+he was sent to Con-gress; this time he was there but one year; then came
+back to Spring-field, Il-li-nois, and built up a fine law prac-tise. His
+name was now known through all this great land; and in the slave strife
+he was al-ways on the side of the slaves. He spoke so oft-en for the
+slaves that in 1860, the South said if he was put up for pres-i-dent, by
+the North and West, they would leave the Union. But he was just the man
+to fill this high office at this time; and as he had the most votes he
+took the of-fice of Pres-i-dent in 1861. There is a sto-ry told of these
+days, which shows that Lin-coln, when a great man, had no shame for the
+days when he was poor. Old John Hanks, who had helped him build that
+rail fence so long a-go, came to Il-li-nois with two of those rails; and
+on them was a big card which told where they came from, and who split
+them. Lin-coln was just a-bout to make a speech to a big crowd; and
+when he saw these rails he said that he had split them when a boy, but
+thought he could do bet-ter now. Then shouts and cheers went up from the
+crowd, you may be sure; and from that time Lin-coln was known in the
+race for pres-i-dent as "The Rail Split-ter."
+
+When he left his home to go to Wash-ing-ton, a great crowd came to see
+him off, but he was so sad he could not say much to them. There were
+plots to kill him at this time, and he knew it; but he gave no thought
+to his own life, and went straight to his post of du-ty as Pres-i-dent.
+It was with a sad heart that he saw this great land torn with war; and
+he would have been glad to keep peace, but this he could not do. When
+the South fired at the flag of the Un-ion at Fort Sum-ter, a cry went
+up through the whole land. The South fought for what it called "States
+Rights;" the right of each state to rule in its own way; but this
+Lin-coln would not have. He cared more for the Un-ion than he did for
+the slaves; for, though he thought all men should be free, he said,
+if he could save the Un-ion, he did not care if not one slave was made
+free; he had no wish to keep the South from its rights; but, at last, he
+felt it wise to send out a bill, which said that all the slaves should
+be free, and have the same rights as white men. This land was in no
+state for war; much had to be done; clothes and food got for the troops;
+and arms as well had to be made or bought at once. The first great fight
+was at Bull Run in Vir-gin-i-a; and the loss of life on both sides was
+great; the North lost from the first; men who had nev-er been in a fight
+be-fore went mad with fear and ran for their lives. But at the fight at
+Get-tys-burg the men of the North were brave and fought with such skill
+that the great fight was won by the North.
+
+Grant was put at the head of the troops who went down to free
+Mis-sis-sip-pi; and it was not long be-fore he placed the Stars and
+Stripes over this fair state. The South made a brave fight, for what it
+thought was right and just; but as the war went on, the troops of the
+South were in a bad state; they could get no food, no clothes, and so
+ma-ny men had been shot that in the last years of the war young boys had
+to help fill up the ranks. Now came Sher-man's march to the sea, and he
+took Sa-van-nah and all its guns and stores. This was a great blow, and
+now one by one the sea-ports of the South fell in-to the hands of the
+North. At last Gen-er-al Lee, a great and good man of the South, sent
+word to Grant that he would come to terms and make peace. Grant was
+kind at this hard time; he let Lee keep his sword, and said that the men
+might keep all their hors-es. It was in A-pril, 1865, that peace came
+to our great land; and the North went mad with joys; bells pealed, and
+fires blazed in the streets; flags were raised and guns were fired; but
+in the South there was no joy; on-ly great grief.
+
+From the grief of the South a great crime sprang; on the night of A-pril
+14th, as Lin-coln sat in a box at the the-a-tre watch-ing a play he
+was shot by a man from the South named Wilkes Booth. When he had shot
+Lin-coln, this man sprang on the stage and tried to run from the place;
+he fell and broke his leg; but in this state he got to the door, where
+he jumped on his horse and fled for his life. He was found at last in a
+barn, and made such a brave fight for his life that the barn had to be
+set on fire be-fore he could be caught; e-ven then he would not come out
+and give him-self up; but fought till he was shot down where he stood.
+
+Lin-coln had been shot in the back of his head, and could not move or
+speak;--men took him with care to a house near by, but there was no help
+for him; and in the ear-ly morn of the next day a great life came to a
+sad end. The whole land, the South as well as the North, wept at his
+death; for no sane man felt that Booth's deed was wise or just; and to
+this day the name of A-bra-ham Lin-coln, the "Sav-iour of his Coun-try,"
+is held dear by North and South.
+
+
+
+
+AN-DREW JOHN-SON.
+
+
+An-drew John-son's life as a boy was quite as hard as that of lit-tle
+"Abe" Lin-coln. He was born in Ra-leigh, North Car-o-li-na, on
+De-cem-ber 29th, 1808, in a small log cab-in; and near his home were
+the big farms of the rich men of the South, on which lived in more
+ease than he the slaves, who looked down on his fa-ther and mo-ther
+as "poor white trash."
+
+His fa-ther died when An-drew was but four years old; he must have been
+a brave man, for he lost his life try-ing to save a man from drown-ing.
+Lit-tle An-drew was too poor to go to school; he had to try and earn
+mon-ey, when he was but ten years old; so he was sent to a tail-or to
+learn to make clothes; here, for five years he worked hard; and then he
+heard a man read; and for the first time it came to his mind that he
+could learn to do this; he got the men in the shop to teach him his
+"A, B, C;" and he was so quick to learn that soon he could read a
+lit-tle; but it was not till he was wed to a bright young girl that he
+learned a great deal of books; this was when he was eight-een, and he
+had gone to Green-ville, Ten-nes-see, to set up in life for him-self.
+These young folks were both poor, but both bright; and the wife was a
+great help to John-son all through his life. He rose fast in his new
+home; we see him, from the first, take the part of the poor; and he
+was soon put in high of-fice in the town; it was not long ere he rose
+to a high place in the state, and, in 1843, we see the poor lit-tle
+tail-or boy of 1826 in the halls of Con-gress, stand-ing up for the
+rights of the class in which he was born. In 1846 he took the seat of
+John Quin-cy Ad-ams, who was too sick to hold it; does it not seem
+strange that two men who had lived as boys so un-like should rise to
+just the same place? For ten years he was in Wash-ing-ton, where he
+helped make the laws of the land; then in 1853, he was made gov-ern-or
+of Ten-nes-see. When the Civ-il War broke out, he took sides with
+the North, though he was born in the South and lived there; and when
+Lin-coln was made pres-i-dent he took the next place as vice-pres-i-dent.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW JOHNSON.]
+
+On Lin-coln's death, he took the pres-i-dent's chair. The whole land was
+now up-set; in the South the white men had no work; and the slaves did
+not know how to care for them-selves. In the North there was strife as
+to the terms on which the South should come back in-to the Un-ion; and
+on ma-ny things John-son and his Con-gress did not think the same; so
+there was strife be-tween them. It came to its height in 1868, when the
+Sen-ate tried John-son for "high crimes and mis-de-mean-ors;" this means
+that Con-gress thought the pres-i-dent did not act for the good of the
+land, and should be put out of of-fice; but the men who tried him did
+not all think the same; and most of them said he should keep his place.
+
+So he was in the chair for four years, and then went home to
+E-liz-a-beth-town, Ten-nes-see, where he lived till his death on
+Ju-ly 29th, 1875.
+
+
+
+
+U-LYS-SES SIMP-SON GRANT.
+
+
+The boy who was to be first a great gen-er-al in the ar-my, and then
+Pres-i-dent of the U-nit-ed States, was born at Point Pleas-ant, O-hi-o,
+A-pril 27th, 1822. As a boy he did not care for books, but was fond of
+sports and games, and had a great love for horses; he was but eight
+years old when he put a young colt to a sled, and hauled sticks and logs
+from the woods to his home; and he was but twelve when he made a trade
+of a horse he had for a young colt which had not been used much; on his
+way home a dog sprang at the colt, which, at once, mad with fear, tried
+to run a-way; the boy held fast to his reins, and stopped the colt just
+on the edge of a great cliff; but it was in such fear that it would not
+move, and the boy for a time knew not what to do. At last he took his
+hand-ker-chief, tied it o-ver the colt's eyes, and so drove him home.
+Folks near the Grant home said there was no horse which young U-lys-ses
+could not ride; he was a boy who had a firm will and strong nerves; and
+was at the head in all sports or games; for young boys soon learn which
+one of them must take the lead.
+
+He did not stand so high in school, but did his tasks well; and in 1839
+he went to West Point. Here he soon had ma-ny friends; and they gave him
+a name which clung to him for life; he was called "Uncle Sam," from the
+U. S. in his first two names. At West Point, he read a great deal of
+war, and the men who had done brave deeds for their coun-try; and
+when he left there he was, at heart, as well as in name, a sol-dier of
+his coun-try. He at once took his place with the troops, who were at war
+with the In-di-ans in the West; but his first big fight was at Pa-lo
+Al-to in 1846. At the close of this war Grant, who had shown much skill,
+and knew no fear, was sent to the West once more to force the In-di-ans
+to keep peace.
+
+[Illustration: ULYSSES S. GRANT.]
+
+He was in Cal-i-for-ni-a while the gold craze was at its height, to try
+and make the rough men who came in search of gold keep the laws of the
+land. Then, from 1854, he had a few years of peace, and start-ed to tan
+hides and skins, in Ga-le-na, Il-li-nois; but his life was ev-er at his
+coun-try's call; and he was one of the first men to take up arms in the
+Civil War. He was made a gen-er-al soon af-ter the war broke out; and
+one of his first acts was to block all the streams and roads near his
+post at Cai-ro, on the O-hi-o River, so that the South could get no food
+or arms. Grant was known as a brave fight-er, and oft-en was in the
+midst of the fight at the head of his men. At a great loss of life to
+his troops, he took two strong forts from the South, Forts Hen-ry and
+Don-el-son; and then came that great fight at Shi-loh; where the troops
+of the South were cut down, and the North won the day; Grant was now put
+next to the head of the whole ar-my; and at once tried to take the cit-y
+of Vicks-burg. The siege of this cit-y was hard for those in its walls,
+and for the troops in front of it; for Grant and his men could get no
+food from the North, and the cit-y was quite cut off from help. The
+cit-y made a brave stand for two long months; but had to give in at
+last, and at the end of that time Grant and his men marched in-to the
+cit-y; now this great gen-er-al showed what a kind heart he had, for he
+gave food and clothes to the poor men who had fought so long and so
+well, to save their town; and he tried hard, at this time, to think of
+some way to bring the war to a close. Grant was not a hard man, but he
+was a just one; and in his camps, the men must live the right sort of
+lives; he would not let his men steal food from the farms a-bout them,
+or rob the poor folks in their homes. He was a plain man, and his dress
+showed his plain tastes; once, when he had his troops march past him,
+that he might see how they looked, he wore such a plain garb that his
+cap-tains were dressed bet-ter than he. He wore no sword, sash, nor
+belt; just a plain, dark suit, with a soft felt hat on his head, and a
+pair of kid gloves on his hands; he was a great smoker, and, it is said,
+his big plans were all made when his ci-gar was in his mouth. In 1863,
+Grant won a great fight at Chat-ta-noo-ga; and in the fierce fight in
+the Wil-der-ness, he and Gen-er-al Lee met for the first time.
+
+Grant's next great work was to seize Pe-ters-burg; and so he laid siege
+to the town; he dug a huge mine in front of the doomed cit-y, and filled
+it full of pow-der that would go off when fired with a match; when this
+great charge went off, the fort was blown to small bits, and heaps of
+dead and dy-ing men lay in the midst of the ru-in; but the brave men of
+the South still held the fort, and drove back the troops from the North
+as they rushed up; and so well did they fight that Grant and his men had
+to draw back, and leave Pe-ters-burg a-lone for some time.
+
+The next time he tried to take the town though, Gen-er-al Lee, who was
+in charge, was forced to yield; and soon the red, white and blue waved
+o-ver the South-ern cit-y. Soon af-ter this, Grant took from Lee all the
+troops in his charge; and it was now plain to see that the war must
+soon end.
+
+You read in the life of Lin-coln, of the terms of peace which Grant gave
+to the great chief of the South; and it seems that these two men, Grant
+and Lee, had no hard thoughts for each other; for when peace was made,
+they shook hands, and part-ed friends. Each had done his best in the
+cause he thought right. Grant's trip to the North when the war was at
+an end was a grand one; crowds rushed to see the man who had saved the
+Union, and cheers and shouts rang to the skies. He was, of course, named
+for pres-i-dent and a great vote put him in of-fice.
+
+He was in the pres-ident's seat for two terms; and was the on-ly man
+since Wash-ing-ton, who was thought of for a third term; but this the
+whole land said no to; as no man should be pres-i-dent longer than
+Wash-ing-ton had been. In Grant's last term, a big fair was held in
+Phil-a-del-phi-a, called the "Cen-ten-ni-al;" to keep in mind this was
+the great day on which this land was made free. At the end of Grant's
+two terms, he took a tour of the world; and all lands made much of the
+sol-dier pres-i-dent; rich gifts were placed in his hands; and at the
+courts of the old world, kings and queens were glad to have this plain
+qui-et man as a guest.
+
+His last home was in New York; and here, in 1884, he fell sick; he lost
+much mon-ey at this time, and was, in truth, a poor man. But he was, to
+the last, a brave man; and in the midst of much pain, he wrote the book
+of his life, that when he was dead his wife should have mon-ey from its
+sale.
+
+He died after eight long months of great pain, at Mt. Mc-Greg-or, near
+Sar-a-to-ga, on July 23d, 1885; his bod-y lay in state in New York for
+some days, and crowds from far and near came to view this great man for
+the last time.
+
+He was laid to rest Au-gust 8th, 1885, at Riv-er-side Park, New York
+Cit-y; and the white mar-ble tomb that marks this spot is a gift to the
+great dead, from the land he served so well.
+
+
+
+
+RUTH-ER-FORD B. HAYES.
+
+
+Ruth-er-ford B. Hayes was born in Del-a-ware, O-hi-o, Oc-to-ber 4th,
+1822; such a strong, ro-sy lit-tle boy was he, that he had the pet name
+of "Rud-dy;" his fa-ther had a big farm and a store as well, so he was
+quite rich, and lit-tle Rud-dy grew up in a bright and hap-py home. He
+came of a race of brave men, who had fought and died for this fair land
+in the wars of the Rev-o-lu-tion and of 1812; and he grew up as brave
+as they. He and his lit-tle sis-ter Fan-ny went when young to a small
+school near their home; and the good, wise moth-er helped them with
+their books at home; Ruth-er-ford worked hard at school, and went when
+quite young to the high school, where he soon stood at the head of his
+class. He was six-teen when he went to Ken-yon Col-lege, Ohio. Now,
+though he was so good at his books, he loved sport and fun as well; and
+he was so strong, that he could walk miles on the cold-est of days, and
+yet get no hurt. Once he walked all the way from col-lege to his home
+and back, when the snow lay deep on the ground, and this was for-ty
+miles; he could swim and skate, and knew how to fish and hunt; the boys
+at col-lege all liked him; he had hosts of friends, and the strong,
+brave will that kept him at the head in games and sports put him first
+in his class too. He left col-lege in 1842, and took up the stud-y of
+law at Har-vard Col-lege; in 1846, he was made one of the bar, and took
+up prac-tise of law in Cin-cin-nat-i. When the Civ-il War broke out, he,
+as cap-tain of a band of men from his home, did brave, good work. Once
+he was shot and fell to the ground; but he did not give up; he told his
+men what to do as he lay there in great pain, and kept up till some one
+came to take his place as lead-er. At the end of the war, he was a
+gen-er-al; and was much loved by his men. He was sent to Con-gress by
+his state; and then made its gov-ern-or for three terms. In 1876, he was
+made pres-i-dent; though some thought by a fraud in the count; and the
+Dem-o-crats said that their man, Sam-u-el J. Til-den, should have been
+pres-i-dent. While Hayes was at the White House, there was a great
+la-bor strike, from the East to the West, on all the rail-roads. The
+heads of the roads said that they would not pay the men, in their hire,
+as much as they had done; and so, all the men left their work and no
+trains could run, for the men came in great mobs to stop them; at last,
+they rose in arms, and then the troops were sent out to force them to
+keep the peace; nine men were killed, and some of the rest were bad-ly
+hurt. But the men did not give up for a long time; they held Pitts-burg
+for two days, and burned cars and the grain kept in them.
+
+Of course, in the end, the law had to be o-beyed and the mobs were made
+to come to terms, and lay down their arms.
+
+There was a war with the In-di-ans while Hayes was in the chair; but
+this was put down by Gen-er-al How-ard; and after some fierce fights,
+the chiefs were caught and bound to keep the peace. There was a change
+made in the way of life at the White House while Hayes was there, for no
+wine was ever put on the ta-ble for guests or for the pres-i-dent and
+his wife; this was the first time, and so far, the on-ly time, that wine
+has not had its place at least at the state meals at the White House.
+Hayes was in Wash-ing-ton for one term and then went to his home in
+Mas-sil-lon, O-hi-o. He died on Jan-u-a-ry 17th, 1893.
+
+[Illustration: RUTHERFORD B. HAYES.]
+
+[Illustration: JAMES A. GARFIELD.]
+
+
+
+
+JAMES A-BRAM GAR-FIELD.
+
+
+In rough log cab-ins, out in the midst of wild woods, we have read that
+six of our pres-i-dents were born; the sev-enth, James A-bram Gar-field,
+was born in Or-ange, O-hi-o, on No-vem-ber 19th, 1831.
+
+His fa-ther had built, with his own hands, their small, rude home; and
+it stood deep in the wild wood, whose trees would, at times, catch fire
+from the sparks thrown from the steam en-gines some miles off. Near the
+Gar-field home was their field of grain; one day this caught fire, and
+in trying to save his wheat, the fa-ther of lit-tle James lost his life.
+It was a hard life to which he left his young wife and the four lit-tle
+ones; but she was a brave good wo-man; she had to work hard of course,
+and so did the boys; but the moth-er taught them from books as well; and
+lit-tle James was but four years old when he went to his first school.
+He was a tough, strong boy, and soon did a large part of the farm
+work; in the long sum-mers he had the most work to do, and then in the
+win-ters he could go to school; he was a brave boy, for the school was
+miles from home, and his road lay through the deep woods, in which wild
+beasts roamed at will. But he went his way, and if he felt fear, did not
+show it; he had a great love for books, and late at night, with the big
+wood-fire for his light, he would read o-ver and o-ver his few books.
+His moth-er had taught him to love the Bi-ble, and this Good Book he
+knew well. But, at last, the time came when he was so old that he could
+leave home, and so help the moth-er more than he had done. The first
+thing he did was to drive mules on the tow-path of the O-hi-o Ca-nal;
+here he earned $10.00 a month, but the men he met were coarse and rough,
+and the life rude and vile; so, with a sad heart, the young boy, fresh
+from his good home in the qui-et woods, took what he had made here, and
+went back to the place he loved. He was sick for a long while now; and
+as he lay on his bed, he made up his mind that he would go to col-lege,
+and lead a good, use-ful life out in the big world; that he would use
+his brains more than his hands. With this hope in front of him, he made
+mon-ey in the sum-mer to pay his way at school in win-ter; and soon knew
+all that they could teach and went to Hi-ram Col-lege; here at first he
+did all sorts of work to pay his way; rang the bells, swept the floors,
+and built the fires; but he was soon paid to teach in the col-lege, for
+he was too bright and quick to do such hard work long. In 1854, he went
+to Wil-liams Col-lege, and left at the head of his class in 1856.
+
+From now on he rose fast; he taught school when he left col-lege; his
+boys loved the big strong man and said so much in his praise, that men
+learned to love him too; and in 1859 he was made one of the O-hi-o
+Sen-ate, and soon af-ter sent to Con-gress. Then came the Civ-il War,
+in which he fought brave-ly; he won much fame in some of the great
+bat-tles, and was made a gen-er-al. He was a warm, close friend of
+Lin-coln; and on the day of Lin-coln's death, it was Gar-field who spoke
+such calm, good words to a mob of men on Wall Street, New York, that he
+kept them from rash acts at this sad time. At the close of the war,
+Gar-field was in Eu-rope for a short time; and when he came home, he was
+sent to Con-gress, where he kept his seat for a long time. In 1880 he
+was named for pres-i-dent, and took his seat in 1881. But there was a
+great grief in store for this land, once more. On July 2d, 1881, just
+four months from the time he took his seat, Gar-field was shot by
+Charles Gui-teau, as he, with James G. Blaine, was on his way to take a
+train north from Wash-ing-ton. They bore him back to the White House,
+and the man who had done this foul act was seized. The whole land prayed
+for Gar-field's life, but he grew worse fast; and it was thought best
+at last to take him to Long Branch, where it was cool-er than in
+Wash-ing-ton. But the long, hot months dragged on; and the sick man did
+not grow well in the cool salt air, as it had been hoped; in spite of
+all care, the pres-i-dent failed day by day; and on Sep-tem-ber 19th,
+1881, the whole world heard with sorrow of this good man's death. The
+great men of the day wept side by side, as Gar-field lay in state in
+Wash-ing-ton; and men of note, in all walks of life, felt his death as
+a great grief. He now lies at rest in Cleve-land, O-hi-o. Gui-teau was
+hanged for the crime he had done; and it is but just to say, that some
+thought he was not in his right mind when he shot Gar-field.
+
+
+
+
+CHES-TER AL-AN AR-THUR.
+
+
+Ches-ter Al-an Ar-thur was born in Fair-field, Ver-mont, on Oc-to-ber
+5th, 1830, and his fath-er had charge of the church in that place and
+was one of the first men to speak for the poor slaves. Now, in those
+days, those good men did not live as well as they do now; for folks
+were poor in the small towns; so this small boy was al-so born in a log
+cab-in; but he was sent to good schools, and was quite young when he
+knew so much that he could go to Un-ion Col-lege. All the time he was
+here he paid his own way, and when he left Col-lege he taught school, so
+that he could lay by means to go to New York and stud-y law. He was soon
+in law prac-tise, and he and an old school-mate made the name of their
+firm well known. Ar-thur took the part of the black race, just as his
+fa-ther had done, and in 1856, he won a suit which let the ne-groes ride
+in horse-cars with the whites. A slave-girl had been put off a car and
+Ar-thur took up her case and won it. For some years he held high of-fice
+in the state of New York and was a gen-er-al in the Civ-il War; he was
+not in the fights, but saw that the troops had clothes and food; he did
+this hard task so well that, when the war was at an end, the pres-i-dent
+gave him the best place in New York State; he was made chief of the
+great port of New York and held this post for two terms.
+
+[Illustration: CHESTER A. ARTHUR.]
+
+In 1880 he was made vice-pres-i-dent with Gar-field as pres-i-dent; and,
+of course, took the chair when Gar-field died. He held this place for
+one term and then went back to his home in New York Cit-y, and took
+up his law work. There was a split in his par-ty at the end of his term;
+some men wished Ar-thur to run once more for pres-i-dent, but more
+wished James G. Blaine of Maine; so, of course, Blaine was named. The
+Dem-o-crats named Gro-ver Cleve-land; and as all the men on that side
+wished this one man to win, he had the most votes; and for the first
+time in a long while, the Dem-o-crats won in the race for pres-i-dent.
+
+Two years from the time that Ar-thur came home, and right in the midst
+of his law work, he died in New York Cit-y; this was on No-vem-ber 18th,
+1886; and he was laid to rest in Al-ba-ny.
+
+
+
+
+STE-PHEN GRO-VER CLEVE-LAND.
+
+
+The race of brave, strong men from whom Ste-phen Gro-ver Cleve-land
+sprang made their first homes here, in Mas-sa-chu-setts, as far back
+as 1635. His fa-ther had charge of a small church in Cald-well, New
+Jer-sey, and here, in a neat white frame house, which you may see for
+your-selves to-day, was born, on March 18th, 1837, the boy who was to
+rise, step by step, to the pres-i-dent's seat.
+
+He was three years old when they moved to Fay-ette-ville, New York, and
+here he first went to school and lived till he was twelve years old. He
+showed a strong will, and a great love for books, as a small boy; he
+would have his own way, if he could get it; and this was why he was sent
+to a high school, when he was not so old by some years, as the rest of
+the boys there; he gave his fa-ther no rest till he sent him; and once
+there he made up his mind to lead his class.
+
+He was just twelve when his strong will sent him to work in a store near
+his home, so that he could help care for the big fam-i-ly in the small
+home. The man who hired him, soon saw that, if he was young, he knew how
+to work well, and that he could trust him; for two years he worked in
+the store and then went back to his books.
+
+But, just at this time, his fa-ther died; and he then had to find a way
+to care for those in great need at home. With the same pluck that he had
+shown in the past, he now went to work in a "Home for the Blind," in New
+York. In this big cit-y, the bright boy saw and heard much which gave
+him new thoughts, and put in his heart the wish to make his life a great
+one. At the end of two years in the "Home," he made up his mind to learn
+law; and he asked a man whom he knew to lend him twen-ty-five dol-lars
+to start him. The fact that this man did so shows that he had trust in
+young Gro-ver Cleve-land; he could now start his work, and went to
+Buf-fa-lo to do so. Here he lived for eight years; at first he helped
+his un-cle, in the care of a big farm, and the mon-ey he so made was
+sent to his moth-er. Soon he had the chance to stud-y law; the place
+where he went was two miles from his un-cle's home, but back and forth,
+rain or shine, he walked each day. There is told a tale that shows how
+he loved the books of law; for, the first day he went to this place, a
+book was put in his hands to read; he kept at it for hours, till dark
+came; then he found the rest of the men had gone home; all the doors
+were locked; and he must stay there all night.
+
+Such hard work soon made him a man who well knew the law; and folks gave
+him big cases that brought him much fame. He did not go to the war, when
+it broke out, for he felt that he could not leave his folks at home with
+no one to care for them.
+
+He rose fast in his law work; and more than one great case did he win;
+he cared far more to take the part of the poor than of the rich; and at
+no time in his life did he look for high place or fame; it came to him
+though, for he was just the man to fill a high post well. His name was
+soon known in his state and at Wash-ing-ton; for three years he was
+Sher-iff of E-rie Coun-ty and then he took up his law prac-tise once
+more; but soon he was put at the head of his cit-y as its May-or; and
+then was made the Gov-ern-or of the great state of New York. Here he
+did good work; he put down those who had tak-en bribes, and had not been
+good, true men, and he tried to see that the laws were well kept; men
+saw that he was the right man to fill this high place, for he had no
+fear of what might be thought of him; he just did as he felt right; and
+so, while he was still gov-ern-or, he was named for pres-i-dent by a
+great vote, and was e-lect-ed. When he took the oath of of-fice in
+Wash-ing-ton, he did not kiss the big Bi-ble which oth-er pres-i-dents
+had kissed, but a lit-tle old book, much worn with use, which his
+moth-er had giv-en to him when he first left home. He was in the chair
+four years and while here, he took for his wife Miss Fran-ces Fol-som;
+he was the first pres-i-dent to wed in the White House. Cleve-land was
+pres-i-dent for four years; at the end of that time, the Re-pub-li-cans
+placed Ben-ja-min Har-ri-son in the pres-i-dent's chair.
+
+But, at the end of one term, once more the Dem-o-crats won the day; and
+a-gain, in 1893, we see Gro-ver Cleve-land pres-i-dent.
+
+In May of 1894, the World's Fair was o-pened; and few boys and girls are
+too young to know some-thing of the beau-ty of the Great White Cit-y
+built on the shores of Lake Mich-i-gan in Chi-ca-go. In the last years
+of Cleve-land's term, there was much talk of the state of things in
+Cu-ba. The men there wished to be free from Spain, who had ruled them,
+with a hard hand, for hun-dreds of years.
+
+Spain sent down troops of sol-diers; and harsh laws were made to force
+the Cu-bans to keep the peace. But Cu-ba would not give up; and the
+U-ni-ted States be-gan to feel pit-y for this brave lit-tle is-land,
+try-ing to get free.
+
+In the midst of the strife, Cleve-land's term of of-fice came to an end,
+and he came to New York to live and take up law a-gain. He now has his
+home in Prince-ton, New Jer-sey, and has a large law prac-tise.
+
+[Illustration: GROVER CLEVELAND.]
+
+[Illustration: BENJAMIN HARRISON.]
+
+
+
+
+BEN-JA-MIN HAR-RI-SON.
+
+
+In the first part of this book, you heard of a brave In-di-an fight-er,
+whose name was Wil-liam Hen-ry Har-ri-son; and you saw this brave man
+mount step by step to the pres-i-dent's chair. It is his grand-son,
+Ben-ja-min Har-ri-son, whom we now see pres-i-dent of the U-ni-ted
+States. He was born in his grand-fa-ther's home at North-Bend,
+In-di-an-a, on Au-gust 20th, 1833. There were no good schools near his
+home; so in a small log house, in his grand-fa-ther's grounds, he first
+went to school; he and a few oth-er boys and girls were taught here by
+those whom the Har-ri-sons hired. In this school the seats were of
+planks, laid on sticks that were stuck in holes in the floor; they had
+no backs; and were so high that the small boys and girls could not touch
+their feet to the floor. On-ly in the win-ter did this small boy go to
+school; in the sum-mer he had work to do on the big farm; he did his
+work well; but he also learned to shoot, to fish, to swim, and to ride.
+
+He was much liked by all the boys, for he was full of sports and jokes.
+In 1820 he went to Mi-a-mi Col-lege, and left in 1822, to stud-y law.
+In one of his first cases, the light was so dim, that he could not see
+the notes he had made with such care. What should he do? There was but
+one thing he could do: fling to one side the notes and plead his case
+without an-y. This was a hard thing to do; but he did it so well, that
+he won his case; and the great men of the day gave him much praise for
+his speech.
+
+When the Civ-il War broke out he raised a troop of men, from his own
+state, and was made the col-o-nel of this band, which was called the
+"70th In-di-an-a."
+
+He served for two years, and won fame in some of the great bat-tles of
+the war; so brave was he at Re-sa-ca, that he was made a Brig-a-dier
+Gen-er-al. Through the long years of war, he was kind and good to the
+men in his care; they loved him well, and gave him the name of "Little
+Ben."
+
+Not till the war was at an end, did he leave the field; then with much
+fame, he went back home, and took up his work at law. He took a high
+place in his own state and made some great speech-es.
+
+It was now the year 1889; just one hun-dred years had passed since
+Wash-ing-ton, our first pres-i-dent, took his place as Pres-i-dent of
+the U-nit-ed States; and the whole land thought it right to cel-e-brate
+the date. So in New York Cit-y, on A-pril 29th and 30th, was held the
+"Wash-ing-ton Cen-ten-ni-al." The cit-y was hung from end to end, with
+red, white and blue; the grand, good face of Wash-ing-ton, framed in the
+flag of the land, or wreathed in green, looked down on the gay scene.
+Rank by rank, the troops filed by a-midst the shouts and cheers of the
+dense crowds that filled the streets, and looked from the win-dows of
+stores and hous-es. Rich and poor, great and small, kept this great day;
+the pres-i-dent and oth-er great men from Wash-ing-ton were brought to
+the foot of Wall Street, on a barge hung with flags; here all the ships
+of war were drawn up on each side; and as the par-ty went to the spot
+where Wash-ing-ton took his oath of of-fice, young girls, clad in white,
+cast flow-ers be-fore them. As the troops filed past the pres-i-dent,
+one saw, not just those from the North; but up from the South came
+hosts of men, bearing the flags of their states; all glad to share in
+this great day of the na-tion; and there were men from across the
+seas too; the Ger-mans and the French marched side by side with the
+A-mer-i-cans. By night, fire-works and bon-fires filled the streets with
+light, and blazed in beau-ty; no such great time had ever been known in
+this land; and this was as it should be; for it was all done for the
+great, good man, who had led our troops so well in our first war, that
+he had made us free; and had then, by a wise and just rule, helped us
+to be the great, strong land that we are to-day.
+
+While Har-ri-son was in of-fice, work was be-gun for the "World's Fair,"
+which was held in Chi-ca-go, in 1892, just four hun-dred years since
+Co-lum-bus first saw A-mer-i-ca. Har-ri-son went to Chi-ca-go and
+o-pened the fair with a speech on Oc-to-ber 14th, 1892; but folks could
+not go there till the next year. In 1893, Har-ri-son went home to
+In-di-an-a, and took up his law work, once more; he is still a-live, is
+well known as a good law-yer, and has many warm friends a-mong the great
+men of our day.
+
+We have seen that Gro-ver Cleve-land now be-came pres-i-dent; at the end
+of his four years, the Re-pub-li-cans put Wil-liam Mc-Kin-ley in of-fice.
+
+
+
+
+WIL-LIAM MC-KIN-LEY.
+
+
+The man, who now, in the year 1900, stands at the head of our great
+land, was born at Niles, O-hi-o, on Jan-u-a-ry 29th, 1843. In the
+schools near his home he was taught his let-ters and, as a child, was
+fond of books, and quick to learn. He was a mere boy, when he taught
+school to earn the means to go to Col-lege. The school-house in which
+he taught still stands; it is a plain, square, white house, with two
+win-dows in front and three on each side. His moth-er was a good
+wo-man, with a clear, strong brain; she taught him, as well as his
+eight broth-ers and sis-ters, to love truth, and to live brave and
+strong lives.
+
+Young Wil-liam was not long to lead a life of peace; for in 1861 he,
+then but a boy of eight-een, left his books and his home, and went to
+the war. Many sto-ries prove how brave he was while there; but two will
+show you why he rose so fast from the ranks. At one time the guns had
+been left on the road, af-ter a great fight; and it would be a hard task
+to go back near the foe to get them. But, young Mc-Kin-ley said, "The
+boys will haul them;" and he and a few oth-ers went back for them and
+brought them into our lines. Then he was at one time two miles from the
+fight, in charge of the food; he was quite safe; but he thought our men
+would fight bet-ter, if they had some cof-fee and food. So he filled a
+cart and drove straight to the lines, where our brave men were hard at
+work. Was this not a brave act? To risk his life for the sake of tak-ing
+food and drink to the worn men. He worked his way straight to the
+front and came out of the war a cap-tain. He went home at once and took
+up the stud-y of law in Can-ton; one of his first speech-es was for the
+rights of the black men; he said that they should have the same right to
+vote that white men had; and he was ev-er on the side of the black man.
+In 1869 Mc-Kin-ley was mar-ried to Miss I-da Sax-ton. They were both
+very young when their two lit-tle chil-dren died. The young law-yer did
+all he could to cheer his wife; and she was as brave as he, and did not
+let her grief keep him from his work. He rose fast in his state, and
+held high place more than once; then, in 1877, he was sent to Congress.
+In 1891 he was made gov-ern-or of O-hi-o; and in 1897, he had made such
+a great name for him-self that he was put up for pres-i-dent by the
+Re-pub-li-cans, and e-lect-ed. Just as he came in-to of-fice, the strife
+in Cu-ba was at its height; and men here in our great, free land had
+much pit-y for the Cu-bans, who were try-ing to get free from Spain,
+just as we had tried to shake off the hand of Eng-land long years a-go.
+The Span-ish rule grew worse and worse, as Spain found that Cu-ba would
+not give in. At last Gen-er-al Wey-ler, a harsh and cru-el man, was sent
+there to force peace on an-y terms; but Gen-er-al Go-mez knew his foes
+well, and his brave men fought with a strength born of a great hate for
+Spain. By and by, when Spain saw she could not win the day, she sent
+word that if Cu-ba would lay down her arms, she could have the rights
+for which she had asked in vain in the past.
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM McKINLEY.]
+
+But it was too late; Cu-ba had no faith in Spain, and would now be free
+from her hard yoke. There was much want in the big towns of Cu-ba at
+this time, for Wey-ler had made all the poor folks, who had lived in
+peace on their small farms, come in-to the towns. He said they gave
+help to the Cu-ban troops, and so he forced them to leave their homes
+and would on-ly let them bring with them just the few things that they
+could put on their backs. Then he had their lit-tle homes, and their
+crops which they had raised with care, all burned to the ground. He had
+lit-tle food to give this great host of poor peo-ple, and ma-ny died in
+the streets for the want of bread. You may be sure that our great land
+saw the pain and want down in Cu-ba, and longed to give aid; but an act
+of help on our part would mean war with Spain, and this Mc-Kin-ley did
+not wish. But there came a day when a great cry went up through the
+U-nit-ed States at a foul deed done in the bay of Ha-va-na. Our great
+war ship, the "Maine," was blown up by a bomb, as she lay at an-chor in
+the har-bor. The thought of our poor men sent to such a death raised the
+cry of war in all hearts. "Re-mem-ber the Maine," was the war-cry; and
+men cried for war at once with Spain. But Mc-Kin-ley gave Spain one more
+chance to stop the fight and free Cu-ba; this she would not do. So on
+A-pril 21st, 1898, once more the U-nit-ed States had to make read-y for
+war. From all the states men poured in and camps sprang up here and
+there, where the men were taught to load and fire their guns. Off at
+Hong-Kong, in charge of our war-ships, was brave Ad-mi-ral Dew-ey. He
+knew that the Span-ish fleet was in Ma-ni-la Bay, near the Phil-ip-pine
+Is-lands, which were ruled by Spain; the loss of these ships would be a
+great blow to Spain just at this time; so Dew-ey steered his ships there
+to strike a blow for his coun-try.
+
+It was night when he reached the spot, and be-fore the Span-iards knew
+he was near, six of his great ships had slipped past their forts. Then
+a fierce fire poured on him from the forts; but it did not do much harm.
+At last the Span-ish fleet saw him, and at once the ships o-pened fire;
+but Dew-ey's flag-ship, the "O-lym-pi-a," sent out such a storm of shot
+and shell, that the first of the Span-ish ships was sunk, and all on
+board killed.
+
+The fight last-ed two hours; and at the end of that time the Span-ish
+fleet had all been sunk. Great joy was felt in the U-nit-ed States when
+this glad news was heard, and Dew-ey was the he-ro of the whole land.
+
+Our men down in Cu-ba fought well, and ma-ny brave deeds were done. On
+June 6th Ad-mi-ral Samp-son fired on the forts at San-ti-a-go; our men
+put their hearts in their work and their aim with the great guns was
+true and straight. The Span-iards did not aim so well, and their shots
+did not go so far, and so the shot and shell from their forts did not
+do us much harm.
+
+Soon our men had stopped the fire from all the forts save Cas-tle
+Mor-ro, and this fort was rent and torn in great holes.
+
+On June 24th our "Rough Ri-ders," with The-o-dore Roose-velt at their
+head, were sent out to clear the way to San-ti-a-go. The foe poured a
+hot fire on our men from the tall grass and weeds in which they lay
+hid-den; and there was great loss of life. Full of fire and pluck were
+these "Rough Ri-ders," and led by their brave colo-nels, Roose-velt and
+Wood, they forced the Span-ish troops back, foot by foot. The line of
+fight was five miles long; the heat was fierce; and food and wa-ter
+scarce. But at last the troops came to the fort of San Juan Hill; then,
+with a mad rush, up, up went our men to the Span-ish fort at the head!
+Cheers and shouts rose to the skies as the red, white and blue waved
+from the old Span-ish fort; but the cost of this fort had been great,
+for there was much loss of life on both sides. On Ju-ly 3d Cer-ve-ra,
+the Span-ish Ad-mi-ral, tried to sail his fleet out of the bay of
+San-ti-a-go; he was seen, though, by our men, and af-ter a hot chase
+and fierce fight-ing, the whole Span-ish fleet was burned or sunk.
+
+Spain lost scores of brave men; but on our side not one man was killed,
+nor did we lose a ship.
+
+The end of the war was near; on Ju-ly 10th we laid siege to San-ti-a-go,
+and on Ju-ly 17th we went in-to the cit-y and raised ov-er it the Stars
+and Stripes.
+
+In this part of the world the last shot had been fired; but Dew-ey in
+the far east did not know this, and so he struck one more blow for his
+coun-try.
+
+He took the cit-y of Ma-ni-la with the loss of but twelve men, and when
+our flag waved o-ver this cit-y, the end of the Span-ish war had come.
+On Jan-u-a-ry 1st, 1899, the Span-ish flag, which for four hun-dred
+years had waved o-ver Cu-ba, was hauled down; the red, white and blue
+of our own land took its place; and Cu-ba, free from the hard rule of
+Spain, blessed the great na-tion that had come to her aid.
+
+In Sep-tem-ber of 1899 Ad-mi-ral Dew-ey came home; and from end to end
+of this land his name was cheered.
+
+He was the guest of the cit-y of New York for three days; and well did
+the cit-y hon-or the he-ro of Ma-ni-la.
+
+When we took Ma-ni-la from Spain, and so closed the Span-ish war, it did
+not give us the Phil-ip-pines. The men there were glad to have us drive
+out the Span-iards, but did not wish us to take their place. Long months
+of war fol-lowed, but now, A-gui-nal-do, their chief, has yield-ed and
+peace seems to be at hand.
+
+It was not eas-y to see when Mc-Kin-ley be-came pres-i-dent that we
+were soon to be in the midst of war; but our land has borne her part
+well. We have gained new lands in the far east, and our flag waves o-ver
+strange peo-ple who have not yet learned that it stands for free-dom.
+They still fear that the yoke of the U-nit-ed States will be as hard to
+bear as that of Spain. This is not so, and it will not be long be-fore
+all these far-off lands will learn to love and bless the Red, White and
+Blue, just as ev-er-y State in our great Un-ion does to-day.
+
+
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+BURT'S SERIES of ONE SYLLABLE BOOKS
+
+=12 Titles. Handsome Illuminated Cloth Binding.=
+
+A series of Classics, selected specially for young people's reading,
+and told in simple language for youngest readers. Printed from large
+type, with many illustrations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+         =Price, 50 Cents per Volume.=
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+=AESOP'S FABLES.=
+
+    Retold in words of one syllable for young people. By MARY
+    GODOLPHIN. With 41 illustrations. Illuminated cloth.
+
+=ANDERSEN'S FAIRY TALES.=
+
+    (Selections.) Retold in words of one syllable for young people. By
+    HARRIET T. COMSTOCK. With many illustrations. Illuminated cloth.
+
+=BIBLE HEROES.=
+
+    Told in words of one syllable for young people. By HARRIET T.
+    COMSTOCK. With many illustrations. Illuminated cloth.
+
+=GRIMM'S FAIRY TALES.=
+
+    (Selections.) Retold in words of one syllable. By JEAN S. REMY.
+    With many illustrations. Illuminated cloth.
+
+=GULLIVER'S TRAVELS=
+
+    Into several remote regions of the world. Retold in words of one
+    syllable for young people. By J. C. G. With 32 illustrations.
+    Illuminated cloth.
+
+=LIFE OF CHRIST.=
+
+    Told in words of one syllable for young people. By JEAN S. REMY.
+    With many illustrations. Illuminated cloth.
+
+=LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS.=
+
+    Told in words of one syllable for young people. By JEAN S. REMY.
+    With 24 large portraits. Illuminated cloth.
+
+=PILGRIM'S PROGRESS.=
+
+    Retold in words of one syllable for young people. By SAMUEL
+    PHILLIPS DAY. With 33 illustrations. Illuminated cloth.
+
+=REYNARD THE FOX:=
+
+    The Crafty Courtier. Retold in words of one syllable for young
+    people. By SAMUEL PHILLIPS DAY. With 23 illustrations.
+    Illuminated cloth.
+
+=ROBINSON CRUSOE.=
+
+    His life and surprising adventures retold in words of one
+    syllable for young people. By MARY A. SCHWACOFER. With
+    32 illustrations. Illuminated cloth.
+
+=SANFORD AND MERTON.=
+
+    Retold in words of one syllable for young people. By MARY
+    GODOLPHIN. With 20 illustrations. Illuminated cloth.
+
+=SWISS FAMILY ROBINSON.=
+
+    Retold in words of one syllable for young people. Adapted from
+    the original. With 31 illustrations. Illuminated cloth.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For sale by all booksellers, or sent postpaid on receipt of price
+by the publisher, =A. L. BURT. 52-58 Duane Street, New York.=
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+The reader will note that words in this text are not exclusively
+"of one syllable," but rather that most multi-syllabic words in the
+text have been hyphenated into syllables.
+
+Hyphenation and punctuation in this text are not standardized, and may
+also appear oddly placed. There are numerous sections and words in
+which hyphens are omitted. Some words are spelled variably, including
+the author's name. These oddities have been retained to match the
+original text.
+
+Some illustrations have been moved from their original positions, so
+as to be nearer to their corresponding text, or for ease of navigation
+around paragraphs.
+
+The following typographical corrections have been made in this ebook:
+
+  Page 14: Removed misplaced hyphen
+           (the coun-try turned to him)
+
+  Page 22: Changed , to .
+           (The Home of Thomas Jefferson.)
+
+  Page 25: Typo leading to factual error. Changed Mon-ti-cel-lo to
+           Mont-pel-ier (Mont-pel-ier, his fath-er's great farm)
+
+  Page 47: Moved misplaced hyphen
+           (a ver-y small boy)
+
+  Page 47: Added missing word 'and'
+           (of the North and those of the South)
+
+  Page 71: Moved misplaced semi-colon
+           (on July 23d, 1885; his bod-y lay in state)
+
+  Page 85: Typo leading to factual error. Changed 'one' to 'four'
+           (in 1892, just four hun-dred years since Co-lum-bus)
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lives of the Presidents Told in Words
+of One Syllable, by Jean S. Remy
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS ***
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