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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/28090-h.zip b/28090-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cccfd51 --- /dev/null +++ b/28090-h.zip diff --git a/28090-h/28090-h.htm b/28090-h/28090-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d70c7a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/28090-h/28090-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1267 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hints on Driving, by C. S. Ward. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + text-indent: 1em; + } + p.noindent {text-indent: 0em;} + p.titlepage {text-indent: 0em; text-align: center; } + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + .chapterhead {margin-top: 4em; font-weight: normal;} + .sectionhead {margin-top: 2em; font-weight: normal;} + .secttitle {font-size: smaller;} + + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + .chapbreak {width: 65%; } + .declong {width: 8em; border: solid black 1px; margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;} + .decshort {width: 3em; border: solid black 1px; margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + a:focus, a:active { outline:#ffee66 solid 2px; background-color:#ffee66;} + a:focus img, a:active img {outline: #ffee66 solid 2px; } + + img {border: 0;} + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: normal; + font-variant: normal; + text-align: right; + text-indent: 0em; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquote {font-size: 90%; } + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-size: smaller; } + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border-top: solid 1px; text-indent: 0.5em; font-size: 0.9em; text-align: justify; } + .label {font-size: 80%; vertical-align: 0.2em; } + .fnanchor {vertical-align: 0.3em; font-size: .8em; padding-left: 0.1em;} + + .poem {padding-left: 20%; padding-right: 10%; text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;} + .i1 {margin-left: 1em;} + .i8 {margin-left: 8em;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hints on Driving, by C. S. Ward + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Hints on Driving + +Author: C. S. Ward + +Release Date: February 15, 2009 [EBook #28090] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HINTS ON DRIVING *** + + + + +Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 393px;"> +<a href="images/frontispiece-full.jpg"><img src="images/frontispiece.jpg" width="393" height="500" alt="Photograph of C. S. Ward" title="Portrait" /></a> +<span class="caption"><i>Photographed from Life by Maull & C<sup>o</sup>. London.</i></span> +</div> + +<hr class="chapbreak" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h1 class="sectionhead">HINTS ON DRIVING.</h1> + +<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 4em; font-size: 90%;">BY</p> + +<p class="titlepage"><span style="font-size: 150%;">C. S. WARD,</span><br /> + +<span style="font-size: 90%;">THE WELL-KNOWN “WHIP OF THE WEST,”</span><br /> + +<span style="font-size: 80%;">PAXTON STABLES, OPPOSITE TATTERSALL’S.</span></p> + +<hr class="declong" style="margin-top: 2em;" /> + +<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 2em;">LONDON:<br /> + +PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR,<br /> + +74, LITTLE CADOGAN PLACE, BELGRAVIA.<br /> + +1870.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> + +<hr class="chapbreak" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> + + +<h2 class="chapterhead">HINTS ON DRIVING.</h2> + +<p class="titlepage"><span style="font-size: 120%;">BY C. S. WARD,</span><br /> + +<span style="font-size: 90%;">THE WELL-KNOWN “WHIP OF THE WEST,”<br /> + +<i>Paxton Stables (opposite Tattersall’s).</i></span></p> + +<hr class="declong" style="margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;" /> + +<p><span class="smcap">It</span> has been said, and not, perhaps, without reason, that a man who is +conscious that he possesses some practical knowledge of a science, and +yet refrains from giving the public the benefit of his information, is +open to the imputation of selfishness. To avoid that charge, as far as +lies in my power, I purpose, in the course of the following pages, to +give my readers the benefit of my tolerably long experience in the art +of driving four horses—an art which I acquired under the following +circumstances.—</p> + +<p>My father was a coach proprietor as well as a coachman, and, I am proud +to say, one of the best whips of his day. He gave me many opportunities +of driving a team. I will not, however, enter into all the details of my +youthful career, but proceed to state, that at the early age of +seventeen I was sent nightly with the Norwich and Ipswich Mail as far as +Colchester, a distance of fifty-two miles. Never having previously +travelled beyond Whitechapel Church, on that line of road, the change +was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> rather trying for a beginner. But Fortune favoured me; and I drove +His Majesty’s Mail for nearly five years without an accident. I was then +promoted to the “Quicksilver,” Devonport Mail, the fastest at that time +out of London. It must be admitted that I undertook this task under +difficult circumstances—involving as it did, sixty miles a night—since +many had tried it ineffectually, or at all events were unable to +accomplish the duty satisfactorily. It is gratifying to me to reflect, +that I drove this coach more than seven years without a single mishap.</p> + +<p>Getting at length rather tired of such incessant and monotonous nightly +work, I applied for a change to my employer, the well-known and +much-respected Mr. Chaplin, who at that time had seventeen hundred +horses employed in coaching. His reply was characteristic. “I cannot +find you all day coaches,” said he; “besides, who am I to get to drive +your Mail?” I must say, I thought this rather severe at the time, but, +good and kind-hearted man as he was, he did not forget me.</p> + +<p>Not long after this interview, the Brighton Day Mail being about to +start, he made me the offer, to drive the whole distance and horse the +coach a stage, with the option of driving it without horsing. Like most +young men I was rather ambitious, and closed with the former conditions. +The speculation, however, did not turn out a very profitable one, and, +the railway making great progress, I sold my horses to Mr. Richard +Cooper, who was to succeed me on the box. I was then offered the +far-famed Exeter “Telegraph,” one of the fastest and best-appointed +coaches in England. My fondness for coaching still continuing, and not +feeling disposed to settle to any business, I drove this coach from +Exeter to Ilminster and back, a distance of sixty-six miles, early in +the morning and late at night. After driving it three years, the railway +opened to Bridgewater; this closed the career of the once-celebrated +“Telegraph.” But those who had so long shared its success, were not +inclined to knock<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> under. My brother coachman and myself, together with +the two guards, accordingly started a “Telegraph” from Devonport to +London, a distance of ninety-five miles by road, joining the rail at +Bridgewater, thus making the whole journey two hundred and fifty miles +in one day. At that time there was a coach called the “Nonpareil,” +running from Devonport to Bristol.</p> + +<p>The proprietors of this vehicle, thinking that our’s would take off some +of their trade, made their’s a London coach also, and started at the +same time as we did. We then commenced a strong opposition. I had a very +good man to contend against—William Harbridge, a first-class coachman. +We had several years of strong opposition, the rail decreasing the +distance every year, till it opened to Exeter. The “Nonpareil” was then +taken off, and they started a coach called the “Tally Ho!” against the +poor old “Telegraph.” Both coaches left Exeter at the same time, and +this caused great excitement. Many bets, of bottles of wine, dinners for +a dozen, and five-pound notes, were laid, as to which coach would arrive +first at Plymouth. I had my old friend Harbridge again, as my +competitor. The hotel that I started from, was a little farther down the +street than the one whence the “Tally Ho!” appeared, so that as soon as +I saw my friend Harbridge mounting the box, I did the same, and made the +running. We had all our horses ordered long before the usual time. +Harbridge came sailing away after me; the faster he approached, the more +I put on the steam. He never caught me, and, having some trifling +accident with one of his horses over the last stage, he enabled me to +reach Plymouth thirty-five minutes before he came in. My guard, who +resided in St. Albans-street, Devonport, hurried home, and as the other +coach passed, he called out and asked them to stop and have some supper; +they also passed my house, which was a little farther on, in +Fore-street. I was sitting at the window, smoking, and offered them a +cigar as they passed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>—a joke they did not, of course, much relish. The +next night they declared they would be in first; but it was of no use, +the old “Telegraph” was not to be beaten. Thus it went on for several +weeks; somehow they were never able to get in first. We did the fifty +miles several times in three hours and twenty-eight minutes (that is, at +the average rate of a mile in four minutes and nine seconds, including +stoppages), and for months together, we never exceeded four hours.</p> + +<p>Still, in every contest, one party must ultimately give in; that one, +however, was not the “Telegraph.” We settled our differences, and went +on quietly for the remainder of the time, occasionally having a little +“flutter,” as we used to call it in those days, but we were always good +friends. Should this narrative chance to meet the eye of some of those +who used to travel with us in bygone times, they will doubtless well +remember the pace we used to go.</p> + +<p>After a few years, the railway opened to Plymouth, and many gentlemen +asked me to start a fast coach into Cornwall, promising to give it their +patronage; I accordingly started the “Tally Ho!” making it a day coach +from Truro to London, joining the rail at Plymouth; this was a very +difficult road for a fast coach, but we ran it, till Government offered +the contract for a Mail; we then converted the “Tally Ho!” into a Mail, +and ran it till the rail opened to Truro. It will have been seen that I +kept to coaching nearly as long as there were any coaches left to drive.</p> + +<p>I had for some years given up driving regularly, having taken the Horse +Bazaar at Plymouth, where I used to supply officers of the garrison with +teams, and give them instructions in driving; this I still continue to +do, and in every variety of driving. It gives me, indeed, much pleasure +to see many of my pupils daily handling their teams skilfully; not a few +of them giving me good reason to be really proud of them, as I know they +do me credit. In my description of my driving career, I stated that I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> +had never had an accident; I ought to have said, no serious casualty, +never having upset or injured any one; but I have had many trifling +mishaps, such as running foul of a waggon in a fog, having my whole team +down in slippery weather; on many occasions I have had a wheel come off, +but still nothing that could fairly be termed a bad accident.</p> + +<p>During the last twenty-five years I have been engaged keeping livery +stables and breaking horses to harness, and in that period I have had +some very narrow escapes. In one instance, the box of a new double break +came off and pitched me astride across the pole between two young +horses; I once had the top of the pole come off when driving two +high-couraged horses; a horse set to kicking, and ran away with me in +single harness. As I was of course pulling at him very hard, my feet +went through the bottom of the dog-cart, he kicking furiously all the +time. Fortunately I escaped with only a few bruises. On another +occasion, in single harness, a mare began kicking, and, before I could +get her head up, she ran against the area railings of a house in +Princess Square, Plymouth, broke both shafts, and split the break into +matches; myself and man nearly went through the kitchen window, into the +arms of the cook; she did not, however, ask us to stop and dine.</p> + +<p>I could mention many little events of a similar kind, and consider +myself very fortunate in having never had anything more serious than a +sprained ankle or wrist during my tolerably long career. I will now +commence my instructions.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead">RULE I.<br /> + +<span class="secttitle">SELECTION OF THE TEAM.</span></h3> + +<p>The first thing the pupil should do, is to select four horses as nearly +as possible of the same temper. Never keep a puller, for it takes your +attention from things that require all your care, makes your arm ache, +in fact, does away with all pleasure. I should recommend hiring or +purchasing four horses that will give you no trouble, and when you can +pull them about, and do nearly as you please with them, you can then get +your permanent team, which will require a very judicious selection, +particularly if you intend to pride yourself upon colour as well as +action. I was told by a gentleman, that he was ten years, getting a +perfect team of black browns; he did not confine himself to price, and +he certainly now has a very nice team—and they ought indeed to be +perfect, after all the time, labour and expense that have been bestowed +upon them.</p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead">RULE II.<br /> + +<span class="secttitle">MOUNTING THE BOX.</span></h3> + +<p>Put the forefinger of your right hand through the leading reins, and the +third finger between the wheel reins, feel your wheel horses’ mouths +lightly, take your near side reins a little shorter than your off, so +that in case your horses attempt to start before you are properly +seated, you have the reins all of the same length, and, being properly +separated, you can put them into your left hand as quickly as possible, +and at once have your horses under control; this will, if attended to, +always prevent accidents. Some gentlemen get on the box and have the +reins handed to them by a groom, who does not know how to separate them; +this is not only an unbusiness-like, but a dangerous practice.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead">RULE III.<br /> + +<span class="secttitle">THE SEAT.</span></h3> + +<p>Place yourself well on the box, sit upright, but easily, with your knees +a little bent. Some gentlemen almost stand, with a thick cushion +reaching above the rail of the box, and their toes several inches over +the foot-board. This is not only unsightly, but attended with risk, for +if you came in contact with the curbstone, or any trifling obstruction, +you might very readily, and most likely would, be thrown from your seat. +The rail of the box, ought always to be a few inches above the cushion.</p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead">RULE IV.<br /> + +<span class="secttitle">TURNING.</span></h3> + +<p>In going round a corner, “point” your leader—that is, take hold of your +leading rein, and get your leaders well round; then take hold of your +wheel rein as well, all four horses will come round as evenly as though +they were on a straight road. Most persons are careless about the mode +of going round a corner; as long as they get round safely, they think it +quite sufficient; they take hold of both reins and haul away; the +consequence is, they get the fore part of the carriage and the wheel +horses round before the leaders are square. This, I think, looks very +bad, for it is a really pretty sight, to see four horses coming round +straight, and thus showing that they are under perfect control. Always +steady your carriage before attempting to turn, in case you should +chance to meet anything coming in the opposite direction. Besides, there +is no object in going fast round a corner. Even if pressed for time, +always use precaution, for in driving, as in other phases of life, you +will find it much easier to keep out, than to get out, of grief!</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead">RULE V.<br /> + +<span class="secttitle">DESCENDING A HILL.</span></h3> + +<p>In going down a hill, steady and feel the weight of the carriage you +have behind you; go off the top as quietly as you can, for you will +discover before you get half way down, if it is at all a steep hill, the +impetus will be so much increased, that you will have quite enough to +do, to keep your coach steady and your horses under control. The patent +drag is a great boon, which we had not in the old coaching days. I have +many times gone off the top of a hill, and, before I got half way down, +wished that I had put on the shoe; but another coach coming behind, with +perhaps a lighter load than I had, they would have passed me while I was +putting on the drag; this was the reason we sometimes neglected it, but +you can always go faster down hill, with the drag, than without it.</p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead">RULE VI.<br /> + +<span class="secttitle">POSITION OF THE HANDS.</span></h3> + +<p>Keep your left hand up, within about ten or twelve inches of your chest, +with your arm and wrist a little bent; you will then have your reins in +such a position, that your right hand will be able to assist the other, +without throwing your body forward to reach them. Many, instead of +putting their right hand just in front of the left, and drawing the +reins back towards them, put the right hand at least a foot before the +other, and push the reins, consequently they lose nearly all power over +the horses, and draw the reins away from the left hand. Besides being +unskilful, this has a very ugly appearance.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead">RULE VII.<br /> + +<span class="secttitle">UNIFORMITY OF DRAUGHT.</span></h3> + +<p>To drive slowly, is much more gentlemanlike, and, at the same time, more +difficult than going fast. Keep your horses well together; to do this +properly, you must know how to arrange their couplings. I think I cannot +better explain this, than to ask my readers to notice the working of the +horses. If you see one a little in front of the other, you may judge +that he is either stronger or more free, consequently his coupling +requires shortening, or that of the other horse lengthening. To shorten +it, you must bring the buckle towards you; and to let it out, put the +buckle towards the horse’s head. Most inexperienced persons resort to +the whip, not knowing what is the cause of the fault they wish to +remedy; this will make the strong or free horse, throw himself more into +his collar; the other, meanwhile, cannot get up to him, however much he +may try; the result is, he becomes more and more disheartened. If you +use the whip at all, it must be very lightly and quietly, so that the +freer or stronger horse may not hear it. At the same time, hold them +both well together; if he is not a sluggard, he will gradually work up +to the other. Again, if you notice one horse carrying his head +unpleasantly, you may judge there is some cause for it; perhaps he is +curbed too tightly, or his coupling is too short, or his rein ought to +be over that of the other horse instead of under it, for, as may be +supposed, all horses do not carry their heads alike; but all these +little matters require watching and studying, and, with practice, they +will all become familiar enough; and you will notice whether or not, all +your horses go pleasantly together, for, depend on it, the more +pleasantly they go, the more pleasure and comfort you will experience in +driving them; and, as the old coaching term expressed it, when you can +“cover them over with a sheet,” you may conclude they are going about +right.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> + + +<h3 class="sectionhead">RULE VIII.<br /> + +<span class="secttitle">THE USE OF THE WHIP.</span></h3> + +<p>I will now come to the whip, the use of which, most young beginners want +to acquire in the first instance. Let me advise them to practice the art +of “catching it” in their sitting or bed-room, for if they try to learn +it when they are driving, they annoy their horses. A gentleman, whom I +was teaching, said it was so simple, he would not go to bed till he +could catch it properly. I saw him a fortnight afterwards, but he had +not even then succeeded; he told me he had not been to bed; but I will +not vouch for the accuracy of this part of the anecdote. The art, like +many others, is very easy when you know how to do it. The turn of the +wrist, with a slight jerk of the elbow, is the proper way to accomplish +it.</p> + +<p>The less the whip is used while driving, the better, for it will only +get you into trouble if used improperly. If a horse shies, never flog +him for it; timidity is generally the cause of shying, unless his eyes +are defective. Of course whipping can do no good in that case; speak +kindly to him, that is the best way, if he be young; as he becomes +better acquainted with objects and gains confidence, he will most likely +give up the trick. I will make a few more observations on the whip. If +you can use it well, use it seldom, and before you strike a horse, +always take hold of his head; if you do this, you will find the +slightest touch will have the desired effect. It is a pretty art, to be +able with certainty, to touch a leader under the bar, without making a +noise with the lash or letting any of the other horses know anything +about it. The near leader is the most difficult one to reach, as you +must completely turn your wrist over. Very few can do it well; in fact, +many of the old professionals could never do it neatly.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>I trust that some will benefit from these instructions, for there are +really few more agreeable sights than that of a good-looking team +handled neatly by a gentleman, who sits well, with, perhaps a lady +beside him on the box. I am much pleased to find that the taste for +four-in-hand driving is increasing of late, and am glad to say, some +gentlemen drive very well. It is easy enough, to detect those who are +self-taught from those who have received instruction from a professional +man. Many think that driving can be acquired without teaching. I wonder +if any gentleman would like to dance in a ball-room without first taking +lessons; and yet some, do not hesitate to drive four horses—a feat +attended with much danger, not only to the public generally, but to +themselves and those who accompany them, if undertaken without due +knowledge.</p> + +<p>Before concluding, I will relate some of the difficulties we had to +encounter in foggy weather. We were obliged to be guided out of London +with torches, seven or eight Mails following one after the other, the +guard of the foremost Mail lighting the one following, and so on till +the last. We travelled at a slow pace, like a funeral procession. Many +times I have been three hours going from London to Hounslow. I remember +one very foggy night, instead of my arriving at Bagshot (a distance of +thirty miles from London, and my destination) at eleven o’clock, I did +not get there till one in the morning. I had to leave again at four the +same morning. On my way back to town, when the fog was very bad, I was +coming over Hounslow Heath when I reached the spot where the old +powder-mills used to stand. I saw several lights in the road, and heard +voices, which induced me to stop. The old Exeter Mail, which left +Bagshot thirty minutes before I did, had met with a singular accident; +it was driven by a man named Gambier; his leaders had come in contact +with a hay-cart on its way to London, which caused them to turn suddenly +round, break the pole, and blunder down a steep embankment,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> at the +bottom of which was a narrow deep ditch filled with water and mud. The +Mail Coach pitched on to the stump of a willow tree that over-hung the +ditch; the coachman and outside passengers were thrown over into the +meadow beyond, and the horses went into the ditch; the unfortunate +wheelers were drowned or smothered in the mud. There were two inside +passengers, who were extricated with some difficulty; but fortunately no +one was injured. I managed to take the passengers, with the guard and +mail-bags, on to London, leaving the coachman to wait for daylight +before he could make an attempt to get the Mail up the embankment. They +endeavoured to accomplish this, with cart-horses and chains. They had +nearly reached the top of the bank when something gave way, and the poor +old Mail went back into the ditch again. I shall never forget the scene; +there were about a dozen men from the powder-mills trying to render +assistance, and, with their black faces, each bearing a torch in his +hand, they presented a curious spectacle. This happened about thirty +years ago. Posts and rails were erected at the spot after the accident. +I passed the place last summer; they are still there, as well as the old +pollard willow stump.</p> + +<p>I recollect another singular circumstance occasioned by a fog. There +were eight Mails that passed through Hounslow. The Bristol, Bath, +Gloucester and Stroud, took the right-hand road from Hounslow; the +Exeter, Yeovil, Poole, and “Quicksilver,” Devonport (which was the one I +was driving), went the straight road towards Staines. We always saluted +each other when passing, with “Good night, Bill,” “Dick,” or “Harry,” as +the case might be. I was once passing a Mail, mine being the faster, and +gave my wonted salute. A coachman named Downs was driving the Stroud +Mail; he instantly recognised my voice, and said, “Charlie, what are you +doing on my road?” It was he, however, who had made the mistake; he had +taken the Staines, instead of the Slough, road out of Hounslow. We both<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +pulled up immediately; he had to turn round and go back, which was a +feat attended with much difficulty in such a fog. Had it not been for +our usual salute, he would not have discovered his mistake before +arriving at Staines. This mishap was about as bad as getting into a +wrong train. I merely mention the circumstance to show that it was no +joke driving a night Mail in those days. November was the month we +dreaded most, the fogs were generally so bad. A singular event happened +with the Bath Mail that ran between Bath and Devonport. Its time for +arriving at Devonport was eleven o’clock at night. One eventful evening, +they had set down all their outside passengers except a Mrs. Cox, who +kept a fish-stall in Devonport Market. She was an immense woman, +weighing about twenty stone. At Yealmpton, where the coachman and guard +usually had their last drain before arriving at their destination, being +a cold night, they kindly sent Mrs. Cox a drop of something warm. The +servant-girl who brought out the glass, not being able to reach the +lady, the ostler very imprudently left the horses’ heads to do the +polite. The animals hearing some one getting on the coach, doubtless +concluded that it was the coachman; at the same time finding themselves +free, and being, probably, anxious to get home, started off at their +usual pace, and performed the seven miles in safety, passing over the +Laira Bridge and through the toll-bar, keeping clear of everything on +the road. Mrs. Cox meanwhile sat on the coach, with her arms extended in +the attitude of a spread-eagle, and vainly trying to attract the +attention of those she met or passed on the road. She very prudently, +however, abstained from screaming, as she thought she might otherwise +have alarmed the horses. They, indeed, only trotted at their ordinary +speed, and came to a halt of their own accord at the door of the “King’s +Arms” Hotel, Plymouth, where they were in the habit of stopping to +discharge some of the freight of the coach. The boots and ostler came +running out to attend to their accustomed duties, but, to their +astonishment, beheld no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> one but the affrighted Mrs. Cox on the coach +and two passengers inside, who were happily, wholly unconscious of the +danger to which they had been exposed! The coachman and guard soon +arrived in a post-chaise. Poor Mrs. Cox drank many quarterns of gin to +steady her nerves before she felt able to continue her journey to +Devonport, where she carried on a prosperous trade for many years. Many +people patronised her, on purpose to hear her narrate the great event of +her life. I often used to chaff her, and hear her repeat the history of +her memorable adventure.</p> + + + +<p style="margin-top: 3em;">I will add a little anecdote of Bob Pointer, who was on the Oxford road. +Giving his ideas on coaching to a young gentleman who was on the box +with him, on his way to college, he said:—“Soldiers and sailors may +soon learn to fight; lawyers and parsons go to college, where they are +crammed with all sorts of nonsense that all the Nobs have read and wrote +since Adam—of course, very good if they like it—but to be a <i>coachman, +sir</i>, you must go into the stable almost before you can run alone, and +learn the nature of horses and the difference between corn and chaff. +Well can I remember, the first morning I went out with four horses; I +never slept a wink all night. I got a little flurried coming out of the +yard, and looking round on the envious chaps who were watching me—it +was as bad as getting married—at least, I should think so, never having +been in that predicament myself. I have escaped that dilemma, for,” he +concluded, “when a man is always going backwards and forwards between +two points, what is the use of a wife, a coachman could never be much +more than half married. Now, if the law—in the case of +coachmen—allowed two wives, that would be quite another story, because +he could then have the tea-things set out at both ends of his journey. +Driving, sir, is very like life, it’s all so smooth when you start with +the best team, so well-behaved and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> handsome; but get on a bit, and you +will find you have some hills to get up and down, with all sorts of +horses, as they used to give us over the middle ground. Another thing, +sir, never let your horses know you are driving them, or, like women, +they may get restive. Don’t pull and haul, and stick your elbows +a-kimbo; keep your hands as though you were playing the piano; let every +horse be at work, and don’t get flurried; handle their mouths lightly; +do all this, and you might even drive four young ladies without ever +ruffling their feathers or their tempers.”</p> + + + +<hr class="chapbreak" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> + +<p style="margin-top: 3em;">My readers will not, perhaps, deem it altogether an inappropriate +conclusion to this very humble little treatise, if I annex for their +amusement, if not for their edification, “The last Dying Speech of the +Coachmen from Beambridge,” and some two or three other mementoes of a +period and of an institution which have both, alas! long since passed +away—and for ever.</p> + + + +<hr class="declong" style="margin-top: 2em;" /> + +<h2 class="sectionhead">THE LAST DYING SPEECH OF THE COACHMEN FROM BEAM BRIDGE.</h2> + +<hr class="decshort" /> + +<div class="blockquote"><p>The <i>days</i>, nay, the very <i>nights</i> of those who have so long +“<i>reined</i>” supreme over the “Nonpareils” and the “Brilliants,” the +“Telegraphs” and the “Stars,” the “Magnets” and the “Emeralds,” are +nearly at an end, and the final way-bill of the total “Eclipse” is +made up. It is positively their last appearance on this stage.</p> + +<p>In a few weeks they will be unceremoniously pushed from their boxes +by an inanimate thing of vapour and flywheels—by a meddling fellow +in a clean white jacket and a face not ditto to match, who, mounted +on the engine platform, has for some weeks been flourishing a red +hot poker over their heads, in triumph at their discomfiture and +downfall; and the turnpike road, shorn of its glories, is left +desolate and lone. No more shall the merry rattle of the wheels, as +the frisky four-in-hand careers in the morning mist, summon the +village beauty from her toilet to the window-pane to catch a +passing nod of gallantry; no more shall they loiter by the way to +trifle with the pretty coquette in the bar, or light up another +kind of flame for the fragrant Havannah fished from amongst the +miscellaneous deposits in the depths of the box-coat pockets. True, +the race were always a little fond of <i>raillery</i>, and therefore +they die by what they love—we speak of course of professional +demise—but no doubt they “hold it hard,” after having so often +“pulled up” to be thus pulled down from their “high eminences,” and +compelled to sink into mere landlords of hotels, farmers, or +private gentlemen. <span class="pagenum" style="font-size: 91%;"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>Yet so it is. They are “regularly booked.” +Their “places are taken” by one who shows no disposition to make +room for them; even their coaches are already beginning to crumble +into things that have been; and their bodies (we mean their coach +bodies) are being seized upon by rural loving folks, for the vulgar +purpose of summer-houses. But a few days and they will all vanish—</p> + +<p class="poem">“And like the baseless fabric of a vision,<br /> +Leave not a <i>trace</i> behind.”</p> + +<p class="noindent">No, not even a buckle, or an inch of whipcord; and if, some years +hence a petrified whipple tree, or the skeleton of a coachman, +should be turned up, they will be hung up side by side with rusty +armour and the geological gleanings of our antediluvian ancestors.</p> + +<p>We cannot part with our civil, obliging, gentlemanly friends of the +road without a feeling of regret, and an expression of gratitude +for the benefits they have done us. It was pleasant, after a warm +breakfast, to remove our heels from the hob, and ensconce oneself +by the side of our modern whip—to establish a partnership in his +cosy leathern apron—to see him handling his four spirited bays as +though his reins were velvet—and having, with a few familiar words +and a friendly cigar, drawn the cork from the bottle of his varied +information, to learn, as we slapped along at ten miles an hour, +whose park it was, stretching away to the left, to listen to his +little anecdotes of horse and flesh, and his elucidation of the +points of the last Derby. “Peace to the <i>manes</i> and to the names” +of our honest coachmen, one and all of them, and of their horses +too—we speak of their whippish names, for in the <i>body</i> we hope +they may long tarry, and flourish to <i>boot</i>, in other departments +of the living.</p></div> + + + +<hr class="chapbreak" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="sectionhead">AN OLD FRIEND AND A NEW FACE.</h2> + +<hr class="decshort" /> + +<p class="titlepage"><i>To the Editor of the “Exeter and Plymouth Gazette.”</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> + +<p style="text-indent: 2em;">You will oblige me by inserting the following in your paper, which may +be amusing to some of your readers:—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"><p>It is a fact well known that when the subscription coaches started, +in the year 1812, William Hanning, Esq., a magistrate of the county +of Somerset, residing near Ilminster, was a strenuous advocate for +their support, and it was in great measure owing to his exertions +that they were established. This gentleman, from some motive or +other, or perhaps from his known fondness for new speculations, is +now the avowed supporter of a new coach, called, above all other +names, the “Defiance,” and it is professedly meant as an opposition +to the subscription coaches. It started from Exeter for the first +time on Sunday, April 13th, 1823. One really would have supposed +that under such patronage a name better calculated to keep the +peace of his Majesty’s liege subjects, and to preserve harmony and +good-will among men, would have been adopted for this coach, and +that some other day might have been selected for its first +appearance. However, the “Defiance” started on the Sunday +afternoon, amidst the shouts and imprecations of guards, coachmen, +and ostlers, contending one against the other, and having one +ill-looking outside passenger, whose name was <i>Revenge</i>.</p> + +<p>An interesting occurrence took place at Ilminster. The new +“Defiance” was expected to arrive there, on its way from town, +between nine and ten on the Sunday morning, and it was determined +to honour it with ringing the church bells. The heroes of the +belfry were all assembled, every man at his rope’s end, “their +souls on fire, and eager for the fray;” the Squire was stationed +about a mile from Ilminster, and seeing the coach, as he thought, +coming at a distance, he galloped through the street in triumph, +gave the signal, and off went the merry peal. Every<span class="pagenum" style="font-size: 91%;"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> eye was soon +directed to this new and delightful object, when, guess the +consternation that prevailed upon seeing, instead of the <i>new</i> +“Defiance,” the poor <i>old</i> Subscription trotting nimbly up to the +George Inn door, and Tom Goodman, the guard, playing on the +key-bugle, with his usual excellence, “Should auld acquaintance be +forgot?” The scene is more easily imagined than described; it would +have been a fine subject for Hogarth. The bells were now ordered to +cease; the Squire walked off and was seen no more. Honest Tom was +not accustomed to this kind of reception; he had enlivened the town +with his merry notes a thousand times, but now every one looked on +him with disdain, as if they did not know him. He could scarcely +suppress his feelings; but after a few minutes’ reflection he +mounted his seat again, and, casting a good-tempered look to all +around him, went off, playing a tune which the occurrence and the +sublimity of the day seemed to dictate to him—“Through all the +changing scenes of life.” Some of the good people of Ilminster who +were going to church admired Tom’s behaviour, and said it had a +very good effect. Tom arrived safe with his coach at Exeter about +one o’clock, having started from London one hour and a half after +the “Defiance,” and performed the journey in nineteen hours and a +half. The “Defiance” arrived about an hour after the Subscription; +but the proprietors of the latter did not approve of this system, +and gave Tom a reprimand, directing him in future to keep on his +regular steady pace,<a name="FNanchor_21-1_1" id="FNanchor_21-1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_21-1_1" class="fnanchor">[21-*]</a> and not to notice the other coach, which +he promised to attend to, but said he only wished to show them, on +their first journey, the way along. This, under all the +circumstances, was admitted as an excuse. Tom went away much +pleased with the adventures of his journey, and said he should +never meet the Squire again without playing on his bugle “Hark to +the merry Christ Church bells.”</p></div> + +<p class="noindent" style="margin-left: 5em;">I beg leave to remain, Mr. Editor,<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 9em;">Your obliged Servant,</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 5em;">A Friend to the Subscription Coaches.</span></p> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_21-1_1" id="Footnote_21-1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21-1_1"><span class="label">[21-*]</span></a> The regular time is to perform the journey in twenty-two +hours—to leave London at six in the evening, and arrive in Exeter at +four the following afternoon.</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="chapbreak" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p> + +<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 4em;"><span class="smcap">All the world is a Stage Coach: it has its insides and outsides, and<br /> +Coachmen in their time see much fun.</span>”—<i>Old Play.</i></p> + +<hr class="decshort" /> + +<p class="titlepage"><i>Tune—“The Huntsman Winds his Horn.”</i></p> + +<p class="poem">Some people delight in the sports of the turf<br /> +<span class="i1">Whilst others love only the chace,</span><br /> +But to me, the delight above all others is<br /> +<span class="i1">A good Coach that can go the pace.</span><br /> +There are some, too, for whom the sea has its charms<br /> +<span class="i1">And who’ll sing of it night and morn,</span><br /> +But give me a Coach with its rattling bars<br /> +<span class="i1">And a Guard who can blow his horn.</span><br /> +<span class="i8">But give me a Coach, &c.</span></p> + +<p class="poem">When the Coach comes round to the office door,<br /> +<span class="i1">What a crowd to see it start,</span><br /> +And the thoughts of the drive, cheer up many who leave<br /> +<span class="i1">Their friends with an aching heart.</span><br /> +The prads are so anxiously tossing their heads,<br /> +<span class="i1">And a nosegay does each one adorn,</span><br /> +When the Dragsman jumps up, crying out “sit fast,”<br /> +<span class="i1">While the shooter blows his horn.</span><br /> +<span class="i8">When the Dragsman jumps up, &c.</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p> + +<p class="poem">Now merrily rolls the Coach along,<br /> +<span class="i1">Like a bird she seems to fly,</span><br /> +As the girls all look out from the roadside Inns,<br /> +<span class="i1">For a wink from the Dragsman’s eye,</span><br /> +How they long for a ride with the man who’s the pride<br /> +<span class="i1">Of each village through which he is borne,</span><br /> +On that Coach which he tools with so skilful a hand,<br /> +<span class="i1">While the Guard plays a tune on his horn.</span><br /> +<span class="i8">On that Coach, &c.</span></p> + +<p class="poem">How the girls all dote on the sight of the Coach,<br /> +<span class="i1">And the Dragsman’s curly locks,</span><br /> +As he rattles along with eleven and four,<br /> +<span class="i1">And a petticoat on the box.</span><br /> +That box is his home, his teams are his pride,<br /> +<span class="i1">And he ne’er feels downcast or forlorn,</span><br /> +When he lists to the musical sound of the bars,<br /> +<span class="i1">And the tune from the shooter’s horn.</span><br /> +<span class="i8">When he lists, &c.</span></p> + +<p class="poem">I have sung of the joys one feels on a Coach,<br /> +<span class="i1">And the beauty there is in a team,</span><br /> +So let us all hope they may ne’er be destroyed<br /> +<span class="i1">By the rascally railroads and steam.</span><br /> +There are still some good friends who’ll stick by the old trade,<br /> +<span class="i1">And who truly their absence would mourn,</span><br /> +“So here’s a health to the Dragsman, success to the bars,<br /> +<span class="i1">And the Guard who blows his horn.”</span><br /> +<span class="i8">So here’s a health, &c.</span></p> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p> + +<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 4em;"><i>Tune—“The Queen, God bless her.”</i></p> + + +<p class="titlepage">1.</p> + +<p class="poem">See that splendid fast Coach, well-named “TALLY HO,”<br /> +<span class="i1">With prads that can come the long trot;</span><br /> +Do their twelve miles an hour—like flashes they go,<br /> +<span class="i1">Spinning smoothly along as a top.</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage">2.</p> + +<p class="poem">With <i>Ward</i> and <i>John Hex</i>, or <i>Hardcastle</i> and <i>Judd</i>,<br /> +<span class="i1">How devoted they are to the fair;</span><br /> +In their vests there you find the red rose in the bud,<br /> +<span class="i1">Perfuming the Summer soft air.</span><br /> +<span class="i8">Tally Ho, &c., &c.</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage">3.</p> + +<p class="poem">Four within and twelve out, see they usually start,<br /> +<span class="i1">And the horn sounding right merrily;</span><br /> +Good humour and glee do these gay lads impart,<br /> +<span class="i1">And their management’s right to a T.</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage">4.</p> + +<p class="poem">But, how shall we grieve, when the fam’d “Tally Ho,”<br /> +<span class="i1">Shares the fate of those now long gone by?</span><br /> +Yet—we’ll toast its fond mem’ry wherever we go,<br /> +<span class="i1">For the sound of its name shall ne’er die.</span><br /> +<span class="i8">Tally Ho, &c., &c.</span></p> + +<hr class="declong" style="margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 3em;" /> + +<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: smaller;">Printed by Jas. Wade, 18, Tavistock-street, Covent-garden.</p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hints on Driving, by C. S. Ward + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HINTS ON DRIVING *** + +***** This file should be named 28090-h.htm or 28090-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/0/9/28090/ + +Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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S. Ward + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Hints on Driving + +Author: C. S. Ward + +Release Date: February 15, 2009 [EBook #28090] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HINTS ON DRIVING *** + + + + +Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + +[Illustration: _Photographed from Life by Maull & C^{o}. London._] + + + + + HINTS ON DRIVING. + + + BY + C. S. WARD, + THE WELL-KNOWN "WHIP OF THE WEST," + PAXTON STABLES, OPPOSITE TATTERSALL'S. + + + LONDON: + PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, + 74, LITTLE CADOGAN PLACE, BELGRAVIA. + 1870. + + + + +HINTS ON DRIVING. + +BY C. S. WARD, + +THE WELL-KNOWN "WHIP OF THE WEST," + +_Paxton Stables (opposite Tattersall's)._ + + +It has been said, and not, perhaps, without reason, that a man who is +conscious that he possesses some practical knowledge of a science, and +yet refrains from giving the public the benefit of his information, is +open to the imputation of selfishness. To avoid that charge, as far as +lies in my power, I purpose, in the course of the following pages, to +give my readers the benefit of my tolerably long experience in the art +of driving four horses--an art which I acquired under the following +circumstances.-- + +My father was a coach proprietor as well as a coachman, and, I am proud +to say, one of the best whips of his day. He gave me many opportunities +of driving a team. I will not, however, enter into all the details of my +youthful career, but proceed to state, that at the early age of +seventeen I was sent nightly with the Norwich and Ipswich Mail as far as +Colchester, a distance of fifty-two miles. Never having previously +travelled beyond Whitechapel Church, on that line of road, the change +was rather trying for a beginner. But Fortune favoured me; and I drove +His Majesty's Mail for nearly five years without an accident. I was then +promoted to the "Quicksilver," Devonport Mail, the fastest at that time +out of London. It must be admitted that I undertook this task under +difficult circumstances--involving as it did, sixty miles a night--since +many had tried it ineffectually, or at all events were unable to +accomplish the duty satisfactorily. It is gratifying to me to reflect, +that I drove this coach more than seven years without a single mishap. + +Getting at length rather tired of such incessant and monotonous nightly +work, I applied for a change to my employer, the well-known and +much-respected Mr. Chaplin, who at that time had seventeen hundred +horses employed in coaching. His reply was characteristic. "I cannot +find you all day coaches," said he; "besides, who am I to get to drive +your Mail?" I must say, I thought this rather severe at the time, but, +good and kind-hearted man as he was, he did not forget me. + +Not long after this interview, the Brighton Day Mail being about to +start, he made me the offer, to drive the whole distance and horse the +coach a stage, with the option of driving it without horsing. Like most +young men I was rather ambitious, and closed with the former conditions. +The speculation, however, did not turn out a very profitable one, and, +the railway making great progress, I sold my horses to Mr. Richard +Cooper, who was to succeed me on the box. I was then offered the +far-famed Exeter "Telegraph," one of the fastest and best-appointed +coaches in England. My fondness for coaching still continuing, and not +feeling disposed to settle to any business, I drove this coach from +Exeter to Ilminster and back, a distance of sixty-six miles, early in +the morning and late at night. After driving it three years, the railway +opened to Bridgewater; this closed the career of the once-celebrated +"Telegraph." But those who had so long shared its success, were not +inclined to knock under. My brother coachman and myself, together with +the two guards, accordingly started a "Telegraph" from Devonport to +London, a distance of ninety-five miles by road, joining the rail at +Bridgewater, thus making the whole journey two hundred and fifty miles +in one day. At that time there was a coach called the "Nonpareil," +running from Devonport to Bristol. + +The proprietors of this vehicle, thinking that our's would take off some +of their trade, made their's a London coach also, and started at the +same time as we did. We then commenced a strong opposition. I had a very +good man to contend against--William Harbridge, a first-class coachman. +We had several years of strong opposition, the rail decreasing the +distance every year, till it opened to Exeter. The "Nonpareil" was then +taken off, and they started a coach called the "Tally Ho!" against the +poor old "Telegraph." Both coaches left Exeter at the same time, and +this caused great excitement. Many bets, of bottles of wine, dinners for +a dozen, and five-pound notes, were laid, as to which coach would arrive +first at Plymouth. I had my old friend Harbridge again, as my +competitor. The hotel that I started from, was a little farther down the +street than the one whence the "Tally Ho!" appeared, so that as soon as +I saw my friend Harbridge mounting the box, I did the same, and made the +running. We had all our horses ordered long before the usual time. +Harbridge came sailing away after me; the faster he approached, the more +I put on the steam. He never caught me, and, having some trifling +accident with one of his horses over the last stage, he enabled me to +reach Plymouth thirty-five minutes before he came in. My guard, who +resided in St. Albans-street, Devonport, hurried home, and as the other +coach passed, he called out and asked them to stop and have some supper; +they also passed my house, which was a little farther on, in +Fore-street. I was sitting at the window, smoking, and offered them a +cigar as they passed--a joke they did not, of course, much relish. The +next night they declared they would be in first; but it was of no use, +the old "Telegraph" was not to be beaten. Thus it went on for several +weeks; somehow they were never able to get in first. We did the fifty +miles several times in three hours and twenty-eight minutes (that is, at +the average rate of a mile in four minutes and nine seconds, including +stoppages), and for months together, we never exceeded four hours. + +Still, in every contest, one party must ultimately give in; that one, +however, was not the "Telegraph." We settled our differences, and went +on quietly for the remainder of the time, occasionally having a little +"flutter," as we used to call it in those days, but we were always good +friends. Should this narrative chance to meet the eye of some of those +who used to travel with us in bygone times, they will doubtless well +remember the pace we used to go. + +After a few years, the railway opened to Plymouth, and many gentlemen +asked me to start a fast coach into Cornwall, promising to give it their +patronage; I accordingly started the "Tally Ho!" making it a day coach +from Truro to London, joining the rail at Plymouth; this was a very +difficult road for a fast coach, but we ran it, till Government offered +the contract for a Mail; we then converted the "Tally Ho!" into a Mail, +and ran it till the rail opened to Truro. It will have been seen that I +kept to coaching nearly as long as there were any coaches left to drive. + +I had for some years given up driving regularly, having taken the Horse +Bazaar at Plymouth, where I used to supply officers of the garrison with +teams, and give them instructions in driving; this I still continue to +do, and in every variety of driving. It gives me, indeed, much pleasure +to see many of my pupils daily handling their teams skilfully; not a few +of them giving me good reason to be really proud of them, as I know they +do me credit. In my description of my driving career, I stated that I +had never had an accident; I ought to have said, no serious casualty, +never having upset or injured any one; but I have had many trifling +mishaps, such as running foul of a waggon in a fog, having my whole team +down in slippery weather; on many occasions I have had a wheel come off, +but still nothing that could fairly be termed a bad accident. + +During the last twenty-five years I have been engaged keeping livery +stables and breaking horses to harness, and in that period I have had +some very narrow escapes. In one instance, the box of a new double break +came off and pitched me astride across the pole between two young +horses; I once had the top of the pole come off when driving two +high-couraged horses; a horse set to kicking, and ran away with me in +single harness. As I was of course pulling at him very hard, my feet +went through the bottom of the dog-cart, he kicking furiously all the +time. Fortunately I escaped with only a few bruises. On another +occasion, in single harness, a mare began kicking, and, before I could +get her head up, she ran against the area railings of a house in +Princess Square, Plymouth, broke both shafts, and split the break into +matches; myself and man nearly went through the kitchen window, into the +arms of the cook; she did not, however, ask us to stop and dine. + +I could mention many little events of a similar kind, and consider +myself very fortunate in having never had anything more serious than a +sprained ankle or wrist during my tolerably long career. I will now +commence my instructions. + + +RULE I. + +SELECTION OF THE TEAM. + +The first thing the pupil should do, is to select four horses as nearly +as possible of the same temper. Never keep a puller, for it takes your +attention from things that require all your care, makes your arm ache, +in fact, does away with all pleasure. I should recommend hiring or +purchasing four horses that will give you no trouble, and when you can +pull them about, and do nearly as you please with them, you can then get +your permanent team, which will require a very judicious selection, +particularly if you intend to pride yourself upon colour as well as +action. I was told by a gentleman, that he was ten years, getting a +perfect team of black browns; he did not confine himself to price, and +he certainly now has a very nice team--and they ought indeed to be +perfect, after all the time, labour and expense that have been bestowed +upon them. + + +RULE II. + +MOUNTING THE BOX. + +Put the forefinger of your right hand through the leading reins, and the +third finger between the wheel reins, feel your wheel horses' mouths +lightly, take your near side reins a little shorter than your off, so +that in case your horses attempt to start before you are properly +seated, you have the reins all of the same length, and, being properly +separated, you can put them into your left hand as quickly as possible, +and at once have your horses under control; this will, if attended to, +always prevent accidents. Some gentlemen get on the box and have the +reins handed to them by a groom, who does not know how to separate them; +this is not only an unbusiness-like, but a dangerous practice. + + +RULE III. + +THE SEAT. + +Place yourself well on the box, sit upright, but easily, with your knees +a little bent. Some gentlemen almost stand, with a thick cushion +reaching above the rail of the box, and their toes several inches over +the foot-board. This is not only unsightly, but attended with risk, for +if you came in contact with the curbstone, or any trifling obstruction, +you might very readily, and most likely would, be thrown from your seat. +The rail of the box, ought always to be a few inches above the cushion. + + +RULE IV. + +TURNING. + +In going round a corner, "point" your leader--that is, take hold of your +leading rein, and get your leaders well round; then take hold of your +wheel rein as well, all four horses will come round as evenly as though +they were on a straight road. Most persons are careless about the mode +of going round a corner; as long as they get round safely, they think it +quite sufficient; they take hold of both reins and haul away; the +consequence is, they get the fore part of the carriage and the wheel +horses round before the leaders are square. This, I think, looks very +bad, for it is a really pretty sight, to see four horses coming round +straight, and thus showing that they are under perfect control. Always +steady your carriage before attempting to turn, in case you should +chance to meet anything coming in the opposite direction. Besides, there +is no object in going fast round a corner. Even if pressed for time, +always use precaution, for in driving, as in other phases of life, you +will find it much easier to keep out, than to get out, of grief! + + +RULE V. + +DESCENDING A HILL. + +In going down a hill, steady and feel the weight of the carriage you +have behind you; go off the top as quietly as you can, for you will +discover before you get half way down, if it is at all a steep hill, the +impetus will be so much increased, that you will have quite enough to +do, to keep your coach steady and your horses under control. The patent +drag is a great boon, which we had not in the old coaching days. I have +many times gone off the top of a hill, and, before I got half way down, +wished that I had put on the shoe; but another coach coming behind, with +perhaps a lighter load than I had, they would have passed me while I was +putting on the drag; this was the reason we sometimes neglected it, but +you can always go faster down hill, with the drag, than without it. + + +RULE VI. + +POSITION OF THE HANDS. + +Keep your left hand up, within about ten or twelve inches of your chest, +with your arm and wrist a little bent; you will then have your reins in +such a position, that your right hand will be able to assist the other, +without throwing your body forward to reach them. Many, instead of +putting their right hand just in front of the left, and drawing the +reins back towards them, put the right hand at least a foot before the +other, and push the reins, consequently they lose nearly all power over +the horses, and draw the reins away from the left hand. Besides being +unskilful, this has a very ugly appearance. + + +RULE VII. + +UNIFORMITY OF DRAUGHT. + +To drive slowly, is much more gentlemanlike, and, at the same time, more +difficult than going fast. Keep your horses well together; to do this +properly, you must know how to arrange their couplings. I think I cannot +better explain this, than to ask my readers to notice the working of the +horses. If you see one a little in front of the other, you may judge +that he is either stronger or more free, consequently his coupling +requires shortening, or that of the other horse lengthening. To shorten +it, you must bring the buckle towards you; and to let it out, put the +buckle towards the horse's head. Most inexperienced persons resort to +the whip, not knowing what is the cause of the fault they wish to +remedy; this will make the strong or free horse, throw himself more into +his collar; the other, meanwhile, cannot get up to him, however much he +may try; the result is, he becomes more and more disheartened. If you +use the whip at all, it must be very lightly and quietly, so that the +freer or stronger horse may not hear it. At the same time, hold them +both well together; if he is not a sluggard, he will gradually work up +to the other. Again, if you notice one horse carrying his head +unpleasantly, you may judge there is some cause for it; perhaps he is +curbed too tightly, or his coupling is too short, or his rein ought to +be over that of the other horse instead of under it, for, as may be +supposed, all horses do not carry their heads alike; but all these +little matters require watching and studying, and, with practice, they +will all become familiar enough; and you will notice whether or not, all +your horses go pleasantly together, for, depend on it, the more +pleasantly they go, the more pleasure and comfort you will experience in +driving them; and, as the old coaching term expressed it, when you can +"cover them over with a sheet," you may conclude they are going about +right. + + +RULE VIII. + +THE USE OF THE WHIP. + +I will now come to the whip, the use of which, most young beginners want +to acquire in the first instance. Let me advise them to practice the art +of "catching it" in their sitting or bed-room, for if they try to learn +it when they are driving, they annoy their horses. A gentleman, whom I +was teaching, said it was so simple, he would not go to bed till he +could catch it properly. I saw him a fortnight afterwards, but he had +not even then succeeded; he told me he had not been to bed; but I will +not vouch for the accuracy of this part of the anecdote. The art, like +many others, is very easy when you know how to do it. The turn of the +wrist, with a slight jerk of the elbow, is the proper way to accomplish +it. + +The less the whip is used while driving, the better, for it will only +get you into trouble if used improperly. If a horse shies, never flog +him for it; timidity is generally the cause of shying, unless his eyes +are defective. Of course whipping can do no good in that case; speak +kindly to him, that is the best way, if he be young; as he becomes +better acquainted with objects and gains confidence, he will most likely +give up the trick. I will make a few more observations on the whip. If +you can use it well, use it seldom, and before you strike a horse, +always take hold of his head; if you do this, you will find the +slightest touch will have the desired effect. It is a pretty art, to be +able with certainty, to touch a leader under the bar, without making a +noise with the lash or letting any of the other horses know anything +about it. The near leader is the most difficult one to reach, as you +must completely turn your wrist over. Very few can do it well; in fact, +many of the old professionals could never do it neatly. + +I trust that some will benefit from these instructions, for there are +really few more agreeable sights than that of a good-looking team +handled neatly by a gentleman, who sits well, with, perhaps a lady +beside him on the box. I am much pleased to find that the taste for +four-in-hand driving is increasing of late, and am glad to say, some +gentlemen drive very well. It is easy enough, to detect those who are +self-taught from those who have received instruction from a professional +man. Many think that driving can be acquired without teaching. I wonder +if any gentleman would like to dance in a ball-room without first taking +lessons; and yet some, do not hesitate to drive four horses--a feat +attended with much danger, not only to the public generally, but to +themselves and those who accompany them, if undertaken without due +knowledge. + +Before concluding, I will relate some of the difficulties we had to +encounter in foggy weather. We were obliged to be guided out of London +with torches, seven or eight Mails following one after the other, the +guard of the foremost Mail lighting the one following, and so on till +the last. We travelled at a slow pace, like a funeral procession. Many +times I have been three hours going from London to Hounslow. I remember +one very foggy night, instead of my arriving at Bagshot (a distance of +thirty miles from London, and my destination) at eleven o'clock, I did +not get there till one in the morning. I had to leave again at four the +same morning. On my way back to town, when the fog was very bad, I was +coming over Hounslow Heath when I reached the spot where the old +powder-mills used to stand. I saw several lights in the road, and heard +voices, which induced me to stop. The old Exeter Mail, which left +Bagshot thirty minutes before I did, had met with a singular accident; +it was driven by a man named Gambier; his leaders had come in contact +with a hay-cart on its way to London, which caused them to turn suddenly +round, break the pole, and blunder down a steep embankment, at the +bottom of which was a narrow deep ditch filled with water and mud. The +Mail Coach pitched on to the stump of a willow tree that over-hung the +ditch; the coachman and outside passengers were thrown over into the +meadow beyond, and the horses went into the ditch; the unfortunate +wheelers were drowned or smothered in the mud. There were two inside +passengers, who were extricated with some difficulty; but fortunately no +one was injured. I managed to take the passengers, with the guard and +mail-bags, on to London, leaving the coachman to wait for daylight +before he could make an attempt to get the Mail up the embankment. They +endeavoured to accomplish this, with cart-horses and chains. They had +nearly reached the top of the bank when something gave way, and the poor +old Mail went back into the ditch again. I shall never forget the scene; +there were about a dozen men from the powder-mills trying to render +assistance, and, with their black faces, each bearing a torch in his +hand, they presented a curious spectacle. This happened about thirty +years ago. Posts and rails were erected at the spot after the accident. +I passed the place last summer; they are still there, as well as the old +pollard willow stump. + +I recollect another singular circumstance occasioned by a fog. There +were eight Mails that passed through Hounslow. The Bristol, Bath, +Gloucester and Stroud, took the right-hand road from Hounslow; the +Exeter, Yeovil, Poole, and "Quicksilver," Devonport (which was the one I +was driving), went the straight road towards Staines. We always saluted +each other when passing, with "Good night, Bill," "Dick," or "Harry," as +the case might be. I was once passing a Mail, mine being the faster, and +gave my wonted salute. A coachman named Downs was driving the Stroud +Mail; he instantly recognised my voice, and said, "Charlie, what are you +doing on my road?" It was he, however, who had made the mistake; he had +taken the Staines, instead of the Slough, road out of Hounslow. We both +pulled up immediately; he had to turn round and go back, which was a +feat attended with much difficulty in such a fog. Had it not been for +our usual salute, he would not have discovered his mistake before +arriving at Staines. This mishap was about as bad as getting into a +wrong train. I merely mention the circumstance to show that it was no +joke driving a night Mail in those days. November was the month we +dreaded most, the fogs were generally so bad. A singular event happened +with the Bath Mail that ran between Bath and Devonport. Its time for +arriving at Devonport was eleven o'clock at night. One eventful evening, +they had set down all their outside passengers except a Mrs. Cox, who +kept a fish-stall in Devonport Market. She was an immense woman, +weighing about twenty stone. At Yealmpton, where the coachman and guard +usually had their last drain before arriving at their destination, being +a cold night, they kindly sent Mrs. Cox a drop of something warm. The +servant-girl who brought out the glass, not being able to reach the +lady, the ostler very imprudently left the horses' heads to do the +polite. The animals hearing some one getting on the coach, doubtless +concluded that it was the coachman; at the same time finding themselves +free, and being, probably, anxious to get home, started off at their +usual pace, and performed the seven miles in safety, passing over the +Laira Bridge and through the toll-bar, keeping clear of everything on +the road. Mrs. Cox meanwhile sat on the coach, with her arms extended in +the attitude of a spread-eagle, and vainly trying to attract the +attention of those she met or passed on the road. She very prudently, +however, abstained from screaming, as she thought she might otherwise +have alarmed the horses. They, indeed, only trotted at their ordinary +speed, and came to a halt of their own accord at the door of the "King's +Arms" Hotel, Plymouth, where they were in the habit of stopping to +discharge some of the freight of the coach. The boots and ostler came +running out to attend to their accustomed duties, but, to their +astonishment, beheld no one but the affrighted Mrs. Cox on the coach +and two passengers inside, who were happily, wholly unconscious of the +danger to which they had been exposed! The coachman and guard soon +arrived in a post-chaise. Poor Mrs. Cox drank many quarterns of gin to +steady her nerves before she felt able to continue her journey to +Devonport, where she carried on a prosperous trade for many years. Many +people patronised her, on purpose to hear her narrate the great event of +her life. I often used to chaff her, and hear her repeat the history of +her memorable adventure. + + * * * * * + +I will add a little anecdote of Bob Pointer, who was on the Oxford road. +Giving his ideas on coaching to a young gentleman who was on the box +with him, on his way to college, he said:--"Soldiers and sailors may +soon learn to fight; lawyers and parsons go to college, where they are +crammed with all sorts of nonsense that all the Nobs have read and wrote +since Adam--of course, very good if they like it--but to be a _coachman, +sir_, you must go into the stable almost before you can run alone, and +learn the nature of horses and the difference between corn and chaff. +Well can I remember, the first morning I went out with four horses; I +never slept a wink all night. I got a little flurried coming out of the +yard, and looking round on the envious chaps who were watching me--it +was as bad as getting married--at least, I should think so, never having +been in that predicament myself. I have escaped that dilemma, for," he +concluded, "when a man is always going backwards and forwards between +two points, what is the use of a wife, a coachman could never be much +more than half married. Now, if the law--in the case of +coachmen--allowed two wives, that would be quite another story, because +he could then have the tea-things set out at both ends of his journey. +Driving, sir, is very like life, it's all so smooth when you start with +the best team, so well-behaved and handsome; but get on a bit, and you +will find you have some hills to get up and down, with all sorts of +horses, as they used to give us over the middle ground. Another thing, +sir, never let your horses know you are driving them, or, like women, +they may get restive. Don't pull and haul, and stick your elbows +a-kimbo; keep your hands as though you were playing the piano; let every +horse be at work, and don't get flurried; handle their mouths lightly; +do all this, and you might even drive four young ladies without ever +ruffling their feathers or their tempers." + + + + +My readers will not, perhaps, deem it altogether an inappropriate +conclusion to this very humble little treatise, if I annex for their +amusement, if not for their edification, "The last Dying Speech of the +Coachmen from Beambridge," and some two or three other mementoes of a +period and of an institution which have both, alas! long since passed +away--and for ever. + + + + +THE LAST DYING SPEECH OF THE COACHMEN FROM BEAM BRIDGE. + + + The _days_, nay, the very _nights_ of those who have so long + "_reined_" supreme over the "Nonpareils" and the "Brilliants," the + "Telegraphs" and the "Stars," the "Magnets" and the "Emeralds," are + nearly at an end, and the final way-bill of the total "Eclipse" is + made up. It is positively their last appearance on this stage. + + In a few weeks they will be unceremoniously pushed from their boxes + by an inanimate thing of vapour and flywheels--by a meddling fellow + in a clean white jacket and a face not ditto to match, who, mounted + on the engine platform, has for some weeks been flourishing a red + hot poker over their heads, in triumph at their discomfiture and + downfall; and the turnpike road, shorn of its glories, is left + desolate and lone. No more shall the merry rattle of the wheels, as + the frisky four-in-hand careers in the morning mist, summon the + village beauty from her toilet to the window-pane to catch a + passing nod of gallantry; no more shall they loiter by the way to + trifle with the pretty coquette in the bar, or light up another + kind of flame for the fragrant Havannah fished from amongst the + miscellaneous deposits in the depths of the box-coat pockets. True, + the race were always a little fond of _raillery_, and therefore + they die by what they love--we speak of course of professional + demise--but no doubt they "hold it hard," after having so often + "pulled up" to be thus pulled down from their "high eminences," and + compelled to sink into mere landlords of hotels, farmers, or + private gentlemen. Yet so it is. They are "regularly booked." + Their "places are taken" by one who shows no disposition to make + room for them; even their coaches are already beginning to crumble + into things that have been; and their bodies (we mean their coach + bodies) are being seized upon by rural loving folks, for the vulgar + purpose of summer-houses. But a few days and they will all vanish-- + + "And like the baseless fabric of a vision, + Leave not a _trace_ behind." + + No, not even a buckle, or an inch of whipcord; and if, some years + hence a petrified whipple tree, or the skeleton of a coachman, + should be turned up, they will be hung up side by side with rusty + armour and the geological gleanings of our antediluvian ancestors. + + We cannot part with our civil, obliging, gentlemanly friends of the + road without a feeling of regret, and an expression of gratitude + for the benefits they have done us. It was pleasant, after a warm + breakfast, to remove our heels from the hob, and ensconce oneself + by the side of our modern whip--to establish a partnership in his + cosy leathern apron--to see him handling his four spirited bays as + though his reins were velvet--and having, with a few familiar words + and a friendly cigar, drawn the cork from the bottle of his varied + information, to learn, as we slapped along at ten miles an hour, + whose park it was, stretching away to the left, to listen to his + little anecdotes of horse and flesh, and his elucidation of the + points of the last Derby. "Peace to the _manes_ and to the names" + of our honest coachmen, one and all of them, and of their horses + too--we speak of their whippish names, for in the _body_ we hope + they may long tarry, and flourish to _boot_, in other departments + of the living. + + + + +AN OLD FRIEND AND A NEW FACE. + + +_To the Editor of the_ "_Exeter and Plymouth Gazette_." + +SIR, + +You will oblige me by inserting the following in your paper, which may +be amusing to some of your readers:-- + + It is a fact well known that when the subscription coaches started, + in the year 1812, William Hanning, Esq., a magistrate of the county + of Somerset, residing near Ilminster, was a strenuous advocate for + their support, and it was in great measure owing to his exertions + that they were established. This gentleman, from some motive or + other, or perhaps from his known fondness for new speculations, is + now the avowed supporter of a new coach, called, above all other + names, the "Defiance," and it is professedly meant as an opposition + to the subscription coaches. It started from Exeter for the first + time on Sunday, April 13th, 1823. One really would have supposed + that under such patronage a name better calculated to keep the + peace of his Majesty's liege subjects, and to preserve harmony and + good-will among men, would have been adopted for this coach, and + that some other day might have been selected for its first + appearance. However, the "Defiance" started on the Sunday + afternoon, amidst the shouts and imprecations of guards, coachmen, + and ostlers, contending one against the other, and having one + ill-looking outside passenger, whose name was _Revenge_. + + An interesting occurrence took place at Ilminster. The new + "Defiance" was expected to arrive there, on its way from town, + between nine and ten on the Sunday morning, and it was determined + to honour it with ringing the church bells. The heroes of the + belfry were all assembled, every man at his rope's end, "their + souls on fire, and eager for the fray;" the Squire was stationed + about a mile from Ilminster, and seeing the coach, as he thought, + coming at a distance, he galloped through the street in triumph, + gave the signal, and off went the merry peal. Every eye was soon + directed to this new and delightful object, when, guess the + consternation that prevailed upon seeing, instead of the _new_ + "Defiance," the poor _old_ Subscription trotting nimbly up to the + George Inn door, and Tom Goodman, the guard, playing on the + key-bugle, with his usual excellence, "Should auld acquaintance be + forgot?" The scene is more easily imagined than described; it would + have been a fine subject for Hogarth. The bells were now ordered to + cease; the Squire walked off and was seen no more. Honest Tom was + not accustomed to this kind of reception; he had enlivened the town + with his merry notes a thousand times, but now every one looked on + him with disdain, as if they did not know him. He could scarcely + suppress his feelings; but after a few minutes' reflection he + mounted his seat again, and, casting a good-tempered look to all + around him, went off, playing a tune which the occurrence and the + sublimity of the day seemed to dictate to him--"Through all the + changing scenes of life." Some of the good people of Ilminster who + were going to church admired Tom's behaviour, and said it had a + very good effect. Tom arrived safe with his coach at Exeter about + one o'clock, having started from London one hour and a half after + the "Defiance," and performed the journey in nineteen hours and a + half. The "Defiance" arrived about an hour after the Subscription; + but the proprietors of the latter did not approve of this system, + and gave Tom a reprimand, directing him in future to keep on his + regular steady pace,[21-*] and not to notice the other coach, which + he promised to attend to, but said he only wished to show them, on + their first journey, the way along. This, under all the + circumstances, was admitted as an excuse. Tom went away much + pleased with the adventures of his journey, and said he should + never meet the Squire again without playing on his bugle "Hark to + the merry Christ Church bells." + + I beg leave to remain, Mr. Editor, + Your obliged Servant, + A FRIEND TO THE SUBSCRIPTION COACHES. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 21-*: The regular time is to perform the journey in twenty-two +hours--to leave London at six in the evening, and arrive in Exeter at +four the following afternoon.] + + + + +"ALL THE WORLD IS A STAGE COACH: IT HAS ITS INSIDES AND OUTSIDES, AND +COACHMEN IN THEIR TIME SEE MUCH FUN."--_Old Play._ + + +_Tune--"The Huntsman Winds his Horn."_ + + Some people delight in the sports of the turf + Whilst others love only the chace, + But to me, the delight above all others is + A good Coach that can go the pace. + There are some, too, for whom the sea has its charms + And who'll sing of it night and morn, + But give me a Coach with its rattling bars + And a Guard who can blow his horn. + But give me a Coach, &c. + + When the Coach comes round to the office door, + What a crowd to see it start, + And the thoughts of the drive, cheer up many who leave + Their friends with an aching heart. + The prads are so anxiously tossing their heads, + And a nosegay does each one adorn, + When the Dragsman jumps up, crying out "sit fast," + While the shooter blows his horn. + When the Dragsman jumps up, &c. + + Now merrily rolls the Coach along, + Like a bird she seems to fly, + As the girls all look out from the roadside Inns, + For a wink from the Dragsman's eye, + How they long for a ride with the man who's the pride + Of each village through which he is borne, + On that Coach which he tools with so skilful a hand, + While the Guard plays a tune on his horn. + On that Coach, &c. + + How the girls all dote on the sight of the Coach, + And the Dragsman's curly locks, + As he rattles along with eleven and four, + And a petticoat on the box. + That box is his home, his teams are his pride, + And he ne'er feels downcast or forlorn, + When he lists to the musical sound of the bars, + And the tune from the shooter's horn. + When he lists, &c. + + I have sung of the joys one feels on a Coach, + And the beauty there is in a team, + So let us all hope they may ne'er be destroyed + By the rascally railroads and steam. + There are still some good friends who'll stick by the old trade, + And who truly their absence would mourn, + "So here's a health to the Dragsman, success to the bars, + And the Guard who blows his horn." + So here's a health, &c. + + + + +_Tune--"The Queen, God bless her."_ + + + 1. + + See that splendid fast Coach, well-named "TALLY HO," + With prads that can come the long trot; + Do their twelve miles an hour--like flashes they go, + Spinning smoothly along as a top. + + 2. + + With _Ward_ and _John Hex_, or _Hardcastle_ and _Judd_, + How devoted they are to the fair; + In their vests there you find the red rose in the bud, + Perfuming the Summer soft air. + Tally Ho, &c., &c. + + 3. + + Four within and twelve out, see they usually start, + And the horn sounding right merrily; + Good humour and glee do these gay lads impart, + And their management's right to a T. + + 4. + + But, how shall we grieve, when the fam'd "Tally Ho," + Shares the fate of those now long gone by? + Yet--we'll toast its fond mem'ry wherever we go, + For the sound of its name shall ne'er die. + Tally Ho, &c., &c. + + +Printed by Jas. Wade, 18, Tavistock-street, Covent-garden. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hints on Driving, by C. S. Ward + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HINTS ON DRIVING *** + +***** This file should be named 28090.txt or 28090.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/0/9/28090/ + +Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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